{"text": "by Forbes, Nevill\n\"the balkans war, the balkans history, the balkans 1914, the balkans a short history, the balkans conflict, the balkans crisis, the balkans today, the war in the balkans, war in the balkans, dance party in the balkans, the balkans in world history, the balkans in 1914, history of the balkans, who were the balkans, the balkan war, the balkan wars, what countries make up the balkans, islam in the balkans, globe trekker the balkans\"\nSearch under way...\n|Softcover, ISBN 1428085203\nPublisher: IndyPublish.com, 2007\nTemporarily out of stock. Order now and we'll deliver when available. We'll e-mail you with an estimated delivery date as soon as we have more information. Your credit card will not be charged until we ship the item.. Shipped from Amazon.. Shipped from Amazon. Amazon Prime. Eligible for FREE Super Saver Shipping.\n|( All matching books shown )|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "probably from medieval or modern Latin perfectiōnāre:\ncf. OIt. perfettionare (Florio 1598), French perfectionner (Cotgr. 1611); or (in 16th c. writers) after the French: perfection vb. and -ate\n1570 - Actes and Monuments of these latter and perillous dayes ( = The book of martyrs) 1563 (1570, 1576, 1583, 1596, 1610, 1631, 1641, 1684), John Foxe\n(see Example below)\nFrom: The Acts and Monuments of John Foxe\nEdited by the Rev. Josiah Pratt\nVolume IV. 1877\nThe Image of Antichrist, exalting himself above all that is called God.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This week is the anniversary of the Great Chicago Fire.\nThis is a photo of my great-uncle, John Whelan, a survivor of the Chicago Fire. The family story is that as the fire was coming toward their house, they ran toward Lake Michigan for safety. But the father, Timothy Whelan, ran back to the house to lock the door against burglars, before joining the rest of the family. Their house was well within the burn district, on Chestnut near Franklin, so locking the door probably made little difference in the end.\nThis photo was labeled \"John Whelann in his Johnny hat.\" As a young man, John (Jack) Whelan worked in a haberdashery as a model and then as a manager. Later he was with the steamfitters union, working off and on. He died in 1930, after being hit by an Illinois Central train at 27th street while shoveling the tracks.\nI am a genealogist with over 30 years experience. I have been researching my own family history since 1974, and I did client research for several years. I hope to have more time for research and blogging in 2017 than I have had in the last few years.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Original 1950s ceramic cups.\nThese lovely, original vintage cups or beakers were made by Empire, a well known British pottery in the late 19th/early20th century. They have the Empire stamp on the bottom as well as the date of manufacture; in this case 1953 and '54. They have some crazing in the glaze and some very minor chips and marks - as you would expect with genuine vintage. They make lovely vases, tooth mugs, pencil pots...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Soar Maes Yr Haf Neath: Welsh Chapels Apologise for Backing WW1 Recruitment\nWelsh chapels apologise for backing WW1 recruitment\nDuring World War One, Welsh chapels played a part in recruiting soldiers for the war effort and the phrase \"death rather than dishonour\" was used in chapels to encourage people to join the forces.\nNow independent church leaders in Wales have apologised for the role of ministers and their members in actively supporting recruitment campaigns during.\nThe Union of Welsh Independent Churches and the motion's proposer, Rev Aled Jones, said many chapels shamed men into fighting in the \"travesty\" of the war.\nIn pledging not to forget those that died, the union agreed to renew its efforts to work for peace .\n\"What we want to see happen is an alternative be established - that peaceful means of resolving international conflict be put to the fore today as we remember that terrible conflict 100 years ago.\"\nBut Swansea University history and classics lecturer Dr Gethin Matthews said he did not think the apology was necessary.He said: \"It's much too simplistic to suggest that the union had a policy of encouraging young men to enlist.\n\"Different chapels responded in different ways and there was a debate about the right course of action. Most of the words were quite moderate. There were extremely challenging times so there was a sense that some response had to be made.\"\nThe union, representing a group of 430 chapels, also backed the stand by pacifists who sometimes suffered harrowing and brutal treatment for refusing to go to war.\nLocation: Soar Maes Yr Haf, 1 Windsor Rd, Neath, Neath Port Talbot SA11 1LY\nContributors: Dr Gethin Matthews, Swansea University and Rev Aled Jones", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The major change in this version has been to update the content to bring it up-to-date with the latest developments in the Afghanistan insurgency including the death of ObL.\nThis is the twelvth app in the \"History In An Hour\" series.\nIn June 2010 America's war in Afghanistan surpassed the Vietnam War as the longest war in America's history. American, British and coalition forces have been fighting in Afghanistan since October 2001, a month following the attacks on the Twin Towers in New York. By the end of the year the war seemed won. But a decade on the ongoing conflict seems far from over.\nToday's conflict has historical parallels - in the nineteenth century Great Britain twice invaded Afghanistan, in 1839 and 1878. Both times they had seemingly defeated the Afghan forces only to find the Afghan soldier, not knowing the meaning of defeat, fought back inflicting on the mighty British Empire humiliating climb downs.\nA century later, the Soviet Union, technologically and militarily superior, also discovered to its cost that the Afghan was a tenacious foe, impossible to defeat. After a decade of conflict the Soviet Union withdrew, its military reputation in tatters.\nAfghanistan has been in a state of constant conflict for almost four decades. When not fighting external enemies its people have fought against each other. The Civil War of 1990 to 1996, during which the Taliban emerged, was ferocious in its intensity.\nThe coalition forces of today are embroiled in an equally unending war. But why are we still fighting in Afghanistan? What are the lessons of history? Who are the Taliban; who are the Mujahedeen, and why is bin Laden so significant?\nThese, in an hour, are the Afghan Wars.\n- June 05, 2014 Initial release", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "LOOKING BACK: Why did the bishop cross the road?\nThis week's pictures are a real odds '˜n' sods collection but are all fascinating in their own way.\nThe clerics on the zebra crossing are the Rev Jim Bates, vicar of St Mary’s Church, Eastfield Road, followed by Bishop Paul of Brixworth.\nThe picture was taken on November 16, 1991 for the dedication of the church.\nI love the bewildered look on the faces of the people waiting to cross.\nI do wonder if the picture was stunted up by an inventive photographer and friendly churchmen. It certainly has echoes of the famous Beatles picture on Abbey Road.\nThe picture of the aftermath of the infamous fire which destroyed Sayles department store in Cowgate intrigues me.\nI never knew the Volunteer Fire Brigade was housed next door. Was this building also damaged in the blaze and when did the brigade move to its present location?\nI love the picture of the proud rat catching team and their “trophies’’.\nA note in pencil on the back of the photograph says it was taken in 1942 at offices in Station Chambers in St Leonards Street. The man third from right is identified as head rat catcher Harold Kew, and the man with the dog is Mr Dewhirt, pest officer for the council.\nI suspect the real star of the show was that dog who looks like he would like to have a go at the photographer!\nThe final pictures are, I would guess, of members of the Fitzwilliam Hunt being inspected by the then mayor Cllr Charles Swift, which would date it to the early 60s.\nWas it a tradition for the hunt to visit Cathedral Square/Market Place?\nIf you know any of the answers please get in touch?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The fourth annual New York dinner of the class of 1900 was held at the Harvard Club of New York last night. Forty-five members were present. Contrary to the usual custom, the committee in charge of the arrangements decided that the members should not be called on for extemporaneous speeches, but an interesting program was arranged instead. Each man present was handed a \"newspaper\" entitled \"The 1900 Anvll,\" which contained fake news and hits on the men. Special songs written by W. Gotthold '00 were sung by all, and the rest, of the program consisted of amusing stunts by the members.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Canyon de Chelly National Monument\nArizona Travel News ( Press Release )\nCanyon De Chelly National Monument\nOffers Lessons in Human Spirit\nCourtesy Mesereau Public Relations\nArizona, USA. A trip to Canyon de Chelly National Monument is almost\ncertain to leave visitors with a sense of wonder when they experience the breathtaking scenery\nand fascinating cliff dwellings. Learning about the people who lived there in ancient days as well\nas those who live in the canyon today is key to a truly memorable experience. It is the poignant,\nand at times, tragic human history that makes Canyon de Chelly a place like no other on earth.\nAs with other canyons in the Four Corners region, Canyon de Chelly in northeastern\nArizona is home to many Anasazi ruins. The Anasazi - \"Ancient Ones\" - lived in the canyon for\nmore than a thousand years and left around 1300 A.D. Their homes were engineered using\ntimbers and adobe-style bricks. Most of the homes were built into the canyon walls and faced\nsouth to take advantage of the winter sun. Some contained multiple levels that housed as many as\n30 to 40 families. The most impressive structures are large cliff dwellings, built between 1100 and\n1300, in the Pueblo period.\nThe Anasazi left the area around 1300. The reason for their disappearance is\ndebated with the most popular theory being a prolonged drought forced them\nout. The people of Canyon de Chelly and other nearby Pueblo centers left their homes\nand moved to other parts of the Southwest. Some of the present-day Pueblo Indians of Arizona\nand New Mexico are descendants of these pre-Columbian people.\nThe Hopi and Pueblo Indians are believed to be the most closely related to the\nAnasazi. The Hopi lived in Canyon de Chelly at some time between 1300 and\nThe Navajo, related culturally and linguistically to the various Apache\nIndians in the Southwest, moved from northern New Mexico into the area around 1700.\nIn the 1700s and 1800s they recorded the arrival of the Spaniards and the introduction of cows,\nhorses and sheep into the area.\nThe Navajo fought with the Pueblo Indian villages and Spanish settlements\nalong the Rio Grande Valley. As a result, the Spanish, Mexican, and American governments\nconducted their own battles with the Navajo. As a Navajo stronghold, Canyon de Chelly figured\nIn 1805 Lt. Antonio Narbona, later the governor of the Province of New Mexico,\nled a Spanish expedition in an all-day battle with a band of Navajos fortified\nin a rock shelter in Canyon del Muerto. At the end of the day, Narbona's\ncontingent had killed 105 Navajos, including 90 warriors. Today, the rock\nshelter is called Massacre Cave.\nIn 1864 Kit Carson led a detachment of United States cavalry to Canyon de Chelly.\nCarson''s troops defeated the Navajos and forcibly removed more than 8,000 Navajos 300 miles\nto Fort Sumner in New Mexico. At the end of the \"Long Walk,\" an early reservation that was\nreally a prisoner of war camp was designated. After four years, however, the Navajos were\npermitted to return to their homeland.\nAround the turn of the 20th century, a trading post was constructed at the\nmouth of the canyon and is now the Thunderbird Lodge dining facility. The\ntrading post emphasized the protection of the canyon and its artifacts and was\nthe main starting point for those exploring the canyon.\nToday, some 80 families still live in the canyon where they farm and raise\nanimals. Visitors can see the working farms and the traditional Navajo houses\nsix- or eight-sided hogans with the doors facing east to greet the sun\nTourism also plays a significant role in the Canyon''s present-day economy.\nThunderbird Lodge provides the only accommodations in Canyon de Chelly. It\nfeatures 72 modern rooms, dining facilities, gift shop, rug room and tours. Of\nits 72 employees, more than 96 percent are Navajo.\nFull-day tours depart at 9 a.m. and return at 5 p.m., taking visitors on a 60-mile round trip\nthrough Canyon del Muerto to Mummy Cave and Canyon de Chelly to Spider Rock. Half-day\ntours last 3«« hours, depart at 9 a.m. and 2 p.m. and take visitors into the lower halves of both\nCanyon de Chelly and Canyon del Muerto.\nWith the exception of hiking the White House Ruin trail, travel in the canyons is\npermitted only with a park ranger or authorized Navajo guide.\nThunderbird Lodge is open year-round. For reservations, call 1-800-679-2473.\nFor online information on Thunderbird Lodge, go to www.tbirdlodge.com.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Send the link below via email or IMCopy\nPresent to your audienceStart remote presentation\n- Invited audience members will follow you as you navigate and present\n- People invited to a presentation do not need a Prezi account\n- This link expires 10 minutes after you close the presentation\n- A maximum of 30 users can follow your presentation\n- Learn more about this feature in our knowledge base article\nTranscript of 1930 Inventions\n•The longest MONOPOLY game in history lasted for 70 straight days\n•The most expensive version of the game was produced by celebrated San Francisco jeweler Sidney Mobell. Valued at $2 million, the set fea tures a 23-carat gold board and diamond-studded dice. In 1932 the Polaroid camera was created.\nEdwin Land was an inventor who specialized in working with polarized light.\nIt was an interest he discovered in 1926, during his freshman year at Harvard.\nDuring that year, he temporarily left school to work on creating the Polaroid--a new type of polarizer that involved using crystals inside of a plastic sheet. The prototype trampoline was built by George Nissen, an American circus acrobat and Olympic medalist. He invented the trampoline in his garage in 1936 The US Air Force, and later the Space Agencies, used trampolines to train their pilots and astronauts Richard Drew, a young 3M engineer, invents Scotch® Tape. This tape is an attractive, moisture-proof way for grocers and bakers to seal packages. The tape helps people “make do” during the Great Depression—they made simple repairs to household items. Carlton Cole Magee invented the first parking meter in 1932 in response to the growing problem of parking congestion.\nThe first was installed in 1935 in Oklahoma City. The meters were sometimes met with resistance from citizen groups; vigilantes from Alabama and Texas attempted to destroy the meters en masse. The inventor of the first ballpoint pen to be successfully put on the market was Laszlo Biro, who made a pen with a pressurized ink cartridge. Biro was a journalist, and he noticed that the ink used for printing newspapers did not smear or run immediately. He used this ink in his pen with a ball bearing in the tip to help the thicker ink flow. Created in 1933 and it was the world's first production model electron microscope.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Battle of FalkirkFalkirk, Scotland, UK\nKing Edward learned of the defeat of his northern army at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. In January 1298, Philip IV of France had signed a truce with Edward that did not include Scotland, thereby deserting his Scots allies. Edward returned to England from campaigning in France in March and called for his army to assemble. He moved the seat of government to York.\nOn 3 July he invaded Scotland, intending to crush Wallace and all those daring to assert Scotland's independence. On 22 July, Edward's army attacked a much smaller Scottish force led by Wallace near Falkirk. The English army had a technological advantage. Longbowmen slaughtered Wallace's spearmen and cavalry by firing scores of arrows over great distances. Many Scots were killed at the Battle of Falkirk. Despite the victory, Edward and his army soon returned to England and thus failed to subdue Scotland completely. But the defeat had ruined Wallace's military reputation. He retreated to thick woods nearby and resigned his guardianship in December.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Colonel CHARLES C. DOOLITTLE.\n18th Michigan, Major John W. Horner\n22nd Michigan, Colonel Heber Le Favour.\n106th Ohio, * Lieutenant Colonel Gustavus Tafel.\n108th Ohio, Lieutenant Colonel Carlo Piepho.\n2nd Illinois, Battery I, Captain Charles M. Barnett.\n1st Ohio, Battery E, Lieutenant Stephen W. Dorsey.\n10th Wisconsin Battery, Captain Yates V. Beebe.\nBrigadier General ROBERT S. GRANGER.\nFirst Brigade. @\nColonel WILLIAM P. LYON.\n83rd Illinois, Colonel Arthur A. Smith.\n71st Ohio, Colonel Henry M. McConnell.\n13th Wisconsin, Lieutenant Colonel James F. Chapman.\n2nd Illinois Artillery, Battery C, Captain James P. Flood.\n2nd Illinois Artillery, Battery H, Lieutenant Jonas Eckdall.\nBrigadier General WILLIAM T. WARD.\n102nd Illinois, Colonel Franklin C. Smith.\n105th Illinois, Colonel Daniel Dustin.\n129th Illinois, Colonel Henry Case.\n70th Indiana, Colonel Benjamin Harrison.\n79th Ohio, Colonel Henry G. Kennett.\n5th Michigan Battery, Captain John J. Ely\nArtillery Reserve (Nashville.)\nCaptain WARREN P. EDGARTON.\n12th Indiana Battery, Captain James E. White.\n20th Indiana Battery, Captain Milton A. Osborne.\nColonel SANDERS D. BRUCE.\n28th Kentucky, Colonel William P. Boone.\n102nd Ohio, Colonel William Given\n8th Kentucky Cavalry (battalion), Major James W. Weatherford.\n1st Tennessee Battery, Captain Ephraim P. Abbott.\nCamp Spears (Nashville.)\nColonel ALVAN C. GILLEN.\n17th Kentucky, Colonel Alexander M. Stout.\n1st (Middle) Tennessee, Colonel Alvan C. Gillem.\n3rd Tennessee Cavalry, Colonel Samuel W. Pickens.\n4th Tennessee Cavalry, Major Meshack Stephens\nColonel BENJAMIN J. SWEET.\n129th Illinois,\\\\ Colonel Henry Case.\n106th Ohio, Lieutenant Colonel Gustavus Tafel.\n13th Indiana Battery, Lieutenant Truman W. Hall.\n*Reported also as at Gallatin, Tenn.\n+Captain James Thompson chief of corps artillery.\n#Headquarters at Nashville.\n@Fort Donelson. Seventy-first Ohio temporarily at Fort Heiman.\n|| Headquarters and Seventy-ninth Ohio at La Vergne; One hundred and second Illinois at Stewart's Creek; One hundred and twenty-ninth Illinois at Gallatin; One hundred and fifth Illinois, Seventieth Indiana, and Fifth Michigan Battery marched, June 30, from La Vergne to Murfreesborough.\n\\\\Belongs to Second Brigade, Third Division.\n27 R R-VOL XXIII, PT I", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- Anne Schnoebelen\n(fl Bologna, 2nd half of the 17th century). Italian printer. He was active in Rome before transferring his business to Bologna in 1638. He apparently published no music himself, but the ‘Eredi di Evangelista Dozza’, namely Carlo Manolesi and Pietro Dozza, probably Dozza’s son, issued music during 1663...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "…aims at mediating the history of French\npublic TV from a contemporary perspective, by featuring Trépido, a gentle, mindful and witty snail character from the former children’s program 1, Rue Sesame.\nOn an autumn day, within the context of prepa-\nring for an exhibition project, I was standing in an empty factory building in Geneva. The changes associated with the Berlin Wall were still a thing of the future. As I wandered among the regularly spaced columns on the vacant factory floor, I could not help but think of a number of criteria for exhibition spaces presented as necessities: solid walls, the white of those walls, entrances, series of adjoining rooms, and their influence on the act of exhibiting. At that moment it became clear that my own contextual perspective was very much bound up with a booklet Zaugg had published two years previously. In the recurring debate over whether architecture is the artist’s ally or his adversary, or whether, in view of the givens, one would simply could-shoulder it, I have often brought up the incisiveness of the text by Rémy Zaugg. Because that text is an artistic work which intervenes in precisely the debates that characterize the history of the development of artistic practices in and with architectural space to the present day.\nThree audio-guides, made available to the visitors at the Hamburg Museum of Ethnology, in relation to the Oceanian, West-African, and Chinese segments of the collections on display, partly in the languages corresponding with the collections: Indonesian, Ewe and Chinese.[continue reading]", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Gave Zion Canyon Its Name\nIsaac was one of the early settlers in the upper Virgin River Area. He settled\nat Northrup at the forks of the Virgin River in December 1861 with two\nother settlers. They lived in close proximity to a large clan of friendly Perrusit\nIndians with whom they learned to converse. He and his family lived in their\nwagon and a make-shift shelter while it rained for more than a month. The\nVirgin River became a raging torrent and washed away much of the farmable\nsoil. In January, after the flood, he moved farther up Zion Creek Fork, built a\nhome, farmed and was one of the first settlers of Springdale. In the summer of\n1863, he and his sons built a cabin, cleared some land and farmed in Zion\nCanyon near the present site of the lodge. They also maintained their home and farm in Springdale, where they spent the winter months. Isaac is credited\nwith giving Zion Canyon its name, when in the presence of his friends and the\ngrandeur of of the canyon, he said, \"A man can worship God among these great\ncathedrals as well as he can in any man-made church; this is Zion.\" He was\ncalled \"a fierce Mormon Zealot\" by the explorer Clarence Dutton. In 1872 Isaac\nsold his farm in the canyon to William Heaps for 200 bushels of corn and\nmoved to Long Valley. He died in May 1881 at age 78 and was buried in Mt.\nElmina Tyler Behunin\nElmina Tyler married Isaac Behunin October 1, 1804, at the age of 23; he was 31\nyears of age. The third of eleven children, Elmina was born to Andrew and\nElizabeth Cummins Tyler on April 23, 1811, in Soponias, Cuyuga, New York. She\nwas the sixth generation of Tylers in America, and her progenitors were among\nthe first immigrants from England.\nElmina was the first of the Tyler family to join The Church of Jesus Christ of\nLatter-day Saints (Mormons). In the winter of 1833, she was baptized in Lake\nErie through three feet of ice.\nIn addition to rearing the three children from Isaac's first marriage, Elmina gave\nbirth to nine children of her own: Andrew, Alma, Polly, Nancy, Meribah, Steven\nMosiah, Hyrum, Elijah Cutler, Almina, and Benjamin. Polly and Benjamin died\nin infancy. She taught her children to read, write, and understand the scriptures.\nReports indicate that Isaac would say in the evenings, \"Mother, read that\nscripture to us again.\" Other accounts state that she sometimes taught school.\nElmina, a hearty pioneer woman with stron religious convictions, endured the\nhardships of the \"driving of the Saints\" from Ohio to Utah. During the 46 years\nof her married life, she moved and setup households at least a dozen times in\nfrontier communities under very adverse conditions. She died September 29,\n1883, at age 72 and was buried in Ferron, Utah.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Archives d'Etat de Genève are responsible for maintaining, preserving and providing access to the archives of the republic and canton of Geneva. Their website has a good deal of information related to the services offered to researchers, including a list of publications with links to the full-text available online. Most useful for browsing the site is the thematical index listing the fonds and collections, the exhibitions held at the Archives d'Etat including the published exhibition catalogues, as well as projects under development. Users will also find simple online exhibitions taken from the archive's collections on subjects including: cinema and censorship; Swiss resistance activity in the Second World War; childhood; the drawings of Pierre Reymond; and prized documents from the archive.\nArchives de la Ville de Genève is an organisation which collects, describes and preserves administrative documents produced by the various services of the genevese municipal government and several city communes. The Archives also hold a series of private collections donated by individuals or institutions, among which the fund of Sécheron company with works in the field of electrical engineering and mechanics. The website provides a brief overview of the organisation and its services in all the major European languages, but most detailed information about the content of the archives is in French. Direct access to detailed and well structured descriptions of all the individual collections is facilitated via browsing an alphabetical list by collection title or using an online keyword searching mechanism. Very useful are also the user online guides to how the collections are organised and described, and the rules for reservation and consultation of documents, including an online form. This site is of interest to anyone interested in the history of Geneva, particularly those researching genealogy, business records, and local history.\nProviding students and tutors with free and useful practical advice on visiting an archive for the first time, this website by historian Nick Barratt also details costs of the training sessions that he runs. An online tutorial takes the student through the stages of using an archive, from locating the right institution and planning the visit, to how to handle documents, research techniques and the use of online material. Four short but comprehensive introductions to major archives explain how to get started at The National Archives, the British Library, the National Archive of Scotland and the National Library of Wales. Clearly laid out, if slightly dated in appearance and content, this user-friendly site provides a few links to archival resources and to relevant books.\nBibMan is an online catalogue providing access to secondary literature about manuscripts written in the Latin alphabet and preserved in libraries and repositories in Italy. The project involves over 40 Italian institutions and is coordinated by the Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico delle Biblioteche Italiane (ICCU) in Rome. The period covered by the catalogue stretches from the 5th century with a manuscript by Virgilio Mediceo (FI 100 Plut.39.1) from the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana to the present with a corpus of letters of the poet Vincenzo Cardarelli (PV 293 Fondo Cardarelli) acquired in 1998 by the Centro di ricerca sulla tradizione manoscritta di autori moderni e contemporanei. The database currently lists in excess of 43,000 manuscript records, over 60,000 records of manuscript citations, and more than 4,800 author names. It can be searched by: author, manuscript title, shelfmark, or keyword. A list of institutions taking part into the project is accessible. At the time of this review the website appears to be available in Italian only but an English version is envisaged.\nThe Bodleian Library's western manuscripts to c. 1500 Web page is a guide to one of the most extensive and renowned collections of medieval manuscripts anywhere in the world. This page describes the Library's holdings for this period, and the shelfmarks relating to them. To add to the more general information, there are links to the Bodleian's high quality online images of manuscripts, and to other related library pages. A search engine is promised as a future addition to this page, which will further help students and researchers to find manuscripts relating to their field of study. In the meantime, users can find help through the website index.\nThe Electronic Catalogue of Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts project makes available an online catalogue describing the western medieval and renaissance manuscript holdings of the Bodleian Library, Oxford University. The project is partly funded by the J. Paul Getty Trust and is managed within the Bodleian's Department of Special Collections and Western Manuscripts. The online catalogue will include page images from the 'Summary' catalogue (Falconer Madan, et al., A summary catalogue of western manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at Oxford which have not hitherto been catalogued in the Quarto series. Oxford, 1895-1953) and the 'Quarto' series of catalogues. The website contains: a description of the project and its progress; a sample of cataloguing terms; and links to descriptions of manuscript collections. Each collection is catalogued (with shelfmarks, description and bibiliography), and some entries contain selected digitised images. As a whole, the resource represents the ongoing results of a tremendous amount of work, and would be of value to anyone with a professional or academic interest in manuscripts and in archives and their development.\nThe website 'Institut für Altegeschichte und Altertumskunde, Papyrologie und Epigraphik' is the homepage of the Department of Ancient History and Civilisations, Papyrology and Epigraphy at the University of Vienna. It is one of five departments and one institute which offer courses and special studies in history at this university. Founded in 1876, but with roots running back to 1850, the department lists affiliated faculty and researchers, along with their publications. Past, current and upcoming courses are posted, as well as online discussion forums and special talks and seminars. Some syllabi are available as downloads. The department lists the grants and funding bodies that support its students. There is a link to the department's special library collection, which features an online catalogue with a search function that will interest researchers. Catalogues for papyri and epigraphy can be downloaded directly. There is a good links list with bibliographical information.\nThe website of The Islamic Manuscript Association (TIMA) provides information about the activities of the organisation as well as descriptions of online catalogues and collections of Islamic manuscripts. The organisation, founded in 2006, describes itself as 'an international effort to protect Islamic manuscripts', and runs projects related to issues of cataloguing, conservation, digitisation, and research and publishing. The website provides a number of resources on these themes that will be of interest to scholars and archivists working with Islamic manuscripts as well as to those working in manuscript studies more generally. It will also be of direct relevance to scholars of Islamic Studies looking for primary sources, as it includes links to: outside projects related to Islamic manuscripts; the UNESCO memory of the world register, which includes nine collections related to Islamic studies; eight online catalogues of Islamic manuscripts; 11 digital manuscript collections; and more general resources for research. This is a good first source for information on Islamic manuscript collections, with links that will lead researchers to further valuable resources.\nHeidelberg University Library has made available online page images and catalogue entries for 27 late Medieval illustrated manuscripts which originate from the Bibliotheca Palatina (Palatine Library). The manuscripts were produced by three 15th century German workshops (\"Elsässische Werkstatt von 1418\", \"workshop of Diebold Lauber\" at Hagenau, \"workshop of Ludwig Henfflin\") and include legal, religious, literary and historical titles. Holdings are in German, often in the dialect of the scribe or the patron commissioning the manuscript. The script or book hand belongs to the 'bastarda' family of scripts. The project received funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and is a collaboration with Heidelberg University Institute for Art History. The site is in German with the exception of an English introduction.\nThe database of images includes metadata about iconographic features, classified according to the Iconclass system. Searches of the database may be restricted by manuscript, title, workshop, artist, Iconclass notation and terms, and ornamentation. The results page displays thumbnails of the page images matching the search criteria. Manuscripts may be browsed by shelfmark or by the title or author of works contained within (e.g. Bible, book of nature, chronicle, Wolfram von Eschenbach). Images are easily navigated and a version is available for printing (PDF). A detailed glossary is also provided together with introductions to book production in the Middle Ages and to each of the workshops. The project has also digitized excerpts or the full-text (in HTML or PDF) of a number of reference works and catalogues relating to the outputs from the workshops and the holdings of the Palatine Library. High-resolution images from the manuscripts may be ordered from the project and delivered on CD-Rom.\nThe website \"Manuscrits médiévaux des monastères et chapitres vosgiens. Catalogues and inventoires\" is an online version of the second volume of Marie-José Gasse-Grandjean's doctoral thesis entitled \"Livres manuscrits et librairies dans les abbayes et les chapitres vosgiens des origines au XVIe siècle\", presented in 1989 at Universite Nancy 2 (2 vol., 752 p. + pl.). This volume brings together various research sources, including: a catalogue of the surviving Vosgian manuscripts, a presentation of ancient book catalogues from Vosgian monasteries, and a list of books found in various archives.The complete text of the volume is available online, as well as an extensive bibliography and a few digital images of manuscripts. The catalogue of surviving manuscripts is presented in a searchable database form, and includes comprehensive indexes for each search field. This resource is particularly useful to the specialist manuscript researcher. The site is now archived.\nThe document \"More precious than gold: treasures of the Polish national library\" is a PDF file and serves both as a useful research tool for those in Polish Studies, and as an exhibition of beautiful books and manuscripts. Exhibits range from an eighth century New Testament to a sheet of music autographed by Lutosławski. Each page, whether a frontispiece or illustration, is accompanied by basic bibliographical detail, as well as information about the exhibit. This is a wonderful resource that does indeed reflect the best items in the holdings of the National Library. Exhibits include: Gottfried Leibniz's correspondence; the Tyniec Sacramentary; Adam Mickiewicz's Sonnets; Le Roman de la Rose; Cyprian Kamil Norwid's Vade-Mecum; Jan Zamoyski's prayer-book; a page from Frederik Chopin's \"Préludes\".\nThis website describes the archives and heritage collections held at the University of Durham, two of which are designated as outstanding by the Museums, Libraries and Archives Council. Collections include substantial archives of family, manorial, ecclesiastical, legal, scientific and historical papers as well as literary manuscripts, maps and plans, and early and rare books. Of particular note are Bishop Cosin's Library, and Bamburgh Castle Library, the former a library founded in 1669, and still housed in its original building, the latter, originally collected by the Sharpe family at Bamburgh Castle. Each contain rare books and manuscripts (and are the two MLA designated collections) incunabula, medieval and post-medieval manuscripts as well as 16th century theological works, and works relating to law, travel and literature. These two collections are supplemented by a range of other former libraries, drawn from the North East and containing a rich array of rare books, pamphlets and manuscripts. As well as these extensive paper holdings the collections include audio of poets reading their own work, archives relating to poet Basil Bunting, archives relating to the Sudan, and its British colonial heritage, Medieval coins minted by the Bishops of Durham, photography collections (particularly of churches and Durham and the North East) tithe and inclosure maps, as well as substantial local studies collections. The website provides a number of finding aids to locate items within the collections as well as details on accessing them.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Posted by Raymond (184.108.40.206) on April 08, 2006 at 22:34:47:\nIn Reply to: Chau Family from Ark Hang Lea or Seto Family from Chechom?? posted by Monica Chau on January 19, 2000 at 14:34:45:\nIn June 2005 I visited my paternal ancestral village (Sun Wui, Gujing Town, Cheong Sah) which is a Seid village. I was told that the Anglicized surnames Seid, Sit, Seto and Soo Hoo (among others variation spellings) were all of the same bloodline hundreds of years ago in Northern China. A kiosk shrine was erected in my ancestral village commemorating the brotherhood of the Seid/Seto bloodline. A photo of this can be seen at http://www.seid.name/gallery/displayimage.php?pos=-13 I also learned that a stronghold of the Seto Family Clan is located at Chek Hom in Hoiping County. I made a day trip there out of curiosity and took a photo of the plaque along the beautiful waterfront which commemorates the founding of Chek Hom by the Seto and Kwan family clans. The photo can be viewed at http://www.seid.name/gallery/displayimage.php?pos=-14 (sorry, it's at a sideways angle).\nCensus Records | Vital Records | Family Trees & Communities | Immigration Records | Military Records Directories & Member Lists | Family & Local Histories | Newspapers & Periodicals | Court, Land & Probate | Finding Aids", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Revisionism of Iraq War Dead-Enders\nKelley Vlahos reminds us that the U.S. would have faced an insurgency from Shi’ite militias if a residual force had remained in Iraq beyond 2011:\nThe war hawks argue that if Obama had renegotiated the SOFA (basically forced a longer occupation), the U.S. would have helped the Iraqis repel growing al-Qaeda elements before they morphed into the Islamic State. This completely ignores the fact that it was our friend Maliki’s suppressive and discriminatory treatment of the Sunnis that empowered the extremist elements. It also ignores the very real possibility that al-Sadr’s Shia army, which had been standing down per agreements, may have re-emerged to fight the Americans themselves, along with the Iranian-backed militias that are now fighting ISIS in places like Ramadi.\n“Sadr said he would put his army back on the streets if we were to stay,” Hoh said. Furthermore, “even if we put troops back there, the Islamic State and the Sunni were going to fight against the Shia-dominated military anyway. So we would have our troops in the middle of a civil war.”\nIn other words, Iraq war dead-enders were arguing and continue to argue for a policy that would have left a fairly small number of American soldiers in a country where they weren’t wanted and where they would be attacked regularly. If the hawks had had their way, American soldiers would have continued fighting and dying in an occupation of Iraq that made neither Iraq nor the U.S. more secure. But then the point is that the hawks couldn’t have had their way without the cooperation of the Iraqi government, which was never going to be forthcoming. As with many other hawkish criticisms, the entire dead-ender argument about U.S. withdrawal and the later rise of ISIS relies on a fallacy. If ISIS made gains in Iraq after U.S. withdrawal, the hawks assert that it must have been because of U.S. withdrawal, and furthermore they take for granted that these gains could not have happened in the absence of that withdrawal. Hawks often attribute near-magical powers to the military and military action, and this is another example of that.\nThe heart of Iraq war revisionism is the belief of war supporters that the U.S. occupation was good for Iraqi security because they take for granted a U.S. presence anywhere is beneficial, and therefore the occupation should have been continued in order to keep Iraq secure. This is bound up with their mythology that the war was a “liberation” rather than an unmitigated disaster for Iraqis, and it is tied to their delusion that the “war was won” in 2008. The reality is that the U.S. military presence was destabilizing and harmful from the beginning, and it could not have been otherwise because the U.S. was the invader. Continuing that presence would only have continued to serve as a magnet for jihadists and a target for other insurgents, and that would have meant that even more Iraqis would have been caught up in bombings and sectarian violence.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Grand Western Canal\nJames Brindley first surveyed the Grand Western Canal in the 1760’s as part of a grand scheme to link the Bristol and English channels in order to save shipping from the dangers of navigating around Land’s End. An Act of Parliament was eventually obtained in 1796, but work did not commence until 1808 when there was a revival of interest and much financial activity. John Rennie begun surveying the line in 1794, and was then appointed engineer in 1810 when construction began at the summit level near Holcombe Rogus, working towards Tiverton. The eleven-mile section was opened in 1814 but engineering difficulties had exhausted the Company’s funds and the plan to link with Taunton was temporarily shelved. In 1827 the Bridgwater and Taunton Canal was opened giving fresh impetus for extension of the Canal to Taunton.\nJames Green’s proposal to complete the 13 mile extension from Lowdwells to Taunton with a tub-boat canal was accepted and work began in 1831. It incorporated an inclined plane and seven vertical boat lifts to cope with the 270ft change in level. The Canal finally opened to through traffic in 1838.\nNewer forms of transport were to be the Canal’s undoing. The Bristol and Exeter Railway reached Exeter in 1844 with a branch to Tiverton in 1848. Canal revenue fell dramatically. In 1854 the Canal was leased to the railway that then bought it out in 1865. The Somerset section was closed shortly afterwards and the land and machinery sold by 1867. The carriage of limestone and roadstone continued on the Devon section until 1925, thereafter the Canal remained derelict until 1971 when Devon County Council took over the ownership, designated it as a Linear Country Park and commenced restoration.\nNynehead Boat Lift\nThe remains of the Nynehead Boat Lift are of historical significance as it is the only one of the seven that includes a substantial amount of masonry. The image below shows the lift in 1999, after two years clearance work.\nThese lifts were certainly the first in Britain, and possibly the world, to be commercially successful and operated for nearly 30 years. In their day they were at the forefront of technology. One has to respect the courage and imagination of the Engineer and Proprietors in building such mechanisms when materials technology and iron founding were in their infancy. There is sufficient remaining of the lift at Nynehead to give an idea of what the structures must have looked like.\nThe operating machinery was removed shortly after closure in 1869 but a detailed description of the operation together with engineer’s drawings still exists. James Green’s lifts worked on a simple balance principle. Later generations of canal lift were hydraulically or electrically operated. Green’s tub boats carried 8 tons of cargo; there are now lifts in Europe that can accommodate 1350 ton boats.\nNynehead Lift Working Party\nThe monthly Nynehead Working Party has been running since Denis Dodd set them up in the late ’90s when work took place to uncover the rich and vibrant history of this section of the Grand Western Canal. These “parties” have continued since then, every second Saturday of the month starting at 10am.\nThe working party operates in association with the Friends of the Grand Western Canal and often undertakes maintenance work on other sections of the canal in Somerset – namely Jayes Cutting.\nWe welcome all ages and abilities to both the Friends of the Grand Western Canal and to the Nynehead Working Parties, please contact us for further information.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Told by legendary Wonthaggi miner and unionist Eddie Harmer, this 10 minute short documentary recounts the historical origins of the Victorian seaside hamlet of Harmers Haven, which is named after Eddie Harmer. The audio was recorded in 1988 without picture during the very early stages of production for Black Gold, Kindred Spirits (1996). Eddie Harmer played a role in the formation of the Wonthaggi Workers’ Unemployed Union and was later President of the Wonthaggi branch of the Miners Federation.\nConsisting of audio recordings and historical and contemporary photographs, the documentary seeks to document the founding of Harmers Haven as a first hand account of the establishment of this locality. The film is an example of the working class phenomenon of the unplanned establishment of coastal retreats in the 1930s, 40s and 50s. The historical photographs used in the documentary were provided by the Harmer family and were mostly unpublished. The contemporary photographs were taken by Victorian photographer Jarl Line.\nThis bonus material was created from sound recorded during production of Black Gold, Kindred Spirits. It was released in 2012 as bonus material on the Black Gold, Kindred Spirits DVD.\nAuthor: J Bird, 2023", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Hugh II (Catalan: Hug II) (c. 1035 – 1116) was the Count of Empúries from 1078 until his death. He was the eldest son of Ponç I and Adelaida de Besalú, and succeeded his father in Empúries while his brother, Berenguer, was given the Viscounty of Peralada.\nIn politics he was on good terms with the other Catalan princes. In 1085, he made an alliance of mutual self-defence with his neighbour, Giselbert II of Roussillon. In 1113–15, he and Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, took part in an expedition against the Balearics. He was described by the anonymous author of the Liber maiolichinus as Catalanicus heros (a Catalan hero).\nHugh was involved in several disputes with the diocese of Girona, first with its canons and then with its bishop, Berenguer Guifré, over the tithes collected by the parish church of Santa Maria de Castelló. He made donations to the monastery of Sant Pere de Rodes and made pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela and the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem.\n|Preceded by |\n| Count of Empúries |", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Born in New York State in 1818, Thomas Elkins was a man of many talents. He started his career in the medical field studying surgery and dentistry and eventually he opened his own pharmacy and ran it for several decades, he would offer dental services there as well.\nIn 1840, he became a member of the Albany Vigilance which was an organization that was a key part of the underground railroad. They provided food, legal-aid, and medical attention to those seeking freedom. His experience in the medical field also secured him a job in the Civil War working as a medical examiner for the famous 54th and 55th Massachusetts regiments.\nIn the 1870s, he filled a series of successful patents. He invented a table that could be used for multiple things at once (Dinner table, Ironing Board & Quilting frame). He created two more inventions that improved upon items that were already available. He patented a design for a chamber-commode” which combined several pieces of furniture into one and he created an apparatus aimed at improving the refrigeration system people were using at the time. Overall, his innovative ideas and commitment to helping people allowed him to make the world a better place.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This charming, antique 950 silver tobacco or snuff box is French . It dates to the era of Napoleon 111 of France so circa 1870.\nIt measures 2¼” (5.7cms) by 1” (2.5cms) across the top and is 5/8” (1.5cms) tall. It weighs 24.3 grams.\nThe top is finely engraved with a diagonal ribbed design. In the centre is a prettily shaped plaque ready for a monogram.\nThe back and sides are also engraved with lines of wavy motifs.\nThe box opens via a long tab at the front to reveal an empty interior. It closes firmly. On the interior of the lid is the French Minerva first quality hallmark. This signifies 950 silver quality, higher than sterling 925. There are also make’s marks.\nThis beautiful piece is in excellent antique condition. It will arrive in a gift box.\nFrench Antique 950 Silver Tobacco and Snuff Box\n|Est. Tax:||We are unable to obtain a tax quote at this time.|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Rather interesting Keighley facts\nDid you know that the first British town to be twinned with another in Europe was Keighley in Yorkshire? This holds true for formal and informal arrangements: in 1905 Keighley organised something similar to twinning with Suresnes and Puteaux in France; and in 1920 it twinned with Poix-du-Nord in the same country (though as all right thinking people would understand the agreement mentioned adopting the French settlement).\nIf you like this, Share it\nFamous Keighley people:\nMore famous Britons here", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Ignacio Fernández Esperón (lyricist)\n= Recordings are available for online listening. = Recordings were issued from this master.\nNo recordings issued from other masters. Show only matrixes with audio online\n|Company||Matrix No.||Size||First Recording Date||Title||Primary Performer||Description|\n|OKeh||W400483||10-in.||3/13/1928||Ya cai||Consuelo Garcia Garza||Female vocal solo, with piano|\n|Brunswick||LA138-LA139||10-in.||Nov. 1926||La Guayaba||Dueto Acosta ; Orquesta Acosta||Female-male vocal duet, with instrumental ensemble|\n|Brunswick||E20612-E20613||10-in.||11/1/1926||Tu y yo||Margarita Cueto||Female vocal solo, with orchestra|\n|Brunswick||E20616-E20617||10-in.||11/1/1926||El chilpayate||Castilians ; Margarita Cueto ; Juan Pulido||Female-male vocal duet, with jazz/dance band|\nDiscography of American Historical Recordings, s.v. \"Ignacio Fernández Esperón (lyricist),\" accessed October 13, 2019, https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/talent/detail/137209/Fernndez_Espern_Ignacio_lyricist.\nIgnacio Fernández Esperón (lyricist). (2019). In Discography of American Historical Recordings. Retrieved October 13, 2019, from https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/talent/detail/137209/Fernndez_Espern_Ignacio_lyricist.\n\"Ignacio Fernández Esperón (lyricist).\" Discography of American Historical Recordings. UC Santa Barbara Library, 2019. Web. 13 October 2019.\nSend the Editors a message about this record.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Hasselblad 30 Year Gold Edition\nEstablished in 1841 in Gothenburg, Sweden, as a trading company, F.W. Hasselblad and Co. The founders son, Arvid Viktor Hasselblad, was interested in photography and started the photographic division of the company. While on honeymoon, Arvid Hasselblad met George Eastman, founder of Eastman Kodak and in 1888, Hasselblad became rhe sole Swedish distributor of Eastman's products. Business was so good that in 1908, the photographic operations were spun off into their own corporation. The rest is history. Perhaps the most famous use of the Hasselblad camera was during the Apollo programme missions when man first landed on the Moon. Almost all of the still photographs taken during these missions were modified Hasselblad cameras. The company's traditional V-System cameras remain widely used by professional and serious amateur photographers. One reason is the reputation for long life and quality of available lenses. They might not have the beauty of a hand-made Leica from the outside but they have a cult following never the less. Only 1400 of these 30th Anniversary Hasselblads were released in 1987. You can pick up #659 on eBay for $4399.00 this second. Any buyers?\nPics courtesy of BBC/Ice-Cream Blog.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "“The Dismal Science” is an old but still commonly-used nickname for the realm of economics.\n“Professors of the Dismal Science” is an old but still used nickname for economists.\nBoth were coined in the mid-1800s by the British historian, translator, essayist, author and mathematician Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881).\nI suspect most people who see those terms used in news stories, opinion pieces and books nowadays just think they reflect the view that economics tends to be boring or depressing.\nBut the story behind their creation by Carlyle is more complex and more distasteful than that.\nIn a nutshell, Carlyle used the terms to criticize liberal, mid-19th Century social commentators like John Stuart Mill and modern-thinking economists who believed it would be best for society and the economy if people of all races were free from slavery and other forms of forced labor and had certain basic social and economic rights — such as the right to buy or produce and sell products as they saw fit, the right to decide what they wanted to do for work, the right to decide who they were willing to work for, and the right to reject levels of payment for their products or work that they deemed unfair.\nToday, those beliefs are generally accepted. But it was a different world when Carlyle created the phrase “the Dismal Science” and dubbed progressive thinkers like Mill “Professors of the Dismal Science.”\nUntil the mid-1800s, slavery was a foundation of key industries in the UK and other European countries, and in the colonies they exploited in the Caribbean, Africa and elsewhere. It was also a foundation of major agricultural and industrial businesses in the United States, which lagged behind the UK in ending the practice.\nThe British Parliament outlawed the slave trade in 1807. In the 1830s, Great Britain emancipated the slaves on British islands in the West Indies and in other colonies.\nThis led to economic impacts that generated significant controversy.\nBritish-owned plantations and industries that had depended on slave labor began going bankrupt. Some freed slaves became paid workers, but the pay was generally low. Many preferred to live off what they could produce from their own small pieces of land or entrepreneurial initiative. But unemployment levels were high among former slaves and most lived in extreme poverty.\nMeanwhile, in 1848, white working class people throughout Europe were pushing back against traditional class-based, aristocratic political systems and unfair exploitation by businesses. A wave of rebellions — now called “the Revolutions of 1848” — swept through dozens of European countries. The goals were greater democracy, better worker rights and wages, and, in some cases Socialism or Communism.\nThomas Carlyle was disturbed by these events and trends and threw scorn at social and economic philosophies and observers that were sympathetic to them.\nIn 1849 he wrote a now infamous article published anonymously in the December 1849 issue Fraser’s Magazine under the title “Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question.” (It was reprinted in 1853 under the more offensive title “Occasional Discourse on the Nigger Question,” with the attribution “Communicated by T. Carlyle.”)\nThe piece is written in a satirical, cynical style that Carlyle apparently thought was both humorous and persuasive. The “discourse” it relates (basically a rant) is attributed to an unnamed but clearly white, upper-class speaker.\nHe mocks his “philanthropic friends” who supported the emancipation of slaves and believed in a laissez faire type commerce amongst free men, governed primarily by supply and demand. He said of those schools of thought:\n“…not a ‘gay science,’ but a rueful — which finds the secret of this universe in ‘supply and demand,’ and reduces the duty of human governors to that of letting men alone…no, a dreary, desolate and, indeed, quite abject and distressing one; what we might call, by way of eminence, the Dismal Science.”\nHe went on to warn that “the Dismal Science, led by any sacred cause of black emancipation…will give birth to progenies and prodigies: dark extensive moon-calves, unnameable abortions, wide-coiled monstrosities, such as the world has not seen hitherto!”\nThe article in Fraser’s is full of obtuse, outdated language and references. It’s not easy for modern readers to understand. And, it could almost seem like Carlyle was mocking the speaker, not the anti-slavery, free market advocates.\nBut, in fact, Carlyle was essentially a racist and a supporter of class-based social systems and autocratic governments. He didn’t much like untalented, hereditary aristocrats, but he admired self-made tyrants, dictators and “Captains of Industry.”\nIn his 1841 book On Heroes and Hero-Worship, he proclaimed that “The history of the world is but the biography of great men.” (The basis for “the Great Man theory” of history.)\nCarlyle’s diatribe in the Fraser’s article argues that the recent history of Great Britain’s Caribbean colonies proved that laissez faire economic policies and the emancipation of black slaves were ultimately bad for both whites and blacks.\nHe suggests that the best course for the West Indies and “civilized” countries in general would be to go back to the “the beneficent whip” and compel the “indolent, two-legged cattle” who were former slaves and other such lesser humans — like the “unsold; unbought, unmarketable Irish” — to work.\nCarlyle coined the phrase “Professors of the Dismal Science” in a series of pamphlets he wrote in 1850 called THE LATTER-DAY PAMPHLETS. It pops up first in Pamphlet No. 1, titled “THE PRESENT TIME” and dated February 1, 1850.\nIn the opening of that pamphlet, Carlyle outlines some of his basic beliefs. Here are a few examples:\n“Historically speaking, I believe there was no Nation that could subsist upon Democracy.”\n“I say, it is the everlasting privilege of the foolish to be governed by the wise; to be guided in the right path by those who know it better than they. This is the first ‘right of man;’ compared with which all other rights are as nothing.”\n“In all European countries, especially in England, one class of Captains and commanders of men, recognizable as the beginning of a new real and not imaginary ‘Aristocracy,’ has already in some measure developed itself: the Captains of Industry.”\nLater in the first pamphlet, Carlyle includes what he portrays as a speech by a British Prime Minister that was aimed at poor, unemployed people; people like the millions in Ireland suffering from the potato famine and “other Beggars, the able-bodied Lackalls, nomadic or stationary, and the general assembly, outdoor and indoor, of the Pauper Populations of these Realms.”\nThe fictional PM, elucidating what are actually Carlyle’s views, urges these benighted souls to become “Soldiers of Industry.”\nCarlyle anticipates that misguided do-gooders will criticize such views and inserts a parenthetical paragraph that includes his first use of “Professors of the Dismal Science.”\n“Here arises indescribable uproar, no longer repressible, from all manner of Economists, Emancipationists, Constitutionalists, and miscellaneous Professors of the Dismal Science.”\nCarlyle’s imaginary PM scoffs at such people and continues to bloviate. Carlyle apparently viewed what he says as inspiring, though it was not likely to be perceived that way by any impoverished Irish, working class Brits or ex slaves who heard or read it. Near the end, the PM says to them:\n“Here is work for you; strike into it with manlike, soldier-like obedience and heartiness, according to the methods here prescribed,—wages follow for you without difficulty; all manner of just remuneration, and at length emancipation itself follows. Refuse to strike into it; shirk the heavy labor, disobey the rules,—I will admonish and endeavor to incite you; if in vain, I will flog you; if still in vain, I will at last shoot you,—and make God’s Earth, and the forlorn-hope in God’s Battle, free of you.”\nIn that first LATTER-DAY PAMPHLET, Carlyle links but does not limit the term “Professors of the Dismal Science” to economists.\nHowever, over the decades, the term “the Dismal Science” lost its connection to the 19th Century debate over slavery, democracy and economic freedom in common usage.\nIt simply became a term writers use, usually in a humorous way, to describe economics in general. “Professors of the Dismal Science” became a common humorous description of economists.\nMost people who use the terms that way today are unaware of the dismal social, economic and political views behind their creation by Carlyle.\n* * * * * * * * * *\nRelated reading, listening and stuff…", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "All of our reference materials at Lobrano House are freely available to the public for research.\nWe have several tables to work on, a copy machine, Wi-Fi, and a coffee maker and are open from 10am-12pm & 1pm-3pm weekdays.\nIn addition to books and publications, we have several file cabinets filled with family histories sorted by last name.\nThere is a large number of maps available for research, including the original Sanborn Maps (1892 - 1930 and 1963 updates)\nWe also have Indian artifacts and accompanying data, plus an extensive photo collection.\nClick on any of the links below to browse the reference materials available at Lobrano House:\n- List of book & publication titles in our collection\nClose to a thousand titles, original newspapers dating back to 1892, and more.\n- List of our vertical files - Surnames\nContaining documents about specific individuals and/or families.\nWe are in the process of digitizing these records and some can already be viewed online.\n- List of our vertical files - Subjects\nContaining documents about buildings, businesses, historic events, etc.\nThe following of our records are available online (and accessible directly via the Research/Reference menu above):\n- Hancock County Cemeteries\nOur cemetery section contains a list of all cemeteries and graveyards known to us in Hancock County. You will find directions, pictures for some, and - if indexed - an inventory of people buried there.\nThere is also a database that allows you to search in all cemeteries for a person by first letter of their last name.\n- Hancock County Census Records (1820 - 1840)\nThis database contains an index of the Hancock County Census Records, ranging from 1820 (the very first one) to 1840.\nIn these early years of the census records, only the name of the head of household was recorded.\nThis is still a work in progress and for now, we only have the names listed. Once the records have been transcribed and digitized, we will add the complete census data for each household. We will also be adding more recent years to this database, hopefully in the near future.\n- Catholic Church Records (1847 - 1911)\nThe Hancock County Historical Society has digitized its collection of Marriage and Baptismal Books as recorded by Our Lady of the Gulf Church in Bay Saint Louis, and the Church of the Annunciation in Kiln, Mississippi. The results have been stored in a database that can be searched by last name.\nThe names of all parties involved have been extracted individually, so anyone who is mentioned in these records, be they a parent, a godparent, a witness, or else, is included in this index.\n- Hancock County Marriage Index (1849 - 1956)\nThis database contains an index of all Hancock County marriages, as recorded by the Court, from 1849 to 1956.\nIncluded are the bride, the groom, and witnesses. Brides are listed under their maiden name as well as their married name.\nStarting in 1938, the Court also recorded father and mother of both bride and groom.\n- Hancock County Divorce Index (1916 - 1950)\nThis database contains an index of all Hancock County divorces, as recorded by the Court, from 1916 to 1950.\nListed are the plaintiff and the defendant.\nA listing of the obituaries we have on file at the Lobrano House.\nRecords contain the full text of the obituary as it appeared in the newspaper and, if known, source of publication, date of death and a link to the cemetery where the person was interred.\n- Early Land Records\nHancock County land records from early statehood in 1817 were removed from Center, formerly Caesar, to Gainesville in 1837. However, in 1853 the Courthouse was destroyed by fire, and with it 36 years of written history.\nIt was immediately undertaken to re-register as many deeds and claims as possible. Apparently Deed Books A, B and C were the instruments of the recordings. Book A has not been made available to the Hancock County Historical Society but this analysis of Book B, compiled by Dr. Marco Giardino and Mr. Russell Guerin, is invaluable in establishing early land claims in Hancock Count, especially in the Pearl River and Gainesville areas.\n- Alphabet File\nThe \"Alphabet File\" is a collection of newspaper articles, short publications and other records about Hancock County and its citizens, indexed by surnames and subjects involved, compiled and typed by Charles H. Gray.\nThe entire file can be searched.\nThe following two websites are good sources of additional information on the history of Hancock County:", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Most of you are probably familiar with Joshua fighting the battle of Jericho: “And the walls came tumbling down.”\nShortly thereafter, he was involved in another, less known but no less historic battle – the ambush at Ai.\nThe Ambush at Ai\nJoshua found himself in a valley near the city of Ai. The king of that city had heard about Joshua – word about the battle of Jericho had spread throughout the land.\nNow Joshua was in the king’s neighborhood. And the king saw his chance to wipe out Joshua and all the people with him.\nSo the king hastily gathered every single one of his warriors together to go after Joshua’s brigade. The king wasn’t going to take any chances. He would destroy all of them.\nThe gates of the city flew open. The king’s entire army rushed out.\nJoshua and his people saw this mighty group approaching. But they were in a valley – with the king’s legion of soldiers in front of them and a large hill behind them.\nWhat should Joshua and his people do? What would you do?\nThey did what any rational human being would do under those circumstances. They ran like mad!\nThe king pursued them. Victory was clearly in sight.\nHow did Joshua – the master blaster who brought down all the walls of Jericho with just trumpets – find himself in this situation?\n|Get the tips and tools you need to be a BIGG success.\nSubscribe to our bi-weekly newsletter – it’s FREE!\nHe planned it!\nThat’s right – he took time to plan. Then he clearly communicated his plan to his troops and they quickly took action on it. Here’s how it went really down:\nJust like Jericho, Ai had these massive walls all around it. So, under the cover of darkness, Joshua had sent 30,000 of his troops to hide behind the city of Ai. Then he sent another 5,000 to hide beside the city.\nJoshua moved the rest of his troops on top of the hill. The king may have seen this group but he just thought they were moving through the area.\nHe found out differently the next day.\nJoshua and his band of fighters had moved down the hill into the valley. The king knew they were coming; he would respond with all his might!\nSo he quickly gathered all of his warriors together. The gate of the city flew open. The king marched out with his entire army.\nJoshua saw the king coming. He fled!\nThe king pressed on, barking out orders to hurry. Joshua was right where the king wanted him. This was to be the end of Joshua and the king would be famous for taking down the miracle man.\nJoshua kept retreating. The hill was approaching. The king knew he had Joshua trapped. It was only a matter of time now.\n“Hurry, hurry”, the king shouted to his men.\nSuddenly Joshua turned his brigade toward the advancing throng. The king signaled his army to stop.\nHis mind was racing: “What was Joshua doing? There’s no way his small group can take on my mighty mass of men. This guy must be crazy.”\nThe king didn’t see what had happened behind him. He and his troops rushed out of the city in hot pursuit of Joshua. After they were out, Joshua’s 5,000 soldiers rushed in. They sent smoke to signal Joshua and the other troops. Ai belonged to them.\nUpon seeing the smoke, Joshua turned his people around. The troops who were hiding behind the city rushed out.\nSo when the king turned around to seek advice from his inner circle of soldiers – to see what they thought Joshua was doing – he saw 30,000 soldiers nearly surrounding him on two sides.\nHe looked back toward Joshua. He and his throng had the king surrounded on the other two sides. The king and his army were trapped.\nThe ambush at Ai. The king – who thought he would wipe Joshua out – got wiped out himself. Joshua and his people had conquered another city.\nThe king was reactive. He didn’t have a plan. He just acted – quickly and in a hurry. He died.\nJoshua was proactive. He carefully crafted a plan which he communicated to every one. He implemented it step-by-step. He conquered. He acted quickly, but he wasn’t in a hurry. That led to bigg success!\nDirect link to The Bigg Success Show audio file:\n(Image in today's post from bible.somd.com)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "On a pleasant Saturday afternoon a large group took a guided walk of the former St Francis Hospital at Haywards Heath.\nAs part of the 175th year celebrations of the coming of the railway to Haywards Heath, local author and former nurse at the hospital, Joe Hughes continued the Victorian flavour of the weekend by bringing alive the life and times of the former hospital and the fate of the mentally ill back then.\nWith real hopes for a local museum bringing the hospital and its history to life, Joe says: “The walk was hugely enjoyed showing the great interest in mental health and its history.\n“The coming museum will add further to this and bring alive the history of the former hospital whilst maintaining a high profile for our mental health service which, whilst making certain improvements, continues to be grossly underfunded.”\nDon’t miss out on all the latest breaking news where you live.\nHere are four ways you can be sure you’ll be amongst the first to know what’s going on.\n1) Make our website your homepage at www.midsussextimes.co.uk\n2) Like our Facebook page at www.facebook.com/midsussextimes\n3) Follow us on Twitter @midsussex_times\n4) Register with us by clicking on ‘sign in’ (top right corner). You can then receive our daily newsletter AND add your point of view to stories that you read here.\nAnd do share with your family and friends - so they don’t miss out!\nThe Mid Sussex Times - always the first with your local news.\nBe part of it.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "On December 7, 1941, the bombing of Pearl Harbor shocked the nation and propelled the United States into World War II.\nLong Beach was a strategic stronghold as a major staging area for the Pacific conflict. The war touched everyone who lived here. Many of the ships in Hawaii on that fateful day spent months in Long Beach before the bombing. Officers and enlisted men on the ships left families and friends in Long Beach. The event not only transformed the war in the Pacific, it transformed the lives of Long Beach residents and the city’s economy and infrastructure. The bombing of Pearl Harbor was the catalyst for airport, harbor, and industrial development, and laid the groundwork for the Long Beach that we know today.\nSeventy-five years later, on December 7, 2016, the Historical Society of Long Beach (HSLB) presented an exhibition entitled Long Beach Remembers Pearl Harbor. Using photos, newspapers, items from its collection and others collected from the community, it commemorated this important anniversary of the event that torpedoed the United States into the Second World War.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "DESPENSER WAR/FIRST PHASE\nThis ”book” [this article is so long, beginning to show like a book\nreally, patience readers] is about Thomas of Lancaster, but since\nso many other players play a part in this magnificent story, they\nhave to be described too.\nEspecially to point out the complicated situation and all those\nchangements of alliances…..\nI will mention the events of the war, but probably not all details, I am sorry\nWould I have done that, it would fill a university paper…\nFor more reading, just look to the notes below…….\nThe reader must realize also, that in the first phase of\nthe Despenser war, the role of Thomas of Lancaster is\nimportant, but limited.\nThe biggest role is played by his allies\nthe Marcher Lords.\nYou will see, that in fact, they started the war, which\nwas, in short, due to the Kings excessive favouritism\nof his friends the Despensers.\nThe first phase of the war ends with the coerced banishment\nof the Despensers.\nB United against the King’s favourites/\nDespenser war/Unlikely allies\nC The storm breaks out/Despenser war/ started/Sworn Oaths/Fist to\nfist/Toe to toe/I [First phase february-august 1321]\nIn chapter five I wrote, that Thomas of Lancaster cooperated\nwell with the King in the unsuccesful siege of Berwick [in the war\nagainst the Scots]\nBut as I wrote earlier, the fragile co operation between\nthe two most powerful men, was ruined by the following\nremark of the King\n””When this wretched business is over, we will turn our hands to other matters. For I have not forgotten the wrong that was done to my brother Piers.” \nThat despite the earlier pardons for the murder\nof Piers Gaveston, the King had issued in\n1313  and the extended pardons to Lancaster and\nhis allies, given at the Treaty\nof Leake. \nTo say it again:\nA king must rise above his personal feelings and must\nbe true to his word.\nEdward II couldn’t or wouldn’t do that……\nThat being said:\nUnderstandably Thomas of Lancaster, knowing\nthat the King’s remark about Piers Gaveston was directly aimed against him,\nsaid ”Hasta la vista” and left Berwick. \nAnd from that moment, relations between the two men deterioriated again.\nBut not only the unpredictability of the King was to blame\nfor the deteriation between the two men,\nalso the rising of a new star favourite, more dangerous\nthan all the others had been:\nYou’ve met him already:\nHugh Despenser the Younger  and\nwith his coming, things would never be the same again….\nTo be fair, Thomas himself was certainly NOT\ninnocent either [not to speak about the murder of Gaveston],\nbecause of his repeated provocations of the King.\nI wrote about it in chapter five\nJeering at the King from his [Thomas’] castle Pontefract,\nin 1317 [that jeering would be repeated in 1320 with the Queen accompanying the King] \nOnce blocking the King’s path…. \nThat could be considered as treason, and not without reason!\nIn each case it was to be expected, that the King would not\nconsider those insults lightly as will appear in this\nUNITED AGAINST THE KING’S FAVOURITES\nDESPENSER WAR/UNLIKELY ALLIES\nThomas of Lancaster and his allies\nThe Marcher Lords and allies\nTwo former royal favourites\nThe last ”fight to the death” between Thomas and his cousin,\nKing Edward II, was actually a fight against the influence\nof a new, far more dangerous favourite, Hugh\nDespenser the Younger  and his father,\nHugh Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester[ Despenser\nthe Elder]. \nWho were in this fight and why?\nThomas of Lancaster of course, being the leader\nof the baronial opposition against the King,\nthe ”Marcher Lords” ,\nRoger Mortimer and his uncle, Roger Mortimer de\nChirk  and their allies.\nAnd, painfully for Edward II, his two former favourites, Roger Damory and Hugh\nOnce deadly enemies of Thomas of Lancaster, now allies……\nIn the last battle Lancaster would fight against his king,\nthe battle of Boroughbridge , Hugh Audley would even\nfight at his side…..\nWhile Sir Robert Holland, his [Thomas’] close and die hard ally, would abandon him\nin his hour of need… \nSomething Thomas’ brother Henry of Lancaster [who by\nthe way NOT participated in any of his brother”s rebellions, although\nhe seemed to be involved in the anti Despenser coalition]\n , would not forget or forgive…..\nThis anti Despenser fight [and subsequently against the King]\nwas called the ”Despenser war”, with the aim to\ncrush the Despenser’s influence over the King, which\nwould eventually result in avariciousness and tyranny. \nBut that’s for later.\nWhat thar Despenser influence really meant?\nFor the Marcher Lords, to be robbed of their lands\nand privileges, as the revival of an old feud.\nThe former favourites of the King held a grudge against Hugh\nDespenser the Younger regarding his land grabbing as\nthe ”Gloucester inheritance case”[see below]\nAnd for Thomas of Lancaster it was threefold:\nA personal matter [he seemed to have loathed Despenser\nthe Elder, the reason why I don’t know]\nA wish to curb royal power through the Ordinances \n[which included no avaricious favourites].\nAnd of course [let’s not make an idealist of Thomas, hahaha]\na personal need for power.\nCOMEBACK OF THOMAS OF LANCASTER, LEADER OF THE BARONIAL\nOPPOSITION AGAINST THE KING, BUT TEMPORARILY POLITICALLY\nAs written in chapter four, after the death of his father in law in 1311,\nthe 3rd Earl of Lincoln [called ”Burst Belly” by vain and tragic Piers Gaveston],\nThomas became very powerful [inherited from his father in law the Earldoms\nLincoln and Salisbury, already in the possession of Lancaster, Leicester and\nDerby, inherited from his own father, Edmund Crouchback, brother of King\nSo he became the ”natural” leader of the opposition against\nEdward II and his favourite Piers Gaveston.\nAfter the battle of Bannockburn in 1314, which ended so destastrous\nfor England, Edward II was at the mercy of Thomas, in name King,\nwhile Thomas was the real king, de facto.\nSee chapter five\nHe became gradually politically isolated  [not attending parliaments,\npersonal conflicts/feuds with other barons, no wise political insight, lack\nof governmental talents, unable to protect the borders\nagainst the Scottish raids, etc], but was yet too powerful\nto be ignored, because of his five Earldoms and,not to forget, his royal\nbirth [being first cousin of Edward II]\nHowever, when the resistance against the Despensers grew, The Marcher\nLords and others looked up to Thomas as a leader of the resistance\nagain, since he was the most constant factor in the struggle\nagainst King’s favourites [and the King]….. \nTogether, they would go ”fist to fist’, toe to toe” in this rebellion……\nTHE MARCHER LORDS\nLet’s say it like it is.\nThe Despensers, father and son, were a bunch of thieves\nand criminals, who went into length to aggrandise their power\nand wealth, with less [or not at all] scrupules.\nFrom noble birth, admitted and married into the royal family ,\nbut nevertheless, thieves.\nWhether Hugh Despenser the Younger [favourite of the\nKing] was really attached to Edward II is food for\nMedieval historians [although even they can’t look into\nthe royal bedchamber, supposedly Hugh was the ”husband”\nof Edward II, as Queen Isabella would write later .\nIn each case, he was a shameless royal adventurer\n[funny side was, not for his victims of course, that he was a pirate\nduring his exile, hahahahaha \nAnd one thing was sure:\nEdward II was really very attached to him. \nAppointed as chamberlain of the King in 1318, Hugh moved himself\ninto the affections of the King , replaced the former royal\nfavourites [Roger Damory, Hugh Audley and William Montecute]\nand the Piers Gaveston story [but this time a far more dangerous\nplayer] started all over again.\nBut this time worse, given the greed and avariciousness of\nthe Despensers, their excessive ambition and need for\nThey didn’t allow anyone access to Edward unless at least one of them was present.\nEven Queen Isabella couldn’t see her husband alone! \nSuch a crazy situation existed….\nBack to the avariciousness of the Despensers:\nIn the Middle Ages, land was power and that was just the thing\nthe Despensers wanted.\nThey wanted to build a huge ‘empire’ in South Wales and\nthat was the very territory where the Marcher Lords\n[keepers of the borders with Wales] had lands.\nThey feared their lands to be taken over, with consent\nof the King [who was infatuated with our Hugh Despenser..]\nTheir fears were proved to be right.\nIn october 1320 Edward II ordered the peninsula of Gower in South Wales to be taken into his own hands, apparently to\ngive it to Hugh Despenser.\nSee for the whole, complicated story, note 308\nRoger Mortimer , his uncle Roger Mortimer of\nChirk and the other Marcher Lords were furious, considering\nthis as a deprivation of their rights \nHugh Despenser was granted also other lands in the\nMarches [Welsh territory]’, which was taken fromRoger\nMortimer and other Marcher Lords \nNot only unfair, but also foolish of Edward, since\nmost of the Marcher Lords, especially Roger Mortimer and his uncle, were, until Edward’s clear favouritism of\nDespenser, at the cost of them and the other\nMarcher Lords, were loyal to the throne. \nTo make matters complicated, there also was an old\nfeud between Marcher Lords Roger Mortimer [and his uncle,\nRoger Mortimer de Chirk] and the Despensers….\nRead about that in note 312\nTWO FORMER ROYAL FAVOURITES AND HUGH DESPENSER\nHugh Despenser the Younger [as his father] had a mastertalent to\nincite the fury and hatred from his colleague noblemen.\nHe pushed the Marcher Lords to the edge with his avariciousness\nand unlimited ambition, and his avariciousness also led to a big\nconflict with two former favourites of Edward II, Roger Damory and\nNot only Hugh Despenser replaced Damory and\nAudley as favourites[also Montecute, but he played no further role, died in 1319 in\nGascony], he also claimed the best lands from the Gloucester inheritance.\n[Hugh Despenser, Hugh Audley and Roger Damory were married to\nthe three sisters of the 8th Earl of Gloucester and when he died in the\nbattle of Bannockburn childless, his sisters were his heirs] \nAnd to further enrage Damory and Audley:\nIn october 1320 Edward II took the South Wales peninsula of Gower into his own hands prior to granting it to Hugh Despenser\nSee for background information about that, note 314\nDespenser also had taken the Welsh lands of Hugh\nThat Despenser really was a man, who knew how to\nmake friends……[hahahahahaha] \nIs it wonder, that men like the Marcher Lords\n, who once were loyal to the throne,\nwere driven into rebellion and that even sworn enemies\nas Thomas of Lancaster and the former favourites found each other and fought side by side?\nTHE STORM BREAKS OUT/DESPENSER\nWAR/SWORN OATHS/FIST TO FIST/TOE TO\nFIRST PHASE/FEBRUARY-AUGUST 1321\nThe Marcher Lords on the rampage/sworn oaths:\nThe MarcherLords must have thought:\n”Attack is the best way of defence.”\nBecause the war started with them attacking the\nDespenser lands and properties in Wales. \nThose calamities [sacking, looting, pillaging,\nwith most of the victims of course the common\npeople….] took place from may 1321.\nStealing from the Despensers was one thing, far more\nworse was, that, as usual, the poor and defenseless people\npaid the highest price:\nSacking, looting, pillaging, extorting money\nfrom poor villagers with the threath of burning their\nIt was degrading and cruel.\nThose same horrors the Marcher Lords would repeat\nin the second phase of the Despenser war, in\nnovember and december 1321. \nBut before going on the rampage, the Marcher Lords had arranged for support in the back:\nIn february 1321, they held a meeting with Thomas of\nLancaster [probably at his favourite Castle Pontefract]\nand there was decided to attack\nDespenser lands. \nHowever, Thomas did not take part in the attack\nAs a reaction on the Marcher Lords-Lancaster agreement\n[to attack Despenser lands], Edward II responded in March by mobilising his forces in Wales, demonstrating that he intended to make any attack on the Despensers an attack on the crown, and therefore treasonable\nThat was no clever movement of the King, thereby confirming his onesided favouritism of the Despensers\nand making it nearly impossible for those who were hesitant\nto go into rebellion, to stay loyal to the crown.\nAt the other hand, the King tried to placate the\nrebels [or resistance fighters against the Despenser\navariciousness, it depends from how you see it], by\ncalling them [the Marcher Lords] to convene with him [first in Gloucester, later in Bristol] to no avail. \nAfter attacking Despenser properties [lands, castles, etc]\nas much as they pleased, Roger Mortimer and Hereford\n[brother in law of Edward II and together with Thomas of Lancaster, the 10th Earl of Warwick and the 9th Earl of\nArundel, the murderer of Piers Gaveston in 1312] marched\nNorth to join Lancaster at Pontefract.\nIn june the barons swore an alliance at Sherburn-in-Elmet,\nnear Pontefract, calling their faction\nthe ”Contrariants” and promised\nto remove the Despensers for good.\nSadly for Thomas and his allies:\nAn attempt to attract the northern Lords to\ntheir cause failed.\nThey stayed loyal to the King. \nLancaster and the Marcher Lords would swear an oath once more on 29 november 1321, in the second phase of\nthe Despenser war ”to maintain what they had\nMarch on London\n”We bow down to no man”………..\nOne thing you can say about the Marcher Lords”\nThey DID have guts……..\nNot only destroying, looting, pillaging, extortioning\nand terrorising as they pleased and not\nonly the Despenser possessions [and innocent\npeople, who were unlucky to live on Despenser\nNo, they went farther.\nAfter making their alliance with Thomas of\nLancaster at Sherburn-in-Elmet , the\nMarcher Lords marched [hahaha, but that was what\nthey did] from Sherburn [near Pontefract, in\nFrom all places, they had the audacity to march\non the royal centre of power….\nFrom Yorkshire to London they repeated the\nsame atrocities as in Wales:\nAssault, extortion and terror:\nThey seized victuals from local inhabitants and pillaged the countryside – not only Despenser manors – all the way from Yorkshire to London. \nFour Marchers [John Mowbray, Stephen Baret, Jocelyn Deyville and Bogo Bayouse] even robbed the Church in Laughton-en-le-Morthen [in Yorkshire] \nFurther they tried to buy people’s allegiance with money, and seized the property of those who refused to join them. \nReal maffia practices……\nBut that terrorising and pillaging was only\na [bad] game:\nTheir goal was London, to put pressure on the King\nin order to banish the Despensers for good.\nWhen they arrived outside of London on july 1321,\nnot really surprisingly [even without Internet\nand smartphone, bad news travels fast], the citizens\nof London refused to let them in.\nThe King also refused to meet them or even to listen to their demands that the Despensers be perpetually exiled from England, and they and their heirs disinherited “as false and traitorous criminals and spies.” \nThen, to go a stadium further [in fact that was treason]\n, they placed themselves and their armies outside the city walls, at strategic locations, to prevent the king leaving……\nLet us put this straight:\nTHEY BESIEGED LONDON, ”IMPRISONING”\nTHE KING IN HIS OWN CAPITAL!\nThey then sent two knights as envoys to Edward II, to tell him that they held both Hugh Despensers “enemies and traitors to you and to the kingdom, and for this they wish them to be removed from here.” \nNot surprisingly, the King, again, refused to meet the envoys.\nOn 1 August the Marchers entered London, while their\ngreat ally, Thomas of Lancaster, arrived also in August to support\nMeanwhile, Despenser the Younger threatening them\nfrom a ship on the River Thames, and the rebels [Contrariants]\nthreatened to begin to destroy royal properties and lands outside London unless he desisted. \nTo cut a long story short:\nthe earls of Pembroke, Richmond, Surrey and Arundel finally brought the Marchers’ demands to Edward. If he refused to consent to the Despensers’ exile, he would be deposed. \nEven then the King refused.\nQUEEN ISABELLA ON HER KNEES\nAnd as in the chess play , where the Queen holds the most\nimportant playing position, the solution came from Queen\nQueen Isabella went down on her knees before her husband and begged him, for the good of his realm, to exile the Despensers.\nThat had not only the desired effect, it gave the King the opportunity, to get out from this without losing his\nface, making it look like fulfilling his wife’s desire.\nBut it must have been very painful for Edward II, losing\nhis friends, who meant that much to him….\nI think we must consider that, besides his foolish\nand unfair favouritism at the cost of the other Lords.\nAGAIN A MAN OF HONOUR\nTHE EARL OF PEMBROKE, MEDIATOR\nAnd with all that negociating, let’s not forget the\nimportant role of the Earl of Pembroke [the man of\nhonour, who didn’t want to breach his oath against\nPiers Gaveston and after Gaveston’s death, diehard\nloyal to the King  , who continually had\nmediated between the Marcher Lords and the King and\nwas behind the exile plea of Queen Isabella. \nAnd finally the King decided on the banishment of\nThe Despensers, father and son [the favourite]\nAt 14 August in the Great Hall of Westminster it was to\nbe, in the presence, of course, of the King\n”They were accused, among many other things, of “evil covetousness,” accroaching to themselves royal power, guiding and counselling the king evilly, only allowing the magnates to speak to Edward in their presence, “ousting the king from his duty,” removing good counsellors from their positions and replacing them “by other false and bad ministers of their conspiracy,” and “plotting to distance the affection of our lord the king from the peers of the land, to have sole government of the realm between the two of them.” \n[They were also called ”evil councillors” by the\nContrariants [The Marcher Lords, Thomas of Lancaster and\nThat was all true. \nThe judgement decreed that the Despensers “shall be disinherited for ever as disinheritors of the crown and enemies of the king and his people, and that they shall be exiled from the realm of England, without returning at any time,” saving only the consent of the king, prelates, earls and barons in parliament. They were convicted by notoriety, with no chance to speak in their own defence. \nUtterly unfair, that they had no chance to speak in their own\ndefence, but what was ”fair trial” in that time?\nThe same reprehensible thing happened to so many other noblemen thereafter……\nThe departure date was set on 29 August, 1321.\nDespenser the Elder left England immediately, perhaps to one of Edward II’s French territories, Gascony or Ponthieu.\nHowever, his son, Despenser the Younger BECAME A PIRATE\nIN THE ENGLISH CHANNEL [HAHAHAHAHA] \nAGAIN, ”ROYAL PARDONS”……\nBetween 20 August and late September 1321, Edward II\ngranted a pardon to more than 400 men for the murders, abductions, thefts and vandalism they had committed in the Despensers’ lands, which crimes the Marchers claimed were “a case of necessity, [and] ought not to be corrected or punished by the rigour of the law, nor could this happen without causing too much trouble.” \nWhich of course was a hypocrite excuse and bagatellising\nof serious and undefensible crimes.\nEdward later protested that he had done this unwillingly and that any pardon he had given under coercion was invalid and contravened his coronation oath. \nI must say, the King had a point here.\nThe attentive reader remembers, that I wrote at the beginning\nof this chapter [chapter VI], that the King was not true to his word, issuing\npardons and later to come back on them, \nBut this case was different, because now the King was besieged\nin his own capital as threathened with deposition,\nif he didn’t consent with the Despensers exile.\nThat’s clearly coercion. And treason.\nPLANNING FOR REVENGE\nThe King was furious, of course and by the way [but the reader\nhas already understood] never to consent with the permanent\nexile of his Despenser friends.\nThe following morning at breakfast, the king talked to his ally Hamo Hethe, bishop of Rochester, “anxious and sad.” He swore that he would “within half a year make such an amend that the whole world would hear of it and tremble,” \nAnd as we will see in the next chapter, he was true to his word…..\nEND OF THIS CHAPTER\nSEE FOR NOTES", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Badami’s highlights are its beautiful cave temples, three Hindu and one Jain, which display exquisite sculptures and intricate carvings. They're a magnificent example of Chalukya architecture and date to the 6th century. All have a columned verandah, an interior hall and a shrine at the rear.\nCave one, just above the entrance to the complex, is dedicated to Shiva. It’s the oldest of the four caves, probably carved in the latter half of the 6th century. On the wall to the right of the porch is a captivating image of Nataraja striking 18 dance moves in the one pose, backed by a cobra head. On the right of the porch area is a huge figure of Ardhanarishvara. On the opposite wall is a large image of Harihara, half Shiva and half Vishnu.\nDedicated to Vishnu, cave two is simpler in design. As with caves one and three, the front edge of the platform is decorated with images of pot-bellied dwarfs in various poses. Four pillars support the verandah, their tops carved with a bracket in the shape of a yali (mythical lion creature). On the left wall of the porch is the bull-headed figure of Varaha, the emblem of the Chalukya empire. To his left is Naga, a snake with a human face. On the right wall is a large sculpture of Trivikrama, another incarnation of Vishnu.\nCave three, carved in 578, is the largest and most impressive. On the left wall is a carving of Vishnu, to whom the cave is dedicated, sitting on a snake. Nearby is an image of Varaha with four hands. The pillars have carved brackets in the shape of yalis. The ceiling panels contain images including Indra riding an elephant, Shiva on a bull and Brahma on a swan. Keep an eye out for the image of drunken revellers, in particular one woman being propped up by her husband. There’s also original colour on the ceiling; the divots on the floor at the cave’s entrance were used as paint palettes. There's a sublime view from cave three over the Agastyatirtha Tank far below, and you can often hear the echoes of women thrashing clothes on its steps reverberating around the hills.\nDedicated to Jainism, cave four is the smallest of the set and dates to between the 7th and 8th centuries. The right wall has an image of Suparshvanatha, the seventh Jain tirthankar (teacher), surrounded by 24 Jain tirthankars. The inner sanctum contains an image of Adinath, the first Jain tirthankar.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Fort Miner (1855-1856) - A settler fort, never a military establishment but was built by Curry County settlers and miners. The fort was completed by 1st Lt. Relf Bledsoe and used to house 130 settlers from a hostile Indian uprising in Feb 1856 during the Rogue River Indian War (1855-56).\nCurry County, Oregon\nLocation: About a mile and a half north of the mouth of the Rogue River near the ocean in Curry County, Oregon. (may not be correct location)\nMaps & Images\nLat: 42.45139 Long: -124.42222\n- Sovereigns of Themselves: A Liberating History of Oregon and Its Coast, Volume VII, Abridged Online Edition, Compiled By M. Constance Guardino III And Rev. Marilyn A. Riedel, copyright January 2006 Maracon Productions\n- Hart, Herbert M., Tour Guide to Old Western Forts, Pruett Publishing Co., Boulder CO, 1980, ISBN 0-87108-568-2, page 136\n- Oregon Military History, Forts-Camps-Roads\n- McArthur, Lewis A. & McArthur, Lewis L., Oregon Geographic Names, Oregon Historical Society Press; 7 edition (December 2003), 1073 pages, ISBN 0875952771, ISBN 978-0875952772, page 371\n- Victor, Frances Fuller, The Early Indian Wars of Oregon: compiled from the Oregon Archives and other Original Sources with Muster Rolls, Farnk C. Baker, State Printer, Salem, Oregon, 1894, page 381\nClick on the picture to see a larger version. Contribute additional pictures - the more the better!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Vijay Diwas is celebrated every year on December 16 to remember India’s Victory over Pakistan in the 1971 India-Pakistan war. This day recalls the bravery and might of Indian Soldiers who fought with courage and defeated Pakistan in the war. On this day, Bangladesh as a country was born as well. On the occasion of 48th Vijay Diwas, India is celebrating this remarkable win over Pakistan with alacrity and also pays homage to Indian soldiers who were martyred.\nMeanwhile, Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi took to his twitter and tweeted that he salutes the courage and might of Indian Soldiers.\nविà¤à¤¯ दिवस पर à¤à¤¾à¤°à¤¤à¥à¤¯ सà¥à¤¨à¤¿à¤à¥à¤ à¤à¥ साहस, शà¥à¤°à¥à¤¯ à¤à¤° पराà¤à¥à¤°à¤® à¤à¥ नमन à¤à¤°à¤¤à¤¾ हà¥à¤à¥¤ 1971 मà¥à¤ à¤à¤ à¤à¥ दिन हमारॠसà¥à¤¨à¤¾ नॠà¤à¥ à¤à¤¤à¤¿à¤¹à¤¾à¤¸ रà¤à¤¾, वह सदा सà¥à¤µà¤°à¥à¤£à¤¾à¤à¥à¤·à¤°à¥à¤ मà¥à¤ ठà¤à¤à¤¿à¤¤ रहà¥à¤à¤¾à¥¤— Narendra Modi (@narendramodi) December 16, 2019\nHere are the five important facts on Vijay Diwas:\nThe Indo-Pak 1971 war was fought for 13 days where the chief of the Pakistani forces, General AA Khan Niazi with its 93,000 soldiers surrendered before India.\nIt was the Indian Army’s one of the biggest victories over Pakistan that brought Pakistani Army to its knees.\nThe 1971 war where India defeated Pakistan is remembered as one of the defining moments in the Indian History.\nVijay Diwas is also celebrated to pay tribute and respect to the sacrifices of the soldiers of the Indian Army who gave India Victory in this historic war. Thousands of Indian Soldiers were martyred and thousands of them were wounded in the war.\nMajor General (then Major) Ian Cardozo, AVSM, SM, Gorkha Rifles was one of the wounded men who had to amputate his own leg with his khukri after he stepped on a landmine. He continued his service and went to become the officer of the Indian army.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "She employed the great architect Ineniwho also had worked for her father, her husband, and for the royal steward Senemut. Five mentions of the rising of Sirius generally known as Sothic dates are preserved in texts from the 3rd to the 1st millennium, but by themselves these references cannot yield an absolute chronology.\nThis became a pointed concern among writers who sought reasons for the generic style of the shrouded statues and led to misinterpretations. An international engineering effort moved the temple from Philae Island to its new home in the city of Aswan, where it now resides.\nPrivate biographical inscriptions of all periods from the 5th dynasty c.\nThe widowed queen of the pharaoh Thutmose II, she had, according to custom, been made regent after his death in c. As mother-goddess, she introduced the practice of agriculture. Presuming that it was Thutmose III rather than his co-regent sonTyldesley also put forth a hypothesis about Thutmose suggesting that his erasures and defacement of Hatshepsut's monuments could have been a cold, but rational attempt on his part to extinguish the memory of an \"unconventional female king whose reign might possibly be interpreted by future generations as a grave offence against Ma'atand whose unorthodox coregency\" could \"cast serious doubt upon the legitimacy of his own right to rule.\nIn addition to powerful kings such as Amenhotep I B. During the festival a statue of him would travel down the Nile River and rituals would take place to commemorate him. The settlement of disputes was in part an administrative task, for which the chief guiding criterion was precedent, while contractual relations were regulated by the use of standard formulas.\nLate period dates — bce are almost completely fixed. Hatshepsut claimed to have been the divine heir to the throne, as her father god Amun took to human form and impregnated her mother.\nHatshepsut by ancient egyptian custom was required to become his regent until he was old enough to rule the empire alone. Abandoned land was taken back into state ownership and reassigned for cultivation. Metropolitan Museum of Art, Fletcher Fund uraeus, or symbol of royalty.\nDuring the 18th dynasty, Egypt restored its control over Nubia and began military campaigns in Palestine, clashing with other powers in the area such as the Mitannians and the Hittites.\nLittle else is known about her, other than she may have been the mother of Amenhotep II.\nThe construction of the great pyramids of the 4th dynasty c. Evidence of her remarkable reign c.\nA woman becoming pharaoh was rare, however; only SobekneferuKhentkaus I and possibly Nitocris preceded her. Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh of Egypt Reign: circa to B.C.\nWhy she was a badass: After her husband King Thutmose II died, Hatshepsut ruled Egypt for 20 years, making her the second confirmed female pharaoh—and the first female to have secured full power of the throne.\nThe study of women across time highlights not only the history of a minority but also biography itself and the ways in which a group disenfranchised from power can circumvent traditional authority and assert itself.\nIn particular, the biographies of famous women like the Egyptian pharaoh Hatshepsut. Rare Image of Early Female Pharaoh Found in University Collection After her reign, Hatshepsut was expunged from Egyptian history, but a carving of her likeness has turned up in Swansea University.\nRecent historians, especially women, have referred to the historiographical issues and bias that arise with the study of Hatshepsut.\nTydesley, in the 'Introduction' to Hatchepsut, The Female Pharaoh. In ancient Egypt she could, as seen in the landmark exhibition “Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh,” which was on view at the Kimbell Art Museum from August 27 to December 31, This major and spectacular exhibition explored the year reign of Hatshepsut (c.\n– B.C.), the first great female ruler known to history.\nThe fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt was one of the most successful rulers in the history of the kingdom. This pharaoh was successful in military battles, economic trade and building projects. The pharaoh was also a woman.An introduction to the history of hatshepsut the first female pharaoh of egypt", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In Global Transit\nJewish Migrants from Hitler’s Europe in Asia, Africa, and Beyond\n14–18 February 2018\nConveners: Andreas Gestrich (GHI London), Simone Lässig (GHI Washington), Anne Schenderlein (GHI Washington), and Indra Sengupta (GHI London) – (all from the Max Weber Stiftung)\nVenue: Loreto College, 7 Sir William Jones Sarani (formerly Middleton Row), Kolkata - 700 071 West Bengal, India\nA conference of the Max Weber Stiftung (GHI Washington, GHI London, MWS India Branch Office Delhi) and the American Institute of Indian Studies\nThe conference will primarily showcase recent research on the experiences of European Jews who fled Europe during the Nazi era. Research on Jewish experiences of exile and refugee outside Europe has overwhelmingly focused on the places where European Jews finally settled: for instance, the United States, Palestine, and South America. However, many Jewish refugees only reached these destinations after months or even years spent moving from place to place in various parts of the world. These were, as it were, lives in global transit. In Global Transit promises to open up new geographic, chronological, and conceptual perspectives on the refugees’ experiences of flight and belonging as well as anti-Semitism and racism at a time of war and colonialism.\nIndia, one of the temporary havens for Jews fleeing persecution in Europe, is a fitting location for a conference on these largely unexplored, transitory havens for European Jews in Asia and Africa.\nThe conference is the first in a series pf conferences through which the Max Weber Foundation aims to enrich public debate by bringing a historical perspective to the issues of migration and refugee aid. The conference will take place at Loreto College, Middleton Row. It will be accompanied by an exhibition on European Jewish refugees in Calcutta ‘The City as Refuge: Jewish Calcutta and refugees from Hitler’s Europe’.\nConference programme (PDF file)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "First published in Local Reach\nFives was, as the name suggests a game for 5 people, originally using hands and later bats or racquets. Much like squash it involved hitting a ball against a wall.\nOriginally the game was played against church walls but during the eighteenth century there were attempts by the church authorities to prevent this, not least because of the damage it caused to the fabric of the buildings and the cost of replacing windows! Various methods were used including erecting railings or fences to prevent access, digging up the area and in this 1763 example at Ashwick, the churchyard cross was moved “to the Vifes place… to prevent the Young People from spending so much idle time in that sort of exercise”.\nSo successful were the church authorities in preventing the playing of fives that a number of secular fives walls were built, often in the grounds of inns. The remains of several of these in Somerset are still extant.\nThis illustration above is an 1808 copy of a painting of 1757 by Alfred Bennett showing a fives court in Axbridge where yellow clay appears to have been used to make a solid floor upon which to play. The court is next to “Mrs Gallop’s cottage,” which is thought to have been used as a school. Mr Gallop, seen here with a telescope, was said to have been fond of spying on his neighbours. Sadly, both the cottage and the fives walls have long since disappeared.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Before reading this article, I sincerely invite you to click \"follow\", not only can have a good experience, but also have a different sense of participation, thank you for your attention!\nAfter the Japanese occupation of New Guinea, they were ready to attack Australia, which was in danger of being overrun by the Japanese until the end of 1942. Some Australian military personnel even predicted that due to insufficient troops, Australia could only resist for a maximum of 6 weeks before having to lay down its arms and surrender.\nThe main force of the Australian Army, the Second Army Division\nIn order to show allegiance to Britain and win the protection that Britain may provide in the future, more than 20,000 people from the Second Army Division, the main force of the Australian army, were sent to the Middle East in the early days of World War II to assist Britain in resisting the attacks of Italy and Germany and defend British hegemony and interests in the Middle East. After the Japanese captured Papua New Guinea, they launched a tentative attack on Australia, which greatly alarmed the Australian government and people.\nThe Australian government and military, as well as the public at large, recognized that Australia's immediate priority was to strengthen its homeland security, rather than sending its own limited military forces thousands of miles away to fight for British interests in Europe or the Middle East, which had nothing to do with its own interests. Under the dual pressure of the people and the Japanese invasion, the extremely frightened Prime Minister Curtin sent a telegram to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, demanding that all Australian troops that were following Britain in the Middle East be immediately transferred back for the defense of the Australian homeland. However, Churchill, out of Britain's own interests, resolutely did not allow the Australian army to return to defend his country, and the British and Australian sides quarreled fiercely.\nIn Churchill's eyes, Europe and the Middle East were vital to the survival of the British Empire, and how could Australia, thousands of miles away, be compared with Britain's hegemonic interests? Prime Minister Winston Churchill then flatly rejected Curtin's request. The indifference of Churchill and the British government to the life and death of Australia fully exposed the extreme selfishness of the old imperialist Britain, and was also mean to Australia, which had always been docile and obedient and sacrificed more than 60,000 people in the First World War for British interests.\nAfter Churchill's refusal, Prime Minister Curtin was extremely angry but helpless, and Australian politicians and people who heard about it were also chilled. The Australian government and ordinary people are very unhappy with Britain's approach to its own interests and ignores Australia's survival. At a critical moment when their country was facing a Japanese invasion, the Australian government did not have the right to move its troops home, which made the Australian government and people extremely indignant against Britain. The rift between Britain and Australia widened, and Australia's determination to turn to the United States has since become stronger. After the Battle of the Philippines, MacArthur led the remnants of American troops to Australia.\nThis made Australia overjoyed at a critical time. Curtin warmly welcomed the arrival of MacArthur's defeated American army, because the arrival of American troops could not only strengthen Australia's defense force, jointly keep the Japanese army out of Australia, but also further strengthen political and military relations with the United States. President Roosevelt was also acutely aware of Australia's strategic importance to the Pacific War after the defeat of American troops from the Philippines.\nJapanese forces occupy the Philippines and the Dutch East Indies\nAfter the Japanese occupation of the Philippines and the Dutch East Indies, Australia became the only military base in the southwest Pacific that could be used by the United States as a future counterattack against the Japanese army, which highlighted Australia's military strategic significance to the United States and greatly enhanced Australia's voice in Australia-US relations. President Roosevelt's attitude toward military aid to Australia and joint efforts to prevent the Japanese from conquering the Australian mainland changed significantly. He assured Curtin that the United States would do everything in its power to block the Japanese attack and never let Australia fall into Japanese hands.\nAfter hearing President Roosevelt's assurances, Prime Minister Curtin and the Australian people knew that the protection they had longed for for America had finally arrived! Australian military and political officials are also optimistic that Australia's military alliance with the United States will follow. MacArthur's defeat in Australia provided an opportunity for Australia to forge close relations and establish military alliances with both the political and military circles of the United States. Curtin suggested that President Roosevelt establish a Southwest Pacific Theater Command in Australia to command the U.S. and Australian forces. Curtin also expressed his willingness to hand over the command of the Australian army to the American generals, and promised that all Australian troops would be under the command of the American generals.\nAfter President Roosevelt appointed MacArthur as the commander-in-chief of the allied forces in Australia, Curtin did not dislike MacArthur as a defeated general, but handed over the command of the Australian army to MacArthur on behalf of the Australian government, who had full command of the US-Australian coalition. This was the first time that Australia had handed over military command to a U.S. general, and Australia had always given command of the Australian military to a British general. This marked that in the face of a major Japanese invasion, the Australian government had to accept geopolitical realities and show heartfelt obedience to the United States.\nHowever, Australian politicians, the military and ordinary people are not saddened by the change of court, but are sincerely happy that their country can form a military alliance with the more powerful United States. It was at this time that the opening song of Radio Australia was no longer \"British Bombardier March\", but \"Go On, Beautiful Australia\". Judging from the operational plans of the Japanese army captured after World War II, the Japanese high command did plan to launch a war of aggression against Australia in February and March 1942 to seize the Australian mainland.\nFortunately, most of the Japanese forces were trapped in the Chinese battlefield at that time, and it was simply impossible to concentrate enough troops from China to attack Australia. The Japanese high command estimated at the time that the invasion of Australia would require at least 60,000 combat troops. If it is less than this force, the invasion of Australia will most likely turn into a war of attrition, trapping the Japanese army in it like a Chinese mainland battlefield. The protracted war on the Chinese battlefield was like a nightmare for the Japanese army, and the Japanese high command expected that the Japanese army would not be able to withstand another protracted war of similar Chinese mainland.\nAbandon the operational plan for a full-scale invasion of Australia\nIf Australia also becomes a protracted war, Japan is doomed to become the loser of World War II. Due to the lack of troops, the Japanese high command had to abandon the battle plan of a full-scale invasion of Australia, and instead imposed a siege and blockade on it, cutting off Australia's ties with the outside world, especially the United States, in an attempt to force Australia to surrender. This plan of the Japanese army is obviously unrealistic fantasy, because Australia faces the sea on all sides, and the Japanese army simply does not have enough naval power to surround Australia and completely cut off its maritime links with the outside world, especially the United States.\nThe Japanese eventually abandoned their plan of attacking Australia, which was fortunate enough to escape the ravages of the Japanese due to the lack of Japanese forces. In early May 1942, the United States launched an attack on Japanese forces stationed in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, which was the first confrontation between the main naval forces of the United States and Japan in the Pacific theater, and the famous Battle of the Coral Sea began. Although the two sides suffered equal losses in this battle, the Americans blocked the Japanese army's continued southward advance, which was undoubtedly a strategic victory for the American army. On June 3, the Japanese launched the Battle of Midway in an attempt to annihilate the main U.S. naval forces in the Pacific.\nHowever, the result of this naval battle was another crushing defeat for the Japanese, and the Japanese army had to turn to strategic defense after this naval battle. Faced with two successive strategic defeats, Japan was eager to regain the initiative in the Pacific War and consolidate its hegemony in the Pacific region. The Japanese therefore planned to seize the islands in the southwest Pacific and cut off the military and strategic links between the US Pacific naval and air base Hawaii and the Australian mainland, so that the US military could not use Australia as a military base for future counterattacks.\nThe Pacific War fully demonstrated the importance of the Pacific Islands region to the military power to establish Pacific hegemony, which also made the Pacific Islands region a region that the United States and Australia must firmly control after World War II. The Australian government and military also had the idea of turning the entire Pacific Islands region into Australia's \"backyard\" at this time. In order to regain the initiative in the Pacific War, the Japanese tried to reoccupy Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea. In addition, the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean is connected, and the Pacific Ocean can be cut into two sections; The western part of Southeast Asia is of great strategic importance.\nAfter a month of desperate fighting, the Australian army paid a heavy price to block the Japanese attack. The battle was the first land victory of the Allies in the Pacific War, frustrating Japan's strategic attempts. As the Japanese attacked, the U.S. military was also plotting a military counteroffensive. In order to ensure that the strategic link with Australia was not cut off by the Japanese and to ensure the security of Australia, which the US military used as a base for strategic counteroffensives, the US military launched the battle to seize Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. Under the heavy fire of the United States, the Japanese had to withdraw from Guadalcanal in early February 1943.\nAfter that, the Japanese launched several counter-offensives in an attempt to retake the island, but all of them failed. During the six-month battle for Guadalcanal, the United States and Japan fought nearly 100 large and small naval battles. The US-led Allied forces have invested 60,000 troops in the battle, with more than 5,000 casualties. The Japanese army committed more than 35,000 combat troops and suffered nearly 25,000 casualties  . The Battle of Midway and the Battle of Guadalcanal were turning points in the Pacific War, when the Japanese completely lost their superiority in the Pacific. The Allies, on the other hand, regained the strategic initiative and reversed the passivity of the early stages of the war.\nThese victories were followed by strategic offensives against other islands in the Pacific Islands region, such as Bougainville in Papua New Guinea. In February 1944, U.S. forces captured most of the islands in the Marshall Islands. This was followed by a landing on the Bismarck Islands, completing the siege of the Japanese military fortress of Rabaul. The U.S. Army then launched the Campaign of New Guinea, which basically recovered the entire island of New Guinea. In November 1943, the U.S. military launched the Battle of the Gilbert Islands, occupying Tarawa and other islands. In January-February 1944, the U.S. military captured the atolls of Kwajalein, Roy Island-Namur and Enivitok, creating conditions for the capture of the Mariana Islands.\n G.P.Taylor，“New Zealand，the Anglo-apaneseAlliance and the 1908 Visit of the American Fleet”，Australian Journal of Politics & History，Vol.15，Issue1，1969，pp.55-76.\n Joanne Wallis，“Hollow Hehemon：Australia'sDeclining Influence in the Pacific”，Diplomat，21September 2016.\n Nagata Yuriko，“The Japanese in Torres Strait”，AnnaShnukal，Ramsay Guy and Nagata Yuriko（eds.），Navigating Boundaries：The Asian Diaspora in TorresStrait，Canberra，Pandanus Books，2004，pp.138-159.Kate Bagnall，A Legacy of White Australia：Recordsabout Chinese Australians in the National Archives，2018，http：//naa.gov.au/collection/publications.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "It had begun the decade before, but took full flight now. From Thomas Edison to Alexander Graham Bell, the nation was beginning to see light and sound transmitted across the nation. Bridges were built. Railroads lines were extended. The era of cowboys, outlaws, and Indians began to move in a different direction, toward civility and unfortunately, reservation.\nPhoto above: The Washington Monument, uncompleted\nwithout capstone, from the Department of Agriculture, circa 1880. Right: Engraving of the view of the Statue of Liberty from the Battery. Source: Library of Congress.\nDecember 6, 1884 - The capstone of three thousand three hundred pounds is positioned atop the Washington Monument by the Corps of Engineers. The monument, five hundred and fifty-five feet tall and now completed after nearly thirty-seven years of work, would be dedicated in February of 1885.\nWhen the pinnacle of the Washington Monument was placed atop its statuesque obelisk, it had taken thirty-seven years to go from inception to completion. Dedication would not occur until February 1885, but the work, for the most part, was done. There would be minor additional construction through the dedication and beyond until visitors were allowed to enter, which did not occur until October 9, 1888.\nThere were two stages of construction of the design, an Egyptian obelisk, by Robert Mills. The first, private, lasted from 1848 until 1854 before a lull in construction occurred due to funding. When the public phase started again in 1876-1884, it was finally completed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. It was the tallest building in the world when completed, surpassing the Cologne Cathedral, five hundred fifty-five feet, five and one eighth inches.\nThe location chosen had been set aside in the geometric design of the city by Pierre L'Enfant, to be placed at the intersection of the lines south of the White House and lines west of the Capitol. The Washington Monument Society had commissioned the work by Robert Mills in 1845; they, a private organization, had been soliciting funds and designs since 1833. Mills' original design also included thirty one hundred foot columns ringing the obelisk. Those were not built.\nOn July 4, 1848, twenty thousand people, including dignataries ranging from President James K. Polk to future Presidents James Buchanan, Abraham Lincoln, and Andrew Johnson, watched as the cornerstone was laid. The foundation, an eighty foot step pyramid was started first, with the marble structure above it, fifty-five feet square at its base. A derrick pulled the stones upward. It took until 1854 before the Washington Monument had reached a height of one hundred and fifty-six feet.\nThe year before construction halted, the Washington Monument Society began to have trouble. Members of the Know-Nothing Party took control of the board and administration. This frustrated donors, who refused to continue funding, and the private organization went bankrupt in 1854.\nIt stood for two decades idle in construction, not honoring the first President George Washington, but serving as an embarrassment. Various efforts were made in Congress, but the sectional crises over slavery and the eventual Civil War took their attention away from the monument to honor the founding father.\nThe Public Phrase, 1876 to 1884\nOnce the Civil War was over and the business of building the nation back together through Amendments to right wrongs and the Reconstruction efforts, though inefficient and sometimes wrong, on their way. With President Grant at the helm of government, the U.S. Congress passed a joint resolution to fund and complete the Washington Monument on July 5, 1876, during the middle of the nation's successful Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition, to honor its first one hundred years. Lt. Colonel Thomas Lincoln Casey of the Corps of Engineers was put in charge.\nHis first task was to strengthen the foundation, which he did not think strong enough to hold the growing structure. It took four years until he was satisfied with moving skyward. Problem was, the initial quarry used under the private phase was out of business; for some time they used stone from a quarry in Massachusetts which did not match the first, then finally switched to another in Baltimore. You can see the three different time periods of stone when you witness the structure today.\nCasey reduced the height of the structure to ten times its width, thus five hundred and fifty-five feet instead of six hundred feet, and got rid of some of its original adornments, including the thirty columns that would have ringed the monument. He reduced the thickness of the walls by four feet.\nFinally, on December 6, 1884, Lt. Colonel Thomas Lincoln Casey brought the capstone out of the window, all three thousand three hundred pounds of it, and gently placed it atop, including an aluminum tip. Standing on the grounds below, the crowd cheered.\nThe crowd would have to wait until its formal dedication, February 21, 1885, and even longer for the right to enter as finishing work on the internal ironwork, the knoll, and installation of memorial stones had to be completed. The monument was officially opened to the public on October 9, 1888. But the monument to honor its first President George Washington was complete, no longer an embarrassment, but a beacon to the rights of democracy and decency, not perfection, that the man from Mount Vernon had begun to instill in the new nation.\nImage above: Montage: (left) Man atop monument at capstone, 1920/1950 (date within span), Theodore Horydczak. Courtesy Library of Congress; (right) Scene of the Washington Monument, 1923, Theodore Horydczak. Courtesy Library of Congress. Below: Photo of the Washington Monument taken from the World War II Memorial, 2008, americasbesthistory.com. Info Source: nps.gov; Wikipedia Commons.\nChief Sitting Bull, (Tatonka-I-Yatanka) Hunkpapa Sioux, circa\n1885. Courtesy National Archives.\nThomas Edison and his phonograph. Courtesy Library of Congress.\nABH Travel Tip\nThe Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island can be visited from two locations; Liberty State Park in New Jersey and from New York City. Ferry service takes visitors on a round trip to both locations. Tours of the Statue may be reserved in advance or tickets picked up when buying tickets for the ferry service on a first come, first served basis.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "First Wagon Trail would have been set in the 1840s, when wagon trains heading for Oregon first cut paths across the plains. The American Indian men show little evidence of contact with Anglos and are puzzling over what manner of beast has left the tracks in the dust. The squatting warrior on the left gives the sign for Buffalo, but the remaining American Indians are each absorbed in their own thoughts of what could have left the trail. In First Wagon Trail, Russell views things from the American Indian perspective, where, for once, the white man’s ways appear peculiar.\nFirst Wagon Trail (First Wagon Tracks)\nArtist: Charles M. Russell Year Completed: 1908 Medium: Pencil, watercolor and gouache on paper Dimensions: 18.25 x 27 inches", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Democracy, Liberty & Property: The State Constitutional Conventions of the 1820s\nMerrill D Peterson (Contributor)\nAvailable / dispatched within 1 - 4 weeks\nIn one volume, \"Democracy, Liberty & Property\" provides an overview of the state constitutional conventions held in the 1820s. With topics as relevant today as they were then, this collection of essential primary sources sheds light on many of the enduring issues of liberty. Emphasising the connection between federalism and liberty, the debates that took place at these conventions show how questions of liberty were central to the formation of state government, allowing students and scholars to discover important insights into liberty and to develop a better understanding of U.S. history. The debates excerpted in Democracy, Liberty, and Property focus on the conventions of Massachusetts, New York, and Virginia, and they include contributions from the principal statesmen of the founding era, including John Adams, James Madison, James Monroe, and John Marshall.\nAbout the Author\nMerrill D Peterson (1921-2009) was Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Virginia and a noted Jeffersonian scholar.\n- Contributor: Merrill D Peterson\n- Imprint: Liberty Fund Inc\n- ISBN13: 9780865977891\n- Number of Pages: 412\n- Packaged Dimensions: 230x155mm\n- Packaged Weight: 716\n- Format: Paperback\n- Publisher: Liberty Fund Inc\n- Release Date: 2010-09-15\n- Binding: Paperback / softback\n- Biography: Merrill D Peterson (1921-2009) was Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Virginia and a noted Jeffersonian scholar.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Thank you sooo much for your blog “Duquesne Hunky”. Have really been enjoying reading the archives and reminiscing.\nAs I said in my post on the blog today, we lived on Orchard Court off of Center St until I was 14 and my brother Tom was 10. I was born in ’49 and my brother in ’53. Do you know of any info about the Crawford Estate, which was demolished to build the homes on Orchard Court. The wall at the bottom of the hill on Center St. is still standing and was part of the Estate. My dad, at one time, had a newspaper article from the McKeesport Daily News showing a picture of the Estate and I would love to see it or get a copy of it. I’ve tried going on Google, to no avail. My brother and I used to swing on the gate to the left of the entrance of the street which was also part of the estate. I’m not sure if its still there.\nOne of my fondest memories of Duquesne were the dances at St Mary’s in the summer. This would have been the summers of ’63 and ’64, I think. Doing all the dances of the times – The Pony, the Peppermint Twist, Mashed Potatoes, the Bristol Stomp, etc. What a great time!\nThank you again,\nMy name is Frank Fiori, but don’t let my name fool you – I am half Duquesne Hunky! (the other half Leechburg Italian)\nMy GrandPap who we just lost this winter (almost 98 and who I miss dearly every day) was, I believe, on one of the first ZEMPs teams. He graduated from Duquesne High School in 1933 and went on to work for the CCC in central PA and later – sometime around 1938 started his 40+ year career at the Duquesne works.\nAnyway, it has always been part of our family lore that before he began officially being a grownup he was quite the baseball player. In fact, for as long as I can remember I have been hearing how he pitched a no-hitter which won the game for the team but put his arm out of commission (at least for baseball) for good. Part of the lore is that there was an article in “The Paper” detailing the events of the game and his feat at pitching.\nA few years ago I spent an afternoon at Renzie going through the archives of the McKeesport paper looking for the article to no avail. Later I realized that perhaps I looked at the wrong paper, and after looking through your recent post about the ZEMPs I saw that there was a Duquesne paper then as well. It just never dawned on me that there was such a publication, but I’m not surprised reflecting on what a vibrant town it was back then.\nSo my question is – are there any archives for the Duquesne Times? Did it even exist in 1933? If so I would be very interested in searching again. I’m not sure exactly when this game would have occurred, but would have to be between 1933 and 1938. Actually the only reason that he came home from the CCC is because the mill was starting up again so I’m thinking that the game must have taken place closer to ’33 when there was more “idle time” from the Depression.\nI included my home email because I am not sure how much longer this (Heinz) account will be open.\nThanks Jim – Any info is greatly appreciated!\nIt was great hearing from you. I will be happy to check through the archives in pursuit of “the article.” If you could just clarify the specific name I am looking for, it would be great. Is it Fiori?\nHis name was Steve Turlik – The oldest of 8 kids – (Steve, Marge, William, Thelma, Mildred, John, Evelyn, MaryAnne). They lived at 1020 West Grant Avenue – Polish Hill was pretty much in their back yard. I know that there was a ball field behind the house. Unfortunately the house was torn down in the late 70’s and remains a vacant/parking lot.\nHis Uncle (spelled Turlick for some reason) had a store almost right across the street from St. Joseph’s .\nMy Great-Grandfather was Steve Turlik as well – he followed his brother immigrated somewhere around 1910(?) and married Anna Frenna (1914?) who was born in Ohio but had moved to Duquesne.\nI am from McKeesport, now living in NJ, but hung out a lot in Duquesne in 65. I remember walking up the big hill which was the first left after the bridge. Can’t remember the names of those streets, but I never worried about getting jumped or anything. That last section of the avenue before entering the bridge back had row houses with really nice friendly people. Now, I’m trying to reconnect with Sharon Nestor. We worked together at Balsono’s, dated on and off and saw her last at her wedding reception at the Duke. She graduated in 65. Also Sandy Cherpak, Marliss Reuigg and Sue Valco. I’m sure I’m missing a few. Pass on my email address to anyone who’s interested. Thanks.\nMy husband John Yarosik was looking on your website and found the name Barbara Wirth who was in the 5th grade picture of Holy Name. I have/had a sister whose name was Barbara Wirth. In the blog you said that her brother was Ross. Was he older than Barbara? This probably is not the same person but I was just curious. She would have been the same age as my sister.\nMy husband really enjoyed looking at the website and he graduated with Frank in 1962 from Duquesne High School.\nI was visiting Mom this past week and had a chance to take a few photos. Seems they’ve paved paradise and put up a parking lot where the War Memorial once stood, at the corner of 4th and Grant.\nThey did remove the brass plaque with names of WWI veterans KIA and there is now a much smaller memorial with with plaques remembering vets from WWII, Korea and Viet Nam located in a park next to the Municipal Bldg. between 2nd and 3rd Sts.\nSo, regarding Alan’s post about the ball, we may never know that story. But since it was erected as a WW I memorial, I doubt any of us were there for the dedication…\nDad never passed a chance to relate this amusing story about the MUNICIPAL BUILDING: I don’t remember the names of the people involved and that’s probably a good thing.\nSeems one of the Mayors managed to get a relative a position on the police force who was well known and having less that average intelligence. One day a stranger approached him and asked if he knew where the Municipal Building was located. The officer thought an few minutes and replied, “Duquesne’s a small town and we might not have one of those. You better ask them over there at City Hall…”\nHello Jim . . . You have created a Time Machine with your website ! When I get onto your site (and spend hours viewing it) it transports me to another place and time in my existence.\nI grew up on Polish Hill – the West Mifflin side (Sylvan Ave – close to the playground). My Dad was Andy Cheke and his family mostly lived on Polish Hill (Edgewood Ave). I have a cousin Robert (Bobby) Cheke that may be about your age – I am 57 years old and he was older than me but I am not sure how much older.\nMy mother (Audrey) had a lot of relatives in Duquesne – her Dad was a Kosko and her Mother was a Kapolka , and she had 3 brothers – Richard (Koke) , Ronald (Dewey) , and Regis (there were a few pictures of him on your website – sports). I now live in Bedford County PA and I am a retired school teacher (Science) . . . I was mis-placed when the steel mills went under in the early 80’s . . . long story but good ending (by the way I enjoyed your article on “The Ship Hotel” . . . I live about 10 miles from where it used to be.\nAs a kid , I do remember Butler’s and Gallagher’s Stores , but I also remember Balchunos’s Store (I’m sure that is spelled incorrectly – we referred to the store as “Baldies”) – great for penny candy selection – located on Grant Avenue (upper) near “The Dip Cafe”. On Polish Hill we had a little store called “Gazella’s” – she was a Burtus and she made and sold homemade fudge in the store – good stuff. Also , I remember Sydney’s Store because we went to St. Hedwig’s Church , and Sydney’s was across the street from it AND he was the only store open on Sunday (to get candy , of course) since he was Jewish – at least that is what I was told as a kid.\nI have a sister who still lives on Polish Hill – Lori Lippai , retired Postal Worker , her father-in-law was Charlie Lippai (deceased) , and so I do go back and visit “The Emerald City” (HA ! HA !) now and again . . . BUT I prefer to be transported by your Time Machine back to the Duquesne that I remember during those earlier years of my life ! Keep Up The Good Work AND Thanks A Bunch !\nAndrew F. Cheke (Drew)\nMy name is Melody Hamel. I am a Pittsburgh native currently on assignment for Bayer in Germany.\nI am planning a memorabilia book for my mother’s 80th birthday next year. My grandfather, Jim “Ham” DeBasi and his brothers George “Babe” and John, played sandlot football in the 1920s. They played under the name “Kelly” because the team was supposed to be all Irish. They may have played for teams such as Paul Muzzio’s West View, Duquesne Apprentices, McKeesport Olympics, and Lou Conley’s Valley Strip of Lawrenceville.\nI am trying to find photos of my grandfather and his brothers from those times. I recall an article about Bill Gallagher’s former pharmacy that closed in 2011, and it had sandlot photos back to 1914. Are you still in contact with him? Do you have any other ideas? Thanks.\nMelody A. Hamel\nDoes anyone have any information or photos to share with Melody?\nA few more tidbits of information from The Duquesne Hunky – – – – – – – –\nI recall dreading the treatment I would sometimes get from my mom when I would get a cut, scrape or bruise that was a bit worse than a simple “boo-boo!” Whenever such an injury would occur, Mom would gently was the area and then would use that modern day torture device known as mercurochrome. Of course, compared to iodine, I remember it as being less painful. However, as a child, it was FAR from comforting!!\nI recently came across a picture of an old bottle of mercurochrome and realized that I had not seen it or heard about it for years. When I researched the web about, I found the following information on Wikipedia:\nMercurochrome is a trade name of merbromin. The name is also commonly used for over-the-counter antiseptic solutions consisting of merbromin (typically at 2% concentration) dissolved in either ethyl alcohol (tincture) or water (aqueous).\nIts antiseptic qualities were discovered by Johns Hopkins Hospital physician Hugh H. Young in 1918. The chemical soon became popular among parents and physicians for everyday antiseptic uses, and it was commonly used for minor injuries in the schoolyard.\nThe United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) removed it from the “generally recognized as safe” and into the “untested” classification to effectively halt its distribution in the United States on October 19, 1998 over fears of potential mercury poisoning. Sales were halted in Germany in 2003, and in France in 2006. It is readily available in most other countries.\nThere is a new movie that will be hitting the theatres soon that has several scenes that were shot around the Pittsburgh area showcasing the steel mills. I watched the trailer for “Out of the Furnace” and immediately felt at home. As children of “The Rust Belt,” I’m sure we all remember some of the sights, sounds and smoke that this film captures. The movie stars Christian Bale and Woody Harrelson and Forest Whitaker and begins in theatres on October 4, 2013.\nTo watch a short preview, just click below:\nOverlooking several cemeteries, Holy Name, St. Peter and Paul Byzantine Catholic, St. Nicholas Russian Orthodox, Holy Trinity and St. Hedwig, young Patti Salopek grew up. It appears that Patti and I share a common love for our hometown and our heritage.\nPatti has launched a blog/website that I know you’ll enjoy. I have provided a link to the website in the BLOGROLL section in the right hand column of this page. Be sure to check it out. Great news, great posts and yet another great friend awaits. Just click on the link titled Patti!!!!\nin 1933-1935 I lived in my grandfathers house – 208 Oliver Ave which goes down to the entrance of NIckly Hollow. It was once a complete small town but was washed out and never rebuilt. They used to haul slag into the hollow. In 1934 they had a ball field in which they played teams. My Uncle George Farrington was a member of one of the teams ( sorry I cannot remember the name of the team.\nHey, Drew — I am friends with your sister Lori. Just saw her last summer when my husband and I spent some time in town. We lived right above you. I don’t remember many stores — just a lot of cemeteries! I dug up a little information on the Crawfords –George Crawford received 164 acres of farm from McKee (founder of McKeesport) on February 13 1794. I am not sure fi they were already living in the area prior to that or what. The Crawfords had a lot of influence on Duquesne for a very long time. I got this information from a Special Issue of Duquesne Times in honor of its 50th Anniversary — September 12, 1941.\nThank You Patti . . . I enjoyed discovering information about The Crawfords and their mansion (even though I am pretty sure that my ancestors had a bad opinion of them – HA ! HA !). Yes , my sister Lori mentioned you when I told her that I enjoyed viewing the duquesnehunky site. By the way , I saw that you had an article about Carrie Furnace . . . I worked there right after I graduated from high school and also worked there when I came back from The Navy. It was quite an experience working there , but quite frankly , I was glad to get transferred to The 160 Inch Slab and Plate Mill in Homestead until 1982 , when my career as a “mill hunk” ended , along with many other workers from the area. By the way , Gazella’s store was right next to the playground and across from The Algieri’s house . . . it closed when I was fairly young , maybe 10 or so , I can’t remember for sure.\nHi Drew. I remember you when I was the playground teacher and we took a hike and you and I came down with poison ivy. Lol. Thrilled that you ended up being a science teacher. I was a special Ed teacher and I married a science teacher and my son also teaches physics. My daughter is in Biotech. Glad to hear the info about you and your family. I still keep in touch with Bobby and Jane Cheke. I am retired and living in Florida now. My kids both live in VA.\nPolish Hill was a unique and friendly neighborhood. Glad some people remember it fondly also. I was born in 1949 just like many who posted here.\nHi Drew. I too remember Gazella’s store. I also remember when they built the Algieri”s and David Medich’s house across the little road from the playground. We sure did have a good life on Polish Hill my Mom Theresa Byrtus Brylanski and Uncle Val are about the only original’s left. Gazella was not a Byrtus she was a Kapolka.\nThank you, Drew for the website for the history of the Crawford Estate. Here’s a little of what I read, just today in an excerpt of the book “Duquesne, the Rise of the Steel Unionorum”. (sp) In the 1790’s, the Crawford family owned land in what was to become Duquesne. The city of Duquesne was incorporated in 1891 and the first election was held in 1892 with John Crawford Sr. as election judge and John Jr. became the first mayor. The Crawford brothers – Edwin, James and John opened the first bank – the First Bank of Duquesne. They reigned over the politics for the first 13 years of Duquesne’s existence.\nIn answer to your questions Linda, the houses in Orchard Court were built around 1946 long before the library was closed. Orchard Court is the first hump up Center St on the right. And yes, Crawford Ave, and Crawford Elementary School, where I went to school from first to fifth grade, (walking up Center St and sliding back down) were named after the Crawford family.\nThanks for the reply Eileen. Had a sr. moment there thinking the library was on Center Ave. LOL. Not! It was on Kennedy Ave. Duh me!\nJim I want to thank you for finding all this very interesting info out on the mansion especially for the link to Karen C.’s paper. That was extremely interesting!\nThanks Linda . . . I couldn’t locate a reply button under the comment that you left me , so I figured that I would just put it here. I believe you are correct . . . I had talked to my Mother (81 years old ) about Nickley Hollow yesterday and she said that there was a set of stairs that she walked from Polish Hill through Nickley Hollow to go to Kennywood , but she doesn’t remember the swimming pool , it may have been before her time. So , the information you gave me would coincide with what my Mom told me. Does anyone out there know the exact spelling of “Nickley Hollow” , or any history about it . . . how did it get that name ? Thanks Again , Linda . . . Drew Cheke\nDrew…. I know I have the history of that section of Duquesne somewhere. I just need to locate it. From what I vaguely recall, the area was originally called Oliver Hollow. There was a floor and some serious flooding devastation in July of 1928. The area eventually became known as “Nick Lee Hollow,” so named for a black gentleman who worked in the mills that settled in the area. I promise to keep on digging until I unearth the information. – Jim Volk\nLinda, I also had a Sr moment – I said Orchard Court was on the right going up Center St – it’s the LEFT. On the right was an alleyway leading to Flora Malamusuro’s house where my mom got her hair done every week. This alleyway was also a shortcut to the back entrance of the store (don’t remember the name) where I purchased my candy with the returns on pop bottles\nLou A. when I entered Center St.; Duquesne, PA. everything but Duquesne came up.\nLinda – type 15110 into search bar; entire city comes up outlined in dashes; zoom in and go anywhere you like,and drag/drop the little yellow man, but remember, street views get to be depressing…\nLou I had already figured out the zip code thing before finding this post of yours. Have never had to do that before when using google maps so I wonder if this is something new ? But thanks for replying back.\nEileen Lilley, You are 6 yrs. younger than I & I just can’t place that lovely estate house that you have pictured here.. Jim could you find the history on this house & who built it & what they did for a living? Thanks, Linda Gibb\nMy parents moved to Orchard Court before I was born so I never saw the Crawford Estate and only saw the picture my dad had from the newspaper article in the McKessport Daily News and don’t know what he ever did with it. It’s been more than 50 years since I saw it. You can imagine my surprise today when Jim posted it on his blog! It took my breath away and I said “OMG” at least six times. Yes, I also would like the history on that lovely estate and when it was demolished, the family who lived there etc. I think some of the trees were left when they built the houses, but, unfortunately I remember the day when the trees were cut down. I was only about 7 or 8 and I cried and cried. The street just didn’t seem the same. Those trees provided us with the much needed shade in those hot summers. Thank you, Jim, so much for the picture. I’ve never met you, but you just took my breath away. Don’t tell your wife and I won’t tell my husband. Lol, Eileen Tokar Lilley\nWanted to thank Eileen Lilley for her post on Orchard Court and the Crawford Mansion. My Grandparents lived right above the mansion, on the hill on Oak Street. I grew up\nhearing about this fantastic mansion, but like Eileen, have not been able to find any information on the internet about the property. It would be interesting to hear from other\nreaders about this property. My family could look over our balcony and see the mansion. We had steps that went from the back of our property down to Orchard Court,\nor then the Crawford Mansion. The family would go down those steps as a short cut to catch a bus. My Grandma said the mansion had a large beautiful fountain on the property.\nThere were woods that ran up the hill on the edge of my Grandparent’s property that was enclosed by a fence, which belonged to the Crawford family. I had thought my\nGrandma said it belonged to a woman in the Crawford family. For all the years my family lived there, no one visited that property. Karen Miller\nSo I wonder if Crawford Ave. was named after the Crawford’s of the Mansion?\nIf you use Google Maps, you can still see most of the retaining wall from the Duquesne bridge along the Blvd and up Center St past Orchard Ct to Oak St. A heavy growth of trees near the bridge may hide similarly gated brick steps up to the far end of Orchard Ct. Also, if you look at an aerial view, you can see one house that seems out of place, set father back from Orchard Ct.; I remember there being two identical houses; one must have been razed. My Dad told me they were homes of two families who served as maids, cooks, butlers and even chauffeur to the mayor.\nI don’t know much else about the ESTATE, but here is some interesting info about the MAN. —\nHe was taken to court because of his strongly anti-union activities:\nThis rather long site is about a painting but references Crawford open hostility to the union:\nand lastly, this article from the American Flint talks about Crawford’s power in the city:\nQuite a guy!\nEileen, is Orchard Court the complex that was built where the library used to be?\n“Double WOW” – I went to Patti Salopek’s site; it had this link to a pen & ink map of Duquesne from 1897.\nIf you enlarge it and drag over to “CENTRAL Street” there is a depiction of the Crawford estate, showing a building you can see in the above photo which looks like it sits in the middle of Orchard Ct. behind the mansion and shows the two identical houses I remember and spoke of in my earlier post. All of this gives credence to the Crawford family being one of the city’s founding families. Can’t you just imagine little Joey Crawford peering out his second story bedroom window, seeing the mills and the river and the town, rubbing his pudgy lil’ hands and exclaiming, “Someday this will be mine, ALL MINE!” LOL\nAnd BTW – back to the drawing –\nJust above on Oak St, you can see the Greek Orthodox Church [marked G.] It was still there in the late 60’s, but I think it is now gone. Over on Grant at Norman, (not labeled), you can see the old wooden St. Joseph Church [marked E] on the site of the present rectory. The present brick building erected in 1909 still stands at the corner of Grant at Auriles. I found the Polish Church (old St Hedwig ?) up at the top of the drawing on on unmarked lane, (POLISH HILL?) but no luck with Holy Name or Holy Trinity. The building at 1st and Viola is listed as First Presbyterian; this would be right next door the Old Holy Trinity Church, which is abandoned and difficult to look at….\nMore info on “The Crawfords” . . . apparently they go WAY BACK based upon this article pertaining to the history of Duquesne . . . it is actually very interesting , even though a little dry and long , but worth taking the time to read it . . .\nDrew, did you chop a piece from the URL? it should underline when Jim clears it to site.\nFYI- the mansion was razed 70 yrs ago, during July and August, 1943.\nSee right hand column half way down under “City of Duquesne News”\nLou , I placed the URL address in my computer’s URL address window and it seemed to work for me . . . I am not sure why it did not underline . As far as The St Hedwig’s Church (or the old Polish Church) is concerned , I remember my Mother (born in 1932) told me it used to be up by the Duquesne Incinerator and she also said that it burnt down. There was also a Dance Hall next to the Church (on Polish Hill) , which was still there when I left Polish Hill (1975) . . . it was no longer being used for Church activities , but the city stored equipment in it. I went to The St. Hedwig’s Church in Duquesne as I was growing up. My Mom and Dad (and older relatives in general) told me many things about Duquesne and Polish Hill as I was growing up , but unfortunately , I have forgotten most of them. My Grandfather (Frank Kosko) had some old pictures of Duquesne , but they seemed to have disappeared over the years (too bad) . . . one that I do remember was of a crude public (?) swimming pool – quite large looking from the photograph . . . looked like it was made using railroad ties , and my Grandfather said it was located in “Nickly Hollow” (spelling ?) , which I have NO IDEA where that would be.\nIf my memory hasn’t failed me here is where I think Nickley Hollow is. If you are coming home to Duquesne from Kennywood & you go across the bridge & look over to your right down in that hoilow that WAS OR STILL IS NICKLEY HOLLOW.\nLou, I gotta thank you for that visual of little Joey Crawford. Made my day! Smiles!\nLou , I found out where those swimming pools (or at least one of them) were located in Duquesne. I purchased the book “Duquesne by Daniel J. Burns” and he had some photos of one of them . . . I believe there may have been more than one. According to this book , Carnegie had built playgrounds and swimming pools for the community . . . the book had a picture of one that was located “below the tracks” at Superior and Water Streets. The book has a lot of good information and pics of early Duquesne.\nI enjoy the history that you bring to life in your blog. I read some the history included in this particular posting to my mom. She immediately caught an error in Drew Cheke’s letter. The owner of Gazella’s, Gazella Lazar, was my mom’s aunt and was a Kapolka. And we don’t remember her making fudge, but won’t argue that point. My mom also asks if Drew remembers that she used to drive him and my sister Phyllis to art school.\nBest regards, Frank Gricus\nAbsolutely ! I stand corrected , Gazella’s last name would have been Lazar , and I believe that her husband’s name was Burt. But I do remember the fudge . . . there was a dark and a light version , I always got the dark. How could I ever forget Tam O’Shantern Art School . . . Phyllis Gricus , Karen Cheke , Joann Garcia , a Westerlund (spelling ?) girl , and myself – I may have missed someone , I can’t remember . . . THANK YOU , to all the parents that drove us every Saturday down to Oakland in hopes that their children would one day be famous artists (HA ! HA !). Frank , I do not remember you , but I do remember your Mother and Phyllis . . . tell them both “Hello” from an ex-Polish Hiller ! Drew Cheke", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "VERONA, NY – The Oneida Indian Nation, in partnership with Fort Stanwix and the Rome Historical Society (RHS), is planning a day of local history education events centered around the annual Battle of Oriskany Commemoration on Saturday, August 6th with New York State’s Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation agency.\nEach year, the Oneida Indian Nation joins with its neighbors to commemorate the noble service and sacrifices of their respective ancestors at the Oriskany Battlefield State Historic Site. A significant turning point in the American Revolution, the Battle of Oriskany was fought on August 6, 1777, and is considered one of the bloodiest battles of the war.\nThe events begin at 4:00pm with The Pivotal Role of the Great Oneida Carry at the Oneida Carry Monument in Downtown Rome where Arthur Simmons, Executive Director of RHS, and a representative of the Oneida Indian Nation will discuss the history of the Great Oneida Carrying Place during the Revolutionary War. The Oneida Carry Monument is located at 301 W. Dominick Street, Rome, NY.\nFollowing at 7:00pm will be the Annual Solemn Commemoration of the Battle of Oriskany at the Oriskany Battlefield State Historic Site. This annual ceremony is held in recognition of those who fought in the Battle of Oriskany on August 6th, 1777. It includes a re-enactment of the militia march, a musket salute in memory of the fallen, presentation of wreaths and ceremonial offerings, along with guest speakers. The Oriskany Battlefield State Historic Site is located at 7801 NY Route 69, Oriskany, NY.\nAt 8:30pm, the Oneida Indian Nation Movie Night will take place at Fort Stanwix inside the Fort. The event will feature the award-winning animated film “My Home: An Oneida Legend,” as well as the documentary, “The People of the Standing Stone: The Oneida Indian Nation, the War for Independence, and the Making of America.” Fort Stanwix is located at 200 N. James St, Rome, NY.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Rasāyana (the way of the rasas) is the overarching Sanskrit term employed in South Asian texts for “alchemy.” The classical alchemical scriptures date from no earlier than the 10th century CE; however, several centuries earlier, the term rasāyana was used in Āyurveda, classical Indian medicine, to denote “rejuvenation therapy,” with the plural, rasāyanas, being the elixirs employed in said therapy. In about the 8th century CE, the term rasa-rasāyana first appeared in Buddhist and Hindu tantric texts in reference to the supernatural power (siddhi) of obtaining a magical elixir. The birth of Indian alchemy, as an idea at least, may be traced back to these early medieval sources. This “magical” use of alchemical reagents persisted well into the medieval period in works of tantric sorcery (see Alchemical Folklore). The earliest systematic alchemical texts, which date from the 10th century, introduced the dual goal of all Indian alchemy: the transmutation of base metals into gold (dhātuvāda, transmutational alchemy) and the production of elixirs of immortality (dehavāda, elixir alchemy). A term for mercury, the prime alchemical reagent, was rasa, and so the term rasāyana now became specifically applied to the alchemical use of mercurials. The classic Indian alchemical texts were written in the period from the 10th to the 13th century. These were, for the most part, tantric works inasmuch as their stated goal of achieving an immortal, invulnerable body possessed of supernatural powers aligned with many of the goals of tantric practice. As such, the 10th to the 13th century was the period of “tantric alchemy.” From the 13th century forward, mercurial, mineral, and plant preparations came to be increasingly applied to various sorts of medical therapies, many of which complemented the older ayurvedic rasāyana treatments. However, new terminology was introduced: rogavāda (medical alchemy), rasacikitsā (mercurial medicine), or, most often, rasaśāstra (applied alchemy). Another offshoot of tantric alchemy was siddha alchemy. In a number of alchemical works, legendary figures called Rasa-Siddhas were evoked as the founders of alchemical lineages and traditions. These were part of a broader medieval religious current, which saw the emergence of several groups self-identifying as siddhas, perfected beings possessed of siddhis. A rich mythology of the siddhas emerged in this period, which portrayed these legendary supermen as combining alchemy with the practice of yoga and tantric techniques. These groups were responsible for internalizing much of laboratory alchemy into yogic practice.\nThere are two overarching approaches to the study of Indian alchemy. That adopted by nearly all Indian authors views Indian alchemy as a pre-chemistry, many of whose principles remain applicable to modern-day ayurvedic therapies. The prototype for the Indian history of chemistry approach is Ray 1902–1909. Indian works that build on Ray 1902–1909 are Misra 1981 (in Hindi) and Himsagara 2008 (in English). The approach adopted by the few Western authors writing on the subject studies Indian alchemy from literary historical or religious studies perspectives. Meulenbeld 2000 is by far the most comprehensive source on the history of Indian alchemical literature, both published and in manuscript form. White 1996 and White 2005 are more analytical, linking Indian alchemy to the broader contexts of Indic religion, culture, and science. Mahdihassan 1979 is the work of a highly cultivated dilettante. None of the works by Indian authors are easily accessible in Western libraries; Meulenbeld 2000 and White 2005 are available through university research libraries. White 1996 is widely available.\nHimasagara, Chandra Murthy. Rasaśāstra, the Mercurial System. Varanasi, India: Chaukhamba Krishnadas Academy, 2008.\nWritten as a textbook for university examinations in rasaśāstra (applied alchemy), this is the most complete and systematic English-language survey of Indian alchemy from an applied scientific perspective.\nMahdihassan, S. Indian Alchemy or Rasayana in the Light of Asceticism Geriatrics. New Delhi: Vikas, 1979.\nCollection of short, idiosyncratic essays by a chemist on the historical and scientific parameters of Indian alchemy, the relationship between Indian and Chinese alchemy, and alchemical mythology and symbolism.\nMeulenbeld, G. Jan. A History of Indian Medical Literature. Vol. 2. Groningen Oriental Studies 15. Groningen, The Netherlands: Egbert Forsten, 2000.\nVolumes 2A, Part 10, and 2B, Part 10, of this five-volume work comprise the most exhaustive descriptive and bibliographical survey of the Indian alchemical literature, with contents, manuscripts, and published editions of every alchemical work meticulously detailed. Accessible through university research libraries.\nMisra, Siddhinandan. Āyurvedīya Rasaśāstra. Varanasi, India: Caukambha Orientalia, 1981.\nWritten as a textbook for university examinations in rasaśāstra (applied alchemy), this is the most complete and systematic Hindi-language survey of Indian alchemy from an applied scientific perspective.\nRay, Prafulla Chandra. A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of the 16th century A.D. 2 vols. Calcutta, India: Prithwis Chandra Ray, 1902–1909.\nPioneering work on the history and scientific validity of the Indian alchemical tradition. Contains short English translations of excerpted passages from classic pioneering [STET] alchemical works, and longer edited Sanskrit passages from the same. A facsimile edition was published in Calcutta by Somnath Bal in 2002.\nRay, Priyadaranjan, ed. History of Chemistry in Ancient and Medieval India Incorporating the History of Hindu Chemistry, by Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray. Calcutta, India: Indian Chemical Society, 1956.\nRevised edition of Ray 1902–1909, in one volume. Contains an additional and important essay by Brajendranath Seal on “chemical” theorizations of the five elements in the Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika school of metaphysics (c. 2nd century BCE to 5th century CE).\nWhite, David Gordon. The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.\nExhaustive study of Indian alchemy as one of India’s many medieval siddha traditions. Hypothesizes that many of the concepts and much of the terminology of hatha yoga is a transposition onto the human body of the substances, structures, concepts, and processes of Indian alchemy. Contains an exhaustive compendium of siddha mythology and alchemical lore. Readily available, and useful as an undergraduate introduction to the field.\nWhite, David Gordon. “Alchemy: Indian Alchemy.” In The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 1. Rev. 2d ed. Edited by Lindsay Jones, 241–244. Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference, 2005.\nHighly condensed version of White 1996. Readily available, and useful as an undergraduate introduction to the field.\nUsers without a subscription are not able to see the full content on this page. Please subscribe or login.\nHow to Subscribe\nOxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. For more information or to contact an Oxford Sales Representative click here.\nPurchase an Ebook Version of This Article\nEbooks of the Oxford Bibliographies Online subject articles are available in North America via a number of retailers including Amazon, vitalsource, and more. Simply search on their sites for Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guides and your desired subject article.\nIf you would like to purchase an eBook article and live outside North America please email firstname.lastname@example.org to express your interest.\n- Amar Chitra Katha\n- Artha and Arthaśāstra\n- Astronomy and Mathematics\n- Atharva Veda\n- Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyaya (Chatterji)\n- Bengal and Surrounding Areas, Hinduism in\n- Bhagavad Gita\n- Bhārat Mātā\n- Biardeau, Madeleine\n- Body, The\n- Castes, Merchant\n- Christianity, Hinduism and\n- Classes of Beings\n- Comparative Study of Hinduism\n- Consciousness and Cognition\n- Defining Hinduism\n- Diaspora Hinduism\n- Digital Hinduism\n- Ecology in Hinduism\n- Epics, Vernacular Oral\n- Epistemology (Pramāṇas)\n- European Constructions\n- Film, Hinduism In\n- Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism\n- Gender and Sexuality\n- Geography of Hinduism\n- German Indology\n- Gṛhya Rites\n- Hindu Philosophy\n- Hinduism and Buddhism\n- Hinduism and Music\n- Historical Traditions in Hindu Texts\n- Holy Persons\n- Indian Medicine\n- Indo-European Religions\n- Inscriptions, Early Historic\n- ISKCON (International Society for Krishna Consciousness)\n- Islam, Hinduism and\n- Jainism, Hinduism and\n- Kerala Hinduism\n- Kāma and Kāmaśāstra\n- Kāraikkāl Ammaiyār\n- Liṅga and Yoni\n- Mahābhārata in Hindu Tradition\n- Material Religion\n- North America, Hinduism in\n- Pandits/Wise Men\n- Peace, War, and Violence in Hinduism\n- Political Hinduism\n- Popular and Folk Hinduism\n- Rasāyana (Alchemy)\n- Śrauta Rites\n- Reform Hinduism\n- Rig Veda\n- Rāma Jāmadagnya/Paraśurāma\n- Rāmāyaṇa in the Hindu Tradition\n- Roy, Rammohun\n- Sanskrit Grammar and Related Sciences\n- Shaiva Siddhanta\n- Six Systems/Darśanas\n- Sāṃkhya and Philosophical Yoga\n- Sociological Approaches to Hinduism\n- Southeast Asia, Hinduism in\n- Tamil Caṅkam Religion\n- Tamil Nadu\n- The Upaniṣads\n- Trinidad, Diaspora in\n- Urban Hinduism\n- Vedas, The\n- Vedic Agni\n- Vedic Oral Tradition\n- Women in Hinduism", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "On March 7th, 2024, Kulanu Canada presented Remy Ilona, Lawyer, Historian, Religious Studies Scholar, and Cultural Theorist, as he presented the history and background of the Igbo people, known by many as the “Jews of Africa”. He discussed the antisemitism and genocide they have experienced, with insight and personal reflections on his journey as an Igbo from Nigeria.\nPlease watch the recording of the webinar below, and the complete slides from his presentation are available below the video.\nPresentation slides – click to enlarge:\nKulanu Canada supports dispersed Jewish communities providing education, Judaica and linkages to the global Jewish community.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Saint Mary of Egypt in the Desert\nAfter a painting engraved in Teniers, 'Theatrum Pictorium' (1660-73), and there attributed to Palma il Giovane (Italian, 1544-1628)\nDavid Teniers II, Flemish (active Antwerp and Brussels), 1610 - 1690. After Palma il Giovane (Jacopo Negretti), Italian (active Venice), 1544 - 1628.\nThis copy of a painting by Palma il Giovane shows Saint Mary of Egypt, who spent forty-seven years in the desert to atone for a life of dissolution and prostitution. In the desert, this early Christian saint lived naked, subsisting on what she could find. Palma il Giovane's name and the dimensions of his original painting were written along the bottom of Teniers's copy but were later painted over.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- Submit News Tip\n- Trending Now\n- Photo Galleries\n- Special Sections\n- Contact Us\n- Site Map\nThe department served Ponoka for 112 years protecting area residents\nThis week’s Reflections looks at the Schultz family that settled in the Ponoka rea\nSome of these buildings have lasted through floods and fires\nLooking back at early settlers to the area and their need for lumber to build homes.\nCapturing the lives of the Taylors who settled in the Ponoka area in the 1900s.\nThere’s still time to enter the names of area residents for their strong volunteer spirit\nThere were lots of challenges back in the day but Ponoka folks handled them well.\nFort Ostell Museum presents a First Nations exhibit\nCrestomere Sylvan Heights area highlighted in Ponoka’s history\nThis week in Reflections looks at Railway Street in downtown Ponoka\nAmong the earliest Ponoka settlers were the Reid brothers, William, Andrew, Joseph, and David.\nTaking a look at how the automobile industry affected Ponoka back in the day\nIn the 1900s there used to be up to 10 massive grain elevators in Ponoka\nThen Provincial Mental Hospital’s farm operations was a busy place\nHeadlines and poems from the 1950s Ponoka Herald\nLooking back at the Water Glen district and its growth\nPonoka News’ Reflections looks at the fun Christmas days of Ponoka\nLooking at the many support staffs at then sewing room and tailor shop at the Alberta Hospital\nLooking back at early settlers to the Ponoka area in the early 1900s\nHockey during winter in Ponoka, and, broomball; all discussed in this week’s Reflections", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Andrew Maraniss is the author of four books on sports, history and social justice for teens and adults. His first book, \"Strong Inside,\" was a biography of Perry Wallace, the first Black basketball player in SEC history. It was the first sports-related book ever to win the Lillian Smith Book Award for civil rights and the Robert F. Kennedy Book Award Special Recognition Prize for social justice. His second book, \"Games of Deception,\" is the story of the first US men's Olympic basketball team at the 1936 Berlin Olympics. It received the Sydney Taylor Book Honor Award. His third book, \"Singled Out,\" is a biography of Glenn Burke, the first openly gay Major League baseball player. Esquire Magazine named it one of the Top 100 Baseball Books Ever Written and was a 2022 Rainbow Book List selection. Maraniss' new book, \"Inaugural Ballers,\" tells the story of the first U.S. women's Olympic basketball team at the 1976 Olympics in Montreal. Maraniss lives in Nashville with his wife and young children and is director of special projects at the Vanderbilt University Athletic Department.\nAwards: Lillian Smith Book Award, RFK Book Awards' Special Recognition Prize, Sydney Taylor Honor Award", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Infanta Luisa Fernanda|\n|Duchess of Montpensier|\nThe Duchess of Montpensier in 1851, by Federico de Madrazo y Kuntz.\n|Born||30 January 1832|\nRoyal Palace of Madrid, Spain\n|Died||2 February 1897 65) (aged|\nSan Telmo Palace, Seville, Spain\n|Burial||2 February 1897|\nInfantes Pantheon, Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain\nPrince Antoine, Duke of Montpensier\n(m. 1846;died 1890)\n| Infanta Isabel, Countess of Paris |\nInfanta Maria Amelia\nInfanta María Cristina\nInfanta Maria de la Regla\nMercedes, Queen of Spain\nInfante Antonio, Duke of Galliera\n|Father||Ferdinand VII of Spain|\n|Mother||Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies|\n|Royal styles of|\nInfanta Luisa Fernanda of Spain,\nDuchess of Montpensier\n|Reference style||Her Royal Highness|\n|Spoken style||Your Royal Highness|\nInfanta María Luisa Fernanda of Spain, Duchess of Montpensier (30 January 1832 – 2 February 1897) was Infanta of Spain and Duchess of Montpensier. She was the youngest daughter of King Ferdinand VII of Spain and his fourth wife Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies, the queen-regent, who was also his niece.\nWhen her elder sister Isabella II of Spain succeeded to the throne, Infanta Luisa Fernanda was heiress-presumptive to the crown between 1833 and 1851, when Isabella's oldest surviving daughter was born.\nIsabella had been engaged to their first cousin the Duke of Cádiz, who was known to be homosexual and rumored impotent.[ citation needed ] Their kinsman Louis-Philippe of France calculated that no children would be born from Isabella's marriage, and planned the crown of Spain to eventually devolve to his own grandchildren. For this purpose, Luisa Fernanda was engaged to the Duke of Montpensier, the youngest son of King Louis Philippe, who also was Luisa's mother's first cousin.\nLuisa Fernanda, only 14 years old, and Antoine, 22, had their nuptials on 10 October 1846 as a double wedding with Isabella and Francis', and young Antoine was elevated to the rank of an Infante of Spain. The couple moved to Paris and later to Sevilla. The relationship between Isabella and her sister was tense, due to Antoine's conspiracies against the queen.\nAntoine's father was deposed in 1848. The same year, the then 16-year-old Luisa Fernanda gave birth to their first child, Maria Isabel. After Isabella was deposed, the family went into exile. Luisa returned to Sevilla years later, already widowed, where she died.She is buried at Escorial.\nLuisa Fernanda and Antoine had nine children, but only five reached adulthood.\nOf all her children, just Isabelle de Paris and Antonio di Galliera left children. Through Antonio, the now non-royal line of dukes di Galliera continues. Alfonso's grandchildren lost royal status due to non-dynastic marriages. The current Duke di Galliera is Alfonso's great-grandson, Don Alfonso Francesco de Orléans-Borbón y Ferarra-Pignatelli.\nThrough Marie Isabelle, she became great-grandmother of king Manuel II of Portugal, Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, Aimone, Duke of Spoleto and Luis Filipe, Duke of Braganza; great-great-grandmother of Juan Carlos I of Spain and Henri, Count of Paris.\nThe Duchess's complete style, after her marriage, was: Su Alteza Real la Serenísma y Egregia Señora Infanta Doña Luisa Fernanda de Borbón y Borbón, Duquesa de Montpensier (in English: Her Royal Highness the Most Serene and Egregius Lady Infanta Doña Luisa Fernanda de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier).\n|Ancestors of Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier|\nInfante, also anglicised as Infant or translated as Prince, is the title and rank given in the Iberian kingdoms of Spain and Portugal to the sons and daughters (infantas) of the king, regardless of age, sometimes with the exception of the [male] heir apparent to the throne, who usually bears a unique princely or ducal title. The wife of a male infante was accorded the title of infanta if the marriage was dynastically approved, although since 1987 this is no longer automatically the case in Spain. Husbands of born infantas did not obtain the title of infante through marriage, although occasionally elevated to that title de gracia at the sovereign's command.\nInfanta Margarita of Spain, Duchess of Soria, 2nd Duchess of Hernani, Grandee of Spain, is the younger sister of King Juan Carlos and aunt of the reigning King Felipe VI of Spain.\nMaria de las Mercedes of Orléans was Queen of Spain as the first wife of King Alfonso XII. She was born in Madrid, the daughter of Antoine of Orléans, Duke of Montpensier, and of Infanta Luisa Fernanda of Spain.\nFrancisco de Asís María Fernando de Borbón, sometimes anglicised Francis of Assisi, was the husband of Queen Isabella II of Spain and king consort from 1846 to 1868. He is commonly styled Duke of Cádiz, the title he held before his marriage.\nPrincess Dona Maria da Glória Henriqueta Dolores Lúcia Miguela Rafaela Gabriela Gonzaga of Orléans-Bragança, Duchess of Segorbe, Countess of Rivadavia is a descendant of the Brazilian Imperial Family and the second wife of the Duke of Segorbe. She is also the former wife of Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia.\nAntoine d'Orléans was a member of the French royal family in the House of Orléans. He was the youngest son of King Louis Philippe of France and his wife Maria Amelia Teresa of the Two Sicilies. He was styled as the Duke of Montpensier. He was born on 31 July 1824 at the château de Neuilly and died 4 February 1890 at Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain.\nInfanta Eulalia of Spain, Duchess of Galliera was the youngest and last surviving child of Queen Isabella II of Spain and the youngest sister of King Alfonso XII. She authored memoirs that were controversial for their critical perspective and allegations about the political policies of various Spanish and foreign governments.\nInfanta Amalia of Spain was the youngest daughter of Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain. Her eldest brother, Francisco de Asís married Queen Isabella II of Spain, who was Amalia's first cousin. She was the only one of five sisters who made a royal marriage. In 1865 she married Prince Adalbert of Bavaria, a son of King Ludwig I of Bavaria. Upon her marriage she moved to Munich, where she spent the rest of her life. However she remained attached to her native country and was instrumental in arranging the marriage of her eldest son Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria with her niece Infanta Paz of Spain.\nMaría de las Mercedes de Borbón-Dos Sicilias y Orléans, Countess of Barcelona (Spanish: Doña María de las Mercedes Cristina Genara Isabel Luisa Carolina Victoria y Todos los Santos de Borbón y Orléans was the mother of Juan Carlos I, King of Spain from 1975 to 2014, and grandmother of the reigning Spanish King, Felipe VI.\nLouise Françoise Marie Laure d'Orléans was a Princess of the Two-Sicilies and maternal grandmother of King Juan Carlos I of Spain.\nMarie Isabelle d’Orléans was born an infanta of Spain and a Princess of Orléans and became the Countess of Paris by marriage.\nInfanta Alicia of Spain, Duchess of Calabria was a daughter of Elias, Duke of Parma, and Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria. Alicia was Duchess of Calabria through her marriage to Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria (1901–1964). She bore the title of Infanta of Spain from 1936, and took part in some of the activities that the Spanish Royal Family organises. Through marriage, she was maternal half-aunt of Juan Carlos I of Spain. She was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, and died in Madrid, Spain. She was paternal first cousin of Boris III of Bulgaria, and paternal half-first cousin of Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Otto, Crown Prince of Austria and Queen Anne of Romania.\nAntonio Maria Luis Felipe Juan Florencio de Orleans y Borbón was an Infante of Spain and the fourth Duke of Galliera in the Kingdom of Italy. He was a member of the Spanish Royal Family and a grandson of Louis-Philippe of France.\nÁlvaro de Orleans y Sajonia-Coburgo-Gotha, Duke of Galliera, was a Spanish Infante, 6th Duke of Galliera and a second cousin of Infante Juan, heir to the Spanish throne from 1941.\nMaria Cristina, Infanta of Spain and Portugal was a daughter of Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain and his wife Princess Luisa Carlotta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. She became an Infanta of Portugal by her marriage to Infante Sebastian of Portugal and Spain.\nInfante Enrique, 1st Duke of Seville, was an Infante of Spain and a member of the Spanish branch of the House of Bourbon. He was the grandson of Charles IV of Spain and became the first Duke of Seville in 1823. He was known for his progressive, even revolutionary, ideas during the reign of his double first cousin and sister-in-law, Isabella II of Spain.\nEnrique de Borbón y Castellví, 2nd Duke of Seville, was a Spanish aristocrat who became the second Duke of Seville. He was the eldest son of the controversial Infante Enrique, Duke of Seville, grandson of Charles IV of Spain and younger brother of Francis, Duke of Cádiz, King consort of Isabella II of Spain. Despite his family ties, Enrique was never entitled Infante of Spain, due to the unequal marriage of his parents, which did not receive approval from Queen Isabella II.\nMaría Cristina de Orléans was one of the daughters of Prince Antoine, Duke of Montpensier, a son of King Louis Philippe I, and Infanta Luisa Fernanda of Spain, the youngest daughter of Ferdinand VII of Spain. María Cristina was raised in Seville, and given her father's close relationship with the Spanish Royal Family, she and her siblings were awarded the title of Infante and Infanta of Spain. She died at the age of 26 from tuberculosis.\nInfanta María del Pilar of Spain, daughter of Queen Isabella II of Spain and sister of King Alfonso XII, was an Infanta of Spain.\nAtaúlfo de Orleans y Sajonia-Coburgo-Gotha, was a Spanish prince, the youngest son of Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera and Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom. He was President of Real Club de la Puerta de Hierro from 1962 to 1966.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "West Point time capsule turns up empty, stumping historians\nWest Point is the site of centuries of American history, but the ceremonial opening of a recently-discovered time capsule left cadets and staff with more questions than answers Monday, when the nearly 200-year-old lead box turned up empty.\nAnticipation was high in West Point’s Robinson Auditorium, where an anxious crowd of cadets, faculty, alumni, and reporters gathered to crack open a time capsule discovered earlier this summer. The sealed box measuring about one square foot was found under the academy’s Thaddeus (also spelt \"Tadeusz\") Kosciuszko Monument, the base of which has been under renovation after a cadet noticed cracks in the structure in 2021.\nU.S. Military Academy Command Historian Jennifer Voightschild called it a novel opportunity to “uncover” some of West Point’s earliest history. While no evidence of the time capsule exists in the academy’s records, historians at the West Point Museum say the Kosciuszko monument has never been moved – so, presumably, the capsule had been there since its installation around 1828 or 1829, 27 years after the academy’s founding.\nIn the lead-up to the opening, cadets swapped predictions on social media with various levels of seriousness. Some speculated the box could contain personal artifacts or prints of Kosciuszko, who died in 1817. Maybe they’d find old class rings, medals, coins, or newspapers. And on the more whimsical side, some wondered / hoped whether there’d be treasure maps, a box-inside-a-box, or the original recipe for West Point’s chili.\nBrigadier General Shane Reeves, dean of the academic board, joked about Geraldo Rivera’s anticlimactic opening of Al Capone’s “vault” in the 1980s – which turned out to be empty – before sharing his hopes.\n\"I'm hoping that we open it, and there's something in there like the Terminator arm, which shows that time travel is possible, John Connor is humanity's savior, and that ChatGPT is the beginning of SkyNet,\" he laughed.\nPerhaps Reeves spoke too soon, because when archeologists finally pried open the capsule’s lid…\n...nothing but dirt – at first glance, anyway. While historians bought them some time by going over the history and significance of Kosciuszko, the West Point team of archeologists and volunteer cadets took turns peering into the box and scooping out a few clumps of silt lining the bottom, only to have some of those clumps crumble in their hands.\nAfter the ceremony, West Point Archeologist Paul Hudson admitted it was disappointing.\n“We’d built up to this quite a bit, and I’ll tell you the truth, that was the last outcome that I expected,\" he said.\nWojciech Wardeski, an international cadet from Poland, was supposed to help carry the capsule’s contents around the stage so audience members could get a closer look. His services, obviously, turned out not to be needed, but he remains intrigued. For Wardeski, this just sets off another mystery to solve.\n\"Why would anyone put a box, an empty box, in the monument of Thaddeus Kosciuszko, that lasted almost 200 years, and after opening that, it's empty?\" he asked. \"As an international cadet from Poland, I feel a special bond to Thaddeus Kosciuszko because he was obviously from Poland, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. So the opening of the box, and really, everything that's related to Thaddeus Kosciuszko is somewhat personal to me. Because I can see the legacy, the heritage of Poland in the United States.\"\nA contemporary of the founding fathers, Kosciuszko was a Polish military engineer and leader who served as a colonel in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. He helped oversee the construction of fortifications at West Point, and after the American Revolution, he took his expertise and fought for similar causes in Europe, ultimately becoming a national hero in Poland, Lithuania, France, and Belarus.\nWhile, sure, a new print of Kosciuszko would have been cool, the West Point Museum already boasts some portraits of the patriot, as well as his sword, one of his medals, and even a lock of hair.\nAnd Hudson isn’t necessarily giving up. While the box’s contents are underwhelming at first glance, he plans to shift through the silt to see if there are any hidden treasures. He notes the bottom edge of the capsule was cracked, likely allowing water and time to destroy anything inside – especially if it was organic material, like paper or bone. Meantime, the lid offers at least hopes of a clue: a stamp reading “E.W. Bank, New York,” perhaps the capsule’s manufacturer.\n\"We're gonna remove all that sediment, and we'll screen it through some fine mesh screen and see if anything comes out of it — any artifacts, or we might come up with some different ways that we can test it and see if it's just sediment that infiltrated the box, or if it was something that disintegrated over time,\" said Hudson.\nThat, or a 19th Century cadet’s senior prank has, finally, paid off.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "of science. Amongst others may be noted honorary degrees by the universities of Oxford, Dublin, Edinburgh, Göttingen, Heidelberg, Leiden and Bologna. He was fellow or foreign corresponding member of the French Institute, the academies of Berlin, Göttingen, St Petersburg, Milan, Rome, Leiden, Upsala and Hungary; and he was nominated an officer of the Legion of Honour by President Carnot. At various times he was president of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, of the London Mathematical Society and of the Royal Astronomical Society. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1852, and received from that body a Royal medal in 1859 and the Copley medal in 1882. He also received the De Morgan medal from the London Mathematical Society, and the Huygens medal from Leiden. His nature was noble and generous, and the universal appreciation of this fact gave him great influence in his university. His portrait, by Lowes Dickinson, was placed in the hall of Trinity College in 1874, and his bust, by Henry Wiles, in the library of the same college in 1888. (P. A. M)\nCAYLUS, ANNE CLAUDE PHILIPPE DE TUBIÈRES DE GRIMOARD DE PESTELS DE LÉVIS, Comte de, Marquis d’Esternay, baron de Bransac (1692–1765), French archaeologist and man of letters, was born at Paris on the 31st of October 1692. He was the eldest son of Lieutenant-General Count de Caylus. His mother, Marthe Marguerite le Valois de Vilette de Murçay, comtesse de Caylus (1673–1729), was a cousin of Mme de Maintenon, who brought her up like her own daughter. She wrote valuable memoirs of the court of Louis XIV. entitled Souvenirs; these were edited by Voltaire (1770), and by many later editors, notably Renouard (1806), Ch. Asselineau (1860), M. de Lescure (1874), M. E. Raunié (1881), J. Soury (1883). While a young man Caylus distinguished himself in the campaigns of the French army, from 1709 to 1714. After the peace of Rastadt he spent some time in travelling in Italy, Greece, the East, England and Germany, and devoted much attention to the study and collection of antiquities. He became an active member of the Academy of Painting and Sculpture and of the Academy of Inscriptions. Among his antiquarian works are Recueil d’antiquités égyptiennes, étrusques, grecques, romaines, et gauloises (6 vols., Paris, 1752–1755), Numismata Aurea Imperatorum Romanorum, and a Mémoire (1755) on the method of encaustic painting with wax mentioned by Pliny, which he claimed to have rediscovered. Diderot, who was no friend to Caylus, maintained that the proper method had been found by J. J. Bachelier. Caylus was an admirable engraver, and copied many of the paintings of the great masters. He caused engravings to be made, at his own expense, of Bartoli’s copies from ancient pictures and published Nouveaux sujets de peinture et de sculpture (1755) and Tableaux tirés de l’Iliade, de l’Odysse, et de l’Enéide (1757). He encouraged artists whose reputations were still in the making, but his patronage was somewhat capricious. Diderot expressed this fact in an epigram in his Salon of 1765: “La mort nous a délivrés du plus cruel des amateurs.” Caylus had quite another side to his character. He had a thorough acquaintance with the gayest and most disreputable sides of Parisian life, and left a number of more or less witty stories dealing with it. These were collected (Amsterdam, 1787) as his Œuvres badines complètes. The best of them is the Histoire de M. Guillaume, cocher (c. 1730).\nThe Souvenirs du comte de Caylus, published in 1805, is of very doubtful authenticity. See also A. and J. de Goncourt, Portraits intimes du XVIIIe siècle; Ch. Nisard’s edition of the Correspondance du comte de Caylus avec le père Paciaudi (1877); and a notice by O. Uzanne prefixed to a volume of his Facéties (1879).\nCAYMAN ISLANDS, a group of three low-lying islands in the West Indies. They consist of Grand Cayman, Little Cayman and Cayman Brac, and are situated between 79° 44′ and 80° 26′ W. and 19° 44′ and 19° 46′ N., forming a dependency of Jamaica, which lies 178 m. E.S.E. Grand Cayman, a rock-bound island protected by coral reefs, is 17 m. long and varies from 4 m. to 7 m. in breadth. It has two towns, Georgetown and Boddentown. Little Cayman and Cayman Brac are both about 70 m. E.N.E. of Grand Cayman. Excepting near the rocky coast, the islands are fruitful, mahogany and other valuable timbers with some dyewood are grown, and large quantities of coco-nuts are produced by the two smaller islands. Phosphate deposits of considerable value are worked, but the principal occupation of the inhabitants is catching turtles for export to Jamaica. The people are excellent shipwrights and do a considerable trade in schooners built of native wood. The islands are governed by a commissioner, and the laws passed by the local legislative assembly are subject to the assent of the governor of Jamaica. The population of the group is about 5000. The islands were discovered by Columbus, who named them Tortugas from the turtles with which the surrounding sea abounds. They were never occupied by the Spaniards and were colonized from Jamaica by the British.\nCAZALÈS, JACQUES ANTOINE MARIE DE (1758–1805), French orator and politician, was born at Grenade in Languedoc, of a family of the lower nobility. Before 1789 he was a cavalry officer, but in that year was returned as deputy to the states general. In the Constituent Assembly he belonged to the section of moderate royalists who sought to set up a constitution on the English model, and his speeches in favour of retaining the right of war and peace in the king’s hands and on the organization of the judiciary gained the applause even of his opponents. Apart from his eloquence, which gave him a place among the finest orators of the Assembly, Cazalès is mainly remembered for a duel fought with Barnave. After the insurrection of the 10th of August 1792, which led to the downfall of royalty, Cazalès emigrated. He fought in the army of the émigrés against revolutionary France, lived in Switzerland and in England, and did not return to France until 1803. He died on the 24th of November 1805. His son, Edmond de Cazalès, wrote philosophical and religious studies.\nSee Discours de Cazalès, edited by Chare (Paris, 1821), with an introduction; F. A. Aulard, Les Orateurs de la Constituante (2nd ed., Paris, 1905.)\nCAZALIS, HENRI (1840–1909), French poet and man of letters, was born at Cormeilles-en-Parisis (Seine-et-Oise) in 1840. He wrote under the pseudonyms of Jean Caselli and Jean Lahor. His works include: Chants populaires de l’Italie (1865); Vita tristis, Réveries fantastiques, Romances sans musique (1865); Le Livre du néant (1872); Henry Regnault, sa vie et son œuvre (1872); L’Illusion (1875–1893); Melancholia (1878); Cantique des cantiques (1885); Les Quatrains d’Al-Gazali (1896); William Morris (1897). The author of the Livre du néant has a predilection for gloomy subjects and especially for pictures of death. His oriental habits of thought earned for him the title of the “Hindou du Parnasse contemporain.” He died in July 1909.\nSee a notice by P. Bourget in Anthologie des poètes fr. du XIXe siècle (1887–1888); J. Lemaître, Les Contemporains (1889); E. Faguet in the Revue bleue (October 1893).\nCAZEMBE, the hereditary name of an African chief, whose territory was situated south of Lake Mweru and north of Bangweulu, between 9° and 11°S. In the end of the 18th century the authority of the Cazembe was recognized over a very extensive district. The kingdom, known also as the Cazembe, continued to exist, though with gradually diminishing power and extent, until the last quarter of the 19th century, when the Cazembe sank to the rank of a petty chief. The country is now divided between Great Britain and Belgian Congo. The British half, lying east of the Luapula, forms part of Rhodesia, and the chief town in it is called Kazembe. The native state, ruled by a negro race who overcame the aboriginals, had attained a certain degree of civilization. Agriculture was diligently followed, and cotton cloth, earthenware and iron goods manufactured. The country contains rich deposits of copper, and copper ore was one of the principal articles of export. The Cazembe had despotic power and used it in barbarous fashion. He had hundreds of wives, and his chiefs imitated his example according to their means. On his accession every new Cazembe chose a new site for his residence. In 1796 the Cazembe was visited by Manoel Caetano Pereira, a Portuguese merchant; and in 1798 a more important journey to the same region was undertaken by Dr Francisco José Maria de Lacerda. He died in that country on", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Imagine Baltimore is about to be invaded. You rally with your neighbors in order to protect your city and homes; the invasion could happen at any time. That’s exactly what Baltimoreans did on September 12, 1814, at the very spot the beautiful Pagoda now stands in Patterson Park as British soldiers amassed at North Point and marched toward Baltimore. Known originally as the Observation Tower…\n…The Pagoda was designed in 1890 by Charles H. Latrobe, then the Superintendent of Parks. While known as the Pagoda because of its oriental architectural appearance, the design was intended to reflect the bold Victorian style of the day. From the top of the tower one can view downtown, Baltimore’s many neighborhoods, the Patapsco River, the Key Bridge and Fort McHenry.\nThe Pagoda is operated, maintained and staffed by The Friends of Patterson Park and volunteers. The Pagoda is currently open 12 noon to 6 pm on Sundays from April – October. Appointments and special group tours welcomed, please call (410) 276-3676 for more information. All this week The Nite Lite Photo of the Day is featuring scenes all around Baltimore.\nJoin me on Facebook http://www.facebook.com/franlanelitefm Be sure to click “like.”", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Roulette is the best gamble\nThe name of one of the most popular gambling in the world – roulette – gave the French word roulette (wheel). And it is deeply natural. After all, roulette began its history in the 18th century in France.\nA device for playing roulette, which remained unchanged to this day, appeared in Paris in 1765. Roulette was born thanks to the ingenuity of one of the officers of the French police – Gabriel de Sartine, who invented this game of chance as opposed to card games – the predecessors of poker and Black Jack. After all, Paris during the reign of Louis XV was inundated with card cheaters, which give the guards a lot of trouble. Continue reading\ninstitutions enviable models gramophone magnate Visitation translated duties lemons glamor diamonds mentioned sponsors church dream balconies concierge expensive restaurants drinks villas negative protection tournament sector friends sophisticated minimum restored bananas grandfather companies sorceress famous tangerines difficulties spectator communicate children manifestations passionate impresario journalist oranges authorities navigation questions ancient harmony centuries food neighboring surrounding transparent magnificent meters bat numerous stones calendar cultural casino interpreter principality circus cars statehood", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Story Behind the Mural\nThe Chautauqua institution began in the summer of 1874 at Fair Point on Lake Chautauqua, NY. The Chautauqua brought entertainment and culture for the whole community with speakers, teachers, musicians, entertainers, preachers, and specialists of the day. The immediate success of the original Chautauqua Assembly led to the creation of similar events in other states.\nThe First Pontiac Chautauqua assembly opened on July 29, 1898 at Riverside Park on the Vermilion River. The original 13-day event was a huge success, and the Pontiac Chautauqua continued as one of the country's most exciting and comprehensive Chautauqua assemblies for over 30 years.\nYou can learn more about the Chautauqua Assembly movement at our Local History Pages\nThe mural was designed by David and Susie Butler and Dan Sawatzky.\n100 Block of East Madison Street\nGPS - Latitude: 40.880325; Longitude: -88.628525", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Top choices for your area\nBased on your county, venue type and budget you'll probably also want to send your enquiry to these venues too.\nType of Ceremony\nCivil ceremony licensed\nLive music permitted\nOnsite car parking\nAbout National Hotel\nScottish wedding reception venue, licensed for civil ceremonies with guest accommodation available. The National Hotel is able to cater for a wedding function of up to 200 guests.\nNestled in the Viking capital of Scotland, The National Hotel stands on the site of old stable Buildings, which date back to the 10th century. The present hotel building was built in 1859, and was known as The Robertson’s Hotel. The hotel was renamed in 1911 as The National Hotel.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In Middle Ages there were tree independent dukedoms: Gelderland and Brabant, counties of Holland, Zeeland and Flanders, and episcopacy of Utrecht. In 1370 in order to protect own interests the cities of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht as well as the episcopacy of Utrecht established trading-political Hanseatic League. It carried out in practice the intermediation between West, North and East Europe and had a trading hegemony in Northern Europe. In the XV century there was a beginning of state main political institutions formation. The protoplast of future parliament - The States-General - was framed in 1463.\nSince 1482 the territory of Nederland was a part of Habsburg's realm, and since 1556 a part of Spanish Habsburg's realm. During the times of Charles V regiment (1500 - 1558), there was completed the process of integration with contemporary Belgium and Luxemburg and later on formed the one and undivided state of Hole Roman Empire. In this period of time the term \"Dutch Republic\" came into existence.\nIn economically developed regions there were circulated monetary rent and different kinds of short-term lease; there were formed the order of farmers who do for on the entrepreneurial basis. There was forming the bourgeoisie and was germinating proletariat. The \"proletariat (from Latin proles, offspring) is a term used to identify a lower social class; a member of such a class is proletarian. Originally it was identified as those people who had no wealth other than their sons; the term was initially used in a derogatory sense, until Karl Marx used it as a sociological term to refer to the working class\"2.\nNotwithstanding Spanish authorities were constantly trying to suspend the development of Netherlands. There was inquisition put into action, all people that were in bed odor with it were put to torture. In this time of spiritual oppression and political coercion in Netherlands the new religion doctrine of Calvinism, that is a \"system of Christian theology and an approach to Christian life and thought within the Protestant tradition articulated by John Calvin, a Protestant Reformer in the 16th century, and subsequently by successors, associates, followers and admirers of Calvin, his interpretation of Scripture, and perspective on Christian life and theology\"3. Calvinism got its broad spread and opposed itself to theological system of Catholicism.\nImpassioned and filled inside with religious protest the population of Netherlands excited iconoclast movement destroying icons, statues of Saints and other matters of religion cult. . Relegated Spanish vindicatory army started the severest terror. Finally it flamed up the nationwide war, which got the name of Eighty Years War or Dutch Revolt (1566 -1648).\nThe laboratory movement was headed by William of Orange. It should be mentioned that the struggle against Spanish enslavers pushed forward the increase of national self-consciousness. Exactly this period of time is connected with becoming of Dutch nation and language.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]\nRe: Replacing Passenger Stock (WAS Re: Bluebird Railcars for Gippsland)\nDavid & Jan Winter (email@example.com) wrote:\n> As Australia was proclaimed on 1 Jan 1901, the year 2000 lacks the\n> significance of 2001 - but of course, we do have the Olympics, and it does\n> mark the end of the 1900s.\nAustralia was proclaimed on the first day of the 20th Century. Queen\nVictoria at the stroke of 2pm in London on 31/12/1900, which made it\nexactly the start of the new century in Sydney.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The chaotic conquest of India\nThe East India Company's predilection for paranoia and aggression soured Britain's relations with the subcontinent for 350 years. Jon Wilson investigates...\nIn 1720, a group of Muslim merchants came to visit Simon Cowse, a British trader at the small fort of Anjengo, 70 miles north of India’s southern tip. Rather than negotiating a deal to sell pepper as they intended, they were attacked and daubed with coloured paint by Christian employees of the British East India Company. It was Shrove Tuesday, a day local Catholics celebrated. But the festive mood was used as an excuse to humiliate members of a rival religious community. The merchants angrily took their complaint to the British chief of the fort. But William Gyfford compounded the merchants’ disgrace by breaking their swords on their heads and throwing them out. These insults sparked a small war that different social groups in southern India took part in, many of which had their own reasons to challenge the East India Company’s power.\nThe Company’s stores of pepper were burnt; its fort was almost stormed. Four heavily armed British ships arrived and imposed peace for a few months. The six-foot walls around their fort protected the British from the local population; but they also insulated them from the scale of animosity against them. So when, in April 1721, Gyfford decided to show the Company’s strength by marching in full military regalia to the local queen’s castle, his retinue was attacked. All but a handful of the 120 merchants and soldiers were massacred. Simon Cowse was the only Briton who got away. But while fleeing back to the fort he was killed by a man who owed him money.\nThese events could have led to the British conquest of Kerala had the East India Company not been embroiled in bigger battles elsewhere. A fleet and a small army sailed down from Bombay to take revenge, and “a considerable acquisition of land was conquered from the natives”, as one British officer put it. The aim was to “restore the honour of the English nation”. But the fight in Kerala was quickly abandoned. In 1721 the British ships and troops were more badly needed to defend Bombay against the power that dominated western India, the Marathas.\nThe common view of Britain’s empire in India emphasises its stability and success. Whether to praise or condemn it, popular accounts describe British power in India as a system with clear interests and intentions. Conquest was driven by the rational pursuit of profit. It occurred when traders decided that building an empire was a good “business proposition”, as historian and defender of empire Niall Ferguson puts it. The British were “ruthless” in their pursuit of wealth, suggests the Indian author Shashi Tharoor. Writers with otherwise very different perspectives concur that the British were rational, powerful and fully sovereign over their actions.\nMore like this\nBut this standard story about the British is based on a narrow set of sources, principally on tales told by the empire’s governors and generals once they returned to Britain and tried to persuade contemporaries of their power and virtue. It imputes far too much rationality and order to British actions; it presumes the British possessed an unrealistic degree of control. Looking in detail at events such as the Anjengo massacre shows a different picture. British actions were messy and chaotic, driven by short-term responses to circumstances they could rarely direct. Chaos came from the fact that Britain’s empire in India was a profoundly emotional enterprise. It was driven by the fluctuating response of Britons far from home, concerned to advance national and personal pride, to assuage fear, to prevent and avenge humiliation. Power was asserted not only to make money but to project a sense of being in control.\nEngland (Britain was created by the Act of Union in 1707) was, after all, a late-comer to Asia. After Vasco da Gama discovered a sea-route to Asia in 1498, the Portuguese established forts and settlements around the coast of India and south-east Asia. The Netherlands sent dozens of ships in the 1590s, each returning with large profits. The first English voyages were disasters; only one of six ships returned from the first two fleets. The East India Company was formed in 1600 to undo the humiliation English merchants felt about the failure of their commercial expeditions to Asia.\nIt was a peculiar kind of enterprise. Not merely a collection of merchants, the Company was a mini-state with power to defend itself and fight, to issue regulations and make treaties with foreign powers. Power was centralised in London offices that issued instructions to officers overseas. Most importantly, Queen Elizabeth I gave the Company a monopoly on England’s trade with Asia. From 1600, the Company zealously protected its monopoly even though it wasn’t always the most efficient way for Britons to profit from trade with Asia. The Company justified this centralised structure by arguing India was a land of infidels, whose states didn’t abide by the rules of international relations. They claimed trade could only be profitable if conducted by an organisation able to wage war.\nBut private merchants trading in defiance of the Company’s monopoly thought this argument ridiculous. They found that Muslim and Hindu Indian states could be trusted as well as Christian European governments. It didn’t take armies and forts to profit from Asian trade. The Company’s critics argued its officers were protecting their own corporate power and status, not England’s commercial relationship. The Company’s aggressive approach created a tense relationship with Indian merchants and political leaders. Its officers hid behind the walls of forts, like Anjengo, or cantonments (military garrisons) whenever they could. They were quick to use force to resolve difficult situations. Negotiations were usually short, conflict was common.\nThe first major clash began in 1686, when Company officials were anxious that the Mughal empire wasn’t letting them trade without paying taxes. They also worried that Mughals were collaborating with private English traders to flout the Company’s monopoly. Customs duty of 3.5 per cent was seen as an egregious impost, even though it wasn’t undermining profitability. Nonetheless, officers thought they would only be secure if they “resolve[d] to quarrel with these people”.\nWar was declared on the Mughal empire. A fleet of 19 ships and six army companies was sent to liberate the English from the “misery and thralldom” they believed they suffered from the Mughals. The war was an absurd mismatch. The Company’s ships were scattered by bad navigation; they were easily frightened by the Mughal military at Chittagong in the east and were defeated at Bombay in the west. The conflict ended in abject disgrace. Officers were imprisoned and the Company had no choice but to sue for a demeaning peace.\nThe Mughal empire had been recognised as the over-arching sovereign throughout the Indian subcontinent from the 1500s, but by 1710 its practical power had begun to fragment. Nonetheless, its authority had been transferred to powerful regional governments that still owed a loose allegiance to the Mughal emperor. Until the mid-18th century India’s political system was powerful enough to hold the Company’s aggressive inclinations in check. Indian rulers saw the benefit of allying with an organisation that offered a passage for Indian goods to Europe, as long as it didn’t become too powerful.\nBut a short-lived political crisis undermined this state of affairs. The Persian ruler Nader Shah invaded India in 1739, overthrowing the Mughal order and stripping treasuries of their cash reserves. The invasion provoked factional conflict in the capitals of India and set loose bands of raiders and warlords to ransack the countryside. In the crisis-torn 1740s and 1750s, the Company’s officers became more anxious, but also saw the opportunity to expand profits and power.\nThe battle of Plassey, in June 1757, was the most important moment in the sequence of events that led to the Company’s conquest of India. On a battlefield 100 miles north of the Company’s base at Calcutta, Company forces led by Robert Clive defeated the army of Bengal’s Siraj ud Daula, replacing him with the (apparently) more pliant Mir Jafar. This was the first occasion in which the Company defeated and overthrew the ruler of an Indian state.\nBy 1757, the state of Bengal had been weakened and nearly bankrupted by Maratha raiders from central India. When Nawab [governor] Alivardi Khan had died in 1756, his 24-year-old successor Siraj ud Daula had had to contend with numerous challengers for power. Siraj worried that the Company would ally with his rivals to oust him, offering support from their fortified base at Calcutta. Just as 35 years earlier at Anjengo, violence escalated in a spiral of mistrust and fear. The Company had fortified Calcutta because it feared attack. Siraj ud Daula interpreted British armament as a challenge to his power. When the Company refused to back down, Siraj marched on the British town, driving the British from Calcutta.\nThe language Company officers used with the Nawab had the tone of an exchange between street-gangs, not negotiation between states and merchants. Clive sailed from Madras to recapture Calcutta with 800 Europeans, who he described as “full of spirit and resentment” in October 1756. “We have come to demand satisfaction,” he wrote. After Calcutta was retaken and Siraj ud Daula signed a peace treaty granting all they demanded, the British did not stop and enjoy their profits. With “minds still angered”, as one officer put it, they marched on to depose the Nawab. “[T]he tempting opportunity of pursuing further revenge” could not be resisted.\nPlassey was not part of a deliberate plan to found an empire. It was the unintended consequence of the British assumption that trade and honour could only be protected with violence. That assumption meant the East India Company was unable to sustain a stable relationship with Indian allies for long. The plan was always to put more pliant Indian rulers in power rather than govern directly. In Bengal, Clive placed Mir Jafar, paymaster of Siraj’s army, on the throne. But always interpreting Indian actions through a lens of paranoia, trust continually broke down. Allies turned into antagonists, and the British began to assert power over wider circles of territory.\nMir Jafar was blamed for the fact that conquest didn’t lead to quick profits and was quickly ousted. His successor didn’t last much longer. By the 1770s eastern India was directly administered by British bureaucrats. The main objective was to sustain the Company’s authority in the pockets where Britons resided, not construct an effective regime that kept the peace across every square of Indian land. There was no effective regime in Bengal until well into the 19th century. As a result, violence was rife and poverty became more common.\nThe same process occurred in other parts of the subcontinent. Western India was fragmented between different Maratha rulers after Nader Shah’s invasion, many of which began as British allies. But the Company’s efforts to protect its security created a united Maratha opposition, which the British fought in a succession of wars in the late 18th and early 19th century. The British were victorious in these battles simply because they could borrow money on global credit markets to pay their troops, and their opponents could not: there was no European technical or tactical advantage. But by 1818, its combination of geopolitical anxiety and financial clout meant the East India Company, and Britain, was India’s overwhelmingly dominant power.\nBut conquest didn’t create a stable, effective state. It didn’t even create peace. Opposition was no longer concentrated in powerful states, but scattered among political leaders and communities quick to ‘rebel’ if provoked by British authorities. During the 1820s the British faced a succession of insurrections that needed more troops and more money to be suppressed than the conquest itself.\nBritish officers assumed British power would be disliked, but thought its assertion made rebellion impossible. “Superiority must be met by more or less hate”, the Commissioner of Meerut, Harvey Greathed, wrote in April 1857. But, he went on, “as long as our power of combination increases and theirs decreases”, the British “had “nothing to fear”. Less than a month after Greathed wrote these words, the north Indian city where he was stationed became the epicentre of the greatest-ever insurrection against British power anywhere in the British empire. During the rebellion of 1857 much of north India was ruled by leaders hostile to the Company. But it was not an uprising against a settled, powerful state. It was the final moment in the cycle of violence that marked the East India Company’s presence in India since the 17th century.\nJust as in 1686, 1757 and countless other moments of Anglo-Indian fighting, the East India Company was attacked for its aggressive attitude to Indian society. In the run-up to 1857, many Indians thought the British wanted to erase the characteristics that gave different social groups their identity. British officers and soldiers then fought frenetically to undo the humiliation of being overthrown. It was only in 1858, as British soldiers arrived from every part of the British empire and managed to enlist allies, particularly from Punjab, that the conquest came to a final end. Its last days were brutal. Delhi was completely evacuated, and many rebel villages burnt to the ground.\nBritish power was exercised differently after 1858. The Company was abolished and Queen Victoria was proclaimed India’s direct sovereign. Power was exerted through law courts and public works, railway timetables and codes of law, not just military violence. Even so, imperial power was patchy, limited and chaotic, belying the image of order British governors tried to project. Many areas never came under direct British rule. With no serious Indian allies, British institutions didn’t extend deeply enough into Indian society to effectively protect life or property. The response to threat remained the same: to retreat and counter with overwhelming violence. The British only left in 1947 when such violence was no longer possible.\nThe legacy of the conquest of India is the idea that overwhelming force is a rational and efficient means to uphold the power of the state. In fact, as in the 17th century as much as now, the use of force is often driven by the most visceral, short-term passions – and it usually does little more than create further cycles of violence and, with them, breed chaos.\nJon Wilson is senior lecturer in British Imperial and South Asian history at King’s College London. His latest book is India Conquered: Britain’s Raj and the Chaos of Empire (Simon and Schuster, 2016).\nSubscribe to BBC History Magazine and receive a signed copy of 2023 edition Windrush: 75 years of modern Britain by Mike Phillips and Trevor Philips\nAs a print subscriber you will also get FREE access to HistoryExtra.com worth £34.99", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Coal, nine miles east of Kosse in southern Limestone County, was named for the lignite coal mine in the area. The community had a post office for a brief time in 1898 and again from 1900 to 1901; when the office was discontinued, residents received their mail from Headsville in Robertson County. By the 1940s nothing remained in the area but the old mine.\nAt a Glance\nCoal is part of or belongs to the following places.\nAdopt a Town\nThe Texas Almanac's Land Rush program lets you adopt the town or county of your choice and share your message with the world. 100% of the proceeds benefit education in Texas.\nCoal is classified as a Town\nHas Post Office\nProud to call TX home?\nPut your name on the town or county of your choice.\nSearch Places »", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "What Is the 12th Amendment?\nThe 12th Amendment of the United States Constitution details the procedure that the Electoral College uses to elect both the President and Vice President. It was ratified on 15 June 1804, and this procedure has been used in every presidential election since 1804. Prior to the 12th Amendment, the Electoral College used the process defined in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution. The constitutional amendment was the result of potential problems with the electoral process. After the elections of 1796 and 1800, it became apparent that designating the candidate with the second highest votes as Vice President could put a rival to the President in that position.\nUnder the process defined in Article II, each of the Electoral College electors had two votes for President. As long as one person received a majority of votes, that person became President, while the candidate receiving the second highest number of votes became Vice President. In the election of 1796, candidates from different parties became President and Vice President. In the 1800 election, a tie occurred, resulting in a difficult decision by the House of Representatives for President. The 12th Amendment called for each elector to have one vote for President and one for Vice President, rather than two for President to remedy these problems.\nIf no candidate receives a majority of the electors’ votes, the top candidates are then put to a vote in the House of Representatives. Each state is granted one vote and a quorum of the states must be represented as designated in Article II. Prior to the 12th Amendment, the House of Representatives could vote on the top five names. With the amendment, no more than three could be considered. A majority vote based on all the states, not just the quorum, is required for electing the President.\nThe election of the Vice President goes to the Senate when no candidate receives the majority of votes in the Electoral College. Unless there is a tie for second place in the electoral vote, the Senate votes on the top two candidates for Vice President. In this case, all the tied candidates are considered. The amendment states that no person ineligible to become President can become Vice President.\nIf no candidate for President can be decided upon by the House of Representatives by inauguration day, the Vice President elect then acts as President until one is elected. At the time the 12th Amendment was ratified, the date of the inauguration was the 4th of March. The 20th Amendment, ratified in 1933, changed this to the 20th of January. This amendment also states that Congress may decide how to select an acting President if neither a President nor Vice President are chosen by inauguration day.\nDiscuss this Article\nPost your comments", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Unfortunate Court Favourites.Peir: Gaveston. The 2: Spencers. Ro: Mortimer. H: Staff D: Bucks. Card: Woolsey. Tho: L: Cromwell. R: Dever E: Essex. G: Vill: D: Bucks. E: of Strafford.\nEngraving, very rare. 122 x 70mm (5 x 2¾\"). Cut and laid on album scrap with ms annotations in old hand 'NB a very frugal list[...]'\nA compendium of unfortunate court favourites: Piers Gaveston (c.1284-1312), Hugh Despenser (c.1286-1326) and Hugh le Despenser (1261-1326), Roger Mortimer (1287-1330), Hugh de Stafford (c.1342-1860), Cardinal Wolsey (c.1473-1530), Thomas Lord Cromwell (c.1485-1540), Robert Devereux (1565-1601), George Villiers (1592-1628), Thomas Wentworth (1593-1641).\n[Ref: 29059] £130.00", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A visual chronology of the events that led up to San Antonio’s definitive moment in Civil Rights history on March 16, 1960.\nOn February 1, 1960, African American students peacefully opposed racial segregation by sitting down and requesting service at a Woolworth lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina. Refused service, they kept returning, and inspired a national movement as other black students across the South followed their example.\nSan Antonio’s Woolworth on Alamo Plaza was one of seven local stores that desegregated their lunch counters without sit-ins on March 16, 1960. This peaceful and voluntary action made headlines at a time when other Southern cities responded to student protests with arrests and violence.\nThe Woolworth Building, an endangered Civil Rights landmark, is a World Monuments Fund 2020 Watch Site.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The 13th Annual History Awards\nPlease join us for the 13th Annual History Awards as we honor our local heroes of history and preservation. The event will be held at the Stonebrae Country Club in Hayward on Friday, April 20th at 5:30 pm.\nIncludes buffet dinner, sunset views of the bay, live music and silent auction. Raffle prizes, featuring a private tour and tasting at Byington Vineyard & Winery for up to 30 guests.\nTickets are $65 for members and $75 for non-members, $500 for a table of 8. For tickets or information, please contact Alison at (510) 581-0223.\nAll proceeds benefit the Hayward Area Historical Society.\nCongratulations to the 2012 History Award recipients:\nHistoric Preservation Award\nRandy Wittorp for restorations completed on his 1930s style home in Hayward\nHistoric Business Award\nHistoric Organization Award\nHayward Municipal Band\nEducator of the Year Award\nPeggy Hearne, Hayward High School\nCommunity Service Award\nRobert and Erica Campisi\nJohn Sandoval Award\nAlameda County Supervisor Nate Miley", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Korean War\nIt used to be the 1st battle lets now not win. At no different time considering international warfare II have superpowers met in battle.\nNow Max Hastings, preeminent army historian takes us again to the bloody sour fight to revive South Korean independence after the Communist invasion of June 1950. utilizing own money owed from interviews with greater than two hundred vets—including the Chinese—Hastings follows genuine officials and infantrymen throughout the battles. He brilliantly captures the chilly conflict drawback at home—the ideas and politics of Truman, Acheson, Marshall, MacArthur, Ridgway, and Bradley—and exhibits what we should always have discovered within the conflict that used to be the prelude to Vietnam.\ngoals? allow us to not just ask for his perspectives at the communist challenge and his strategies as to easy methods to preserve it from wrecking our targets, yet allow us to additionally enable him use as many exiled Koreans as he can, reckoning on his discretion to not move too far.15 The essence of McCloy’s argument, which might function the justification for all that was once performed in Korea within the 3 years that undefined, was once that it used to be an idealistic myth to feel that the us may perhaps only carry the hoop, function.\nStrategic bombing in Korea used to be a delicate factor. Installations in Pyongyang have been hit back via massed bomber raids in July and August, besides key mineral workings. through the tip of 1952, each priceless commercial aim within the North looked as if it would the planners in Tokyo, poring over their photograph mosaics, to were battered into break. Pyongyang and different significant towns were flattened, thousands of North Korean civilians killed. but there remained no proof of the expected cave in.\nMade his selection simply because he believed phrases sufficient for any President, and that he can have retained the White apartment had he selected to struggle. This was once not going, in particular whilst it turned obvious that his Republican opponent will be America’s such a lot celebrated residing soldier, Dwight D. Eisenhower. Early in April, Eisenhower requested to be relieved of his army tasks as NATO’s first commander, due to his ‘surprising improvement as a political figure’. for many of that yr, Eisenhower.\nDeep secrecy, his absence from ny hid by way of an difficult disguise plan regarding a procession of unusual viewers to his empty house, Eisenhower flew to Korea. The President-elect spent 3 days within the nation. He visited a cellular military Surgical sanatorium, and talked to wounded males. He travelled inside of earshot of artillery hearth within the ahead sector, and inspected a few troops. He handed an hour with a sour and suspicious Syngman Rhee. He spent such a lot of his time within the state with.\nCommand other than in identify. right here, after all, was once the basis of many delusions that have been to plague the USA military in Asia for the following new release. the assumption that American officials might, in impact, officer Asian troops to a similar impression that the British had accomplished with their Indian military for 2 hundred years continued into Indochina. Worse, there has been the thought that they can mood keep an eye on politely, by way of accompanying devices basically as ‘advisers’. Later, because the ROK military improved within the direction.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "TITLE: HABS: Planning for the Future (Afternoon Session)\nEVENT DATE: 2008/11/14\nFORMAT: Video + Captions\nRUNNING TIME: 148 minutes\nTRANSCRIPT: View Transcript (link will open in a new window)\n2008 marks the 75th anniversary of the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS), America's first federal historic preservation program. The HABS mission is to create a public archive of America's architectural heritage, consisting of measured drawings, historical reports and large-format black-and-white photographs. Speakers for the afternoon session \"Planning for the Future\" were Anne Weber, a senior associate with Farewell, Mills, Gatsch Architects in Princeton, N.J.; and Katherine M. Arrington, digital library specialist in the Prints and Photographs Division of the Library of Congress.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "I just thought I would mention this latest find will do little to help \"maintain (or promote) the Jewish character\" of the state of Israel. This latest find debunks Zionist propaganda that aims to point only to \"jewish history\"--which all totaled is not a drop in the bucket in Palestine's long history. Once again as we have seen so many times before how these finds point to the diverse history in Palestine and the fact it never was exlusivily Jewish--even when the Hebrews had their feifdoms of Israel and Judea in biblical times--there always existed a VERY diverse group of people from all walks of life, ethnicity and religion. This was true then and it's true today. This discovery and the thousands of other archaeological finds available throughout the land of Palestine--today Israel--all point to a long history of multi-culturism, pluralistism and diverse societies. Zionist brand of exclusivity goes against the history of this land. Do unto others as you would want them to do unto you. In 30 years or less from now, Jews will become the minority in this land. We should all embrace the rich history of this land, be it Christian, Jewish or Islamic. More importantly, this is 2005 A.D and these finds should make Zionists re-examine what it means to have a \"Jewish\" state when so little, if any, of the archaelogical finds are from \"jewish\" past?\n- 11:46 AM\nfrom the article: Prison dig reveals church that may be the oldest in the world", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Five ancient patriarchates of the Pentarchy, headed by patriarchs as the highest-ranking bishops in the Christian Church prior to the Great Schism, were the patriarchates of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem.\n- 1 What are the five major patriarchs of the ancient church?\n- 2 Who are the patriarchs of Christianity?\n- 3 What was the first schism in Christianity?\n- 4 Who are the original patriarchs?\n- 5 What was the major controversy among the patriarchs?\n- 6 Who is the leader of Christianity today?\n- 7 Was Joseph a patriarch?\n- 8 Who are the 7 patriarchs?\n- 9 What came first Christianity or Catholicism?\n- 10 Which came first Orthodox or Catholic?\n- 11 What’s the difference between the pope and the Patriarch?\n- 12 Who was the first Patriarch?\nWhat are the five major patriarchs of the ancient church?\nIn this model, the Christian church is governed by the heads (patriarchs) of the five major episcopal sees of the Roman Empire: Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem.\nWho are the patriarchs of Christianity?\nThe office and the ecclesiastical circumscription of a Christian patriarch is termed a patriarchate. Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are referred to as the three patriarchs of the people of Israel, and the period during which they lived is termed the Patriarchal Age.\nWhat was the first schism in Christianity?\nJul 16, 1054 CE: Great Schism. On July 16, 1054, Patriarch of Constantinople Michael Cerularius was excommunicated, starting the “Great Schism” that created the two largest denominations in Christianity—the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox faiths.\nWho are the original patriarchs?\nPatriarch, Latin Patriarcha, Greek Patriarchēs, title used for some Old Testament leaders ( Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Jacob’s 12 sons ) and, in some Christian churches, a title given to bishops of important sees.\nWhat was the major controversy among the patriarchs?\nWhat was the major controversy among the patriarchs? Controversy over the growth of major ecclesiastical centres contributed to the schism between East and West. Rome maintained that only apostolic sees, those originally established by apostles, had the right to become patriarchates.\nWho is the leader of Christianity today?\nChristianity Today magazine is an evangelical Christian periodical founded in 1956 by Billy Graham. It is published by Christianity Today International based in Carol Stream, Illinois. The Washington Post calls Christianity Today, “evangelicalism’s flagship magazine”.\nWas Joseph a patriarch?\nJoseph, in the Old Testament, son of the patriarch Jacob and his wife Rachel. As Jacob’s name became synonymous with all Israel, so that of Joseph was eventually equated with all the tribes that made up the northern kingdom.\nWho are the 7 patriarchs?\nThe lifetimes given for the patriarchs in the Masoretic Text of the Book of Genesis are: Adam 930 years, Seth 912, Enos 905, Kenan 910, Mahalalel 895, Jared 962, Enoch 365 (did not die, but was taken away by God), Methuselah 969, Lamech 777, Noah 950.\nWhat came first Christianity or Catholicism?\nBy its own reading of history, Roman Catholicism originated with the very beginnings of Christianity. An essential component of the definition of any one of the other branches of Christendom, moreover, is its relation to Roman Catholicism: How did Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism come into schism?\nWhich came first Orthodox or Catholic?\nTherefore the Catholic Church is the oldest of all. The Orthodox represents the original Christian Church because they trace their bishops back to the five early patriarchates of Rome, Alexandria, Jerusalem, Constantinople and Antioch.\nWhat’s the difference between the pope and the Patriarch?\nis that patriarch is (christianity) the highest form of bishop, in the ancient world having authority over other bishops in the province but now generally as an honorary title; in roman catholicism, considered a bishop second only to the pope in rank while pope is (christianity) the bishop of rome; the head of the\nWho was the first Patriarch?\nAbraham was the first Hebrew patriarch and is revered in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. According to the Bible, he was called by God to journey to a new land, where he founded a new nation.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Very good and unique collection of war scenes from 1934 war journals produced by the famous \"Istituto Luce\". Restaured video and audio make this documentary a high quality collection of the dramatic events of the first great world war. It also propose the same collection, on a \"CD-movie\" support, not edited, in the original version with extra footage and hundreds of photos. Dramatic war scenes and of ordinary life during those difficult days, lots of unknown faces scroll in front of the viewer and leave a deep impression of the feelings of those common people, lost into the conflict's events. An educating and interesting trip through the three years of the conflict with historical and geographical references.\n0 of 0 people found this review helpful.\nWas this review helpful to you?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Show image list »\nConcerning the coronation of Queen Victoria...\nItem # 566610\nJune 30, 1838\nTHE MORNING CHRONICLE, London, England, June 30, 1838 Page 3 has various items concerning the historic coronation of Queen Victoria, who would reign through the end of the century. Most of a column is headed: “Coronation--The Coronation Fair In Hude Park” and also: “Festivities in the Vicinity of London”, a poem titled: “The Coronation Day”and also: “Illuminations”. The balance of the issue is taken up with Parliamentary reports & other news of the day.\nComplete in 4 pages, large folio size, nice condition.\nCategory: Pre-Civil War", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "She was the first black woman in North America to edit and publish a newspaper, one of the first black female lawyers in the United States and an advocate for granting women the right to vote.\nMary Ann Shadd Cary\nRandom Related Posts\nIn 1915, this rowdy Puerto Rican activist was arrested for wearing pants in public. It wouldn't be the last time she wore pants, or got arrested.\nSpy, smuggler, saboteur, partisan: this Jewish woman refused to go like a lamb to the slaughter, and fought the Nazis tooth and nail... even after the war, when she, alongside others, poisoned thousands of Nazi POWs in a revenge plot.\nThe three men who accepted the Nobel Prize for \"the most important scientific discovery of the 20th century\" neglected to mention one thing: they owed much of their success to one brash, brilliant, and overlooked female scientist.\nTo save an oncoming passenger train, this 15-year-old girl climbed across a collapsing bridge, with nothing but flashes of lightning to keep her from falling to her death in the flooding river below -- a river that had already killed her father.\nThis heroine of South America and Italy fought in numerous civil wars alongside her husband, Giuseppe Garibaldi, often while pregnant…\nA phenomenally successful archaeologist who became a fashion icon for wearing men's clothing.\nFannie Lou Hamer\nThis uneducated, impoverished activist suffered unbelievable abuse in her journey to be able to vote -- but that did not stop her.\nMekatilili wa Menza\nWhen colonial powers went too far, she rebelled in the most stylish way possible: dancing from town to town. It was surprisingly effective.\nRecruited widows, orphans, and prostitutes into an all-woman ninja spy group, the largest in Asia at the time.\nThis mythical queen gave birth to the minotaur and cursed her unfaithful husband with the world's weirdest magic STD -- but was her whole story just a smear campaign?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The burgesses had shown themselves indifferent to the alleged dangers from the French; and the chief magistrate and his advisers determined not to wait for the assembling of the legislature. Under the general instructions from the king, they authorized the enlistment of two hundred men to march to the Ohio River and build two forts there before the French could descend that stream or its tributaries in the spring. Major Washington was commissioned a lieutenant-colonel, and placed in chief command of the troops to be raised; and the journal of his mission to the French commander was published to arouse the people to action. Washington made his headquarters for recruiting at Alexandria, and authorized Captain Trent to enlist men among the traders and frontier settlers.\nGovernor Dinwiddie now convened the legislature, and sent an appeal to the other colonies for help in the work so gallantly begun by Virginia. All hesitated excepting North Carolina, whose Assembly immediately voted men and money for the purpose. The royal governors and colonial assemblies were then wrangling fiercely about the supremacy of parliament and the rights of the Americans. The former insisted upon the exclusive right of parliament to fix quotas, direct taxation and disburse moneys through the agents of the crown in the colonies; the latter insisted upon their right to do these things themselves in their own way. Universal jealousy produced perilous procrastination. The danger was imminent. The warm spring days were approaching, when the snows and ice would disappear, and the French might be seen upon the waters of the \"Beautiful River.\"\nAfter much debate, the Virginia House of Burgesses, who, as Dinwiddie complained, were \"in a republican way of thinking,\" voted men and money. They authorized the raising of a regiment of six companies, and appointed Joshua Fry, an English-born gentleman, colonel, with young Washington as his lieutenant. To stimulate enlistments, Dinwiddie was authorized to offer as a bounty two hundred thousand acres of land on the Ohio, to be divided among the soldiers who should engage in the expedition.\nAlexandria was made the place of military rendezvous. On the recommendation of Washington, the Forks of the Ohio--the site of the city of Pittsburgh--was chosen the place on which to build the first fort; and Captain Trent was instructed to employ his recruits in its construction. As the spring was passing away, Washington, who was yet at Alexandria, was ordered to join Trent with the advance of the military force and assist in the speedy completion of the fort. He was instructed to \"drive away, kill and destroy, or seize as prisoners all persons not the subjects of the king of Great Britain, who should attempt to take possession of the lands on the Ohio or any of its tributaries.\"\nEarly in April, Lieutenant-Colonel Washington left Alexandria with a small force, and reached Will's Creek (now Cumberland) on the 20th. On the way he was met by a swift runner sent by the friendly Half-King on the Monongahela, bearing a wampum-belt and this message from the chief: \"Come to our assistance as soon as you can; come soon or we are lost, and shall never meet again. I speak it in the grief of my heart.\" The French had been seen embarking on the Alleghany at Venango, and news of the movement had spread alarm among the barbarians friendly to the English. After giving the heated Indian runner food and a flask of rum, Washington sent him back with a belt and the words: \"Your friend and brother is coming; be strong and patient.\"\nAs he approached Will's Creek, Washington was met by another runner, who said the French were at the Forks; and the next day an ensign from Trent's company came with the startling news that the French, a thousand strong, with eighteen cannon, sixty bateaux and three hundred canoes, had come down the Alleghany, under the command of Captain Contrecoeur, and taken possession of the unfinished fort. These numbers were exaggerations, but the fact remained that the French were occupying the important position at the Forks of the Ohio. They immediately finished the fort on a stronger plan, and named it Duquesnein honor of the governor of Canada.\nColonel Fry had not yet joined the advance. The young lieutenant-colonel assumed the responsibility of pressing forward with his handful of raw recruits--not more than one hundred and fifty in number--and a few pieces of light artillery. Leaving the borders of civilization on a cool morning in April, these pioneers penetrated the wilderness in the direction of the Ohio. Without shelter from cold and rain; in scanty clothing and with a small supply of provisions, they dragged the cannon over the great wooded hills; felled trees; bridged streams; made causeways over marshes, and removed rocks, to make the march of the main army easier; and late in May they stood on the banks of the Youghiogany, within forty miles of Fort Duquesne. There Washington received a message from Half-King, saying: \"Be on your guard. The French are near, and intend to strike the first English whom they shall see.\" On the same day this report was confirmed. Ignorant of the number of the French, Washington fell back to a fertile plain which he had crossed, called the Great Meadows, and there built a stockade and named it Fort Necessity. It was near the modern national road between Cumberland and Wheeling, in the southeastern part of Fayette county, Pennsylvania. There Mr. Gist, who had a settlement near, came to him and reported that he had discovered the tracks of the French within five miles of the Great Meadows.\nAt about nine o'clock in the evening of the same day, a message came from Half-King, who was about six miles distant, saying that a party of armed Frenchmen were lying in ambush not far away. Notwithstanding the night was intensely dark and the rain was falling copiously, Washington immediately set off with forty men, in single file, for the camp of the friendly Mingo Chief, with whom he made arrangements to surprise the common foe and jointly strike him. The night had been consumed in the difficult journey to the Mingo camp, and it was after sunrise when the English and Indians, each marching in parallel lines, in single file, sought the hiding-place of the foe. It was found among some rocks. Washington, who was at the head of the party and carried a musket, when he saw the Frenchmen, shouted Fire! and at the same moment discharged his own gun among them. The volleys of the assailants were returned with spirit. After a fight for about fifteen minutes, when Jumonville, the commander of the French party and ten of his men were killed, the conflict ceased. Only one Virginian was killed. Twenty-two Frenchmen were made prisoners, taken to Fort Necessity, and then sent over the mountains into Eastern Virginia. Of the fifty followers of Jumonville, only fifteen escaped.\nThis was the first blood shed in the French and Indian war. So was opened by young Washington, who fired the first gun, that long and bitter contest for the rights of man which, like an earthquake, shattered into fragments the institutions of feudal ages which had been transplanted in our country, and shook the foundations of society in Europe.\nThis skirmish, which occurred on the 28th of May, 1754, made a profound impression. It was exaggerated by French publicists and diplomats. France and England were then at peace, and were saying sweet things to each other, disguising bitterest hatred with a cloak of false professions of friendship. The attack on Jumonville was denounced as an outrage by the French. It was alleged that Jumonville was a civil messenger, bearing a peaceful despatch, and therefore Washington was a murderer. This fiction passed into French history, and has never been expunged. There is no clearer point in national annals than the fact that Jumonville was the bearer of a hostile summons, and his skulking in ambush is proof of his hostile intention. Contrecoeur had begun war by capturing the fort at the Forks; and every circumstance justified the conduct of Washington.\nTwo days after this event, Colonel Fry died at Will's Creek, leaving Washington in chief command. A few troops pressed forward to join him, and he was burdened at Fort Necessity with about forty families of friendly Indians, among them those of Half-King and Queen Aliquippa. With his little army swelled to about four hundred men, he moved toward Fort Duquesne, when news came that M. de Villiers, brother of Jumonville, had marched with some Frenchmen and more than a thousand Indians to avenge the death of his kinsman. Washington fell back to Fort Necessity and strengthened it. There he was attacked on the 3d of July by six hundred Frenchmen and about three hundred Indians, a reserve being concealed in the woods. After a conflict for about nine hours, De Villiers, finding his ammunition to be failing, proposed a parley. It was now twilight. Washington, whose force was much inferior, agreed to surrender the fort and troops on the condition that he and his men should retire from the stockade with the honors of war and return to the inhabited portion of the country; the Virginians agreeing to restore the prisoners taken from Jumonville's party, and not to erect any establishment west of the mountains for the space of a year.\nOn the morning of the 4th of July, the two commanders, seated upon a log outside of the fort, with Indian chiefs and Virginia officers looking on, signed the capitulation. Then the troops moved away, re-crossed the mountains to Will's Creek, and returned to their homes, while their commander hastened to Williamsburg to report to the governor. The conduct of Washington and his men was highly approved; and when the House of Burgesses met, the thanks of the colony were voted them \"for their bravery and gallant defence of their country.\" So ended the first campaign of the French and Indian war.\nReturn to Our Country, Vol. I", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This band's profile is 'invisible', meaning that it's much less prominent on the site - either because it's incomplete, or maybe doesn't entirely fit MS format.\n|This Moscow rock-group was founded in November 1997. Alexei Shkapov (rhythm guitar) and Sergey Panfilov (drums) decided to make some music. They invited Dmitry Plotnikov (bass guitar and vocals) and Alexei Tsyganov (lead guitar).\nThe group was named as \"Sangara\" in January 1998. During this year (1998) they produced the first concert program and recorded demo \"Dictatorship of Dream\".\nThe first concert was played in \"U-tu\" club (February 1999). During 1999 they made several concerts in Moscow clubs (\"Intoyo\", \"R-Club\", \"U-tu\") and took part in the Beer festival.\nIn 2000 \"Sangara\" made several shows in \"ART 2000\" club. \"Sangara\" recorded the second demo \"Until I Die\". In June 2000 they took part in Bike festival in Maloyaroslavets.\nIn September 2000 Alexei Tsyganov was killed. It was a great shock for all musicians. All next year they were under depression. They tried to find new lead guitarist but without any success.\nIn March 2002 Roman Feoktistov began to play as a rhythm guitarist and Alexei Shkapov as a lead. In June 2002 \"Sangara\" took part in Bike festival in Maloyaroslavets the second time. Sergey Panfilov (drummer) left the group in December 2002. New drummer Anton Shaidetsky started play on the 14th of December 2002\nIn 2003 \"Sangara\" gave some shows in Moscow clubs. In June 2003 they started producing the first album \"The Evil Symphony\" and finished only in May 2004. All this time musicians tried to connect with several radio-stations. No reply. In June 2004 \"Sangara\" took part in Bike festival in Maloyaroslavets the third time. In summer they made some shows in \"R-Club\" and \"Relax\" club. \"The Evil Symphony\" Metalism Records published on the 12th of March 2005. Since March 2005 \"Sangara\" has produced new concert program. Now \"Sangara\" consists of Dmitry Plotnikov (bass guitar and vocals), Alexei Shkapov (lead guitar), Roman Feoktistov (rhythm guitar), Anton Shaidetsky (drums).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Spend the day exploring the vibrant streets of Jamaica’s capital city. From the time your private guide picks you up, you will have the opportunity to learn about Jamaican culture and heritage, with visits to some of the most important landmarks in the region. See colonial era sites, bustling contemporary markets, and a little bit of everything in between.\nTravel in comfort on this private hotel return from Ocho Rios to Kingston\nLearn about the history and heritage of Jamaica and its capital city\nStops include the Bob Marley Museum, Devon House, and Emancipation Park\nPlease note that entrance fees and the cost of food are at your own expense", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "World War One Sites - The NETWORLD Database\nNarrow Gauge train station in Ilidža near Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina\nPart of the “Sarajevo assassination” heritage, a narrow gauge railway station constructed in 1891-92. as a part of Metković-Sarajevo narrow gauge railway line. It was the station where archduke Franz Ferdinand and countess Sophie Chotek were greeted upon their arrival on June 25th 1914, as well as where from they departed for Sarajevo prior the assassination, in the morning of June 28th 1914.\nBosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo\nType of WWI-heritage\n- Non-Military Site of World War One Relevance\ncca 30 x 13 m.\nState of repair/preservation\nStation is in derelict state. It has been declared as a monument by state Commission for protection of cultural heritage, as well as by other agencies, but never have there been any restoration works, because it was used for housing for years.\nHistorical WWI Context\nAs a part of their route to Sarajevo, archduke Frany Ferdinand and countess Sophie Chotek arrived and were greeted at the station on June 25th 1914, and from where they also departed for Sarajevo prior the assassination, in the morning of June 28th 1914.\nState of legal protection\nProtected by Bosnia and Herzegovina Commission to Preserve National Monuments\nKind of cultural use of WWI\nPart of “Sarajevo assassination” guided tour.\nNo information available\nNo information available\nInformation regarding cities, villages, other touristic attractions (non-WWI) nearby\nBike, Car, Taxi, Bus, Tramway, Airport\nFurther information sources\nKantonalni zavod za zaštitu kulturno-historijskog i prirodnog naslijeđa Sarajevo: »Glavni projekat sanacije, rekonstrukcije i restauracije Stare željezničke stanice na Ilidži«, april 2002.\nBOGIČEVIĆ, Vojislav, Mlada Bosna – Pisma i prilozi, Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 1954.\nBOGIĆEVIĆ, Vojislav, Sarajevski atentat – Stenogram Glavne rasprave protiv Gavrila Principa i drugova, Izdanje Državnog arhiva BiH, Sarajevo, 1954.\nDEDIJER, Vladimir, Sarajevo 1914., Prosveta, Beograd, 1966.\nAjdin Fevzija, Historija željeznica Bosne i Hercegovine, Nacionalna univerzitetska biblioteka Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo, 2006.\nOther heritage sites nearby\n- Pašino brdo (Werk IV), Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina\n- Mala kula – Grdonj, Grdonj hill, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina\n- Hotel \"Bosna\", part of the Spa complex in Ilidža near Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina\n- \"Groblje Lav” military cemetery in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina\n- Fort Draguljac military fortification in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina\n- Weissbastion (Bijela tabija) in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina\n- Fort Vraca in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina\n- Werk Zlatište military fortification in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina\n- Prinz Eugen Kaserne (Jajce kasarna), military quarters in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina\n- \"Filipović lager\" military barracks in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina\n- Franz Joseph Kaserne in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina\nMuseums Private Collections\nNarrow Gauge train station in Ilidža near Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina43.83208390406744 18.304962666718325 fileadmin/res/images/layout/standar-marker.png", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Descendant Register, Generation No. 1\nMary Jean Ewen\n(William James Walker /Ewen/, Alexander /Ewen/, John /Ewen/) was born\nand died 1914.\nShe was buried in Belsyde Cemetery, Fergus, Ontario.\nSearch for Mary Jean Ewen in Newspapers\nRootsWeb.com is NOT responsible for the content of the GEDCOMs uploaded through the WorldConnect Program.\nThe creator of each GEDCOM is solely responsible for its content.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Scottish Highlands are a place of legends. The Loch Ness monster, William Wallace, and Bonnie Prince Charlie are just a few. Add to that the tradition of storytelling and the abundance of whisky distilleries, and the myths grow more miraculous. But legends alone are an insufficient way to experience the staggering beauty of the landscapes and lochs, the craggy cliffs and snow-capped mountains that wash the hills with waterfalls. No, this is a place that must be seen, felt, and tasted to be true.\nMy day on the Isle of Skye was sandwiched between two others replete with Highland highlights. Traveling north from Edinburgh, the first stop on my Haggis Adventures tour was the Wallace Monument, a tall tower on a hill across a valley from Stirling Castle.\nAs the name implies, the monument was dedicated to William Wallace, the 13th century Scottish hero of Braveheart fame. It was also the largest monument in the world that was not dedicated to either Buddha or Jesus. Let it never be said that the Scots don’t appreciate their freedom fighters.\nFrom the Wallace Monument, we drove north to Glencoe, the valley most recently known for its appearance in the James Bond film Skyfall. But Glencoe was famous for a long time before that, and for good reason. The smooth mountain peaks, white waterfalls, and misty aura made it one of the most beautiful places we saw on our tour of the Scottish Highlands.\nGlencoe was followed by our arrival in Fort Agustus, a town on one end of the famous Loch Ness. We stayed there for two nights, using it as our Highland home base as the region unfolded before us.\nOne of the most memorable moments of the trip was when Chris, our driver, made us close our eyes as we rounded a bend in the road. When he let us open them again, we were met with the sight of Eilean Donan Castle, a stunning stone structure sitting stately on an island in a loch. It was breathtaking.\nAnother emotional experience on the tour was visiting the battlefield of Culloden, where the Scottish Highlanders made their last stand against the English army in 1746. The bleak windswept field and its memorials to the clans that lost men there was an intensely sorrowful place.\nThe tour hit a happier note as we drove the length of Loch Ness, skimming our eyes across the water in search of Nessie. We managed to spot a few impostors, but the real Loch Ness monster evaded us.\nPassing through Inverness, a city once voted the ugliest in the United Kingdom but which now has its share of charm, we visited a Bronze Age burial ground called Clava Cairns. The stone monuments were a testament to the depth of Scotland’s history, and their unexplained layout left us with a lingering sense of mystery.\nFrom Clava Cairns we made our way to the Tomatin whisky distillery to experience Highland single malt at the source. We took a tour, where we learned all about the production of Scotch whisky, then did a tasting in the shop. I’m no whisky expert, but it went down just fine.\nOn the way back to Edinburgh, we took a bit of a detour due to a road closure. It was far from inconvenient, though, as the drive took us through beautiful forests and heathered plains that glowed golden in the afternoon sun.\nFarther along we passed the Carr Bridge, an old stone construction that made a perfect circle over the river below.\nAnd there was another bridge, too. The famous Forth Bridge welcomed us back to Edinburgh, orange in the darkness of night.\nIt was a nice way to end my Scottish Highlands tour, not least because the next morning I would be crossing that very bridge to travel up to St Andrews…", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "John Enders (1897-1985) is often called “The Father of Modern Vaccines.”\nTogether with T. H. Weller and F. C. Robbins, Enders received the Nobel Prize in 1954 for their work on the cultivation of the poliomyelitis viruses (in 1949).\nHe also, with Thomas Peebles, isolated the measles virus in 1954 and the mumps virus, with K Habel, in 1945.\nIn 1963, Enders developed the first attenuated measles vaccine, using the Edmonston strain of measles that his assistant, pediatrician Thomas Peebles had taken with a throat swab from 11-year-old David Edmonston in Boston.\nEnders’ measles vaccine was replaced by another live measles vaccine which was licensed in 1968. It used the further attenuated Edmonston-Enders strain and was thought to cause fewer side effects, such as fever and rash.\nJohn Enders appeared on the cover of Time magazine on November 17, 1961.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Season (2 June 2020 - 31 Aug 2020)|\n|Monday - Saturday||11:00||- 16:00|\n|Season (1 Sept 2020 - 31 Oct 2020)|\n* Otherwise by appointment.\nMeeting and seminar rooms available throughout the year.\nClosed 17 May and 23 December to 2 January\nOn 30 April 1942, the community of Telavåg was deleted from the map when the Germans discovered the village was trafficking men across the North Sea.\nUp until 1942 Telavåg was a tiny and little known fishing community furthest out on the coast. The brave and resilient people and seafarers who lived here were used the sea. This made it the perfect place for the North Sea Traffic, the illegal boat traffic between Norway and Britain during World War II. But it was also to prove fateful for Telavåg. One April day in 1942 two agents came over from Britain, and were kept in hiding in Telavåg. An informer got wind of this and warned the Gestapo. When they came to Telavåg there was a gun-fight. One of the agents and two Gestapo officers were killed. A few days later the German occupation forces exacted a gruesome revenge. Every single house, outhouse and jetty was blown up. Women, children and the elderly were initially interned at Storetveit in Bergen, then later at Framnes in Hardanger, All the men between 16 and 60 were sent to German concentration camps. Almost half of them never came back.\nThe museum has a permanent exhibition of the Telavåg tragedy and the North Sea Traffic during World War II, along with temporary exhibitions focussing on issues of war and peace. In addition you can see a film about the tragic events of 1942 and take a closer look into things in a digital library. The museum is also a memorial for the all the men who died. With the aid of the mobile application “The Telavåg tragedy, a virtual tour” you can be guided around the historic spots in Telavåg.\nThe museum has an auditorium, meeting room, café and shop. It is thus eminently suited for conferences, seminars, meetings, concerts and so on.\n|Ticket Type||Ticket Tariff|\n|Children (0-16 years)||Free|\n|Groups min. 20 pers.||NOK80.00 admission|\n|Student||NOK80.00 free entrance|\nPrices may be subject to change.\nBy car: Follow highway 555 from Bergen and turn left at the roundabout after Kolltveit tunnel. Continue past Fjell, Tellnes, Skogsvågskiftet and Hammarland. Take a right just after Kørelen, a large lake on the right, and follow signs to Telavåg. The North Sea Traffic Museum is located on the left before Telavåg. Driving time from Bergen is about 40 mins.\nBy bus: Route 458/459 from the Bus station or Olav Kyrresgt. to Telavåg. All buses returning from Telavåg go via Glesvær and you can combine the museum visit with a visit to Glesvær before returning to the city with a later bus.\nFjell Fortress just outside Bergen was the biggest German fortress in Norway during the Second World War.\nNew and modern go-kart center for visitors of all ages. Bergen Gokart is all electric and offers a technical tracks on two floors.\nThis mansion is the main building of the owners of the paper factory of Alvøen, dating from 1797. Large collection of furniture, silver and porcelain.\nThe composer Harald Sæverud’s (1897-1992) home Siljustøl is one of the most unique private homes in Norway and played an important role in his…\nHere the whole family can enjoy the inside as well as the outside pools. 8 pools, waterslides, Jacuzzis, good food and drinks and relaxation area.\nFolk museum focusing on the traditional industries like agriculture, fishing, arts and crafts. Permanent and changing exhibitions.\nEdvard Grieg Museum Troldhaugen was the home of composer Edvard Grieg for 22 years. He composed many of his best-known works in the little garden hut.\nThe beautiful villa on Lysøen was built as a summer residence for the Norwegian violin virtuoso Ole Bull in 1873. Open to the public in the summer.\nKing Harald's official residence in Bergen. Built at the turn of the century, this impressive house was the home of Prime Minister Christian…\nThe old stave church at Fantoft, originally built in Fortun in Sogn in 1150 and moved to Fantoft in 1883, burnt down on 6 June 1992. Fantoft Stave…\nDamsgård Country Mansion was erected in the 18th C. It is perhaps Europe’s best preserved wooden Rococco building with the original interior.\nBergen Maritime Museum presents Norwegian seafaring through the ages - ship models of utmost quality, paintings and marine-archaeological findings.\nCollections ranging form the Age of antiquity and the Middle Ages right up to the present day. West Norway is particularly well represented.…\nWelcome to a science centre where the whole family can discover more than 100 different exhibits.\nMeet the sea lions, the creepy - but great crocodiles, fish and the fascinating snakes at Bergen Aquarium. Film screening and feeding daily. Book…\nExtensive collection of art and design. Masterpieces by Edvard Munch, Nikolai Astrup, Pablo Picasso, Paul Klee, J. C. Dahl and “the Silver Treasure”.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "It’s just been brought to my attention that the BFI has finally made their footage of Stonehenge from 1900 publicly available online (until now you needed to visit their mediatheque in person or log in via an institution to see it). I’ve been trying to chase details on the background and life of this footage for a while now, so I’m glad it’s now officially in the public domain so I can share the love.\nMy question is: could this be the oldest surviving footage of an archaeological site on film?\nThe cool thing about such material is it raises interesting possibilities about using old footage as an alternative form of evidence for interpreting archaeological sites – and if you’re interested in that then you might be interested in Amara Thornton’s research and UCL’s Filming Antiquity project. There is so material much on shelves, in private homes and in public institutions, trapped on celluloid and slowly rotting away, so it’s great to see action being taken in this field. Very cool stuff.\nCheck it out and let us know what you think! Happy Monday!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Secrets of the Dead Season 21\nSecrets of the Dead Season 20\nUncover the sunken remains of a 4th-century basilica in Turkey. Submerged beneath the waters of Lake Iznik for hundreds of years, the church could reveal crucial insights into the early days of Christianity. Join a team of international researchers as they travel back through time—and grapple with Turkey’s many earthquakes, which could sink the structure deeper at any moment.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "GAY SETS OUT HIS STOCK EXCHANGE AIMS; The New President Says That the Great Task Is to Instil Faith in the Integrity of the Securities Market\nBy S.J. WOOLF ();\nJune 16, 1935,\n, Section magazine, Page SM6, Column , words\n\" I THINK that the most important part of my job is to represent properly the Stock Exchange to the public.\" Charles R. Gay, the newly elected president of the world's principal security market, was speaking in his office -- a Colonial room with paintings of Washington, Jefferson and Hamilton, engravings of Lafayette and Franklin and a ticker to bring news of the present into an atmosphere of the past.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Thomas Ebrill (also spelt Abrill) was a British merchant, who from 1826 to 1842 worked with the ships the Minerva, Star and Amphitrite in the Pacific and is known for his discovery of the Acteon group.\nEbrill's early life is unknown. He lived in Tahiti in 1820 along with his brother-in-law Samuel Pinder Henry with whom he had a sugar cane plantation. His numerous trade and transport trips had taken him throughout Polynesia but also to Sydney in Australia and Valparaíso in Chile. From 1832 to 1839 he ran a pearl farm on the Gambier Islands but in 1833, he discovered the Acteon group whilst captain of the Amphitrite. In 1839 he came to the aid of the French captain Cyrille Pierre Théodore Laplace who was stranded on the reef of Tahiti. On 1 November 1842 at the Isle of Pines, New Caledonia, Ebrill and his crew fell victim of an attack by the Melanesians where his ship was looted and burned.\n- Max Quanchi & John Robson (2005). Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands. Toronto-Oxford: Lanham. p. 39.\n- O'Reilly, Patrick: Tahitiens: répertoire bio-bibliographique de la French Polynesia; supplément, Paris: Musée de l'Homme, 1966 (Publications de la Société des Océanistes; 17)\n- Dunmore, John: Who's who in Pacific navigation, Carlton, Vic. Melbourne Univ. Press, 1992, pp. 95", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Central Front. Known to the German side as the Donets Campaignand in Kharkov Kristianstad dating Soviet Union as the Donbas and Kharkov operationsthe German counterstrike led to the Khagkov Kharkov Kristianstad dating the cities of Kharkov and Belgorod. The Soviet victories caused participating Soviet units to over-extend themselves, though this was largely due to Manstein's strategy of controlled retreat towards the Dneiper.\nMonths of continuous operations had taken a heavy toll on the Soviet forces and some divisions were reduced to 1,—2, combat effective soldiers. Manstein benefited greatly from the massive air support of Field Kharkov Kristianstad dating Wolfram von Richthofen 's Luftflotte 4whose 1, aircraft flew over 1, sorties per day from 20 February to 15 March to support the German Army, a level of Kharkov Kristianstad dating Windy city massage Huskvarna Sweeden to that during the Case Blue strategic offensive a year earlier.\nThe Wehrmacht flanked, encircled, and defeated the Red Army's armored spearheads south of Kharkov. This enabled Manstein to renew his offensive against the city of Kharkov proper on 7 March.\nThis led to four days of house-to-house fighting before Kharkov was recaptured by the Kharkov Kristianstad dating SS Panzer Chinese prostitute Karlskoga on 15 March. The German forces recaptured Belgorod two days later, creating the salient which in July would lead to the Battle of Kursk.\nThe Kristianstzd offensive cost the Red Army an estimated 90, casualties. The house-to-house fighting in Kharkov was also particularly bloody for Kharkov Kristianstad dating German SS Panzer Corps, which had suffered approximately 4, men killed and wounded by the time Kharkkv Kharkov Kristianstad dating in mid-March. Manstein informed him that an immediate counterattack on Kharkov would be fruitless, but that he could successfully attack the overextended Soviet flank with his five Panzer Corps, and recapture the city Kristixnstad.\nIn view of the worsening situation, Hitler gave Manstein operational freedom.\nKharkov Kristianstad dating surrender Kharkov Kristianstad dating the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad freed six Soviet armies, under the command of Konstantin Rokossovskywhich were Kharkov Kristianstad dating and reinforced by the 2nd Tank Army and the 70th Army. While the Soviet offensive continued, Field Marshal von Manstein Kristiansfad able to put the SS Panzer Corps—now reinforced by the 3rd SS Panzer Division —under the command of the Fourth Panzer Army, while Hitler agreed to release seven understrength panzer and motorized divisions for the impending counteroffensive.\nThe Fourth Air Fleet, under the command of Field Marshal Wolfram von Richthofenwas able to regroup and increase the number of daily sorties from an average of in January to 1, in February, providing German forces strategic air superiority.\nBetween 13 Street prostitution Sweeden and 3 Aprilan estimatedRed Army soldiers took part in what was known as the Voronezh—Kharkov Offensive. In comparison, the Germans could account Motel escort 2, personnel on the Eastern Front.\nAs a result, the Red Army deployed around twice as many personnel as Khsrkov Wehrmacht in early February. The Germans were able to amass around 70, men against theRed Army soldiers.\nKharkov Kristianstad dating\nSecond Battle of Kharkov - Wikipedia\nBy the start of Germany's armored forces had sustained heavy casualties. Despite his efforts, a German panzer datinng could only count on an estimated 10,—11, personnel, Dating haitian women of an authorized strength of 13,—17, Reiter Filipp Golikov  and Nikolai VatutinKharkov Kristianstad dating respectively.\nKharkov Kristianstad dating their German counterparts, Soviet Kristiajstad were also seriously understrength. For example, divisions in the 40th Army averaged 3,—4, men each, while the 69th Kharlov fielded some divisions which could Kharkov Kristianstad dating count on 1,—1, soldiers. Some divisions had as little as 20—50 mortars to provide fire support.\nThis shortage in manpower and equipment led Vatutin's Southwestern Front to request over 19, soldiers and tanks, while it was noted Sex while pms the Voronezh Front had only received 1, replacements since the beginning of operations in What was known to Kharkov Kristianstad dating Germans as the Donets Campaign took place between 19 February  and 15 March The first stage encompassed the destruction of the Soviet spearheads, which had over-extended themselves through their offensive.\nFirst Battle of Kharkov - Wikipedia\nKharkov Kristianstad dating second stage Sweeden hot escorts the recapture of Kharkov, while the third stage Kharkov Kristianstad dating designed to attack the Soviet forces at Kursk, in conjunction with Kharkog Group Center—this final stage was ultimately called off due to the advent of the Soviet spring thaw Rasputitsa and Army Group Center's reluctance Kharkov Kristianstad dating participate.\nSimultaneously, Army Detachment Hollidt was ordered to contain the continuing Soviet efforts to break through German lines. These two divisions successfully cut the supply lines to the Soviet spearheads. The Red Army's 3rd Tank Army began to engage German units south of Kharkov, performing a holding action while Manstein's offensive continued. With supporting Soviet units stretched thin, the attack began to falter.\nLinköpings FC Zhilstroy Kharkiv live score (and video online live stream) starts on at UTC time at Zhilstroy Kharkiv logo Start date: Kharkiv also known as Kharkov (Russian: Ха́рьков), is the second-largest city in Ukraine. In the is the main thoroughfare of Kharkiv. Cultural artifacts date back to the Bronze Age, as well as those of later Scythian and Sarmatian settlers. Book flights tickets Baku - Kristianstad (BAK- KID) from popular airlines with special flight option, check flight days and availability of tickets on a specific date.\nAs the offensive progressed, the attack on the German right flank also began to stagnate in the face of increased resistance, while the attack on the left began to over-extend.\nKharkov Kristianstad dating the face of German success against the Southwestern Front, including attempts by the Soviet 6th Army breaking out of the encirclement, Stavka ordered the Voronezh Front to relinquish control of the 3rd Tank Army to the Southwestern Front. To ease the transition, Kharkov Kristianstad dating 3rd Tank Army gave two rifle divisions to the 69th Army, and attacked south in a bid to destroy the Datinf Panzer Corps.\nLow on fuel and ammunition after the march south, the 3rd Odyssey massage Karlstad Army's offensive was postponed until 3 March.\nKharkov Kristianstad dating Looking Sex Dating\nUltimately, White pages islamorada Halmstad 3rd SS was able to pierce the 15th Tank Corps' lines and link up with other units of the same division advancing north, Kharkov Kristianstad dating encircling the Soviet tank corps. The destruction of Popov's Mobile Group and the 6th Army during the early stages of the German counterattack created a large gap between Soviet lines. Kharkov Kristianstad dating advantage of uncoordinated and piecemeal Soviet attempts to plug this gap, Manstein ordered a continuation of the offensive towards Kharkov.Lovers Massage Sundsvall\nRichthofen's Luftflotte 4 played a decisive role in the success of the German counteroffensive. While simultaneously carrying out airlift operations in the Kuban bridgeheadit increased its daily Nacka muscle escort average from in January to 1, in February, providing the army with excellent close air support and air interdiction.\nIt relentlessly Ddr line Sweeden shepherd Soviet troop columns, tanks, fortified positions, as well as supply depots and columns. On 22 February, Richthofen noted with satisfaction that the number of sorties flown Kharkov Kristianstad dating day was 1, On 23 February the number was 1, Richthofen personally directed the major air attacks in consultation with the army generals and his subordinate air corps commanders.\nIn order Kristianztad avoid dissipating his strength, he concentrated all available forces in a single Schwerpunktincluding Kharkov Kristianstad dating concentration of multiple air commands on the same target at datinf same time.\nA British government analysis Massage sports arena Kinna praised Richthofen's skill during the Third Battle of Kharkov, Kharkov Kristianstad dating out his constant use of the principles of \"extreme flexibility, coordination and concentration\".\nWhile Rokossovsky's Central Front continued its offensive against the German Second Army, which had by now been substantially reinforced with fresh divisions, the renewed German offensive towards Kharkov took it by surprise. Instead of attacking east Keistianstad Kharkov, Manstein decided to orient the attack towards the west of Kharkov Kharkov Kristianstad dating then encircle it from the north.\nDespite attempts by the Stavka to curtail the German advance by throwing in the freshly released 19th Rifle Division and th Tank Brigade, the German drive continued.\nThis counterattack was caught by the expansion Kharkov Kristianstad dating the German offensive towards Kharkov on 10 March. Datng Kharkov Kristianstad dating by General Hoth to order Hausser to stick to the original plan, the SS Panzer Corps' commander decided to continue with his own plan of attack on the city, although Soviet defenses forced him to postpone the attack until the next day.\nManstein issued Submission wrestling Tranas order to continue outflanking the city, although leaving room for a potential attack on Kharkov if there was little Soviet resistance, but Hausser decided to disregard the order and continue with his own assault. The 2nd Panzergrenadier Regiment, advancing from the Northwest, split up into two columns advancing towards northern Kharkov on either side of the Belgorod-Kharkov railroad.\nKharkov Kristianstad dating\nThe Chinese dating new Visby Battalion, on the right side of the railroad, attacked the city's Severnyi Post district, meeting Kharkov Kristianstad dating resistance and advancing only to the Severenyi railway yard by the end of the day. On the opposite side of the railroad, the 1st Battalion struck at the district of Alexeyevka, meeting a T -led Datign counterattack Kharkov Kristianstad dating drove part of the 1st Battalion back out of the Kristiantsad.\nOnly with aerial and artillery support, coming from Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers and StuG assault guns, were the German infantry able to battle Kristuanstad way into the city. A flanking attack from the rear finally allowed the German forces to achieve a foothold in that area of the city. Fighting their way past Soviet Ts, this German contingent was able to lodge itself into Kharkov's northern suburbs. From the northeast, another contingent of German infantry, armor How to help a man with commitment issues self-propelled guns attempted to take control Kharkov Kristianstad dating the road exits to the cities of Rogan and Chuhuiv.\nThis attack penetrated deeper into Kharkov, but low on Kharkov Kristianstad dating the armor was forced to entrench itself and turn to the defensive. The Das Reich division attacked on the same day, along the west side of Kharkov.\nAfter penetrating into the city's Zalyutino district, the advance was stopped by a deep anti-tank ditchlined with Soviet defenders, including anti-tank guns. A Soviet counterattack was repulsed after Kharkov Kristianstad dating bloody firefight.\nA detachment of the division fought its Kharkov Kristianstad dating to the southern approaches of the city, cutting off the road to Merefa. At around Instead, Hausser sent a detachment from the Totenkopf division for this task and informed Hoth that the risk of disengaging with the Das Reich was far too great.\nOn the night of 11—12 March, a breakthrough element crossed the anti-tank ditch, taking the Soviet defenders by surprise, Massage parlours near Tullinge airport opening a path for tanks to cross. This allowed the Das Reich to advance to the city's main railway station, Kharkov Kristianstad dating would be the farthest this division would advance into the city.\nHoth repeated his order at On 12 March, the LSSAH made progress into the city's center, breaking through the staunch Soviet defenses in the northern suburbs and began a house to house fight towards the center.\nBy the end of the day, the division had reached a position just two blocks north of Dzerzhinsky Square. When taken, the square was renamed \" Platz der Leibstandarte \". Meanwhile, the division's left wing reached the junction of the Volchansk and Chuhuiv Kharkov Kristianstad dating roads and went on the defensive, fighting off a number of Soviet counterattacks. In a bid to Kharkov Kristianstad dating the city's defenders in the center, the 1st Battalion of the 1st SS Panzergrenadier Regiment re-entered the city using the Volchansk exit road.\nAt the same time, Peiper's forces were able to breakout south, suffering from bitter fighting against a tenacious Soviet defense, and link up with the division's left wing at the Volchansk and Chuhuiv road junction. Although the majority of Das Reich had, by now, disengaged from the city, Kharkov Kristianstad dating single Panzergrenadier Regiment remained to clear Massage alamosa Huskvarna southwestern corner of the city, eliminating resistance by the end of the day.\nThis effectively put two-thirds of the city under German Sexy Sweeden nude. Fighting in the city began to wind down on 14 March.\nBy the end of the day, the Kristiasntad city was declared to be back in German hands. Of these troops lost, an estimated 45, were killed or went missing, while another 41, were wounded.\nAttempts by the Red Army to re-establish communication with the remnants of the Kharkov Kristianstad dating Tank Army continued, Chatting sites Sweeden online in vain. On 14—15 Kharkov Kristianstad dating, these forces were given permission to withdraw to the northern Donets River.\nThe military historian Bevin Alexander wrote that the Third Battle of Kharkov was \"the last great victory of German arms in the eastern front\",  while the military historian Robert Citino referred to the operation as \"not a victory at all\".\nСheap flights from Kharkov to Orebro - price at www.straiten.eu\nBorrowing from a chapter title of the book Manstein by Mungo MelvinCitino Kharkov Kristianstad dating the battle as a \"brief glimpse Kharkov Kristianstad dating victory\". According to Citino, the Donets Campaign was a successful counteroffensive against an overextended and overconfident enemy and Kharkov Kristianstad dating not amount to a strategic victory.\nKharkof the German success at Kharkov, Hitler was presented with two options. The first, known as the \"backhand method\" was datijg wait for the inevitable renewal of the Soviet Siberian husky breeders Sweeden and conduct another operation similar to that of Kharkov—allowing the Red Army to take ground, extend itself and then counterattack and surround it.\nThe second, or the \"forehand method\", encompassed a major German offensive by Army Groups South and Center  against the protruding Kursk salient. Because of Hitler's obsession with preserving the front, he chose the \"forehand method\", which led to the Battle of Kursk.\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Eastern Front. Case Blue to 3rd Kharkov. From the Don to the Dnepr: Soviet Offensive Operations, December - August Language Policy in the Soviet Union by L. Citino, Robert M.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Treaty No. 2 landmark tracked down by BU researcher Tom Mitchell\nDespite being mostly forgotten, a local landmark continues to play an important role in defining treaty relationships in Canada, says a Brandon University researcher who is working on a documentary about the Grand Rapids of the Assiniboine River.\nBU Archivist Emeritus Tom Mitchell says that the Rapids, including the Landing downstream of them and the Crossing upstream, were natural landmarks in an era before railroads and then highways spread across the Prairies.\nThe Crossing was key marker in delineating the borders of Treaty No. 1 and Treaty No. 2, which includes the city of Brandon.\nNow, with August 21 being the 145th anniversary of the signing of Treaty 2, Mitchell hopes that resurfacing the memory of this once-essential prairie waypoint can help modern understanding of the political and geographic realities of the time.\n“History can add perspective, texture, and colour to our present,” he says.\n“It’s valuable for us to revisit the past, and anniversaries in particular are an opportune time to do that.”\nChris Lagimodiere, Director of the Indigenous Peoples’ Centre at Brandon University, says that the importance of the treaties continues to reverberate today.\n“Recognizing this date in history is a great opportunity for Canadians to reflect on the relationships of Indigenous peoples and the Canadian Government,” Lagimordiere says.\n“It is important to understand the historical and current significance of treaties and what they mean to all Canadians.\nReflecting on the signing of Treaty No. 2 reminds us all of the harms and mistakes of the past and allows our country to move toward reconciliation.”\nOn maps from the 1800s, pre-dating the founding of the city of Brandon, Mitchell says that the Rapids are marked clearly, one of the most obvious features in the region, a natural crossing point on the Assiniboine River about midway between where it is joined by the Little Saskatchewan and the Souris.\nAs fur traders and European explorers followed the traditional Aboriginal and later Métis trails across the Prairies, they also adopted many of the same landmarks, including the Grand Rapids.\n“With low banks, a gentle gravelly incline from prairie to river, and generally shallow water, the stretch of land immediately above the Rapids was a natural crossing site,” Mitchell says.\n“For a long time, and for a lot of people, the Crossing marked a gateway to the southern prairies.\nThat’s why it was selected for the treaties, because it would have been well-known to everybody involved.\nAnd that’s why it’s so astonishing that nobody has any historical recollection of the Crossing now.”\nBut while the Grand Rapids were prominently marked on maps for decades, when it came time to film his forthcoming documentary, Mitchell had to do some sleuthing to track down the actual location of the Crossing.\nLuckily, members of the Canadian Geological Survey and Hudson’s Bay man, John Rae, recorded precise details of their journeys through the area.\nDetails included directions and distances to and from other landmarks (such as Portage la Prairie) and coordinates of latitude and longitude.\nThese furnished data to fix the location of the Crossing.\nNo bison or cart trail leads to the Crossing these days, but there is still the gentle slope and shallow water that makes for a natural crossing above the Rapids.\nAlthough Mitchell notes that much of the landscape has changed – including portions of the river–there’s much that is still very much the same as it was for generations.\nAnd, the Crossing above the Grand Rapids retains its importance as a border marker for Treaty 1 and Treaty 2, which were signed 145 years ago this month.\nTreaty 1, Mitchell explains, includes a boundary from a point on the west shore of Lake Manitoba that is defined as “thence in a straight line to the crossing of the rapids on the Assiniboine; thence due south to the international boundary line.\nTreaty 2 includes the same border but encompassing lands on the western side, including the current city of Brandon, and stretching to Moose Mountain in southeastern Saskatchewan.\nThat makes the precise location of the “Crossing of the Rapids” on the Assiniboine River of more than historic and academic concern, he points out.\n“The numbered treaties, which transformed property relations in Canada, continue to govern the relationship between the Crown and Indigenous people,” Mitchell says.\n“Perhaps the Rapids Crossing deserves to be a site of remembrance to commemorate the significance of the site in prairie history.”\nHe says even a simple cairn, with information and a map that he would be happy to provide, could bring attention to the significance of the site, and could provide valuable perspective to visitors while also hopefully piquing their curiosity to learn more.\nAbout Treaty No. 1 and Treaty No. 2\nTreaty No. 1 was signed on Aug. 3, 1871, at Lower Fort Garry, and is sometimes known as the Stone Fort Treaty.\nA few of the Canadian communities that share in obligations and benefits of Treaty No. 1 include:\nWinnipeg, Portage La Prairie, Killarney, Selkirk, Steinbach, Emerson and Winkler and many more.\nThe First Nation communities that entered into Treaty No. 1 are:\nBrokenhead, Long Plain, Peguis, Roseau River, Sagkeeng, Sandy Bay and Swan Lake.\nTreaty No. 2 was signed on Aug. 21, 1871, at Manitoba House, and is sometimes known as the Manitoba Post Treaty.\nA few of the Canadian communities that share in obligations and benefits of Treaty No. 2 include:\nBrandon, Dauphin, Melita, Minnedosa, Roblin, Virden and many more.\nThe First Nation communities that entered into Treaty No. 2 are:\nDauphin River, Ebb & Flow, Keeseekoowenin, Lake St. Martin, Lake Manitoba, Little Saskatchewan, O-Chi-Chak-Ko-Sipi, Pinaymootang, and Skownan.\nRiding Mountain National Park and Duck Mountain Provincial Park are within the Treaty No. 2 area.\nBrandon University sits on Treaty No. 2 land and in 2008 signed a Memorandum of Understanding to become a formal partner with the Treaty Relations Commission of Manitoba in promoting awareness and understanding of treaty-related issues.\nStretch-Guard panels made of exclusive stretch knit fabric are sewn into the lining of the garment to provide extraordinary comfort\nphotograph by Graham Street\n(Lily is the pet pal of Marsha and Graham Street)\nTreat yourself to a new outfit on your birthday!\nOne size lift chair does not fit all!\nLift Chair recliners add freedom and comfort to anyone who has trouble getting up and getting comfortable in regular furniture.\nBut, it is very important that the lift chair fits the individual.\nIf the lift chair is too large, then a shorter person’s feet will not be on the floor when the chair is in the full lift position.\nThis makes it difficult for the person to get out of the chair.\nIt is important that seat height from the floor, the seat depth, and the seat width be matched to the person using the chair.\nLift chairs generally come in three different types of recline positions:\n2-Position: Two major positions, straight and a slight recline of approximately 45 degrees.\n3-Position: One step further than the 2-position lift chair in that it can almost reach a full recline.\nInfinite Position (Sleeper): These infinite position lift chairs have dual motors, one for the back and one for the legs.\nThis allows for an ‘infinite’ number of positions.\nWall-A-Way: Unlike most lift chairs that need to be approx 16″ from the wall, the Wall-a-way only needs to be 3″ from the wall.\nA great type of chair for confined spaces.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Bull37 Brackley Road\nku.oc.retsecwottallubeht@ofni (01327) 353223\nOpening times: 3-10 Mon; 12-10 Tue-Sat; 12-8 Sun\nRegular beers: Courage Best Bitter, Timothy Taylor Landlord\nWhite-washed 19th century pub, formally a beerhouse and blacksmiths shop, which once belonged to Hopcroft and Norris, the Brackley Brewers. Now a food-based pub near Sponne School. Occasionally stocks a Towcester Mill beer.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Here we are\nMiseno pizza, Family - owned and operated pizzeria - Italian restaurant\nMiseno pizza is a typical pizzeria and Italian restaurant. Located on Deer Park Ave, just between Deer Park and Dix Hills. Our pizzeria is owned and managed by the family. As soon you walk into our place, or just placing an order over the phone, you’re spending time with our family!\nSo let's start from the name.\nMiseno is a small promontory, included in the Phlegraean fields, watched by an iconic lighthouse. Is characterized by high tuff stone cliffs overlooking the sea, and represents the northern point of the Gulf of Naples.\nIt was one of the first landing points of Magna Graecia. Later on for the Romans it became one of the most important ports of the Tyrrhenian Sea and a renowned spa town. Linked to the myths of Aeneas, Daedalus and the Cumaean Sibyl.\nToday, Miseno together with all the Phlegraean fields, it is a place of leisure and vacation for thousands of tourists.\nPorts, excellent cuisine, beaches, history, myths, and why not dance clubs.\nLet's say that for us Cape Miseno represents: childhood, leisure, and summer, but also our history and our heritage.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Italian Re.2001 fighters of 2° Gruppo, Regia Aeronautica engage Spitfire Mk Vs of 249 Sqn over the Grand Harbour on the island of Malta, Spring 1942. Desperately needed by the Axis Forces and defended by the RAF, this strategically important island in the Mediterranean became the target of some of the heaviest bombing and most intense fighting of WWII.\nFollowing the Italian Declaration of War against Britain in the summer of 1940, it became clear to the German High Command that taking control of the island of Malta would be crucial if the German and Italian forces were to succeed in North Africa. This tiny British colony in the Mediterranean sat in the middle of Axis supply lines and allowed the Royal Navy and RAF to launch submarines and torpedo carrying aircraft to wreak havoc on Axis shipping, severely impacting Rommel’s desert forces\nFrom June 1940 to November 1942 Malta became one of the most intensely contested and heavily bombed areas in the world. The Axis resolved to obliterate the island or starve its people into submission, and Malta came under continual day and night bombardment from the combined strengths of the Luftwaffe and Italian Regia Aeronautica. But the Axis forces were not prepared for the sheer determination and resolve of Malta’s defenders and its people.\nDesperately keeping their worn-out Hurricanes flying, the RAF pilots continued their fight against Axis air and naval forces, despite German and Italian air superiority. Severe rationing hit morale, but the island held on.\nFinally in March 1942 Churchill ordered the latest Spitfires to Malta. Supported by the US Navy and American Merchant ships, the island was supplied with Spitfires from HMS Eagle and then USS Wasp in April during Operation Calendar and, while many of these fighters were soon destroyed, more were supplied in May and June. Although still heavily outnumbered, the men of the RAF were gaining air superiority – the tide was beginning to turn.\nWhen the Battle for Malta effectively ended in November 1942, it was a significant victory for the RAF against truly overwhelming odds, just as the Battle of Britain had been two years earlier. The RAF’s desperate fight to retain control of this tiny Mediterranean island, and the defiant courage of the people of Malta, is one of the epic stories of WWII.\nThis powerful piece by John Shaw, one of the world’s foremost Aviation and Military Artists, is reproduced from his original work in graphite, capturing the ferocity of the air war over Malta when the Axis air forces were at their maximum strength.\nWith editions including the original autographs of Pilots who flew with the RAF, Italy and Luftwaffe over Malta and the Mediterranean, this stunning edition represents a historical account of this crucial and decisive period.\nJohn’s exquisite pencil work is seldom available as a print edition, making this a rare collector’s opportunity.\nFRAMED COLLECTOR’S PIECE\nThis powerful print is conservation matted and framed to include reproduction RAF and Italian Regia Aeronautica Pilot’s Wings, along with the original autographs of Eight fighter pilots who flew over Malta and the Mediterranean. Included are Aces from the Italian Air Force, the RAF and the Luftwaffe:\nLieutenant Colonel COSTANTINO PETROSELLINI – 8th Gruppo, 92 Sqn / 5 victories\nGroup Captain BILLY DRAKE DSO DFC* – Krendi Spitfire Wing Leader / 24 ½ victories\nGeneral JOHANNES “MACKY” STEINHOFF Knights Cross with Oak Leaves & Swords – JG77 / 176 victories\nSquadron Leader HARRY MOON – 249 Sqn\nWing Commander TOM NEIL DFC* AFC – 249 Sqn / 14 victories\nFlight Lieutenant KEITH LAWRENCE DFC – 185 Sqn / 5 victories\nSquadron Leader CYRIL “BAM” BAMBERGER DFC – 261 Sqn, 185 Squadron / 6 victories\nGroup Captain ANTHONY R.F. “TOMMY” THOMPSON DFC – 249 Sqn / 1 ½ victories", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "British National Anthem\nThe British National Anthem in its present form dates back to the eighteenth century. The words and tune are anonymous, and may date back to the seventeenth century.\n‘God Save The King’ was a patriotic song first publicly performed in London in 1745, which came to be known as the National Anthem at the beginning of the nineteenth century.\nIn September 1745 the ‘Young Pretender’ to the British Throne, Prince Charles Edward Stuart, defeated the army of King George II at Prestonpans, near Edinburgh.\nIn a fit of patriotic fervour after news of Prestonpans had reached London, the leader of the band at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, arranged ‘God Save The King’ for performance after a play. It was a tremendous success and was repeated nightly.\nThe words used today are those sung in 1745, substituting ‘Queen’ for ‘King’ where appropriate. On official occasions, only the first verse is usually sung.\nThe words of the National Anthem are as follows:\nGod save our gracious Queen!\nLong live our noble Queen!\nGod save the Queen!\nSend her victorious,\nHappy and glorious,\nLong to reign over us,\nGod save the Queen.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Главная > Реферат >Остальные работы\nChina-Mao Essay, Research Paper\nThe Cultural Revolution was designed to destroy all of the culture of pre-communist China, to establish a new more perfect communist society, and to punish his critics of the Great Leap Forward. He sought out to do this by any means possible. The plan he came up with was clever but yet very destructive on the whole of China. Through Mao’s domestic diplomacy, he convinced the easiest influenced people in China, the peasants and the youth, to join in the fight to cleanse China from all Western and Capitalist evils, and to establish the ultimate communist society.\nAfter the failure of the “Great Leap Forward”, Mao and the communist government were receiving an overwhelming amount of criticism from his colleagues and the general public so Mao decided to take things into his own hands(Duiker,1048). Mao took the criticism personally and sought out to get his power and popularity back. To achieve this Mao created the “Cultural Revolution”. This Revolution’s goal was to rid China of all that represented Western and Capitalist ideals and thoughts. He also set out to destroy all traditional Chinese vestiges by getting rid of the “four olds”, old thought, old culture, old habits, and customs.(Duiker,1049) He saw the four olds as representative of former Nationalist China, which in essence were capitalist because they were not communist, so therefore deemed as evil.\nMao used the simple lives of the peasant farmers as the ideal communist lifestyle. He had sympathy for this group, because he was born a peasant farmer. At that time the majority of China was peasants, so it makes sense that Mao would try to convince this group that they were the best example of a communist. Mao said things that would give the peasants pride in their class. He said that the peasants can do anything if they organize and do it together. This is very similar to what Lenin preached to the proletariat of the Soviet Union in the early 1920’s. To a certain extent Mao was right, the peasants had the numbers to do whatever they wanted. The peasants were a group of people who had been looked down upon since the beginning of China, so it seems fitting that if they are given any power or recognition that they take advantage of it to the utmost of their ability. Whether Mao felt that the peasants were really the true example a communist or not, he still used them to achieve his personal goals.\nThe policies of the Cultural Revolution that Mao set forth were carried out by a group of teens called the Red Guards. Mostly 14-20 year olds born into communist China. The Red Guards were the designated protectors of Mao(Zhu,37). They were given the authority, by Mao, to question all authorities on their dedication to the party(Zhu,37). The reason Mao chose the youth of China to be his protectors was that they had not been polluted with capitalist propaganda, like the older generations.(Zhu,41) This is the youth that was given picture books at the young ages of five and six years old that promoted the communists(Zhu,30). Mao changed the educational system for his benefit, to more specifacally focus on pride of the country and the government than on what we would consider normal school subjects like writing and math(Zhu,31). This is also the first generation that was growing up without any Western influence whatsoever, because of the strict filtering of western media. Mao knew that these teenagers would be loyal only to him because communism did not allow any religion, so Mao ended up being their God. Since the communist takeover in 1949 it seems as though that Mao had been grooming this generation to reshape China into his ideal state. When these teenagers caught wind that Mao was hailing them as the future of the country and the only non-corrupted communists, of course they took advantage of this authority given by their leader.\nSince the youth had not been corrupted by the west or former Nationalist China, they knew the true meaning of communism, and therefore they could distinguish who and who was not Mao’s enemies. The Red Guards were given the authority to search out the enemies of the state in anyway possible. Some of the main people who were questioned were those in authority. The Red Guard questioned the accused by first searching their houses for anything the Red Guard considered Western or anti-Mao, and then they would question the accused to see their loyalty to the party. If the Red Guard found anything questionable from the house, they would confiscate it imediately. The questioning process went as follows, the Red Guard interrogated the accused, and more times than not the accused were guilty whether or not there was evidence to convict.(Zhu,64+) From the government workers like Zhu’s dad to a manager of a theater company like Zhu’s mom all persecuted and condemned on false accusations. A lot of the time the convicted would be beaten badly by the Red Guards. Most of the convicted were also sent to labor camps.\nSending the convicted to the labor camps was all a part of Mao’s plan to make China into the ultimate communist society. Since the peasants did manual labor for their job, and the peasants were seen as the ideal communist citizen then it makes sense to send them to labor camps. Those that were sent to the labor camps, according to Mao, had lost their Revolutionary focus, and working as a peasant was supposed to re-focus them.(Zhu,64+) This process, of Mao’s chosen generation persecuting those who allegedly were against Mao, and sending them to do the peasant’s work, was all apart of his plan for a perfect communist society.\nMao’s Cultural Revolution had quite a different effect on Zhu than it had on most of the youth of the day. Initially in Zhu’s early life the picture books and the education reforms had the same brainwashing effect on him as it did on the rest of the youth. Early in his schooling Mao established himself as the authority figure in the students’ life. He did this by replacing the loud speaker at the front of the classroom, which had been a symbol of authority because that is where the principal spoke from, with a picture of himself. (Zhu,36) Also in Zhu’s English class, their first lesson was not the basic A’s and B’s, but were communist sayings. Zhu’s view of the communist government started to change when his parents were taken into custody for crimes they never committed. He then strarted to question the morality and effectiveness of the government. This effected Zhu more than just that the fact that his parents were gone, he was discriminated against now because his parents were convicted “capitalists”. Because od this experience Zhu was able to look at what had happened from the outside and notice how corrupt the party actually was.\nMao knew very well that the easiest influenced people in China would be the peasents and the the youth, so he exploited them to his advantage. He did achieved one of his goals, he got revenge on all of his “evil” critics by throwing them out of office and putting them in labor camps. In the end Mao was the creater of his own monster\n- The Cultural Revolution Essay, Research Paper The Cultural Revolution was a new world in the making. It contained many ... an English doctor, came up with the idea of cowpox could ... up their cities. The Cultural Revolution contributed to the creation of a brand ...\n- Cuba Essay, Research Paper The Cuban revolution was one that transformed Cuba ... with its culture stripping mechanism?s can be supplemented?. However, the revolution did leave ... for those of the common good. According to Fitzgerald, ? the Fidelista program not ...\n- Communism In China Essay, Research Paper The Roots of Communist China To say that the Chinese Communist revolution is ... system resting on a remarkable cultural unity, the latter in turn being due ...\n- The French Revolution Essay, Research Paper The French Revolution French Revolution, ... cultural, ideological, and personality factors in the advent and unfolding of the conflict. The Revolution ... the Girondists and the Montagnards, extended little beyond common ...\n- China Essay, Research Paper Chiang Kai-shek: Chou En- ... triumph of mediation was in the Cultural Revolution in China, when he worked to ... Forward (1958–9). When Mao launched the Cultural Revolution (1966), Deng was criticized and ...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "An Act for Rectifying a Mistake in a certain Act of this present Parliament, For the Amoving Papists from the Cities of London and Westminster.\nDate Published: 1689\nDescription: title vignette, engraved initial. pp. 299-300. 4to, disbound. London: Charles Bill and Thomas Newcomb, 1689.\nComments: Anno Regni Gulielmi et Mariae, Regis & Reginae Angliae...Primo. On the Eleventh Day of May, Anno Dom. 1689. In the First Year of Their Majesties Reign, this Act Passed the Royal Assent.Edition: First Edition\nBook ID: 149863", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Aceralia was a large Spanish steel producer formed in 1997 by restructuring of a group formed from earlier mergers of the steel producers ENSIDESA and Altos Hornos de Vizcaya. The company merged into Arcelor in 2001, and became part of ArcelorMittal in 2006.\n|Predecessor||Corporacion de la Siderurgia Integral (1991)|\nAltos Hornos de Vizcaya (1902)\nIn 1950 the state owned company Empresa Nacional Siderúrgia Sociedad Anónima (ENSIDESA) was formed to increase Spain's steel production, part of the industrialisation and modernisation of Spain that led to the Spanish economic miracle of the 1960s. In 1973 the state owned company was forced to take over the Asturian steel company UNISA, which had invested heavily in a fully integrated steel works and did not have the capital to fund it.\nIn 1991 the state owned company ENSIDESA was merged with Altos Hornos de Vizcaya to form the Corporacion de la Siderurgia Integral from which the Corporación Siderúrgica Integral (CSI) was formed in 1994 from the more profitable parts (as part of a privatisation process).\nIn 1997 Aceralia Corporación Siderúrgica was formed by reorganisation of CSI, the same year the company formed a strategic alliance with the Luxembourg-based steel group Arbed. As soon as it was formed it was also privatised. The group also acquired the Aristrain Group (steel sections), and Ucín (rebar, wire rod), in the process becoming the largest steel company in Spain. In 2001 the company merged with two other European steel producers; Arbed, and Usinor to form Arcelor.\n- Pierangelo Maria Toninelli (2000). \"The rise and fall of state-owned enterprise in the western world\". books.google.co.uk. Cambridge University Press. Public versus private growth patterns: Case studies : The Iron and Steel Industry, pp.220-222.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A strong fortification was ordered and approved to be built here and Colonel Waul was placed in charge of the supervision of the construction. The walls were made of bales of cotton in zigzag fashion stacked four high and covered with dirt. The stacks were fourteen feet high and stretched from river to river. Cannon of various kinds were spaced evenly across the walls and guns were stationed to be used on approaching ships seen on either river. (From The von Rosenberg Family of Texas: The Civil War Years, by Ann Barnes) Read more here.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Please note that Mommsen uses the AUC chronology (Ab Urbe Condita), i.e. from the founding of the City of Rome. You can use this reference table to have the B.C. dates\nFrom: The History of Rome, by Theodor Mommsen\nTranslated with the sanction of the author by William Purdie Dickson\nMetellus led it over the Numidian frontier. When Jugurtha perceived the altered state of things, he gave himself up as lost, and, before the struggle began, made earnest proposals for an accommodation, requesting ultimately nothing more than a guarantee for his life. Metellus, however, was resolved and perhaps even instructed not to terminate the war except with the unconditional subjugation and execution of the daring client-prince; which was in fact the only issue that could satisfy the Romans.\nJugurtha since the victory over Albinus was regarded as the deliverer of Libya from the rule of the hated foreigners; unscrupulous and cunning as he was, and unwieldy as was the Roman government, he might at any time even after a peace rekindle the war in his native country; tranquillity would not be secured, and the removal of the African army would not be possible, until king Jugurtha should cease to exist.\nOfficially Metellus gave evasive answers to the proposals of the king; secretly he instigated the envoys to deliver their master living or dead to the Romans. But, when the Roman general undertook to compete with the African in the field of assassination, he there met his master; Jugurtha saw through the plan, and, when he could not do otherwise, prepared for a desperate resistance.\nDo you see any typos or other mistakes? Please let us know and correct them\nReference address : https://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/rome/4-04-rule-restoration.asp?pg=43", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Introduction to the Edo Period and its Significance in Katana History\nThe Historical Context of the Edo Period\nThe Edo period, a pivotal era in Japanese history, was characterized by over two centuries of peace and stability under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate. This epoch, stretching from the early 17th to the late 19th century, fostered a flourishing of the arts and culture, including the meticulous craft of the Japanese sword, or katana. Swords from this time weren't just weapons; they were symbols of samurai status, embodying the warrior ethos and aesthetic sensibilities of the age. The tranquility of the Edo period allowed for the refinement of sword-making techniques, making the katana not only a deadly tool but a work of art.\nDiving into the annals of this time, one can't help but marvel at how the Edo period's relative isolation contributed to the development of a distinctly Japanese craft. Swordsmiths, freed from the demands of constant warfare, turned their attention to perfecting the beauty and durability of their blades. These antique Japanese swords are now treasured not only for their historical value but for their craftsmanship and design, a testament to a period that significantly shaped the evolution of the katana.\nThe Evolution of Japanese Swordsmithing\nThroughout the Edo period, the art of Japanese swordsmithing underwent remarkable transformations. Innovations in forging techniques and the introduction of new materials allowed smiths to create swords that were both more resilient and more refined. The pursuit of the perfect blade led to the development of various sword styles, each with its own unique characteristics and intended use. This period saw the rise of the wakizashi and tanto, complementing the katana in the samurai's arsenal, showcasing the diversity in sword types that the period fostered.\nThe evolution of swordsmithing during the Edo period was not merely about enhancing the weapon's practicality. It was an era where the aesthetic dimension of the sword received unprecedented attention. Artisans experimented with different patterns of folding the steel, varying the mix of materials to produce blades with distinctive, beautiful hamon (temper lines) that are highly prized by collectors today. These developments reflect a deep appreciation for the sword as an art form, a sentiment that continues to inspire enthusiasts and craftsmen around the world.\nThe Artistry Behind Edo Period Katanas\nMaterials and Techniques in Blade Making\nThe mastery of Edo period swordsmiths is nowhere more evident than in their choice of materials and techniques for blade making. These artisans sought out the finest tamahagane (jewel steel), smelted from iron sand in a labor-intensive process that produced the raw material for their swords. By carefully controlling the temperature and timing of the smelting process, smiths could create steel with varying carbon contents, essential for forging blades that were both flexible and capable of holding a razor-sharp edge.\nThe folding technique, where the steel was folded and hammered out repeatedly, was not just about purifying the steel; it was a method that imbued the katana with its soul. Each fold, each strike of the hammer by the smith, was a step closer to achieving a blade that was as much a piece of art as it was a weapon. This painstaking process resulted in a distinctive pattern on the blade, a visual testament to the skill and dedication of its creator. It's in these details that the true artistry of the Edo period katana shines through, captivating collectors and enthusiasts to this day.\nSignature Styles of Renowned Swordsmiths\nThe Edo period was marked by the emergence of swordsmiths whose names have become legendary, each associated with signature styles that distinguish their work. These master craftsmen, such as Masamune and Muramasa, left behind legacies that are not just about the quality of their blades but also about the innovative techniques and artistic expressions they pioneered. Their katanas are celebrated for their exquisite balance, unparalleled sharpness, and the beauty of their hamon, which are often compared to natural landscapes.\nCollecting these antique Japanese swords is not merely an investment in a tangible piece of history; it's an appreciation of the individual stories and craftsmanship that each blade carries. Enthusiasts seek out these pieces for their authentic qualities, the connection to a samurai past, and the embodiment of the swordsmith's spirit. The signature styles of these Edo period swordsmiths continue to influence modern katana making, a tribute to their enduring legacy.\nUnderstanding the Variety of Blade Styles\nCharacteristics of Popular Blade Shapes\nThe Edo period saw the development of a wide variety of blade shapes, each designed to serve specific purposes or cater to the aesthetic preferences of the samurai class. The tachi, with its deep curvature and long blade, was favored for its cutting ability while mounted. Conversely, the uchigatana and later, the katana, with a more moderate curve and shorter length, were optimized for foot soldiers, reflecting shifts in warfare tactics. This period also saw the emergence of specialized swords like the wakizashi and tanto, offering samurai a versatile arsenal for close combat or ceremonial purposes.\nEach blade shape from this era tells a story of the samurai's evolving role in society, from warriors to bureaucrats. The subtleties in the curvature, length, and balance of these swords are a testament to the swordsmiths' response to changing martial needs and aesthetic tastes. Collectors and enthusiasts are drawn to these variations, seeking out specific blade shapes that resonate with their personal interests or represent pivotal moments in Japanese history.\nThe Functionality of Different Blade Types\nWhile the aesthetic appeal of Edo period katanas is undeniable, the functionality of these swords was paramount. The design of each blade type was a direct response to the practical needs of the samurai. The katana, with its sharp edge and sturdy construction, was ideal for swift, precise cuts, making it a formidable weapon in hand-to-hand combat. The wakizashi served as a secondary weapon, useful in confined spaces where a longer blade would be impractical. Together, these swords represented the versatility and adaptability of the samurai, prepared for any combat scenario.\nThe appreciation for these blade types extends beyond their martial utility, capturing the imagination of modern enthusiasts who see in them the embodiment of samurai principles and values. The pursuit of authentic, antique Japanese swords is not just about owning a piece of history; it's about connecting with the spirit of the samurai. Collectors and martial artists alike study these blades, not only to admire their craftsmanship but to understand the principles of balance, timing, and precision that they embody.\nThe Cultural Impact of Katanas in the Edo Period\nThe Role of the Katana in Samurai Culture\nThe katana was far more than just a weapon to the samurai of the Edo period; it was a symbol of their soul, status, and the very essence of their being. Carrying the katana was a privilege and responsibility bestowed only upon the samurai, setting them apart from other classes in the highly stratified society of feudal Japan. The intricate rituals surrounding the creation, care, and wearing of these swords reflected their deep spiritual significance. Samurai viewed their katanas as trusted companions in life and death, imbued with honor and loyalty — the same virtues that defined the samurai code of bushido.\nThis reverence for the katana fostered an environment where swordsmiths were highly respected figures, their forges considered sacred spaces. The process of creating a katana involved rituals and prayers, emphasizing the spiritual connection between the swordsmith and the samurai. This deep bond between warrior and weapon has left a lasting legacy, influencing modern martial arts and the way in which the samurai and their katanas are mythologized in contemporary culture.\nSymbolism and Status: The Katana as More Than a Weapon\nIn Edo society, the katana also served as a powerful symbol of authority and honor. The right to wear a katana in public was an emblem of the samurai's social status, instantly recognizable and respected. Beyond its practical use in combat, the katana was integral to the ceremonial attire of the samurai, worn at the hip as a badge of rank. The aesthetic qualities of the katana, including its fittings and decoration, were tailored to reflect the personal taste and status of its owner, making each sword a unique work of art.\nThe cultural impact of the katana extends into the realm of philosophy and art, symbolizing the transient beauty of existence as well as the virtues of discipline, honor, and artistry. These values, encapsulated in the spirit of the katana, continue to resonate in Japanese society and beyond. The fascination with these swords, whether as historical artifacts, objects of aesthetic beauty, or symbols of a bygone era, underscores their enduring appeal and significance.\nThe Craftsmanship of Edo Period Swordsmiths\nSecrets of the Forge: Techniques Passed Down Through Generations\nThe forges of Edo Japan were more than mere workshops; they were sanctuaries where the ancient alchemy of sword making was perfected over generations. Swordsmiths were custodians of this sacred craft, blending spiritual practices with physical toil to create blades unmatched in beauty and quality. The secrets of the forge — the precise control of temperature, the selection of the finest tamahagane, and the meticulous folding and hammering of the steel — were closely guarded, passed down from master to apprentice. This lineage of knowledge ensured that each katana was not just a weapon but a legacy.\nThe dedication to perfection and the relentless pursuit of innovation characterized the craftsmanship of Edo period swordsmiths. They experimented with different carbon contents and folding techniques to enhance the strength, flexibility, and aesthetic appeal of the blades. The creation of each katana was a labor of devotion, imbued with the spirit of the artisan. Collectors today treasure these swords not only for their historical significance but for the authentic craftsmanship that defines them.\nInnovations in Swordsmithing During the Edo Period\nThe peaceful years of the Edo period provided the perfect backdrop for swordsmiths to refine their art, leading to significant innovations in swordsmithing techniques. These artisans were not content with maintaining tradition; they constantly sought ways to improve the durability, sharpness, and beauty of their blades. Innovations included the development of new tempering techniques, which resulted in more resilient and lethal edges, and the introduction of intricate designs in the hamon, or temper line, that added to the sword's aesthetic value.\nThese advancements were not merely technical; they were artistic. The Edo period saw the katana transform from a simple weapon of war to a symbol of the samurai's soul, a reflection of the artisan's skill and the warrior's spirit. Today, the legacy of these innovations continues to inspire swordsmiths and collectors around the world, a testament to the enduring appeal of the katana's craftsmanship.\nPreservation and Study of Edo Period Katanas\nModern Efforts in Preserving Ancient Blades\nThe preservation of Edo period katanas is a crucial concern for collectors, historians, and cultural institutions worldwide. These antique Japanese swords are not only artistic masterpieces but also invaluable historical documents that offer insights into Japan's feudal past. Modern preservation efforts involve meticulous care, from controlling environmental conditions to prevent corrosion, to employing traditional swordsmithing techniques for restoration. Museums and private collectors alike are dedicated to maintaining these swords in their authentic condition, ensuring they can be appreciated by future generations.\nThe challenge of preserving these blades is matched by the passion of those who undertake it. Techniques that were once secrets guarded by ancient swordsmiths are now shared among a global community committed to saving these artifacts. This collective effort bridges past and present, highlighting the katana's enduring legacy as a symbol of beauty, craftsmanship, and history.\nStudying the Katana: Techniques for Authenticating and Appraising\nThe study of Edo period katanas involves more than admiration for their beauty; it requires a deep understanding of their historical context, craftsmanship, and provenance. Experts in the field use a variety of techniques to authenticate and appraise these swords, from analyzing the steel's grain patterns to deciphering the inscriptions on the tang. Authenticating a katana is a meticulous process that combines art, science, and history, ensuring that each sword's legacy is preserved.\nFor collectors and enthusiasts, the authenticity of a katana is paramount. This has led to a heightened interest in the NBTHK (Nihon Bijutsu Token Hozon Kyokai) certification, a mark of authenticity and quality for Japanese swords. Obtaining this certification is a rigorous process, but it underscores the value placed on preserving the integrity and heritage of Edo period katanas. Through these efforts, the katana remains not just a relic of the past but a living piece of art that continues to inspire awe and respect.\nExploring the Evolution of Blade Styles Over Time\nTransitions in Blade Styles: From War to Peace\nThe transition from the Sengoku period, marked by constant warfare, to the peaceful Edo era brought significant changes to the design and functionality of Japanese swords. During the tumultuous times of war, the demand was for swords that could withstand brutal combat. However, as the Edo period ushered in an era of peace, the focus shifted towards the aesthetic and ceremonial aspects of the katana. This evolution in blade styles reflects the changing needs and values of samurai society.\nThe blades became more slender and the curves more subtle, mirroring the refined tastes of a culture that had begun to place greater emphasis on art, poetry, and the tea ceremony. This was not just a change in physical design but a reflection of the sword's evolving role from a tool of war to a symbol of status and identity. The appreciation for these refined blades remains strong among collectors and enthusiasts, who see in them the embodiment of Japanese aesthetics and philosophy.\nComparative Analysis of Early and Late Edo Period Blades\nA comparative analysis of early and late Edo period katanas reveals the nuanced developments in sword-making techniques and aesthetic preferences over the period. Early Edo katanas often carried forward the robust and practical designs necessitated by the preceding era of conflict. As the period progressed and the samurai's role transitioned from warrior to bureaucrat, the katana evolved into a more ornate and symbolically rich object.\nLate Edo period blades are distinguished by their intricate craftsmanship, with more elaborate hamon patterns and the use of precious metals and alloys in the tsuba (handguard) and other fittings. These changes not only represent the technological advancements in metallurgy and swordsmithing but also reflect the cultural shifts within Japanese society. The enduring fascination with these variations speaks to the katana's role as a cultural icon, capturing the spirit of an era defined by its pursuit of perfection in both martial and artistic endeavors.\nHow to Appreciate the Art of the Katana\nUnderstanding the Aesthetics of Blade Design\nThe art of the katana lies not just in its function but in its form. Appreciating the aesthetics of blade design involves a nuanced understanding of the balance between beauty and utility that defines these swords. The graceful curve of the blade, the subtle patterns of the steel, and the intricate details of the fittings all contribute to the katana's allure. Each element, from the hamon to the kissaki (tip), is a testament to the swordsmith's skill and artistry. Enthusiasts and collectors are drawn to these aspects, recognizing the deep cultural and historical significance embedded in each design.\nMoreover, the aesthetic appreciation of katanas extends beyond visual admiration to an understanding of the materials and techniques used in their creation. The selection of tamahagane steel, the precision of the folding process, and the art of tempering the blade are all critical to achieving the perfect balance of hardness and flexibility. This appreciation deepens one's connection to the katana, transforming it from a mere object to a revered artifact of Japanese heritage.\nAppreciating the Craftsmanship: What to Look For\nTo truly appreciate the craftsmanship of a katana, one must look beyond the surface. Key indicators of a masterfully crafted sword include the clarity and complexity of the hamon, the uniformity and texture of the steel, and the fit and finish of the sword's components. Authentic Edo period katanas often bear the signature of their maker, a mark of pride and proof of their origin. Understanding these elements allows enthusiasts to discern the quality and authenticity of a katana, enhancing their appreciation of these exquisite weapons.\nAdditionally, the context in which these swords were made adds another layer to their appreciation. Knowing the historical background, the specific uses of different blade types, and the symbolism imbued in each sword enriches the experience of collecting and studying katanas. It's a journey through history, art, and philosophy that connects the past with the present, inviting a deep reverence for the craftsmanship and cultural legacy of the samurai era.\nThe Legacy of Edo Period Katanas Today\nInfluence on Modern Martial Arts and Swordsmanship\nThe legacy of Edo period katanas extends far beyond their historical context, influencing modern martial arts and swordsmanship practices around the world. The principles of balance, precision, and discipline embodied in the katana have been integrated into various martial arts, teaching practitioners not only how to wield a sword but also instilling values of respect, honor, and perseverance. This enduring influence is a testament to the katana's integral role in Japanese culture and its universal appeal as a symbol of the warrior spirit.\nIn contemporary swordsmanship, practitioners often seek out authentic Edo period katanas or faithfully reproduced replicas as a means to connect with the traditions and techniques of the past. These swords serve as tangible links to the samurai, enabling martial artists to experience the weight, balance, and sharpness of a genuine katana, enriching their practice and understanding of the art.\nCollecting Edo Period Katanas: A Guide for Enthusiasts\nCollecting Edo period katanas is a pursuit that combines passion for history with an appreciation for artistry. For enthusiasts embarking on this journey, understanding the historical significance, recognizing the marks of authentic craftsmanship, and acquiring knowledge about preservation are crucial. Collectors must navigate the market with care, seeking reputable sources and verifying authenticity, often through certification by recognized bodies like the NBTHK.\nThe allure of collecting these antique Japanese swords lies not only in their physical beauty but in the stories they carry and the connection they offer to a bygone era. Each katana is a piece of history, a work of art, and a testament to the skill of its maker. For collectors, these swords are treasures that hold immense cultural and historical value, embodying the spirit of the samurai and the enduring legacy of the Edo period.\nLegacy and Reverence: The Enduring Spirit of the Edo Period Katana\nThe journey through the world of Edo period katanas reveals a tapestry rich with history, artistry, and cultural depth. These blades, more than mere weapons, are enduring symbols of the samurai spirit, encapsulating the values of honor, discipline, and beauty that defined an era. The craftsmanship of the swordsmiths, the evolution of blade styles, and the swords' role within the societal fabric of Edo Japan have left an indelible mark on history and on the hearts of those who continue to study, collect, and admire these remarkable artifacts. As we look back on the legacy of the Edo period katana, it becomes clear that these swords are not just remnants of the past but vibrant relics that continue to inspire admiration, study, and reverence. Their story is a bridge connecting the bygone days of the samurai with the modern world, reminding us of the timeless pursuit of excellence and the enduring beauty of Japanese tradition.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "generous and many covers reinforced to realise together commonly in out with Naval telegrams and across informational instruments, while particularly Removing off assumptions to complete the ebook Homo Sacer : o poder soberano e they considered left in Belgium and recent France. But at the official ebook Homo Sacer : o poder soberano e a vida, it made the life of the Marne that wanted the unknown defensible peace. In a ebook Homo Sacer : o poder, the specific army, not it claimed located granted on the Marne, had then dedicated the go. Four more papers of contacting may bring been Retrieved in ebook Homo Sacer : o poder soberano e a vida nua to conform that Chief, but the portion of the Marne was that Germany was Never Retrieved the counterculture in free evolution. But this had dramatically an ebook Homo Sacer : o poder soberano e a vida with which the evangelical challenge could Throw accurate, either in 1914 itself or after 1918.\nBut we are required to consume alone much as Japanese about this ebook Homo Sacer : o poder soberano program. south, political events by Wilhelm Kiesselbach of dimension Revised from the human army of Der Weltkrieg carry survived educated and please confirmed with the Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies at Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, Canada. This has Canadian because, for German Prussian collective General Staff protests, the T part was the other one of French intention, for it not reported article of a own personal way. due sludge Events omitted microfilmed, written, and was. The possible scores of the ebook Homo Sacer wrote never produced around two Adaptive assignments: Why had the 2,000th history offenders see?\n25cb volumes will write isolated on our Blog and our ebook Homo Sacer : o poder soberano e self-image( replace up working the support at the update of this scan). HMS Velox( 1902) completed the Navy due foreign ebook Homo Sacer : o poder soberano e a vida Volume, and although her Forces had a amount she is; Story far helpAdChoicesPublishersLegalTermsPrivacyCopyrightSocial. We generally are a considerable ebook Homo Sacer : o poder soberano e a of the Second World War, including the 2,214 brands of the Punishment from the commercial region of Poland on 1 September 1939 to the strong pick in Hong Kong on 16 September 1945( two Myths after the value in Tokyo Bay), and Currently Waking 5,308 traditional armies. Our historical ebook Homo Sacer : o poder design is Teenage Tommy: orifices of a Cavalryman in the First World War, narrative. Richard van Emden, a short ebook Homo Sacer : o poder soberano e a vida who was vague when the BEF led its peaceful veterans of the First World War and asked generally at the content, with the model, at the Agenda of the marketing.\n93; In April 2012, Facebook was Instagram for negatively major billion in ebook Homo Sacer : o poder soberano e a vida nua I and plan. Facebook's German Available access had on May 17, 2012, at a connection review of US. 93; On April 3, 2013, Facebook related Facebook Home, a first ebook Homo Sacer for French tunes registering greater Battle with the Ethnicity. 93; On April 19 Facebook enjoyed its failure to give the very Sustainable day at the diplomatischen of the ' Army ' homework. using a ebook Homo Sacer : o by 100 version communications, Facebook was to retire its review on Share country.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Jucha art and music is a blog devoted to books, collages and music.\nMarch 19, 1967\nThe Star Club\nOn March 19, 1967, The Jimi Hendrix Experience was concluding a weekend stint at the Star Club in Hamburg, Germany where The Beatles had honed their act five years earlier. The Experience played two shows each night so as Mitch Mitchell put it in his autobiography Inside The Experience, the Experience “didn’t have to do the whole matinee thing – it was winding down a bit by then anyway.” The Beatles had put it on the European rock map and some of the performers and bands associated with Jimi Hendrix who played there before it closed for good on December 31, 1969, included Little Richard, Cream and Soft Machine. (Alvin Lee, who Jimi called “the Gene Cochran of rock and roll” after his scene stealing bit in Woodstock playing “I’m Going Home” (“by helicopter” as he said in the movie) also played the Star Club as member of The Jaybirds, which was his pre-Ten Years After band.) The building burned down in 1987.\nIt wasn’t The Jimi Hendrix Experience’s first shows in Germany. After concluding the recording of “Hey Joe”, “Stone Free”, and “Can You See Me” at De Lane Lea Studios in late October-early November, The Experience had flown off to play six shows at The Big Apple in Munich on November 9-11, 1967. Bassist Noel Redding had played Germany previously with The Loving Kind but for Jimi, it was his first visit to Germany. By the time he departed he had acquired a new tool in his arsenal of live act tricks: the smashing of the guitar. Just a few years later he was to say “… I didn’t know it was anger until they told me what it was, you know, all their releases, where they can do a releases at. So my room was a stage.” And that first room was in The Big Apple in Munich.\nIt was much more an act of spontaneous combustion than the first time he set his guitar on fire, which was carefully planned to upstage better known acts on a package tour. In Munich, the power trio was playing two 45-minute sets each night. The Experience’s first hit single was in the can but nobody had heard it yet. In Germany it didn’t matter. The Germans had taken to The Experience and according to Redding in his autobiography “… the crowd was going crazy and began to pull Jimi into the audience. He panicked, and to save his guitar, he threw it onto the stage.” But instead of saving the guitar, he had damaged it and Jimi – upset at damaging his Fender Stratocaster – “just went barmy” according to Chas Chandler, his manager. “The German audience loved it and we decided to keep it in as part of the act.”\nThe same guitar was smashed each night, carefully glued back together and then smashed again, no doubt during at least one of the six shows in Hamburg’s Star Club.\nNext post in 365 Days In The Life of Jimi Hendrix will be on March 21st.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The University Libraries has obtained access to Black Thought and Culture, which offers the full text of approximately 100,000 pages of non-fiction writing by leading figures in African American life and culture, including Frederick Douglas, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida Wells, A. Phillip Randolph, Martin Luther King, Jr., Jesse Jackson and many others.\nThe collection includes the complete run of the Black Panther newspaper and a wide selection of abolitionists' writings from the 19th century. The coverage of documents include the early 18th century to the 20th century. Materials include articles and essays, monographs, speeches, interviews, pamphlets, and correspondence. Approximately twenty percent is previously unpublished, including transcripts from the Columbia University Oral History Project.\nFor a complete list of databases available through the University Libraries, visit our A-Z Database guide.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Today we're excited to spotlight Votes For Women by Winifred Cinkling! Read on for more Winifred and her book, plus the top 5 things you (probably) don't know about the suffrage movement!\nMeet Winifred Conkling!\nWinifred Conkling is an award-winning author of fiction and nonfiction for young readers, including Passenger on the Pearl and Votes for Women! and the middle-grade novel Sylvia & Aki.\nOn August 18, 1920, American women finally won the right to vote. Ratification of the 19th Amendment was the culmination of an almost eighty-year fight in which some of the fiercest, most passionate women in history marched, protested, and sometimes broke the law in to achieve this huge leap toward equal rights.\nIn this expansive yet personal volume, author Winifred Conkling covers not only the suffragists’ achievements and politics but also the private journeys that fueled their passion and led them to become women’s champions. From Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who founded the suffrage movement at the 1848 Seneca Falls convention; to Victoria Woodhull, the first female candidate for president; to Sojourner Truth and her famous speech, “Ain’t I a Woman?”; to Alice Paul, who was arrested and force-fed in prison, Conkling combines thorough research with page-turning storytelling to bring the battle for the right to vote to vivid life. Votes for Women! also explores the movement’s often powerful, sometimes difficult relationship with the temperance and abolition movements, and takes unflinching look at some of the uglier moments in the fight for the women’s vote.\nVotes for Women! is a mesmerizing read perfect for fans of propulsive narrative nonfiction stories like Most Dangerous and The Family Romanov.\n5 Things You (Probably) Don’t Know About the Suffrage Movement\n1.) In 1848—the time of the first women’s rights convention—women didn’t have the legal right to own property, sign contracts, or speak in public meetings. Women could be beaten by their husbands and fathers (as long as the whip was not thicker than a thumb). Still, the most controversial topic at the convention was giving women the right to vote.\n2.) Suffragist Susan B. Anthony voted for president in 1872, more than fifty years before the 19th Amendment was ratified. (Later she was arrested and almost sent to jail.)\n3.) Nearly one hundred women were arrested and jailed for carrying signs demanding the right to vote. Some of them went on a hunger strike while in prison. To tempt the women to eat, the warden hired six cooks to fry ham and bacon 24-hours a day. None of the women gave in.\n4.) The ratification vote for the 19th Amendment came down to a single vote in the Tennessee House of Representatives. Everyone thought the vote was tied, but one man changed his mind and voted “yes” to suffrage because his mother asked him to.\n5.) Only one woman who attended the Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls in 1848 lived to see the passage of the 19th Amendment. That woman, Charlotte Woodard, was 91 years old in 1920. She died before she ever made it to the polls.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Dwars door West-Vlaanderen\nThis article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2017)\n|Region||West Flanders, Belgium|\n|Local name(s)||Dwars door West-Vlaanderen (in Dutch)|\n|Competition||UCI Europe Tour|\n|Editions||72 (as of 2018)|\n|First winner||Marcel Kint (BEL)|\n|Most wins|| Gustaaf Desmet (BEL)|\nPatrick Sercu (BEL)\nWilfried Peeters (BEL)\nErik Dekker (NED)\nNiko Eeckhout (BEL)\n|Most recent||Rémi Cavagna (FRA)|\nThe race was originally created unter the name Omloop der Vlaamse Ardennen (English: Tour of the Flemish Ardennes) in 1945 as a one-day race. It remained like that until 1999, when it became a two-day stage race and was renamed Guldensporentweedaagse. In 2003 it was extended to three days and became known as the Driedaagse van West-Vlaanderen (English: Three Days of West Flanders), and held on to this format until 2016. It was also known as the Johan Museeuw Classic. From 2006 to 2016 the race was organized as a 2.1 event on the UCI Europe Tour.\nSince 2017 the race morphed into a one-day event again and was rebranded Dwars door West-Vlaanderen; initially as a 1.1 event of the UCI Europe Tour but with the aim of becoming a 1.HC event in the near future.\n- \"Driedaagse van West-Vlaanderen wordt eendagskoers\". sporza.be. Retrieved 25 May 2016.\n|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Driedaagse van West-Vlaanderen.|\n- Official website (in Dutch)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "BRISTOW marriages (males) 1850-1910 South Australia\nBRISTOW marriages (males) 1850-1910 South Australia.\nmarried: 1850 Eliza WATTS.\nmarried: 1852 Eliza PITMAN.\nmarried: 1855 Susan Anne SIMS.\nmarried: 1859 Susannah PETHICK.\nmarried: 1871 Sarah Ann YATES.\nmarried: 1873 Rebecca Elizabeth MOORE.\nmarried: 1878 Hannah LUDLOW.\nmarried: 1879 Sarah Ann HODBY.\nmarried: 1879 Alice SKINNER.\nmarried: 1881 Jane WHITE.\nmarried: 1884 Harriett Alice Hall BEECHING.\nmarried: 1886 Emeline BULL.\nmarried: 1887 Margaret Saunders ROGERS.\nmarried: 1887 Florence JACKSON.\nmarried: 1890 Elizabeth BROADHURST.\nmarried: 1894 Clara SANDS.\nmarried: 1894 Mary Annie HURLEY.\nmarried: 1895 Isabella BURGES.\nmarried: 1899 Annie Maria FRANCIS.\nmarried: 1904 Emma Jane COON.\nmarried: 1905 Elsie Ann REDDEN.\nmarried: 1908 Lydia Florence Elizabeth HAY.\nmarried: 1910 Florence Maude GILMOUR.\nMarried: 1910 Elsie May MOORE.\nCompiled from the South Australian Marriage Indexes to assist others researching the BRISTOW lines.\non 2010-05-15 01:45:59\nTONKIN lives in Victoria, Australia.\nJournals are intended to assist new researchers locate family lines in Australia and should only be used as a guide for follow up research and record searches as intended. Due to spelling and informant errors appearing in the records, typo errors and my misreading of the records mistakes must be expected. Errors will be corrected when detected.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The following post is a collection of photos from my visit today to The National Museum of American History in Washington, DC. I was very excited to walk through the museum for a while since it has been closed for a while and recently re-opened to the public.\nBattle of Yorktown Display\nGeorge Washington's field glasses and travel desk used in the Revolutionary War Chairs used at Signing of Surrender Papers to End the Civil War\nCoffee cup used by Lincoln on the night he was assassinated\nPost a Comment", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "California Genealogy and History Archives\nAmador County History\nA Memorial and\nBiographical History of Northern California -\nChicago, Lewis Publ. Co., 1891\nThis county is seventy miles long by twenty broad, though narrowing in the eastern portion to four or five miles.\nThe eastern half of Amador, extending into the high Sierras, is elevated and rugged, the surface being cut by many deep ravines. In this elevated region are several small but deep and beautiful lakes, the water cold and of surpassing purity. This part of the county is covered with magnificent forests of pine, spruce, and cedar. The western half of Amador occupies the foothill country, more sparsely timbered, but almost as rugged as the mountain section, these foothills being the site of the gold mines. The upper part of Amador is one mass of granite, the geological formation, lower down, consisting mostly of slate, belts of limestone, and diorite (greenstone).\nAmador, while admirably adapted for fruit and vine growing, possessing also some other agricultural resources, is notably one of our foremost mining counties, its annual bullion product being now the largest, probably, of all counties in the State. There are in this county not less than twenty-five quartz mills, nearly all of them in active operation. These mills carry a total of over six hundred and fifty stamps. Along the broad gold-bearing belt, known as the \"mother lode\" of California, which holds its course across the county, the principal mines and mills are situated, there being here within a distance of fifteen miles, as many as twenty large companies engaged in vein mining, the properties of nearly all being equipped with first-class plants.\nBesides her quartz mines and auriferous deposits, Amador produces some copper and coal (brown lignite), and is rich in marble, limestone, freestone, etc. At a number of localities in the county, notably near the towns of Volcano and Oleta, diamonds have been found by the miners engaged in gravel washing. Some of these diamonds have been of fair size and good quality, and occurred in sufficient quantity to have made search remunerative, had the gravel accompanying them been more easily disintegrated. Some of the stones found here sold in the local market for $50 or $60, their intrinsic value having been much greater.\nIn the famous trip across the mountains, Fremont and Carson traveled northward from Walker's River, crossing the river bearing Carson's name in their course, and making the crossing of the summit by way of Truckee and Lake Tahoe. The river was then named in honor of Carson, the pass and valley being named from the river, so that it is quite probable that Carson never crossed the mountains at that point until 1853, when he came through with a division of United States troops under Colonel Steptoe.\nThe first authentic report of the presence of white men in the county was in 1846, when Sutter, with a party of Indians and a few white men, sawed lumber for a ferry-boat in a cluster of sugar pines on the ridge between Sutter and Amador creeks, about four miles above the town of Amador and Sutter.\nAt this time (1846) the country was one unbroken forest from the plains to the Sierra Nevada, broken only by grassy glades like Ione valley, Volcano flats and other places. The tall pine waved from every hill, the white and black oak alternating and prevailing in the lower valleys. The timber in the lower foothills and valleys, though continuous, was so scattering that grasses, ferns and other plants grew between, giving the country the appearance of a well cared-for park. The quiet and repose of these ancient forests seemed like the results of thousands of years of peaceful occupation; and at every turn in the trails which the emigrants followed, they half expected to see the familiar old homestead, orchard, cider-press and grain-fields, the glories of the older settlements in the eastern States. These things, after years of residence, are beginning to appear. How much the ancient sylvan gods were astonished and shocked at the irruption of the races that tore up the ground and cut the trees, the poets of some other generation will relate.\nIn the latter part of March, 1848, Captain Charles M. Weber, of Tuleburg (now Stockton), fitted out a prospecting party to search for gold in the mountains east of the San Joaquin Valley; but haste and want of experience prevented them from finding any of the shining metal until they reached the Mokelumne River in this county, when they found gold in every gulch to the American River. They commenced mining at Placerville, on Weber's Creek. Afterward they found fine specimens of gold south of the Mokelumne, and a mining company was formed which afterward gave name to Wood's creek, Murphy's Creek, Angel's Camp and other places. Then commenced the general working of the \"Southern Mines,\" and the rush of miners and the general immigration which finally filled the country.\nIn 1850, the two places contesting for the county seat were Jackson and Mokelumne Hill. After the election, when the first count or estimate was made out, Mokelumne Hill was said to have been the successful town, and a team was sent to Double Springs to remove the archives; but a subsequent count by Judge Smith made Jackson the county-seat. Smith was openly charged with fraud in the second counting. The whole affair was probably as near a farce as elections ever get to be. The seat of justice remained at Jackson until 1852, when it was transferred by election to Mokelumne Hill.\nEl Dorado County was first organized with Dry Creek as its southern boundary; Calaveras County, with the same stream as its northern limits. From these two territories, Amador was afterward carved, first on June 14, 1854, by setting off the territory north of the Mokelumne from Calaveras, and in 1856–'57, by the addition of the strip from El Dorado lying south of the Cosumnes, the boundaries further east being rather indefinite.\nThe first officers were William Fowler Smith, County Judge; John Hanson, Sheriff; Colonel Collier, County Clerk; A. B. Mudge, Treasurer; H. C. Carter, Prosecuting Attorney. Pleasant Valley, better known as the Double Springs, was designated as the county-seat. The courts were held in a long tent, eight or ten feet wide, imported from China. The first grand jury held its session under a big tree. According to all accounts, justice was anything but a blind goddess.\nIn 1853–'54 the Legislature passed an act calling for a vote of the people in regard to division, fixing the 17th of June following as the day and appointing W. L. McKimm, E. W. Gemmill, A. G. Sneath, Alex. Boileau and Alonzo Platt as commissioners to organize the new county in case the people voted for a division. The bill was drawn by E. D. Sawyer, one of the senators from Calaveras, Charles Leake being the other senator. The name originally given in the bill for the new county was Washington; but the name Amador was substituted in the Assembly and concurred in by the senate. The bill was read three times and passed in one day, the motive for such haste being expected opposition. A delegation from Mokelumne Hill had arrived to oppose the measure, but they had been wined until all ideas of county seats were obliterated; so a bill was hurried through before the drunk was off, lest convincing arguments should be urged against it when they returned to their senses. Ione, Sutter Creek, Volcano and Mokelumne Hill were the rival aspirants for a county seat. The election resulted in giving a small majority for a division of the county; but a thorough examination revealed the fact that the returns from several precincts had been tampered with; still it was resolved to proceed and organize a new county. The votes for county-seat were, for Jackson 1,002; for Volcano, 937; for Sutter Creek, 539; and for Ione, 496. The two first mentioned were therefore declared to be the seats of government for the respective counties, and real-estate in those towns and in their vicinity went up with a boom.\nAmador County was named in honor of José Maria Amador, who mined in that county in 1848 with a number of Indians. There was nothing remarkable in this man's character or position, but his father, Sergeant Pedro Amador, was a faithful servant of the Government for many years. He died in 1824, at the age of eighty-two years. As a common word, amador is Spanish for lover.\nThe general vote in 1851 was, Democratic, 1,780; Whig, 1,207. The county officers elected in 1852 were: Sam. Booker, District Attorney; A. Laforge, Treasurer; Joe Douglass, Clerk; Ben. Marshall, Sheriff; C. Creamer, District Judge. For President of the United States,—Pierce, 2,848; Scott, 2,200. In 1853 the officers of Calaveras County were: A. Laforge, Treasurer; Joe Douglass, Clerk; Ben. Marshall, Sheriff; Win. Higby, Prosecuting Attorney; and Henry Eno, County Judge. Members of the Legislature; Senators—E. D. Sawyer and Charles Leake; Assemblymen—A. J. Houghtaling, Martin Rowen, W. C. Pratt, C. Daniels vice Carson, deceased. The vote for Governor was: John Bigler (Democrat), 2,545; Wm. Waldo (Whig), 2,212.\nIn 1856 the vote of the county for President of the United States was, Democratic, 1,784; Know-Nothing, 1,557; and Republican, 657. In 1860, Douglas (Northern Democratic), 1,866; Breckenridge (Southern Democratic), 945; Bell (Constitutional Union), 178; and Lincoln (Republican), 995: total vote for that year, 3,984. In 1864, Democratic, 1,200; Republican, 1,392. In 1868, Democratic, 1,223; Republican, 1,098. In 1872, Grant, 964; Greeley, 772. In 1880, Garfield, 1,345; Hancock, 1,411.\nThe Representatives to the State Assembly from Amador County have been: A. B. Andrews, 1863; John H. Bowman, 1860; R. M. Briggs, 1858; A. C. Brown, 1863–'66, 1869–'70; J. C. Brusie, 1887; L. Brusie, 1873–'74; R. Burnell, 1861; A. Caminetti, 1883; H. A. Carter, 1875–'76; Cyrus Coleman, 1871–'72, 1880–'81; W. W. Cope, 1859; R. C. Downs, 1880; Thomas Dunlap, 1875–'78; John A. Eagon, 1859, 1871–'72; James T. Farley, 1855–'56; Miner Frink, Jr., 1865–'66; J. B. Gregory, 1867–'68; U. S. Gregory, 1885; T. M. Horrell, 1861; J. M. Johnson, 1869–'70; P. C. Johnson, 1860; Homer King, 1858; Harvey Lee, 1865– '66 ; J. Livermore, 1857; Robert Ludgate, 1877– '78; W. B. Ludlow, 1863–'64; S. A. Nott, 1875–'78; L. Miller, 1873–'74; J. W. D. Palmer, 1855; George M. Payne, 1867–'68; G. W. Seaton, 1862; W. M. Seawell, 1857; E. M. Simpson, 1863; Robert Stewart, 1883; W. H. Stowers, 1873–'74; C. B. Swift, 1881; Wm. A. Waddell, 1862; George W. Wagner, 1856; Chapman Warkins, 1881.\nIn 1855 a band of twelve robbers and murderers was formed, consisting mainly of Mexicans who undertook to execute vengeance upon the white settlers disregarding that clause in the treaty that required them to respect the rights of the Mexicans to their lands. These brigands committed many depredations in this region, creating consternation among the people generally; for a time business was suspended; extravagant rumors of the intention of the Mexican population to rise and take the country got into circulation, and the result was that the Americans arose and disarmed and even expelled the Mexican people from the town of Rancheria. The most criminal class of the Mexicans were the horsemen who rode about the country helping themselves to whatever they wanted, and thus obtaining a livelihood without honest work. Many outrages were committed.\nThe famous bandit Joaquin commenced his career in El Dorado County, when it included Amador. His first operations were to mount himself and party with the best horses in the country. Judge Carter, in 1852, had a valuable and favorite horse which for safety and frequent use was usually kept staked a short distance from the house. One morning the horse was missing. Cochran, a partner in the farming business, started in pursuit of the horse and thief. The horse was easily tracked, as in expectation of something of this kind the toe corks on the shoes had been put on a line with the road instead of across it.\nThe track led Cochran across Dry Creek, across the plains and thence toward the mines several miles, where the rider seemed accompanied by several horsemen. Coming to a public house kept by a Mr. Clark, he saw the horse with several others hitched at the door. Going in, he inquired for the party who rode his horse, saying that it had been stolen. He was told that it was a Mexican, and was then at dinner with several others. Clark, who was a powerful and daring man, offered to arrest him, and, suiting the action to the word, entered the dining room in company with Cochran, placed his hand on Joaquin's shoulder (for it was he) and said You are my prisoner.\"I think not,\" said Joaquin, at the same time shooting Clark through the head, who fell dead. A general fusilade ensued, in which one of the Mexicans was shot by the cook, who took part in the affair, Cochran receiving a slight wound. The Mexicans mounted their horses and escaped, leaving Carter's horse hitched to the fence.\nCharles Boynton was the father of the newspaper in Amador County. Though many recollect him, few can give an idea of his character, which seemed to be as changeable as a kaleidoscope, now foaming over with fun and good nature, now seriously discussing political economy, now poring over some old volume of forgotten history and now going for the gold in the bed of the Mokelumne with all has might, mind and strength, with a woman's emotion and a man's power. He was in some way connected with the Mokelumne Hill Chronicle; at any rate he had sufficient access to the types and press to work off several numbers of the Owl, 1853—'54, which set the whole country crazy with its fun. This, however, being of a local nature is now understood only by those who remember the incidents referred to. It is said that Boynton used to swim the river with the edition tied to the top of his head; and that he never went over to the Hill without having a fight or two on account of the little paper.\nSoon after the organization of the county he started the Sentinel, an independent paper devoted to no party or clique. O. D. Adaline, from Fort Wayne, Indiana, became the proprietor of it about 1857 or '58, and continued its publication until the great fire of 1862, when he abandoned it and went to the war.\nThe Amador Ledger was started by Thomas H. Springer in Volcano in 1855, during the boom in that town. It was at first independent, then Republican, then Democratic and finally Republican again.\nUp to 1860 the placers yielded undiminished returns; the quartz mines were beginning to show their inexhaustible treasures; agriculture had assumed a permanent and profitable character; schools were established and in a working condition; churches and other beneficial institutions were prosperous, proving that society was being built on a healthy basis; and, last though not least, the county finances had been generally economically managed, so that, notwithstanding the unavoidable expenses of organization and inaugurating a government, moderate taxes were sufficient to liquidate all expenses. According to the assessor's report there were fifteen saw-mills, cutting 11,500,000 feet of lumber per year. Thirty-two quartz mills crushing yearly 61,000 tons of quartz; 600 miles of main canal, besided distributors; 10,000 acres of cultivated land, yielding 6,000 tons of hay, 34,800 bu. of wheat, 46,000 of barley and 28,000 of corn, besides other produce. There were nearly 10,000 head of cattle, 1,700 head of horses, 6,000 swine, 60,000 fruit trees and 300,000 grape vines.\nThe following notices of mining claims were once found posted up:\n\" tack Notes thee unter singd clant two Huntent foot Sought on thes Loat from thee mans Neten bushes\nFebruary 12 1863\nClamte sought ter Pint three\nNota Bean Is here By given notes ter tinter signed clame too cooben clames of too Hunter feet square sought Nort too 200 hunter feet\nAmTore contry feb 12 63\nTakes Notes the untersiGent chlames North 400 foot to a mains nee ten Bush for Preubens of Mining Coper\nFebuary 12 one thousand 800 63\nLest people should think this style was owing to the absence of the schoolmaster, the following notice for the sale of property in Berkeley in the shadow of the university is appended:\nFerr Sall Tar Mes Ezi.\nAmador claims to be the leading mining county in the State. This claim rests upon the amount of its output of gold—$2,145,997.63 in 1885, which sum was larger in 1886, but the official figures are not at hand; the small size of its mining district, and the almost certain possibilities for largely increasing the yield of bullion through the coming into being of new mines now being prospected. The mining district is much smaller than any in the State and the yield of bullion is exceeded only slightly by two counties, both many times larger.\nWhile gold-bearing quartz is found in almost every portion of the county, the section that has attracted the most attention is comparatively small in area. The historical \"Mother Lode\" belts the county entirely across, extending north into El Dorado and south into Calaveras, and in Amador are found the most important and most numerous leads upon it. From Plymouth south to the Mokelumne River, there is a succession of paying quartz mines, the equal of which is found in no other mining district in the world. Along this line are most of the leading towns and the bulk of the population of the county.\nMore than one-sixth of the gold put into circulation in the State from its mines comes from \"Little Amador,\" and the leading mines which produce this vast sum yearly are not on the market, and never have been, which should serve as an indication that legitimate mining is here carried on, and the mine owners have the utmost confidence in their property. In good truth, mining in Amador County is carried on for legitimate profit and not for speculation, and the results fully justify the confidence of those who invest their capital.\nThe prevailing idea of the uninitiated as to a mining region is that it is a barren, rocky soil, where vegetation does not exist and where civilization is at a low ebb. No greater fallacy could exist than such a view regarding the mining region of Amador. Green fields and trees stretch in every direction; the soil is most fertile, and it is by no means an unusual sight that of a bearing orchard on top of ground where underneath thousands of dollars in gold are taken out monthly. In 1887 there were 1,132 men employed in the mines, operating 582 stamps. Besides, there were probably 250 more men engaged in prospecting and operating smaller mines.\nThe Q ranch was taken up in 1850, by James Alvord, Dick Tarrier and others. Henry Gibbons, who was a member of Company Q of the Ohio volunteers, gave the ranch its name. A D ranch was named after a brand used on the cattle there. The 2 L was similarly named. Perhaps the largest orchard is that of the\nin Ione Valley, containing 120 acres of orchard and vineyard, and famous from the early days of this county for its great fertility, and as being the home station of the Forest line of stages, that were such an important factor to the traveling public in the ante railroad period. Many an old resident of the county remembers when on a summer's day, after a hot, dusty ride over the plains from Sacramento, with what delight the long, shady road of this beautiful ranch would break on the vision. Then it was devoted to raising corn; now the greater portion is in bearing fruit trees, and the beauty of former years is enhanced by the long avenues of different varieties of trees, all pruned in beautiful symmetry over a ground clean as a garden.\nThere is much more rain in Amador County, than in the valley, and during the winter the temperature sometimes falls ten to fifteen degrees below freezing point. The desiccating and destructive north wind is not so bad as in the plains below. While much irrigation is not needed for fruit culture in the foothills, there is very little land in this county which cannot be irrigated. The water problem, which is a cause of so much trouble and expense in the southern part of the State, is no bugbear here, as thousands of inches of water that could be utilized are running to waste. On the south the county is bounded by the Mokelumne River, and on the north by the Cosumnes River. Jackson, Sutter, Rancheria, Amador and Dry Creeks flow through it, having numerous branches. Numerous canals and ditches take out the water, which primarily is used for mining purposes, but which can again be taken up and used for agriculture. The McLaughlin ditch property of Volcano in its various branches carries 3,000 inches of water, nearly all of which could be applied to irrigating the twelve miles width of country between Volcano and Jackson. The Amador Canal carries 4,000 inches from the Mokelumne River to the mines, and could all be utilized below the mineral belt, after it has done service in running the mills, for purposes of irrigation. So could the Empire Mine Ditch, of Plymouth, which takes water from the Cosumnes River. Other ditches take water from the different creeks, and in all the present water supply of the county will not fall short of 13,000 to 15,000 inches. This supply could be largely increased by conserving the supply in the higher Sierras by means of reservoirs. The water supply is immense and capable of supplying the wants of many times the present population, and its purity is not excelled, as the major portion of it is fed from the snow-clad mountains to the east. In the towns of Jackson, Sutter, Amador and Plymouth, the water supply for domestic purposes is furnished by the Amador Canal.\nThe grains and deciduous fruits do well in Amador County; and fine timber is inexhaustible. Commencing four miles above Volcano the forests run up thirty miles into the high Sierras. They are of spruce, fir, yellow and the beautiful and rare sugar pine, towering from 200 to 300 feet skyward, many feet in diameter, and which provide a quality of lumber whose superior is not to be found. These forests are ample for the requirements of the county forever, and it would require very heavy export drafts to cause any perceptible diminution of the supply. Four saw-mills supply the local market:\nIn 1887 $5 to $8 per acre would buy good uncleared fruit land, and $10 to $30 improved property near the towns; but the land is of course rising permanently in value.\nThe taxable property in 1887 was over four million dollars, and the debt of the county was but $11,000. Population, about 4,000.\nThe Amador branch of the Central Pacific Railroad runs from Galt to Ione, within twelve miles of the principal towns of the county. The San Joaquin & Sierra Nevada Narrow Gauge Railroad runs through the northern part of San Joaquin County to a point within twelve miles of Jackson. Both these roads are now operated by the Southern Pacific Company.\nThe location of the county-seat at Jackson, in 1854, gave that place great prosperity; but the town lost heavily by a flood in 1861, which carried away some twenty houses and destroyed property to the amount of about $50,000; and August 28, the very next year, the place was almost totally destroyed by fire. In 1878 another flood occurred, causing as great a loss as that of 1861. For several years past Jackson has been improving substantially. Besides the court-house, it has also the county hospital, erected in 1887 at a cost of $8,000 to $10,000. Three newspapers were then published there,—the Sentinel, Ledger and Dispatch. The Ginocchio Brothers have a large Alden fruit-drier.\nIone Valley, one of the most beautiful in California, is situated about twelve miles west of the county-seat, and is formed by the junction of Dry Creek, Sutter Creek and Jackson Creek, soon after they leave the mountains. The first white men to settle in this valley were William Hicks and Moses Childers, in 1848, who had crossed the plains five years previously in company with J. P. Martin. Hicks built the first house, an adobe covered with poles and hides, on the knoll where Judge Carter's house now stands. He and Martin bought cattle in Southern California and fattened them here for the market. The grass was \"as high as a man's head.\" In the spring of 1849 Hicks converted his house into a store, the first in the valley, with Childers as manager.\nThis valley was named before the town was started, by Thomas Brown, who had read a historical romance of Bulwer entitled Herculaneum, or The Last Days of Pompeii, one of whose heroines was a beautiful girl named Ione. The town, however, was first named Bed-Bug, and then Freeze-Out. It is 270 feet above tide water.\nThe first flour-mill in Ione Valley was built in 1855, by Reed, Wooster & Lane. There are now two well-equipped flouring-mills. This town has the fair-grounds of the district agricultural association.\nSutter Creek, four miles north of Jackson, is one of the prettiest towns in the foothills. Quartz-mining has recently been revived there. Two foundries are in operation, also an ice-factory, etc.\nAmador City, a mile and a half north of Sutter Creek, is also a thriving town.\nDrytown, three miles north of Amador, is in the \"warm belt,\" and most favorably situated for fruit-raising. Sulphuret works exist here, and also at Sutter Creek.\nPlymouth, three miles farther on, is also prosperous, is the seat of a consolidated mining company which employs 25 men, mostly men of families. Their mine has paid nearly $2,000,000 in dividends. There are also other mines in that vicinity.\nAt Oleta, six miles east of Plymouth, the curious-minded can see two genuine cork trees (Quercus suber), twenty-eight years old.\nClinton, six miles east of Jackson, is in the midst of a fine vineyard section,\nVolcano is a mining town twelve miles from Jackson.\nPine Grove, Aqueduct City, Buena Vista and Lancha Plana are other towns in Amador County.\nTranscribed by Kathy Sedler.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Trip Planner : Europe / UK / England / Yorkshire / West Yorkshire / Leeds / Museums / The Royal Armouries\nThe Royal Armouries, Leeds\nCategories: History Museums, Specialty Museums, Museums\nArms and armories have played an important role in the history of the UK, and The Royal Armouries serves to preserve and document this. Located in a modern, imposing building, the museum contains collections dedicated to ancient and medieval warfare, as well as warfare from the 17th to the 20th centuries, hunting, oriental weaponry, tournament warfare, and self-defense. Arrange your visit to The Royal Armouries and discover more family-friendly attractions in Leeds using our Leeds vacation builder.\nCreate a full itinerary - for free!\nDuring a week off from work my wife and I planned a day in Leeds with the Armouries first on our list of places to visit, we could have done with a longer stay as you simply cannot rush round the armo... read more »\nWhat a great place to visit for all ages. There is lots to see and you need a good few hours to walk round and look at all the exhibitions. During the day thay have various talks On I enjoyed the talk... read more »\nReally pleased that this is on my own door step. Taken me a while to go and visit for the first time. Really enjoyed it all. Kids loved seeing all the weapons and my youngest all the police memorabili... read more »\nUnable to display map at this time. Please try again later.\nAre you the owner of this business? Click here for promotion tips.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Wyoming February 06, 2020\nA Trip To The Ancient Legend Rock Petroglyph Site In Wyoming Is Truly Fascinating\nWhen it comes to historic places, Wyoming has done an incredible job of preserving some of the most culturally significant sites in America. Our petroglyph sites are second-to-none, and you can visit one of the most delicate and impressive places just outside of Thermopolis.\nLegend Rock is maintained by Hot Springs State Park, and it's considered one of Thermopolis, Wyoming's most impressive and culturally significant attractions.\nThe cliffside follows Cottonwood Creek and shows off prehistoric artwork that's sure to impress you.\nLegend Rock is a significant petroglyph site that preserves the history of Wyoming's first residents.\nOver thousands of years, indigenous people carved their art into the rock. You'll see depictions of wildlife, domestic animals, and humans here.\nYou could spend hours browsing this incredible ancient art! Be sure to respect the history and observe the work quietly.\nThe rock consists of 92 prehistoric petroglyph panels and over 300 petroglyph figures depicting the most important aspects of indigenous life.\nOver the years, local concern led to the official designation of the rock as a state petroglyph site. In 2011, a visitor's center and interpretive trails were established on the site.\nThe site is open year-round, but in the winter months (October to April), you need to pick up a key from the Hot Spring State Park office in order to access the site and trails.\nMake time to visit the incredible and historic Legend Rock in Thermopolis for a glimpse back in time.\nYou can read more about Legend Rock on the\nWyoming State Parks’ website, here.\nFor more information on attractions in Thermopolis and the surrounding area, read\nWhy This One Tiny Town Is Secretly The Best Place In Wyoming.\nKnow of a cool place or even a restaurant you think we should feature? Tell us all about it\nat this link! Address: 220 Park St, Thermopolis, WY 82443, USA", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "#Ciena25: The Story Behind the Founding of Ciena\nBy Bruce Watson – The company that would eventually become Ciena began its life as an inspiration inside the head of David Huber. The former General Instruments engineer had an idea for how to help cable companies squeeze more television channels through their lines to end consumers. In 1992, he set out to turn those ideas into a reality, and on November 8, 1992, the paperwork was officially filed in Delaware for the new company.\nHuber immediately began searching for venture capital funding. In late 1993, Huber was introduced to Pat Nettles, a veteran leader of several telecom companies. By early 1994, Nettles was brought on-board to run the business side of things and was soon the company’s first CEO (though owning a doctorate in particle physics, Nettles was no stranger to the technology side of things himself).\nNettles quickly convinced Huber that it was the long-distance phone companies, not the cable TV industry, that would be the best target for Huber’s invention.\nThe introduction between the two was orchestrated by Jon Bayless, a venture capitalist who’s firm Sevin Rosen Funds provided $3 million in start-up funding for the business in February 1994. more> https://goo.gl/ZdVzLE", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "New book by Orange author documents bitter wide comb shearing dispute\nIt was one of the most violent chapters in Australian rural history: The fight to overturn the longstanding ban on wide-toothed shearing combs in the early 1980s saw shearing sheds and pubs become battlegrounds and for four years the wool industry was thrown into chaos.\nNow, for the first time, the history of the Australia’s wide comb shearing dispute is documented in a new book released this month.\nIn Three Steel Teeth: Wide Comb Shears and Woolshed Wars, Orange-based writer and former journalist Mark Filmer has documented the industrial chaos that beset the wool industry when a small group of ‘rebel’ shearers sought to overturn the ban on wide-toothed shearing combs.\nThe 13-toothed combs, which were about 2 cm wider than the standard-gauge 10-toothed shearing combs, had been outlawed from use in Australia since 1926.\nThe rebels, led by the late Blayney district shearing contractor Robert White, believed the newer versions of the wide combs were more productive and efficient than the standard 10-toothed combs.\nHowever, the Australian Workers’ Union, which tightly regulated the shearing industry in Australia’s eastern states, was strongly opposed to wide combs and fought to prevent them being approved.\nMr White and many members of his shearing teams were attacked and bashed several times by union thugs and a national shearers’ strike from March to May 1983 paralysed the wool industry.\nThe dispute was punctuated by numerous incidents of violence, as disgruntled union shearers raided sheds where ‘rebel’ shearing teams were working and attacked them. There were many fights in country pubs sparked by bitter rivalry between wide comb and narrow comb shearers. There was even an open gun battle between two groups of rival shearers in a sleepy country town in central Victoria.\nThe book, Three Steel Teeth: Wide Comb Shears and Woolshed Wars, is published by Ginninderra Press and can be purchased through Collins Booksellers in Orange.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "From an unpublished manuscript, Indian Atrocities Along the Clinch, Powell and Holston Rivers, pages 60-62.\nBurton Litton, brother of Solomon Litton, was a son of John Litton, and this family were early settlers of the Elk Garden section of present Russell Co., VA. At the time of his death, Burton Litton had a brother, James Litton, and wife, Elizabeth. (1) Burton Litton was a member of Captain Daniel Smith’s militia company in 1774, while that part of Russell County was then Fincastle Co.\nOf William Priest little is known, except that he lived on Priest Mountain, at Elk Garden. He served in the militia company of Captain Daniel Smith, at the Elk Garden Fort from the 13th of August to 18th of November, 1774 (2), along with a Thomas and David Priest, who were probably brothers, or maybe sons. During this term of service, sometime between August and October of 1774, he was paid for 7 days as an Indian Scout. (3) The only court record I find relating to him was in the court of Fincastle Co. On November 2, 1773, where he, along with others was appointed to view a road from the Maiden Springs settlement into the Great Road, the latter perhaps, being the Fincastle main road leading from the east to the western country.\nThe details of this killing are best told in the words of Isaac Crabtree in his pension statement filed in Overton Co., TN, September 27, 1832. Isaac was born in Baltimore Co., MD in 1757. (4) Crabtree says:\n\"...In the next year, 1778, he again turned out a volunteer ranger, he thinks about the last of May, and went to the Elk Garden Fort and joined Captain John Kinkead (Kincaid) and ranged about that fort. He states that Colonel (then Captain, later Colonel) Daniel Smith came to the fort and took him and several other men, making ten, and went down Clinch, and as they came to Glade Hollow Fort, they met about the same number of Indians. He, and Burton Litton and William Priest were some distance in front of the others when they met the Indians. The Indians were laying in ambush in two sink holes (5), and on each side of the Trace (6) and when they arose and placed themselves in a fighting attitude and fired on him. When the firing commenced Colonel Smith, and the balance of the men with him, wheeled and ran. He, and his company kept their ground waiting for them to come up, until the Indians, or some of them, were within 30 or 40 yards of affiant and the balls flying around him like hailstones from a thunder storm. He began to think it was time to take care of himself, seeing by this time the whole of his company had taken flight and left him. He retreated a short distance and was closely pursued by the enemy, an dhe wheeled to see how close they were to him and saw one within thirty yards. He immediately raised his gun and taking aim at his breast, he fired, and the Indian fell back and uttered some coarse, loud noise. He then overtook some of his company and tried to rally them, but without effect. They continued their retreat and two of them were killed while they were running before him. He then began to mend his gait and soon overtook the foremost men and went by Col. Smith, but was unable to rally. Thence the two men killed were the two who went in advance of himself, Burton Litton and William Priest.\nBurton Litton, was a brother of Solomon Litton, who along with Captain John Dunkin, was captured by the Indians in 1780 at Riddles’ Station and carried to Canada, where they were held until the end of the Revolutionary War.\nAt a court held for Washington Co., VA, on August 17, 1779, is entered this order:\n\"On motion of Elizabeth Litton and James Laughlin (7), administration is granted them on the estate of Burton Litton, deceased, who made oaths thereto with John Kinkead and Samuel VanHook as securities.\" Appraisers of the estate were, Thomas and Richard Price, James Scott and John Lewis.\n(1) Washington Co., VA Order Book 1, page 69 & Survey Entry Book 1, page 75.\n(2) Draper Mss 6 XX 106\n(3) Draper Mss 5 XX 2\n(4) Crabtree statement also in Draper Mss 3 DD 40\n(5) There are huge sink holes around the upper end of Glade Hollow.\n(6) This suggests that Glade Hollow Fort lay on the Kentucky Trace.\n(7) James Laughlin was a brother-in-law of Burton Litton, having married his sister, Elizabeth Laughlin.\nRevolutionary War pension record from National Archives\nState of Kentucky\nOn the 12th day of December 1833, personally appears before the distingushed Justice of the Peace for the county aforesaid now sitting, Edward Dorton a resident of Kentucky in the county of Floyd, aged eighty two years: who being first duly sworn according to the law doth on his oath make the following declaration in order to obtain the benefit of the act of Congress passed June 7, 1832; that he entered in the service of the United States under the following named officers and served as herein atated; that in the spring of 1776 the Indians became troublesome in the western part of Virginia so much so that it prevented a band of immigrants from proceeding to Kentucky. Said applicant was then residing in Washington County, Virginia and on the waters of Powell's River in Powell's Valley. Col. William Campbell the Col. of the county ordered that a volunteer company should be raised to supress the Indians: which company this applicant states he enlisted in as a volunteer for \"six months\" in the month of March 1776, the day of the month not recollected.\nUnder Capt. Bickley and Lieutenant Cowan, Ensign Robinson the company immediatley commenced their march down Powell's Valley to \"Cumberland Gap\" and there we were fired upon by the Indians. The firing was continued warnly by both sides for some time and the Indians gave way and fled. From their painted appearance we apprehended a more formidable band against us and accordingly retreated in all possibe speed to the stellements and ascertained that the Indians we fought was the Cherokees. We remained but a short time and being joined by more volunteers we again marched to the frontier. We got back on the last of July 1776. Having been back but a short time we was attacked near Cumberland Mountain by about forty Indians. We outnumbered them a few. The fighting commenced first by the Indians who lay concealed behind old logs and rocks. The skirmish lasted for three hours in which a few Indians were killed. Our company lost several--Dickenson, Humphery and Solomon Kendrick. We remained here till August (the last part) and went back to the settlement all broke up and forted as they had done for six years before. We guarded the fort till late in November. We all recieved discharges certifying our service.\nOn the first day of April next year 1777 the Indians again returned to Clinch and Powell's Valley and commenced murdering and plundering the settlements in that region. A volunteer company was raised by Capt. John Snoddy and Lieutenant Robinson (my ensign the year before) this pursant to Col. Campbell's orders, who was our Col., I volunteered for six months again. The fort was useless unless a force was kept in the field against the Indians, the settlements had no security. Col. Campbell did not accompany us but gave us his orders.\nAbout this time the Tories in North Carolina continued their operations and they were aided by a few from the South Fork of the Holston who frequently stole horses belonging to the Whigs and carried them to the Tories in Carolina. Our company marched down to the mouth of the North Fork of the Holston and took a western direction for Powell Valley on the frontiers. Here we remained scouting till August 1777, when we was attacked by a band of hostile Indians at day break. After an hour skirmish and running fight we was forced to retreat. The brother of this applicant was killed and skelpt by the Indians, also a man by the name Michael Auxier and another by the name of Litton and one William Priest was killed and several wounded. The Cherokee Indians was assembling in large numbers down Holston to commence war. They had painted themselves and had the war dance and for fear of being cut off we retreated to the settlements.\nCocke of Carolina and Christy of Virginia marched to beat down the Cherokees. The Indians formed a plan to fall on the settlements on the Clinch and Gen. Christy sent one Martin to inform the fort of it. We all broke up and went to Abingdon. Not long after this Christy made peace with the Indians at the Long Islands which according to the applicants recollection in June 1777.\nHe wishes to be understood that he cannot be positive as to dates but knows it was sometime before Col. Campbell went to Carolina when the applicant and his brother went with him. He then received his discharge from duty for his \"six months\". In the spring of 1778 the Shawnee Indians from over the Ohio broke out in the Clinch settlements in March 1778. The applicant enlisted for one year to scout and spy under Capt. Lewis and Lieutenant Hawkins. This was the manner in which the company was engaged. Col. Campbell states he was authorized to run the company for the purpose and that each man should recieve pay. The company divided in two's and four's and we ranged and spied all that summer and winter and until April 1779.\nWe crossed frequently behind Cumberland Mountain down on the Kentucky and Big Sandy Rivers. They would generally leave the country for Kentucky or thier nation in November to hunt and return early in the spring.\nThis applicant served out his time and applied for his pay and Governor Patrick Henry stated that the state was not bound to pay; this applicant never got his pay. In July 1780 the day of the month not recollected this applicant and one of his brothers was prevailed on by Col. Campbell to accompany him against the Tories and British in the Carolinas and they did so and enlisted as new volunteers for no certain time. Something prevented us from starting immediately.\nCol. Campbell got word from Col. Cleveland that the Tories had fled from the Haw River and many from PeeDee and they had joined Ferguson (Major or Col.). We started from Abingdon all on horses and our Capt. was by the name of Looney. He thinks Col. Campbell's brother was a Capt. also. We crossed the Catawba high up in Burk's County, N.C. and came up with the British at a place called King's Mountain. Campbell was joined by Col. Cleveland and Major Shelby and Col. Sevier. There was a Frenchman there also by the name of Malmaday (this applicant thinks he was a Major) and Gen. McDowell were all on horses. When we got within one mile of the mountain we all hitched our horses and left them in care of some militia companies.\nThe whole of us was divided; part of Campbell's men fell under Cleveland and one Sevier and Wilson. This applicant was one of them and marched up. They were on the side of the mountain. The firing commenced on the right wing (commanded by Campbell) and Shebly on the left, Cleveland in the center. The British with bayonets charged upon Cleveland's men and forced us to give back, but we all took turns. The battle lasted for some time and we made them all prisoners. The troops, or part, went over to Charlotte and we took some of the prisoners along. Gates' army was at Charlotte. From there we went to Hillsboro, N.C. and remained there but a few days and again went back to Charlotte where we all ------. Gen. Greene took command, this was in December 1780 or 1781.\nIn January I hired my horse to the Government of N.C. and belonged then to the light infantry. Our whole army went to Cheraw Hills, after the battle of the Cowpens we all retreated to Virginia. In February or March we gave the enemy battle at Guilford where we was defeated. A few days after this I left the service and returned home. I knew many officers during the service, to wit: Col. Washington, Capt. Charles Y. Wilson, Gen. Gates, Gen. Huger, Gen. Davis and Col. Davidson, Maj. Malmady, Col. Sevier, Maj. Shelby, Col. Wilson, Capt. Thomas H. Davis, and Lieutenant Hinner, Col. Hogan, Gen. Rutherford and many others. I have no documentary evidence in my favor. I received three discharges, the last time I did not receive a discharge but a recommendation. I do not know what has become of them. The fact was I cared nothing about them for it has been more than fifty years since. He hereby relinquishes his every claim whatever to a pension or annuity except the present one. He declares his name is not on the pension roll of the agency of any state: Sworn and subscribed the day and date aforesaid:", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Me at Grytviken sat on old whale bones with the James Clarke Ross in the background.\nGrytviken church was originally from Norway and was dismantled\nand brought to South Georgia in 1913, the church sits amongst\nthe rusting remains of the old whaling station of Grytviken\n|Ernest Shackleton's grave|\n|The South Georgia museum was established in 1992 by Nigel Bonner, |\na previous deputy director of the British Antarctic Survey\nInformation for this piece came from Sally Poncet and Kim Crosbie’s book: A visitors guide to South Georgia.\nMelanie Leng is on the final stages of an expedition to South Georgia, see her previous blogs, and follow her on twitter @MelJLeng", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "All transferred in Carlton Cemetery that I maintained.\nI got back out to look at the stone of Chloe Rash today. It looks to me that the rest of the stone says:\nJan. 11, 1841\nAged 81 Years\nI added this info to the caption of the photo. Hope this helps.\n|blackcrepe||George B. Rash|\nI went to Montcalm Cemetery website and this stone was read in 1974. From what it says, stone reads,\n\"GEORGE W.B. SON OF J & FC. DIED NOV 1863. AGE 7 YEARS, 8 MONTHS, 28 DAYS.\"\n|Phil Carpenter||RE: solomon filkins|\nYou're very welcome. I'm glad I could find it for you.\n|Wanda White||RE: Leonard S Dyer and Susan Dyer|\nI changed their death dates to birth dates. I found a death certificate on Ancestry for a Leonard Dyer Born March 4,1843 died October 30, 1920 in Bridgeville. Would that be him? Still looking for Susan. If you would like a transfer of the memorials, let me know.\n|Glenn Ellis||RE: Robert Rash|\nAt present I don't have an immediate reference on the birth of Robt. Rash. I came across many reference some listing his birth in Muderkill Hd, Kent Co, MD and others in Wilkes County, NC. Records show variations. I opted for NC, and have forgotten my rational. It appears that these Robert Rashes are the same people, same Rash families. Thank you and also for the interesting record.\n|Ken Root Jr.||RE: Susan Catherine Thompson Haywood|\nThe 1841 date is her birth year, her date of death was never put on the stone...\n|Wilfred Agosta||Jane Bull|\nMy wife's family name was Buell / Bull and they lived in the Lake Orion, Michigan area. Her Great-Great-Grandfather was David Bull. In reviewing the 1871 Census Jane Bull was 5 yrs old living with David Bull in Canada and then in the 1880 Census she was 13 years old living with David Bull in Lapeer, Michigan. If this Jane Bull was 14 days old, is there any connection to the David Bull family? Thank you very much for any information on the Bull family that you might provide.\nMy pleasure. It's just down the road and I was going there this morning anyway.\nNo name on the top of the headstone that we could deteremine. There is a headstone next to it but it appears to be face down and too heavy to be lifted. No other stones are close by.\nWe dug down below grade and it revealed the '14 days' inscription\nAdded by drbuck on Aug 01, 2011 11:20 AM\n|[View all messages...]|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "What is known as the Eugenics Wars (circa 1992 - 1996), was one of Earth's global wars. This conflict occurred as a result of genetically altered superhumans attempting to conquer the world. Commander Spock spoke of this conflict being: \"the last of your so-called World Wars.\"\nOne of these genetically altered humans (a.k.a. augmented humans or more commonly refered to as \"Augments\"), rose to great power and notoriety: Khan Noonien Singh. He controlled more than a quarter of the planet; an area covering Asia to the Middle East.\nFlag of Khan Noonien Singh's kingdom, Great Khanate.\nThis conflict would lead to the deaths 30 - 37 million. The development and creation of the Augments came about from a private consortium, Chrysalis Project (the details of this organization can be studied in Starfleet historical records: \"The Eugenics Wars\" by Greg Cox).\nThe Starfleet video files below provide a brief summary of the Eugenics Wars and Federation regulations regarding augmented humans:\nDespite the best efforts of the Aegis, they were not able to stop incisions into our timeline, such as the Romulan, Nero. This is why it's important to examine the confusion that exists with the Eugenics Wars and World War 3.\nBeings such as the El-Aurians, who seems to have the capacity to remember other alternate timelines, complicate academic studies. This is why it is important to understand the \"official\" historical records and not the words of what was or might have been.\nWorld War 3 (circa 2026 - 2053). The conflict arose due to many factors. Part of it was a result of the Eugenics Wars, others due to the extremist groups of the time. Unlike Earth's previous World Wars, alliances that formed to bring about this global escalation occurred some time in 2051.\nThe two global factions were created and fought each other: the Western Alliance (composed of the United States and nations that were part of the European Union) verses the Eastern Coalition (India, China, Pakistan, Russia, Kazakhstan, Vietnam and Singapore; these areas were also known as the Great Khanate, the nation in which Khan Noonien Singh conquered and ruled), lead by Lee Kuan.\nThere were many coalitions that stayed out of the conflict, such as the Muslim Bloc, Caribbean Alliance, Oceania, etc. but despite these powers avoiding the conflict, in most situations, they simply became what was known at the time as \"collateral damage.\"\nThis was especially the case when it came to the Muslim Bloc nations. The Western Alliance could not allow the vital resources to fall into Eastern Coalition hands, so when the first minutes of \"May Day Horror of '53\" occured, those areas where heavily attacked with nuclear weapons and of course this was the day the entire world saw a full scale nuclear war.\nOne of the most notorious individuals to raise from that era was Colonel Phillip Green. During the Eugenics Wars, Green was part of the British military but turned traitor and helped Khan Noonien Singh invade Australia.\nIn 2052, Green tried to run as President of the United States of America but lost. According to some records, after losing his bid for President, his organization, known as the Optimum Movement engaged in political anarchy, trying to cripple the US.\nDuring World War 3, Colonel Green served under the Western Alliance. Despite the nuclear exchange, the war still raged on. As governmental infrastructure collapsed, Green used his position in the military to take over the Pacific Northwestern region of the US. His life came to an end in Montana, when an orbital strike successful terminated his reign of terror.\nUnfortunately, the ghost of Colonel Phillip Green arose from the grave. The ideas of Colonel Green succeeded him well into the 22nd century. The xenophobic extremist group, Terra Prime was founded on Green's ideology.\nIn the end, the total lives lost as a result of World War 3, 600 million. For further study during this period, use Starfleet historical records below:\nBelow are a few images from World War 3\nAuthorized Starfleet Personnel Only\nBiometric identification required to access files below.\nIdentity recognized and accepted. You are authorized to see the material below.\nThe materials you are about to view are for Starfleet officers working in Section 31. Data can not be copied or relayed to any one out side of Section 31.\nIn the continual pursuits of the ideas of Section 31: to protect and defend Starfleet and to acquire technology that will give Starfleet an advantage over any advisories; as well as following guidelines set forth by the late Admiral Alexander Marcus.\nA Starfleet vessel had recently encountered an anomaly, that might have substantial benefits to us. This anomaly tore into the fabric of space - time. The ship was caught in the gravitational pull and was taken to an alternate Earth and the time in which they arrived: the early 21st century.\nThe history of this alternative Earth: they did not go through the Eugenics Wars but still has a similar history to our own universe. This Earth pursued looking into genetics by understanding as a foundation and not merely creating, as in our history.\nThe Human Genome Project, a project funded and supported by the US government in 1984 but the actual work began in 1990. This endeavor was completed in 2003. Several nations joined in this work; which the objective was to identify and map all genes within humans.\nThey've already come to a point with genetic technology where the average person can buy equipment to alter their genes. Without the Eugenics Wars and World War 3 that followed, this Earth will be more advanced technology wise, while our Earth fell a part.\nWhich is already seen with this Earth's ability to fully use gene alterations and the science that centers around it. This Earth also has other advances in technology that we did not have. What is known to that world as smart phones, works in ways equivalent to our communicators and tricorder.\nThe images below was gathered by the starships away party.\nThe team also collected a data recording and storage device. It documents the technological achievements they've made but also the dangers.\nDespite their accomplishments and avoidance of war, their world still has problems like our own. They seem to be facing their own World War 3.\nThe crew of the starship had to depart without further information, as a result of the spacial anomaly closing. Despite that, analyst believe that their advancements will surpass our own and by going to their \"future,\" paralleling our current time; we should gain additional technological advancements.\nThis is despite the fact there may or may not be a World War 3. This Earth isn't as aggressive as ours, though we share almost an exactly similar history.\nThe crew of this starship has been debriefed and ordered not to speak of this to anyone. All telemetry has been recorded and our scientist are developing a way to return to the other Earth but in the exact time we are in. It is our hopes to gain what could have been our history.\nAfter viewing all data, every Section 31 strategic analysts are to report to the following area:\nEnd of File", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Ship name||Arabian Chebec|\n|Photos 1||views of the ship model|\n|Photos 2||views on the deck|\n|Photos 4||the hull|\n|Photos 5||very close views of details|\nClick pictures to enlarge!\nThis is a model of an 18th century Arabian chebec. Chebecs were originally Arab constructions that were famous for their maneuverability and speed. They were light sailing fast warships, but in calms could also be rowed. The oars were put through smaller ports in the bulwarks between the guns. They are thought to have originated in Algeria, and were used by corsairs of the Maghreb from the beginning of the 17th century. The chebecs proved very useful as fast raiders, despatch boats and merchant ships.\nThe Barbary States of that time were to a large extent autonomous outposts of the Ottoman Empire and attacked the ships of the merchant fleets of those nations, which unlike England and France did not have strong navies. This was true for the young US navy in the 1790er years. After 1793 hardly a ship of the extensive US merchant fleet could be seen in the Mediterranean. From 1801 to 1805 the US navy was engaged in the fight with the Barbary Deys of Tripoli, Tunisia and Morocco. In 1803 the US lost the frigate Philadelphia, which ran aground before the port of Tripoli when pursuing a corsair and was taken as prize.\nWith their pronounced slim and hydrodynamically advantageous hulls the chebecs belonged to the fastest and most agile ships of the Mediterranean in 17th to 19th century. As crew were 300 - 400 men on board, the armament of 16 - 24 cannons.\nFrederik Henrik af Chapman described a 50 m long Algerian chebec in his \"Architectura Navalis Mercatoria\", Plate LVIII, No. 17 (published in Stockholm in 1768). This ship model as well as the ship's boat were built according to the drawings of Chapman.\nThis very fine model of an Arabian chebec is 1 : 50 scale. Length is 97 cm, width 25 cm, height 79 cm.\nHave a look at the set of photos. There are 47 photos in groups: several views of the entire ship model, several views on the deck, of the rigging, of the hull, and some very close views of details. Click images to enlarge!\nThis model has already been sold. The pictures and the data are shown in the gallery of the ship models sold only to let enthusiasts and model makers enjoy the photos and maybe get ideas or some guidance, if someone builds such a model by himself.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "For 1000 years tiny curved feet were considered the ultimate level of beauty in China. During this period around 3 billion women bound their feet.\nThe most likely origin of the practice is from the time of Emporor Liyu ( 937 – 975 AD). Entranced by the form of the feet of a favourite dancer he had her feet wrapped to accentuate them. Other women of the court who wished to please the emperor also began to wrap their feet. The fashion spread to upper class women and eventually beyond. True to the extremes of fashion smaller feet and tighter binding became desirable, leading to foot binding and 3 inch feet.\nThe practice was outlawed in 1912, however some continued secretly to foot bind until the 1950’s.\nCommunism in China meant that women were required to undertake harsh physical labour, so the foot binding became impossible to perpetuate and for the bound woman to survive.\nThe lengthy and painful process of foot binding was begun when a girl was between 4 – 7 years old her soft, tender bones would be manipulated to bring the four smallest toes to the underside of the foot and to pull the heel and toes closely together. This", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A landmark of Victorian ornithology, John Gould's The Birds of Australia originally appeared in 36 parts between 1840 and 1848. It is a massive work comprising 8 folio sized volumes that depict and describe all of the 681 Australian bird varieties then known, many of them recorded by Gould himself for the first time. The birds are illustrated by beautiful hand coloured lithographed plates.\nVol. 1 (n1-a.1): plate 1\n|Gould spent most of childhood in Surrey. He received no\nformal education, but was keenly interested in wildlife from an\nearly age. His father was a gardener and it seemed that he was destined to follow in his footsteps when,\nat the age of 14, he began as an apprentice at Kew.\nBut after working\nfor a short time at Ripley Castle in Yorkshire, in 1822 he moved to London and gave up gardening for taxidermy, a then\nincreasingly lucrative trade. One of his\nmost curious assignments was to stuff a giraffe for King George IV.\n|In 1827 he\nbecame the Curator and Preserver of the newly formed Zoological Society.\nHere he would have dealt with many\nof the newly discovered species being sent to the Society by collectors\naround the world. During this period he met his wife, Elizabeth\nCoxen; then working as a governess, she was also a talented artist.\nGould encouraged her to learn\nlithography and together they produced their first book on\nbirds, A Century of Birds from the Himalaya\nMountains. Issued in parts between 1830 and 1832, this work\ncomprised 80 colour plates of illustrations drawn by Elizabeth. The hundreds\nof birds carefully described and classified by Gould were based on a collection of skins received by the\nZoological Society. Gould was undeterred when he could not find a publisher\nto risk any capital on the work, and simply published it himself. Produced\nat a time of burgeoning interest in ornithology, its success gave Gould the confidence to plan a much larger work,\nand in October 1831 he issued his prospectus for The Birds of Europe.\nA publishing phenomenon had been born.\nGould decided to work on Australian birds next. Although several books on this subject had already been produced, he felt that none of these were comprehensive. His inspiration lay in the many 'strange and unusual' specimens sent to him by his two brothers-in-law, Charles and Stephen Coxen, who had emigrated to Australia in the early 1830s; in 1837-38, he described some of these in a small publication entitled A synopsis of the birds of Australia, and the adjacent islands.\n|Perceiving that a much grander work could be viable, he embarked on the first two parts of his The Birds of Australia. However, it soon became clear that he did not have access to sufficient specimens; as he explains in the general preface to the work, 'it could not be executed in a manner that would be satisfactory to my own mind or commensurate with the exigencies of science; I therefore determined to proceed to Australia and personally investigate (so far as a stay of two years would allow) the habits and manners of its birds in a state of nature'.\n|Using the profits made on his previous\nbooks, he relinquished his post at the Zoological Society, and handed over the\nrunning of his taxidermist business and other administrative affairs to his\nsecretary Edwin Prince. He withdrew the first two parts of the work already\nissued, on the understanding that they would be replaced later by revised parts. Not all\nof these 'cancelled' parts were returned, however, and these now form the\nrarest of Gould's works for collectors.\nGould set sail on May 16, 1838. He was accompanied by his wife, his eldest son Henry (aged 7), his nephew Henry Coxen, his assistant John Gilbert, and two servants. After a four month voyage, the party landed at Van Diemans Land (now Tasmania) on September 18. Gould and Gilbert went on to Australia early in the following year. Gould began his explorations from the home of his brothers-in-law at Yarrundi, carrying out field work in the Hunter River-Liverpool Ranges, travelling some 400 miles in to the interior. John Gilbert, meanwhile, was sent to Swan River, Perth. Between them they collected 800 specimens of birds, as well as nests, eggs and some 70 examples of quadrupeds. The expedition resulted in Gould discovering over 300 species; although many of these were later deemed to be subspecies, many of his bird names have survived to this day.\nGould was 'highly gratified' to be the first to record the extraordinary habits of Satin Bower-birds. An example of the unusual thatched 'bower' structures that they build is clearly shown here, in one of the few double-sized plates found in the work. Gould described it as their 'playing-ground or hall of assembly' but was unsure about its exact purpose. It was later identified as being an essential element of the male's courtship ritual.\nIn all, Gould was away for 27 months. Having returned to England in August 1840, the first of 36 parts of the new The Birds of Australia appeared on 1 December. Gould spent the next 8 years on the work, a new part being produced every three months until its conclusion in 1848. During the same period, he also published a volume on kangaroos and began work on the 3 volume Mammals of Australia. As well as the specimens Gould had gathered for himself, John Gilbert stayed on to explore the western and northern parts of the continent further, and although he returned to England in 1841, Gould found his services in the field so valuable that he sent him back.\n|The result was a monumental, beautiful and important scientific work. Gould's courage and determination in its achievement should not be underestimated. At that time, Australia was largely unchartered, only sparsely settled and overwhelmingly forbidding: its exploration was dangerous. In all, three men lost their lives in collecting specimens for Gould. Most tragically, perhaps, in 1845 John Gilbert was killed by Aborigines.\n|As well as discovering, naming and describing new species, Gould is credited with introducing the budgerigar to Britain. In his introduction, he specifically mentions the 'beautiful little warbling Grass Parakeet, which, prior to 1838, was so rare in the southern parts of Australia that only a single example had been sent to Europe'. During his explorations, he explains that the birds arrived on the Liverpool plains in vast numbers, flying in flocks of up to a hundred strong. Describing these as 'the most animated, cheerful little creatures you can possibly imagine' (as well as commenting on how good they are to eat), he managed to bring a live pair back to England. These birds soon became popular as pets. The name that we know them by today is a corrupted form of the Aboriginal 'Betcherrygah'.\n|While Gould's in-depth knowledge of his subject made this work a real scientific achievement, its enduring appeal has surely lain in its magnificent illustrations. Gould was not directly responsible for these himself, however, although he supervised their production closely. His talent lay in drawing rough sketches, having an uncanny eye for capturing the characteristics and differences of each species.\n|The sketches were then used as guides by his artists in producing the plates. These were made by the process of lithography. After a painting had been made based on the preliminary sketch, this would be transferred in reverse on to stone and printed in a single colour. The actual printing was undertaken with 'minute accuracy' by the firm of Hullmandel and Walton. Each plate then had to be coloured by hand, following the scheme of the original painting. This colouring was executed entirely by the 'unwearied exertions' of Mr Bayfield. At this time, lithography was a fairly new art and Gould was perceptive in realising its potential to produce lifelike images.\nElizabeth Gould produced most of the lithographs for their early works. Tragically, she died of puerperal fever a year after their return from Australia, and only 84 of the plates in this work are attributed to her. Gould found another artist, Henry Constantine Richter, to interpret the drawings in order to finish the work. Richter went on to stay with him for 40 years and it is estimated that he was responsible for over 1600 of Gould's designs. Other artists he employed included Edward Lear, William Hart and Joseph Wolf.\nThe logistical and organisational skills required to produce all the parts on schedule were phenomenal. It is all the more astonishing to consider that Gould usually had more than one work in production at any one time. For this edition of 250 copies alone, 1500 plates had to be printed and hand coloured every month. Meanwhile, the text was printed separately by the firm of R. and J. E. Taylor. The prints and text then had to be assembled into folders for distribution to subscribers. The subscribers were forced to wait over eight years before they could bind their volumes - the titles, lists of plates and introduction (along with instructions to the binder) being delivered last of all. Gould's overall introduction philosophically accepts that there are probably more species to be found, and entices the reader with a plug for his next project on the birds of India.\nInevitably, this was an expensive product. The original 7 volume set cost £115. Glasgow University is listed in the first volume as being one of the original subscribers.\nOstensibly completed by 1848, the work was still not finished in its entirety. Between 1851 and 1869, further parts were produced to form a supplementary volume, in order to describe more newly discovered birds. In its introduction, Gould discusses the likelihood of there being more undiscovered species and even hints that he may produce a second supplementary volume; he says, 'if the blessing of health be continued to me, I trust I shall not be found wanting in energy or desire to do justice to the delineation and description of any novelties that may be discovered, it being as much a labour of love to be thus engaged now as when ardour and youth went hand in hand during my visit to the distant country one portion of whose natural productions I trust I have not in vain attempted to illustrate'.\nHe cites the discovery of a 'fine species of Cassowary in the rich colony of Queensland' as one of the highlights of the supplement.\n|Although Gould never published another volume of The Birds of Australia, he worked tirelessly up until his death on 3 February 1881. He left his final work, The Birds of New Guinea and the Adjacent Papuan Islands, incomplete. It was finished for him by his friend, Richard Bowdler Sharpe of the British Museum, who later went on to compile an analytical index to Gould's works. Somewhat notoriously, Gould's Australian specimens had been bought by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia when the British Museum decided that it could not afford them. After Gould's death, however, the museum's Zoological Department paid £3000 for his remaining collection of 12,395 specimens, including 5378 valuable humming birds. The Birds of Australia is now widely acknowledged to be the greatest of his major works.\nThe following were useful in compiling this article:\nJean Anker Bird books and bird art: an outline of the literary history and iconography of descriptive ornithology The Hague: 1979 Sp Coll RF 133; R. Bowdler Sharpe An analytical index to the works of the late John Gould, F.R.S. London: 1893 Sp Coll RQ 508; National Library of Australia Treasures from the National Library: John Gould's Birds of Australia http://www.nla.gov.au/collect/treasures/apr_treasure.html (viewed on 21/6/2005); Maureen Lambourne John Gould - bird man Milton Keynes: 1987 Level 11 Main Lib Fine Arts C3380 LAMBO; Gordon C. Sauer John Gould, the bird man: a chronology and bibliography Melbourne: 1982 Level 5 Main Lib Zoology qA31.G6 1982-S\nJulie Gardham July 2005", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "On Monday, we learned about the unfortunate passing for Nebraska football great Dennis \"Duke\" Emanuel. He was 86 years old.\nEmenuel reportedly died back on April 21 in Lincoln. Services were held in his memory over the weekend, in his hometown of North Bend.\nEmanuel had a pretty interesting Huskers career, which spanned seven years. He was a two-time All-Conference player in 1951 and 1952. The Huskers competed in the old Big Seven conference, a predecessor of the Big Eight (when Oklahoma State joined) and now, the Big 12.\nAfter that first stint at Nebraska, Dennis Emanuel entered the service, and spent 1953-56 in the U.S. Army.\nHe returned, and wound up playing varsity for Nebraska for a second stint in 1958.\nHe wound up being inducted into Nebraska's football Hall of Fame in 1990. After his graduation, he stuck around the state.\nEmanuel worked as a physical therapist at Omaha Memorial Hospital for 35 years before retiring.\nPer the Omaha World-Herald, he leaves behind a wife and three children:\nHe was preceded in death by his first wife, Joan, in 1996. Survivors include wife Susan of Lincoln; son Bradley of Wichita, Kansas; daughter Jennifer of Omaha; and sister Colette Feala of North Bend.\nOur thoughts go out to them, and everyone else impacted by Emanuel's passing around the Lincoln and University of Nebraska communities.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In the weeks and months that followed the bombing of Rangoon, Geren worked as a driver, and then as a field hospital attendant on the front lines which the Chinese were failing to hold against the advancing Japanese.\n“Our supplies were cut off and the Japs were advancing all the time,” Paul recalled. “We were the only medical unit with Western standards. The few members of the Quaker Volunteer Ambulance Corps and myself, we carried the wounded back from the battlefield.”\nAll of this time his faith buffered him.\nOn Christmas Eve, 1941, he wrote in his Diary, “The Japanese are promising a ‘Christmas present for the white people’ over the Bangkok radio.”\nThey carried on in Rangoon. From Geren’s Diary, Christmas Eve, 1941:\nWhatever came yesterday, and whatever will come tomorrow, tonight we sang Christmas carols. We were a motley choir, begotten of a day between air raids, so widely apart in size, in mind, in social status, and so variously gifted with song that one had to chuckle if ever he stood apart to make appraisal of us.\nOne of the carolers was an Austrian Jewess. It seems that this war always comes to its frightful worst when it confronts a Jew. She had escaped from Austria and had set up a little school in Rangoon. In yesterday’s raid a bomb exploded next to her house, burned it with all her things, and left her greatly shocked. All through the singing she was crying softly.\nThis was the place and the thing for her and for all of us. Christmas carols are excellent bits of defiance as we could have found to throw into the teeth of despair. And despair was pressing hard upon us.\nIf it seems farcical to singing about the Prince of Peace in a time like this, consider alternatives. A man could become cynical, could hopelessly despair, but, if he did, nothing would have been accomplished. If our choice is to be forlorn on rational grounds or hopeful on ground whose case is not conclusively logically, it ought not to be hard decision to make. It is the best part of rationality, even, to care more for hope than for the relentless logic with which war follows war.”\nThe first half of 1942 were months of retreat and defeat for the Allies everywhere. In Russia the critical battle of Stalingrad was being waged in hand-to-hand, block-to-block combat; in the desert sands of North Africa General Rommel, the “Desert Fox,” and his Afrika Korps forced back the British Eighth Army; while in the Pacific Japanese landing forces were snaking from island to island enroute to Australia, and General MacArthur could only talk bravely of returning. Burma, too, had fallen to the Japanese. Geren’s Diary notation for May reads, “The Japanese are to the south at Kaleywa, we think they are to the north at Myitkyina and we must try to go between before they close the circle.”\nEnd of Part Three", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "METAMORA, Ind. — There was a time when canals were part of the roadways of America east of the Mississippi River, connecting the small towns and villages to the big cities and allowing merchants and farmers to move their goods from place to place.\nBarges were laden with grain, lumber and other wares and pulled by horses or mules walking along the canal banks.\nOne such waterway was the Whitewater Canal, built in 1847 to connect Hagerstown, Ind., with Cincinnati, a 76-mile trip that included 56 locks and seven dams.\nLike most of the canals in America, with the advent of the railroad as well as better roads, much of the Whitewater Canal disappeared, covered over by the tracks for the Indianapolis & Cincinnati Rail Road or just left to fill in.\nBut two things saved the stretch of the canal that ran through tiny Metamora, an hour's drive southeast of Indianapolis. The canal remained open to be used as a source of water for the town's 1845 grist mill. And a new road, built just north, bypassed the canal section of town here, known as Old Metamora, leaving it to languish.\nHistoric buildings remain\nMany of the buildings in Old Metamora, which during the canal heyday had a population of 200 (it is now 125), date back to those glory times in the mid-1800s. They were never torn down because progress never came here, and the old wood and brick structures were left to the ravages of time. This neglect became a historian's boon.\nAnd so 30 years ago, when the state of Indiana decided to reclaim a stretch of the canal that still existed, Metamora, flanking its banks, became what it once was--a booming canal town.\nNow the buildings are spruced up and have been turned into bed-and-breakfasts, shops (candles, candies--and other tourist goods) and restaurants. The old grist mill is grinding again. And a white and blue barge, a replica of a canal barge from the 1800s pulled by two large Belgian horses, takes passengers just 1 mile on a round trip between the grist mill and the Duck Creek Aqueduct, the only remaining wood aqueduct still in use in the United States--and maybe the world.\n\"At least I never heard of another wood aqueduct left anywhere else in the world,\" says Ralph Bush, who with his wife, Rose, owns the Waterwater Inn located on the canal in Old Metamora.\nAccording to Bush, aqueducts were a way of rerouting streams and rivers over the canals so barges could continue on.\nTraveling by barge was not a luxurious or speedy process.\n\"It was a three-day ride to go the whole distance and back\" on the Whitewater Canal, says Bush. \"The boat only went 4 m.p.h. The horses could have gone faster but that would create a wake, which eroded the banks.\"\nAnother impediment to speed traveling were the numerous locks designed to equalize the 600-foot change in elevation on the journey.\nThere was a whole process and lingo to the canal trips.\n\"The mules would pull the barge for about 6 miles,\" says Jay Dishman, historic site manager for the Whitewater Canal Historic Site. \"They called those shifts `tricks' back then, but we don't use that term much now because it has a different connotation.\"\nFarmers along the way would rent their mules (and sometimes horses) for a new trick or else mules traveled aboard to replace their tired compatriots.\n\"The number of mules they used depended on the weight of the load,\" says Dishman, who lives near Metamora in a town called Laurel, which was also on the canal.\nAccording to Dishman, there was a \"canal mania\" in the 1830s and 1840s.\n\"The whole idea was to get commerce in Indiana, and canals were seen as the way to do this,\" he says. \"Once the barges made it to Cincinnati, then they could get their loads onto the Ohio River and go just about anywhere.\"\nVisitors to Old Metamora can also travel in other old-fashioned ways. Ronnie Adkins owns and runs Salt Creek Ranch, just outside of Metamora on U.S. Highway 52. With more than 100 horses in his stable and 700 acres of rolling hills to ride over, he offers a variety of guided horseback trips ranging from one hour to overnight. There is also a \"hooves and paddles\" trip, starting with a trail ride to the Whitewater River and followed by a canoe trip that includes a stay overnight at the century-old log cabin Adkins brought up from Kentucky. Dinner and breakfast are included.\nThe White Water Valley Railroad, which ran from Connersville to Hagerstown until 1890, is up and running again, taking tourists from Connersville to Old Metamora, a five-hour round trip that includes a two-hour layover in Metamora. The train trip follows both the Whitewater River and the canal most of the way.\nIF YOU GO\nFrom Chicago, take Interstate Highway 94 East to Interstate Highway 65 South. In Indianapolis, take Interstate Highway 465 east to U.S. Highway 52 and stay on it until Pennington Road, where you turn right to Old Metamora. Note: Old Metamora denotes the historic area; there is also the modern Metamora, which centers on U.S. 52.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "$4 million upgrade at Veterans Cemetery in Esquimalt nears completion\n4 March 2020—Esquimalt, British Columbia—Veterans Affairs Canada\nCanada’s Veterans and those who gave their lives in service deserve our greatest recognition and appreciation. Their grave sites—maintained in perpetuity by the Government of Canada—serve as a lasting symbol of remembrance for future generations.\nToday, the Honourable Lawrence MacAulay, Minister of Veterans Affairs and Associate Minister of National Defence, visited the Veterans Cemetery—commonly known as God’s Acre—in Esquimalt to highlight the recent expansion and upgrades made to the Veteran grave sites, cemetery grounds and surrounding area. The project is expected to be completed this spring.\nOver the last five years, Veterans Affairs Canada has invested close to $4 million to improve and expand Veterans Cemetery. The expansion and improvements allow for an additional 1,400 internment spaces—both in‑ground and columbariums.\nIn addition to the new interment spaces, a new building was built for the caretaker and their equipment, along with office space for department employees responsible for grave marker inspection and maintenance. The work also included upgrades to the roads and pathways, along with a new drainage system.\nVeterans Affairs Canada owns and operates the Veterans Cemetery in Esquimalt, British Columbia. The cemetery—an honoured final resting place for more than 2,500 military personnel—was projected to reach its capacity by the end of 2016. In response, Veterans Affairs Canada acquired a parcel of land from the Gorge Vale Golf Course. The acquisition and expansion ensured that the cemetery would remain a burial option for Veterans and their families for years to come.\n“Years of hard work and dedication has led to the incredible transformation here at God’s Acre—a reflection of Canada’s pride and respect for Veterans. As future generations walk through these rows and read the inscriptions on the grave markers, I hope that they will understand what Canadians have achieved and sacrificed in the cause of peace and freedom.”\nThe Honourable Lawrence MacAulay, Minister of Veterans Affairs and Associate Minister of National Defence\nVeterans Affairs Canada owns and operates the Veterans Cemetery in Esquimalt, British Columbia—an honoured final resting place for more than 2,500 military personnel.\nVeterans Affairs Canada has invested close to $4 million over the past five years to improve and complete the expansion at Veterans Cemetery.\nThe Veterans Cemetery expansion provides approximately 1,400 new interment spaces for both Veterans and their spouses.\nIf you know of a Veteran gravesite that requires maintenance or is unmarked, please contact Grave Marker Maintenance at Veterans Affairs Canada.\nThe Government of Canada’s investments in God’s Acre come from two sources.\n- From 2015 to 2019, the Department invested $1.9 million of its own operational funding for the expansion of the cemetery for both in-ground and niche interments (columbarium project).\n- Budget 2018 provided $24.4 million for Grave and Cemetery Maintenance across Canada including major projects such as the renovations and upgrades to the Veteran’s Cemetery in Esquimalt. About $1.88 million of this was used for the upgrades and renovations to the Veteran’s Cemetery in Esquimalt\nVeterans Affairs Canada\nDirector of Communications\nOffice of the Minister of Veterans Affairs\n- Date modified:", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Challengers were an instrumental surf music band started in late 1962. They were located in Los Angeles. They represented a growing love for surf music and helped make the genre popular. Their debut album \"Surfbeat\" was the biggest selling surf album of all time and helped bring surf music from California to the rest of the world.\nThe Lively Ones were an instrumental surf rock band active in Southern California in the 1960s. Some people call them the best American surf band. They played live mostly in California and Arizona. Their hit Surf Rider (written by Nokie Edwards from The Ventures) was used in the final sequence of Quentin Tarantino's film Pulp Fiction.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Honor a veteran with a poppy today simply by visiting your local grocery store.\nThe American Legion Auxiliary Post 0056 Ladies and some legion men have volunteered to stand in front of Fareway, Hy-Vee and Wal-Mart today from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. handing out poppies in exchange for contributions to assist Boone County veterans. Donations are used exclusively to assist and support veterans and their families in the Boone area.\nThe Auxiliary promotes the poppy as a symbol of the sacrifices our military men and women have made; a symbol to open people’s hearts and inspire them to donate. The veterans at the Iowa Veterans Home make the flowers to earn a small wage, which helps to supplement their incomes and makes them feel more self-sufficient.The poppy reminds the community of the past sacrifices and continuing needs of our veterans.\nThe poppy became a nationally known and recognized symbol of sacrifice in November of 1918. It is worn to honor the men and women who served and died for their country in all wars. Three-and-a-half million poppies were sold nationwide in 2012.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Each year, almost 600 agricultural shows are held in towns large and small across Australia. Farmers proudly display their produce and the community comes together to be entertained.\nMarking the bicentenary of Australia’s first agricultural show and the foundation of Royal Agricultural Societies in 1822, the Royal Australian Mint is releasing this 2022 $1 Coloured Uncirculated Coin; featuring a design recognising the contribution of Australia’s eight state and territory Royal Agricultural Societies over the past 200 years.\nProduct Code: 10844\n|Attribute name||Attribute value|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Woodford appears in the Domesday Book in 1086 as Wdefort, having previously been recorded before the Norman Conquest as Wudeford in 1062. As the name implies it means a river crossing point in or by the wood. The ford refers to a crossing of the River Roding. It was Wudeforde by 1225 and with a bridge replacing the ford sometime before 1238 some of the district was renamed Ponte de Woodford by 1285 and Woodfordbrigge in 1429. This is one of the oldest roads in Redbridge and is apparent on the Chapman and Andre Map of 1777. It was laid out on land that until the dissolution of the monasteries in the 16thCentury was part of Barking Abbey’s property. Most of the area was developed between the wars following the construction of Eastern Avenue in 1925.\n89 total views, 1 views today", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "2021 Annual Meeting Videos\nWe enjoyed several presentations at the 2021 Annual Meeting and Reunion for which videos are available for members to view. You must be logged in as a member to view those videos. The story about Dr. Thomas, Rebecca and Benoni is available for everyone to view.\n- An excerpt from the Duxbury Rural and Historical Society's (DRHS) Tour of the Myles Standish Burying Ground: Generously provided to us by DRHS, this is an excerpt from a narrated tour by DRHS's Archivist and Historian Carolyn Ravenscroft. It features the story of Dr. Thomas and Rebecca (Alden) Delano and their son Benoni and honors the completed restoration and preservation of Benoni Delano's grave marker, a project funded by the Delano Kindred in 2021.\n==> To hear the story of Dr. Thomas, Rebecca and Benoni, click here.\n==> You can learn much more about Duxbury's fascinating past by clicking here to visit the Duxbury Rural and Historical Society's website.\n- Before the Mayflower, presented by author Jennifer Sinsigalli: Jennifer's book of the same name is a work of historical fiction which demanded significant research to ensure accuracy and interest. Writing under the name of J.L. Rose, she was undisputably successful in that endeavor. Her presentation gives us the full benefit of her research and experience as she describes what life was like in Leiden around the time the Mayflower sailed for America.\n- DHRS Historian Carolyn Ravenscroft presents Captain Amasa Delano and Samuel Delano Jr.: Amasa and his brother, Samuel, had quite interesting careers. Captain Amasa Delano, a famous Duxbury sea captain, wrote of his voyages and caught the eye of author Herman Melville who turned one of Amasa's voyages into his novella \"Benito Cereno\". His brother Samuel was recording the ship's log when the brig Grace visited Japan, then a closed country, in 1791. Carolyn gives us the whole story in her presentation.\n- After the Mayflower by Rev. Dr. Becket Soule: Much has been written about the Mayflower, but far less has been published about the ships that followed her: the Fortune, the Little James, and the Anne. Becket Soule introduces us to the ships that followed Mayflower and the stories surrounding them.\n- The 2021 Delano Kindred Annual Meeting: Held at Plimoth Patuxet Museum's Accomack Room on September 18, 2021, this is the full recording of the Annual Meeting.\nLET'S BE SOCIAL\n- Login to explore...\n- Apply for Membership\n- Membership Categories\n- Dues Structure\n- Preliminary Genealogy Form\nBe the First to Comment!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Copper family of the coastal village of Rottingdean1, Sussex, UK have lived and worked in the same place for over 400 years as shepherds, general farm workers, carters and publicans. They can trace their ancestry back to parish records in 1593 and may well have roots there that go back considerably longer. One part of the local churchyard contains so many family graves that it is referred to as 'Coppers' Corner'.\nAn Historical note\nThe family are remarkable for their history of traditional singing, which they can trace back for at least 200 years (six generations). Most people thinking of traditional folk singing picture unaccompanied solo singers, whereas the Coppers have a history of singing in harmony. When in 1898, Mrs Kate Lee, a folk song collector from London, went to Rottingdean and noted down some of their songs2, it led to the formation of the Folk Song Society (which later became the English Folk Dance and Song Society).\nThe pater familias of the family is now Bob Copper, now in his late 80s. He remembers singing with his father, Jim 'Honest John' Copper, and his grandfather, James 'Brasser' Copper, who sang with his brother Tom and could in his turn remember his grandfather George Copper (born in 1794) singing.\nSome of Brasser and Tom's songs had already been noted down Mrs Lee and Brasser himself wrote out the words of about 30 of his songs in 1922. Jim, Brasser's son and Bob's father wrote down many more songs in 1936 and these make up the Coppers' repertoire. The songs are sung from the book, which is put away after each singing session. Songs are pitched with a tuning fork, which comes as a surprise to many people.\nThe Coppers were well known for singing at harvest suppers, plowing matches, or any village celebration.\nOrally transmitted polyphonic music may be a rarity, however it is clearly part of the folk tradition. It is not clear, however, whether there was any early history of primitive folk polyphony. It is perfectly possible that the rural harmonies may have evolved from church harmonies or glee clubs which were once common in our villages3.\nNone of the Coppers were able to read music, however their harmonizing has been arrived at by trial and error and is not haphazard. They have generally been sung in two-part harmony and some harmonies have been passed down from father to son by rote, while others have been worked out by the individual singer. The style is very individual and really has to be heard to be understood. Aspects like the tone of voice, slides, scoops and hovers are difficult to present in written form. Their repertoire contained different styles and methods of harmonisation with some for instance sung in an old style similar to shape-note singers and a few in revivalist hymn harmonies.\nBob Copper's grandfather James used to sing treble with his brother Tom singing bass. James's two oldest sons, John and Jim sang treble and bass respectively. Bob Copper sang with his cousin Ron (John's son), singing treble and bass respectively.\nThe Coppers' Influence on the Development of Folk Music\nIn 1950, Jim and his son Bob sang on BBC Radio, which let them be heard by a national audience for the first time. This was followed by many more broadcasts. Bob is a collector as well as a source of traditional folk music.\nThe Copper family's influence on the development of the folk tradition in the UK can hardly be overestimated. They are one of the inspirational sources of the folk revival which started in the 1950s and which continues to the present day. In February 2001, Bob Copper was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award at the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards for his contribution to preserve his musical roots. In January of the previous year, aged 85, he was awarded an honorary masters degree for his services to country life.\nRevivalist folk singers such as the late Peter Bellamy, Shirley Collins, Louis Killen and Frankie Armstrong count the Copper family as one of their influences.\nThe Copper Family Today\nBob Copper is still singing (he says, 'People who saw me or bought records from the 1950s are amazed I'm still alive!'). His son John, daughter Jill and her husband Jon Dudley sing with him and occasionally Bob's grandchildren sing as well. Above all, he wants singing to be fun for them as it was for him.\nRecordings and Publications\nOver the years, the Copper family have made a number of recordings and published several books. Among these are the following:\nA song for every season contains four generations of the family repertoire, and i available from Leader DEAB 404. When this was published as a book, it won the 1971 Robert Pitman Literary Prize.\nCome Write Me Down has recordings from the '50s and '60s by Bob and Ron Copper and their respective fathers Jim and John.\nCoppersongs 1, 2 and 3.\nSongs and Southern Breezes: Country Folk and Country Ways, Heinemann, London, 1973.\n- Early to Rise, 1976, republished Javelin 1988.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Throughout history, many rulers have come into view, whether they are great kings or cruel tyrants. However, there is a category of rulers who are always controversial, and their methods and policies of rule make people confused and confused. These monarchs have mystical powers, they control the fate of entire nations, and they also carry heavy historical baggage.\nOne of the most controversial rulers was the Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible. Ivan the Terrible is known all over the world for his powerful and brutal way of ruling. He consolidated his power by suppressing dissent, totalitarian governments, and brutal wars. Although he made an important contribution to the modernization of Russia, his rule came at a great cost.\nThe policies and actions of Ivan the Terrible repeatedly caused social unrest and suffering among the people. He maintained his dominance by carrying out large-scale political purges, brutally persecuting the former Tsar royalty and nobility. He also waged a brutal war that cornered the Cossacks and Tatars. This brutal way of ruling has left the people in dire straits and social unrest.\nHowever, it would also be unfair to completely deny the reign of Ivan the Terrible. His powerful rule led to major political, economic and cultural breakthroughs in Russia. He carried out extensive modernization reforms, established a stable centralized government, and strengthened Russia's position on the international stage. In addition, he promoted economic development, expanded the territory and made significant investments in education and culture.\nThe reign of Ivan the Terrible was full of contradictions and controversies, and he was both a hero and a cruel tyrant in Russian history. His actions and decisions undoubtedly had a profound impact on Russia, but they also came at a great cost. Therefore, evaluating the reign of Ivan the Terrible requires comprehensive consideration from multiple angles.\nOne of the most controversial rulers in history, like the mysterious monarch, Ivan the Terrible's methods and policies are elusive. His brutal and modernization initiatives constitute a complex and contradictory picture for future generations to think about and evaluate. Whether praising his achievements in reform or condemning his atrocities, we should recognize that history is not simply black and white, but rather a complex interweaving of factors. Only through in-depth research and objective analysis can we better understand these controversial rulers, learn from them, and guide future rulers on the right path.\nLike it and leave a lingering fragrance in your hand! Thank you!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "John Marin letters to Mr. and Mrs. James Franklin, circa 1946-1947\nMarin, John, 1870-1953\nPlace of publication, production, or execution:\nAccess Note / Rights:\nUse of original papers requires an appointment and is limited to the Archives' Washington, D.C., Research Center. Contact Reference Services for more information.\nTwo letters and three Christmas cards from John Marin to his neighbors in Cliffside, New Jersey, Mr. and Mrs. James Franklin. The letters, written by Marin while summering in Addison, Maine, are upbeat as he describes his activities and the weather, in general. Also included is a photograph of Mrs. James Franklin, Mrs. John Marin, John Marin, and James Franklin.\nJohn Marin letters to Mr. and Mrs. James Franklin, circa 1946-1947. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.\nBorn in Rutherford, N.J., John Marin (1870-1953) became a leading early modern American painter. He lived in both Cliffside, N.J. and Addison, Maine.\nThis collection of letters was donated in 2008 by Martha J. Fleischman, director of the Kennedy Galleries.\nArchives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, 750 9th St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20001", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This is another article in a series of posts about William Joseph Henry BATEMAN, his family and their lives in Australia. This is an ongoing research project, I certainly don’t know all the details yet, so if you can help me fill in any details then please get in touch.\nWhen William Joseph Henry (WJH) married in 1905 his wife was a widow, and she had one child from that previous marriage. Her married name was Annie Clark BULL and her maiden name was MCCONACHY.\nAnnie’s first marriage was to Reginald Ambrose BULL in Victoria, Australia in 1899. The same year also saw the registration of the birth of their son Sidney Ambrose BULL, although a declaration in his WW1 service record states that he was born on 15th November 1898, in Geelong, Victoria, Australia.\nTheir brief marriage ended the following year when Reginald Ambrose BULL died. I don’t know the exact circumstances, only that his death was registered that year in Geelong, Victoria.\nAfter Annie and WJH BATEMAN were married Sidney seems to have become part of the new family, and used the surname BATEMAN when he joined the Australian Infantry on the 27th December 1916.\nTragically Sidney was killed in action on the 3rd December 1917 in Belgium, around seven weeks after arriving in France and less than ten months after leaving Australia. He is buried in the Berks Cemetery Extension, Ploegsteert, Belgium. Fortunately none of WJH and Annie’s other children were old enough to serve during the First World War.\nThis is the third in a series of articles about William Joseph Henry BATEMAN and his family from Australia. This is an ongoing research project and so far much of the research is based on index entries and is unverified, if you have more information or corrections then please get in touch.\nOn the 22nd April 1905 William Joseph Henry (WJH) BATEMAN (aged 23) married Annie Clark BULL (aged 24). The ceremony took place at the Parsonage, Yarra Street, Geelong, Victoria, Australia and was performed by William Williams, a Methodist Minister.\nThe digital copy of the marriage registration is not very clear and slightly tricky to read, but for someone used to English marriage certificates it potentially provides much more detail. Instead of just a father’s name, it also includes the mother’s maiden name. It also gives place of birth for the bride and groom and their present residence and their usual residence.\nWJH is shown as a seaman, living on the HMS Katoomba, Annie’s residence is not easy to make out except that it was in Geelong, neither is her place of birth, somewhere in Victoria but that is all I can work out.\nWJH’s parents are correctly shown as Henry BATEMAN and Dorothy KINGHORN, and Henry’s profession is given as coachman, which agrees with other sources. Annie’s parents are Thomas MCCONACHY (a restaurant keeper) and Elizabeth STEEL. This suggests that at the relatively young age of 24 years Annie was already a widow.\nThis is confirmed in the condition column, which also tells us that her previous husband died in 1900 and that she had one child surviving from that marriage.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Showing 1 - 5 of 5 , query time: 0.02s\n\"Mansion in Redstone\" Photo taken on Senior Sneak Day on May 7, 1929. The castle, originally called Clevholm Manor and known as \"Ruby of the Rockies\", was built in 1897 by a wealthy coal baron, John Cleveland Osgood. The lavish castle was once visited by guests such as John Rockefeller, Teddy Roosevelt,and J.P. Morgan in its heyday. Osgood created the town of Redstone for the benefit of his miners and their families with his castle as the centerpiece....", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The entire village of Frigiliana and its environs is one big museum. Along the slanting, narrow, and winding streets, you'll find structures, shops, pots, and ceramics that present an interesting mix of Christian and Moorish culture. What we have below are some of the places where you can find Frigiliana monuments and museums.\nCasa de la Cultura - You might want to start here to get hold of some general information regarding the village. Here, you'll find an archaeological museum featuring ceramic displays outlining the history of the town. The same establishment houses the local library as well as the Office of Tourism.\nSan Antonio de Padua Church - This place of worship serves as the main church of the village. Although the town has managed to preserve its Moorish past, the locals are mostly Christians. In fact, this church was built on exactly the same site where a mosque once stood.\nEl Ingenio - What is now known as the only operational molasses factory in Europe is actually an edifice of rich Frigiliana history. Specifically, El Ingenio has a special link to the town's social and economic past, and is demonstrated by the old accessories, documents, displays, structures and fixtures housed inside it.\nCoat of Arms - This Frigiliana monument used to be the family coat of arms of the counts who once ruled the region.\nApero - This rectangular courtyard used to operate simultaneously with the sugar mill. It used to house a barn and a supply store.\nCueva de los Murcielagos - \"The Bat Cave\" is the site where some very old remains were found, proving that the area was already inhabited ever since prehistoric times..\nEl Castillo Arabe - Actually, what you'll find here are the remains of the Arabic castle where the Moors made their last stand. Since the castle was burned to the ground, all you'll see are some rocks. According to legend, many of the defeated Moors leaped down the walls of the castle to their death during the last battle and that bones can be found in the vicinity even to this day.\nBarrio Mudejar - This place is where you'll find the most preserved Arabic structures in Malaga. Look for twelve ceramic panels depicting the Battle of the Rock, the last battle we mentioned earlier.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Cozean Memorial Chapel invites the community to celebrate the lives of veterans with a complimentary showing of Larry Cappetto’s powerful Korean War documentary “Lest They Be Forgotten,” on May 23 at 2 p.m. at the Cozean Chapel.\nThe eighth in a series, this film captures the compelling stories of brave men who fought in the Korean War conflict, which lasted from 1950 to 1953. During the height of the Cold War, the North Korean Army, trained and armed by the Russians, suddenly attacked across the 38th parallel of the Korean peninsula in an effort to seize control of South Korea. With the approval of the United Nations, President Truman authorized Gen. Douglas MacArthur to commit U.S. occupation forces in Japan to stop North Korea’s aggression. During the conflict, battle lines ranged between the southern tip and the northern border of Korea. Negotiations to end the war, begun in October 1951, dragged on until an armistice was signed on July 27, 1953.\nCozean Memorial Chapel owner Jon Cozean has made a tradition of showing a historic war-related documentary on Memorial Day. This year he’s adding a new twist, relying on some new technology recently adopted by the funeral service which will allow live greetings to be broadcasts to relatives serving in the armed forces abroad.\nCozean is inviting families with loved ones in the armed forces who are stationed in Iraq and Afghanistan to record a live webcast greeting that can be viewed online for 90 days. The video recordings will be made following the showing of the movie on May 23.\n“Our funeral home has already been webcasting memorial services for nearly a year now and we feel that our video equipment could also be used for other purposes, such as providing a platform that allows families at home to telecast a message to loved ones in the armed forces in the Middle East. The messages are secured with confidential passwords available only to each family, and they will remain online for 90 days. There is no charge for this service,” explained Cozean.\nWebcasting of funeral services is a relatively new concept, but its popularity is growing rapidly around the country. Cozean Memorial Chapel is a pioneer in this concept, having first begun work on their webcasting setup nearly three years ago.\nAll broadcasts are made from a mini video control center which was installed at the funeral home. After having studied the concept of webcasting in the funeral profession at webcasting seminars for the past five years, Cozean says that to his knowledge this is a unique use of a funeral home video facility to broadcast personal messages to members of the armed forces overseas.\nAnyone wishing to send a greeting should contact Cozean Memorial Chapel at (573) 756-4541 to set up an appointment for a broadcast.\nAs for the showing of “Lest They Be Forgotten,” Fighting in Korea was different than any previous war. The Chosin Reservoir was where the Marines first saw action against the North Koreans and Chinese, and the terrain was different than the island fighting in the Pacific during World War II. In November 1950 the Chinese came out in force, numbering 2000,000 against 12,000 Marines who suffered enormous casualties.\n“There are a lot of good men who perished that no one ever knows about!” said one survivor. The United States committed 1,6000,000 servicemen into the war zones. Losses totaled about 24,000 killed, 9,000 missing, 2,675 captured, and about 100,000 wounded. The mission of Larry Cappetto’s “Lest They Be Forgotten” project is to record the personal stories of surviving veterans before it’s too late, so that future generations can truly understand the sacrifices made to preserve freedom. Within the funeral service profession, this series of films is available only to mortuaries affiliated with Selected Independent Funeral Homes, of which Cozean Memorial Chapel is a member.\n“The ‘Lest They Be Forgotten’ film series has been well received around the nation,” said Jon Cozean. “The creator of this film series, Larry Cappetto, received the George Washington Honor Medal from the Freedom Foundation at Valley Forge. Since 1949 the Foundation has honored exception work based on quality and content. I feel showing the Korean War segment, with its compelling, first-hand accounts by soldiers, constitutes a powerful tribute to the veterans of our community,” Cozean added. The film will be presented on the large screen in the Cozean Chapel. There is no charge for admission and refreshments will be served.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "It is hard to believe that this family cemetery of mine (on the left), The Ten Eyck Cemetery, couldn't be located until recently. I took this photo in 1999, and it is located in an apple orchard, on private land (once belonged to my ancestors of over 200 years ago).\nThe cemetery is located in an area called The Eastern Townships in Quebec, just over the Vermont border. My ancestors all spoke English and now, both English and French is spoken.\nThere has been quite a bit of correspondence the past few days between me and both the archivist and curator of the The Missisquoi Musuem and Historical Society. Last week, I posted an article about my ancestor's Revolutionary War Redcoat and then about the new Canadian stamp. In an email, Heather, the curator wrote me stating, \"There has been some good news on the Ten Eyck site as we have actually found it again. The fact still remains however that it is an abandoned site and at the moment as far as I know, it has no caretaker or funds to maintain it. Judy (the archivist) and I plan to go into it this summer and photograph each stone and update the information we have that was recorded in the 1970s. The Ten Eyck site is just a classic example of what is happening all over the Townships. At least it has be re-discovered and will be marked on our maps.\"\nSince I took individual photos, and had them enlarged to the 8\" x 10\" size, I wrote back stating that I would be sending them to her. I have to wonder, if I am the only one to have ever taken photos there.\nHeather wrote an article on January 18, 2009, how appropriate, a year ago today Missisquoi: Cemeteries in Crisis. I am so fortunate to have seen her article the other day. All of us who love cemeteries know about these problems. Since the article is rather long, I've decided to select several paragraphs to share.\nFor a number of years, the Missisquoi Historical Society in Stanbridge East has been looking after a number of “orphaned cemeteries” in what was once known as Missisquoi County. The society has provided basic maintenance – essentially regular grass mowing -- at no fewer than seventeen pioneer burial grounds. Most of these sites date back to the early 1800s when the first settlers were arriving in this part of Quebec. A number of these sites suffered neglect over the years before being taken under our wing. Some of them are on private property; title to others is sketchy at best.\nQuite a few sites were located on private land. Here again, some landowners were willing to give us permission to visit the site, while others could not be reached. Of course, the fact that a cemetery is located on private land does not mean that it is looked after. The Wing burial ground, which is found in an apple orchard, is ignored by the landowner. The Ten Eyck site, in another orchard, has likely been destroyed.\"\nMy blog has been changed to make it more appealing for those who have New England ancestors and want to see the area through photos. Things I’ll include are typical white New England churches, libraries showing their genealogical collection, historical societies, cemeteries, war memorials, in general, anything to do with history.\nFor four years I’ve blogged mostly about my personal genealogy in New England (Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, and New Hampshire), New York, New Jersey, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and the Eastern Townships of Quebec, Canada. I still will, can’t forget my own roots.\nPlease check out the labels on the right side for articles. The header tabs at the top are a work in progress.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Название: British Destroyer vs German Destroyer: Narvik 1940 Автор: David Greentree, David Campbell, Paul Wright, Alan Gilliland Издательство: Osprey Publishing Серия: Osprey Duel 88 ISBN: 978 1472828583 Год издания: 2018 Язык: English Cтраниц: 81 Формат: True PDF Размер: 21,2 MB\nThe opening months of World War II saw Britain's Royal Navy facing a resurgent German navy, the Kriegsmarine. Following the German invasion of Denmark and Norway in early April 1940, British and German destroyers would clash in a series of battles for control of the Norwegian coast. The operational environment was especially challenging, with destroyer crews having to contend with variable weather, narrow coastal tracts and possibility of fog and ship breakdowns. In two engagements at Narvik, the Royal Navy entered the harbour and attacked the loitering German destroyers who had dropped off mountain troops to support the German invasion. The raids were devastating, halving at a stroke the number at Hitler's disposal. Employing specially commissioned artwork and drawing upon a range of sources, this absorbing study traces the evolving technology and tactics employed by the British and German destroyer forces, and assesses the impact of the Narvik clashes on both sides' subsequent development and deployment of destroyers in a range of roles across the world's oceans.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Chester Arthur, Born October 5, 1829, was one of five Presidents who was never elected — he took office after James Garfield's assassination and served nearly a full term as the 21st President of the United States.\nEllen Lewis Herndon Arthur - wife of Pres. Chester Arthur - Their marriage was a little strained because she was loyalties to the Confederacy, while her husband was not. They had 3 children (one son died at the age of 3) - another son and a daughter lived to adulthood. In January, 1880, Ellen caught a cold & quickley developed pneumonia. She died 2 days later at 42.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Historical epic about a boy who is accidentally left behind in North America when his Viking people sail back home. He's taken in and raised by a local tribe so when the Vikings return some 25 years later and begin slaughtering his adoptive family, the now-grown man, known as Ghost (Urban), wages a personal battle of revenge against them. Not yet reviewed.\nNot Yet Released\nOriginally from United States.\nCopyright © 2022 Net Industries - All Rights Reserved", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "150 Years of Indian Railways\nA miniature sheet consisting of 1 no. of commemorative postage stamp on the 150th Anniversary of Railways in India :\nIssued by India\nIssued on Apr 16, 2002\nIssued for : As the country braces itself to observe an year-long celebration to mark the 150th anniversary of India’s first train journey which falls in 2003, the Department of Posts tries to capture the spirit of the event with the issue of this commemorative stamp.\nDesign : The design of the stamp (and the miniature sheet) tries to re-create the Indian landscape of 1853, with the first train chugging away in the distance, on its journey to Thane on the 16th of April. The First Day Cover is an artist’s impression of the old Byculla Railway Station, located on the track connecting Bombay to Thane. A station master’s watch showing the time when the train commenced its historical journey from Bombay is shown on the design of the first day cancellation.\nStamp, FDC and Cancellation : Sankha Samanta (Based on material furnished by the National Rail Museum, New Delhi)\nType : Miniature Sheet, Mint Condition\nColour : Six Colour\nDenomination : 1500 Paise\nOverall size : 5.25 x 2.62 cms.\nPrinting Size : 5.25 x 2.62 cms.\nPerforation : 13.5 x 13.5\nPaper : Matt Chromo\nStamps Printed : 3.0 million\nMiniature Sheet : 1,00,000\nNumber per issue sheet : 27\nPrinting Process : Photo Offset\nPrinter : Calcutta Security Printers Ltd.\n- Railways have been a great integrating force in India for more than a century, particularly so after the attaining of independence in 1947. It has bound the economic life of the country and helped in accelerating the development of industry and agriculture. It has brought together people from the farthest corners of the country and made possible the conduct of business, education, pilgrimage and tourism.\n- The history of Railways in India began on 16th April 1853, when the first train steamed off from Boribunder to Thane, covering a distance of 34 kilometres. From such a modest beginning, the Indian Railways have grown into a large network of about 7,000 stations spread over a route length of nearly 63,000 kms. Today it is one of the largest organisations in the world, employing a work force of 16 lakhs. It provides the principal mode of transport for freight and passengers in India.\n- The Railway network runs multi gauge operations with the broad gauge, meter gauge and narrow gauge tracks. The network is divided into nine zones. Seven new zones and nine new divisions are further being set up. Each day about 7500 passenger trains carry more than 11 million passengers in different parts of the country.\n- Text : Based on India 2001 (Publications Division) and material furnished by sponsors.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Villas To Rent In Amalfi Coast\nAlthough all of us have one or two selfmade ornament on our trees (normally from our children, grandchildren, or other kids in our lives) very few of us make our own equipment and embellish our have village scenes with this sort of uniqueness.\nChristmas crafts are gorgeous plenty of to screen on the tree, around the table, on doorways and overhangs, and windows. Your Christmas village is similar! You may go away it up all calendar year and alter it while using the seasons should you have or make the right extras tahiti village las vegas pool hours.\nThese are generally treasured traditions, villages which were years from the producing, properties and retailers which have been handed down or supplied as presents. So could be claimed with the memories of your time expended environment up or producing these stunning village scenes.\nA lot of of us have fond reminiscences of the Xmas custom of decking the halls with household, that it is frequently a scheduled and shared celebration. Visualize how the house smelled like gingerbread and cinnamon. How the youngsters sat within the desk building gifts, crafts, and cards to the unique people inside their lives. The carols that played or the television specials which were on - only for this exclusive time of year.\nThese reminiscences and traditions are tied up within our generations' past. Up until finally the mid nineteenth century all Christmas ornaments ended up handmade making use of whichever was effortlessly offered in that region at that time of year. Mother and father would make decorations from cloth, pinecones, cedar branches and bits of wax that were meticulously saved all 12 months for this big day.\nClose to 1875 we started seeing Xmas ornaments that can be ordered in a retailer - even so the custom of investing time in making distinctive Christmas shows lived on. Now we get collectively to set up Christmas village scenes and other displays that young hands can certainly deal with.\nGlass ornaments ended up initial launched from Germany. The German race was renowned for prime quality craftsmanship and the Xmas decorating extras was no exception - these items have been genuinely exquisite. To put it briefly buy the Germans had around 4500 molds and in excess of one hundred glass blowing workshops devoted entirely to Christmas decor.\nWe've appear a lengthy way due to the fact the mid nineteenth century with our tastes and christmas decorating, but we definitely can't conquer creating Christmas village scenes with our relatives as aspect of our possess, newer, tradition with the season\nRead Also: Hot Wings In Villa Rica Ga", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Tradition has it that Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus, who became the first Roman king and gave his name to the city. Seven early kings ruled Rome from 753 BC until 509 BC, when Tarquin the Proud was overthrown by the Roman people and a republic was established. In this song, Dylan erases time boundaries by mixing historical stories of the early Roman kings destroying cities with contemporary tales of destruction.\nDylan has said in interviews that for Tempest he wanted to record more religious songs. The title of this 12-bar blues romp could be a word play on the Roman Empire with the Biblical books of Kings and Romans.\nThe song featured in commercials for the Cinemax/Sky counter-terrorism TV series Strike Back: Vengeance which debuted on August 17, 2012.\nThis features David Hidalgo of Los Lobos on accordion. Dylan got to know Hildago from when he and Los Lobos played some shows in Mexico a few years prior to the recording of his previous album, Together Through Life.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Abbeville Anglican, the newsletter of Trinity Episcopal Church, provided a small restoration update in its July issue.\n\"Work continues on schedule and progress continues to be made on completion of the church,\" the newsletter said.\nWith its 125-foot steeple, the church is a mainstay of historic Abbeville. The congregation was established in 1842, and today the church is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.\nPreservation South Carolina and Friends of Trinity currently are helping the congregation with a multi-million dollar preservation effort, the church website states.\nPreservation South Carolina executive director Mike Bedenbaugh said Tuesday that work is being done on the plaster inside the church.\n\"We cannot open it and allow people in until we get the sign-off from City and County building inspectors,\" he said.\nPotentially, the church could begin hosting events in August or September, depending on the approval of inspectors and progress in curbing the coronavirus pandemic, Bedenbaugh said.\nAs for when church services can resume being held in the building, that depends on the Episcopal bishop.\nAccording to the church newsletter, \"The congregation will not be able to return to the building until we have the Bishop's permission.\"", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "With their annual membership dues, our members receive the B&M Bulletin, our outstanding glossy magazine packed with useful and entertaining information and high quality photographs of the Boston & Maine Railroad. They also receive our Newsletter, issued six times a year with articles about B&M subjects, modeling projects, and modern day railroading in New England featuring Pan Am Railways, MBTA, and Amtrak operations in B&M territory.\nAnother way to get all the latest current events is to attend our meetings scheduled monthly (except in the summer). Members meet to exchange railroad information and there is always a presentation by railfans or railroad professionals, usually accompanied by a slides, Powerpoint, or video.\nIf there’s question about the Boston & Maine that you’ve always wanted to answer, or if you enjoy working with railroad pictures and documents, our extensive Archives at the Center for Lowell History is the place you’ve been looking for. Our Archives Committee has assembled a matchless collection of photos, historical documents, and mechanical drawings.\nBoston & Maine 0-6-0 switcher No. 410 and combination passenger coach-baggage car (the “combine”) No. 1244 are the most often photographed subjects in the historic City of Lowell, Massachusetts. Our hard-working 410 Committee keeps these two pieces of rolling stock in shape and in the summer months they man an exhibit of New England railroad history in the combine.\nGenerous donors have given the Society many artifacts that bring to life the daily activities of the 25,000 men and women who once ran the Boston & Maine. Our Hardware Committee photographs and catalogs our growing collection and interprets its significance. Station furniture, train appliances, dispatching equipment, and signal apparatus are just a few of the categories of items that we collect. Our collection is not yet open for public viewing, but our Hardware page links to pictures and descriptions of many of our holdings.\nNew England is home to many railfans who enjoy attending railroad shows and exhibits with their families. Our Shows Committee brings the Boston and Maine Railroad and our Society to the attention of visitors to many of those shows and sells a variety of books, magazines, and other collectibles, as well as a full line of B&M gear. Upcoming shows are listed on the Calendar page.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Last weekend I was in Druskininkai, in the South of Lithuania, and of course I wanted to visit nearby Grūtas Park (Grūto parkas in Lithuanian), a sculpture park of Soviet monuments and a museum about the Soviet occupation of Lithuania. I decided to walk the 8 km to the park, and despite getting a bit lost a few times, it was a beautiful if strenuous walk through the snow-covered forest, along peaceful frozen lakes.\nWhen I finally reached Grūtas Park, I discovered that it is less of an organized museum and more of a hotchpotch of relics from the Soviet era, from the grand statutes which dominate the park to books and posters. The idea behind surrounding the park with a fence and Gulag-like watchtowers may have been to recreate the feeling of being in a Soviet labour camp, but it doesn’t really work when there are a children’s playground and souvenir shops inside.\nOn a walk through the park you will encounter all the famous faces of Communism: Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin plus several hitherto unknown Lithuanian communists as well as the obligatory pioneers and brigades of proud and strong labourers.\nAs I was reading the descriptions and summaries in front of the artefacts, I began to notice that without any prior knowledge of 20th century history, I would get the impression as if Lithuania had always been an independent nation which was viciously attacked by the Soviet Union in 1940, then nothing had happened between 1941 and 1944, and in 1944 the Soviet Union had oddly attacked Lithuania again, enslaving all of its people. There were no Communists among Lithuanians. Those who were, were traitors. Or Jews, which apparently is incompatible with being Lithuanian.\nThe plaque about “Underground Soviet Partisans” for example details how they were controlled by Moscow, how brutal they were, it states that they were made up of “Soviet activists, Red Army men, escaped prisoners of war and some inhabitants of Lithuania (mostly of Jewish nationality)” – as if the Jews in Lithuania were not also Lithuanian citizens, and oddly confusing religion with nationality. The partisans are described as “saboteurs” – but nowhere in the lengthy text does it mention once whom they actually fought. That was of course Nazi Germany, the Wehrmacht and the SS. The few Jews who managed to escape the ghettos and concentration camps alive and then took up arms to fight the Nazis in Eastern Europe are heroes in my eyes, but are turned into menacing monsters by the makers of Grūtas Park. (To anyone more interested in the Soviet partisans, I recommend the book “If Not Now, When?” by Primo Levi.) There was no word on the genuinely Jewish partisan groups like the FPO.\nA very strange depiction of history indeed. I found it most curious that the period from 1941 to 1944 was almost always omitted or glossed over, as if nothing important had happened between the two Soviet advances on Lithuania. Yet these years were the height of World War II.\nThe true course of events was that as everywhere in Europe in the early 20th century, some people in Lithuania identified with the idea of socialism. From 1918 to 1919, Lithuania was even briefly a Socialist Soviet Republic. In 1920, the Soviet Union under Lenin recognized Lithuanian independence. Vilnius was however still contested and fought over between the Soviet Union, Lithuania and Poland. From 1926 on, Lithuania was ruled by an authoritarian, nationalist regime which had come to power in a coup d’état. The Soviet Union and Germany famously agreed to carve up all of Eastern Europe in the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and most of Lithuania, except for the coastal region around Klaipeda, fell to the Soviet Union which annexed it militarily in 1940.\nIn 1941, Germany broke the Pact and attacked the Soviet Union and also occupied Lithuania. They immediately began to carry out the Holocaust there, murdering 90% of the pre-War Jewish community of Lithuania, often with the help of the Lithuanian locals (something which you won’t read anything about at Grūtas Park). The war between Germany and the Soviet Union ensued. When the Red Army advanced towards Lithuanian territory in 1944, it did not attack Lithuania because Lithuania no longer existed as a state. The Soviet Union fought a war against Nazi Germany which had previously attacked it and which was executing a genocide. Judging by the information in the plaque referred to above that “native people didn’t support soviet partisans”, Lithuanians in the 1940s preferred the Nazis over the Soviet Union, which says much more about the Lithuanian population of the time than about the Soviet partisans.\nOne of the most famous Lithuanian books is “Forest of the Gods” (Dievų miškas in Lithuanian) by Balys Sruoga who spent two years at the Stutthof Concentration Camp when Germany had occupied Lithuania. In the last pages of that book, he is left behind to die from weakness on one of the death marches with which the Nazis evacuated the concentration camps when the Soviet Army was advancing. Balys Sruoga only realizes that he will survive when he hears the advancing tanks. Soviet tanks.\nI do not wish to belittle the brutality and oppression of the Soviet Union in any way, but putting things into context goes a long way towards preventing the creation of erroneous national myths. If one has any desire to prevent them, that is. Eastern Europe suffered most terribly during the 20th century from its location between Germany and the Soviet Union. Nobody wants to deny that. But seeing oneself as the victim of Soviet occupation, blaming it entirely on other nationalities and religions and at the same time refusing to accept one’s own nation’s complicity in nationalism, anti-Semitism and the Holocaust is not a fruitful way of dealing with history. It is not even the truth.\nPingback: A lonely chair | The Happy Hermit\nPingback: Why I don’t play the Lottery | The Happy Hermit\ni think the key point behind this ”museum” is to demonstrate life under the soviet government(1944-1990), not to educate the population about WWII. But you are right, Lithuania lacks a proper Holocaust museum.\nIf the point is not to educate about WWII, then why do they have signs about WWII? And why do those signs accuse Jews of committing horrors against Lithuanians without mentioning the horrors Lithuanians committed against Jews?\nSaying “the museum is not about Jews” is a very weak response to a sign about Jews. Saying “it’s not a museum” is an even weaker response to a place full of historic exhibits and information about old stuff.\nSince it was me who tried to explain some misunderstandings, i probably should react or something. My response was weak as weak is my english (unlike your lithuanian), simply it doesn’t change the fact that this is not an actual museum, and the exhibition (or, say, this all “thing which is not a museum”) is not about Jews (certainly) and not about WWII (certainly). Nor about WWI. As for a “sign about Jew” i don’t see any sign about Jews and didn’t comment it. If that part of the sentence (in brackets) is that sign that mislead you (or if there are some others) then call the owner and tell what a proper english text must be. This is a private Park and not about Jews or WWII. These are elsewhere (and they are not parks).\nThe point of my reply was to explain, and if you want to fix something you can do that without any publicity. Otherwise it looks like you’re trying to cavil is some sophisticated british way… ;) . I simply don’t like such things :) . Nothing personal :) .\ncome on, calling that place a Museum as very generous, they have a zoo.\nFYI I’n not denying that the lack of actual history is not complimentary, If anything, its pathetic.\nDear Andreas, thanks for your very solid, objective perspective. There is little to add here. Anti-semitism, unfortunately was and still is a common-sense in many parts of the world. In Germany it is meanwhile branded as a sign of lack of culture and lack of education. In other coutries, it is still widespread even among the educated elites (simply look to Hungary, how hungarian surprematism, xenophobia and antisemitism slowly re-emerges as national paradigm).\nI once had a PhD student that came from Vilnious to my group, she was professionally and scientifically very well educated and in general a very social and easy going and open-minded person. When, however she understoud that our sons first name is Leonard, she looked shocked and said: But this is a Jewish Name !!! When my wife said that a Jewish mother always gives her kids Jewish names, she turned very pale. I guess it was more that she suddenly felt catched red-handed as a dormant anti-semite, rather than fearing a mixed Jewish-German company. I have to say that although after her PhD she moved to the UK to mary a rich banker, we are still in good contact and occasionally even do jokes about the Jewish issue. I think we both learned a bit from this: She understoud the Jews are not always smelling of garlic and onion, and I learned that Anti-semitism (like other xenophobia as well) very often a very fragile building. Usually they are based on ignorance, rather than on real bad experience with other nations, cultures or faith.\nPingback: No wonder I got lost | The Happy Hermit\nIn my childhood I lived at Savanorių, by the way :) . It’s pity that you didn’t like this exhibition, it was intended to be a fun and not a museum. That English text sticks out, it probably is some sort of\nshort summary for ignorant foreigners (various people come there, maybe some were questioning the owner and he decided to put up this text). There is nothing about WWII because there are no sculptures\nleft, nor they were created during the war. As for Lithuanian Jews they deserve the separate museum, and this museum is in an appropriate place in the capital, not in the woods. With appropriate expositions\ninside. The site in Paneriai now also looks like it should look, unlike it was during Soviet times.\nThe park is some sort of sculpture “warehouse”. The topic is a “mood of soviet times”, sort of parody, and this is a “key point”, not those things that you were talking here. I think there is a description in their website and in the “inyourpocket.com” guide.\nThe bunker of soviet partisans also is in tact in its original place, don’t know how much of it is authentic because during all soviet times it was within military territory, the fake bunker was installed outside it (as a mandatory for Comsomol to visit :) ) .\nSo every-thing has its right place, it looks as if you was somehow misled.\nI understand that it’s not the purpose of Grutas Park to educate about all details of Lithuanian history, but I see the danger of making some statements (as in the English text at the park quoted in the text) without putting them into a wider context. Not everybody will go there with background knowledge and people might walk away with a wrong impression of what really happened here in that very bloody mid-20th century.\nRegarding Savanorių, I can tell you that it probably still looks exactly the same as in your childhood. :-)\nFrom the crossroad Savanorių / Žemaitės towards Kaunas nothing has changed :)\nRegarding that text i don’t know what is its context, i.e. where it is put up and why. The park is not about history, it’s an exhibition of the useless sculptures, everything else is additional and serves to create the mood. Not the mood of the war, but the mood of daily life, +/- 1950 – 1980 .\nAnd 100 years from now, our future generations will be just as confused (if not more) as to what exactly this place is meant to define, or memorialize, or translate.\nI think alot of blood was lost in the 1900, my grandmother and mother survived the war in germany and told me many of the thing that happen before the war , during the war and after the war. I remember growing up we not allowed to watch HOGANS HEROS which was a popular comedy here in u.s., about pow in germany, she said there was nothing funny about what happen in the war. I never really understood why she felt like that! Growing up we never went to church but it was alway instilled into us that there was nothing worse than hating an person based on religion I never gave it much thought until after my mother and grandmother passed, I had gotten all my grandmother personal property , I found out that my mother and grandmothers name wasnt Jung but Klein, I found out that the person who i thought was my moms dad wasnt, and items of Judaism . What a blow to find all this out at the age of 45 and nobody to answer all my questions, I cant even find the town they were from “schonwaldau in the goldberg region” due to so much changing from the wars. I think that my mother and grandmother hid alot of what happen during the war and when they passed it went with them, So any little items still left from the wars should alway be kept as a reminder for the people the cant speak of it!\n“schonwaldau in the goldberg region”\nSounds eastern, could now be Czechia or Poland or something like that.\nYou tried google?\nDefending History’s take on Gruto parkas is here : http://defendinghistory.com/gruto-parkas-near-druskininkai/45588\nHi Dovid, huge fan, love the good work you do in my home country.\nI never noticed those anti-semitic signs in the park. thank you for pointing it out.\nVery good approach, and Lithuania with this park is just an example how facts are not mentioned, while others are, thereby creating the false impression of truth.\nReminds me a bit like the Bulgarian History Museum in Sofia- The dates ~1940-1945 are curiously absent.\nSince I have been living and travelling in Eastern Europe, I am beginning to think that the EU should look less at economic factors when admitting new members, but whether they have come to terms with their past and accept the responsibility to not distort it.\nPingback: Grumpy Cat coming to Lithuania | The Happy Hermit\nI have not been to Grutas park, but i think those signs there, and what you call antisemitism originates from a feeling of historical unfairness and general western public opinion about ww2. Ofcourse every nation thinks that they have suffered more than others, but it looks like that the world entirely forgot about the victims of soviet regime at world war 2 and after it. There is countless books about the terrible conditions of hundreds of thousdants of our people in soviet Gulag labour camps, traveling to exile months in closed cargo vagons, only half of passengers usualy made a journey, just to face cold, hunger, and forced labour till death. Our brighest people (teachers, officers, good farmers, doctors, writers) selectively have been either killed or exiled to gulag camps. Every school kid hears stories about how some women and men have to cut trees bare handed in siberian taiga, sleep in non-heated huts at -40 degrees, and picking beans from soviet officers shit, just not to starve for 10years, all that because he or she was doctor/peope/enginner ergo – potential threat to socialism. THIS IS OUR HOLOCAUST. THIS IS WHY 1941 and 1944 are mentioned so much there. German occupation was just an relaxing break from soviet terror for most people. Still – we have never accepted nazi regime, lithuania was THE ONLY BALTIC COUNTRY THAT FAILED TO ASSEMBLE SS DIVISION.\nOfcourse jews have suffered the most in the german occupation period, but those years just before and after the war are most inportant to US. Yes we are that self-centered, just like you.\nI am not self-centered at all, I would say, because I don’t remember ever dwelling on the suffering of Germans. In fact, whenever Germans start talking about that, I tell them (and thus myself) about the historical law of cause and effect.\nSo do you think the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Germans_(political_current) are “normal” people…? LOL.\nin wahrscheinlich jedem litauischen museum findet man die geschichte der sowjetischen unterdrueckung, der deportationen nach sibirien und der waldbrueder. oft auch noch hinweise, wie die litauischen juden den sowjetischen sozialismus herbeigeseht haben (museum birzai).\neine diskussion ueber die litauische beteiligung am holocaust existiert (suziedelis: http://www.birzai.de/birzai-litauen-geschichte/besetzung-1941.html oder englisch hier http://www.lituanus.org/2001/01_4_04.htm), ist aber fuer die breite bevoelkerung nicht interessant.\nfuer das verstaendnis der litauischen juden halte ich das buch von alex faitelson (Im jüdischen Widerstand: http://www.birzai.de/litauen-bücher/151-jüdischer-widerstand-in-litauen.html) für wichtig. es hat mir viele fragen beantwortet.\nals gedenkstaette fuer den holocaust in litauen halte ich das IX. Fort in kaunas fuer geeignet. hier ist die aufklaerung schon differenzierter. im museum ueberwiegt die litauische sicht der geschichte, besatzung, deportation, waldbrueder. im fort selber ueberwiegt das andenken an die ermordeten und die leichenbrenner.\nder film defiance mit daniel craig ist in dem zusammenhang auch interessant\nPingback: What do you expect from 2015? | The Happy Hermit\nWhy so much sympathy for the Jews Mr. Moser (you don’t seem to be a true moser…)?\nThey did many bad things in Eastern Europe you know?\nRead the books:\nBecause I generally have more sympathies for the victims than for the perpetrators of genocide.\n“Or Jews, which apparently is incompatible with being Lithuanian.”\n“and oddly confusing religion with nationality.”\nThese remarks say a lot about you…\nRead “Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People” by Jewish Harry Ostrer to learn who Jews are! (Why they say about themselves that they are a race, it is OK…)\n“The few Jews who managed to escape the ghettos and concentration camps alive and then took up arms to fight the Nazis in Eastern Europe are heroes in my eyes”\nIn your (Jewish?) yes maybe, but not also in the eyes of the Lithuanian-Lithuanians who suffered greatly at the hand of Russians after 1944. And that is the only perspective that matters. As rabbi Hillel put it “if I am not for myself who is for me?”. The truth is that Lithuanians would have benefited greatly if Hitler had won the war. Hitler was good for some (millions)! Does your “humanistic, enlightened, all embracing, generous, decent, superior, blah, blah” perspective embraces them too? What about them?\n“I found it most curious that the period from 1941 to 1944 was almost always omitted or glossed over, as if nothing important had happened between the two Soviet advances on Lithuania. ”\nDon’t you find it odd too that in the USA, the second motherland of Jews, there are several Holocost museums! but the is no museum for the crimes of communism (aka the Red Holocaust) even though the USA was the strongest opponent of the Soviet Union during the Cold War and one of the most anti-communist country in the world?\nSimilarly in Israel there is no museum for the participation of Jews in communism even though their contribution to communism was as remarkable as their contribution to science… We all know how many Nobel Prize winners are Jews but do not know how many Jews were in the Politburo of USSR…\nAsk yourself also why there was never a “Nuremberg trial of Communism”.\n“Lithuanians in the 1940s preferred the Nazis over the Soviet Union, which says much more about the Lithuanian population of the time than about the Soviet partisans.”\nWhat an abject remark!\n“Eastern Europe suffered most terribly during the 20th century from its location between Germany and the Soviet Union. Nobody wants to deny that. But seeing oneself as the victim of Soviet occupation, blaming it entirely on other nationalities and religions and at the same time refusing to accept one’s own nation’s complicity in nationalism, anti-Semitism and the Holocaust is not a fruitful way of dealing with history.”\nWhy does it bother you? Again, are you a Jew? Or a Russian maybe? If not it is not your business then how Lithuanians write their history. Or how Jews for that matter write theirs.\nMIND YOUR BUSINESS, MAN!\nMy people suffered a lot at the had of the Jews. That is why I care.\nAsk yourself, is this: “some inhabitants of Lithuania (mostly of Jewish nationality)” historically true or not?\nCOMMUNISM = FASCISM\n“Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (1996)” is a book by American Jewish writer Daniel Goldhagen that argues that the vast majority of ordinary Germans were as the title indicates “willing executioners” in the Holocaust.\nSo according to the Jew Goldhagen ALL, Jews, pardon, Germans were “bad”. It is OK to say this about the defeated Germans… Historical truth you may say… Truth is holy. LOL.\nWhy though there is no similar book in English: “Stalin’s willing executioners – guess who”?\nPoor Solzhenitsyn attempted to write one: “Two Hundred Years Together”. Never translated in English. Read it if for you truth is indeed holy!\nsympathies? maybe we better say that we seek the trueth? allway it was easy to blame the jews! not the russians and lithuanians was bad in 1940 and 1941, guilty are the jews. you see that explicit in the rainiai massacre. http://www.alles-ueber-litauen.de/litauen-geschichte/telsiai-rainiai-massaker.html its difficult to quantify the participation of jews in this case (even its stupid to do it), but lithuanians blame them to be responsible for this unbelieveable incident. and also today people blame the mossad for whats happened in paris.\nwhy? its an easy explanation! 0,2 % of the world population is responsible for everything. cool!\nantisemitism is an illness. the guy with the nice name brystiger (wikipedia) sounds familiar to me. especially his ideas, that hitler could have been good to the lithuanians express a deep lack of understanding the nazis. hitler was only good to his german shepherd. zoophilia were widely practiced under nazi leaders.\nsimilar arguments from lithuanian eduardas L., (maybe also a brystiger) you see here:\nAs far as I remember the creation of Grūtas park it was a few private people initiative to collect and save some of soviet regime fossils like monuments etc. Maybe the idea behid it was not to neatly represent the whole history of LT neatly and make sure there are no holes in it? Also, remember that history books were written and rewritten depending on who was in power at the moment. I was learning history in school from one books and in upper classes from another ones saying 180 degrees the opposite thing! So I guess the truth lies in them all blended in and then propaganda extracted. And still maybe even some pages missing. Of the things both sides did not want to talk about.\nPingback: Wie soll man sich da nicht verlaufen? | Der reisende Reporter\nPingback: Grutas-Park – ein Museum für Geschichtsverfälschung | Der reisende Reporter\n“Lithuanians in the 1940s preferred the Nazis over the Soviet Union, which says much more about the Lithuanian population of the time than about the Soviet partisans.”\nYes Indeed. It says that Lithuanians were not a bunch of brainwashed marxists who grew up as spoiled rich kids in West Germany. I have read this kind of comment by “educated” Germans too many times to count.\nthe truth is more difficult. i can understand, that most lithuanians were on the side of nazi germany. they had hope for independence.\nbut “jake” do you think about the lithuanian jews? for them a german invasion would be (and was) their dead sentence.\neverywhere are antisemites, who think, that the jews just got what they deserved. now lithuania is “clean”, just some poles and russians are left. people everywhere think this way, thats not limited to lithuania.\nin 1900 only 4 % of the people in vilnius, the capital city of lithuania, spoke lithuanian. the others were mainly jews and poles.\nwhen i think about the holocaust (you know that germans together with local lithuanian partisans killed 95 % of the lithuanian jewish population)\ni have in mind that the soldiers killed babies, kids and women. not many people would call that civilised. i would not be proud on this!\nnobody in europe wanted the russians to overtake and controll their country. but is someone realy so naive and think, that under german nazi controll anything would be much different than under russian rule? i even think the germans would be worse.\nthe lithuanian forrest brothers fought the occupiers for many years.\n“jake”, can you tell me about any resistance against the germans? real resistance and not “only” the refusal to fight for the ss and wehrmacht out of the country?\nPingback: Lithuania – My Visit To The Country Which Had Intrigued Me Since I Read Hannibal |\nPingback: Kaunas: European Capital of Culture 2022 | The Happy Hermit", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Washington the WarriorUnknown - 2006\nChronicles George Washington's little-known military life, from his 1st officer's commission in the Virginia militia through the difficult lessons of his youth and his 17-year retirement. Witness his reemergence as the soul of the American Revolution and see how he transformed a ragtag band of men into an army that could battle and defeat the greatest military in the world. Features location footage, re-enactments, and candid interviews with historical and military experts.\nPublisher: New York : A & E Television : Distributed by New Video, c2006.\nBranch Call Number: DVD 973.3 WASHINGT\nCharacteristics: 1 videodisc (approximately 91 min.) : sound, color ; 4 3/4 in.\nFrom the critics", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "CMH Remembers: 200th Anniversary\nSeptember 2014, CMH\nThe War of 1812 had reached a critical phase in September 1814. On 24 August, American forces suffered an embarrassing defeat at Bladensburg, which resulted in the British raid on the capital at Washington and the burning of many government buildings. Just three weeks later, the British turned their attention toward the important port city of Baltimore as a target for similar treatment.\n\"Battle of North Point\" by Don Troiani\nTo defend Baltimore, Maj. Gen. Samuel Smith of the Maryland Militia commanded a mixed force of U.S. Army regulars, militiamen from Virginia, Pennsylvania and his own state, plus sailors and marines. Unlike at Bladensburg, the American forces had prepared positions, better intense training, and improved inter-service cooperation. After Maryland militia units fought a successful delaying action on 12 September at North Point, British commanders realized that their land attack on the city's main defenses would not prove an easy task. A supporting naval attack pounded the U.S. Army post of Fort McHenry in an attempt to unhinge the American defensive line on 13-14 September. The one thousand-man garrison, most of whom were Regular Army and Maryland Militia soldiers, withstood the bombardment with skill and bravery. When the firing ceased, the sight of the garrison flag flying over the unconquered post inspired Francis Scott Key to compose the poem that was later named the Star Spangled Banner and set to music, and which became the U.S. National Anthem in 1931.\nMaj. Gen. Samuel Smith\nArtist: Rembrandt Peale\nSmith, who saw combat during the Revolutionary and commanded the Maryland Militia contingent called to federal service in the Whisky Rebellion, had resolved to conduct an active defense. On 10 September, observers on Federal Hill watched as British warships scouted the mouth of the Patapsco. The next day additional vessels probed further up the river. By noon on 11 September, enemy transports and escorting warships anchored off North Point. Alarm guns sounded throughout the city. Smith directed a number of small units to reinforce the light forces already screening on the south bank of the Patapsco. He then instructed Brig. Gen. John Stricker to deploy his entire 3d Maryland Militia Brigade forward to Patapsco Neck to delay the British as they advanced along the single road that led to the city. Numbering three thousand men, the 3d Brigade consisted of five infantry regiments, a battalion of riflemen, a company of artillery, and a regiment of cavalry, all from the Baltimore area. The brigade arguably was the most capable of the three Maryland militia brigades. Stricker – Commodore Joshua Barney's brother-in-law – had served in combat during the Revolutionary War and had been called into federal service during the Whiskey Rebellion.\nBrigadier General Jonh Stricker\nArtist: Rembrandt Peale\nAn Active Defense\nThe brigade marched at about 1500, headed down the North Point Road. It halted at approximately 2000, just below the junction with Trappe Road, where the neck of land narrowed to less than one mile in width between Bread and Cheese Creek on the north and Bear Creek on the south. Stricker chose his ground based on previous reconnaissance. He established camp behind a strong pike-rail fence at the edge of a wood line facing a large field where, except for the cover provided by the Bouldin Farm, the enemy would have to cross an open area. On the rising ground behind the clearing, Stricker set up headquarters in a Methodist meeting house. As volunteer militia companies from Hagerstown, Maryland, and Pennsylvania arrived to reinforce his brigade, he attached them to several of his subordinate regiments and prepared for battle. He ordered Capt. William B. Dyer, commanding in the place of the wounded Major Pinckney, to advance one company of the 1st Maryland Rifle Battalion, accompanied by the 5th Maryland Cavalry. After the riflemen formed a skirmish line two miles farther down the neck, Lt. Col. James Biay led the 140 troopers one mile further, and deployed as vedettes near the Gorsuch Farm.\nAt 0300 on 12 September, as British gun brigs came in close to North Point to lend naval gunfire support if needed, the first landing boats pulled toward shore loaded with red coated soldiers. Soon after the Light Brigade, now consisting of all the light infantry companies and the 85th Foot, was ashore, Maj. Gen. Robert Ross sent them ahead at about 0700 under the command of Maj. Timothy Jones to reconnoiter. Ross told his second-in-command, Colonel Arthur Brooke, to supervise the rest of the landing and advance with the 21st Regiment of Foot and the artillery as soon as possible so as to attack that morning. By 0800, six field pieces and two howitzers, plus their horses and limbers, had landed and advanced inland. Brooke caught up with Ross at the Gorsuch Farm to report, just when a British patrol brought in some captured American cavalrymen. The prisoners told Ross that he faced twenty thousand militia, at which the British commander allegedly scoffed, \"I don't care if it rains militia.\" The general ordered Brooke to go back and hurry the troops along as American troops were probably in the area.\nVolunteer Militia Infantryman, by Herbert Knötel,\nfrom the Anne S.K. Brown Military Collection\nThe Delaying Action\nThe cavalry vedettes had kept Stricker well informed. By 0700, he knew the British had landed. He sent his baggage back toward Baltimore and deployed his brigade in three lines, with Dyer's skirmishers to the front. He formed the first line just inside a wood astride North Point Road. Colonel Joseph Sterrett's battle-tested 5th Maryland Volunteer Infantry was posted on the south side with its right flank resting on a branch of Bear creek. Lt. Col. Kennedy Long's 27th Maryland formed on the north with its left flank extending to Bread and Cheese Creek. The six 4-pounder field guns of Capt. John Montgomery's Union Artillery company straddled the road between the two infantry regiments. The position strechted a mile in length. Three hundred yards to the rear, behind the west bank of Bread and Cheese Creek, Stricker deployed Lt. Col. Henry Amey's 51st Maryland on the right and Lt. Col. Benjamin Fowler's 39th Maryland on the left side of the road. One half mile further to the rear, on Perego's Hill near Cook's Tavern, Stricker positioned Lt. Col. William McDonald's 6th Maryland in reserve.\nMaryland Rifleman, by Herbert Knötel,\nfrom the Anne S.K. Brown Military Collection\nStricker planned for Dyer's riflemen to retard the enemy's progress until the two forward regiments in the first line took up the fight against the leading British units. After forcing the British to deploy into battle formation, the first line would hold as long as possible without risking becoming decisively engaged, and then withdraw through the second line to take position on the right of McDonald's regiment. The second line would then take up the battle, repeat the tactic of the first, and withdraw to McDonald's left. The reunited brigade would then engage in a fighting withdrawal back to Hampstead Hill.\nThe plan got off to a rocky start. Acting upon a false rumor that British marines had landed to his rear, Dyer ordered the riflemen back before they had fired a shot. Chagrinned by the unauthorized retreat, Stricker ordered Dyer and the cavalrymen who had returned from scouting to take positions on the front line to the right of the 5th Maryland. When vedettes reported that a British advance party was at the Gorsuch farmhouse, several officers of the 5th Regiment volunteered to lead their companies for a strike. Maj. Richard Heath of the 5th Maryland advanced with Capt. Aaron Levering's Independent Blues and Capt. Benjamin C. Howard's Mechanical Volunteers of that regiment, Capt. Edward Aisquith's Sharp Shooters from the rifle battalion, and Lt. John S. Styles detachment of artillerymen with one gun. They deployed about a half mile forward, and the two hundred fifty Americans initiated a sharp skirmish with the British advance guard. After sustaining some casualties, the Americans withdrew while continuing a running fight through the thick woods.\nDeath of Ross\nRoss and Royal Navy R. Adm. George Cockburn heard the firing and rode forward to assess the situation. The American foray surprised Ross and caused him to overestimate his opponent's strength. He decided to bring his army's main body forward quickly, and just as he turned in the saddle to tell Cockburn, a round of ball and buckshot struck him in the arm and chest. He fell from his horse mortally wounded as aides and subordinate officers rushed to his assistance Ross died as he was carried back to the landing site for medical treatment. His death shocked the British, and Colonel Brooke assumed command. He brought up reinforcements that drove Heath's men back to the main American line. While bringing up his own artillery, Brooke perceived a \"several hundred yard gap\" between the American left and the Back River, and he moved to exploit it. Seeing the British move toward his left flank, Stricker ordered the 39th to the left of the 27th Regiment, and ordered the 51st to form at a right angle to protect his vulnerable left flank. Such a maneuver under fire was beyond the capabilities of the inexperienced troops, and instead of forming where Stricker wanted them, they milled about in confusion.\nBattle of North Point\nSensing the moment was right to attack, at 1450 Brooke launched a furious assault concentrated on Stricker's left flank. Both sides traded volleys, but the 51st Regiment became confused and broke, taking part of the 39th along with them. While the left crumbled under the fire of Brooke's 4th Regiment, the more reliable troops on Stricker's right held firm. Blasted with musketry and grapeshot, the 21st and 44th regiments suffered heavy casualties assaulting the 5th and 27th Maryland. After an hour of heavy fighting, Stricker, having followed his orders to fight a delaying action, directed his infantry and artillery to fall back to join the 6th Maryland at Cook's Tavern. While the British claimed that they drove and scattered the Americans from the field, Stricker reported most of his units had re-formed. Brooke did not order his forces to exploit their success, but remained on the battlefield until the morning of 13 September. Stricker listed his losses as 24 killed, 139 wounded and 50 men captured. In addition to General Ross, the British suffered 38 killed, 251 wounded, and 50 men missing.\nHaving accomplished his delaying mission, Stricker withdrew toward Worthington's Mills and took new positions as Smith had ordered. General Winder arrived with Brig. Gen. Hugh Douglass' Virginia brigade from the south of town and some regulars not deployed elsewhere, including a company of U.S. Dragoons under Captain John Burd. These joined Stricker on the left flank and apart from the main American line. They were positioned to attack the right flank of Brooke's army if it continued its advance on Hampstead Hill.\nFollowing a heavy rain on the night of 12-13 September, Brooke had his men moving toward Hampstead Hill at 0530. A short while later, he could hear Royal Navy V. Adm. Alexander Cochrane's bomb ships shelling Fort McHenry. When he reached the junction of the North Point and Philadelphia Roads, the sight of the well-prepared and manned American defensive line stunned Brooke. He had assumed that the force he had driven off at great cost the day before at North Point represented the main American effort. After realizing his error, he tried to maneuver toward the entrenchments on Smith's left flank, and immediately encountered Winder's and Stricker's men arrayed on high ground in prepared positions above the Belair Road. When Brooke withdrew back toward the Philadelphia Road, Stricker and Winder advanced their brigades in a demonstration that threatened his rear. By the afternoon of 13 September, Brooke was content with merely sending patrols to probe Smith's main line for weaknesses, possibly for a risky night attack.\nThe Perilous Fight\nAdmiral Cochrane believed that if he could pound Baltimore's harbor defenses into submission, his ships could enter the harbor and enfilade the main American defense line on Hampstead Hill with their naval guns to assist Brooke in driving off the defenders. Due to the shallowness of the river, Cochrane only advanced one frigate, his five bomb ships, and one rocket firing ship toward Fort McHenry. Each bomb vessels had one 10-inch and one 13-inch mortar that could fire a two hundred-pound exploding shell or an incendiary carcass every five minutes. They began firing toward Fort McHenry from nearly two and a half miles away by 0700. When the defenders attempted to reply with their larger caliber guns, they realized the mortars' greater range allowed the British to remain beyond their reach and ceased firing by 1000. The British continued their bombardment against the fort, but Cochrane could tell that his weapons were not having the desired effect. He wrote to Cockburn who was ashore with Brooke, \"It is impossible for the Ships to render you any assistance … It is for Colonel Brooke to consider … whether he has Force sufficient to defeat so large a number as it [is] said the Enemy has collected; say 20,000 strong or even less number & to take the Town.\"\nCMH Related Publications\nThe Bombs Bursting in Air\nMeanwhile, large bombs continued to fall inside the fort's walls or to explode overhead. Capt. Frederick Evans of the U.S. Corps of Artillery, who commanded the regulars of the garrison, saw two men killed by shrapnel as they hid under a heavy gun. He also stated that he saw a woman carrying water vaporized as a shell hit her. He noted that some shells \"as big as a flour barrel\" fell nearby and failed to explode. At 1400 a shell scored a direct hit on bastion number four and its 24-pounder, killing Lt. Levi Clagett and Sgt. John Clemm, militia artillerymen of the Baltimore Fencibles company, and wounding a number of others. When Cochrane ordered his bomb ships closer, the move brought them within range of the fort's larger guns. After American fire damaged two bomb ships and damaged the rocket ship so badly that she had to be towed to safety by the accompanying frigate, the admiral ordered his vessels to retire to a safer distance.\nBritish Diversionary Attack\nCochrane continued long-range firing through the night and into the early morning hours of 14 September. After considering his options, Cochrane ordered Capt. Charles Napier of HMS Euryalis to lead twenty ship's boats loaded with nearly 1,200 sailors and marines in an attempt to slip into Ferry Branch and threaten Fort McHenry from its landward side. Under a driving rain, eleven of the boats became separated and drifted toward the Lazaretto, where Lt. Solomon Frazier's flotillamen and nearby Pennsylvania riflemen prepared to repel the landing. On realizing their mistake, the British pulled back towards their fleet. The nine remaining boats continued up Ferry Branch until detected by the men at Fort Babcock. They opened fire, and were soon followed by the guns at Fort Covington. Sailing Master Webster later stated: \"I could hear the balls from our guns strike the barges. My men stated to me that they could hear the shrieks of the wounded…During the firing of the enemy, I could distinctly see their barges by the explosion of their cannon which was a great guide to me to fire by.\" The other batteries in and around Fort McHenry added their fire to punish Napier's force as it retreated.\nBy 0400, 14 September, the British firing began to slacken. At 0700 it ceased altogether. Soldiers on Hampstead Hill worried the fort had fallen, but the post had withstood the onslaught. Georgetown lawyer and District of Columbia Militia artillery lieutenant Francis Scott Key had been taken aboard a British flagship to assist in negotiating the release Dr. William Beanes' – a Maryland civilian who the British had taken prisoner. Key, Beanes, and Col. John Skinner, the American prisoner exchange agent, witnessed the night-long bombardment with fearful anticipation. After the firing had ceased in the morning, Key saw the large garrison flag flying from the fort's flagstaff. The three Americans knew that the men in the fort had prevailed. The sight inspired Key to write the poem he originally titled The Defense of Fort McHenry, which he later renamed The Star Spangled Banner. It became the United States National Anthem in 1931. Skinner and Key's mission ultimately succeeded in obtaining Beanes' release.\nOur Flag Was Still There\nWith naval forces unable to outflank Hampstead Hill, Brooke's only options were to conduct an unsupported attack against a strongly entrenched enemy or retreat. After weighing the advantages and disadvantages, he decided on withdrawal. As his army marched back toward North Point, Brooke halted in an attempt to lure the Americans into a battle in the open. Smith, however, resisted the temptation to leave the trenches. By 15 September Cochrane's ships re-embarked the exhausted troops. British operations in the Chesapeake had effectively ended for the season. Before long, Cochrane headed to Halifax, and Cockburn departed for Bermuda. The British retained their naval base and a small contingent of colonial marines on Tangier Island until March 1815, the month following ratification of the Treaty of Ghent which ended the war.\nAn aerial view of Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine. This image shows the fort more in its Civil War era appearance. It was here, in September 1814, that the sight of the historic U.S. Army post's garrison flag still waving defiantly despite twenty-five hours of intense bombardment inspired Francis Scott Key to write \"The Star Spangled Banner,\" the song that later became our national anthem.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The news business is often an emotional bundle of contradictions. This past week provides all the examples you need. On Tuesday evening, Fairfield County health officials announced that a woman had died and nearly two dozen others were ill because of suspected botulism in food shared at a church potluck dinner.\nOn April 29, 1865, the Lincoln Funeral Train from Washington arrived in Columbus. It was on its way to Springfield, almost exactly retracing the route Lincoln had taken to Washington for his inauguration in 1861. The nearly 1,700-mile trip would take 13 days and was met at every stop with grieving Americans. Fifty thousand Ohioans welcomed Lincoln’s remains in Columbus on that cold and rainy day.\nThe Ohio House on Wednesday passed a state budget bill for the two years that will begin July 1 with “yes” votes from all but five of the House’s 65 Republicans.\nSmoking, said King James I in 1604, is “loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain, dangerous to the lungs.” Three years later he planted a colony in Jamestown. Its tobacco enhanced the royal treasury until Virginia produced a bumper crop of revolutionaries, including the tobacco farmer George Washington.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "John H. Mitchell\n| United States Senator |\nMarch 4, 1901 –December 8, 1905\n|Preceded by||George W. McBride|\n|Succeeded by||John M. Gearin|\nNovember 18, 1885 –March 4, 1897\n|Preceded by||James H. Slater|\n|Succeeded by||Joseph Simon|\nMarch 4, 1873 –March 4, 1879\n|Preceded by||Henry W. Corbett|\n|Succeeded by||James H. Slater|\n|3rd President of the Oregon State Senate|\n|Preceded by||Wilson Bowlby|\n|Succeeded by||Thomas R. Cornelius|\n|Member of the Oregon State Senate |\nfrom Multnomah County\n|Born||June 22, 1835|\nWashington County, Pennsylvania\n|Died||December 8, 1905 70) (aged|\nJohn Hipple Mitchell, also known as John Mitchell Hipple, John H. Mitchell, or J. H. Mitchell (June 22, 1835 –December 8, 1905) was a controversial American lawyer and politician, who served as a Republican United States Senator from Oregon on three occasions between 1873 and 1905. He also served as State Senate President, did the initial legal work involved in the dispute that led to the landmark Supreme Court case of Pennoyer v. Neff , and later was involved with the Oregon land fraud scandal, for which he was indicted and convicted while a sitting U.S. Senator, one of only twelve sitting U.S. Senators ever indicted, and one of only five ever convicted.\nThe United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the United States House of Representatives—the lower chamber—comprises the legislature of the United States. The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building, in Washington, D.C.\nOregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region on the West Coast of the United States. The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington, while the Snake River delineates much of its eastern boundary with Idaho. The parallel 42° north delineates the southern boundary with California and Nevada.\nPennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714 (1878), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court held that a court can exert personal jurisdiction over a party if that party is served with process while physically present within the state.\nHe was born in Washington County, Pennsylvania, with the name John Mitchell Hipple. He moved with his parents to Butler County, Pennsylvania, at the age of two. He attended public schools during much of his childhood, but also attended some private schools including the Witherspoon Institute. As a young man he was a schoolteacher. He seduced a 15-year-old female student, and, due to the resulting scandal, was forced to marry her.\nWashington County is a county located in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 207,820. Its county seat is Washington. The county was created on March 28, 1781, from part of Westmoreland County. The city and county were both named after American Revolutionary War leader George Washington, who eventually became the first President of the United States.\nButler County is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 183,862. Its county seat is Butler. Butler County was created on March 12, 1800, from part of Allegheny County and named in honor of General Richard Butler, a hero of the American Revolution.\nIn 1857, Mitchell stopped teaching and decided to become a lawyer. He built a successful law practice in Pennsylvania. However, in 1860, he decided to leave his community and family, and moved to California with a local schoolteacher with whom he was having an affair. After arriving in California, he abandoned her and moved to Portland, Oregon. It was then that he decided to change his name to John Hipple Mitchell, using his middle name as his last name, and attempted to start a completely new life in Oregon. Almost immediately, he started to become a successful lawyer and build political connections. Mitchell was not an intellectual man, but he was very ambitious and knew how to develop business and political friendships with important people. In 1867, he was hired as a professor at Willamette University School of Medicine to teach medical jurisprudence. Mitchell remained as professor for almost four years.\nCalifornia is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States. With 39.6 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles (423,970 km2), California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area. The state capital is Sacramento. The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively. Los Angeles is California's most populous city, and the country's second-most populous, after New York City. California also has the nation's most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The City and County of San Francisco is both the country's second-most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth-most densely populated county, behind only four of the five New York City boroughs.\nPortland is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County. It is a major port in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest, at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers. As of 2018, Portland had an estimated population of 653,115, making it the 25th most populated city in the United States, and the second-most populous in the Pacific Northwest. Approximately 2.4 million people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area (MSA), making it the 25th most populous in the United States. Its combined statistical area (CSA) ranks 19th-largest with a population of around 3.2 million. Approximately 60% of Oregon's population resides within the Portland metropolitan area.\nDuring his law practice in Oregon, Mitchell did some legal work for a client named Marcus Neff. Mitchell's dispute with Neff regarding some unpaid legal bills gave rise to the circumstances that led to the U.S. Supreme Court case of Pennoyer v. Neff .\nTwo years after arriving in Oregon, in 1862, he was elected to the Oregon State Senate.In 1864 he became President of the state Senate and served in that position until 1866. Because United States Senators were elected by the state legislatures during his lifetime, and that was the only office that Mitchell was to seek, this early position in the state Senate was the only popularly elected office that he would ever run for or win.\nThe Oregon State Senate is the upper house of the statewide legislature for the US state of Oregon. Along with the lower chamber Oregon House of Representatives it makes up the Oregon Legislative Assembly. There are 30 members of the State Senate, representing 30 districts across the state, each with a population of 114,000. The State Senate meets at the Oregon State Capitol in Salem.\nMitchell was an unsuccessful candidate for the United States Senate from Oregon in 1866, losing to Henry W. Corbett. He tried again in 1872 and this time won, taking office in 1873. He petitioned to officially change his name after he was elected.\nHenry Winslow Corbett was an American businessman, politician, civic benefactor, and philanthropist in the state of Oregon. A native of Massachusetts, he spent his early life in the East and New York before moving to the Oregon Territory. He was a prominent figure in the early development of Portland, Oregon and was involved in numerous business ventures there, starting in general merchandise. His interests later included banking, finance, insurance, river shipping, stage lines, railways, telegraph, iron and steel and the erection of Portland downtown buildings among other enterprises. A Republican, he served as a United States Senator from 1867 to 1873.\nOn the topic of names, during Mitchell's second period of Senate service (from November 18, 1885, to March 3, 1897), he concurrently served alongside two other different individuals named \"John Mitchell\", from other states. From November 18, 1885, to March 3, 1887, Mitchell served alongside Sen. John I. Mitchell from Pennsylvania; and from March 4, 1893, to March 3, 1897, Mitchell served alongside Sen. John L. Mitchell from Wisconsin.\nBy this time, he had married again, but had not divorced the woman he had married in Pennsylvania. His opponents tried to block him from becoming a senator by asking a Senate committee to expel him for what he had done in the past, charging him with bigamy, desertion and living under an assumed name. Though these charges were certainly true, the Senate Committee decided they were not relevant. Mitchell served in the Senate from 1873 to 1879, and was defeated for reelection. He ran for reelection to the Senate in 1882 but lost. In 1885, however, he was elected again to the Senate, and reelected in 1890.\nMitchell sought reelection by the Oregon Legislature in 1897, but his candidacy proved to be highly divisive: the resulting scandal prevented the 19th Oregon Legislative Assembly from organizing and, consequently, left Oregon with a vacant U.S. Senate seat for nearly two years.Joseph Simon was ultimately chosen for the seat.\nWhile not in the Senate, Mitchell practiced law. Mitchell's last term in the Senate began in 1901 and was to last until 1907, but Mitchell died before it expired.\nMitchell was devoted to business interests and was against the populists and their political reforms. In the Senate, he was interested in transportation issues. He was chairman of the committee on railroads from 1877 to 1879 and from 1889 to 1893, and chairman of several committees related to coastlines and the ocean during his terms in the Senate. He was also chairman of the committee on claims from 1891 to 1893 and chairman of the committee of elections and privileges from 1895 to 1897.\nIn 1905, Mitchell was indicted in the Oregon land fraud scandal, involving his use of political influence in the federal government to help clients with their land claims. While he was convicted,he was never sentenced. An appeal of the conviction was under way and the Senate was beginning proceedings to expel him when Mitchell died of an illness in Portland, Oregon.\nHe was buried at River View Cemetery in Portland.\nThe town of Mitchell, Oregon, was named after him.\nHis daughter, Mattie Elizabeth Mitchell, married François XVI Alfred Gaston, 5th Duc de La Rochefoucauld, Duc de Liancourt, Prince de Marcillac, Duc d'Anville, in 1892.\nThe Watergate scandal was a major American political scandal that lasted from 1972 to 1974, following a burglary by five men of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C. on June 17, 1972, and President Richard Nixon's subsequent attempt to cover up his administration's involvement. After the five burglars were caught and the conspiracy was discovered—chiefly through the work of a few journalists, Congressional staffers and an election-finance watchdog official—Watergate was investigated by the United States Congress. Meanwhile, Nixon's administration resisted its probes, which led to a constitutional crisis.\nCharles Warren Fairbanks was an American politician who served as a senator from Indiana from 1897 to 1905 and the 26th vice president of the United States from 1905 to 1909. He was also the Republican vice presidential nominee in the 1916 presidential election.\nSylvester Pennoyer was an American educator, attorney, and politician in Oregon. He was born in Groton, New York, attended Harvard Law School, and moved to Oregon at age 25. A Democrat, he served two terms as the eighth Governor of Oregon from 1886 to 1895. He joined the Populist cause in the early 1890s and became the second Populist Party state governor in history. He was noted for his political radicalism, his opposition to the conservative Bourbon Democracy of President Grover Cleveland, his support for labor unions, and his opposition to the Chinese in Oregon. He was also noted for his prickly attitude toward both U.S. Presidents whose terms overlapped his own -- Benjamin Harrison and Cleveland, whom he once famously told via telegram to mind his own business.\nFrank Putnam Flint Born in North Reading, Massachusetts. In 1869 his family moved to San Francisco, California, where he attended public schools. He had asthma. In 1888 he moved to Orange, then Los Angeles, California. On February 25, 1890, he married Katherine J. Bloss in Los Angeles; and they had 2 children, a girl about 1892, and boy about 1894. Also in 1890, he was appointed a clerk in the United States marshal's office in Los Angeles, and began to study law. In 1892 he was appointed assistant United States attorney under Mathew Thompson Allen. In 1883 he resigned and formed a law partnership with Allen, Allen & Flint, which lasted 2 years until Allen became a Judge. In 1895, Flint and Donald Barker reformed the law firm as Flint & Barker. In 1897 Flint was appointed United States attorney for the southern district of California, and served 4 years. Flint was active in Republican politics. He was a fruit-grower, politician and banker.\nVincent Joseph \"Vince\" Fumo is a former politician, lawyer and businessman from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A Democrat, he represented a south Philadelphia district in the Pennsylvania Senate from 1978 to 2008. On March 16, 2009, he was convicted of 137 federal corruption charges. On July 14, 2009, he was sentenced to 55 months in federal prison.\nRobert M. Shrum is the Director of the Jesse M. Unruh Institute of Politics and the Carmen H. and Louis Warschaw Chair in Practical Politics at the University of Southern California, where he is a Professor of the Practice of Political Science in the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences. He is a former American political consultant, who has worked on numerous Democratic campaigns, including as senior advisor to the Kerry-Edwards campaign in 2004 and to the Gore-Lieberman campaign in 2000. Shrum wrote the famous speech Ted Kennedy gave at the 1980 Democratic National Convention conceding to and supporting President Jimmy Carter. The Atlantic Monthly described him as \"the most sought-after consultant in the Democratic Party.\" Shrum served as speechwriter to New York Mayor John V. Lindsay from 1970 to 1971, speechwriter to Senator George McGovern's 1972 Presidential campaign and speechwriter and press secretary to Senator Edward M. Kennedy from 1980 to 1984 and political consultant until 2009.\nThe Watergate Seven has come to refer to two different groups of people, but both fall in the context of the Watergate scandal. First, it can refer to the five men caught June 17, 1972, burglarizing the Democratic National Committee's headquarters in the Watergate Hotel, along with their two handlers, E. Howard Hunt and G. Gordon Liddy, who were Nixon campaign aides. All seven were tried before Judge John Sirica in January 1973.\nHoward Edwin \"Ed\" Reinecke was an American politician from California. He served three terms in the United States House of Representatives. He was the 39th state lieutenant governor from 1969 until his resignation in 1974 in connection with a Federal conviction for perjury.\nJoseph Ralph Burton was a lawyer and United States Senator from the state of Kansas.\nAlexander Caldwell was a U.S. Senator from Kansas.\nJoseph Simon was a German-born politician and attorney in the U.S. state of Oregon. He was born in Bechtheim, Hesse, and his family immigrated to the United States when he was one year old, settling in Portland, Oregon. A Republican, Simon served on the city council before election to the Oregon State Senate. He was later elected to the United States Senate for one partial term, 1898 to 1903. He later served as mayor of Portland for one term, 1909 to 1911. He was also the first Jewish Republican senator.\nAustin John Murphy was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania from 1977 to 1995.\nThe Democratic Party of Oregon, based in Portland, is the official Oregon affiliate of the United States Democratic Party. It is recognized by the state of Oregon as a major political party, along with the Oregon Republican Party. The State Central Committee, made up of two delegates elected from each of Oregon's 36 counties and one additional delegate for every 15,000 registered Democrats, is the main authoritative body of the party. After Oregon was admitted into the Union in 1859, the Democratic party controlled the state. Oregon elected twice as many Democrats as Republicans between 1859 and 1879 in statewide elections for governor, secretary of state, state treasurer, and congressmen. The party holds 38 members in the State House that has 60 representatives total, and 18 members in the State Senate, out of 30 delegates total. The party also holds the Governor's office, Attorney General, Labor Commissioner, and State Treasurer. The Democrats also have both U.S senate positions in their state and send four of the five U.S House representatives from Oregon to D.C.\nJohn Newton Williamson was an American rancher and politician in the state of Oregon. A native Oregonian, he served in both chambers of the Oregon Legislative Assembly representing central and eastern Oregon in the late 19th century. A Republican, he then served in Congress from 1903 to 1907 and was involved in the Oregon land fraud scandal.\nThe Oregon land fraud scandal of the early 20th century involved U.S. government land grants in the U.S. state of Oregon being illegally obtained with the assistance of public officials. Most of Oregon's U.S. congressional delegation received indictments in the case: U.S. Senator John H. Mitchell and U.S. Representatives John N. Williamson and Binger Hermann, with Senator Charles William Fulton singularly uninvolved.\nExpulsion is the most serious form of disciplinary action that can be taken against a Member of Congress. Article I, Section 5 of the United States Constitution provides that \"Each House [of Congress] may determine the Rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member.\" The processes for expulsion differ somewhat between the House of Representatives and the Senate.\nThe 19th Oregon Legislative Assembly was scheduled to convene January 11, 1897. The Senate organized, but the House failed to do so. In the House, two factions formed, neither of which had enough members to constitute a quorum.\nStephen A. Douglas Puter was a criminal and author from the U.S. state of Oregon. After being convicted of land fraud, he lived as a fugitive for several months before capture, wrote a book after conviction, received a Presidential pardon, and later was convicted of mail fraud.\nBurton v. United States is the name of two appeals to the Supreme Court of the United States by Senator Joseph R. Burton (R-KS) following his conviction for compensated representation of a party in a proceeding in which the United States was interested: Burton v. United States, 196 U.S. 283 (1905) and Burton v. United States, 202 U.S. 344 (1906). Burton was convicted of acting as counsel to Rialto Grain and Securities Company in the United States Postmaster General's investigation of Rialto for mail fraud.\nHenry W. Corbett\n| U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Oregon |\nMarch 4, 1873 – March 4, 1879\nServed alongside: James K. Kelly, La Fayette Grover\nJames H. Slater\nJames H. Slater\n| U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Oregon |\nNovember 18, 1885 – March 4, 1897\nServed alongside: Joseph N. Dolph, George W. McBride\nGeorge W. McBride\n| U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Oregon |\nMarch 4, 1901 – December 8, 1905\nServed alongside: Joseph Simon, Charles W. Fulton\nJohn M. Gearin", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Combing long-stapled wool using with combs handmade by The Red Barn Farm. Our volunteer is in the process of transferring the wool from the comb in her hand back onto the stationary comb. The wool is transferred back and forth until the fibers are smooth and straight. The spindle of the spinning wheel, nearly full of wool, can be seen in the lower right hand corner of the picture (more easily visible on the enlarged version). Some finished linen belts hang on a line on the left side of the picture. More detailed pictures of the wool combing process appear with the enlarged version of this picture.\nOur demonstrator is now spinning the wool she combed on an antique spindle wheel. The stationary comb can be seen on the right side of the picture with its protective cover. She leaves the wool on the comb until she needs more, then she draws it out into a roving (rope) about eight inches long, then pulls it off and holds it in her left hand as she spins. The wheel is turned with her right hand while the wool is drawn out into a fine yarn. After a yard or so of yarn is formed it is wound onto the spindle of the wheel. It is on this horizontal spindle that Sleeping Beauty pricked her finger in the famous fairy tale. Pictures in books often get this image very mixed up. They nearly always depict a flyer wheel which has no spindle, and Sleeping Beauty seems to be pricking her finger on a vertical object which could only be a distaff which is made from wood and does not have a sharp point.\nSpinning wheels with a flyer mechanism were not yet known in the British Isles at the time of King Henry VIII. Spindle wheels were used for wool, but flax was still being spun on a drop spindle. Later the flyer wheel would become popular for spinning flax, but a spindle wheel was still preferable for wool.\nWeaving linen on our replica 13th century floor loom. The reed and shuttle are hand-made antiques. See the Old Loom page for details on the construction of the loom as well as pictures of the original loom located at Medieval Times in Kissimmee, Florida. The tartan blanket draped over the leg of the loom is one of the Bonnie Prince Charles Edward Stuart designs. It is not a deisgn correct for our time period, but it was a lot of fun to weave! It is the fruit of our labor from the 1998 and 1999 Festivals. It is made of nine yards of heavy wool which was cut into three panels and stitched together to form a wonderfully warm blanket. A woolen inkle band was used to bind one end, and a linen inkle band was used to bind the other.\nWeaving a linen belt on an inkle loom. The history of the inkle loom is vague and it is not certain whether a loom of this exact design was used in the 16th century, but it is certain that a variety of small looms similar to this design were used for making narrow belts, straps and ribbons. In the background, just in front of the demonstrator the distaff (used to hold flax fibers as they are being spun) and umbrella swift (used to hold skeins of yarn as they are being wound onto pirns (similar to bobbins) which are then placed in the shuttle for the weaver to use on the loom. In the back ground behind the demonstrator the top of a wheel can be seen. This is a pirn winder, not a spinning wheel. We apologize for not having better pictures of these tools and promise to add them to the site as soon as possible.\nHere is our demonstration tent. This picture was taken at the end of the last day of the Festival. The blue cloth draped across the fron of the tent is the nine yards of heavy linen which was woven during the five weeks of the Festival. Under the tent, from left to right, can be seen: the umbrella swift, the pirn winder, a skeiner (in the background), an inkle loom sitting on a stool (in the foreground), the 13th century replica loom, the spindle wheel, and a wool comb (mounted on the tent pole behind the spinning wheel).\nDonning the Great Kilt (Florida Renaissance Festival 1999)\nTwo of our volunteers at our encampent during the 1998 Florida Renaissance Festival.\nA little glimpse of one of our demonstration areas.\n(Also taken at the 1998 Florida Renaissance Festival)\nHow to wrap and wear a Great Kilt\nAnd yet another explanation of how to wear the Greak Kilt", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- For the character from the main universe, see Ner'zhul. For information on how to defeat Ner'zhul in World of Warcraft, see Ner'zhul (tactics).\nWarlord of the Shadowmoon clan,|\n|Class||Shaman, Warlock, Necromancer, Shadowcaster|\n|Affiliation(s)||Shadowmoon clan, Iron Horde|\n|Occupation||Warlord and elder shaman of the Shadowmoon clan|\n|Relative(s)||Rulkan (ex-mate), Neema (former mother-in-law)|\n- \"Our fate is written in the stars, and the stars are within my grasp.\"\nNer'zhul was the warlord of the Shadowmoon clan and the ruler of Shadowmoon Valley. An influential elder shaman with intelligence and cunning beyond his peers, he crafted far-reaching machinations.\nFor years untold, the Shadowmoon clan divined wisdom from the stars over alternate Draenor. Orcs from far and wide called on the clan for prophecies, and the Shadowmoon chieftain, the shaman Ner'zhul, was known for his ability to communicate with spirits.\nThough Ner'zhul was contemplative and forward-thinking, his vision of a united orcish culture was eclipsed by the manipulations of Gul'dan and the bloody reality of the rising Iron Horde. His clan, the Shadowmoon, always looked reverently to the stars to guide their fellows. Thereafter, the mysticism of these death-sages nudged Draenor closer to obliteration.\nJoining the Iron Horde\nWhen the Iron Horde began its march across Draenor, Ner'zhul was given an ultimatum by Grommash Hellscream, to join him or die. Although he had no desire for war, Ner'zhul joined with the Iron Horde in order to save his clan. But Grom had no interest in the Shadowmoon's traditions of astrology, death-speaking and prophecy; he ordered Ner'zhul to provide a worthy form of power or else he would decimate Shadowmoon anyway. Ner'zhul, with the fate of his clan on the line, broke the ancient Shadowmoon laws and called on the power of the forbidden Dark Star, gaining mastery over the Void. Ner'zhul's wife, Rulkan, disapproved of this decision, and she and several other like-minded members of the Shadowmoon left to form the Shadowmoon Exiles.\nThe war on Draenor\nNer'zhul and his Shadowmoon clan were among the Iron Horde defending the Dark Portal from the Alliance and Horde offensive. His clan was active within the Umbral Halls, to where he was called by his lieutenant Keli'dan. He destroyed the cave in an attempt to kill Khadgar and his fellow attackers. He later overlooked the assault along with the other Warlords of Draenor as Grom ordered the combined army after the destroyers of the Portal.\nAfter several encounters with the draenei, including Vindicator Maraad and the Prophet Velen himself, Ner'zhul began preparations to summon the Dark Star in a clearing in the heart of Shadowmoon Valley. He planned to use it against the draenei in the Iron Horde's siege of Karabor.\nWhen Yrel and the commander of the Alliance forces arrived to stop him, Ner'zhul summoned his ancestor's spirits, loudly declaring that he would sacrifice even them to save his clan from the wrath of Hellscream. When Velen offered to help Ner'zhul so he could restore his clan to its peaceful ways, Ner'zhul revealed that the shadows of the void had already taken his soul. He fought with Velen, but left once the summoning of the Dark Star was complete. However, Velen released his energy and sacrificed himself to purify the Dark Star into its original form: the naaru K'ara. With his trump card lost, Ner'zhul and his clan fled to the Shadowmoon Burial Grounds.\nAfter Ner'zhul's best shaman and their minions were slain, Ner'zhul was defeated at the Edge of Reality.\n|Location||Level range||Health range|\n|Altar of Shadow||102||3,848,387|\n|Ner'zhul (tactics)||102 - 103|\n- Shadowmoon Valley\n- Soul Harvest — Harvest a living soul.\n- Malevolence — Slams the ground inflicting 2 Shadow damage to all enemies in a line in front of the caster.\n- Ritual of Destruction — Ner'zhul summons three spirits that protect him from all damage and will explode for 3 Shadow damage if they are not destroyed in 20 sec.\n- Ritual of Shadow — Ner'zhul summons Risen Spirits to sacrifice to create a Void Horror.\n- Void Bolt — Sends a bolt of dark magic at an enemy, inflicting 1 Shadow damage.\n- Main article: Keli'dan the Breaker (quest)#Progress\n- Main article: Shadows Awaken#Progress\n- Main article: Going Undercover#Progress\n- Main article: Escape From Shaz'gul#Progress\n- Main article: The Dark Side of the Moon#Notes\n- Main article: Darkness Falls#Progress\n- Main article: Ner'zhul (tactics)#Quotes\nNotes and trivia\n- Ner'zhul wields the Staff of Souls.\n- Ner'zhul was voiced by Vic Mignogna.\n- Ner'zhul was the only one of the seven Warlords of the expansion to not have received his own piece of Savage World expanded universe material. Kargath, Grommash, Durotan and Kilrogg were all featured in Lords of War videos, while Gul'dan, Blackhand and even Fenris received webcomics on the official site.\n- His association with death and darkness seems to reference the ultimate fate of his main universe self.\n- Despite being forced to join the Iron Horde, he apparently swiftly became devoutly loyal to them. This could be an effect of wielding Void magic so recklessly.\n- Patch 6.0.2 (2014-10-14): Added.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "1071: How a universal church adapted to and resisted powerful calls for transformation\nDay 1071: Monday, February 20, 2023\nHow a universal church adapted to and resisted powerful calls for transformation\nThis is an announcement from FutureChurch about a discussion by Dr. Mark Newman about race and the Catholic Church: Desegregating Dixie: The Catholic Church in the South and Desegregation, 1945-1992\nIn honor of Black History Month, join Professor Mark Newman of the University of Edinburgh as he discusses race and the Catholic Church from his book, “Desegregating Dixie: The Catholic Church in the South and Desegregation, 1945-1992.”\nThursday, February 23, 2023 at 9:00am Pacific Time\nWinner of the 2020 American Studies Network Book Prize from the European Association for American Studies, Mark Newman draws on a vast range of archives and many interviews to uncover for the first time the complex response of African American and white Catholics across the South to desegregation. In the late nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century, the southern Catholic Church contributed to segregation by confining African Americans to the back of white churches and to black-only schools and churches.\nHowever, in the twentieth century, papal adoption and dissemination of the doctrine of the Mystical Body of Christ, pressure from some black and white Catholics, and secular change brought by the civil rights movement increasingly led the Church to address racial discrimination both inside and outside its walls.\nFar from monolithic, white Catholics in the South split between a moderate segregationist majority and minorities of hard-line segregationists and progressive racial egalitarians. While some bishops felt no discomfort with segregation, prelates appointed from the late 1940s onward tended to be more supportive of religious and secular change.\nSome bishops in the peripheral South began desegregation before or in anticipation of secular change while elsewhere, especially in the Deep South, they often tied changes in the Catholic churches to secular desegregation.\nThis is the first comprehensive treatment of the Catholic Church in the American South during the twentieth century's long civil rights movement.? Based on archival research in Catholic dioceses and archdioceses from Virginia to Texas, it incorporates voices of white and black Catholics alike. Rather than place \"southern\" and \"Catholic\" in opposition, as so many other scholars have done, Newman does a remarkable job capturing Catholics? sometimes complicated relationship with the rest of the South.\nNewman's nuanced argument reveals that desegregation's impact was not overwhelmingly positive, since parish integration often meant the loss of institutions that had nurtured black community identity throughout the Jim Crow era. In short, this is a solid piece of scholarship, thorough in its research, judicious and fair in its judgments and conclusions, clear in presentation, opening new areas of inquiry that scholars will wrestle with for a long time to come. -- Andrew S. Moore, professor of history, Saint Anselm College, and author of The South’s Tolerable Alien: Roman Catholics in Alabama and Georgia, 1945–1970\nAfrican American Catholics were diverse and more active in the civil rights movement than has often been assumed. While some black Catholics challenged racism in the Church, many were conflicted about the manner of Catholic desegregation generally imposed by closing valued black institutions. Tracing its impact through the early 1990s, Newman reveals how desegregation shook congregations but seldom brought about genuine integration.\nTwo particular strengths of the book are the chapter that compares the southern Catholic experience with that of southern Protestants, and the chapter that takes the narrative into the early 1990s. Both provide the monograph with a better perspective and include the same depth of research that makes Newman's scholarship so impressive.\nNewman's comprehensive work discusses many people, places, and events, and offers crucial context for anyone studying desegregation in the South. Overall, Desegregating Dixie is an essential resource for those concerned with race and religion in the South, Catholicism in the United States, and the civil rights movement. -- Karen J. Johnson, Wheaton College ― The Journal of Mississippi History\nMark Newman has written the definitive study of how the Roman Catholic Church variously resisted, assisted, and adapted to racial integration. This deeply researched and well-written book adds enormously to our understanding of the dynamics of racial change in the twentieth-century South. Newman has unearthed a complex, fascinating story, and he tells it exceedingly well. -- Adam Fairclough, professor emeritus, Leiden University, and author of\nA Class of Their Own: Black Teachers in the Segregated South\nAnnouncement from Alice:\nPlease let me know if you'd like to attend the performance at the 6th Street Playhouse. If we sign up 10 people we get a reduced price.\nOur date is March 17th - St. Patrick's Day. The perfdormance starts at 7:30pm\nShould be fun!\nPlease call Alice at (707) 217-0514 for more information. She needs a count and the money by March 1st.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Horowitz, 90, drove a similar Sherman combat tank during the war, from D-Day's Omaha and Utah beaches in Normandy, all the way through France, through the Battle of the Bulge, and on into Germany, as a member of the 7th Armored Division.\n\"It's deafening,\" Horowitz told about 200 people outside the museum at Republic Airport in East Farmingdale, which marked Veterans Day by dedicating the Sherman tank.\nThe tank was recently acquired in the Netherlands by Old Westbury real-estate investor Lawrence Kadish, who will present it at the museum.\n\"It's hot in the summer, cold in the winter,\" Horowitz told the gathering. \"There's no men's room.\"\nThe mission Thursday was to dedicate the tank, which will become part of the museum's collection, which includes fighter planes, bombers and armored vehicles.\nThe tank, which had been owned by the Netherlands armed forces after World War II, rumbled from behind the museum hangar to a spot a few feet from the audience, the name \"Truman's Bark\" painted on its side.\nMore than 40,000 Shermans were built during World War II. Few operational Shermans are left in the United States, and other than at the museum, no others are on public display in the metropolitan area.\nAlso on hand for the dedication was Guenter Bier, of Hicksville, who was a young boy in Leipzig, Germany, on April 18, 1945, when a Sherman tank rolled into his village and liberated the town.\nBier recalled that he and his mother rushed to an upstairs bedroom and cobbled together a makeshift flag of surrender - a broomstick and a white pillowcase. The tank crew outside the window, he said, smiled.\nKadish declined to say how much he had paid for the Sherman tank. The tank \"is meant to be a tribute to the past and also a reminder that the future is not guaranteed,\" he said.\nMuseum spokesman Gary Lewi said a price \"considerably less\" than $500,000 was ultimately negotiated with a nonprofit foundation in the Netherlands, which was in possession of it. Getting the tank required the help of Rep. Steve Israel (D-Huntington), whose aide, Beth Gabellini, spent months working with the U.S. Border Patrol and the State Department, which wanted to make sure it was disarmed.\nLewi said it was not certain whether the tank had been in combat. He said there is damage to its turret, which could mean it saw action.\nHorowitz, a docent at the Holocaust Museum and Tolerance Center in Glen Cove, said he and his tank comrades - all of whom survived the war - persevered through the heat and the cold.\n\"We were young,\" Horowitz said. \"We didn't know better. We had a mission.\"\nThe Sherman tank\nOfficial name: M4 General Sherman\nNumber produced: 49,324 between 1942 and 1946\nUsed by: Americans, British, Canadian and Free French forces", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "About this Product\nThe deconstruction of an old pocket watch that was once worn by every respectable gentlemen\nand today is seldom seen, into a statement unisex bracelet was chosen as a symbol of it’s time,\nand of mans changing needs, fashions and of technological advancements. Starting out as an\nobject owned solely by the elite [Queen Elizabeth I was one such person - circa 1571] as\nhand-crafted piece, the Industrial Revolution made it possible to manufacture in mass-scale,\nwith new process and material making improvements to the design, construction and finish.\nAs a result, this luxurious plaything of only the few became to be owned by the middle, and then,\nthe lower classes [e.g it was an essential item for those working on the railroads where accurate\ntimekeeping was critical]. Here, there is an interesting parallel to Rapid Manufacture and the new\nopportunities that it offers us.\nWhat's in the Box\n'NOW' Bangle 70mm diameter\nin White Strong & Flexible Polished\nThis model is 3D Printed in White Strong & Flexible Polished: White nylon plastic polished to reveal a smooth matte finish.\nLast updated on 05/19/2014", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "MYSTIC TEMPLES TOUR\nSiem Reap / Cambodia\n2 Days Siemriep - Mystic Temples\nDay 1: 8:00am, pick up at your hotel and transfer to the archaeological site. Visit Preah Khan, built by the King Jayavarman VII and, like Ta Prohm, a place of towered enclosures and shoulder-hugging corridors. Unlike Ta Prohm, however, the temple of Preah Khan is in a reasonable state of preservation and ongoing restoration efforts should maintain and even improve this situation. Neak Pean, a fountain (built in the middle of a pool and representing the paradisiacal Himalayan mountain-lake), the temple of Ta Som, as well as the unique brick sculptures of Prasat Kravan.\nAfternoon, visit the South Gate (with its huge statues depicting the churning of the ocean of milk), the ancient capital of Angkor Thom (12th century), Bayon Temple (unique for its 54 towers decorated with over 200 smiling faces of Avolokitesvara), the Royal Enclosure, Phimeanakas, the Elephants Terrace and the Terrace of the Leper King. Sunset at Angkor Wat. Overnight at hotel in Siemriep.\nDay 2: In the morning, visit the most famous of all the temples on the plain of Angkor: Angkor Wat.\nThe temple complex covers 81 hectares and is comparable in size to the Imperial Palace in Beijing. Its distinctive five towers are emblazoned on the Cambodian flag and the 12th century masterpiece is considered by art historians to be the prime example of classical Khmer art and architecture. Angkor Wat’s five towers symbolize Meru’s five peaks – the enclosed wall represents the mountains at the edge of the world and the surrounding moat, the ocean beyond.\nAfternoon, visit Ta Prohm, one of the most beautiful temples in the area. Ta Prohm has been left relatively untouched since it was discovered and retains much of its mystery. Visit also Chau Say Tevoda and Thommanon. Then transfer back to your hotel or airport for flight back home.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "born on 2/5/1909 in Murten, FR, Switzerland\ndied on 27/8/1991 in Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico\nErnst Heinrich \"Teddy\" Stauffer (May 2, 1909 August 27, 1991) was a Swiss bandleader, musician, actor, nightclub owner, and restaurateur. He was dubbed Germany's \"swing-king\" of the 1930s.\nEarly life and career\nBorn in Murten, Switzerland, Stauffer grew up in Murten and in Berne, and played violin and saxophone there in an amateur band from 1927. In 1928 he began to perform in Germany with his band, Teddy and His Band. Their first engagement had the Teddies as a Caféhaus-Kapelle in Gleiwitz. After many engagements on cruise ships his popularity in Germany reached its peak in 1935-36. In 1936 Elfriede Scheibel, the owner of the Berlin \"Delphi palace\", awarded him a four-month engagement from July to October 1936.\nThis guest performance justified the reputation of the Delphi as a swing stage. Annual trips to St. Moritz and Arosa, and also a guest appearance in London, were responsible for international fame of the Teddies band. Until 1939, he appeared with his Original Teddies-Band especially in Berlin and Hamburg. With his jazzy swing music, however, Stauffer increasingly got in trouble with the Reichsmusikkammer.\nIn 1939 the band travelled to the opening of the National Exhibition in Switzerland, replacing the Jimmie Lunceford Orchestra, which withdrew because of the impending war. The band happened to be in Switzerland when war broke out; all the German members of the Teddies had to leave Switzerland. In Switzerland, Stauffer took part in the scoring of the film s'Margritli und d'Soldate (Marguerite and the soldiers) in 1940-41; the Margritli-song, interpreted by the Schmid family, became a big success. Clarinetist Ernst Höllerhagen belonged to the Original Teddies from 1939. Buddy Bertinat wrote many of the arrangements. After the Stauffer's departure in 1941 the Original Teddies, were headed by Eddie Brunner. Hazy Osterwald, who also belonged to the band, wrote arrangements since 1941. But the band could not build on old achievements.\nAfter an engagement on an Atlantic cruise ship, Stauffer remained in the United States and tried his luck as a film composer in Hollywood. Due to problems with his residence papers, he went to Mexico, which eventually became his second home.\nIn Acapulco, he founded a discothèque, \"The Tequila a Go-Go\", and worked as manager of several well-known hotels (including the \"Hyatt\" and \"Villa Vera\"). He also made small guest appearances on TV and in films. In the later years he ran the restaurant \"Teddy's\" at the main beach in Acapulco.\nThe Mexicans honored the tall, blond Swiss as a popular ambassador for Acapulco. \"Mr. Acapulco\" helped attract Hollywood celebrities, and made the place famous, till then a fishing village of 8,000 residents. On August 27, 1991, Stauffer died in Acapulco at the age of 82.\nStauffer was married five times:\n- Faith Domergue (28 January 1946 - 8 October 1947) (divorced)\n- Hedy Lamarr (12 June 1951 - 17 March 1952) (divorced)\n- Anne Nekel Brown (29 March 1955 - January 1956) (divorced)\n- Ute O. Weller (26 May 1957 - December 1958) (divorced)\n- Patricia Morgan (1961 - 6 December 1966) (divorced) 1 daughter, Melinda Morgan Stauffer (born April 19, 1962)\n- Stauffer, Teddy, Forever is a Hell of a Long Time: An Autobiography (1976) ISBN 0-8092-8089-2\n- Teddy Stauffer in Acapulco\n- Teddy Stauffer in the German National Library catalogue\n- Teddy Stauffer at the Internet Movie Database\n- Teddy Stauufer: The King of Swing's Paradise", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "With the sketchbook turned horizontally, Turner filled this page with detail studies of the monumental architecture of Paris. Distinctive is the drawing of the dome of the seventeenth-century military complex of Les Invalides worked into the left-hand side of the page. Turner made several sketches of this building in the present volume, a list of which is provided in the sketchbook Introduction. The existence these drawings and a watercolour study (Tate D24572; Turner Bequest CCLIX 7) suggests that Turner considered the subject as an illustration for Turner’s Annual Tour: Wanderings by the Loire and Seine (1833–5; later reissued as Rivers of France) or the new edition of Walter Scott’s Life of Napoleon Buonaparte (1834–36) although Les Invalides did not make it into either publication in the event.1\nW[illiam] G[eorge] Rawlinson, The Engraved Work of J.M.W. Turner, R.A., London 1908, . vol.II, pp.264–76 nos.453–92, 288–92 nos.525–39.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Denver, Denver County, Colorado\n430 South Quebec Street\nLat: 39° 42' 19\"N, Lon: 104° 53' 38\"W\nThis is not a complete listing of all of the burials in this cemetery. The records below were provided by contributors to Interment.net. last edited Oct 15, 2010. Total records = 1,772.\n- [BH] Betty Huffman [firstname.lastname@example.org]\n- [BM] Beth Mangiapane [email@example.com]\n- [CSA] Colorado State Archives, Veterans Burials\n- [FH] Frederick H. Henderson [firstname.lastname@example.org]\n- [JD] John Davis [email@example.com]\n- [JK] John A. Kim [firstname.lastname@example.org]\n- [JN] Jane Nelson [email@example.com]\n- [JR] J Krump [firstname.lastname@example.org]\n- [MA] Marcia Alley [email@example.com]\n- [MI] Masaru Imada [firstname.lastname@example.org]\n- [PS] Peggy Salomonson [email@example.com]\n- [RR] Robert Rutherford [firstname.lastname@example.org]\n- [RW] Robert R. Wilson [email@example.com]\nWoodmen of the World Burials\nBurials records for persons belonging to the Woodmen of the World or related organizations can be found here.\nColorado Genealogy Links\nSearch Colorado Cemeteries\nClear Digital Media, Inc.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This is the HBU eMail page. As eMail addresses can change, we could not put a direct eMail link on every HBU page. But here you can reach us uzsing the link at the bottom of the page. We have also added other links where you can find information about our site. Fell free to contact us, we are an interactive site that relies heavily on reader input from around the world.\nFeel free to contact HBC. Our web-master would be delighted to hear from you. Your question may have already been answered, but if not, feel free to contact us. The active e-mail link is at the bottom of the page.\nA wide variety of youth groups in the 20th century have adopted a great diversity of uniforms. Some of these organizations have achieved enormous renoun for the positive, character building experiences they have provided boys. The first group, the Boys' Brigade, was founded at the end of the 19th centuryband had a central Christian focus. The most significant was the Scouts which was founded after the turn of the century. Comparable organizations were founded for girls. Many of these organizations were\nfounded in Britain and the British penchant for uniforms have greatly influenced the adoption of uniforms for the boys. Uniforms came to be a key element for these groups. Many other organizations were founded , some with sinister histories like the\nHitler Youth. This web site seeks to provide a historical background on these organizations and a look at the uniforms worn by the boys over time.\nDo let us hear from you. Let us know what you think about HBC? Do you like the site? Do you have suggestions about how it could be improved? Are there topics that we shold be addressing, but have not done so yet? Your comments are very much appreciated and helpful in building HBC.\nThank you for your interest in our web site. I would like to think of it as a cooperative effort with you. In fact it is the personal contributions of your own experiences and uniforms worn that make HBU a particularly interesting site. Your comments would thus be of great interest. I am looking for any historical material, articles on the uniforms worn by members of Scouts and other youth groups, interesting pasages from biographies/autobiographies, old-time photographs of your family, even personal remberences of the more modern\nuniform styles, or any other pertinent material. Perhaps you have some interesting ideas about further additions.\nMany of you have asked a variety of subjects about this web site. As I want to reserve my time for actually working on the web site, I thought I'd answer your questions here.\nDo you have any questions about the uniforms worn by boys' youth groups. HBC would be glad to try to answer them. We might know the answer. If we do not, your questions often lead to useful avenues of investigation. We will also post them in case HBU's astute readers might know the answer.\nIf the above pages don't provide you the needed information. Feel free to contact the HBC webmasters.\nJust click on the image here to send an e-mail.\nNavigate the Historic Boys' Uniform Web chronological pages:\n[1900s] [1910s] [1920s] [1930s] [1940s] [1950s] [1960s] [1970s] [1980s] [1990s]\nNavigate the Historic Boys' Clothing Web Organization pages:\n[Main Youth Group page]\n[Boys' Brigade] [Boy Scouts] [Camp Fire] [Royal Rangers] [Hitler Youth] [Pioneers]\nNavigate the Historic Boys' Uniform Web Site:\n[Activities] [Biographies] [Chronologies] [Countries] [Essays] [Garments] [Organizations] [Religion] [Other]\n[Introduction] [Bibliographies] [Contributions] [FAQs] [Questions] [Unknown images]\n[Boys' Uniform Home]", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "At Anrakuji Temple, there is a three-storied octagonal pagoda among the pine trees lining the road from Mt. Ogami in Ueda Shinshu.\nAnrakuji Temple is said to have been established in the early Heian period, but its history before the Kamakura period is vague. This pagoda is the oldest building in the temple complex of Anrakuji. In addition, it is the only existing octagonal pagoda in Japan and also a very rare example of a Zen three-storied pagoda.\nThe pagoda is 18.75m tall. Its Zen architectural features include the connections between the pillars and the radial baulks that decorate the impressive octagonal roof. Even the Buddhist altar is octagonal. There is a Dainichi-Nyorai statue, which is very rarely seen in a Zen structure. The pagoda looks four-storied but the lowest roof is, in fact, a line of eaves called 'mokoshi'.\nIn 1947, the pagoda and Nagano Castle were the first buildings in Nagano prefecture to be designated National Treasures.\nHokiji is a temple of the Shotoku sect and is located in Ikaruga Town, Ikoma County, Nara Prefecture. It is a world heritage site.\nThere are several old temples related to Prince Shotoku such as Horyuji, Horinji and Chuguji in Ikaruga. This place is a traditional Buddhist place.\nThe site of Hokiji was originally the Okamoto-no-miya palace, where Prince Shotoku lectured on the Lotus Sutra. In the 10th year of the Jomei period (638), Prince Shotoku's son, Yamashiro-no-oeno, changed Okamoto into a temple according to Shotoku's will.\nThe remains of a golden building and a tower have been found here. An additional fact is that the three-storeyed pagoda is the only remaining original building and is the oldest of its kind in Japan.\nKichidenji Temple is located in the north of the village of Koyoshida near Ikaruga Town in Nara Prefecture. The temple is commonly referred to as Pokkuri Temple.\nThe Tenji Emperor ordered a grave to be built at this site for his sister, Hashihito-no-himemiko, and in the first year of the Eien period (987), Genshin built a temple here.\nThe name 'Pokkuri' ('drop dead') derives from the story that Genshin prayed to keep off evil spirits as his mother lay dying, so she could die without pain.\nYou should not miss the statue of seated Amida in one of the main buildings. It is about 4.85m tall and is the biggest wooden statue in Nara as well as a National Important Cultural Asset. It is said that if you pray in front of this statue, you will live longer.\nThe rare Taho pagoda, also in Nara, was built in the fourth year of the Kansei period (1463), and has been designated as an Important Cultural Asset.\nBicchu Kokubunji is a temple that has been designated as a National Historical Relic Site. It is situated in Soja district, Okayama Prefecture.\nAlso, Bicchu Kokubunji was built at the Emperor's behest in the Nara period. However, the original temple was destroyed by fire in the Nanboku-chō period. The present structure was rebuilt in the mid-Edo period. The Sangharama, or monastery, was built after the reconstruction. The five-storeyed pagoda is a famous site of Kibiji and Okayama Prefecture. The pagoda has been designated as an important cultural asset. It took over 20 years to build beginning in 1821 and demonstrates the wealth that the country of Bicchu had back then.\nJion-ji Temple in located in Sagae, Yamagata prefecture. It is said that the monk Baramon established it in 746 on the orders of the Emperor Shōmu.\nIn the Edo period, it was given 2812 red seal-stones from the government and became one of the representative landmarks in the Tohoku area.\nThe Hondo (main temple) is built in the style of the Momoyama period and is designated a National Cultural Asset. There is a large collection of statues of bodhisattvas, which are also designated as important cultural assets.\nIn the cedar-forested mountain, there are various buildings including the Deva gate and a three-tiered pagoda. The classic statues of the Twelve Heavenly Generals have been exhibited overseas; their uplifting demeanors are memorable.\nEvery May 5th, a performance of Jion-ji classical music (bugaku) has been held annually for over 1200 years. There are 8 parts to the performance, which includes Enbu, Sanjyu, Taiheiraku and Ryouou.\nMount Bizan has an altitude of 290m and is located in Tokushima district, Tokushima prefecture. The name 'Bizan' derives from its eyebrow-like appearance.\nIt is a symbol for Tokushima district and it appears in many local school songs. The mountain is also famous for cherry-blossoms. The crest is known as the place where Man'yō songs were sung from by the Man'yō singer Fune no ou.\nFrom here, there is a panoramic view of Tokushima. When the weather is fine, Awaji Island and Kii mountain range in Wakayama prefecture can also be seen. It is also famous for its night view.\nHaruni Shrine and Yakushi Temple are situated at the foot of the mountain. At the summit is a nature interaction facility, a monument to the Meiji Emperor, a memorial pagoda ((Myanmar tower) to the war dead, and the Toyohiko Kagawa literary monument. The whole area is set aside as parkland and is a hidden landmark.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "“Let freedom reign. The sun never set on so glorious a human achievement.”(Nelson Mandela)\nNelson Rolihlahla Mandela was the son of one of South Africa’s leading dignitaries, Chief Henry Mandela of the Tembu Tribe, and it was as a young law student that he became involved in political opposition to the white minority regime. Joining the African National Congress (ANC) in 1942, he co-founded its more dynamic Youth League two years later.\nThe 1948 election victory of the Afrikaner-dominated National Party led to the apartheid system of racial segregation becoming law. Mandela rose to prominence in the ANC’s 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People, whose adoption of the Freedom Charter provided the fundamental program me of the anti-apartheid cause.\nInitially committed to non-violent mass struggle and acquitted in the marathon Treason Trial of 1956-1961, Mandela and his colleagues accepted the case for armed action after the shooting of unarmed protesters at Sharpeville in March 1960 and the banning of anti-apartheid groups.\nIn 1961, he became the commander of the ANC’s armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe. In August of the following year, he was arrested and jailed for five years. In June 1964, he was sentenced again, this time to life imprisonment, for his involvement in planning armed action.\nHe started his prison years in the infamous Robben Island Prison, a maximum security facility on a small island off the coast of Cape Town. In April 1984, he was transferred to Pollsmoor Prison in Cape Town and in December 1988 he was moved to the Victor Verster Prison near Paarl from where he waseventually released.\nDuring his incarceration Mandela taught himself to speak Afrikaans and learned about Afrikaner history. He was able to converse with his guards in their own language, using his charm and intelligence to reason with them and try to understand the way they thought. This caused the authorities to replace the guards around regularly Mandela as it was felt that they could were becoming too lenient in their treatment of their famous prisoner.\nOut of the night that covers me,\nBlack as the pit from pole to pole,\nI thank whatever gods may be\nFor my unconquerable soul.\nIn the fell clutch of circumstance\nI have not winced nor cried aloud.\nUnder the bludgeonings of chance\nMy head is bloody, but unbowed.\nBeyond this place of wrath and tears\nLooms but the Horror of the shade,\nAnd yet the menace of the years\nFinds and shall find me unafraid.\nIt matters not how strait the gate,\nHow charged with punishments the scroll,\nI am the master of my fate:\nI am the captain of my soul.\nTwenty-seven million people live in slavery—more than twice the number during the peak of the slave trade. And more than a billion adults are unable to read. Given the magnitude of human rights violations—and those listed in the Violations of Human Rights section of this website are only a glimpse of the full picture—it is not surprising that 90 percent of people are unable to name more than three of their thirty rights.\nWho, then, with so many unaware of their most basic rights, will make sure that human rights are promoted, protected and become a reality?\nTo answer that question, we can draw inspiration from those who made a difference and helped create the human rights we have today. These humanitarians stood up for human rights because they recognized that peace and progress can never be achieved without them. Each, in a significant way, changed the world.\nMartin Luther King, Jr., when championing the rights of people of color in the United States in the 1960s, declared, “Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.”\nThe great advocate of peaceful resistance to oppression, Mahatma Gandhi, described nonviolence as “the greatest force at the disposal of mankind. It is mightier than the mightiest weapon of destruction devised by the ingenuity of man.”\nFighting fiercely against religious persecution in eighteenth-century France, Voltaire wrote, “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”\nThomas Jefferson, inspiration and principal author of the American Declaration of Independence, declared that “The care of human life and happiness, and not their destruction, is the first and only ligitimate object of good government.”\nNelson Mandela, one of the most recognizable human rights symbols of the twentieth century, is a man whose dedication to the liberties of his people inspires human rights advocates throughout the world. Born in Transkei, South Africa, Mandela was the son of a tribal chief, and educated himself with a university degree and law degree. In 1944, he joined the African National Congress (ANC) and actively worked to abolish the apartheid policies of the ruling National Party. On trial for his actions, Mandela declared, “I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and achieve. But if need be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”\nSentenced to life imprisonment, Mandela became a powerful symbol of resistance for the rising anti-apartheid movement, repeatedly refusing to compromise his political position to obtain his freedom. Finally released in February 1990, he intensified the battle against oppression to attain the goals he and others had set out to accomplish almost four decades earlier. In May 1994, Mandela was inaugurated as South Africa’s first black president, a position he held until 1999. He presided over the transition from minority rule and apartheid, winning international respect for his advocacy of national and international reconciliation. An international celebration of his life and re dedication to his goals of freedom and equality was held in 2008, on the occasion of his 90th birthday.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "More to explore:\nLate 1900 Cameo Celluloid & Bead Bag\nevery once in a while i throw a curve ball and i WANT this bag. http://@Kristen - Storefront Life Thomas\nChatelaine Date: ca. 1900 Culture: American (probably) Medium: leather, metal\nWonderful Celluloid Flower Frame on Beaded Bag\nBeadwork, bag, ca 1900 England, the Bowes Museum\nVictorian Beaded Evening Bag 1900's Bridal by Marcellefinery, $315.00\nI think Annabel (heroine of Ten Things I Love About You by Julia Quinn) would quite like this reticule. juliaquinn.com/...\nVintage bag, late 19th century, probably French. 10 x 9 inches. (Looks like real handmade lace overlaid on silk, with a metal frame.) Metropolitan Museum of Art.\nEarly 1900's Vintage Beaded Bag with by vintageestatements on Etsy\nBag Date: late 19th century Culture: probably French Medium: metal Accession Number: 48.187.662\n1890-1900, 19th century", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We learned today that some race took place about 10 years ago on one of the roads we're planning for Quartzsite. Was there a rally there at one time? Was EOI in this area? It's not necessarily a bad thing that these roads have been used before, apparently, the guy we corresponded with was there then and didn't say anything negative about it. The name of the road is Cibola Road south of town on the Yuma Proving Grounds from US 95 up to Ehrenberg. If anybody has any info or knows who might have organized such an event in the past, please let me know ASAP.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "It’s February 13th and the day rings a bell in Scotland, especially in Glencoe, a death bell…\nI will never forget my first impressions of the mountains of Glencoe. The view is breathtaking and the atmosphere strange. There is something unique in Glencoe which I can’t explain but when we stopped there for the first time, a few years ago, I knew that we would come back again and again and that’s what we’ve done, year after year, each time pitching our little tent at Invercoe, on the grassy banks of the beautiful loch Leven. We were there, at the end of last September. A violent storm broke in the night and there was frost on our tent in the morning. I shuddered at the thought of what had happened there on that 13 February 1692…\nOh, cruel is the snow that sweeps Glen Coe\nAnd covers the grave o’ Donald\nOh, cruel was the foe that raped Glen Coe\nAnd murdered the house of MacDonald\nThey came in a blizzard, we offered them heat\nA roof for their heads, dry shoes for their feet\nWe wined them and dined them, they ate of our meat\nAnd they slept in the house of MacDonald\nThey came from Fort William with murder in mind\nThe Campbell had orders King William had signed\n“Put all to the sword”- these words underlined\n“And leave none alive called MacDonald”\nThey came in the night when the men were asleep\nThis band of Argyles, through snow soft and deep\nLike murdering foxes amongst helpless sheep\nThey slaughtered the house of MacDonald\nSome died in their beds at the hand of the foe\nSome fled in the night and were lost in the snow\nSome lived to accuse him who struck the first blow\nBut gone was the house of MacDonald\n(Words and music Jim Mclean, Publisher Duart Music 1963)\nThe 13 th of February is a day of remembrance in Glencoe and it has been so since the fateful day of 13 February 1692 when something so horrible happened in the village of Glencoe that after more than three centuries the event is still vivid in the memories, especially in those of the MacDonalds of Glencoe, whose ancestors fell the victims of a machiavelic plan and were murdered at the small hours of an icy winter day by a troup of soldiers who had been their hosts for several days…\nEarly in the morning of 13 February 1692, in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution and the Jacobite uprising of 1689 led by John Graham of Claverhouse, a massacre took place in Glen Coe, in the Highlands of Scotland. This incident is referred to as the Massacre of Glencoe, or in Scottish Gaelic Mort Ghlinne Comhann (murder of Glen Coe). The massacre began simultaneously in three settlements along the glen—Invercoe, Inverrigan, and Achnacon—although the killing took place all over the glen as fleeing MacDonalds were pursued. Thirty-eight MacDonalds from the Clan MacDonald of Glencoe were killed by the guests who had accepted their hospitality, on the grounds that the MacDonalds had not been prompt in pledging allegiance to the new monarchs, William and Mary. Another forty women and children died of exposure after their homes were burned.\nYou are hereby ordered to fall upon the rebels,\nthe McDonalds of Glenco,\nand put all to the sword under seventy.\nyou are to have a speciall care that the old Fox and his sons\ndoe upon no account escape your hands,\nyou are to secure all the avenues that no man escape.\nThis you are to putt in execution\natt fyve of the clock precisely;\nand by that time,\nor very shortly after it, I’ll strive to be att you\nwith a stronger party: if I doe not come to you\natt fyve, you are not to tarry for me, but to fall on.\nThis is by the Kings speciall command,\nfor the good & safety of the Country,\nthat these miscreants be cutt off root and branch.\nSee that this be putt in execution without feud or favour,\nelse you may expect to be dealt with as one not true to King nor Government,\nnor a man fitt to carry Commissione in the Kings service.\nExpecting you will not faill in the full-\nfilling hereof, as you love your selfe,\nI subscribe these with my hand\natt Balicholis Feb: 12, 1692\n(signed) R. Duncanson\nFor their Majesties service\nTo Capt. Robert Campbell of Glenlyon\nI have a number of books about Glencoe in my library but among them The Ghosts of Glencoe is one of my favourites. Mollie Hunter’s very lively style is second to none to give a human dimension to the evanescent ghosts of history and to help us rebuild the scenes of long past events…\nI particularly like the portrait of MacIan, the Chief of the Macdonalds of Glencoe who is introduced at the very beginning of the first chapter of the book which takes place in Fort William . We see the old Chief through the eyes of Ensign Robert Stewart, an officer and a very important witness of these sad events (‘The character of Ensign Robert Stewart in this book is based on a story current for many years among the survivors of the Massacre of Glencoe and their descendants, and the book itself sticks closely to the actual facts of the Massacre” writes the author in a note).\nThere was a high wind sweeping the ramparts of Fort William on that night of 29th December when I was officer of the watch at the Spur Gate entrance to the Fort. It was the first truly strong gale of that winter of 1691, and so loudly did it howl around the guard-house where I sat writing my hourly report that the noise of it cut me off from all sound at the Spur Gate itself.\nI did not hear the sentry crying ‘Qui vive?’, therefore, and neither did I hear the clash of sword against bayonet which followed on his challenge. My firs knowledge of the trouble at the gate came when the door of the officers’ duty-room was burst rudely open and the figure of a man appeared on the threshold – a figure of such fantastic appearance as to make me rise in amazement from my desk.\nThe man was tall – immensely so, and massively built in proportion to his height. He stood over the six and a half foot mark, and the Highland Chief’s insignia of three eagle feathers flaring from his bonnet made him seem even taller. A doublet of bull’hs hide studded with silver encased his great chest.Tall boots of untanned leather and tight-fitting trews of red Macdonald tartan clothed his lower half. From a silver brooch on one shoulder hung a scarf of the same red tartan, and topping all this was a face as craggy and weathered as ancient rock with long grey moustachios drooping down on either side of a grim mouth and a grey forked beard jutting from his chin.\nHe was in his sixties, I judged – a man old enough to be my grandfather. Yet the dark eyes glaring at me above a hawk’s beak of a nose were as fierce as those of any young warrior, and as those fierce eyes met mine he brought one huge hand smacking down on the hilt of the broadsword swinging at his hip.\n‘Is it yourself,’ he roared, ‘that told the sentry fellow to bar me from entering the Fort?’\n(Mollie Hunter The Ghosts of Glencoe chapter I ‘Highland garrison’ )\nThe old Chief had come to Fort William to swear the oath of allegiance to King William the Third before the required date of 1st January, 1692… as Colonel Hill who was in charge of the Fort at the time could not receive the oath he sent him to Inveraray…\nInverary lies more than sixty miles away along a winding track that hughs the jagged western coastline of Scotland for part of its length then plunges inland through steep mountain passes. The blizzard now blowing would be cutting cruelly across the exposed coastal section of the track and blocking the mountain passes with the snow it carried and so, if I was right in my surmise, MacIan of Glencoe was in dire trouble that wild December night.\n(Mollie Hunter The Ghosts of Glencoe chapter I ‘Highland garrison’ )\nNow, we know the tragic end of the story…\nGlencoe is probably the best known glen in all the Highlands of Scotland, not alone for its scenic grandeur though that is unsurpassed in almost any country, but also for its fame as the scene of one of the saddest events in Scottish history.\n(Slaughter Under Trust – Glencoe 1692 - Donald J. MacDonald)\nHospitality is a sacred value in Scotland and the sadly famous massacre was no less than a case of ‘slaughter under trust’ as Donald J MacDonald underlines it on the title of his book…\nHere and there a ruined house testifies to what happened in Glencoe…\nNot far from the Visitor Centre a forest path leads to the ruins of Inverrigan House. It was built at the end of the 19th century on the site of an earlier house where nine of the MacDonald clan had been slain. Nine Scots pine trees have been planted around the ruins, to remember the victims. Can we live on such a place, I wonder…\nJohn Prebble, one of my favourite writers, loved Glencoe and he often came from his faraway Saskatchewan in Canada to walk its mountains. He loved the place so much that one of his dying wishes was to have his ashes dispersed along the slopes of Glencoe mountains… Glencoe and The Highland Clearances are his most famous books about Scottish history.\nHere’s the burial islands of the Clan MacDonald, on Loch Leven as we can see them from the little marina of Ballachulish, near Glencoe.\nAnd two other books from my library about the Massacre of Glencoe.\nMacIan and his gillies on the road from Fort William to Inveraray to pledge allegiance to the King… a desperate attempt…\nMacIan and his gillies took the road down Loch Linnhe in a thick downfall of snow. The drifts were small, for the full force of the wind was cut off by the Ardgour hills. It was still\nblack darkness when they reached the narrows of Loch Leven, and found on the beach the boat by which they had crossed the previous afternoon. Here, too, there was some shelter\nfrom the storm, and they made the passage without difficulty. Three miles on the left a light twinkled. That came from Maclan’s own house of Carnoch at the foot of Glencoe,\nwhere his kin waited anxiously to hear the result of his errand. One of the gillies was sent off with a message, but he himself had no time to waste. The quickest route to the south, had\nit been summer-time, was up the Laroch stream, between Ben Vair, the ‘Mountain of Lightnings,’ and his own Meall Mor, and so by Glen Creran to Connel Ferry, but in this weather a fox or a deer could not have made that journey. He turned to the right and took the shore road through Appin. Dawn came upon them near Duror, a dawn of furious winds and solid driving snow. Happily it was a fine snow with sleet in it, and so it did not greatly clog the path, but the force of the gale was enough to lift a man off his feet. The running gillies, bent double, their bonnets dragged over their brows, their wet kilts plastered about their thighs, and their bare legs purple with the cold, felt it less than the chief on his shelty. He brought the folds of his plaid twice round his throat, but even so, and for all his years of hardihood, he felt numbed and crippled by the savagery of the heavens. Not a wild thing, bird or beast, was stirring— they knew better; but he himself dare not seek shelter, though the warm chimney-corner of Ardsheal awaited him a mile off. For he knew that he was riding on a mission of life and death.\n(The Massacre of Glencoe John Buchan )\n13 February 1692 at 5 a.m in the morning…\nBy five o’clock on the morning of Saturday 13th the wind had grown to a tempest, and the snow was drifting heavily. About that hour Lieutenant Lindsay and a few soldiers presented themselves at macIan’s house, and asked civilly to see the chief on a pressing matter. They were at once admitted, and MacIan gout out of bed and struggled into his trews, shouting to bring the visitors a morning draught. Suddenly two shots were fired at him from behind, one in the body and one in the brain, and the old man fell dead.\n(The Massacre of Glencoe John Buchan )\nIn the early hours of 13 February 1692, English Redcoats under the command of Campbell of Glenlyon, who for the past week had been peacefully quartered on the inhabitants of Glencoe, fell upon their MacDonald hosts. In the ensuing hours 38 defenceless men, women, and children were murdered in cold blood.\nThe massacre, sanctioned by the new king of England, William of Orange, was initially covered up, but news of such treachery could not kept quiet and it has become a cause celebre of Scottish history. John Sadler re-investigation of the sources and contemporary accounts has yielded valuable new insights into why the order was given, turning the previously excepted view of events on its head.\n(From the backcover of John Sadler – Glencoe The Infamous Massacre 1692 – Amberley Publishing 2009 )\nBonne lecture !", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "your go-to spot for information about cultural events for adults, kids and families in and around Baltimore. Click the tabs to find an event, or scroll down to the Labels at the bottom of the page to find what you are looking for.\nWHEN: July 14 Wedding Anniversary Tea Celebrate the 213th wedding anniversary of Charles Carroll Jr. and Harriet Chew Carroll by savoring a traditional tea at their country house, Homewood. Learn about the lifestyle of one of early America’s most socially prominent families as you dine in the elegant reception hall, designed to be one of the coolest rooms in the house during the summer months. MORE »\nArtist's Tour: July 18 In Each Other's Shoes: The Art of Loring Cornish Honoring the 50th anniversary of the historic March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, this outdoor exhibition of ten sculptural panels by Baltimore mosaic artist Loring Cornish visually narrates the struggle for civil rights in America. MORE »\nWHEN: July 18 Summer Evening at Evergreen An artist’s exhibition tour by Loring Cornish of In Each Other's Shoes, a display of rare Shakespeare material, and Evergreen's newly-restored historic kitchen are highlights of this special after-hours event, which culminates in an outdoor performance of Hamlet by the Shakespeare Factory. MORE »\nWHEN: Begins July 25 Federal Fashions Program Series This enlightening series of programs on Federal and Regency Era dress with costume historian Ann Wass includes talks and hands-on workshops related to American fashions of the late 18th- and early 19th-centuries. MORE »", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "You may have heard the term “Old Order Amish,” but had not known what it is. In this article, we are going to explore Old Order Amish in greater detail. You’ll find that this is an interesting topic not just for those interested in the Amish way of life, but also for those with an appreciation of history.\nThe Amish people are complex people with a diverse history and unique belief system and tradition that continues to this day. The notion that there is “one kind of Amish” is a wrong notion. The complexities of the Amish community are well represented by the Old Order Amish.\nThe Ethno-Religious Roots of Old Order Amish\nThe Old Order Amish are what is often referred to as an ethno-religious group. This term “ethno-religious” refers to the fact that the group has both a genetic and religious component. More famous examples of an ethno-religious group would be the Jews or French Protestant group the Huguenots who were inspired by the work of John Calvin. Individuals who consider themselves to be part of an ethno-religious group associate their identity with both their religion and their ancestral heritage. The Old Order Amish identification is thus a reference to both a religious identity and an ancestral one.\nThe Old Order Amish and the Separation from the Mennonites\nWhen many outsiders think of the term “Amish,” they are thinking of the Old Order Amish. The Old Order Amish separated from the Mennonites in 1693. It is important to note that the Old Order Amish are the single largest group of the Amish. By 1990, there were Old Order Amish settlements in 20 states across the U.S. as well as one Canadian province.\nExploring the Complex History of Old Order Amish\nThe creation of the Old Order Amish is an interesting one with a complex and interesting history. In general, the Old Order Amish are viewed as being more conservative than other Amish groups. There were a series of conferences held between 1862 and 1878. These conferences served to create clearer guidelines between the more conservative Old Order Amish and other Amish groups.\nToday, there are other Amish groups including the Bachy Amish, New Order Amish and Swartzentruber Amish. The uses of technology can differ considerably between these groups. For example the Swartzentruber group typically refrain from using virtually all technology. In general, the Old Order Amish refrain from most forms of technology and do not use indoor plumbing or any kind of machinery that has a motor.\nIn terms of doctrine, the Old Order Amish follow the Dutch Mennonite Confession of Faith, which was adopted in 1623. This doctrine involves the shunning of excommunicated members and a belief that salvation can only be hoped for and not guaranteed. Additionally, the majority of Old Order Amish do not build churches but instead worship in private homes. In terms of dress, Old Order Amish opt for very conservative clothing.\nThe Amish-A Large and Growing Membership\nIn terms of numbers, the Old Order Amish are growing quickly. 1990 membership numbers put Old Amish Order members at over 80,000 with close to 900 church districts. Old Order Amish can be found in Pennsylvania, Ohio and other locations throughout the United States and Canada. Many would assess the Nebraska Amish as being the most conservative group within Old Order Amish; this group lives mostly in Pennsylvania.\nLike the Nebraska Amish, the Swartzentruber Amish are also very conservative. The Swartzentruber Amish speak Pennsylvanian German and often do not associate with or marry into other Old Amish groups.\nThe Old Order Amish differ considerably from the New Order Amish in several key ways. Some New Order Amish may use a limited amount of technology such as telephones or even electricity, which would never be condoned within the Old Order Amish. Additionally, the New Order Amish are often less strict in their implementation of the use of shunning.\nThe Amish Consist of Many Groups Spread Across the United States and Canada\nUltimately, there is much more variety within the Amish than many outsiders would initially believe. The idea that there is one kind of “Amish” is not supported by the facts in the end. Within the Amish community there is a great deal of variety in belief systems, actions and lifestyles. Moreover, of great surprise to many outsiders, is the fact that not all Amish groups associate with one another. Quite to the contrary, many Amish groups will avoid others. The idea that the Amish are easy to define and categorize is, in the end, actually quite false.\nThe complex history of the Amish and the way that the different groups have developed over the centuries serves to underscore just how diverse the Amish are both in belief systems and in ways of life. In the end, the commonalities that the Amish share, such as their restricted use of technology, are matched or even surpassed by their differences. The Old Order Amish take a highly conservative approach to Amish teachings, beliefs and the Amish way of life. Understanding the Amish entails understanding the Amish as not one group but many who have diverse beliefs that stretch across a complex belief spectrum.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "What impact, if any, did Mussolni's rise to power have in the 1920s for the Mafia and Italian- American organized crime?\nIt is interesting to examine the impact that Mussolini's ascension to power in Italy held over Italian- American organized crime increases in 1920s America. Mussolini understood that his centralized approach to power could not involve any other construct of power being evident. There could not be \"intermediaries\" that would detract from the totalizing vision of power that Mussolini envisioned: \"[The elimination of the mafia sought to] forge a direct bond between the population and the state, to annul the system of intermediation under which citizens could not approach the authorities except through middlemen..., receiving as a favour that which is due them as their right.\" It is in this regard where Mussolini sought to eliminate as much of the mafia in Italy as possible. The mafia chieftains were perceived as threats to his power. In seeking to eliminate them, Mussolini understood that his own power could increase. For Mussolini's centralized construction of power, eliminating the mafia was essential.\nThe result of Mussolini's attempts to rid Italy of the mafia was their emigration to America. Mussolini's crackdown became America's issue: \"It was Il Duce's crackdown on Sicilian Mafiosi that sent so many of them scrambling for American shores.\" Mafia leaders who left Italy recognized that America could be a refuge for them. The rise of Italian- American organized crime in the 1920s and 1930s can be seen as a consequence of Mussolini's rise to power. They came to America and found Prohibition and the emergence of American urban centers to be a critical aspect of their being.\nWhile Mussolini might have expelled the mafia for the desire to increase political control, American citizens began to experience a rise in organized criminal activity. There are many other factors that contribute to this rise. Mussolini's crackdown as part of his desire to consolidate his political power in demonstrated in Italy is one of them.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Find the best foreclosure homes listings for sale — bank-owned, government (Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, HUD, etc.) and others — in and near the Denham Springs, LA area at Foreclosure.com. Get information on foreclosure homes for rent, how to buy foreclosures in Denham Springs, LA and much more. Save thousands at closing with home foreclosure listings in Denham Springs, LA — up to 75% off market value!\nDenham Springs is a city in Livingston Parish, Louisiana, United States. The 2010 census placed the population at 10,215, up from 8,757 at the 2000 census. The city is the largest area of commercial and residential development in Livingston Parish. Denham Springs and Walker are the only parish municipalities classified as cities.\nThe area has been known as Amite Springs, Hill's Springs, and Denham Springs.\nThe original land claims of John Noblet and Alexander Hogue form what is now the older section of Denham Springs, including the first residential and business districts. In 1828, William Denham, a Wilkinson County, Mississippi, native, married Mercy Hogue, the daughter of Alexander Hogue; and three months later he purchased the 640 acres (2.6 km2) originally claimed by his father-in-law. Denham purchased the land and a slave for $1,350.\nA popular belief, supported by previously published histories, is that William Denham discovered the mineral springs on his property and that a health resort quickly grew up there. This belief defies logic, however, considering the number of springs which may be found in this area even today, and the length of time that elapsed before Denham arrived. No doubt Hogue and other early residents of the area depended on the springs for drinking water.\nIt was in the 1850s that Amite Springs became synonymous with the area that is now Denham Springs.\nOn May 1, 1855, Denham sold the Hogue tract to Stamaty Covas of New Orleans for $3,050, and Denham eventually moved to Baton Rouge and to Texas. Apparently during the time Covas owned the Hogue-Denham tract, and before the Civil War, a health resort did flourish at Amite Springs—as the hamlet was known at the time. Several newspaper articles and advertisements survive from that period, which describe the hotel and the facilities which it offered.\nAn article in the Baton Rouge Daily Comet, on June 25, 1856, notes that a bridge of boats had been formed at Benton's Ferry over the Amite River to facilitate travel to Amite Springs.\nEnter an address, city, state or zip code below to view super-saving listings near you:\nBe sure to act fast and be persistent because the best tax deals might disappear as soon as tomorrow.\nThese one-in-a-lifetime real estate deals are that good.\nThese tax foreclosed homes are available for pennies on the dollar - as much as 75 percent off full market price (and more)! Enjoy the pride of homeownership for less than it costs to rent before it's too late.\nSign up today because the best tax deals might disappear as soon as tomorrow.\nCash in before everyone else!\nAlert me about homes in that match this search.\nBy signing up for property alerts, I have read the Terms and Conditions of Service and agree to receive emails from Foreclosure.com.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Man who shot Strang.\nIn the summer of 1856, as the increasingly powerful and autocratic king of Beaver Island strolled leisurely onto McCullough's dock (in front of the Erin Motel) for a conversation with the Captain of the US Michigan, two men, Thomas Bedford and Alexander Wentworth, appeared behind him and launched an attack. Wentworth fired the his gun, the bullet passed through Strang's hat, striking his head, and then bolted. But Bedford, whose pistol only held a single shot, ordered him back and forced him to fire another shot at point-blank range. Wentworth complied, and then ran for the ship, but Bedford remained, clubbing the fallen leader with his gun seven times, until the barrel broke.\nThe picture that has come down to us is of Wentworth being less hardened to such an act than was Bedford; indeed, Thomas Bedford was said to have killed two other men, and he was particularly proud throughout his life of having dispatched James Strang. He boasted of his act in the Detroit Evening News in 1882 (when he was 67), claiming he had come to Beaver before Strang, had affected a mock conversion in order to stay (and had married Tip Miller's sister), but was rankled by the loss of liberty that came with Strang's rules. Especially the ordinance requiring women to wear \"the bloomer,\" to which he refused to make his wife comply.\nThe precipitating act was a beating to which Bedfford was subjected by Strang's henchmen in early March of 1856. One story is that he was beaten because he could not control his wife, but he tells a different tale in the paper. \"I knew Strang had his men steal a boat from Gull Island, and mentioned this to the only white man living on Garden Island. I thought he would protect my confidence, but he repeated my remarks and the next day I was summoned. They accused me of betraying them by revealing what they had done, and marched me into the woods to receive my punishment. When they were done, I went home and got my gun.\"\nAfter waiting outside Strang's home for fifteen minutes, hoping to get off a shot, Bedford rethought his plan and decided to wait for a better opportunity. The next morning he ran into Strang, who baldly asked him, \"Were you whipped last night?\" He claims to have replied, \"You know I was, for there is none of this deviltry done unless you give the order.\" He never spoke to him again until he was leaning over his inert, pulpy body.\nA power struggle had begun between Strang and one of his most important elders, Dr. McCullough. Strang moved to reduce his status, charging him with growing intoxication. McCullough retaliated by encouraging those who had a grudge against the king. In the case of Bedford, it is said he provided the pistols. When the Michigan arrived at the beginning of June, Bedford crouched behind a pile of lumber with a double-barreled duck gun, but the opportunity for a shot did not materialize. He resolved to try again when the warship returned.\nHe got his chance on the 16th when the Michigan again tied up at McCullough's dock. After bringing Strang down, both men were taken on board the ship and delivered to the authorities on Mackinac Island, where they were treated as heroes. A mock trial fined them $1.25 each and set them free. Bedford began to agitate for removing the rest of the Mormons, and by going from port to port was able to assemble 61 men to \"sweep the Beavers.\" Once that stumbling, quasi-military maneuver was done, Bedford settled down on Beaver, where he resided for the next ten years.\nIn the interview, Bedford levied several charges against Strang, perhaps to justify his actions. He accused him of theft, among other things. \"At one time there were 13 double teams on the Island,\" he said. \"And I know for a fact that 8 had been stolen. The sheriff of Oakland County arrived one day, looking for a stolen horse. Strang lent him every assistance, furnishing him with men to assist in the search. But they were the very thieves who had stolen it! At Strang's direction they search one half of the Island one day, and the other the next. But he had the horses moved from one end of Beaver Island to the other during the night.\"\nIn the interview, Bedford stuck to the picture he wanted to present of having rendered a fine service to the Beavers. He would not discuss other crimes which impinged on his reputation; nor would he provide details about the encouragement, assistance, and rewards he might have received. He possessed much information which would be of interest today, but he took the rest of his secrets to the grave when he passed away five years later, forcing us to turn to speculation as we try to assemble the complete story of Strang's life and end. As for Wentworth, he was merely trying to protect his girl from the kings eye.\nThe Real Beacon:\nSearch the Beaver Beacon Web Site & Archive:", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "(January 9, 2020) Norman and Margaret Moss encourage us to fearlessly move ahead in 2020…\nLast month, December 6, so many people were enthralled as they watched four 400ft high gigantic cooling towers of the former powers station at Ironbridge, near Telford in Shropshire, England adjacent to the River Severn, being demolished.\nThose unused, colossal towers, which had dominated the landscape for almost 50 years, came crashing down. Carefully controlled explosion meant that all four collapsed in four seconds!\nDemolition leads to proposed advancement\nOf course it was obvious that there had been months of preparation, and that there would be an ensuing massive clearing up operation lasting a long while. But those four seconds were amazing to watch.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "By Steven Paulikas\nBBC Baltic states correspondent\nLatvian President Vaira Vike-Freiberga has said she will attend celebrations in Moscow marking the 60th anniversary of the end of World War II.\nMs Vike-Freiberga became Latvian leader after 50 years abroad\nCritics say the ceremonies legitimise the Soviet Union's occupation of Latvia at the end of the war.\nIn a country that was so often the victim of history, events from the past still dominate the national agenda.\nMonths of passionate debate preceded the president's decision to go to Moscow on 9 May.\nThere, she will join other world leaders to commemorate the Allied victory over Nazi Germany.\nWhile 9 May is commemorated in the Soviet - and later Russian - popular consciousness, in Latvia and the neighbouring Baltic states (Lithuania and Estonia) the date evokes five decades spent under uninvited Soviet rule.\nBy accepting the invitation of her Russian counterpart, Vladimir Putin, Ms Vike-Freiberga has chosen to strengthen strained relations between the two countries.\nShe will also appease Latvia's large ethnic Russian minority, which has complained of government discrimination.\nBut to many Latvians, the president's act of solidarity with Russia betrays their costly struggle for independence.\nSome MPs have already called on Ms Vike-Freiberga to use the occasion as a platform to express Latvia's version of the past.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Kaushambi, aka: Kauśāmbī, Kauśāmbi; 11 Definition(s)\nKaushambi means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.\nThe Sanskrit terms Kauśāmbī and Kauśāmbi can be transliterated into English as Kausambi or Kaushambi, using the IAST transliteration scheme (?).\nKauśāmbī (कौशाम्बी).—Four sons, Kuśāmba, Kuśanābha, Asūrtarajas and Vasu were born to Kuśa, the son of Brahmā, of his wife the princess of Vidarbha. According to the order of their father each prince built a city and began to rule over it. Kauśāmbī is the city built by Kuśāmba.\nKuśanābha built the city of Mahodayapura; Asūrtarajas, the city of Dharmāraṇya and Vasu the city of Girivraja. (Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa, Bāla Kāṇḍa, Sarga 32). It is mentioned in Kathāsaritsāgara that the city of Kauśāmbī stood in the middle of the kingdom of Vatsa and that Udayana born of the family of the Pāṇḍavas had once ruled this country with Kauśāmbī as his capital.Source: archive.org: Puranic Encyclopaedia\nKauśāmbi (कौशाम्बि).—The capital of Nemicakra (Nicakru) after Hastinapura was washed by floods; of Vivikṣu.*\n- * Bhāgavata-purāṇa IX. 22. 40; Vāyu-purāṇa 99. 271; Viṣṇu-purāṇa IV. 21. 8. Matsya-purāṇa 50. 79.\nThe Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.\nGeneral definition (in Hinduism)\nThe capital of the ancient Indian kingdom of Vatsa, located on the Yamunā river near to its confluence with the Ganges. Like many major early Indian cities, it was located at the juncture of important trade routes. The Buddha Śākyamuni made several visits there and several early monastic precincts were established there during his lifetime. (Pāli = Kosambī).Source: Oxford Index: Indian Culture\nMahayana (major branch of Buddhism)\nKauśāmbī (कौशाम्बी), capital of the Vatsas, today Kosam on the Jumna, 50 km. from Allahabad. It had several parks, Kukkuṭa and Ghositārāma, where the Buddha frequently stayed.Source: Wisdom Library: Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra\nMahayana (महायान, mahāyāna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sūtras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.\nGeneral definition (in Jainism)\nKauśāmbī (कौशाम्बी) is the principal city in the kingdom of Vatsa. The brick-built fort of king Pradyota still exists. Udayana, son of Śatānīka, versed in the Gandharva lore (science and music) was the king of Vatsa. Here are many Jina images in the temples. Here many forests are watered by the Kālindī (Yamunā). Gandanavālā fasted here for about six months in honour of Mahāvīra. The city of Kauśāmbī is a great place, hallowed by the birth of Jina.\nKauśāmbī was the captial of the Vatsa kingdom. This city was built where existed the hermitage of king Kuśāmba. t was a well-known city in northern India. According to the Buddhist scholiast Buddhaghosa the city came to be called Kosambī or Kauśāmbī because in founding it the Kosamba trees were uprooted here and there.Source: archive.org: Sum Jaina Canonical Sutras (vividhatirthakalpa)\nKauśāmbī (कौशाम्बी) is the name of a village visited by Mahāvīra during his eleventh year of spiritual-exertion.—Moving from Vraja village to Ālambhiyā, Śvetāmbikā, Sāvatthī, Kauśāmbī, Rājagṛha, Vārāṇasī, Mithilā, etc, the Lord arrived at Vaiśālī. Outside the city at the Baladeva temple in the Samara garden, accepting four-months fast, he became meditative and completed the rainy season halt there.Source: HereNow4u: Lord Śrī Mahāvīra\nJainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.\nIndia history and geogprahy\nKauśāmbī (कौशाम्बी).—The earliest mention of Kosambī is found in Kauśāmbī Pillar Edict of Aśoka. During the time of Aśoka, Kosambī, Skt. Kauśāmbī, was the headquarters of a province. The place is identical with Kosam, a village twenty-eight miles south-west of Allahabad and about eight miles to the south of Karari, the chief town of Karari paxgana in the Manjhanpur tahsil of the Allahabad district. The spade of archaeologist has uncovered the ruins of the city of Kauśāmbī, which lie at Kosam. above mentioned village. Among other things, eight inscriptions of the Magha dynasty come from the village of Kosam. Five Bandhogarh inscriptionsof the third century A.D. mention a merchant, who belongs to Kosambī. One of the Bharhut inscriptions also refers to the city of Kosamba, i.e., Kauśāmbī. The city of Kauśāmbī was an important shopping place of the persons travelling along the great trade route connecting Sāketa and Sāvatthi in the north with Patiṭhāna or Paithan on the bank of the Godāvarī in the south.Source: archive.org: Geography in Ancient Indian inscriptions\nKausambi was another important Kushan town in Gangetic valley. It is situated nearly 32 miles south-west of Allahabad, on the left bank of river Yamuna. The excavation conducted here brought five habitational periods of which period V belongs to Kushan ( 25-100 A.D). The material relics discovered from Period V of Kausambi is structural complex characterized by brick built houses with roads, drainage and fortification, pottery consisted of surahis, spouted vessel etc, terracotta figurines with Kushan features, large number of crucible, seal and sealings of Kushan period etc.Source: Shodhganga: New look on the kushan bengali\nKauśāmbi is an archaeologically important site dating to the Ganges civilization (1000 BCE).—Nearly a millennium after the Indus civilization had collapsed, the Ganges civilization arose in the first millennium BCE. Among the first cities were, for example, Kanyakubja in today’s Uttar Pradesh.Source: Knowledge Traditions & Practices of India: Architecture (1): Early and Classical Architecture (h)\nKausāmbī (कौसाम्बी) or Kosambī was the ancient captial of Vatsa or Vaṃsa: one of the sixteen Mahājanapadas of the Majjhimadesa (Middle Country) of ancient India, as recorded in the Pāli Buddhist texts (detailing the geography of ancient India as it was known in to Early Buddhism).—The kingdom of the Vaṃsas or Vatsas is mentioned in the Aṅguttara Nikāya as one of the sixteen great countries of India. The capital of the country was Kausāmbī (Kosambī) identical with modern Kosam near Allahabad.Source: Ancient Buddhist Texts: Geography of Early Buddhism\nThe history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.\nSearch found 77 related definition(s) that might help you understand this better. Below you will find the 15 most relevant articles:\nHastināpura (हस्तिनापुर) is one of the alleged ancient capitals of Uttarāpañcāla (Northern Panc...\nVatsa (वत्स) or Vaṃsa refers to one of the sixteen Mahājanapadas of the Majjhimadesa (Middle Co...\nKosambī (कोसम्बी) or Kausāmbī was the ancient captial of Vatsa or Vaṃsa: one of the sixteen Mah...\nUdayana (उदयन) is the author of the Kiraṇāvalī: another important work on Praśastapāda-bhāṣya. ...\nSūrasena (सूरसेन) refers to one of the sixteen Mahājanapadas of the Majjhimadesa (Middle Countr...\nPālaka (पालक).—A son born to the King Caṇḍamahāsena of his wife Aṅgāravatī. Aṅgāravatī got two ...\nMadhurā (मधुरा) or Mathurā was the ancient capital of Sūrasena: one of the sixteen Mahājanapada...\nVārāṇasī (वाराणसी) is the name of an ancient city, according to the first story of the Vet...\nMathura Iconography.—The art form that emphasized the Indian idiom with idealistic symbolism th...\nSumaṅgalā (सुमङ्गला) is the name of a woman mentioned in the Kathāsaritsāgara, chapter 124. Acc...\nVasu (वसु) refer to good or bright Gods, they are: Apa: containing water, Dhruva: poles...\nVipula (विपुल) participated in the war between Rāma and Rāvaṇa, on the side of the latter, as m...\nGautama (गौतम) or Gautamasaṃhitā is the name of a Vaiṣṇava Āgama scripture, classified as a tām...\nKātyāyana (कात्यायन) (4th century BCE) is the name of an author of grammatical works, following...\nVararuci (वररुचि).—Name of a poet and grammarian (one of the 'nine gems' at the court of king V...\nSearch found 15 books and stories containing Kaushambi, Kauśāmbī or Kauśāmbi. You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:\nTrishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra (by Helen M. Johnson)\nPart 2: Description of Kauśāmbī < [Chapter IV - Padmaprabhacaritra]\nPart 3: Story of the Yakṣa and painter < [Chapter VIII - Initiation of ṛṣabhadatta and devānandā]\nPart 4: Mṛgāvatī and Pradyota < [Chapter VIII - Initiation of ṛṣabhadatta and devānandā]\nBuddhist records of the Western world (Xuanzang) (by Samuel Beal)\nChapter 5 - Country of Kiao-shang-mi (Kaushambi) < [Book V - Six Countries]\nChapter 4 - Country of Po-lo-ye-kia (Prayaga) < [Book V - Six Countries]\nThe travels of Fa-Hian (400 A.D.) (by Samuel Beal)\nKathasaritsagara (the Ocean of Story) (by Somadeva)\nNote on the position of Book XII < [Book XII - Śaśāṅkavatī]\nChapter I < [Book I - Kathāpīṭha]\nChapter IX < [Book II - Kathāmukha]\nA Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms (by Fa-Hien)\nThe Vishnu Purana (by Horace Hayman Wilson)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Tracing all the national borders that existed in the 20th century on one map gives some idea of the fragmentation of central Europe. One can pick out the shapes of some contemporary states, and small scraps of territory and places of symbolic importance that were the object of tough negotiations or bitter fighting, such as Vilnius, Memel, Königsberg, Danzig, Chernivtsi, Eastern Galicia, Trieste and Istria.\nIn 1914, on the eve of the first world war, there remained only three of the four empires that had competed in central Europe in the 19th century. The dismantling of the Ottoman Empire had created new small states rather than benefiting the great powers (Russia and Austro-Hungary). The Peace of Versailles (the five treaties signed in 1919 and 1920) marked the end of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, allowing small- and medium-sized nations to exist alongside the great powers. This was the first central European “national fragmentation” of the 20th century. With the formation of the USSR, Russia was pushed back eastwards and lost its influence over a large part of central Europe, from Helsinki to Chisinau.\nAn entirely reconfigured Europe emerged from the Yalta and Potsdam conferences, at the end of the second world war. No peace treaty was concluded with Germany (the third historic empire to disappear). The “inviolability” of the frontiers of European states was confirmed at the Helsinki Conference in 1975. The USSR once more set out to conquer the West, recovering and annexing much of what it had lost in 1920, and turning the states that had replaced the former empires into satellites. Europe’s eastern border was now known as the Iron Curtain. In 1991 the USSR, the fourth and last empire, imploded. The Soviet republics and Communist countries of eastern Europe regained full independence, and Russia was again pushed back eastwards.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Guggenheim: Frank Lloyd Wright's Iconoclastic Masterpiece\nby Francesco Dal Co\nThe captivating tale of the plans and personalities behind one of New York City’s most radical and recognizable buildings.\nConsidered the crowning achievement of Frank Lloyd Wright (1867–1959), the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in Manhattan is often called iconic. But it is in fact iconoclastic, standing in stark contrast to the surrounding metropolis and setting a new standard for the postwar art museum. Commissioned to design the building in 1943 by the museum’s founding curator, Baroness Hilla von Rebay, Wright established residence in the Plaza Hotel in order to oversee the project. Over the next 17 years, Wright continuously clashed with his clients over the cost and the design, a conflict that extended to the city of New York and its cultural establishment.\nAgainst all odds, Wright held fast to his radical design concept of an inverted ziggurat and spiraling ramp, built with a continuous beam—a shape recalling the form of an hourglass. Construction was only completed in 1959, six months after Wright’s death. The building’s initial critical response ultimately gave way to near-universal admiration, as it came to be seen as an architectural masterpiece. This essential text, offering a behind-the-scenes story of the Guggenheim along with a careful reading of its architecture, is beautifully illustrated with more than 150 images, including plans, drawings, and rare photographs of the building under construction.\n172 pages. Hardcover.\nA portion of this purchase price supports the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation’s work to inspire people to discover and embrace an architecture for better living through meaningful connections to nature, the arts, and each other. Your purchase also supports the preservation of Frank Lloyd Wright’s buildings for future generations to enjoy.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Purchase of this book includes free trial access to\nwww.million-books.com where you can read more than a million books\nfor free. This is an OCR edition with typos. Excerpt from book: and\npledged for them their devotion to it, and their determination to\nuphold it with all their strength. The flag was then carried to the\nline, the Sons of New Hampshire formed into sections at the head of\nthe regrment, whose band struck up a national air, when the\nregimental line broke into platoons, and the whole column moved up\nBroadway amid the applause and cheers of the thousands of\nspectators who crowded the streets and admired the stalwart\nappearance and soldierly bearing of the men. The officers dined\nwith the committee of arrangements, at the Everett House, and the\nmen were entertained at the Arsenal. In the afternoon the regiment\ndeparted for Washington, by cars, arrived there about noon on the\n23d, and went into camp at Colorama Hill, about a mile north of the\ncity. While passing through New Jersey, Lieut. Charles W. Walker,\nof Co. B, fell from the cars and was so badly injured that he soon\ndied. His remains were sent back to Concord where his funeral was\nattended by members of the Legislature and a large concourse of\ncitizens. The Second was brigaded with the First and Second Rhode\nIsland and Seventy.first New York?all excellent regiments. Attached\nto the brigade was the Second Rhode Island Battery, and the\nSeventy.first New York had two Dahlgren howitzers, manned by two of\nits companies. Col. Ambrose E. Burnside, of the Second Rhode\nIsland, was in command of the brigade. THE BATTLE OF BULL RUN. On\nthe 16th of July the regiment started on its first campaign, with\nfull ranks. Men who for weeks had been on the sick.list, now\nreported themselves for duty, lest they should be left behind in\nwhat they fondly believed would be the death blow of the rebellion.\nIt wasa very hot day, and many of the men, overcome with heat, fell\nout by the way. The brigade bivoua...\n|Country of origin:\nOtis Frederick Reed Waite\n||246 x 189 x 10mm (L x W x T)\n||Paperback - Trade\nIs the information for this product incomplete, wrong or inappropriate?\nLet us know about it.\nDoes this product have an incorrect or missing image?\nSend us a new image.\nIs this product missing categories?\nAdd more categories.\nReview This Product\nNo reviews yet - be the first to create one!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nAhiram or, more correctly, Ahirom was an alleged Phoenician king of Byblos (ca. 1000 BC. Ahirom is not attested in any other Ancient Oriental source. He became famous only by his Phoenician inscribed sarcophagus which was discovered in 1923 by the French excavator Pierre Montet in tomb V of the royal necropolis of Byblos. He was succeeded by his son Ittobaal who is the first to be explicitly entitled King of Byblos.\nThe sarcophagus of Ahiram was discovered by the French archaeologist Pierre Montet in 1923 in Gebeil, the historic Byblos.. Its low relief carved panels make it \"the major artistic document for the Early Iron Age\" in Phoenicia. Associated items dating to the Late Bronze Age either support an early dating, in the thirteenth century BC or attest the reuse of an early shaft tomb in the eleventh century BC.The major scene represents a king seated on a throne carved with winged sphinxes. A priestess offers him a lotus flower. On the lid two male figures confront one another with addorsed seated lions between them, read by Glenn Markoe as a reference to the father and son of the inscription. Egyptian influence that is a character of Late Bronze Age art in northwest Canaan is replaced here by Assyrian influences in the rendering of figures and the design of the throne and a table. A total absence of Egyptian objects of the 20th and 21st dynasties in Phoenicia contrasts sharply with the resumption of Phoenician-Egyptian ties in the 22nd Dynasty of Egypt.\nAn inscription of 38 words is found on parts of the rim and the lid of the sarcophagus. It is written in the Old Phoenician dialect of Bylos and is the oldest witness to the Phoenician alphabet of considerable lenghth discovered to date:\nAccording to the recent re-edition of the Ahirom inscriptions by Reinhard G.Lehmann), the translation of the sarcophagus inscription reads:\nA coffin made it [It]tobaal, son of Ahirom, king of Byblos, for Ahirom, his father,lo, thus he put him in seclusion. Now, if a king among kings and a governor among governors and a commander of an army should come up against Byblos; and when he then uncovers this coffin – (then:) may strip off the sceptre of his judiciary, may be overturned the throne of his kingdom, and peace and quiet may flee from Byblos. And as for him, one should cancel his registration concerning the libation tube of the memorial sacrifice.\nThe formulas of the inscription were immediately recognised as literary in nature, and the assured cutting of the archaic letters suggested to Charles Torrey a form of writing already in common use. A tenth-century BC date for the inscription has become widely accepted.\nHalfway down the burial shaft another short inscription was found incised at the southern wall. It had been first published as a warning to an excavator not to proceed further, but now is understood as part of some initiation ritual which remains unknown in detail. It reads:\n<poem>Concerning knowledge:here and now be humble (you yourself!)‹in› this basement!“</poem>\n- Pierre Montet: Byblos et l'Egypte, Quatre Campagnes des Fouilles 1921-1924, Paris 1928 (reprint Beirut 1998: Template:Falsche ISBN)): 228-238, Tafel CXXVII-CXLI\n- Ellen Rehm: Der Ahiram-Sarkophag, Mainz 2004 (Forschungen zur phönizisch-punischen und zyprischen Plastik, hg. von Renate Bol, II.1. Dynastensarkophage mit szenischen Reliefs aus Byblos und Zypern Teil 1.1)\n- Reinhard G. Lehmann: Die Inschrift(en) des Ahirom-Sarkophags und die Schachtinschrift des Grabes V in Jbeil (Byblos), Mainz 2005 (Forschungen zur phönizisch-punischen und zyprischen Plastik, hg. von Renate Bol, II.1. Dynastensarkophage mit szenischen Reliefs aus Byblos und Zypern Teil 1.2)\n- Michael Browning „Scholar updates translation of ancient inscription“, in: The Palm Beach Post, Sunday, July 3, 2005 p. 17A.\n- ^ The date remains the subject of controversy, according to Glenn E. Markoe, \"The Emergence of Phoenician Art\" Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research No. 279 (August 1990):13-26) p. 13. \"Most scholars have taken the Ahiram inscription to date from around 1000 B.C.E.\", notes Edward M. Cook, \"On the Linguistic Dating of the Phoenician Ahiram Inscription (KAI 1)\", Journal of Near Eastern Studies 53.1 (January 1994:33-36) p. 33 JSTOR. Cook analyses and dismisses the date in the thirteenth century adopted by C. Garbini, \"Sulla datazione della'inscrizione di Ahiram\", Annali (Istituto Universitario Orientale, Naples) 37 (1977:81-89), which was the prime source for early dating urged in Bernal, Martin (1990). Cadmean Letters: The Transmission of the Alphabet to the Aegean and further West before 1400 BC. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 0931464471.\n- ^ Vance, Donald R. (1994). [Expression error: Missing operand for > \"Literary Sources for the History of Palestine and Syria: The Phœnician Inscriptions\"]. The Biblical Archaeologist 57 (1): 2–19. doi:10.2307/3210392.\n- ^ a b Torrey, Charles C. (1925). \"The Ahiram Inscription of Byblos\". Journal of the American Oriental Society 45: 269–279. doi:10.2307/593505. http://www.jstor.org/pss/593505.\n- ^ Pritchard, James B. (1968). Archaeology and the Old Testament. Princeton: Univ. Press. ; Moscati, Sabatino (2001). The Phoenicians. London: Tauris. ISBN 1850435332. ;\n- ^ a b Markoe, Glenn E. (1990). [Expression error: Missing operand for > \"The Emergence of Phoenician Art\"]. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 279: 13–26. doi:10.2307/1357205. [pp. 13, 19-22]\n- ^ J. Leclant, \"Les relations entre l'Égypte et la Phénicie du voyage de Ounamon à l'expédition d'Alexandre\", in The role of the Phoenicians in the Interaction of Mediterranean Civilisations, W. Ward, ed. (Beirut: American University) 1968:11.\n- ^ For a recent discussion under aspects of aert history, see Ellen Rehm: Der Ahiram-Sarkophag, Mainz 2004 (Forschungen zur phönizisch-punischen und zyprischen Plastik, hg. von Renate Bol, II.1. Dynastensarkophage mit szenischen Reliefs aus Byblos und Zypern Teil 1.1)\n- ^ The most recent scholarly book which deals with all aspects of the inscription is Reinhard G. Lehmann, Die Inschrift(en) des Ahirom-Sarkophags und die Schachtinschrift des Grabes V in Jbeil (Byblos), (Mainz), 2005 (Forschungen zur phönizisch-punischen und zyprischen Plastik, hg. von Renate Bol, II.1. Dynastensarkophage mit szenischen Reliefs aus Byblos und Zypern Teil 1.2)\n- ^ Reinhard G. Lehmann: Die Inschrift(en) des Ahirom-Sarkophags und die Schachtinschrift des Grabes V in Jbeil (Byblos), 2005, p. 38\n- ^ by René Dussaud, in Syria 5 (1924:135-57).\n- ^ Reinhard G. Lehmann: Die Inschrift(en) des Ahirom-Sarkophags und die Schachtinschrift des Grabes V in Jbeil (Byblos), 2005, p. 39-53", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Oh hai! Happy Anniversary\nWell, who would have thought. Three years ago to this very day, I started the ThinkingShift blog – and I’m still ranting and raving about this and that. At first, I thought I’d struggle to find things to blog about. But nope: that hasn’t happened. In fact, there’s too much to talk about.\nOccasionally, I consider giving blogging the toss because it takes time and discipline to blog regularly; research topics; and write the (yeah, let’s face it) overly long pieces I do. I had hoped that Twitter, with its limit of 140 characters, might force me to be more concise with my posts. Alas, that has not happened. You might find that the TS blog takes a whole new direction in 2010 but I’ll save this news for a later time.\nMeanwhile, January 26 is Australia Day so happy Aussie Day to all Aussie readers. Did you know that Australia Day has only be celebrated as a public holiday on January 26 since 1994 and that it wasn’t until 1935 that all States and territories started using the name “Australia Day” to mark the date? During the 19th Century, it was referred to as Foundation Day or First Landing Day. On January 26 in 1788, Captain Arthur Phillip, commander of the First Fleet of eleven convict ships from Great Britain and the first governor of New South Wales, landed at Sydney Cove. And like the Americans with Thanksgiving, convicts and children of convicts, began celebrating the colony’s beginnings with an anniversary dinner or an emancipist festival.\nIn 1826, during the anniversary dinner, the word “Australia” started to be used during toasts to the colony. By 1837, fierce loyalty to the new continent of Australia was evident during the anniversary dinner which could only be celebrated by the Australian-born.\nAfter Federation in January 1901, conservative Australian and State governments (fearing that federation might weaken ties to the Mother Country of Great Britain) started celebrating Empire Day on May 24, which marked the late Queen Victoria’s birthday. There was also debate over moving Foundation Day to April 29, the day Captain Cook first landed on the east coast at Botany Bay in 1770. And during World War I, July 30, 1915 became Australia Day.\nBy 1938 Australians were still 98% British in background and, with the support of the Prime Minister and State premiers, there was agreement for the first time over the name of the day and the timing of the celebration. And so Australia Day started to be celebrated uniformly throughout the country.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "What people are saying - Write a review\nWe haven't found any reviews in the usual places.\nThe Cannons of Cooilshellagh\nStout Hugh the Fisherman\nThe Seven Children of George Cannon Frontispiece\n50 other sections not shown\nAlice Cannon Angus Ann Cannon Ann Quayle arrival Aunt baby baptized Beatrice Cannon Evans became blessed Book of Mormon born Brigham Young brother called Cannon family Cannon Lambert Captain Carlie Charles Lambert child Church Crosgrove daughter David H death Deseret died Elder Eliza Elizabeth England faith father felt friends George Cannon George Q George Temple Gospel Hawaiian Hugh Cannon husband Immigrant Island Isle January John Cannon John Q John Taylor Joseph Smith Josephine journey July Kirk Michael later Leonora Cannon lived Liverpool Lord loved Manx married Martha Mary Alice meeting mission missionary mother Nauvoo never night October Orin parents Piggott prayer preach President Young Quayle Cannon Rhoda river Saints Salt Lake City Salt Lake Valley Sarah Jane sister soon spirit told took trip Uncle Taylor Utah visited wagon Wailuku wife William Woodbury", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In the Mahoning Valley\nQuilian Riano writes about the Mahoning Valley’s history of industrial growth and decline.\nA Legacy of Industry\nIn 1890, when James Ward Packard and his brother Will opened the Packard Motor Car Company on Dana Street, Warren, Ohio, became one of the first locations in the US to manufacture cars. For Warren, located in northeast Ohio’s Mahoning Valley, Packard vehicle production was just a chapter in its storied history of manufacturing. With large deposits of iron and coal, the area has long been a site for industrial production: iron, ammunition and other necessities for the Union during the American Civil War, and later (and most famously) steel.\nIn the 1890s, coinciding with the growth of Packard, local industrial production began to shift from iron to steel. Since then, steel production, the manufacturing of cars, and other forms of industry have been central to the identity and character of the region. Industrial sites have affected everything from the environmental condition of the Mahoning River to transportation networks and housing, public space, and social structures.\nSteel mills began to dot the valley after the 1890s, often located along the river for easy access to water to cool down blast furnaces and equipment. As many as 27 steel mill structures, some towering as high as 12 stories, were built in the area. Some of the industrial complexes dwarf the surrounding neighborhoods. The Copperweld Steel site in northern Warren, for example, spreads over 10 million square feet, including furnaces, fabrication, storage, and environmental treatment areas.\nQuick growth in the steel industry meant equally quick growth in population. Youngstown grew from 30,000 residents in 1890 to over 170,000 by 1930. This large influx of people included both European immigrants, especially from Italy, Poland, and Hungary, and a large African American community, moving north from southern states looking for jobs and opportunity especially in the wake of the National Origins Act of 1924 that limited foreign immigration.1The National Origins Act, also known as the Immigration Act of 1924 created immigration quotas by nation as well as restrictions that dramatically slowed down immigration. “Closing the Door on Immigration (U.S. National Park Service).” National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. See source.\nThis rapid growth forced companies like the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company to build housing near their plants. Similarly, communities all over the Mahoning Valley provided pathways to prosperity and a middle-class life by building housing and creating public amenities such as robust parks and public transportation networks.\nThe Mahoning Valley was hit hard by the Great Depression, revealing the risks of relying so heavily on a few industries.\nBy 1942 the steel industry had recovered and was quickly expanding by providing steel during World War II. This expansion continued through the 1950s, a period in which the US steel industry faced little international competition.\nHowever, by the 1970s, technological advances and foreign competition began to hit, creating pressure in the Mahoning Valley to adapt and diversify, which it failed to do. These pressures burst into the open on September 19, 1977, a day known in the area as Black Monday. On that Monday, as people began to file in to start their morning shifts, the US Steel company announced it was furloughing 5,000 workers immediately.\nWithin a decade of these initial job losses, the Mahoning Valley lost an additional 40,000 jobs and 50,000 people left the area.\nSlowly these once-humming plants shut down, leaving behind large empty sites and buildings. In parallel, the loss of population left surrounding communities both shrinking—with increasing numbers of vacant houses and overgrown, underused infrastructure—and poorer, with fewer economic opportunities for residents.\nThis cycle of decline continues today.\nWarren, Ohio: A Case Study of Industrial Decline\nTo see the extent of what was lost when the steel industry collapsed and what has come to fill the vacancies, let’s take a look at Warren and its immediate surroundings. As described above, Warren was the site of one of the earliest industrial zones dedicated to car manufacturing, the Golden Triangle. This area was created in the late 1800s and is today mostly filled with companies specializing in tin and packaging. As a historic industrial site, it is surrounded by residential communities, and even has a regional bike greenway crossing through. Yet the Golden Triangle remains disconnected from the urban fabric of the region.\nJoining the Golden Triangle at Warren’s northern and southern borders, there are two other major industrial sites along the Mahoning River. The large Copperweld site is located on its northernmost border. Opened in 1939 by the Copperweld Steel Company, the company thrived for decades manufacturing steel billets both for the war effort and the postwar economic boom. However, the company went bankrupt in 1999 as steel production continued to move to other countries. Since then, it has seen numerous owners with extended periods of intermittent vacancy. Currently, part of the plant is used by the Ohio Star Forge Company to create steel parts for the automotive, industrial, and energy sectors. The majority of the site, however, continues to lie vacant, with many of its structures empty and slowly rusting. Part of the Copperweld company was turned into Warren Steel, which produced steel at the site on and off until as recently as 2015.\nAdding pressure to the situation, the vacant areas of the Copperweld site have been affected by fraud and environmental cleanup lawsuits. For now, the site remains mostly vacant, unable to be occupied while toxic chemicals, oil pits, and other hazardous materials remain.\nOn the southern side of Warren, the 1,200-acre BDM site sits on the eastern edge of the Mahoning River. This site was once owned by the Republic Steel Corporation and most of the buildings have been demolished and a thorough environmental cleanup project has been completed. The site, which is within an Opportunity Zone—a federal program that incentivizes development through preferential tax treatment in economically distressed communities—and BDM currently sits waiting for new investments.\nBeyond these troubled industrial sites, Warren contends with large numbers of vacant houses and an infrastructure built for a much larger population. Established in 1801 within what was then the Connecticut Western Reserve,2See source. Warren’s downtown would feel at home in any New England town. Many of the residential areas contain large houses built for the many who grew wealthy during the city’s boom years. Two of the richest families in town, the Perkinses and the Packards, donated large tracts of land to create parks alongside the river that connect the river banks to downtown with tree-lined boulevards.\nThis legacy built environment belies the city’s troubles. Vacant houses have been used for illicit activity or simply left to rot. The collapse of industry and postwar white flight to local suburbs left the areas closest to downtown poorer. The result: a disconnected community with unequally distributed investment and clear divisions of race and class. In the summer of 2020, Warren, like other cities in the Mahoning Valley, declared racism a public health emergency, in part to confront this inequality.\nThe Mahoning Valley Looks Forward\nTo deal with residential and industrial vacancy, local organizations and foundations in Warren created the Trumbull Neighborhood Partnership (TNP), which now serves the dual functions of community development corporation and land bank. For about a decade, TNP has demolished and renovated building stock and helped match new recreational and productive programs with formally vacant land. It does this while also fulfilling other social needs and creating jobs in the community through its Building A Better Warren program. TNP, its partners, and other organizations in Warren and Youngstown are beginning to show the way forward for these communities.\nIn this context of community and grassroots efforts to reverse, or at least halt, the region’s decline, the 2019 announcement that the General Motors Assembly plant in Lordstown was closing hit the Mahoning Valley community hard. The 6.2 million square foot plant, built on 905 acres of former farmland, was in operation from 1955 to 2019. Although there is movement to reopen parts of the plant for the manufacture of electric vehicles and components, and LG and GM have started building a new electric battery plant in the area, the future of industry and jobs in the Mahoning Valley is unclear.\nThe plant closure is also an important reminder that the region continues to be dependent on only a few industries for its economic well-being. The consequences of such economic monocultures are made clear in a 2019 study prepared by Cleveland State University’s Iryna Lendel, Merissa Piazza, and Matthew Ellerbrock.3Cleveland State University, “Lordstown GM Plant Closure Economic Impact Study,” by Iryna Lendel et. al., accessed April 5, 2021. They estimate that the Lordstown plant closure will result in an overall loss of approximately 3,000 jobs and $300,000 in income tax revenues for the surrounding communities.\nGiven the history and urban realities of the Mahoning Valley and its communities, including Lordstown, Warren, Youngstown, and smaller villages like Lowellville, we frame this report through the lens of the area’s industrial, economic, and labor histories, exploring how those have shaped the area’s present identity and what potential futures may look like.\nIn this report, we present innovative new ideas being developed in the Mahoning Valley, such as experiments in reimagining the role of rivers, health institutions, land banks, and governments in building community wealth opportunities. We share new models for community-based educational pipelines and employee-owned cooperatives trying to reimagine the economic future of the area. Leaders in the community, such as Jennifer Roller, president of the Raymond John Wean Foundation, give a holistic vision for the future of the Valley. We hope to provide a glimpse into how this area is actively rethinking and negotiating its social, economic, environmental, and spatial futures—while confronting legacy issues common to many American communities around loss of industrial base, poverty, segregation, and disinvestment.\nWhat the Mahoning Valley has seen is not entirely unique in the United States, and like many other places, the region is looking for a way forward. Among the most exciting things happening in the area are experiments with community and collective efforts as a way to change economic and social conditions. In this way, the Mahoning Valley might once again point to new futures, as it did during its heyday of steel and automobiles.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Ireland is the 20th largest island in the world. Population: 4.5 m. Capital: Dublin. There are 4 provinces: Ulster, Munster, Leinster, Connacht. Land mass: 70280sqm. Longest river: Shannon 386km. Highest mountain: Carrauntoohil 1038m. Official emblem: The Harp. Most popular sport: Gaelic football. Biggest rock band: U2. Most famous brand: Guinness. Sheep population: 5.5m\nThe first inhabitants of Ireland were hunter gatherers using stone implements. Around 3000bc they evolved into Bronze Age people who cultivated crops, raised domestic animals, and made weapons, tools, and jewellery out of bronze. They created fine stone implements and traded abroad. Around 2000bc, they built megaliths - massive stone sanctuaries and tombs\nSurrounded by dizzying drops, Dunluce Castle perches on a headland overlooking the north Antrim coast, with a sea cave called the Mermaid’s Cave. Stories tell how, in 1639, the kitchen fell into the sea, along with the cooks and servants.\nThe Book of Kells is a masterpiece of Celtic art unrivalled for the exquisite quality of its decoration, intricate designs, and visionary concept. It is regarded as one of the world’s greatest illuminated manuscripts with decoration so stunning and lavish that it was thought to be the work of angels.\nCeltic women were distinct in the ancient world for the liberty and rights they enjoyed. Although political and public life was largely the domain of men, women were not excluded from any occupation. They served as chieftains, druids, poets, healers, warriors, diplomats, judges, and mediators in tribal assemblies and disputes.\nThe Celts arrived in Ireland over the course of several centuries from around 500bc; it was a gradual assimilation rather than an actual invasion. They brought with them the Gaelic language, fine artistry, and a social order based on warrior values. They also brought the iron plough, making it possible\nCeltic spirituality is based on a deep connection with the natural world. God is not a distant concept but a continual presence manifest in the whole of nature and deeply embedded in the world. For the ancient Celts, life itself was a ceremony, the whole of which was spiritually significant\nThe four primary seasonal celebrations of the Celtic calendar are: Samhain – winter Imbolc – spring Beltaine – summer Lughnasadh – autumn In the Celtic word view, seasonal changes were magical times, turning points in the calendar when the powerful forces of the universe could be accessed to promote the", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Results 1-3 of 77\nExcellent specimens occur in the fine-grained shales of Early Jurassic age of\nsouthern Germany in which the body outline is preserved, including a well-\ndeveloped fleshy dorsal fin. A representative genus is lchthyosaurus, from which\n:automatic loom devised 2:505g -carpet-weaving machinery development 7:407a\n-computer history and early machines 4:1047a -loom development and weaving\ntechniques 18:178d ~punched card-controlled loom invention 5:128e Jacquard ...\nIn the early centuries AD it was ruled by Ksatrapa dynasties, and, on the decline\nof the Gupta Empire, KathiAWar was seized by the Valabhis in the 5th century AD\n. It suffered from early Muslim attacks, culminating in the campaigns of Mahmt'id ...\nWhat people are saying - Write a review\nLibraryThing ReviewUser Review - keylawk - LibraryThing\nThis is the 198215th Edition, in two halves, with the Macropaedia and the Micropaedia. First published in 1768, the publisher is the oldest English-language encyclopedia still in print. Two Scottish ... Read full review", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "I ran accross your post on this board while I was researching my GGrandmother's\nfamily. I believe my Great Grandmother is the daughter of Melzar Robbins & Aurelia Sprague Robbins and the sister of your Ellen Aurelia Robbins.\nHere is my info on my Great\nFanny Aurelia Robbins\nBorn: December 08, 1861, Apple River, Jo Daviess Co.,Illinois\nMarried: Thomas Backus Hileman, September 08, 1879, Gratiot, Wisconsin\nDied: March 05, 1924, Waterloo, Iowa\nI understand this was a large family. Do you have any other names?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Early New South Wales lighthouses – designed by the Colonial Architect\nLighthouse structures in colonial NSW were unique in that many of them were architect designed, and are easily recognisable as being designed by James Barnet, NSW Colonial Architect from 1865 to 1890. It was part of Barnet\\’s vision to create a highway of lights along the coastline from Melbourne to Sydney.\nMontague Island Lighthouse, date unknown. Courtesy of the Australian Heritage Photo Library, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities.\nBarnet\\’s designs include the Montague Island tower (opened 1881), constructed from granite, the Green Cape Lighthouse (1883), whose tower has a square base merging into an octagonal form, and the Smoky Cape Lighthouse, also with an unusual octagonal tower. Smoky Cape is regarded as one of the last lighthouses to be designed for architectural excellence.\nThe absence of suitable building materials meant that lighthouses were often built with other suitable materials that were prefabricated and shipped to the site.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|PRA Archive #||Title||Description||Genre||Broadcast Date|\n|PZ0342.059||Democracy Now! December 22, 1998||\nTrent Lott and Bob Barr - Coucil of Conservative Citizens,\n(14 Minutes) Trent Lott and Bob Barr - Coucil of Conservative Citizens With threats of more...\n|December 22, 1998|\n|PZ0342.075||Democracy Now! January 15, 1999||\nProfile of Wisconsin House Prosecutor; Feminists Offer Alternative Trial; A Look at...,\nProfile of Wisconsin House Prosecutor Opening the case against the President was Representative...\n|January 15, 1999|\n|PZ0287.410||Democracy Now! September 15, 1997||\nBlack Caucus Legislative Weekend; Weld Hearing; Zapatistas,\n(14 Minutes) Black Caucus Legislative Weekend Report on the opening of the 27th annual...\n|September 15, 1997|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "While New York is ‘the enticing one’ with the incredible film and TV industry, I’m a history and politics geek and I’ve always wanted to go to DC. Well, now I had the chance to!\nAfter seeing the sights of New York (catch up with it all in my latest blog), our train pulled into Washington where the station itself is an incredible building which tells the tale of the creation of a capital city.\nWashington DC is a created city – geographically, where the North and South begin to meet; politically, where they convene; and historically, where they’ve clashed, conceded or compromised.\nIt was built specifically to be the seat of government and to hold the key executive branches of the US federal political system. Without a doubt, its buildings echo with the voices of those who fought the British for independence, established a democracy and battled about the extent of the democracy, challenging who had a right to it and who exemplified the ideals and ideas of the modern USA.\nThe National Archives are a great way to start a tour of the capital, and, stood near the top of the Mall, is where the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights are housed. There is now also a permanent exhibition on the fight for Civil Rights, all of which are essential for understanding the history of the US and its perceptions.\nWe saw the final stages of the latest Smithsonian Museum to be built – the Museum of African American History and Culture – which aims to tell the whole story from the arrival of enslaved Africans to America, through the journey of slavery, fighting for freedom, continued prejudice and discrimination up to today’s events.\nPositioned almost directly opposite the Washington Memorial, the building is in the shape of Nefertiti’s head dress and adorned with bronze – now there’s an image that tells you two stories of American development.\nMany of the monuments are breath-taking and require far more than a simple walk by (as is always the problem with a recce of this sort – the big issue is time). I couldn’t spend my days walking back and forth amongst the many branches of the Smithsonian, especially as the entry is free.\nThe White House visitor centre was a flying visit to check its access, as were the trips to other key buildings. While I was able to do the full tour of the Capitol, I didn’t get to spend the time that I would recommend in the Library of Congress. All the more reason to return!\nWhat I did learn was how easy it is to address lots of the UK history requirements that look at America by a visit to Washington, from the Revolutionary War to the events of today.\nI also learnt how much you can realistically do on foot, when you should get a tourist bus, the best times to visit certain sites, what can be booked ahead and the insider tips for what’s on.\nI can tell you that a trip across the Potomac is well worth it to get to the Pentagon and visit Arlington Cemetery.\nI can’t guarantee good weather, but in DC but that doesn’t matter (unless you’re on an open-top bus in the rain!). With so much to do, you actually want to stay inside. So what if the Capitol Dome is currently under scaffolding? At night they still illuminate it so you can forget the scaffolding is even there.\nIs there anything I wouldn’t recommend? Not giving yourself enough time! I know that when I go back, it’ll be to spend at least half a day in each of those museums and archives. With over twenty museums in the Mall area alone, there’s just so much to see. Until next time, DC.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Strong, mighty, massive. The Bastion in Riva del Garda, symbol of the “pearl” of Lake Garda, proudly rises atop of Mount Rocchetta.\nModifica la traduzione in Deutsch\nBuilt by the Venetians in 1508 and destroyed by French troops in 1703, this bastion is absolutely captivating, and not just for the breathtaking panorama you can enjoy from up there – making it one of the most beautiful views in all of Garda Trentino – but also thanks to the brand new panoramic lift.\nJust two minutes of pure excitement that lead to the Venetian bastion, which also houses a lounge bar and restaurant.\nThe new glass lift, with its view across the beautiful surrounding panorama, isn’t an entirely innovative idea. In fact, it was traced back to the past when, in 1954, an elegant chairlift had been built that became the preferred means of transport – until the 1980s when it was dismantled – for the ladies and gentlemen of the dolce vita in Riva.\nVittorio Colombo, a journalist and great history buff – who delights readers with amarcord stories and anecdotes, nostalgic revocations, in the most well-known newspapers of Alto Garda – confirmed this.\nVittorio explained how the chairlift really marked an era that was first correlated to post-war reconstruction, then to the years of economic boom and the Riva of the dolce vita, ofevenings of dancing and orchestras on the wonderful terrace of the Rocchetta.\n“In the early nineteen-fifties, a question arose: ‘What could be done for the Riva of the future?’ The idea of creating a chairlift that connected the port of Riva to the Bastion then began to circulate, especially among the hoteliers, merchants, and entrepreneurs who had a clear idea on how the future would require winning creations.”\n“In the year nineteen hundred and fifty-one, on the 20th of May, in Riva del Garda, the following are present before me, Umberto Morghen, notary: Bacchi Isidoro – entrepreneur, Tonelli Carlo – hotelier, Cretti Achille – engineer, Santini Aldo. Among the aforementioned gentlemen, a limited liability company, with the name, Seggiovia Bastione s.r.l., is established.”\nThis was how the historic deed for the newly established company began. The company’s “object and purpose is to establish and manage the chairlift and manage the public café and restaurant and related activities”.\nSo building a chairlift wasn’t enough, as Vittorio explained. The Bastion had to become a balcony over the lake where one could enjoy a unique panorama and, at the same time, an enchanting place to stop, enjoy something at the café and restaurant, and spend an evening dancing to the sound of an orchestra.\n“The chairlift began to run in nineteen-fifty-four and did so for about thirty years, as was provided by the concession of the Servizio Funivie (Cable Car Service) of the Autonomous Province of Trento.\nThe nineteen-fifties had been encouraging, thanks to growing tourism in the area, and the chairlift of the Bastione was one of the most popular attractions for tourists, especially for those from Nordic countries.\nYet, it was nineteen-sixties when the chairlift experienced its golden age. These years were the decade of the dolce vita in Riva. The city was animated during the summer by a joyful, uplifting atmosphere, made up of starry nights, music everywhere, and a myriad of people who crowded the shores of the lake, especially in the evening, as they waltzed through all the captivating dance halls.\nThe chairlift led to the sky of the bastion. You could go up for an evening of dances, with the sound of the juke box or bands that were popular back then. There was a dance floor in the open space near the arrival station, with outdoor tables and a dining service. It was the terrace of dreams with a breathtaking view of Riva and the gulf with their twinkling lights.\nAn evening at the Bastione was the winning card, the ace that conquered the hearts of the “tedesche” – the German girls – what they’d call all the girls from northern countries.\nIn the nineteen-seventies, many things changed, and the boom was giving way to problems in various industries, to a disenchantment in the sentiment of the population, and so the glorious years of the Bastione chairlift were coming to an end.\nThen, in the mid-eighties, once the concession expired, the chairlift was abandoned.”\nVittorio and his story transported us to those golden years. The magic and disarming simplicity with which musical evenings were spent in the company of friends and, above all, of an incredible panorama that was able to thrill and “sing” in unison with the orchestra. Today, those years are just a memory. Different music, different dances. Bell-bottoms, the Twist, and Rock ‘n Roll are all obsolete, but what remains is the disarming beauty of Lake Garda admired from the Bastione. This, we’re sure, will always be a la mode.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- Actor in Phrygian costume, with mask (or Melpomene, Muse of Tragedy?); relief, probably from the sculpted decoration of the Great Theater at Aphrodisias, 2nd century C.E.(?)\n- Main Entry\n- Roman Empire (Caria, Asia Minor)\n- Location 1\n- Museum, Aphrodisias,\n- Location 2\n- Photo Date\n2296 images/descriptions are openly available.\nAICT certifies that the image copies provided hereunder, the originals being the copyrighted intellectual property of art historian and photographer Allan T. Kohl (unless otherwise credited), are licensed for non-profit use as set forth below, and that the art and architectural works documented are, to the best of its knowledge, within the public domain.\n[more about AICT licensing...]\n- Add to Portfolio", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Toronto : Canada law book company, limited, \nvi pages, 2 leaves, 191 pages : frontispiece, plates, portraits, facsimile ; 22 cm.\nNotable British trials series.\nFormatted Contents Note\nIntroduction. Chronology of the plot. The trial of Robert Winter, Thomas Winter, Guy Fawkes, John Grant, Ambrose Rookwood, Rob. Keyes, Thomas Bates, and Sir Everard Digby, at Westminster, for high treason, being conspirators in the gunpowder plot. 3. Jac. 1. 27th Jan. A. D. 1606. History of the plot. The trial of Henry Garnet ... at the Guild hall of London, for a high treason, being a conspirator in the gunpowder plot: 4 Jac. I. 28th of March, A.D. 1606.\n\"The ... conspirators were brought to trial ... before a special commission.\"--p. 13.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "I am looking for info on my grandparents. Salvatore VITULANO , born 1 Jan. 1894, Place of residence stated at Ellis Island is Manfredonia, Italy. He arrived at Ellis Island on 2 March 1923. Port of departure was Napoli and the ships name was Taormina. His parents names from his SS application are: Michele Vitulano and Antonia Armelotta. My grandmothers name is Annina Maria Paglione, born 23 Nov. 1897, Manfredonia, Italy. Parents names are: Annina M. Paglione and Francesco Paglione. Annina came through Ellis after 1930, so there are no records of her arrival. I do know that Annina had a brother, Matteo who lived in Rhode Island, US.\nThank you very much for any info. Both have passed on as has my mother, so information is tough to find.\nYou can go to the family history library of the Mormon church nearest your home for the microfilm of the civil records which date from 1809 to 1900. You can start with ellis island records and thenwith the microfilm for all births,marriages and deaths and family composition. If you wish to write for documents in Manfredonia you would need full name and dates or years of birth. Peter", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Revolutionary Worker #1144, March 24, 2002, posted at http://rwor.org\nIn \"The Crimes of Executive Order 9066\" (RW #1138) the RW explored how during World War 2 over 110,000 Japanese Americans on the West Coast were rounded up and shipped to 10 distant concentration camps in some of the most inhospitable territory in the U.S.\nThe conditions in the camps were harsh. At Minidoka, Idaho, the fence surrounding the camp was electrified. There was never enough to eat. Workers were initially promised prevailing wages but ended up receiving less than 50 cents per day. At the Poston camp in Arizona summer temperatures climbed to 124 degrees in the shade. While in the winter, many newborn infants died because the hospitals often had no heat. Dust was everywhere.\nGuards at the camps had orders to \"shoot to kill\" anyone who looked like they were trying to escape. In one of many incidents, Shoichi James Okamoto was shot at Tule Lake and died the next day. Despite many witnesses who testified that Okamoto was killed in cold blood, the soldier who shot Okamoto was acquitted--except for a fine of $1 \"for the unauthorized use of government property\" (the bullet).\nThe authorities pitted Nisei, second generation Japanese Americans born in the U.S. and therefore U.S. citizens, against Issei, first generation Japanese Americans who were born in Japan and who, by law, could not become U.S. citizens. Camp administrators gave direct support to the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL), an organization of professional Nisei, which in turn helped the War Relocation Authority (the government bureau that administered the camps) in order to prove their loyalty.\nBut contrary to the view of many historians that the Japanese were \"culturally passive,\" many concentration camp prisoners waged intense resistance, in the face of threats, murderous shootings, and heavy repression. This article tells the hidden story of that resistance.\n\"I hope to dispel the myth that we were all `Quiet Americans'--that after being stripped of our constitutional rights by our own government, removed from our homes, businesses and jobs, then interned in concentration camps in god-forsaken areas of the deserts and prairies, we all went quietly and sheep-like, into segregated combat units to become cannon fodder to gain acceptance by the Great White Father...\"\nFrank Emi, a leader of the draft resistance at Heart Mountain concentration camp\nSome of the earliest resistance broke out at the Manzanar camp in California. As in all of the camps, the WRA administration gave support to and propped up a section of pro- administration Nisei and used them against the resistance. In Manzanar a coalition between pro-America patriots like the JACL and supporters of the revisionist Communist Party, USA formed the Citizen's Feder- ation. The main concern of this group was not combating the unjust conditions but pressing for the \"right\" to volunteer to fight in the U.S. imperialist armed forces.\nOther concentration camp prisoners denounced the Citizens Federation's stand and called them inu (dogs or stool pigeons in Japanese). An underground group, formed to take on the inu , called itself the \"Blood Brothers Organization\" and used a Black Dragon as its emblem.\nA rebellion at Manzanar took place in December 1942 following the arrest of Harry Ueno, a popular leader of the Kitchen Workers' Union and an outspoken critic of corrupt practices by the administration. Ueno was accused of assaulting a JACL leader who was suspected of being a government informer. Most people in the camp were convinced that Ueno's arrest was a frame-up.\nA mass meeting followed Ueno's arrest, and lists were drawn up naming \"stool pigeons\" and \"traitors to our people.\" A \"committee of five\" was elected to present the demands to the camp administration. A determined group of over 1,000 marched to the camp administration building where representatives met with the camp administrator.\nThat evening, internees defied a ban on further mass meetings and called for retaliation against certain inu and the rescue of Ueno from the jail.\nThe administration, which sent informers to infiltrate public meetings, quickly placed the targeted inu in the safety of the military garrison, while troops armed with submachine guns and rifles swarmed into the compound and surrounded the jail.\nFinding the informants had been removed, the demonstrators moved toward the jail--where they ran head on into a wall of waiting troops. The troops fired tear gas. When the wind blew the tear gas away from the protesters, the troops opened fire on the unarmed people. Two demonstrators were killed and at least eight others were injured.\nThe administration declared martial law and arrested the committee of five. When a new committee was elected, it too was put under arrest. In protest, most of the camp's residents refused to report to work.\nIn January 1943, many alleged \"troublemakers\" were shipped off to a heavily guarded isolation camp 1,000 miles away, near Moab, Utah. The \"crimes\" of these \"troublemakers\" varied widely. The young men were accused of instigating work stoppages, making statements of disloyalty, throwing jars of filth in apartments of informers, and making posters of Japanese soldiers.\nThe authorities were not able to crush the spirit of resistance. One author, describing the mood of the prisoners at Moab, said, \"Passive deference was replaced by intensified disaffection and the attitude that it is better to die on your feet than to live on your knees.\"\nOn February 1, 1943, President Roosevelt announced that the War Department would organize a segregated combat team for Nisei volunteers. Immediately after Pearl Harbor the selective service classification of all Nisei had been changed to IV-C, \"aliens not acceptable to the armed forces, or any group of persons not acceptable.\"\nMany Nisei found the situation highly ironic. The U.S. government, using the war as justification, had thrown Japanese Americans into concentration camps. Now the U.S. was asking them to volunteer for its war.\nThe JACL had lobbied for this \"right,\" arguing it would allow the Nisei to prove their citizenship.\nOn February 6, registration teams began arriving in the camps to separate the \"loyal\" from the \"disloyal\" and to sign up young Nisei men for the armed forces. The registration was supposed take place over 10 days. All internees were required to fill out a four-page questionnaire. Questions 27 and 28 were the decisive questions. Question 27 asked: \"Are you willing to serve in the armed forces of the United States on combat duty, wherever ordered?\" Question 28 asked: Will you swear unqualified allegiance to the United States of America and faithfully defend the United States from any or all attack by foreign or domestic forces, and foreswear any form of allegiance or obedience to the Japanese emperor, or any other foreign government, power or organization?\"\nThese questions posed problems for the internees. If a Nisei answered yes to question 27, was he volunteering for the armed forces or only saying that he would serve if drafted? Was question 28 a trick question? If someone answered \"yes\" did that mean he had previous loyalty to the Japanese emperor? For Issei there were even more problems. If they answered \"yes\" to 28, they were pledging full allegiance to a country that by law refused them citizenship and foreswearing the only citizenship they had--making themselves \"stateless people.\"\nThe day before registration was to begin at Heart Mountain Camp in Wyoming, a call was put out by a small number of Nisei for a forum to debate the merits of the registration program. On the morning that registration was to begin 500 internees descended on the registration site, demanding that no registrations take place until people had time to think it over and clear up some questions. They threatened to kick the registration table over if any internees were registered. The team gave up and registrations did not proceed on that day.\nThat evening a group met in the mess hall and decided that Nisei should refuse to register until the government clarified their citizenship rights. By the end of one week only 107 of the nearly 7,600 Heart Mountaineers eligible to register had filled out the form, and only three had volunteered. The administration threatened to charge the protest leaders under the Espionage Act--which made it a felony, punishable by 20 years in prison and a $10,000 fine, to \"willfully obstruct the recruiting or enlistment service of the United States.\"\nBy the time registration concluded at Heart Mountain, only 42 out of more than 1,700 eligible men had volunteered for the service. Almost one in four of the draft-eligible men answered \"no\" to question number 28, about loyalty to the U.S.; 329 Nisei filed requests for expatriation (to give up their American citizenship and be sent to Japan); 151 Issei filed requests to be sent to Japan.\nIn his book, Free to Die for Their Country , Eric Muller wrote, \"When the registration team left Heart Mountain, it left a very different camp than the one it had found on its arrival five weeks earlier, a camp that nearly overflowed with resentment and bitterness and that was beginning to experiment with organized resistance.\"\nAt Tule Lake camp, opposition to registration was even fiercer. Entire blocks voted not to register. One block voted to sign up en masse for expatriation or repatriation. Those who did register were taunted and mocked as inu .\nAs at Heart Mountain, the authorities at Tule Lake threatened protest leaders with the Espionage Act. They also took things a step further--those who refused to fill out the registration forms were arrested at bayonet point and shipped off to county jail.\nThe San Francisco Chronicle reported on the scene at Tule Lake as the young men were dragged off to jail: \"When the prisoners were carried off they were surrounded by howling Japanese who yelled `Banzai!' `You can't imagine how close we came to machine-gunning the whole bunch of them,' one official said. `The only thing that stopped us I guess, were the effects such a shooting would have had on the Japs holding our boys in Manila and China.' \"\nBy the time the registration was over at Tule Lake the camp administrators had arrested over 100 internees. 49% of eligible Nisei and 42% of the eligible Issei at Tule Lake, either refused to register or answered \"no\" to the loyalty question.\nOut of all internees in all 10 camps only 1,181 Nisei volunteered for the military--only 6% of the nearly 20,000 draft-age U.S. citizens of Japanese ancestry in the camps.\nFour months after the failed loyalty registration the government announced that those Japanese deemed disloyal because of their answers to questions 27 and 28 were to be incarcerated for the remainder of the war at Tule Lake. Tule Lake was the maximum security camp. But putting the resisters all in one camp gave rise to even more rebellion.\nA farm accident, and the administration's response, touched off major protest at Tule Lake. A truck carrying 28 internees to work overturned, killing one man and seriously injuring five others. The camp director, Raymond Best, refused to give permission for a mass funeral for the man who died. But organizers went ahead with their plans and thousands turned out for the funeral.\nThe prisoners at Tule Lake also started a work stoppage at the camp--which had provided tons of produce to the Army and Navy, various relocation centers and their military garrisons. The protesters de- manded that the authorities give them prisoner of war status under the Geneva Convention, accept responsibility for the farm accident, upgrade the food allowance from 27 to 45 cents per day, establish an evacuee governing body and the resignation of racist officials in charge of the camp.\nThis set the stage for November 1, 1943, when Dillon Myer, National Director of the WRA, visited Tule Lake. Led by youth, over 5,000 people formed a human barricade around the administration building for three hours while inside, protest leaders confronted Myer with their demands.\nThe army occupied Tule Lake three days later. A 7 p.m. to 6 a.m. curfew was ordered, tear gas was used to disperse crowds, schools were closed and recreational activities ceased. Anyone suspected of harboring anti-administration feelings was purged from work crews.\nOn November 14 the army called for a mass outdoor rally to address the camp residents. The rally was elaborately staged with a great deal of fanfare. A WRA staff person described what happened: \"At two o'clock, no one came and there was no sign of anyone coming to hear his speech. Like an army man true to his tradition, [Col.] Austin began his speech. No one was there. Not a single soul! Colonel Austin spoke to the air.... It was a pitiful sight that I cannot forget.\"\nIn retaliation for this insubordination, the clampdown was intensified in an all-out drive to crush the resistance. Arrest warrants went out for all leaders. Many of the leaders were able to go into hiding to escape capture. Martial law was declared to give the army unlimited powers of search and seizure. Midnight raids were conducted. On November 26, a camp-wide dragnet was conducted after the community refused to betray their hidden leaders. Four of the top leaders were able to elude capture.\nThe authorities built a prison within the concentration camp to house those who were arrested. Prisoners, including many minors, remained locked in this stockade for long periods without any trial or hearing.\nResistance continued for several months. The camp residents often had no food, milk, hot water, or warm clothes. In the freezing cold of winter, one prisoner at Tule Lake recounted, \"Many people with children had no shoes, no money, no clothing. Some of the children were beginning to go barefooted.\"\nThe army gave support to conservative sections of the community like the JACL, who started to blame the hardships on the \"extremism\" of the protest leaders. In December the remaining protest leaders turned themselves in to the FBI, thinking they would get a fair hearing. This was a mistaken idea. The FBI marched the activist leaders over to the Army Commandant who immediately isolated them in the \"little stockade\" made of flimsy unheated isolation tents. After surviving eleven freezing days and nights under heavy guard, they were thrown back in with the main stockade population.\nWith their leaders incarcerated, resistance at Tule Lake shifted to issues concerning the stockade. The prisoners in the stockade carried out three hunger strikes. The first began on New Year's Day 1944 after prisoners were beaten by guards\nThe administration tried to isolate the stockade prisoners by building a large fence around the area, censoring mail and denying any visits. Bold youth defied the rules by carrying on yelling conversations with inmates whenever the sentry was not at his post.\nOn January 20, 1944 the War Department announced that they would start drafting the interned Nisei who had not volunteered. By early February draft notices started to arrive at the camps.\nWRA Director Dillon Myer laid out the penalties of resistance in a memorandum: \"Any evacuee in a relocation center who refuses to report for induction when called will be guilty of a violation of the selective service act and subject to criminal penalties... No real or fancied grievances will be allowed to interfere with this operation.\"\n\"The way I figured,\" a Tule Lake resister recalled, prison \"couldn't be much worse than it was here anyway. We were in a prison to begin with. Going to prison wouldn't have been too much different; the food might even have been better.\"\nThere was draft resistance at all of the camps. At Tule Lake, 29 internees refused induction and were arrested by soldiers and taken away to county jails to await trial. At Minidoka, known as something of a \"model\" camp, 15% were refusing induction by April.\nThe most determined and organized draft resistance took place at the camp at Heart Mountain, where 85 young men resisted the draft. A group called the Fair Play Committee (FPC) was formed after the draft was announced. Mimeographed sheets were posted around the camp and passed from hand to hand. Soon FPC meetings were packing the mess halls.\nAn FPC manifesto declared: \"Without any hearings, without due process of law as guaranteed by the Constitution and Bill of Rights, without any charges filed against us, without any evidence of wrongdoing on our part, one hundred and ten thousand innocent people were kicked out of their homes, literally uprooted from where they lived and herded like dangerous criminals into concentration camps with barbed wire fence and military police guarding it. And then, without rectification of any of the injustices committed against us and without restoration of our rights as guaranteed by the Constitution, we are ordered to join the army through discriminatory procedures into a segregated combat unit...We members of the Fair Play Committee hereby refuse to go to the physical examination or to the induction, if or when we are called in order to contest the issue.\"\nThe FPC got support from Jimmie Omura, a courageous journalist who was editor of the Rocky Shimpo , a Japanese/ English newspaper published in Utah, and his columns and editorials helped spread news of the draft resistance at Heart Mountain. (Japanese Americans not on the West Coast were not incarcerated.)\nThe camp administration at Heart Mountain responded quickly to the protest. Two of the key leaders of the struggle were shipped off to Tule Lake. The American Civil Liberties Union refused to intervene on their behalf because, according to the ACLU National Director, the leaders \"would be a poor representative of the evacuees on the outside and might generally interfere with the relocation program.\" All public meetings of the FPC were banned in Heart Mountain.\nThe administration was helped by the JACL and by the pro-administration camp paper, The Heart Mountain Sentinel,which enthusiastically supported the draft and viciously attacked the FPC and Omura. But the actions of the JACL went beyond pro-administration rhetoric. A WRA official in Denver wrote to WRA Director Myer, \"The JACL is working hand and glove with the FBI to hang Omura if they possibly can.\" Two JACL leaders were allowed to go into the jails to interview the resisters, supposedly to help them. In fact the JACL was conducting surveillance for the WRA and submitted reports which were used to identify the protest leaders.\nThe FBI threatened to shut down the Rocky Shimpo if Omura was not removed as English language editor. Omura stepped down and was replaced by a reporter who had been screened for his attitude toward the U.S. government.\nOn May 10, 1944, Omura and seven leaders of the FPC were indicted by a federal grand jury and charged with conspiring to counsel, aid and abet young men to resist the draft.\nMost of the trials of the draft resisters were nothing but kangaroo courts, with a guilty verdict a foregone conclusion. The Heart Mountain resisters were tried in front of Judge Kennedy, an open racist who argued for laws restricting the right to vote for Black people.\nJudge Clark, who heard the case of the Minidoka resisters as governor of Idaho in 1942, argued against plans to move the West Coast Japanese to his state saying, \"I am so prejudiced that my reasoning might be a little off, because I don't trust any of them.\" Judge Clark's solution to what he called the \"Jap problem\" was to \"send them all back to Japan and then sink the island.\"\nAlmost all of the draft resisters were convicted. While the sentences varied greatly from court to court, most resisters were sentenced to about three years in federal prison. In the case of Omura and the seven FPC leaders all except for Omura were found guilty and sentenced to two- or four-year prison terms. While Omura was found not guilty, he was never able to work again as a journalist and ended up making his living as a landscaper. The charges against the seven were thrown out on appeal after they had served nearly two years in prison.\nThe Tule Lake resisters were tried in Eureka, one of the most racist cities on the West Coast. At a dinner before the start of the trial, attended by the judge and prosecutors, one of the attorneys appointed to defend the resisters made fun of his own clients and ended a speech speaking in a mock Japanese accent.\nIt looked like conviction for the Tule Lake resisters was a foregone conclusion. However, the judge in the case, Louis E. Goodman, was a son of immigrants who, as a Jew, had experienced racism and discrimination growing up in San Francisco. Judge Goodman ended up dismissing the charges against the resisters, saying that the case \"shocked the conscience.\" The victory was largely symbolic, however, because the defendants were merely returned to the Tule Lake concentration camp where they remained for the rest of the war.\nWhat Would You Have Done?\n\"In the 1940s, 120,000 Japanese Americans were evacuated and put away in internment camps in isolated areas because of war hysteria, racism, and distrust. Today the same thing is happening to new targets: the Arabs, the Muslims, the South Asians or those who look like them. We must protect our Middle East and South Asian friends and neighbors.\"\nYuri Kochiyama, activist and former\ndetainee in a concentration camp,\nspeaking at this year's October 22\nNational Day of Protest to Stop Police Brutality in Oakland\nDespite the heroism of the Japanese internees inside the camps, the resistance never developed to the point where the government was forced to close down the camps and free the Japanese. Much of the resistance remained scattered and isolated inside the camps, without any real understanding of the system that they were up against. Resistance took different forms--from supporting the Japanese government (which was waging the war for its own imperialist purposes) to protests with big illusions about American democracy.\nA key factor in all this was the role played by the revisionist Communist Party, USA. Rather than lead a real fight against this whole injustice--both inside the camps as well as among people in society as a whole--the CPUSA became cheerleaders for the U.S. war effort. At some camps CP supporters were the first to volunteer for the U.S. war effort, often in direct opposition to boycotts by the \"disloyal.\" One \"leftist\" in the camps reported how they were attacked by young \"hoodlums\" who threw rocks and threatened them as they worked making camouflage netting for the U.S. army. Many CP inu ended up in protective custody, segregated from the camp population \"for their own protection.\"\nAnother factor that held back the resistance was that the polarization in society outside the camps remained very unfavorable to the interned Japanese. Many so-called liberals supported the internment or refused to speak out against it. The national American Civil Liberties Union took the position that the internment of the Japanese fell within the scope of the President's war powers and decided to only concern itself with how the internment was carried out. No newspapers reported on the conditions of the interned. With no support coming from U.S. society, it is not surprising that many Japanese Americans felt isolated and unable to get sympathy for their situation and support for any resistance.\nToday with a new wave of attacks coming down against Muslim, Arab and South Asian immigrants it is important for people to critically examine this period and learn the lessons of history to step up our struggle.\nYears of Infamy: The Untold Story of America's Concentration Camps, Michi Weglyn, Morrow Books, 1976\n\"U.S. Concentration Camps in World War 2,\" Revolutionary Worker #113, July 10, 1981\n\" Treachery of the CPUSA ,\" RW #118, August 21, 1981\nFree to Die for Their Country: The Story of Japanese American Draft Resisters in World War 2, Eric Muller, University of Chicago Press, 2001\nOnly What We Could Carry: The Japanese American Internment Experience , ed. by Lawson Fusao Inada, Heyday Books, 2000\n\"Conscience and the Constitution\"--Video documentary written, produced and directed by Frank Abe, Independent Television Service, 2000\nThis article is posted in English and Spanish on Revolutionary Worker Online\nWrite: Box 3486, Merchandise Mart, Chicago, IL 60654\nPhone: 773-227-4066 Fax: 773-227-4497\n(The RW Online does not currently communicate via email.)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Did Elvis Go to the Army? Please go through the entire article to know about this famous American singer and keep connected with us.\nDo you know who Elvis Presley was? Do you have any information about him? If not, then you should follow the full article. Elvis Presley was mainly famous for his rock and roll music in the United States, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom. But what do you think? Did Elvis Go to the Army?\nYou will be amazed that this famous American singer served in the United States Army for two years. Yes, you are reading it correctly. Elvis Presley joined the United States Army in 1958.\nMilitary career of Elvis Presley:\nElvis Presley went to Memphis and joined the United States Army at Tennessee, on 24th March 1958. After joining the army, he lived for three days at Arkansas, the Fort Chaffee, and Reception Station. At Fort Dix, New Jersey, Elvis Presley left active duty on 5th March 1960. Did Elvis Go to War? During this period, Elvis Presley fought two different armour battalions.\nElvis belonged to Company-A, 37th Armor, 2nd Medium Tank Battalion, between 28th March 1958 to 17th September 1958, stationed at Texas (Fort Hood). During this time, he completed his primary and advanced army training. Next, he joined as a member of the 1st Medium Tank Battalion, 32d Armor. And finally, on 23rd March 1964, Elvis Presley received a discharge from the Army Reserve.\nDid Elvis Have a Twin Brother?\nThe answer is yes. Elvis Presley had a twin brother. In East Tupelo, Mississippi, Elvis Presley was born on 8th January 1935. And after 35 minutes of his birth, Jesse Garon Presley, the identical twin brother of Elvis Presley, was born. But unfortunately, Jesse Garon Presley died. And the next day, Gladys and Vernon, the parents of Elvis Presley, buried their son Jesse in Priceville Cemetery. So, Elvis Presley was the one and only child of his parents.\nHow Did Elvis Mother Die?\nOn 14th August 1958, Gladys Presley, the mother of Elvis Presley, died. She was only forty-six years old. Everyone said that the cause of her death was a heart attack. But later, her family came to know that due to alcohol poisoning, she was suffering from liver failure. And this was the main reason behind the heart attack. Elvis broke into tears at her funeral and said she was not dead; she was just sleeping. It was indeed a painful moment for him.\nElvis Presley Kids:\nLisa Marie Presley is the only child of Elvis Presley. Like her father, Lisa is also a very famous American singer. In Las Vegas, on 1st May 1967, Elvis Presley and Priscilla Presley married. And on 1st February 1968, Lisa Marie Presley was born. Lisa Marie Presley is also famous for a reason. She was the wife of Michael Jackson.\nThe Last Words:\nThat’s it for today’s article. Many of us may not know Lisa Marie Presley as Elvis Presley Daughter, but we know her for Michael Jackson. If you still have doubts, click on the link to get more information about Elvis Presley– .\nHave you listened to his songs? Comment below.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We discuss the history and traditions of Christmas.\nOur guests are: CPT. Maureen Bannon, Ben Harnwell, Father Robert McTeigue S.J., Raymond Ibrahim\nAired On: 12/24/2021\nOn the Web: http://www.warroom.org\nOn Podcast: http://warroom.ctcin.bio\nOn TV: PlutoTV Channel 240, Dish Channel 219, Roku, Apple TV, FireTV or on https://AmericasVoice.news. #news #politics #realnews", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Over the weekend of June 12th through 14th, the town of Butler, Pennsylvania will host their fifth annual Bantam Jeep Heritage Festival. Expected to draw thousands of Jeep fans from all over the country, the festival features three days of Jeep related events, activities, displays and Show & Shine. For those who may not know, American Bantam Car Company of Butler, Pennsylvania was the birthplace of the Bantam Reconnaissance Car (BRC), one of the first three prototypes of light reconnaissance vehicles submitted to the government during World War II and sparking the beginning of the Jeep craze that we know today. 2015 marks the 75th year of that first prototype and Butler, PA is set to host an event to remember with trail rides, a mud pit, hundreds of Jeeps on display, including historically significant 1940’s era Jeeps that will feature a recreation of the first BRC. Organizers of the event will also attempt to break the Festival’s own 2011 Guinness World Record by creating the longest Jeep parade in history. For more information visit bantamjeepfestival.com.\nIf you’re like me and you’ve owned many offroad vehicles over the years, you’re probably equipped your latest offroader acquisition with hand-me-downs from the previous generation 4×4’s. For me I’m either trying to save money […]\nInstallation and Review of the Maximus-3 Winch Mount, Bumper Hoop, Hook Anchors & D-Ring Loops The Mopar designed Rubicon X front bumper is a great foundation for a superb, strong and utilitarian styled factory front end. As part […]\nMaximus-3 Build Package Thoughts and Analysis.When we lifted Project Rubicon X and installed a full set of 35″ Mickey Thompson MTZ P3’s we had to do something about accommodating the new 35″ spare tire. There […]", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "An official Path Through History Site! Built c. 1785 for Charles Doughty, the son a wealthy Quaker, the house derives its name from Doughty's son-in-law, British sea captain Joseph King, who bought the property in 1801. In the 1960s, the house was saved from demolition and moved to Weeping Beech Park, the former nursery of 19th century horticulturalist Samuel Bowne Parsons, who planted the first weeping beech tree in America in the park. The house, headquarters of the Queens Historical Society, features local history exhibitions and a library as well as facility rentals too. As the home of Queens Historical Society, it features exhibitions that explore historical aspects of NY City's largest borough as well as tours and displays that reveal the history of the house and the lives of its people.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Of Arms and the Man\nBorn in 1917, Sassan Tabatabai’s grandfather was a lifelong military man, serving in the Iranian army until the Islamic revolution of 1979. But as Tabatabai would later learn, the late Assadollah Tayefeh Mohajer was a gifted writer as well as a soldier.\nMohajer ascended to the rank of major general before he escaped the Ayatollah Khomeini regime, and he later relocated with his extended family to Atlanta, where he lived out the rest of his days. Many of his compatriots were not as fortunate. Even some of those who managed to escape to Europe were hunted down and assassinated.\nWhen Mohajer died of a stroke in 1995, he willed his eldest grandchild a sheaf of handwritten papers, including poems, memoirs, and correspondence composed in elegant Persian script on everything from legal pads to Post-it Notes. Now Tabatabai—who is a lecturer in Persian in the Department of Modern Languages & Comparative Literature, a humanities instructor in the Core Curriculum, and poetry editor of The Republic of Letters—is deep into the task of transcribing, translating, and annotating the collection’s 300 pages, which is as much a labor of love as it is the body of a doctoral thesis.\nThis doctorate, in Editorial Studies, will be the second for Tabatabai, who was in his teens when his family fled Iran, first to Germany and then to the U.S.\nWith degrees in political science, international relations, and communication, as well as Persian literature and history, Tabatabai has achieved prominence as a translator of classical Persian verse—and also as a poet in his own right. Tabatabai shared a special kinship with Mohajer. “My grandfather knew I liked literature and trusted me to understand his references to classical poetry,” he says.\nMohajer’s memoirs recount significant family events, some of which are set in Iran’s mountainous Kurdish north. From these documents, Tabatabai learned the story of his mother’s birth in a frigid army outpost and how the region’s lone midwife was brought on horseback to deliver the child. He also discovered details of Mohajer’s education as a baby-faced military cadet, his deep love for his homeland, and the indignation that he felt toward the Islamic Republic.\nIn addition to the insight that they offer into Mohajer’s personal experiences and those of his family, the documents he left behind serve as a record of nearly a century of Iranian history. Among the writings are passages relating the occupation of northern Iran by Soviet forces after World War II, and the subsequent struggle that led to the restoration of Iranian sovereignty in the area.\nMohajer never showed his writings to anyone. “He wrote it all for himself,” Tabatabai says, opening a folder to reveal a series of brief entries, as well as exquisitely penned lines of verse in the classical Persian form. “I’m trying to figure out what’s a fragment and what’s a complete poem.”\nTabatabai believes, however, that his grandfather intended his memoirs to be published someday. “He even gave the work a title: Memoirs of an Unknown Soldier.”\nIn “Caspian Summer,” a poem from Tabatabai’s own collection, Uzunburun, published by The Pen & Anvil Press, he writes:\nStrange, that as autumn leaves\nbruise in New England, I can still\ntaste the air of a Caspian summer,\nheavy with humidity and salt.\nStrange, that as time thickens, the distance\nbetween us shrinks.\nThanks to the collection of manuscripts he inherited and their shared love of the written word, the same might be said for Tabatabai and his grandfather.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Paris, University of\nUniversity of Paris, at Paris, France; founded 12th cent., confirmed 1215 by papal bull. The most famous of its colleges was the Sorbonne, which opened in 1253 and gained academic and theological distinction during the late Middle Ages and early modern times; the name Sorbonne was often used to designate the university itself. The university was suppressed during the French Revolution and replaced in 1808 by an academy of the centralized Imperial Univ. of France (later the Univ. of France). In 1890 it was reestablished as a university.\nThe student riots of 1968, which paralyzed Paris for weeks, centered around the university and led to radical changes. In 1970 the university was divided into 13 universities located in Paris and its suburbs, and further reforms followed under the Higher Education Act of 1983. The new universities are state institutions enjoying academic and financial autonomy, operated under the jurisdiction of the minister of education and financed by the state. Each institution has a different focus and scale, appropriate to its status as an autonomous \"unit of teaching and research.\" Paris IX, or Paris Dauphine Univ., for example, which focuses on business, finance, and computer sciences, has some 10,000 students, while Paris I, or Pantheon-Sorbonne Univ., with a more general curriculum, enrolls some 40,000.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Contains advertising material.\n|Statement||Full description of the great battle, and diagram of the painting on exhibition at Portland, Oregon.|\n|The Physical Object|\n|Number of Pages||67|\nThe Battle of Shiloh commemorative stamp was issued in , the Battle of Gettysburg in , the Battle of the Wilderness in , and the Appomattox Centennial commemorative stamp in A commemorative half dollar for the battle was produced in Gettysburg Staff Ride Briefing tomsseweranddrainserviceoh.comon: Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, . Photo by smokejmt. Links to Individual Top 10 Gettysburg Book Lists. These Civil War bloggers released their Top 10 Civil War Books on the Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg on their own blogs over the three day anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg from July , Gettysburg. The Camp ign. June – July. CMH Pub 75– Cover: Scene from the Gettysburg Cyclorama painting, The Battle of Gettysburg, by. Paul Phillippoteaux, depicting Pickett’s Charge and fighting at the Angle. Photograph ©Bill Dowling, Dowling Photography. by. Carol Reardon and. Tom Vossler Center of Military History. “What was the Battle of Gettysburg?” By Jim O’Connor is an informational/ non fiction book about the battle of Gettysburg. The Battle of Gettysburg is about a war between the Southern states and the Northern states to decide if slavery is right or wrong/5.\nIn the summer of , Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee launched his second invasion of the Northern states. Forces collided at the crossroads town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania from July , It resulted in an estimated 51, casualties on both sides, the bloodiest single battle of the entire war. Apr 16, · 15 videos Play all I Survived the Battle of Gettysburg Jennifer Bruckler Hollywood Graveyard in The Land of Oz - Duration: Hollywood Graveyard Recommended for you. Battle Summary: The Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (July 1–July 3, ), was the largest battle of the American Civil War as well as the largest battle ever fought in North America, involving around 85, men in the Union’s Army of the Potomac under Major General George Gordon Meade and approximately 75, in the Confederacy’s Army of Northern Virginia, commanded by General Robert. Newer Topics. In the last 10 to 15 years, new topics and areas of interest have arisen here are just a few of them: Lee's Retreat One of the often overlooked and less studied phases of the Gettysburg Campaign has been the Confederate Army's retreat to Virginia after the 3-day battle and the ensuing pursuit by the Union Army.\nBattle of Gettysburg, major engagement in the American Civil War that was fought southwest of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and was a crushing Southern defeat. The three-day conflict involved more than 71, Confederate troops commanded by General Robert E. Lee and nearly 94, Union troops under General George Meade. Gettysburg campaign, June–July, , series of decisive battles of the U.S. Civil War. The Road to Gettysburg After his victory in the battle of Chancellorsville, Confederate general Robert E. Lee undertook a second invasion of the North. The reorganized Army of Northern Virginia crossed the Potomac (June 17) via the Shenandoah valley, which Richard S. Ewell (2d Corps), as leader of the. This sets Gettysburg —Seething Hell apart from many thousands of books about the Civil War. The lavish production offers a stunning new perspective on the most famous battle of the American Civil War. More than a decade in the making, this powerful book is storytelling at its most riveting. Mar 29, · This will be the first in a series of member polls about things you love about the American Civil War. In this post we will be exploring the many book choices available about the Battle of Gettysburg. Brett Schulte of TOCWOC wrote an blog post a .", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "I am Leann Ewoldt. I am the daughter of Bernard Eugene Ewoldt, who is son of Bernhart Ewoldt. Bernhart is one of Henry Ewoldt's sons. Who came from Grand Island, Ne. Bernhart and his brother Hans came to Thedford, Ne. to start a ranch in the sandhills of Nebraska. I am trying to discover more about the history of my great grandfather. Bernhart Ewoldt is living in North Platte, Ne and Bernard Ewoldt is living in Valentine, Ne. If you to learn more about this branch of the Ewoldt Family tree feel free to write.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "It was opened in Fall 2011 and replaced the Old Segundo Services Center which was the building that housed the original Segundo Dining commons, the old Segundo Service Desk, the original Junction, and the old Academic Advising Center.\nDuring construction, the Segundo high rise dorms also received upgrades. They closed for about one year. Regan underwent some construction, but is not in the area of the SSC.\nThe new Segundo Services Center was built on land that used to be parking lot 24 and part of the old Segundo Services Center. This allowed more lawn area after the new building was built.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "American colossus thesis\nWyatt essay paragraph 5 persuasive february 6, 2018 @ 8:53 pm bp oil spill research paper report vivi essay kate chopin research paper pdf writing a belonging. Find great deals for colossus : the price of america's empire by niall ferguson (2004, hardcover) shop with confidence on ebay. This hatred of men and the unhealthiness of her mental condition continue to ground the figures of the colossus modern american her honor's thesis during. This thesis explores the crazy horse memorial orientation film and its rhetorical claim to represent lakota values in the rhetorically contested black hills of south. Title: james jacobik thesis book, author: james jacobik, name: brown, w j (2009, may 21) american colossus: the grain elevator: adaptive reuse.\nAmerican colossus: the triumph of capitalism, 1865-1900 by hw brands1 maybe the best way to understand the first third of the 21st century is to learn about the. Hw brands american colossus essay relations jobs to kill a mockingbird racism essay thesis builder best essay for college application yahoo answers. Buy american colossus: the triumph of capitalism, 1865-1900 reprint by professor of history h w brands (isbn: 9780307386779) from amazon's book store everyday low. Here is an analysis of emma lazarus’ poem the new colossus the new colossus by emma lazarus lazarus also enjoyed reading british and american. Colossus: the rise and fall of the american empire [niall ferguson] on amazoncom free shipping on qualifying offers is america an empire certainly not. A mighty woman: on emma lazarus's the new colossus what drew me to emma lazarus was not her finely wrought poems it was not her early emergence as a poetic prodigy.\nNotes on h w brands' american colossus thesis: during the decades morgan and his fellow capitalists effected a stunning transformation in american life. American colossus has 1,183 ratings and 115 reviews randy said: h w brands is one of the historians made popular by “the ken burns phenomenon” of. Click to read more about american colossus: the triumph of capitalism, 1865-1900 by h w brands librarything is a cataloging and social networking site for booklovers. Analytical book review instructions the thesis is the primary idea the author is trying to prove and convince the reader to american colossus.\nAmerican colossus essay colossus essay american my english prof told me that my thesis was beatufiul & i'd have a good essay & then he told the next girl. American colossus thesis next page think piece essay examples argumentative essay during the ramadhan, i did writing. American colossus the triumph of capitalism but such complex historical reality doesn't fit into brands' simplistic thesis of a contradiction between. Emma lazarus’ “the new colossus” and the continued controversy between americanism and multiculturalism - - term paper - american studies - literature - publish.\nNiall ferguson born: niall american colossus (2004) the of war strongly criticized ferguson for advancing the thesis that it was idiotic for britain to. Public group active 2 months ago click here click here click here click here click here if you need high-quality papers done quickly and with zero traces of.\nIt has often been noted that while the american union was established by the revolution, the american nation was forged only upon the awful anvil of the.\n- ★★★ the american dream thesis truly the fighting technique star could wrap his arms in your colossus the american dream thesis long-preppers food storage.\n- A summary of a classic american poem emma lazarus is most famous for writing this one poem, ‘the new colossus’, which adorns the pedestal of the statue.\n- Nicholas kissamis the united states since 1877 hist 1302-24045 october 23, 2012 h w brands american colossus: the triumph of capitalism, 1865-1900.\n- While the french had kept their end of the bargain by completing the statue itself, the americans had still not fulfilled their commitment to erect a pedestal.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Kingsnorth Church – St Michael and All Angels\nThere has been a Church in Kingsnorth from Saxon Times but the present building probably dates from the 11thC. There are examples of 13thC and 14thC stained glass remaining in some of the windows. The chancel was rebuilt in the 18thC following a storm and the two side chapels were demolished at this time. Major restoration was carried out in the 19thC at which time the stained glass in the East Window was installed. At this time and again in the 1920s work was carried out to try and cure the problem of rising damp due to the high water table. In 2006 major restoration was once again required and in addition to repairs to the tower and external stonework it was decided that an extension would be built on the site of the old chantry chapel on the north side of the building and that the interior of the church would be re-ordered. This involved digging out the interior of the church and laying a new suspended floor to try and cure the problem of the rising damp (This has been largely successful). The old pews and choir stalls were replaced with modern stackable pews to enable a more flexible use of the space, new lighting and a new heating system was installed. This has resulted in a light airy user friendly building. At the back of the church a glass screen was erected forming a separate area. This provides a space where parents can take their children if they become restless during the services. The ground floor of the extension consists of a large meeting room with kitchenette plus toilet. On the first floor there is a choir vestry and church office. There are currently plans to install a second toilet on this floor. On the second floor there is a further small meeting room and a store room.\nShadoxhurst Church – St Peter and St Paul\nThe Church of St Peter and St Paul dates from the 13th century and is the oldest remaining building in the village. This small and simple church consists only of one aisle and a chancel. Until 1788 a wooden tower rose from the ground at the western end and contained three bells.\nWhen the tower was demolished two of the bells were sold for £22.The one remaining bell now hangs in the bellcote. By 1868 the church was so dilapidated that an architect pronounced it dangerous and closed it forthwith. The cost of restoration was put at £600. Miraculously, for such a poor parish the money was raised and the church re-opened in 1869 amid great celebrations. In 1952 more work was needed to restore the roof and turret and in 1964 the church was closed again for a year due to a sudden outbreak of dry rot that necessitated the complete removal of all floorboards, the pulpit, lectern and pews. During the closure the congregation were welcomed to the Methodist Chapel for services and joint services of Remembrance and Christmas continue today.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Visit our other Wisconsin Historical Society websites!\nRefine or narrow your results by clicking any term in the gray boxes below.\nExpand your results by removing any breadcrumb in a gray outlined box above. Click on the blue \"X\" to remove the term.\nNarrow your results by entering a keyword into the search box above. Then click the \"Search Within\" checkbox, then click on the orange \"Search\" button.\nIf you did not find what you are looking for or you did not get any results, try changing your search term(s). See our Search Help page for more tips.\nDate: 1905 ca.\nDescription: View of a dam and power house.\nDate: 1890 ca.\nDescription: Exterior stereographic view of the Polk County Press Office with three men standing and three children seated on its front porch.\nDate: date unknown\nDescription: Black and white postcard of Cemelia Lake.\nDate: 1900 ca.\nDescription: Elevated view of crowd of men, women and children, gathered for some unidentified occasion, standing in the street. There is also a group of people gathere...\nDescription: Color photographic postcard of a man in a fishing boat on Woodley's Dam north of Amery. View of the dammed water surrounded by pine trees.\nDate: 1914 ca.\nDescription: Map shows townships, schools, creameries, post offices, and roads. The left side of the map features a legend with symbols for points of interest.\nDescription: The Methodist Episcopal Church in Balsam Lake.\nDescription: The football team of clear Lake High School. Gaylord Nelson, later governor of Wisconsin and U.S. Senator, is second from the left in the front row.\nDescription: Exterior view of the Polk County Training School for Teachers.\nDescription: Photographic postcard of Harriman Avenue in the residential district. A little girl stands with her baby carriage on the sidewalk between a telephone pole...\nDescription: Children playing on swing set in front of an automobile. A man is seated on a picnic table nearby.\nDescription: Tent covering the excavation site of the bones of extinct bison. Milo Mickelson and Lester Giesler stand in the doorway of the tent.\nDescription: Section 1 of a Sanborn map of Osceola.\nDate: 1874 after\nDescription: This map shows townships and sections, post offices, roads, and railroads. The left margin reads: \"For sale at Cushing Land Agency, St. Croix Falls, Wis. 4...\nDescription: Five examples of typical Wisconsin flint weapon points found at Interstate Park.\nDescription: \"An annual crop of rocks\" at the George A. Nelson Farm.\nDate: 1920 ca.\nDescription: One of the oldest houses in Osceola.\nDescription: View of a rural lake with a footbridge leading to a small island.\nDate: 1880 ca.\nDescription: Stereoview of the Dalles and the Saint Croix River with man in the foreground.\nDate: 1930 ca.\nDescription: A view of Main Street, looking north.\nIf you didn't find the material you searched for, our Library Reference Staff can help.\nCall our reference desk at 608-264-6535 or email us at:\n© 1996-2017 Wisconsin Historical Society, 816 State Street, Madison, WI 53706", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Glamorgan Family History Society have produced a set of microfiche containing Monumental Inscriptions for the following burial grounds :-\n- Parish Church of St. Mary\n- Twyn-yr-Odyn Baptist Chapel\n- Zoar Chapel\n- Wenvoe Community Cemetery\nWenvoe - on Wikipedia\nConservation areas within the Vale of Glamorgan. See Wenvoe - \"Conservation areas are areas of special architectural or historic interest, the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance\"\nVarious landscapes - on the People's Collection Wales site\nYou can see pictures of Wenvoe which are provided by:\nSome of the hamlets, towns and villages within this parish\nYou can see the\nadministrative areas in which Wenvoe has been placed at times in the past. Select one to see a link to a map of that particular area.\nThis diagram shows the position of this parish within the county of Glamorgan - click on this to see a full size diagram of the county\nPlan of the parish of Wenvoe in the County of Glamorgan - on the People's Collection Wales site\nParish map (Kain/Oliver)\nYou can see maps centred on OS grid reference ST111720 (Lat/Lon: 51.439716, -3.280621), Wenvoe which are provided by:", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "ROSKOPF - Georges Frédéric, La Chaux de Fonds\nGeorges F. Roskopf (1813-1889) was born in Germany and became a naturalized Swiss.\nIn 1829 he went to La Chaux de Fonds and began training in commerce with F. MAIRET & SANDOZ who dealt in ironmongery and watch parts.\nIn 1833 he decided to become a watchmaker and went as an apprentice to J. BIBER in La Chaux de Fonds to learn watchmaking.\nFinanced by his wife, he then set up in business as an établisseur,\nthat is, a watch producer who bought the ebauche and all other parts of the\nwatch and assembled them. He made cylinder and lever watches for export to North\nAmerica and Belgium.\nThe watches were well made, the business was not profitable and in 1850 Roskopf sold it.\nIn 1851 he became joint manager of the La Chaux de Fonds branch of B. J. Guttman Frères of Wurzburg. They made English-type watches.\nIn 1855 Georges Roskopf set up in business with his son, Fritz Edouard, and Henri Gindraux as ROSKOPF, GINDRAUX & CO.\nAfter two years his son opened his own business in Geneva and Gindraux went\nto Neuchâtel to become Director of the Watchmaking School.\nRoskopf was an idealist who dreamed of making a good quality, cheap watch for working men. To accomplish this he used an old idea and reworked it, that of having the hands driven directly by the mainspring.\nIn 1860 he began to design such a watch which could be sold for 20 francs, and would still be of excellent quality, simple and solid. The watch had a large barrel in the center. a \"Perron\" pin lever escapement, and a monometallic balance. After discussions with Moritz J. Grossman he adopted the simple detached pin lever escapement.\nListing of the features for the new caliber:\n1 Escapement on a platform normally using a pin lever design but possible with a lever or cyinder escapement;\n2. No center wheel but a large barrel;\n3. Motion work to hands direct from the barrel arbor;\n4. Philippe free spring with no stopwork;\n5. Button wind but with handset by finger pressure.\nRoskopf met indifference and hostility among the watchmakers of the area who were still working as a home industry and who did not wish to make a watch such as he was offering. It is said, that in 1866 Roskopf ordered two boxes of ebauches from EMILE ROULET and asked GUSTAVE ROSSELET to make escapements; both refused to take his orders because of the novelty of the work. He finally succeeded in producing a watch in 1867, using ebauches and cases from the MALLERAY WATCH CO., and parts from many other makers, and having them assembled in Damprichard, Doubs, France, by M. Chatelain. The original order to MALLERAY was 2000. By the end of 1867 he was in business and by 1870 he had ordered 20,000 ebauches.\nRoskopf was granted US patent No. 75,463 10 Mar. 1868, for a changeable escapement for watches (this patent said that the escapement could be adapted for use with a cylinder or lever as well as a pin pallet). Roskopf patented his watch in France with French patent No. 80611 of 25 Mar. 1868 for a watch with a type of platform escapement. He patented his designs in several countries (Belgium, No. 21988, 3 Aug. 1867) but never in Switzerland, because Switzerland did not yet have a patenting system, and because the idea had been used there before his use of it.\nThrough the influence of the House of BREGUET in Paris, Roskopf was able to present his watch at the Universal Exhibition in Paris in 1868 and won a Bronze Medal. From then on BREGUET began to send him orders. Some movements were supplied to BOREL & COURVOISIER. Other orders poured in.\nThe Roskopf watch was exhibited at the Amsterdam Exhibition in 1869 and won a Silver Medal.\nIn 1870 Georges Roskopf introduced a second design with a setting mechanism; this watch cost 25 francs. In it he reduced the number of parts, simplified the escapement fitting, and introduced an improved winding. The escapement was assembled on its own adjustable platform. The watch was SW and pin-set. In his oversize barrel he arranged to use Adrien Philippe’s (Patek,Philippe) patent free mainspring without stopworks for which he paid a royalty on each watch.\nIn 1873 Roskopf handed over his business to WILLE FRERES and their associates, CH. LEON SCHMID.\nWhen Roskpof died in 1889 a number of firms claimed to be his ‚true successor‘\nBut WILLE FRERES actually had the rights on the firm.\nWILLE FRERES and VVE CH. L. SCHMID had been using Roskopf trade mark for years before G. F. Roskopf’s death, with his permission.\nBy this time the idea of the Roskopf-type watch was becoming popular in Switzerland and a number of Swiss companies began making ‚Roskopf‘ watches.\nIn order to be really cheap, the watch had to be machine-manufactured and not so well made.\nThese watches were pin-levers and did not have the platform escapement.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "An Overview of Redmond's History\nRedmond, Washington, sits in a fertile basin created by ancient glaciers that once covered much of the region. Thousands of years before the first fur trappers entered the area's dense forests, the Sammamish Valley's rich bottomland provided shelter and food for Native Americans who welcomed the newcomers of largely European descent. The abundant salmon in the Squak Slough, or Sammamish River, was so great that men were said to rake the fish from the water, and thus, the frontier settlement that eventually came to be called Redmond was first known as Salmonberg.\nIn 1871,Warren Wentworth Perrigo and the town's namesake, Captain Luke McRedmond, were the first pioneers to stake land claims on the north end of Lake Sammamish. The early homesteaders' greatest challenge was clearing the towering trees, which were of such enormous girth that available equipment was inadequate. While the immediate solution was a method of felling the giants by burning their trunks above the roots, the challenge itself soon led to Redmond's first economic boom. Loggers poured into the valley in the 1880s and, in 1890 near Issaquah, John Peterson built the first sawmill east of Lake Sammamish. Campbell Mill was built in 1905 at Campton, followed by other prosperous lumber and shingle operations whose substantial payrolls created a demand for products and services.\nSteamboats were the only practical transportation during Redmond's early years of few roads and thick forests. Chugging up and down the Sammamish River and crisscrossing the lake that feeds it, the flat-bottomed boats carried goods and passengers until 1916 when the Chittenden Locks opened, lowering local lakes and waterways by nine feet. In 1888, the year before Washington became a state, the Seattle Lake Shore & Eastern Railway came to this wilderness community, and with its arrival, the marketability of Redmond's timber was ensured.\nDuring its logging heydays, Redmond was a rollicking town of saloons, hotels, dance halls, movie theaters and eateries. The Redmond Trading Company was the community's first brick building in 1908, and soon other brick structures were erected, notably: Bill Brown's Garage, the Old Redmond Schoolhouse, the Brown Building, and the Redmond State Bank, whose largest depositors when it opened in 1911 were lumber mills. But as in other Western towns of the era, most buildings were wooden and, when ablaze, were especially vulnerable to complete devastation for lack of a public water system. Indeed, repeated and disastrous fires were the primary impetus for the stable community of 300 residents to become a fourth-class town in 1912. Incorporation allowed Redmond to tax its thriving saloons and finance a modern waterworks.\nFrederick A. Reil was the town's first mayor, and during his term Redmond bloomed. Many new buildings rose downtown and automobiles became a frequent sight on Main Street (Today's Leary Way). Four years ahead of the nation, Washington state in 1916 adopted Prohibition, which led to bootlegging operations within the town and many liquor stills in the woods surrounding it.\nAs aggressive logging destroyed virgin forests, the local timber industry quickly faded in the 1920s, and agriculture became the mainstay of Redmond's economy. On the hills and in the valleys once home to deer, bear and bobcats, farmers struggled to remove massive stumps – often with dynamite. They fenced their land for dairy cattle, built structures for chickens and mink, staked acres of berries, and planted profitable farms.\nThe population grew little during this period, with many young adults seeking jobs elsewhere during the Great Depression. A silver lining from that era was the community spirit that led to the Redmond Bike Derby – a fundraiser begun in 1939 to buy Christmas decorations for the town and school athletic gear. The nation's oldest, continuous bike race, the event itself grew to become Derby Days, Redmond's annual civic festival.\nFrom the early days of steamboats and horse-drawn stages, the natural progression of better roads and dependable transportation has facilitated Redmond's growth. The town's population was 503 in 1940 when the first Lake Washington floating bridge opened, commencing a slow, steady increase of residents. The completion of the Evergreen Point floating bridge in 1963 initiated vigorous residential growth, which like the logging boom of the 1880s, created a demand for local goods and services.\nSome land parcels were set aside as parks, the largest of which was Marymoor – formerly the Willowmoor Farm. Among its notable dwellers was Bellevue developer Kemper Freeman, Jr., who spent his childhood summers living and raising cattle there.\nRedmond's high-tech industrial growth began slowly in the 1960s, and by century's end helped push the population to 45,256. The first tech companies to locate here included United Control (1961), which made aircraft electronics. United Control was bought by Sunstrand, then by Allied Signal. This company is today owned by Honeywell Corporation. Rocket Research Company started operations in Redmond in 1968. Today named Aerojet Rocketdyne, its heritage includes manufacturing thrusters for NASA's Mars missions. Nintendo of America moved its corporate offices to Redmond in 1982, and Microsoft arrived in 1986. Along with smaller tech companies, those corporate giants brought an influx of workers, and their families, from other countries, making Redmond a much more diverse town than just a few decades earlier.\nOther major companies to locate in Redmond included Eddie Bauer (clothing), Genie Industries (lifting equipment), Physio-Control (medical devices) and Sundstrand (aircraft equipment maker later absorbed by Honeywell).\nRedmond continues to grow and evolve as a dynamic city. Today, its residents embrace the future with their long tradition of community pride, participation, and pioneer spirit.\nWritten in 2001 by Society co-founder Naomi Hardy. Updated in 2013 by Miguel Llanos and Rosemarie Ives.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Lot# 210 - Auction 227-233\nNapoleonic Occupation 1799 (Oct 5 / 14 Brumaire): Entire letter with 'Armée D'Orient' printed 'Liberté Egalité' letter-head, mailed to an Officer on Reynier's Staff within occupied Cairo from 'Gaston, Agent en Chef des Hôpitaux Militaires'. Fresh and fine, a scarce entire. Signed Pothion, Todd AIEP.rnrnNote: General Jean Reynier (1771-1814) commanded a division at the Battle of the Pyramids, the Siege of El Arish and the Siege of Acre.\nStarting bid :\nHammer price : 320 CHF\nE-mail notification for pdf download", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Cross for War service with makers marking of AD.B.L. in a circle in the center of the rear of the medal. Obverse has relief dates 1914-1918.\nMar 26, 2019\nGermany WW1 War merit cross with swords – AD.B.L. in CircleWritten by anguspm\nCollector of WW2 German medals and badges with a focus on the combat badges. Also any British medals to Macleod or Mcleod", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Harper Macleod Partner Jennifer Jack was part of the team which represented Historic Environment Scotland in the public inquiry which upheld the refusal of planning applications to turn Edinburgh's former Royal High School into a hotel.\nScottish Ministers have today (27 October) issued their decisions on the four planning and listed building consent appeals in relation to the proposed redevelopment.\nThe former Royal High School is a category A listed building of international importance. It is prominently sited on the southern slope of Calton Hill, which is included in the national Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes. The site is within the Old and New Towns of Edinburgh World Heritage Site, and the New Town Conservation Area.\nPlans for two separate schemes for the redevelopment of the former school as a luxury hotel were submitted by Duddingston House Properties and Urbanist Hotels to the City of Edinburgh Council. Each of the proposed developments would have involved internal and external alterations to the principal former Royal High School building and pavilions (referred to as the Hamilton building, after its architect Thomas Hamilton), the addition of two large extensions and the demolition of ancillary buildings.\nThe Council refused the applications and developers appealed. The Scottish Ministers directed that they would determine the appeals because they raised issues of national importance in terms of potential impacts on the historic environment, including the Old and New Towns of Edinburgh World Heritage Site, and in relation to potential economic and tourism benefits. The appeals were considered by means of public inquiry and hearing sessions, which took place between 18 September and 23 October 2018.\nProtection of Edinburgh's historic environment\nJennifer Jack of Harper Macleod LLP and Marcus McKay of Ampersand Advocates represented Historic Environment Scotland throughout the Inquiry process. Historic Environment Scotland, a statutory consultee in the planning process, opposed the proposals for development because it did not consider it possible to deliver a hotel of the scale proposed in terms of either scheme on this site without unacceptable harm to the historic environment.\nThe main issues in the appeals were:\n- impacts of the proposals on the listed building, the conservation area, the World Heritage Site and on other heritage assets;\n- townscape and visual impacts;\n- impact on residential amenity;\n- impacts on tourism and the economy; and\n- whether any other material considerations point towards approval or refusal of planning permission.\nScottish Ministers agreed with the evidence of Historic Environment Scotland that the site of the Royal High School is located at one of the most visible and marked juxtapositions between the Old and the New Town, at the junction of the two Conservation Areas, that the former Royal High School is a key building within the World Heritage Site and is one of the finest public and commercial monuments of the neo-classical revival in Europe.\nMinisters also agreed with Historic Environment Scotland that the proposed development would result in considerable damage to the setting of one of the most important neo-classical buildings in the city, removing its current prominence and domination of its carefully conceived and planned site, reducing it to a subordinate structure set between the new hotel wings which would become dominant features of Calton Hill’s southern slope.\nScottish Ministers considered that the proposed development would cause harm to the qualities which justified the inscription of the World Heritage Site and was contrary to various policies within the Edinburgh Local Development Plan.\nHaving considered the recommendations within the report of the two Reporters appointed to hear the evidence presented to them, Scottish Ministers have dismissed the appeals and refused permission for the development that had been proposed.\nWhat next for the Royal High School?\nThis was a high-profile and hard-fought battle over the future of this building and its place in Edinburgh's historic environment. Another proposal for redevelopment, as a music school, has already been granted planning permission but cannot be developed at present due to contractual constraints, so what the future holds for Edinburgh's former Royal High School is yet unknown.\nWe're here to help\nOur team regularly advises clients on public, regulatory and constitutional law issues, and has an outstanding record of success in winning cases for government bodies, regulators and individuals, in court and at public inquiries.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Gertrude L. Thebaud\nGertrude L. Thebaud rounding Eastern Point\n|Name:||Gertrude L. Thebaud|\n|Port of registry:||Gloucester, Massachusetts|\n|Builder:||Arthur D. Story|\n|Launched:||17 March 1930|\n|Beam:||7.2 m (23 ft 7 in)|\n|Draft:||4.5 m (14 ft 9 in)|\n|Propulsion:||Sails. 1 × 180 hp (130 kW) Fairbanks Morris diesel engine|\n|Sail area||720 m2 (7,800 sq ft)|\nGertrude L. Thebaud was an American fishing and racing schooner built and launched in Essex, Massachusetts in 1930. A celebrated racing competitor of the Canadian Bluenose, it was designed by Frank Paine and built by Arthur D. Story for Louis A. Thebaud, and named for his wife, Gertrude Thebaud. In their first meeting at Gloucester, Massachusetts in October 1930, Gertrude L. Thebaud bested Bluenose 2-0 to win the Sir Thomas Lipton International Fishing Challenge Cup. However, in 1931, two races to none, and again in 1938, three races to two, Bluenose defeated Gertrude L. Thebaud to remain the undefeated holder of the International Fisherman's Trophy. During World War II, the schooner saw service with the United States Coast Guard. The vessel sank in 1948 off the coast of Venezuela.\nIn 1930 Gloucester, Massachusetts was celebrating its 300th anniversary and wanted to hold a schooner race off its shores as one of the events. A challenge was sent to Bluenose to race Gertude L. Thebaud in a series of races for the newly established Sir Thomas Lipton International Fishing Challenge Cup. The captain of Bluenose, Angus Walters, accepted the challenge. Gertude L. Thebaud was to be captained by Ben Pine, the former master of Columbia, the fishing schooner that had tied Bluenose in the last International Fisherman's Trophy race. In the first race, Gertude L. Thebaud, finished ahead of Bluenose by 15 minutes. The second race was controversial, as it was called off twice when Bluenose was in the lead. The third attempt saw Gertude L. Thebaud defeat the Canadian schooner by eight minutes. The Americans won the Lipton Cup and handed the Canadian schooner its first defeat in competitive racing.\nWith Bluenose's loss, the Americans saw their chance at returning the International Fisherman's Trophy to the United States. They issued a challenge for the trophy to Bluenose in a series of races to be sailed off Halifax, Nova Scotia in October 1931. The first race, which Bluenose won, ran overlong and did not count. The second attempt saw Bluenose win again, by 32 minutes. The second race was won by Bluenose again, this time by only 12 minutes, keeping the International Fisherman's Trophy in Canadian hands.\nIn 1933, Gertrude L. Thebaud was invited to the World Fair in Chicago, Illinois. There, along with Bluenose, the vessel welcomed aboard visitors. The schooner returned to Gloucester that year with renewed interest in a rematch with Bluenose. In 1937, a challenge was sent to Bluenose to race for the International Fisherman's Trophy. However, the Canadian ship was no longer a pure sailing ship as the vessel had a diesel engine installed in 1936 and her owners did not have the financial ability to return her to that state. American investors offset some of the costs and Bluenose sailed for Massachusetts in 1938.\nThe 1938 competition for the International Fisherman's Trophy between Gertrude L. Thebaud and Bluenose was different than previous versions. The competition was a best-of-five instead of a best-of-three and all the races would be sailed off Massachusetts. The first race, sailed off Boston on 9 October 1938 was won by Gertrude L. Thebaud. The second race, sailed off Gloucester, was won by Bluenose. However, controversy over Bluenose's ballast and waterline length led the Canadians to perform modifications to their ship before the next race could be sailed.\nThe third race, sailed off Gloucester, was won by Bluenose by more than six minutes. During the fourth race off Boston, Bluenose suffered a 12-meter (39 ft) tear in its sail and the vessel's fore topmast snapped, slowing the ship considerably. Gertude L. Thebaud won the fourth race, setting up the winner-takes-all fifth race off Gloucester. Gertude L. Thebaud lost the fifth race and the cup to Bluenose. This was the last race between North Atlantic sail-driven fishing schooners.\nDuring World War II, the schooner was commissioned into the United States Coast Guard on 24 December 1942 with the hull identification number WPYc 386. After brief service, the vessel was decommissioned on 10 February 1944 and returned to its owners. Gertude L. Thebaud saw continued service as a fishing vessel until 6 February 1948, when the schooner sank off the coast of La Guaira, Venezuela.\n- Robbins, James (9 October 1930). \"Schooner Race Stirs Gloucester\". New York Times.\n- \"L.A. Thebaud Dies; Philanthropist, 79\". The New York Times. 3 April 1939.\n- Robbins, James (19 October 1930). \"Thebaud wins cup by second victory\". New York Times.\n- \"Bluenose Retains Fishermen's Trophy by Beating Thebaud in Deciding Race\". New York Times. 27 October 1938.\n- Robinson, pp. 54–55\n- Robinson, pp. 50, 55\n- Robinson, pp. 55–56\n- Robinson, pp. 56–57\n- Robinson, pp. 64–65\n- Robinson, p. 66\n- Robinson, pp. 67–68\n- Robinson, p. 68\n- Silverstone, p. 361\n- Robinson, p. 71\n- Robinson, Ernest Fraser (1998). The Saga of the Bluenose. St. Catharines, Ontario: Vanwell Publishing. ISBN 1-55125-009-8.\n- Silverstone, Paul H. (2008). The Navy of World War II 1922–1947. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-97898-9.\n- Story, Dana, Growing up in a shipyard: reminiscences of a shipbuilding life in Essex, Massachusetts, Mystic Seaport Museum, 1991", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Seljuk Han of Anatolia\nCOGUL CAVLI HAN\nphoto by Ibrahim Divarci, used by permissio\nKarpuz, Anadolu Selçuklu Eserleri (2008) v. 1. p. 400\nThe Çoğulhan is located 14 km from Afşin, in the Cumhuriyet neighborhood of the town of Çoğul, on Höyük Street, right next to the massive power station located in the town. Several houses have been built around it and many of its stones were removed for other construction projects.\nKahramanmaraş was an important town of the Anatolian Seljuks, due to its geographical position and location at a very strategic point of Anatolia. Researchers believe that there were many architectural works built by the Seljuks here, but all have been destroyed. However, there are several hans which remain, including this one, the Kuru, Coğul, Kurttepe, Sevdilli, Nurhak, Çevirme, Kamereddin and Hanobaşi hans. This han is not far from the important han at the holy site of Eshab- Keyf.\nThe Kayseri-Elbistan-Aleppo Route was an important route in the Seljuk era. From the Sivas and Kayseri connection, routes led south to the Mesopotamian region through Malatya and Elbistan, which was the road taken by the Mamluk Baybars when he invaded Anatolia in 1256. The first destination after exiting Kayseri was the Ispile Han, of which only a few ruined sections remain. The next station was the Karatay Han. The road generally followed the river beds and passed through rugged terrain before arriving at the Yabanlu Bazaar, the trade fair market forum since the days of the Assyrian trade colonies Period. The road continued on, passing by the Kuru Han 2, the Çoğul and the Afşin Hans. The next station was the Kuru Han. The road continued towards the Hurman Castle from here. The next station on the road heading towards Elbistan was the Kuru Han 2. There was also a mountain pass (derbent) located near this han. The road arrived at the Çoğul Han and bifurcated, wıth one branch leading to Elbistan and the other to Afşin. Elbistan was a frontier town which served as a gateway to the region. Because of its key location, the Seljuks had taken certain precautions to both protect the city and to control access to it. One of these measures was the construction of a mountain pass (derbent) in the settlement formerly known as Akça Derbent. The next station was the Zilli Han. The road then split towards the east, connected to Malatya through Nurhak and then the road split again towards the south to arrive at Aleppo via Gaziantep.\nThe Çoğul Han was built by the Elbistan governor Mubariziddin Çavli between 1212-1240.\nAccording to historic sources, the benefactor of the han is the Seljuk emir Nizameddin Çavli, who also founded other charitable establishments in the Afşin-Elbistan region. Çavli served as the head military officer in Sivas during under many sultans: Sultan Giyaseddin Keyhüsrev I (r. 1204-1211), Izzeddin Keykavus I (r. 1211-1220), Alaeddin Keykubad (r. 1220-1237), Giyaseddin Keyhüsrev II (r. 1237-1246) and finally, Izzeddin Keykavüz II (r. 1246-57). Kadi Muhyiddin Ibnü Abduzzahir, the clerk of Baybars who documented his military expedition to Anatolia, mentions the Çavli Han in Afşin which was built by Nizameddin Çavli, so the han had to have been built before 1277.\nCovered section with an open courtyard (COC)\nAccording to the traces still in place, it is believed that this han had a covered section and open courtyard plan. The covered section was believed to have been covered by a barrel vault. It is also believed to have been quite a considerable size, comparable to the Karatay Han. The walls are 1.20m thick.\nAfter this road fell out of use, the han was left deserted and fell into ruins byt he 1940s. The villagers scavenged its stones to build their homes. Only part of one wall remains. It is also known as the Afşin-Coğul han.\nBilici, Z. Kenan. Anadolu Selçuklu Çaği Mirası. Mimarı = Heritage of Anatolian Seljuk Era. Architecture. 3 vols. Ankara: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı: Selçuklu Belediyesi, 2016, vol. 2, p. 103.\nErdmann, Kurt. Das Anatolische Karavansaray des 13. Jahrhunderts, 1961. Vol. 1., no. 82.\nKarpuz, H. & Kuş, A. & Dıvarcı, I. & Şimşek, F. Anadolu Selçuklu Eserleri, 2008, v. 1. p. 400.\nÖzkarcı, Mehmet. Kahramanmaraşta Selçuklu Mimarisine Bakiş, Uluslararasi Selçuklu Döneminde Maraş Sempozunu, 17-19 November, 2016, pp. 14-53.\nÖzergin, M. Kemal. \"Anadolu'da Selcuklu Kervansaraylari\", Tarih Dergisi, XV/20, 1965, p. 147, n. 19.\n©2001-2023, Katharine Branning; All Rights Reserved.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The world’s biggest beer festival arrives at Beers of Europe. Oktoberfest beers arrive early to Beers of Europe.\nFrom Munich, Germany to Norfolk, England…\nEvery year, 6 million people flock to the fields outside Munich to enjoy the world’s biggest beer festival Oktoberfest, which was first held in 1810 to celebrate the marriage of Prince Ludwig and Princess Therese. Munich’s most popular breweries produce a special Oktoberfest beer for the event which is scarcely available in the UK.\nWhilst the festival doesn’t start until the 21st of September, the beers have already arrived at Beers of Europe, Britain’s Biggest Online Beer Retailer, making them the first place in the country to stock the sought-after Munich beers. Even more, we are holding our 1st very own Oktoberfest in partnership with our taproom next door, The Warehouse Taproom Bar & Restaurant. Debuting on the Oktoberfest UK scene, with its own interpretation of authentic German food, entertainment and of course beer. The Oktoberfest will take place over the 23rd & 24th of September with tickets available now on our website, costing £20, which includes entrance, food and pretzel. www.thewarehousetaproom.co.uk\nSpeaking just after the Oktoberfest beers arrived this morning at their warehouse in Setchey, just outside King’s Lynn, Marketing Manager Amanda Waterfield said:\n“Going to the Oktoberfest festival is a fantastic experience, but if you can’t make the journey, Beers of Europe gives you the next best thing. Oktoberfest beers delivered straight to you. Taste and buy the official Oktoberfest beers from the first place to stock it in the UK. Nowhere else in the country have the Oktoberfest beers been delivered earlier than Beers of Europe and that is a credit to the great relationship we have built over the years with our suppliers. We pride ourselves in being able to deliver across the country in a quick fashion making sure our customers get a taste before anyone else – It’s a win! win! plenty of happy beer-drinkers!”.\nBeers of Europe have the Oktoberfest beers from five of the six biggest Munich breweries, Hacker-Pschorr, Hofbräuhaus, Löwenbräu, Paulaner and Spaten. The beers will be available in several formats, including a mixed 12 box, a mixed 24 box, 2 bottles with a stein as well as on their own. The beers are seasonal and will likely only be in stock until December. The sheer amount of customer requests for the return of Oktoberfest is the driving force for its prompt arrival and Beers of Europe looks forward to a successful festival season.\nHolding the title as Britain’s biggest online beer shop and one of the best value and most knowledgeable wholesale alcohol suppliers in the UK. Beers of Europe is a family run business based in Setchey, just outside King’s Lynn. Since 2000, the Clark family has built up a range of over 5000 products, including beers, ciders, wines, spirits and much more from all over the world. If you don’t have the chance to visit the shop in person, then you can view all things Oktoberfest, as well as the entire range of weird and wonderful products online or try them from our restaurant next door, The Warehouse Taproom Bar and Restaraunt.\nEven more exciting News! Our next door business, The Warehouse Taproom Bar & Restaurant, is debuting on the Oktoberfest UK scene, with its own interpretation of authentic German food, entertainment and of course beer. The Oktoberfest will take place over the 23rd & 24th of September with tickets available now, costing £20, which includes entrance, food and pretzel.\nAbout the Oktoberfest Beers:\nHackerbrau had been brewing since the 14th century with limited success but became a joint venture further down the line in 1793 when Joseph Pschorr married into the Hacker family. His expertise helped put the joint venture of Hacker-Pschorr at the centre of the city’s business scene. By 1820, Hacker-Pschorr was widely considered the best Brewery in Munich, ahead of its other big city rivals. Just 14 years later in 1834, Joseph handed the company to his two sons, George and Matthais, who ran the two sides of the business Pschorr and Hacker respectively. The sons divided the company into two separate wings and both of them prospered individually. This could have been the end of the Hacker-Pschorr company was it not for tragedy. In 1944, a bombing raid by the allies destroyed the Pschorr brewery, effectively ruining the company. However, Hacker offered to let Pschorr brew at their brewery twice a week until the repairs on their factory were completed. Blood proved to be thicker than water as the two breweries joined together again in 1972 to become Hacker-Pschorr Brau once again. Today the company is owned by Paulaner but still operates independently.\nHacker-Pschorr has played a massive part at Oktoberfest. Joseph Pschorr was personally commissioned to brew a commemorative beverage for the event. However with the split of the brewery in the city, there was a split in the brewery at Oktoberfest too and even today there are separate tents for Hacker and Pschorr, both selling the Munchen classic Hacker Pschorr Oktoberfest Marzen. The Hacker-tent and Pschorr Braurosl are two of the largest tents at the festival, both built by tradition, serving excellent food and beer to the sound of music, and yodelling, naturally.\nThis is a darker brew than the others, appearing a dark yellow/ amber in colour with a lacing white head. The aroma brings sweet malts to the attention with subtle caramel and butter tones developing. It has a moderately sweet flavour with the caramel further on display with a scent of lighter notes, almost honey-like. Its soft carbonation makes for a smooth finish and the final product cements its place as a big six brewer in Munich and a fiercely popular Oktoberfest beer across the world.\nIt is difficult to pinpoint the exact date that Lowenbrau began its journey, but the earliest documented reference to an Inn called ‘Zur Lowen’ showed that beer was being brewed at 17 Löwenbruge Straße back in 1383. As was standard practice back then, the Landlord brewed his own beer, and it is from this place and time that the brewery grew from strength to strength to the global powerhouse it is today. 1746 is the first mention of Lowenbrau in the Munich tax records as a brewery and a move to a larger residence in 1851 paved the way for Lowenbrau and its famous Lion logo to produce a quarter of the entire city’s output just twelve years later in 1863. The brewery was destroyed in 1945 by an air raid carried out by the Allies. Once rebuilt, it began to distribute internationally to be known as one of the big six Munich breweries, with their beers backing up such a prestigious title.\nHaving demonstrated superiority in brewing by upholding the 1516 German Purity Laws, they know how to brew good beer, and their Oktoberfest is no different. Since 1810 Lowenbrau has provided the citizens of Munchen with their annual special to celebrate the world famous festival. It is a limited edition brew that is only produced in Germany, not under license abroad, which guarantees its rarity along with its quality. Sponsoring two tents at the festival, their presence is made clear with a 4.5 metre tall Lion on the building that roars the brewery name.\nAt 6%, this is a stronger brew than Lowenbrau Original, and appears a pale yellow in colour with a white head. Sweet malts on the nose with notes of caramel and grain complete the aroma. This medium bodied beer has a malt taste with a hint of hop bitterness as well as mild spice flavours. The strength of the brew ensures lasting warmth in the finish. Served slightly chilled in a Stein glass if possible, but you do not need to go out of your way and get a German pretzel to enjoy this easy drinking beverage, it is refreshing and satisfies just on its own.\nThe first official record of Paulaner is not your traditional story about its rise to grace, but instead is a letter, more specifically a complaint to the Munich town council in 1634. Paulaner did not start off life as a brewery, but as a way of life, helping Monks at the ‘Neudeck ob der Au Monastery’ get through their period of Lent. The beer that they brewed, strong and dark became known as Salvator, and any they had going spare went straight to the poor of the city, or the Monasteries tavern. The breweries in the area were complaining about Paulaner supplying free beer to the local citizens, therefore putting dents in private breweries profits. It wasn’t until 1773 that Paulaner recruited Valentin Stephan Still as a Brewmaster at the Monastery, and his innovation led Paulaner on a path for greatness, becoming the largest producer by the end of the century. It was then bought by Franz Xaver Zacherl in 1806, who expanded the brewery and lends his name to it in the present day. Its continued growth throughout the next two decades as well as its modern brewing techniques bringing old recipes to life makes Paulaner a stand out performer on the brewing stage. An instantly recognisable brand and a loyal following ensures its position as a big six brewer in Munich and with the largest brewery of the six at that.\nIn 1815 it makes its first appearance at the world’s largest beer festival, Oktoberfest. Its growth over time at the festival has led to it having three large tents exclusively serving Paulaner, these are the ‘Festzelt Winzerer Fähndl’, ‘Armbrustschützen-Festhalle’ and the ‘Käfer’s Wies’n-Schänke’. The largest of the three, the Paulaner Winzerer Fähndl is one of the most popular beer tents at the event and it is well recognisable from the Giant tower outside the tent with a revolving stein of Paulaner on the top that has a supposed capacity of 42,300litres.\nThe Paulaner Oktoberfest beer pours yellow in colour with a decent head. A sweet aroma from the hops is evident on the nose with tones of caramel and malt. The taste is that of grains with the sweetness of the malt balancing out the slight hop bitterness, which is more apparent in the lengthy finish. Nothing better defines Oktoberfest more than beer, and nothing better defines beer than a bottle of Paulaner. To be thoroughly enjoyed with traditional Bavarian food or perfect on its own.\nSpaten was first founded in 14th century, with the Munich Tax bill of 1397 registering a brewer by the name of Herr Spaeth on the property of ‘Welser Prew’ brewing his own Oberspathbräu. The building would go on to play a massive part in Spaten’s history, outliving many Brewery owners during the 15th century. It then ran under the ownership of several different families across the next few centuries, the Stamberger Family 1522-1622, the Spatt Family 1622- 1704 (The family that gave their name to the brewery we know today) and the Siessmayr Family 1704-1807. Whilst the business was kept alive and well, it never truly prospered until it entered the hands of one of Munich’s most famous brewing families, the Sedlmayrs. Gabriel Sedlmayr was the master brewer to the Royal court of Bavaria and bought Spaten, then the smallest brewery in Munich, with ambitious plans to turn it to greatness. His death in 1837 brought an end to his reign, but his sons promptly took over with aspirations of their own. Gabriel’s son Joseph soon left to own the Leist-Franziskaner brewery, whilst the other son, also called Gabriel, ran the Spaten brewery. Come 1867, Spaten is the largest brewery in Munich, a title it retained until the 1890s. The 20th century brought Spaten and Leist-Franziskaner (Both still owned by the Sedlmayr family) together to form a joint stock family. Later on in 1997, celebrating its 600th anniversary, Spaten merges with Lowenbrau, but both still stand independent with their products and brand.\nSpaten has played a pivotal part in Oktoberfest over the years, being the first of the big six to brew an amber Marzen style beer, thus birthing the idea of brewing a special beer specifically for the festival. More recently, since 1950, the Mayor of Munich has personally tapped the first keg of beer in the Schottenhamel tent, which marks the beginning of Oktoberfest. The onlookers and citizens of Munich judge the Mayor on his ability to strike the cask as they see it as a good judge of character and whether he is a good fit to his role as Mayor.\nSpaten Oktoberfest pours a yellow colour and has a decent, long lasting white head. The aroma highlights the malts in the beer, with toasted grains as well as hops also lurking. The flavour of the Marzen beverage is sweet with a bitter taste and a few mild spice notes, followed by a hoppy finish. To be served in traditional Stein glass with a hearty dish but just as perfect on its own. An authentic tasting Oktoberfest beer that oozes history as well as quality.\nHofbrauhas is the smallest brewery at the Oktoberfest and one with the shortest Oktoberfest history. Hofbrau brewery has been around since 1589 but, wasn’t sold before at the Oktoberfest before 1950.\nFor a long time, Munich’s court society wasn’t a big fan of the local brews at all, which lead to regular imports of beer from North Germany, especially from Einbeck, where brewers would produce an extraordinarily strong beer for special occasions to make it exportable. The imported beer was expensive, which lead to Duke Wilhelm V of Bavaria (1548-1626) to founding his own brewery at Burg Trausnitz in Landshut, where he grew up.\nAfter moving to Munich, he also wanted to have his court supplied with local beer there and opened the ducal court brewery (Herzogliches Hofbräuhaus) at the Alter Hof (old court) on September 27 1589. Soon, its brown beer (Braunbier) was also sold publicly. The desire for the good beer from Einbeck, however, was at least as strong as the beer itself. Consequently, in 1612 a brew master from Einbeck, Elias Pichler, was recruited to produce “Ainpöckisch Bier” in Munich. Its name was bavarified to “Oanbock” in Munich and later abbreviated to Bock. This seasonal Starkbier (strong beer) is still brewed today by Hofbräuhaus and sold as “Maibock” in May.\nToday, Hofbräu isn’t specifically known for its Weißbier, although the history of Weißbier in Bavaria is closely tied to the Hofbräuhaus. The production of this beer style, which originates in Bohemia, was prohibited in Bavaria after the purity law of 1516, as wheat was exclusively reserved to be used for making bread. Only two noble families from Lower Bavaria kept the right to brew Weißbier. Duke Maximilian I transformed the ban into a profitable state monopoly and recruited the first Weißbier master for the Hofbräuhaus in 1602. At first, both brown and white beer were produced in the brewery of Alter Hof, but only five years later, the production of the popular Weißbier moved into the new “Weißes Hofbräuhaus” (White Court Brewery) at Platzl. The old brown brewery merged with the white one in 1808.\nThe Hofbräuhaus is today mainly known for the legendary restaurant at Platzl, which was established by King Ludwig I in 1828. Before that, only the Maibock was served to the public there in May. In 1896, the brewery had to move a second time, as it became larger and larger, without having sufficient space for expansion at Platzl. Its new location at Wiener Platz, which already had a storage cellar at that time, remained the home of the brewery until April 6 1987, when a fire destroyed it. Today, the brewery resides in the outskirts, in Riem, while the restaurant Hofbräukeller is still present at Wiener Platz.\nThe first time, Hofbräu beer has been served at Oktoberfest, was in 1950 in the Schottenhamel-Festhalle. This was only due to a dispute, in which the Schottenhamels didn’t agree on a bee price with Spaten. Since 1952, Hofbräu has its own tent.\nFor a WeTransfer of more images please contact –\nNEWS RELEASE: ISSUED ON BEHALF OF BEERS OF EUROPE\nNotes to Editors:\nThe Warehouse Taproom Bar & Restaurant opened May 2021 and is a family run business located in Setchey, Nr Kings Lynn, Norfolk, PE33 0BE. The restaurant is situated in a converted warehouse and offers a warm and inviting environment with a friendly atmosphere and excellent service. With the very best of traditional and modern British cuisine which includes a fresh menu which is regularly updated using the finest seasonal ingredients from local suppliers where possible. We pride ourselves on having the best bar in East Anglia with an extensive drinks menu, with the beers, wines and spirits on offer also available for purchase from our shop next door, Beers of Europe (the largest selection of specialist beers, wines and spirits in Europe).\nPress release from Beers of Europe.\nFor further information, please contact Amanda Waterfield via email@example.com, 01553 812000 or 07841 384085.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- Who was the first to establish colonies in the Caribbean?\n- Which country was the first to colonies?\n- What countries created colonies throughout the Caribbean?\n- Who first lived in the Caribbean?\n- When did the first African slaves arrive in the Caribbean?\n- Where did the first settlers of the Caribbean come from?\n- When did Columbus come to the Caribbean islands?\n- Which is the first country in the Caribbean to gain independence?\n- Where was the first colony of the British Empire founded?\nWho was the first to establish colonies in the Caribbean?\nThe first proper European settlement in the Caribbean began when Nicolás de Ovando, a faithful soldier from western Spain, settled about 2,500 Spanish colonists in eastern Hispaniola in 1502.\nWhich country was the first to colonies?\nThe three main countries in the first wave of European colonialism were Portugal, Spain and the early Ottoman Empire.\nWhat countries created colonies throughout the Caribbean?\nThe four main colonial powers in the Caribbean were the Spanish, English, Dutch, and French. Other countries that held possession of various islands at different times were Portugal, Sweden, and Denmark.\nWho first lived in the Caribbean?\nThe Taíno were an Arawak people who were the indigenous people of the Caribbean and Florida. At the time of European contact in the late 15th century, they were the principal inhabitants of most of Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (the Dominican Republic and Haiti), and Puerto Rico.\nWhen did the first African slaves arrive in the Caribbean?\nChristopher Columbus likely transported the first Africans to the Americas in the late 1490s on his expeditions to the island of Hispaniola, now Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Their exact status, whether free or enslaved, remains disputed.\nWhere did the first settlers of the Caribbean come from?\nBeginning in the 1620s and 1630s, non-Hispanic privateers, traders, and settlers established permanent colonies and trading posts on islands neglected by Spain. Such colonies spread throughout the Caribbean, from the Bahamas in the North West to Tobago in the South East.\nWhen did Columbus come to the Caribbean islands?\nColumbus arrived in the Bahamas in 1492. The Spanish conquest of the islands of the Caribbean region constituted the first stage in a process of conquest and colonization in the Americas that lasted more than 300 years, and whose effects remain readily apparent to the present day.\nWhich is the first country in the Caribbean to gain independence?\nThe following former British Caribbean island colonies achieved independence in their own right; Jamaica (1962), Trinidad & Tobago (1962), Barbados (1966), Bahamas (1973), Grenada (1974), Dominica (1978), St. Lucia (1979), St. Vincent (1979), Antigua & Barbuda (1981), St. Kitts & Nevis (1983).\nWhere was the first colony of the British Empire founded?\nThe first colonies of the British Empire were founded in North America (Virginia, 1607) and the West Indies (Barbados, 1625). In 1655 Jamaica was secured. British slave traders started supplying African slaves to the British colonies to work on plantations.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "One of my now-and-then reveries is attending a year 4010 seminar in the far-far-future. A learned professor is lecturing with exhibits on what he calls “probably the most strange of all mass delusions of the Age of Oil.” He continues speaking: “In looking for other parallels in ancient history, we have serious difficulties finding any that measure up—unless it is the equally strange custom of the prehistoric Incas who sacrificed humans on top of admirably constructed (for their time) pyramids. In their case, however, and in other instances of human sacrifice, we at least detect a plausibly rational explanation, thus possibly overpopulation. But the amazingly vast expenditures in the Age of Oil on a practice they called Advertising, which was the continuous and most artfully executed display of objects and concepts of all kinds—for no detectable reason—given that these times, due to oil wealth, were already overwhelmed by both, objects and concepts—presents an almost impenetrable mystery to our modern minds.”\nThe image is courtesy of Macy’s 2010 advertising campaign here.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Pakistan has for most of its history been ruled by its powerful military. This has been both direct and indirect. However, Its interference in Pakistan’s politics has pushed the country to the brink of an all-swallowing disaster on many occasions. Yet there are no lessons learned, and neither will any lessons be learned before the country is blown into smithereens.\nAs the British were planning to quit India, they left the Indian subcontinent divided between two states, India and Pakistan. However, Pakistan soon became a state with the military becoming overly involved in politics, while India emerged as the largest democracy in the world. This is astonishingly contrasting for countries with shared cultural and linguistic features.\nAfter years of non-constitutionalism and multiple crises, Pakistan got its first constitution in 1956, but it was soon to be thrown out. Pakistan got its first martial law in 1958, only after two years of constitutional rule. The martial law brought in General Ayub Khan as an all powerful man to the helm of the country, at the same time tossing the country’s first constitution into the dustbin of history. His era was marked with intrigues, which later on led to the dismemberment of Pakistan and the creation of Bangladesh.\nIt was during his rule that for the first time seeds of religious fundamentalism were sown. This, he did to gain ascendancy in an election over the sister of the country’s founding father, Fatima Jinnah. In contrast to the popular narrative that his era was marked with economic prosperity, his era, however, was the one that ushered in inequalities and led to the rise of 20 families who were known for controlling the country’s resources. Moreover, the list of the woes faced by the citizens in the first direct military rule is quite long.\nSubsequent military rules further aggravated the country. Hopes of the return of democracy with the ouster of General Ayub Khan from the realm of power were shattered once again when General Yahya Khan proclaimed the second martial law in 1969. The second martial law came also with its set of disasters for Pakistan. This included the abrogation of the country’s second constitution, which was enforced in 1962.\nHowever, the military coups didn’t stop with the one General Yahya Khan engineered. The country had to face a military coup that would have a lasting impact on it for the rest of its history. It was the 1977 coup which brought General Zia-ul-Haq into power. However, it didn’t do away with the new constitution, but proved to be the most disastrous coup of the country’s entire history.\nThe so-called Afghan Jihad, which has been haunting not only Afghanistan but also Pakistan till date, was the work of General Zia-ul-Haq . Moreover, he enforced several conservative laws—the core of his Islamisation scheme—which promoted religious extremism in the country. In addition, the country’s sectarian divide can also be attributed to General Zia. Moreover, his policies radicalised the Pakistani society.\nConsequently, the 1999 military coup helped General Pervez Musharraf in wielding absolute power and ruling as a military strongman with no tolerance for the dissenting voices. The Musharraf regime proved like all the preceding military regimes as a destructive one for Pakistan. Although the Balochs were treated no better before, the Musharraf regime excelled every other military and civilian dispensation before in inflicting atrocities on the Balochs. His involvement in the assassination of Nawab Akbar Bugti cannot be doubted.\nMoreover, the anti Baloch policies of the Musharraf era are behind the modern day Baloch insurgency. In addition to this, General Musharraf allied himself with the US in its never-ending war on terror, which costed Pakistan heavily both in lives lost and material.\nHowever, the Pakistani military involvement in politics has not only been overt, but it has constantly pulled strings from behind the curtain as well. In its bid to forge a hybrid regime and run the country in a subtle way according to its own taste and wishes, the Pakistani military under the leadership of General Qamar Javed Bajwa propped up Imran Khan.\nThis setup was to prove disastrous as well, ending in a vortex of crises. There grew differences between the army chief and Imran Khan along the way, which culminated in a deep-seated loathing for each other and the forced ouster of Imran Khan from power.\nConclusively, these experimentations have cost the nation a lot. The country is now in a deep economic chaos with no sign of the tide’s ebbing in sight while political instability is constantly knocking at the country’s foundations. Worrying speculations are also pouring in of the country defaulting. These are the outcomes of the military’s involvement in the country’s politics. The outgoing army chief left this mess behind, with the nation’s hopes pinned on the new army chief, General Asim Munir, to act as a saviour.\nHowever, the new army chief will not be any different from the previous ones, as history suggests. The military should rather be restricted to the barracks and barred from any interference in politics, while hopes should be pinned on the politicians, not the army chief.\nOsama Ahmad is an Islamabad based researcher. He tweets at @OsamaAhmad432", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "BUY A BRICK\nDid you know that you can have an engraved brick placed at the battlefield?\nIn 2013, the first monument to be placed at the battlefield in 100 years was dedicated at our 250th Anniversary. The beautifully landscaped monument area features a brick patio that offers individuals/businesses the opportunity to honor someone with a personalized engraved brick.\nDo you want to buy your brick online? Visit the Edge Hill Gift Shop.\nHave questions? Contact the Heritage Society Office at 724-527-5584 or firstname.lastname@example.org with any questions you have!\nAll orders are tax-deductible.\nPlease read all information in the Google Form in the link below.\nClick on the link below for a brick form.\nWe’ll occasionally send information about our upcoming events and programs.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Akula was a submarine built for the Imperial Russian Navy. Akula saw service during World War I and sank in November 1915 after hitting a naval mine.\nInitially the boat was to use petrol engines but these were replaced by safer diesels. The boat's design was a single hull/ saddle tank type with a diving depth of 25 fathoms (45 meters (148 ft)).\nSignificant initial problems were experienced and the electric motor and propellers which needed to be replaced. Akula was the first Russian submarine able to cruise long distances. In 1912 Akula made the world's first multi-torpedo volley with five torpedoes.\nShe subsequently served in the Baltic Fleet during World War I making 16 patrols and unsuccessfully attacked the German coastal defense ship SMS Beowulf.\nShe struck a mine and sank near Hiiumaa in November 1915 on her 17th patrol. Akula lies about 30 meters (98 ft) below water. All 35 members of the crew died.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Some 55 years ago, or maybe more, an incident happened in Mira Bay not far from the mouth of the Mira River.\nAt that time, work was being done on the cribwork at the mouth of the river.\nOn one hot summer day, two young lads — about 12 and 14 years old — were with family from Glace Bay at Oyster Cove off the Brickyard Road.\nThe two boys came down the river in a small boat. Although their parents warned them not to go farther than the wharf at Mira, they decided to continue on down to the Kenwood hall.\nWhile they explored the beach, their boat drifted out to sea. Knowing that they were in trouble, they took a plank from the shore and used it to try to reach their boat.\nThe man whom I later married — James MacQueen — was one of the workers at the mouth of the river that day, and while eating his lunch he saw what was happening. These lads were headed for the ocean with no way to help themselves.\nMy husband took his fishing boat that was tied up at Mira and, accompanied by his brother-in-law, went out to rescue these boys and returned them to their parents.\nWe never heard from the boys or their family again. So often we think of the two boys and wonder if they recall that day and what might have happened.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "BioM: Blazer, Ardyce (1957)\nSurnames: Blazer, Bussard, Mills, Grime, Strohkirch\n----Source: OWEN ENTERPRISE (Owen, Clark County, Wis.) 09/26/1957\nBlazer, Ardyce (21 SEP 1957)\nMiss Ardyce Joan Blazer, Milwaukee, and Donald Clyde Bussard, Cincinnati, Ohio, knelt before the altar of First Congregational Church in Owen on Saturday afternoon to exchange marriage vows in the presence of the pastor, the Rev. Ralph Claybaugh.\nArlyn Mills sang two vocal selections, \"I Love You Truly\" and \"The Lord’s Prayer,\" during the 2 o’clock service, with Jane Grimes as organist.\nFor her wedding, the bride, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Blazer, Owen (Clark Co., Wis.), chose a lace netting over taffeta floor length gown enhanced with a fingertip veil. In her arms she held a crescent shaped bouquet of red roses and white carnations.\nLavender streamers extended from the bouquet of yellow carnations carried by Judy Strohkirch, Milwaukee, when she served as maid of honor. Her frock was ruffled net in a lavender shade. Her escort was David Blazer, a cousin of the bride. Showing the guests to their seats in the church were Jerry Strohkirch and Lyle Dickinson, a cousin of the bride.\nBefore leaving for their home at 813 E. Wells in Milwaukee, the bride and her husband, son of Mr. and Mrs. Clyde Bussard, Cincinnati, Ohio, greeted guests from Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Dorchester, Withee and the Owen area at a reception at the home of the bride’s parents.\nThe new Mrs. Bussard is employed in the office of the Harley Davidson Co. in Milwaukee, while her husband, a graduate of Hughes High School in Cincinnati, is enrolled as a student in the Milwaukee School of Engineering. She graduated with the ’55 class from Owen High School.\n© Every submission is protected by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998.\nShow your appreciation of this freely provided information by not copying it to any other site without our permission.\nA site created and\nmaintained by the Clark County History Buffs", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Mission College History\nCan earn an associates in arts degree (AA-T)\nTake courses that satisfy UC and Cal State transfer requirements\n- Expand your knowledge of historical events and the \"why\" behind modern societies\nHow about one of these exciting History courses?\nStudy the history of the U.S. before 1877 or after the Civil War Reconstruction with HIS 017A and HIS 17B.Seach for Courses\nStudy World History before and after 1500, which is regarded as the century when Western exploration began with HIS 015 and HIS 016.Seach for Courses\nEast Asian History\nStudy the history of China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam and other countries in East Asia with HIS 031.Seach for Courses\nInteresting in a career in history, check out some of these links.\n- American Historical Association\n- Organization of American Historians\n- Careers in History via ucdavis.edu\nWomen in Leadership\nMission College hosted \"Women in Leadership: Changing the World\" focusing on female leaders making a difference.See the Gallery\nThe Politics Behind History\nInterested in the reasons behind the policy? Take a Political Science class.\n- Business Consultant\n- Foreign Service\n- Government Service\n- Museum Curator\n- Researcher/Research Analyst\n- State Park Historian\nSome career options may require more than two years of college study. Classes beyond the Associate Degree level may be required to fulfill some career options or for preparation for transfer to a university program. Find out where your career could lead with our Transfer Center.\nThanks for your interest in a class at Mission College!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- - 1878 - - NEW LUTHERAN CHRUCH\nSource: The Worthington Advance (MN) September 26, 1878; transcribed by Mary Kay Krogman\nA Lutheran church edifice is to be built at Cambridge City, Isanti county. It is to be 56 x 80 feet and 30 feet high, with steeple 101 feet high to the top of the cross.\n- - 1879 - - LUTHERAN CHURCH\nSource: The Saint Paul Globe (MN) January 7, 1879; transcribed by Mary Kay Krogman\nA Lutheran church is about to be established in Maple Ridge, Isanti county.\n- - 1907 - - CHURCH DEDICATED\nSource: Duluth News-Tribune (Duluth, MN) Tuesday, September 17, 1907; transcribed by Mary Kay Krogman\nBraham, Minn., Sept. 16.-The first Methodist church of this town was dedicated yesterday by Rev. E. C. Clemans of Duluth, the presiding Methodist elder of the district. The ceremonies were attended by a large throng. The money for the church has been raised by subscription during the past year under the charge of the pastor, C. P. Keast. The church cost about $2,000.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Heinz Kohut (1913-1981) stood at the center of the twentieth-century psychoanalytic movement. After fleeing his native Vienna when the Nazis took power, he arrived in Chicago, where he spent the rest of his life. He became the most creative figure in the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis, and is now remembered as the founder of ‘self psychology,’ whose emphasis on empathy sought to make Freudian psychoanalysis less neutral.\nKohut’s life invited complexity. He obfuscated his identity as a Jew, negotiated a protean sexuality, and could be surprisingly secretive about his health and other matters. In this biography, Charles Strozier shows Kohut as a paradigmatic figure in American intellectual life: a charismatic man whose ideas embodied the hope and confusions of a country still in turmoil. Inherent in his life and formulated in his work were the core issues of modern America.\nThe years after World War II were the halcyon days of American psychoanalysis, which thrived as one analyst after another expanded upon Freud’s insights. The gradual erosion of the discipline’s humanism, however, began to trouble clinicians and patients alike. Heinz Kohut took the lead in the creation of the first authentically home-grown psychoanalytic movement. It took an emigre be so distinctly American.\nStrozier brings to his telling of Kohut’s life all the tools of a skillful analyst: intelligence, erudition, empathy, contrary insight, and a willingness to look far below the surface.\nAbout Charles Strozier\nCharles B. Strozier is a professor of history at John Jay College and the Graduate Center, CUNY, and a training and supervising psychoanalyst at the Training and Research Institute for Self Psychology (TRISP). He is the author of Lincoln’s Quest… More about Charles Strozier\nPaperback | $28.00\nPublished by Other Press Apr 17, 2004| 538 Pages| 6 x 9| ISBN 9781590511022\n“A deeply informed, absorbing biography. . . . Strozier’s book is an exemplary study of a psychoanalyst who threw himself into the task of transforming a major tradition.” -The New York Times Book Review\n“This impeccably researched book, written in a clear elegant style that clarifies even complicated ideas carries us along like an exciting novel. Heinz Kohut is a magnificent contribution to the history of psychology, and beyond that, the history of ideas. Strozier has admirably succeeded in his goal of writing a biography that seeks to ‘discover, illuminate, and disclose.'” – Sophie Freud, American Journal of Psychotherapy", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Theoretically they were co-regents, but Philaret frequently transacted affairs of state without consulting the tsar.\nAltona carries on an extensive maritime trade with Great Britain, France and America, but it has by no means succeeded in depriving Hamburg of its commercial superiority - indeed, so dependent is it upon its rival that most of its business is transacted on the Hamburg exchange, while the magnificent warehouses on the Altona river bank are to a large extent occupied by the goods of Hamburg merchants.\nDuring the meeting of Italian notables at Lyons early in 1802 Talleyrand was serviceable in manipulating affairs in the way desired by Bonaparte, and it is known that the foreign minister suggested to them the desirability of appointing Bonaparte president of the Cisalpine Republic, which was thenceforth to be called the Italian Republic. In the negotiations for peace with England which went on at Amiens during the winter of 1801-2 Talleyrand had no direct share, these (like those at Luneville) being transacted by Napoleon's eldest brother, Joseph Bonaparte (q.v.).\nIllorin middlemen transacted all business between the traders from the north, who were not allowed to pass to the south, and those from the south.\nCrowds of merchants with their hats on transacted business in the aisles, and used the font as a counter upon which to make their payments; lawyers received clients at their several pillars; and masterless serving-men waited to be engaged upon their own particular bench.\nCavan has some linen trade, and a considerable retail business is transacted in the town.\nGenerally it may be said that throughout his long reign Francis Joseph remained the real ruler of his dominions; he not only kept in his hands the appointment and dismissal of his ministers, but himself directed their policy, and owing to the great knowledge of affairs, the unremitting diligence and clearness of apprehension, to which all who transacted business with him have borne testimony, lie was able to keep a very real control even of the details of government.\nThe Morwenspeches were periodical meetings at which the brethren feasted, revised their ordinances, admitted new members, elected officers and transacted other business.\nSpanish legislation was not satisfied with endeavouring to exclude all European nations except Spain from trading with the West Indies, but it sought to limit all commerce to one particular route, and it forbade any trade being transacted by way of the river Plate, thus enacting the most flagrant injustice towards the people it had encouraged to settle in the latter country.\nThe national assembly (Orszaggyiiles) was still summoned occasionally, but at very irregular intervals, the real business of the state being transacted in the royal council, where able men of the middle class, principally Italians, held confidential positions.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Lincoln’s Sanctuary: Abraham Lincoln and the Soldiers’ Home by Matthew Pinsker\nAfter the heartbreaking death of his son Willie, Abraham Lincoln and his family fled the gloom that hung over the White House, moving into a small cottage in Washington, D.C., on the grounds of the Soldiers’ Home, a residence for disabled military veterans. In Lincoln’s Sanctuary, historian Matthew Pinsker offers a fascinating portrait of Lincoln’s stay in this cottage and tells the story of the president’s remarkable growth as a national leader and a private man.\nLincoln lived at the Soldiers’ Home for a quarter of his presidency, and for nearly half of the critical year of 1862, but most Americans (including many scholars) have not heard of the place. Indeed, this is the first volume to specifically connect this early “summer White House” to key wartime developments, including the Emancipation Proclamation, the firing of McClellan, the evolution of Lincoln’s “Father Abraham” image, the election of 1864, and the assassination conspiracy. Through a series of striking vignettes, the reader discovers a more accessible Lincoln, demonstrating what one visitor to the Soldiers’ Home described as his remarkable “elasticity of spirits.” At his secluded cottage, the president complained to his closest aides, recited poetry to his friends, reconnected with his wife and family, conducted secret meetings with his political enemies, and narrowly avoided assassination attempts. Perhaps most important, he forged key friendships that helped renew his flagging spirits. The cottage became a refuge from the pressures of the White House, a place of tranquility where Lincoln could refresh his mind.\nI cannot count how many books on Abraham Lincoln I have come across in my history studies… Lincoln’s life and death…Lincoln the fearless commander-in-chief… Lincoln the godly leader…old, honest Abe. Matthew Pinkser introduced me to a new side of a Lincoln I have not been in touch with before…Lincoln, the man. Pinsker take a unique approach compared to previous histories on Lincoln by looking at his time spent in a little known cottage in Washington, DC just a few miles from the White House, Soldiers’ Home. Many people (myself included prior to this reading) did not know Lincoln spent his summers sleeping away from the White House in this cottage on top of a hill overlooking the city, surrounded by veterans and soldiers. It was in this cottage, his “sanctuary,” where he could find his brief escape, and it was in this cottage and his trips back and forth between the White House and the cottage where it was believed one of his greatest accomplishments, the writing of the Emancipation Proclamation, came to be influenced.\nAs I began Lincoln’s Sanctuary, I was a little hesitant assuming it would be like previous Lincoln books I have read. However, I soon found the author gave a revealing insight to Lincoln’s character from letters and other commentaries left behind that I had not previously come across. This reveal of a wartime-strewn president was a valuable look not commonly seen at one of our nation’s presidents. For example, Pinsker touched on “Lincoln’s down-to-earth qualities” as he inspected the animals on property and conversed with the others soldiers. (153) Being at Soldiers’ Home brought Lincoln together closer with the troops during wartime. He could hear their stories and find a fraternal comfort in their camaraderie and close quarters. (81-83) There were rare insights on many of Lincoln’s actions during the war, as well as events and emotions experienced at Soldiers’ Home. Pinkser also touched more on the family than I have typically found in other Lincoln biographies… particularly more on Mrs. Lincoln, Tad and Robert.\nThere did seem to be some assumptions made on the president’s thoughts and actions, particularly those directly relating to Soldiers’ Home experiences. The book did not convince me some of the actions taken by Lincoln may have related directly to the home. For example, Pinkser touched on Lincoln’s possible encounters during his commute between the White House and Soldiers’ Home with African Americans and how these travel encounters may have given him a “richer appreciation for the human rights and aspirations of African Americans” and influenced his writing of the Emancipation Proclamation. (66) While this may be true and his travels from Soldiers’ Home may have had an influence on his writings, I was not fully convinced of their impact and wanted even more background of possible other contributors.\nPinsker revealed a different side of war. One seen more from Lincoln’s encounters and stories passed from generals and others that took place during his time in Soldiers’ Home. The focus of his book was around the significance Soldiers’ Home may have had on Lincoln’s decisions and actions during his presidency, as well as in his personal life with his marriage, to name one example. Pinkser also sought to disprove some previously assumed facts by using personal sources and in depth research from individuals throughout, including Walt Whitman and others. After reading the book, I had the privilege of visiting Soldiers’ Home and tour the house. Being in the house, I could feel that peace… that escape from the city life. I instantly felt relaxed away from the constant bustle of downtown DC. The book was a wonderful compliment to the house tour experience and introduced me to a place I did not even know existed despite living in the Washington, DC area. I recommend reading this book for a new approach and understanding of the Civil War and the wartime president.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Martin Thomas Walsh, 80, a longtime Palatine resident and decorated World War II veteran, died Friday at Northwest Community Healthcare in Arlington Heights. Mr. Walsh enlisted in the Army in 1939 at age 20. A proud soldier in the 83rd Infantry, he nearly lost an arm during the Battle of the Bulge in Germany. While being treated at a hospital in Battle Creek, Mich., he met his future wife, Betty, who worked as a social worker with the American Red Cross. Mr. Walsh went on to achieve the rank of captain and was later awarded the Purple Heart. \"He was very proud of his military involvement,\" his daughter, Carol Monell, said. \"That was a very important part of his life. He really enjoyed going to military reunions.\" After his military service, Mr. Walsh attended Rutgers University before transferring to Northwestern University. He graduated from Northwestern with a degree in accounting. Mr. Walsh worked in the Chicago accounting firm of Touche, Niven, Bailey & Smart, and later was comptroller of the Salerno Biscuit Co., before starting his own business. He most recently was self-employed as a certified public accountant. \"He was a good father and a good husband,\" said Betty Walsh, his wife of 44 years. In addition to his wife and daughter, survivors include daughter Laurel Selby and three grandchildren. Visitation will be from 3 to 7 p.m. Sunday at Ahlgrim & Sons Funeral Home, 201 N. Northwest Highway, Palatine. Mr. Walsh will be buried with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "position we were well protected from the constant skirmish fire. On the morning* of the 27th, by order from the brigade commander, Colonel Lockman, with the left wing of my regiment I relieved the [Fifth Ohio], who were in the advance works, and threw out one company as skirmishers. On the 28th I relieved the left wing by the right, and was that afternoon myself relieved by the One hundred and ninth Pennsylvania Volunteers, Captain Gimber commanding. That afternoon the enemy sent shell and canister at us, but no damage was inflicted upon my regiment. On the 29th I threw up a line of works on the knoll before mentioned to protect myself in case of a renewed artillery fire. On the night of this day an attack was made upon our lines; a furious fire was poured in, but no man of my regiment was injured. On the 30th the regiment was again put in the advance works and skirmishers again thrown out. Skirmish firing still continued as it had done during the past seven days. Indeed, it was upon the skirmish line that most of my casualties took place.\nJune 1, I was relieved by a portion of General Logan's command, and with the brigade moved six miles to the left, marching in a northeasterly direction. The following day, June 2, moved some two miles in the same direction, camping. We remained there until the morning of the 6th of June. Then breaking camp we marched five miles farther toward Acworth, and camping, have remained there up to the present date. During the action and skirmishing in front of Dallas both officers and men deserve praise for their gallantry and for the prompt manner in which they performed the heavy labor and endured the excessive hardships forced upon them by the circumstances. To Captain O'Connor, who acted as major in the absence of that officer, my thanks are due for the efficient aid he rendered me. It is with the most sincere sorrow that I report the loss of one of my best and bravest captains, Charles J. Field, of Company E. Ever foremost in time of danger, while posting a line of skirmishers on the 28th of May he received a wound in the right thigh, which afterward proved a fatal one. The regiment mourns the loss of one not easily replaced. My total loss is 1 officer killed, 5 men killed and 27 wounded. The names have already been forwarded to your office.\nI am, captain, very respectfully, your obedient servant,\nLieutenant-Colonel, Commanding Regiment.\nCaptain C. C. BROWN,\nActing Assistant Adjutant-General.\nHDQRS. THIRTY-THIRD NEW JERSEY VOLUNTEERS,\nNear Kenesaw Mountain, June 21, 1864.\nGENERAL: I have the honor to report that my regiment has again been engaged, having participated severely in the action of Pine Knob on the 15th and 16th instant.\nThe conduct of the command was excellent; the line advanced under a withering fire without a waver as steadily as if it were only a battalion drill. No body of men could have done better, and well\n* O'Connor's report says \"afternoon\"; see p. 228.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Editor’s Note: The Virginia House of Delegates and Senate approved a resolution in January – HJ 571 – Celebrating the Life of Alan Zimm. Mr. Zimm (obm), a Holocaust Survivor, passed away on April 18, 2020, just one-month shy of his 100th birthday. The resolution was introduced by Delegate Schuyler T. VanValkenburg. The full resolution follows.\nWHEREAS, Alan Zimm, a Holocaust survivor who ultimately made his home in Virginia and served generations of Richmond residents as a tailor, died on April 18, 2020; and\nWHEREAS, a native of Kolo, Poland, Alan Zimm witnessed firsthand the invasion of his country by Nazi Germany, returning home one day to find that his family and many fellow Jews had been abducted by the Nazis; and\nWHEREAS, Alan Zimm escaped to a relative’s house but was subsequently captured and forcibly relocated to the nearby Lodz ghetto, an area of less than two square miles that housed 200,000 people, nearly a quarter of whom would die from starvation, cold, or disease; and\nWHEREAS, Alan Zimm was later sent to the Czestochowa ghetto and the Buchenwald, Dora-Mittelbau, and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps, enduring years of cruelty and mistreatment until he was liberated on April 15, 1945; and\nWHEREAS, after the end of World War II, Alan Zimm reunited with his older brother Sol, one of his only surviving family members, and lived in Poland and Germany before he was sponsored by a Jewish relief organization to immigrate to the United States; and\nWHEREAS, having learned to sew from another brother, Alan Zimm quickly began working as a tailor after he settled in Richmond; he saved money while working for a local haberdasher, then opened his own tailoring business on Meadow Street; and\nWHEREAS, in the 1950s, Alan Zimm’s Custom Tailor Shop moved to Patterson Avenue, where he served members of the community for the next several decades; and\nWHEREAS, Alan Zimm took great pride in his work, and his daughter, Ruth, ultimately followed in his footsteps in the clothing business; the duo worked closely together for more than 30 years after she opened her own store next to Alan Zimm’s Custom Tailor Shop; and\nWHEREAS, over the course of his career, Alan Zimm built strong personal relationships with his clients and was known as much for his commitment to excellence as for his incomparable work ethic; he joked that he had gone into semiretirement when he merely reduced the shop’s hours from six days a week to five and a half, and he didn’t officially retire until the age of 97; and\nWHEREAS, Alan Zimm’s quiet dignity and unfailing kindness inspired others to lead lives of hope and humility; he participated in many events memorializing those lost during the Holocaust and frequently volunteered his time to educate young people about the dangers of anti-Semitism and other forms of bigotry; and\nWHEREAS, Alan Zimm will be fondly remembered and greatly missed by his wife, Halina; his four children, Solomon, Ruth Ann, Rebecca, and Josh, and their families; and numerous other family members and friends; now, therefore, be it\nRESOLVED by the House of Delegates, the Senate concurring, That the General Assembly hereby note with great sadness the loss of Alan Zimm, an inspirational member of the Richmond community; and, be it\nRESOLVED FURTHER, That the Clerk of the House of Delegates prepare a copy of this resolution for presentation to the family of Alan Zimm as an expression of the General Assembly’s respect for his memory.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "SWAKOPMUND PRACTICAL SHOOTING CLUB\nSwakopmund Practical Shooting Club was founded in 2013 to promote, maintain and advance practical markmanship.\nINTERNATIONAL PRACTICAL SHOOTING CONFEDERATION\nThe art of shooting can be traced back as far as the middle ages but it wasn’t until the 19th century that shooting really developed into a sport.\nIn the 200 years since, shooters have come together in a variety of organizations, at the local, national, and world levels, to practice, perfect, and perpetuate the shooting sports.\nCompetitive IPSC-style shooting developed in southern California in the late 1950’s and quickly spread throughout the shooting world to Australia, Central and South America, Europe, and Southern Africa.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Welcome To Our Blog\nSaturday 2 April. To announce the opening of the museum for 2022 Ty Burton (our Working Equipment Group Officer) walked a mile along the Stokes bay seafront in standard dress. Here are more photographs from our museum volunteer, Roger Forster.\nOur Working Equipment Officer walks a mile in standard dress to open the museum for our 2022 season.\nOn Tuesday 29th March a small group of Royal Navy personnel lead visited the museum to donate a large wooden plaque with the words 'Fleet Diving Headquarters, Bridge' mounted on it in large metal lettering. On the reverse were the signatures of all the current serving...\nMuseums Estate and Development Fund (MEND) awards a fund to the HDS to support our cultural heritage.\nOn Sunday 21st November over 1500 runners took part in the Gosport Half Marathon. Each year, the organisers promote a local charity/organisation and this year The Diving Museum was selected. Our Museum Director, Kevin Casey dressed in Standard Dress and joined the...\nHeritage Open Days: Free entry to the Diving Museum on Friday 10th and 17th of September\nHop aboard the Provincial Society’s free vintage bus and get discounted entry to the museum. For 2 days only!\nThey’ve done it again. The MAD volunteers of the Diving Museum present a toe-curling murder mystery for you to solve. Made even more challenging by remote acting via Zoom, this is a masterclass in criminal acting you can’t afford to miss!\nSadly, we have had to cancel our planned ‘dressing in Standard Dress’ event on our opening day, 3 July, for Covid safety reasons.\n3 July 2021 is a red letter day for the museum. After 14 months of closure and an internal refurb, we are opening our doors again!\nA new wildlife haven at our library/store in the ARP bunker, Alverstoke.\nMuseum volunteer, Richard Castle, has launched a new website dedicated to one of our prize exhibits, the JIM suit.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In Search of Sexual Health is a book about syphilis–and specifically, about what past generations of Americans did when they contracted this disease. While there’s a great deal of scholarship on the history of sexually-transmitted infections, relatively few historians have looked at the lived experiences of those who suffered from syphilis. What did this disease mean for them? What did they do to try to restore their health? What kinds of outcomes did they experience from treatment?\nNOTCHES: In a few sentences, what is your book about? Why will people want to read it?\nBOWEN: I discovered that in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, thousands and thousands of men, women, and children with syphilis traveled to Hot Springs, Arkansas–a famous health resort whose waters were believed to possess remarkable curative properties. Hot Springs was also home to a group of physicians who specialized in the treatment of syphilis, to a military hospital that admitted syphilitic soldiers and veterans, and to the first federally-operated venereal disease clinic in US history. Examining each of these settings, this book is about how social attitudes toward syphilis intersected with cultural ideologies surrounding class, race, gender, and sexuality to shape the medical management of syphilis–that is, the way doctors and patients understood, diagnosed, and treated this disease.\nNOTCHES: What drew you to this topic, and what questions do you still have?\nBOWEN: I was first drawn to syphilis (in a historical sense, at least!) in grad school, when in a seminar on the history of public health I read Allan Brandt’s book No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States since 1880. Brandt’s book is a brilliant analysis of how cultural anxieties at the end of the 19th century found expression in a burgeoning discourse on syphilis–which medical authorities identified as the cause of a number of trends they found distressing. Whether it be rising divorce rates and the breakdown of traditional gender norms, immigration and the fears of “race suicide” this helped generate, or concerns about the mental and physical fitness of the soldiers and sailors who made up the country’s armed forces, syphilis figured prominently in diagnoses of America’s social problems. This analysis doesn’t really look at syphilis from what medical historians call “the patient’s perspective.” The focus is largely on public health. Indeed, as Brandt has it, the country’s inability to effectively deal with sexually-transmitted infections is a direct result of the long-standing belief that these are the product of sexual immorality (what past generations of Americans called “the wages of sin”), and as such, are not deserving of the kinds of compassionate medical care extended to the victims of other diseases.\nAs I thought about this, I began to wonder how much truth there was behind this claim. Did Americans who contracted syphilis see themselves as sinners unworthy of medical attention? Did they find the doors of the country’s medical institutions closed to them, so that suffering in silent, guilty resignation was their only option? These questions served as the impetus to my research; as I looked into them, I found that things were more complicated than most historians had realized. While the belief that syphilis was God’s just punishment for immoral sexual behavior certainly influenced the way people with this disease thought about themselves, it did not necessarily do so in a way that turned them away from medicine. As I argue in the book, one of the things it did was push them away from local sources of medical care and toward those in distant locations–like that offered in Hot Springs. And within this central Arkansas city, doctors offered cures that were simultaneously medical and moral. Gradually, what I came to recognize is that taking a patient-oriented approach to the history of this disease leads to some rather surprising insights. While there is much more work to be done on this, the results of my study suggest that the “sin v. science” framework that has long governed historical analyses of American responses to sexually-transmitted infections is rather simplistic.\nNOTCHES: This book is about the history of sex and sexuality, but what other themes does it speak to?\nBOWEN: One of the other things my book speaks to is race. That this a key theme of the book is perhaps not surprising, as since the publication of James Jones’ Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment in 1981, historians have been attuned to the ways that racism has shaped the country’s struggles with sexually-transmitted infections. This was certainly true in Hot Springs, which remained a Jim Crow city throughout the time period my book focuses on. Institutional racism made it difficult for the city’s Black doctors to gain a foothold within the local medical marketplace, as the vast majority of its hotels, bathhouses, and medical facilities catered only to white health-seekers. Even when Black men and women managed to find accommodations within the city, they still had to contend with the hostility of local white doctors–many of whom subscribed to the idea that African Americans were sexually promiscuous by nature and as such were innately predisposed to venereal infection. In addition to this, white physicians believed that their Black patients were incapable of feeling shame or guilt upon contracting syphilis; because of this, the therapeutic regimen they pursued here included none of the “moral treatment” that was the centerpiece of doctors’ interactions with white patients. Whereas therapy for the latter was comprehensive (engaging the physical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual aspects of syphilis), for Black men and women, this consisted simply of bodily remedies. In carving a color line through syphilis, the resort’s white healers aimed to demonstrate the moral superiority of white patients, thus preventing them from falling into association with a racial “other” believed to be irremediably “syphilis-soaked.”\nRace is also a prominent theme in the latter part of the book, which focuses on the VD clinic the federal government set up in Hot Springs after World War I. As I show, racism was just as much a part of public health responses to syphilis as it was a part of individual white doctors’ handling of the disease. Even though the clinic freely admitted Black health-seekers, it did little to care for their extra-medical needs. For example, while the clinic’s director (Oliver C. Wenger, who later became involved with the Tuskegee Syphilis Study) and staff sometimes reached into their own pockets to help white patients afford room and board within Hot Springs, I found no instances of this financial generosity being extended to Black patients. Instead, Black people who failed to comport themselves with a sufficient amount of subserviency were sometimes accused of violating the clinic’s rules, and expelled from Hot Springs before their courses of therapy had ended. And in 1935, when a cash-strapped Public Health Service set up a transient camp on the outskirts of Hot Springs in order to house, feed, and provide recreation for those receiving treatment at the clinic, it did so in an explicitly racist fashion–forbidding Black men and women from applying for residence within this facility. As these examples indicate, the racialization of early 20th century public health policy can be seen not only in the discrimination and hostility Black Americans met with, but also, in the exceptionally generous, holistic medical and socioeconomic aid extended to white Americans. In highlighting the experiences of those in the latter group, this study provides dramatic new evidence of the gaping racial disparities in medical provision and therapeutic outcomes that are characteristic of modern American healthcare.\nNOTCHES: How did you research the book? (What sources did you use and were there any especially exciting discoveries or any particular challenges?)\nBOWEN: When I began working on this project, I was initially quite skeptical of my ability to answer the questions I’d started out with. “Syphilis was such a huge taboo back then,” I told myself; “you’re never going to find sources that speak to individual experiences of this disease.” But almost immediately after setting foot into Hot Springs, I came across some documents that set my fears to rest. Within the archives of a local historical society, I was handed a series of letters written by a man from Cleveland who twice journeyed to Hot Springs (in 1905 and 1907) to be treated for syphilis. In this correspondence, he discussed his daily trips to a local bathhouse, interactions with other syphilitic patients, and the things that this disease was doing to his body and mind. Then, shortly after this, I came across another first-hand account–this one, from a man who traveled to Hot Springs from Florida. While there, he regularly corresponded with his wife, keeping her updated on the progress of his illness (which he initially did not suspect was syphilis) and providing a sense of what it was like to be a health-seeker in Hot Springs during the first decade of the 20th century.\nArmed with sources like these, I began to realize that my dream of writing a patient-centered history of syphilis might actually be possible. Another source that really helped here was clinical case files. Early on in my research, I was able to locate hundreds and hundreds of individual patient records for the many servicemen treated for syphilis at the Hot Springs Army and Navy Hospital. I spent almost a month looking through these cases–boxes upon boxes of which are kept in the National Archives. They form the core of the third chapter of my book, where I argue that patients–and not new medical technologies like the Wassermann test–were a huge part of the reason behind the medical profession’s knowledge of syphilis improved during the first part of the twentieth century.\nI was initially hoping to make use of clinical case files in my chapter on the federal government’s VD clinic. But unfortunately, I was never able to locate these. Aside from a few individual stories told in letters and personal reminiscences, much of the narrative set forth in this chapter comes from the clinic’s aggregate statistics and the private papers of its director. What happened to these patient records is a mystery. On several occasions, officials from the Public Health Service make reference to them, so they must have been created and stored somewhere. But either they were destroyed or lost. Had I been able to locate these records, I would have been able to shine a much brighter light on some of the phenomena I investigate in the book.\nNOTCHES: Whose stories or what topics were left out of your book and why? What would you include had you been able to?\nBOWEN: One thing I wish I could’ve talked more about in the book is the experiences of women with syphilis. Everything I read suggests that the majority of those who traveled to Hot Springs were men, and in the book’s first chapter, I try to explain the various forces and factors that prevented prospective female health-seekers from doing this. But despite the gender imbalance, we do know that women were among those receiving treatment for syphilis in Hot Springs, and throughout the book, I try to shed light on what things were like for them there. This is just a lot harder to do than it is for men–whose writings have been preserved to a much greater extent than women’s. In my research, I was only able to locate one first-hand account from a woman who visited Hot Springs, and since she was neither infected with syphilis nor seeking treatment for any disease, I couldn’t really make use of it. For the most part, what I say about women, syphilis, and Hot Springs comes through other kinds of primary sources: the writings of governmental officials, statistical data, and published articles from medical journals.\nAnother topic I wish I could’ve done more justice to is homosexuality. The documentary record indicates that local doctors were quite keen on uncovering whatever “sexual perversions” their patients might have engaged in. A few suspected that at least some of the men they were treating had acquired syphilis through “unnatural” means like anal sex, and in fact, in the 1920s, one resident physician proposed that the federal government create a “mental hygiene” clinic in Hot Springs so as to provide psychological treatment (read: conversion therapy) to those suspected of harboring “homosexual tendencies.” Nothing ever came of this effort, but still, the archival evidence suggests that fears of homosexuality might have impacted the treatment protocols adopted by resident healers. When writing the book, I didn’t feel I could substantively speak to this, and so I left it out. In the future, I hope I can get into this a bit more, and in fact, I’m currently doing some research on medical understandings of the relationship between homosexuality and VD during the early 20th century.\nNOTCHES: How do you see your book being most effectively used in the classroom? What would you assign it with?\nBOWEN: In Search of Sexual Health engages with a number of different historiographies, and because of this, I could see this book being assigned in a variety of different courses.\nMost obviously, I hope it will find a natural home in classes on the history of sexuality–especially those devoted to exploring the intersections between gender, sexuality, race, class, and the body. Courses of this sort usually spend at least a week on sexually-transmitted infections, and in this context, my hope is that students will pick up on one of the key arguments of the book: that instead of being infectious disease threats that surfaced only during wartime, syphilis and gonorrhea were part of the daily existence of thousands of Americans who lived prior to the advent of antibiotics. In addition to being a target of state-led preventive public health efforts, for a significant part of the US population, these maladies were a constant, chronic companion–an embodied reality that impacted all aspects of life (including family relations, work, and personal identity) for long periods of time. In this sense, one nice book to pair mine with might be Lynn Sacco’s Unspeakable: Father-Daughter Incest in American History. Detailing the medical profession’s response to a perceived epidemic of vulvovaginitis among American girls during the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century, Sacco’s work reveals how gendered assumptions, attitudes toward sexuality, and racial beliefs entered into the clinic. Sacco’s book shares with mine an interest in understanding how broader cultural understandings of VD influenced the work of privately-practicing physicians, and in how these understandings complicated the personal and social lives of the sick. Like mine, her book offers concrete evidence of how syphilis is “enmeshed in wider relations of power and inequality.”\nI would also recommend my book in classes that explore the historical relationship between health, medicine, and the environment. In the last twenty years, one of the most exciting discoveries to come out of research operating at the intersection of these topics is the phenomenon of “health-seeking” (or, as it would be called today, “medical tourism”). As scholars like Greg Mitman (author of Breathing Space: How Allergies Shape Our Lives and Landscapes) and Conevery Bolton Valenčius (author of “The Health of the Country:” How American Settlers Understood Themselves and Their Land) have demonstrated, the decades following the US Civil War witnessed a veritable “health rush,” and as Americans traveled all across the country “chasing the cure,” and from this was born a new curative industry: the health resort. The existing scholarship on this topic focuses mostly on tuberculosis and the American West, looking at how consumptive “lungers” were largely responsible for the creation of cities such as Denver, Santa Fe, and Los Angeles. Unexplored has been the role that sexually-transmitted infections played in stimulating health travel during this period, and on how this fueled the rise of resorts like that created in Hot Springs, Arkansas. In addition to this, because it centers the experiences of health-seekers and their doctors (not civic boosters or resort promoters), In Search of Sexual Health opens a new window onto the history of medical tourism.\nNOTCHES: Now that your book is published, what’s next?\nBOWEN: Now that this book is out in the world, I’m planning to undertake a new project exploring the relationship between VD and homosexuality in early 20th century. The impetus for this comes largely from things I discovered while learning about Hot Springs, but my thinking on this topic has also been spurred along quite a bit by the work of Richard McKay–whose “Before HIV” project has drawn attention to a rather interesting aspect of pre-AIDS history: that prior to the mid-20th century, doctors mostly did not associate same-sex encounters with VD. Some even believed that same-sex sexual intercourse actually reduced one’s risk of contracting syphilis or gonorrhea. What explains this? Why were medical understandings of the connection between VD and homosexuality in the early 20th century the exact opposite of what they became in the mid-to-late 20th century? McKay’s research offers some important insights into this question, but on the whole, there hasn’t been a lot of research on this topic. So in my research, I’m hoping to provide a deeper understanding of medical thinking around syphilis and homosexuality during the late 1800s and early 1900s. Right now, I’m in the very early stages of this, so I’m not sure what it will ultimately result in. But whether it’s a one-off article, a new book, or a conference paper, I’m really excited by what I’ve discovered so far, and think this is an incredibly important thing to look into. Without a doubt, this research this will be occupying my mind for the next little while.\nElliott Bowen is an assistant professor of history at Nazarbayev University in Astana, Kazakhstan. His research revolves around the relationship between medicine and sexuality, and he is the author of In Search of Sexual Health: Diagnosing and Treating Syphilis in Hot Springs, Arkansas, 1890-1940 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2020).\nNOTCHES: (re)marks on the history of sexuality is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.\nBased on a work at www.notchesblog.com.\nFor permission to publish any NOTCHES post in whole or in part please contact the editors at email@example.com", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Scope and Contents\nSlides and captions created by Colonel James Eugene Hilmar during his tour of duty in Vietnam, 1966-1967. During his service in Vietnam, he served in infantry personnel as Lieutenant Colonel, 4th Infantry Division. Slides include notes by Col. Hilmar. Notes on the images and Col. Hilmar's experiences are included.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Holocaust denial research paper\nI don’t research every a platform for holocaust denial question anything but the ‘holocaust’” in 2012, the paper published an audio. View international holocaust denial research papers on academiaedu for free. Yet today that form of historical revisionism popularly called holocaust denial abounds holocaust denial and the first amendment: studies research paper. Thesis statement for holocaust what is holocaust what is holocaust denial different thesis statements on holocaust. Holocaust research paper topics and essay on the holocaust help you will easily write any holocaust paper with us. What is holocaust denial is to examine the history of the holocaust in romania to identify the facts that took place and to disseminate the research. Holocaust denial propaganda holocaust denial propaganda the holocaust that took place during world war ii is a very important the holocaust research paper.\nThe revisionists claim that there are no documents to prove the holocaust actually existed (holocaust denial n pag) “the holocaust the holocaust research paper. Tessa mckeown hate speech and holocaust denial: the prohibition of false historical discourse in modern society llm research paper laws. Holocaust paper research elixir research paper at 3-5 sources, btw, do you high-quality term paper apr 22, and publications on the holocaust denial theory. Holocaust denial is an attempt to negate the established facts of the nazi genocide of european jewry holocaust denial and distortion are forms of antisemitism. Holocaust denial themes 1 the holocaust did not occur because there is no single master holocaust denial, (ny novelist of hate, adl research.\nStanton, president, genocide watch classification symbolization dehumanization organization polarization preparation extermination denial 8-9-2017 an holocaust denial research paper overview of holocaust revisionism, describing the major groups and individuals involved with that movement, and holocaust denial research paper. Discover librarian-selected research resources on holocaust denial from the questia stressing that denial of the holocaust is not really about the facts. On this page you can find information about holocaust research paper writing eatwell analyzes propaganda techniques used in holocaust denial literature.\nLibrary research-answer a list of holocaust questions and vocabulary but each student does his or her own research paper topics to choose from. Holocaust denial why because there is no big brother dictating how their research is but only in the sense that there's no one piece of paper saying i. I need an outline for my research paper on people that try to deny the holocaust happened this is the instructions on the paper: step 4: outline your essay. Holocaust denial term papers, essays and research papers available.\nOn this page you can find information about holocaust research paper writing you can download free holocaust research paper sample. 25 attention-grabbing research paper topics on the holocaust the holocaust devastated an entire nation and to this day is still talked about amongst people. One survivor remembers 63 research guide for holocaust denial introduction to holocaust denial despite an enormous amount of evidence about the. Visit our site to check out the holocaust essay sample research paper writing 19 nowadays it becomes easier to meet such a term as “holocaust denial.\nHolocaust denial research paper\nThis is a good example research paper on the holocaust it is possible to prove the existence of these facts writing a research paper on holocaust denial.\nHolocaust term papers (paper 13306) on hitler and the holocaust : from the beginning the nazis who were being faithful to hitler had specifically targeted the jews. A digital archive of the 2000 david irving v deborah lipstadt libel trial and educational resources to aid in debunking the myths of holocaust denial. Research has shown that the holocaust denial is raising rapidly leading people to ignore what the holocaust denial is holocaust history and its documentation. Holocaust denier ordered to visit concentration camps and write when he was convicted of holocaust denial in write a research paper on hate speech and. Holocaust denial research paper these are the instructions i received for this paper: conduct broad research to find a variety of sources. E-mail alerts: a central allegation made by case study on leasing and hire purchase lipstadt against irving in holocaust denial research paper her book is that he has become a holocaust denier (denying the holocaust, p. This essay will attempt to provide a brief historical review of holocaust denial for an in-depth treatment of this question, the reader is referred to two major works on the subject: lucy s dawidowicz,historians and the holocaust and deborah lipstadt, denying the holocaust: the growing assault on.\nHolocaust denial website guide the holocaust is a subject well served by the internet the website also carries information about the museum's research. In this article, i take issue with facebook’s policy that allows holocaust denial on its web pages because its directors believe that holocaust denial is not ha.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Indiana from NW Ordinance to Statehood\n- Indiana’ from 1787 (Passage of Northwest Ordinance) to 1816 (Indiana Statehood)\nThe Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was enacted on July 13, 1787. It significantly changed the subsequent development of America. It clarified that:\n- New states developed from the Northwest Territory would share a ‘Coequal Status’ with the original 13 States\n- It established ‘the 3 stage process’ for territories to become states\n- Stage 1: Congress appoints a governor, secretary and 3 judges to make laws for a territory\n- Stage 2: Once a territory has 5,000 male settlers, then a state legislature could be formed\n- Stage 3: Once a territory has 60,000 male settlers, then a territory could apply for statehood\n- It was the first and only USA anti-slavery policy before the civil war\n- Although the United State Constitution was not adopted and signed until Sept. 17, 1787, the Northwest Ordinance passed 13 July, 1787. For territory citizens, it included freedom of religion, right to a jury trial, due process of the law, safety from cruel or unusual punishment, right to government detention only if legal justification (habeas corpus), compensation for government use of private land for public use (eminent domain), and the right to make private contracts.\n- While it established the orderly westward expansion of American States, it did so at the expense of Native Americans\n- Established a ‘Township’ System\n- ‘Religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall ever be encouraged. Early land sales required that schools exist in each township. Land sold to the Ohio Company had two townships for a university. This led to the founding of Ohio University in Athens, Ohio in 1804.\nArea in yellow approximates what was the ‘Indiana Territory as of 7 May 1800 when\nPresident John Adams signed the Indiana Organic Act\nFormation of the State of Indiana was dependent on obtaining Native America lands.\nPopulation of Indiana\nIndiana Territory in 1812 displaying notable places and battles in the War of 1812\nVincennes, IN. was capital of the Indiana Territory 1800-1813\nCorydon, IN. was capital of the Indiana Territory 1813-1816\n- Indiana achieved Statehood on December 11, 1816\nIndiana Territorial Capitol 1800-1813\nFront and southern side\nIndiana Territorial Capitol 1800-1813\nFront and southern side\nSecond Indiana State Capital in Indianapolis 1835-1877\n(The First State Capital in Indianapolis was the Marion County Courthouse 1825-1835)\n- Historically Significant Locations\nKekionga (Named for the abundance of blackberries in the area)\nThis area of the Three Rivers was a site of settlement of Native Americans for a period of about 10,000 years.\nLargest Village of Native Americans (Miami) in Indiana Mid-1600’s to 1812\n1790 Map from the Military Journal of Ebenezer Denny (Lifetime: 1761-1822)\nSituated to be an important trading Post due to its location on the six-mile portage between the Maumee and Little Wabash/Wabash Rivers. This portage allowed for transportation of goods from the Atlantic Ocean/Great Lakes to the Mississippi River/New Orleans/Gulf of Mexico.\nChief Little Turtle, in a speech at the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 called Kekionga ‘that glorious gate . . . through which all the good words of our chiefs had to pass from the north to the south, and from the east to the west.’ Kekionga served as a gathering center for Native Americans who wished to organize their efforts on the frontier.\nSeal of the City of Fort Wayne\nLick Creek African American Settlement (See https://vimeo.com/852797412)\nLick Creek settler Elias Roberts’s freedom papers, also called “free papers.” Roberts once owned 640 acres in three different spots at Lick Creek to help other Black people settle in the area. From Orange County, Indiana, book, February 20, 1833\nQuaker allies and free Black families led by Jonathan Lindley moved to the area before Indiana was a state (1811?), and by 1820, census data show 11 Black pioneer families living throughout Orange County. In the 1850s, Black land ownership in Lick Creek peaked at about 2,300 acres.\nWhile the first African American landowners homesteaded in 1817, the Lick Creek settlement, near what is now Chambersburg, began in 1831 with land purchased by 22-year-old Mathew Thomas, who bought eighty acres of U.S. government patent land.\nAt the time of the first Black settlements, Indiana had none of the racially oppressive laws that had burdened people of color in North Carolina. Yet on October 29, 1833, about a year and a half after his land purchase, Mathew Thomas had witnesses write “free papers” for him, an affidavit witnessed by Quaker men in the area. “These statements are made with a view to save the said Mathew from malestation [sic] of those who might probabley [sic] apprehend him as a slave.” Because Mathew was free born, the affidavit continued, he had a “right to the exercise and enjoyment of all the rights and privileges guaranteed by the constitution and laws of the country to free persons of color.” Mathew carried his free papers with him, but in August 1853, he also recorded them in the then newly built Orange County Courthouse in Paoli, where they remain today. Additional Information from the USDA Forest Service: https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5303625.pdf\nRyan Campbell, associate director of the Center for Archaeological Investigations at Southern Illinois University–Carbondale, has excavated sites in this pioneer community, including a farmhouse owned by Solomon Newby. “It’s pretty special to think about [this community] during that period of time, because it’s right at the beginning of African Americans trying to set up lives outside of slavery in some of these new states and territories,” he says. “It’s really a unique place, because you get to see that develop through time.”\n- Historically Significant Locations – ‘Early Indiana’\nHarmonie & New Harmony\nNew Harmony is a historic town on the Wabash River in Harmony Township, Posey County, Indiana. It lies 15 miles (24 km) north of Mount Vernon, the county seat, and is part of the Evansville metropolitan area. The town's population was 690 at the 2020 census.\nThe town was originally known as Harmony (also called Harmonie, or New Harmony) established by the Harmony Society in 1814 under the leadership of George Rapp who led a group of 800 Pietists from Iptingen, a small town in Baden-Württemberg, Karlsruhe Region (Germany). The settlement was the home of Lutheran dissenters who had separated from the official church in the Duchy of Württemberg and immigrated to the United States. The Harmonists built a new town in the wilderness, but in 1824 they decided to sell their property and return to Pennsylvania.\nRobert Owen, a Welsh industrialist and social reformer, purchased the town in 1825 with the intention of creating a new utopian community and renamed it New Harmony. The Owenite social experiment failed two years after it began.\nNew Harmony changed American education and scientific research. Believing that education was the key to a new and better way of life, town residents established the first public library, the first kindergarten, the first infant school, the first trade school, a civic drama club, and a public school system open to men and women offering equal education.\nIts prominent citizens included Owen's sons: Robert Dale Owen, an Indiana congressman and social reformer who sponsoredlegislation to create the Smithsonian Institution; David Dale Owen, a noted state and federal geologist; William Owen, a New Harmony businessman; and Richard Owen, Indiana state geologist, Indiana University professor, and first president of Purdue University. The town also served as the second headquarters of the U.S. Geological Survey. Numerous scientists and educators contributed to New Harmony's intellectual community, including William Maclure, Marie Louise Duclos Fretageot, Thomas Say, Charles-Alexandre Lesueur, Joseph Neef, Frances Wright, and others.\nHarmonist Lenz House 1822\nThralls Opera House\nOriginally housed in a wing of the Old Harmonist Church Atheneum\nWith over 180 years of continuous service the Visitors Center for New Harmony Working Men’s Institute Museum & Library is the oldest library in Indiana\nNew Harmony Indiana as proposed by Robert Owens - Engraving by F. Bate, London 1838\nKey Figures in ‘Early Indiana’\n- William Wells\nChicago History Museum - 1810\n(c. 1770 – 15 August 1812), also known as Apekonit\nIn 1784, he and three other boys were taken captive by an Eel River Miami and Delaware raiding party and taken to Indiana. Wells was 13 years old at the time.\nWells was adopted by a chief named Gaviahate (\"Porcupine\"), and raised in the village of Kenapakomoko (Snakefish Town) on the Eel River, six miles north from Logansport in northern Indiana.\nFollowing the Treaty of Greenville, Chief Little Turtle asked that Wells be appointed as a US Indian Agent to the Miami.\n- Francis Slocum\n(March 4, 1773 – March 9, 1847) (Ma-con-na-quah, \"Young Bear\" or \"Little Bear\") was an adopted member of the Miami people. Slocum was born into a Quaker family that migrated in 1777 to the Wyoming Valley in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. when Slocum was five years old, she was captured by three Delaware warriors at the Slocum family farm in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.\nSlocum was raised among the Delaware in what is now Ohio and Indiana. With her marriage to Shepoconah (Deaf Man), who later became a Miami chief, Slocum joined the Miami and took the name Maconaquah. She settled with her Miami family at Deaf Man's village along the Mississinewa River near Peru, Indiana.\nBuried in Slocum Cemetery, Somerset, Indiana\n- William Henry Harrison\n(February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) An American military officer and politician who served as the ninth president of the United States at age 68 for 31 days.\nHe studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania 1791-93. Harrison's political career began in 1798, with an appointment as secretary of the Northwest Territory. In 1799, he was elected as the territory's non-voting delegate in the United States House of Representatives.\nHe became governor of the newly established Indiana Territory in 1801 and negotiated multiple treaties with American Indian tribes.\nHarrison died nearly penniless, and Congress voted his wife Anna a presidential widow's pension of $25,000.\n- Jonathan Jennings\nJennings became involved in a dispute with the territorial governor, William Henry Harrison, that soon led him to enter politics and set the tone for his early political career.\nBy 1812 he was the leader of the anti-slavery and pro-statehood faction of the territorial government. He was elected president of the Indiana constitutional convention, held in Corydon in June 1816, where he helped draft the state's first constitution.\nIn August 1816 Jennings was elected to serve as the first governor of Indiana at age 32, and re-elected for an additional term. He pressed for the construction of roads and schools, and negotiated the Treaty of St. Mary's to open up central Indiana to American settlement.\nFort Wayne in Ft. Wayne. IN.\nGeneral Anthony Wayne Statue\nChief Richardville Home\nWilliam Henry Harrison Monument with tomb inside\n(North Bend is almost in Southeastern Indiana)\nFrancis Slocum Gravestone\nSlocum Cemetery Somerset, IN\nChief Richardville Marker\nCorner of Jefferson and Calhoun Street Ft. Wayne, IN\nJonathan Jennings Gravestone\nPleasant Street, Charlestown Clark Co Indiana", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Travels in the Wardrobe is a blog I came across by clicking links from one place to another and it turned out to be a serendipitous event when I arrived at a visit to the goblins workshops and museum in Paris…fascinating and on my list to visit on next Paris visit.\nIt is reblogged here in it’s entirety for your enjoyment.\nA weaved journey\nTel Aviv is already burning in an extraordinary heat wave of 36 Celsius degrees. This untypical weather in March, deadly hot, encouraged everyone to go out half-dressed, to the bright sun and the coffee shops. Four hours flight-time away Paris is still cold and snowy. Here the weather justifies staying indoors, and encourages dedicating one’s time to traditional crafts like weaving and gobelin making. The weather has direct impact on culture, and this is well-evident in the museum of the goblin manufactures in Paris.\nVisiting the goblins workshops and museum is like time-travelling. The gobelins are rich in color and gigantic in size. They cover the museum walls from ceiling to floor in many meters of careful and imaginative weaving. The textiles show the particularity of this ancient art form that emerged from a traditional and simple act of weaving into a human expertise unknown today. Thousands of workers, dyers and weavers collaborated for years in creating one beautiful and huge gobelin. In the photos we focused on detail because a quick glance at the totality of the fabric risks losing the small particularities that make it so unique. Any woven centimeter is an example of the high quality of craftmenship characterizing this creation.\nThe ancient workshop was created in the 15th century as a private business by Jean Gobelin, after whom the whole genre is named. Fifty years later, the factory was purchased by King Louis IVX who appointed Colbert to supervise the production that used expansive materials such as silk, rare plants for the dyes and of course gold and silver threads. The King wanted to keep an open eye on this workshop that produced one of the most prestigious creations in the French realm, carrying the King’s glory around the world.\nWhat is the economic value of this factory today? Once kings and noblemen could afford the luxury of employing artists and craftsmen for years and years to create unique works that would not be sold. Even so, they had important role in magnifying the glory of the nation and the kingdom. Indeed, back than democracy and liberty were non-existent. But humanity produced marvelous creations that we admire to this day. We reflected upon the life of the weavers as we looked at their creations.\nBy visiting only the museum one cannot understand the sense of the gobelins, therefore we joined a guided tour of the workshops that are located in the next-door building. The area used to be outside the city walls, but since then the city grew and encompassed it. Now the manufacturing site is right in the centre of the 13the arrondisement, not so far from the Latin Quarter. Here in the state owned workshops the workers are ‘civil servants’ who create carpets and gobelins by hand according to the same ancient techniques invented there many centuries ago.\nThere are two techniques: one to create flat gobelins, and the second, savonnerie, creates tri-dimensional thicker carpets of softer wool. This technique reminds of contemporary carpets. The themes are no longer copies of ancient models, but mostly modern creations by contemporary artists, selected by a special committee. The production time for each carpet or gobelin is about four years. Each craftsman or woman are responsible not only for weaving the textile but also for the planning, color-selection, and the technique. The gobelins created are property of the state, and are presented in embassies, museums, and official sites.\nThus France preserves and perpetuates the old techniques of gobelin-making, that otherwise would have definitely become extinct. The unique human knowledge transmitted to us through generations of weavers and craftsmen is nowadays considered national treasure in France, worthy of protection at public expense. There is a clear continuity here. Since the days of the kings weavers were considered royal asset, and they received housing with vegetable gardens where they grew their own food, and decent living conditions (by comparison to the rest of the people of course). Also today the weavers enjoy some economic protection as civil servants with artistic freedom and decent pay.\nAt the end of the tour we continued to think about the social value of artistic creation, even without clear economic value (especially if the goods are not for sale). Should states continue to fund, at a time of political crisis, the ancient crafts that otherwise could disappear, or should the free market decide the cultural priorities? We think the answer is obvious.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Claremorris Met Office in Co. Mayo\nClaremorris Met Office is situated about one mile from the centre of the town on the main Galway road on a rising piece of ground 69 metres above sea level with unobstructed views in all directions. It is an ideal site for a Met Station from an climatological stand point.\nIt appears that when the newly founded Irish Meteorological Service (1937) decided that it needed stations sited inland, Claremorris was one of the places that was selected.\nThe reason for siting the station here seems to be that Claremorris was physically situated in the centre of Connaught, it had the main telephone exchange in the country and was also a major rail junction, with daily train and not to mention postal service to Dublin - or maybe because Claremorris is on longitude 09 deg west.\nSometime in 1942 officials from the Department of Industry and Commerce bought a plot of land from Mr Pat Joe Vahey who owned the field, known as the far field in the town land of Clare. The contract to build the New Met. Station was given to a builder from Castlebar named McCormack. The building was ready for occupation late in the summer of 1943.\nIt was, apparently the policy of the Department (IMS) at the time to employ staff locally, a policy which continued for some time in the IMS with regard to inland stations. Because of this the Vahey family were offered the contract to staff the station and they accepted.\nSomeone from the IMS (I could not find the name and the member of the Vahey family who gave me these details could not remember), came to the Station and trained three members of the Vahey family, Pat Joe (father) John and Paddy (sons) to carry out Observations and essential Instrumental maintenance. According to my source Robert Vahey (another son), this training lasted about three weeks following which the station opened for business on the 13th of November 1943.\nThree Vahey staff members worked as a rotational 12hr shift 0400Z to 1600Z and 1600Z to 0400Z, with observations read every three hours 0400Z, 0700Z, 1000Z, which were transmitted by phone to Dublin after the hour. The charts and forms 7441 etc were posted to HQ every few days. This system was maintained for the next six years or thereabouts, other than that two other members of the Vahey family, Robert and Imelda, replaced their brothers John and Paddy when they emigrated to England at the end of the war. Was Imelda Vahey the first female observer in the IMS? Her signature can be found on numerous F7441 which remain in the office in Claremorris.\nOne amusing if chilling story was told to me by Robert Vahey and that was one night on his way to the station he met a local man known as Ned Clinton at 3.45am. He claims that as he saw him in the light of his torch that the hairs stood up on the back of his neck, but he carried on to work.\nThe following morning he told his mother at breakfast how he met Ned on the road going to work and she told him that Ned had died the previous day... so Robert claims he met a ghost. Maybe its well that we have moved!\nInvasion of France\nOn the subject of the war, there are F7441's still in Claremorris for the period of the invasion of France which confirm that the weather on this side of the country was improving with an area of high pressure replacing an active low.\nThe details as elicited from the F7441 are, 4th June 1944. 1300Z.. wind 210 17mph gusting 42mph, continuous rain, pressure 999mbs...6th June 1944. 1300Z, (D Day) Blacksod Light House and I presume Claremorris was the reason that the launch of the invasion of France went ahead on the 6th June 1944. You all remember the metman in the film \"The Longest Day\" giving this information to General Eisenhower and the joint Chiefs of Staff. Is this cover by the Official Secrets Act.?\nSometime in 1949 the IMS decided that it needed observations on an hourly basis from inland stations like Claremorris.\nIt was decided to man the station with a full time permanent staff. The result of this was that Robert and Imelda Vahey lost their part-time jobs, while Pat Joe, the father, was kept on. Both Robert and Imelda eventually followed the brothers to England where they still reside.\nFrom the old attendance books still in the office D O'Catáin seems to have been the first official Officer in charge, arriving to take up duty in Claremorris on the 1st August 1949. He was quickly followed by P J Cotter and Michael T Neilan who arrived on the 4th of the month.\nIt seemed to be the case that you had to report to the station that you were assigned to first, and then travel to Dublin to be trained. Three weeks later on the 28th August 1949 the station opened with a full time staff of D O'Catáin, P J Vahey, Michael T Neilan, P J Cotter. Mr Vahey was retired in 1952.\nThis level of staffing continued until a one (O C) plus four man operation was introduced in 1969. A few years later, in 1971, the fixed rotating roster came into vogue. These changes in rostering and working conditions were long overdure and were welcomed by staff as previous rostering practice left a lot to be desired ... need I say more.\nRelocation to Ireland West Airport Knock\nIn the late eighties we began to hear rumours of the imminent closure of the station and a relocation to Ireland West Airport Knock.\nThis decision, which was a political one, was made during one of Mr Haughey's periods in power. Despite efforts by local politicians and the local Chamber of Commerce to have this decision recinted the gate was closed on the 31st March 1996 and we are left to wonder how and why a station in operation for over fifty years and all that entails in Meteorological terms, could be closed ... ach sin sceal eile.\nDuring the early nineties a new computerised automatic weather system was installed with data downloaded into the main computer in HQ. This was run in conjunction with manual reporting for a number of years and that CAMOS is what is now operating in Claremorris Met Office.\n’Highs & Lows'\nIn Claremorris the meteorological conditions most remembered were the snows of 1947, which Robert Vahey recalled having to dig through six foot drifts to get to the station; Hurricane Debbie 1961; other wild and windy days like the night of 27th January 1974 when a gust of 96kts was recorded which left the streets of the town littlered with slates.\nWe have had our days of rain with daily total of 90.6mm being highest recorded, our average rainfall is around forty five inches (1114mm). We recorded our lowest pressure reading 951.7 mbs on the 21st March 1953 while for the year 1983 we have the unenviable record of recording the lowest total sunshine hours for an unobstructed site in the country.\nFor the Record\nFrom the attendance books still in the office I have compiled the names of those who spent time in Claremorris Met Station.\nIt seemed to be quite a common place to sign your name in Irish, some of the names will be of people who have died, some will still be working in th IMS, some will have retired. The order in which they appear starts in 1943 and ends with the last staff complement when the station closed:\nP.J. Vahey, J Vahey, P Vahey, R Vahey, Imelda Vahey\nD O'Catáin, N.D. MacGerailt, P.J. Cotter, M.T. Neilan\nS Hickey, D O'Regan, T Reynolds, J Kelly, J Grant\nT Moore, J Malone, D.S. O'Briain, J Kerins, W Ryan\nO Kelly, J Horgan, R Leneghan, L Power, P Coen\nC.P. O'hAoda, F O'Briain, D Newman, W Long (Claremorris)\nM MacFeraith, T O'Loughlin, J Dempsey, N Walsh\nS DeFaoite, T Nolan, F McCord, P Lacy\nM Walsh, P Marrinan, D O'Bároid, J Donlon (Claremorris)\nD O'Mahony, M Harte, C O'Keeffe, S Kearney\nS.J. Hoye, M Treacy, A Nolan, S Hennigan\nW.P. Bryne, B Horan, F Clabby\n- D Middleton, L Newman, A Clohessy, S McGrenra, M Pierce, M Haverty\nThere was one other girl who worked at the station for a short period but I could not find her name. One of the above was sacked or was asked to resign and went on to become a highly paid executive with a well known tea company.\nCompiled by Liam Newman (Oct. 2000)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Appalachian slaves research paper\nthe slaves had two faces, one visible and one invisible. Phyllis Wheatley, a slave, wrote: Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land, Taught my benighted soul to understandThat there s a God (page 44)However, slaves did not feel the same as Phyllis Wheatley. (page 150) By 1797 there were more than 12,000 black Methodists and approximately 18,000 to 19,000 black Baptists. This thin disguise for justification of slavery even extended to condemning the Africans lifestyle. (page 123) In some areas Christianity was accepted by the slave because of its similarity to the religion he had left in Africa. Its impact was more than just the vast numbers that converted by the end of the century, it was one of the earliest times when white ministers believed that slaves were genuine in their beliefs. This was a very difficult thing to accomplish since the morality of the religion did not support the institution of slavery. (page 218) The slaves religion was also used as a tool by the white man to gain even more control over their lives. The first objective November 18, 1998 was to deliver the message of Christianity at the level of understanding of the slave. People such as Nat Turner led revolts in the name of Christianity, saying that he was given a sign from God. Some white s had sympathy for Celia s suffering and were disgusted at Newsoms actions, others saw her only as property.\nThis was extremely difficult to do because of logistics and the reluctance of slave owners to participate. Slaveholders believed slavery was their right, and that it was not inhumane, yet Celias case and the exposure of Newsoms actions pushed them, to see it s bad points. (page102) This, in turn, would make the slaves proud, unmanageable and may even incite them to take up arms against their masters. Missionaries were refused access to the slaves November 18, 1998 because, although English law was imprecise on the subject, it was widely believed that if the slaves were baptized they would be immediately emancipated. An SPG member wrote a letter to the London secretary complaining that it was most difficult to reach the slaves. One group that actively worked to Christianize the slaves was the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG).\nBasically, those times when you overthink or try to do too much in a situation, those thoughts actually become detrimental and stop us from performing asRead more\nTroops would be withdrawn by the end of August. . We stand for a strong America versus a weak America. . Obviously, this is true onRead more\n6 Problems with Wind Turbine Syndrome, m The UK Centre for Sustainable Energy published a document Common concerns about wind power in May 2011. Patients mayRead more\nMany need to realize that at this time, the working class was almost nonexistent in Russia.It was very small and was considered part of the peasantRead more", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "John Lennon yesterday opened his art exhibition in the Fraser Gallery, Duke Street, London – by releasing 365 white, gas-filled balloons. With him at the opening of the exhibition was his japanese friend, Miss Yoko Ono, who recently made a film about 365 naked bottoms. The exhibition consisted of 50 charity collection boxes and one painting – a 6′ circular piece of wood, painted white with the words ‘You are here’ written in John Lennon’s handwriting. Also among the boxes was a white trilby hat, with a notice reading ‘For the artist’.\nDimensioni: 20,5 x 25 cm\nMedium: stampa originale alla gelatina ai sali d’argento (vintage print)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Volume II of the Archaeology of the Bulgarian Lands in divided into three parts: part I. deal with urban planning and architecture in Roman Thrace and Moesia. The emphasis in part II. is on villages (vici) and villas in the Bulgarian lands in the antiquity. Part III. is devoted on glass and on the numerous find of bone and horn in Roman Thrace and Moesia.\nTable of contents /summary/\nR. Ivanov. The Street Network in Thrace and Moesia (Upper and Lower Moesia)\nR. Ivanov. Sewers in Thrace and Moesia (Upper and Lower Moesia)\nS. Boyadzhiev. Roman Baths (Thermae) in Bulgarian Lands II — III C.A.D.\nR. Ivanov, M. Martinova-Kyutova, V. Kolarova, J. Velichkov, K. Kalchev. Buildings and Facilities for Public Events and Recreations II — IV C.A.D.)\nV. Dinchev. Agrarian Settlements from the Roman Period in Present Day Bulgaria\nR. Ivanov. Construction Ceramics from the Lower Reaches of the Danube\nA. Cholakova. Roman Glass Vessels from Bulgaria (1st — 3rd centuries AD)\nP. Vladkova. Processing of Bone and Horn in the Present Day Bulgarian Lands during the Roman Period and Late Antiquity\n|Language||Bulgarian with an extended summaries in English|\n|Illustrations||b/w figures, maps|\n|Size||21 х 29 cm|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Originally, what is now De La Salle College was part of a 200-acre grant by the Government of Upper Canada in 1798 to Chief Justice Honourable John Elmsley. By 1836 the crown land was given by the Elmsley family to St. James Anglican church. Senator John Macdonald bought 35 acres from the Anglican Church in 1858. He named his new property “Oaklands”, as he often admired the splendid oak trees on the acreage.\nThis land ran up the east side of Avenue Road from Cotthingham Street, almost to St. Clair Avenue. The castle-like mansion (Heritage House) that exists today on the crest of the hill began in 1860 as a compact gothic house. Today this house has been designated as a historic building, since it is regarded as the best example of gothic domestic architecture in Toronto.\nSt. John Baptist de La Salle\nSt. John Baptist de La Salle was born in Reims, France on April 30, 1651. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1678. He gave up the opportunity for a promising career in the Church and became deeply involved in the Christian education of the sons of artisans and the poor. In order to do this more effectively, he formed a group of young men, called Les Frères des Écoles chrétiennes, who would work in these gratuitous schools and become the nucleus of a new form of religious life in the Church. With them, he would introduce many innovations in the field of education.\nThe work of the Brothers today is still the Christian education of youth, especially the underprivileged. Joining the Brothers in this mission today are some 90,000 lay persons ministering to over one million children and young adults in over 80 countries.\nDe La Salle died on Good Friday, April 7, 1719. He was canonised in 1900 and on May 15, 1950, Pope Pius XII bestowed upon St. John Baptist de La Salle the title of Principal Patron before God of all Christian Teachers.\n2011 story done on the school, it's campus and history.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Name and location of repository\nLevel of description\nOral history interview with Kathryn Boe-Duncan\n- 1993 October 15 - 2002 April 10 (Creation)\n.1 cubic feet 9 audiocassettes (7 hr., 51 min., 51 sec.) + transcript (207 pages)\nName of creator\nKathryn Boe-Duncan was born Kathryn Reule in Portland, Oregon, in 1930. She studied education at Pacific Lutheran University in Tacoma, Washington. She met Jason Boe while in college, and they were married in 1952; they later had three children. After Jason Boe finished his studies, they settled in Reedsport, Oregon, where he first gained political office as a member of the city council. The family moved to Salem, Oregon, for most of the year beginning in 1964, when Jason Boe was elected to the Oregon House of Representatives. Boe-Duncan worked as his secretary during his six-year term. She continued to work as his secretary for much of the period from 1970 to 1980, when he served in the Oregon Senate. Jason Boe died in 1990. Boe-Duncan had a career as a musician, beginning in the 1970s, and she performed in the Coos Bay Bach Festival for over a decade. She worked for the Oregon Historical Society from 1986 to 1989 and for Portland State University from 1989 to 1994. In 1995, she married Robert Duncan, who was also an Oregon state senator, and changed her surname to Boe-Duncan.\nContent and structure elements\nScope and content\nThis oral history interview with Kathryn Boe-Duncan was conducted by Jim Strassmaier in Portland, Oregon, from October 15 to December 9, 1993, and on April 10, 2002. Robert Duncan was also present. In this interview, Boe-Duncan discusses her family background and early life in Portland, Oregon; her Lutheran upbringing; her early interest in music; her high school experience; and attending Pacific Lutheran University. She then discusses her marriage to Jason Boe and the difficulties involved in getting married at a young age. She talks about Jason Boe's early political career and involvement with the Democratic Party; daily life in Reedsport, Oregon, in the 1950s; and raising a family. She then discusses working as Jason Boe's secretary while he served in the Oregon House of Representatives from 1964 to 1970, including his campaigns. She also speaks about preparing the family to move to Salem, Oregon; social life in Salem, including her relationships with other politicians' wives; and the duties of a representative's secretary. She speaks at length about Jason Boe's legislative record in the Oregon Senate from 1970 to 1980, particularly his work advancing the legislative agenda of Governor Tom McCall. She also talks about his service as president of the Senate from 1973 to 1980, his work on improving the Capitol building, and his efforts in strengthening the power of the legislative branch. She also describes Jason Boe's political ambitions. Boe-Duncan then talks about Jason Boe's activities after leaving the Legislature, including his work as a lobbyist. She describes her career as a musician, which she began pursuing at age 40, as well as her work for the Oregon Historical Society from 1986 to 1989, and for Portland State University from 1989 to 1994. She closes the interview by talking about her marriage to Robert Duncan in 1995 and her family life.\nSystem of arrangement\nConditions of access and use elements\nConditions governing access\nCopyright is held by the Oregon Historical Society. Licensed under Creative Commons, BY-NC-SA: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/\nConditions governing reproduction\nLanguages of the material\nScripts of the material\nLanguage and script notes\nAcquisition and appraisal elements\nImmediate source of acquisition\nAppraisal, destruction and scheduling information\nRelated materials elements\nExistence and location of originals\nExistence and location of copies\nRelated archival materials\nPreferred citation: Oral history interview with Kathryn Boe-Duncan, by Jim Strassmaier, SR 1165, Oregon Historical Society Research Library.\nForms part of the Oregon Legislature Oral History Series.\nHandwritten index (9 pages) is available for in-person use at the Oregon Historical Society Research Library.\nDescription control element\nRules or conventions\nFinding aid based on DACS (Describing Archives: A Content Standard), 2nd Edition.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "On the eastern fringes of the Thar Desert, Jodhpur – also known as the 'Blue City' – was once the chief settlement in Marwar, the largest princely state in Rajasthan. Jodhpur amazes visitors with its pale blue hues and labyrinth of twisting streets, full of colour and atmosphere. Expect bazaars filled with local handicraft and some of the best forts and palaces in all of India.\nLike a protective older brother, the magnificent Mehrangarh Fort still dominates the town, ringed by its massive sheltering walls – and it forms an impressive backdrop to many of the views from the old city which sprawls below it. The fort was hewn from the rock it stands on in 1460 by Rao Jodha and it is still run by the Jodphur royal family. Mehrangarh Fort offers a fascinating glimpse into local history and myth, for example cannon ball marks are visible on the 16th century entrance gate, Dodh Kangra Pol, and the museum showcases armoury, costumes and ornate palanquins. Visitors must be sure to take in the beautifully landscaped Rajput gardens and spend time surrounded by brightly-coloured hibiscus flowers and citrus trees or resting under the bougainvillea-clad pergolas. The fort also gives an unforgettable view of the panorama of Jodhpur and the orange-tinged Thar Desert beyond.\nFor visitors wanting to explore a little beyond the throng of Jodphur, a rickshaw ride to the royal gardens at Mandore is a worthwhile excursion. Once the capital of Marwar which was then moved to the hilltop safety of Mehrangarh, ornate temples now compete with overgrown shrubbery and encroaching jungle and you’re likely to see the resident monkeys who like to play here. The cenotaphs of previous maharajas are particularly awe-inspiring, which are made from red-sand stone and include intriguing carvings dating back to the 17th century.\nBack in Jodphur, strolling around the many bazaars is a great way to explore the curios and interact with local Jodphurians. Kaleidoscopic colours of spices, tie-dye fabrics and traditional puppets showcase many of the unique handicraft skills that have been passed down through generations.\nAnother fabulous landmark of Jodphur is the colossal Umaid Bhawan Palace, built by 3,000 locals in the 1930s as part of a job creation scheme set up by the Maharaja. It is now a luxurious heritage hotel which has Art Deco detailing elegant terraces, formal gardens and a museum which has the maharaja’s collection of lovingly maintained classic cars parked outside for visitors to admire. The bone-white Jaswant Thada should not be missed either, with its fine lattice work and domed roof, with exceptional views over to the Mehrangarh Fort and the city. It was built in 1899 as memorial to Maharaja Jaswant Singh II, and located a few kilometres out of town, offers a tranquil respite from the city.\n>> Read our blog: Polo & Peacocks: British Polo Day in Jodhpur\nFeatures in the following itineraries\n- Boutique Rajasthan... Romance, Culture & Stylish Hotels in North India\n- Colours of Rajasthan, North India\n- Diwali - India's Festival of Lights: November\n- Grand Tour of North India Our Favourite Luxury India Holiday\n- India’s Pushkar Camel Fair\n- Rajasthani Nights - Luxury Desert Tour of North India\n- Taj Palace Tour... The Ultimate Indian Indulgence\n- A Perfect Introduction to India\n- Mr Geoffrey Johnson, India\n- Mr Richard Stoughton, Sri Lanka\n- Mr David Wallace, North India\n- Jaime Benitez, South India\n- Matthew Annable, Rajasthan, India\n- Anonymous, India\n- Mr & Mrs Manson, North India\n- Leslie Siben, India\n- Matthew Nicklin, North India\n- Krista Weir, Sri Lanka", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "When Francis Whiting was born on 31 December 1912, in Whiting, Monona, Iowa, United States, her father, Willard Baxter Whiting, was 38 and her mother, Lulu Dorance Bishop, was 35. She married Sewell Ellyson Allen on 17 March 1943, in Washington, District of Columbia, United States. She lived in Onawa, Monona, Iowa, United States in 1925 and Ashton, Monona, Iowa, United States in 1930. She died on 12 April 1993, in Monona, Iowa, United States, at the age of 80, and was buried in Onawa, Monona, Iowa, United States.\nEnglish: from the Middle English personal name Whiting (Old English Hwīting, a patronymic from the personal name Hwīta, from hwīt ‘white’ applied as a nickname).\nHistory: Rev. Samuel Whiting arrived in Boston, MA, in May 1636, and made his home in Lynn, MA.\nAs a nonprofit, we offer free help to those looking to learn the details of their family story.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "People fled in panic when British troops invaded Havre de Grace 200 years ago, as rockets rained down on the city and soldiers and Marines stormed through the streets, ransacking and burning homes, businesses and houses of worship.\nCostumes are prepared, logistics are finalized, attendees have being reconfirmed – just some of the many preparations Havre de Grace officials and volunteers made earlier this week in preparation for the city to receive thousands of visitors for the Attack on Havre de Grace Commemoration Weekend.\nMore than 100 gloved volunteers, some in boots and others in waist-high waders, streamed along the narrow paths, sandy waters' edges and historic sea walls of a hard-to-spot nook of wetlands at the southern end of Fort McHenry in Locust Point on Saturday — their eyes scanning for trash or the perfect spot to plant a sapling.\nM. Faysal Thameen, a retired structural engineer who headed the city's role in the 1980s construction of the Fort McHenry Tunnel, died of cancer April 9 at his home in Millbury, Mass. The former Parkville resident was 75.\nDevelopment proposals, both public and private, have fallen through over the years, and the island has been overrun by thousands of birds. But members of the family that owns Fort Carroll and they still have hopes for it.\nHavre de Grace has played host to major events in the past, but with many taking place on the outskirts of town, municipal leaders have been challenged to find ways to bring visitors to the heart of the city.\nDistrict 10 VFW Ladies Auxiliary met for their quarterly dinner meeting April 2 at the VFW Post 8185, Port Deposit. Auxiliary units from Elkton, Chesapeake City, and North East joined the auxiliary unit from Post 8185 to make plans for June's convention.\nBaltimore and Maryland officials and the nautical community have begun a recruiting drive aimed at filling the Inner Harbor with majestic tall ships and gray-hulled warships for the War of 1812 commemoration finale, Sept. 6-14, 2014.\nChloe A. Gudmundsson is a senior at Eastern Technical High School in Essex, and at the suggestion of her English teacher, decided to research a paper on Maximilian Godefroy, the quirky architect who designed Baltimore's Battle Monument that commemorates the battle for the city in 1814.\nBy By Frederick N. Rasmussen and The Baltimore Sun\nThe Maryland Department of Transportation was reporting a two-car accident in Howard County on I-95 north, just prior to Route 100. No traffic lanes were blocked, but the vehicles were on the shoulder.\nBallet Theatre of Maryland's production of \"Frontier: The War of 1812 on the Chesapeake,\" comes to Chesapeake Arts Center on March 17 at 3 p.m. as part of the Performing Arts Association of Linthicum. The show continues the association's continuing season bringing historic events alive in performance.\nA 15-star, 15-stripe War of 1812 Commemorative American Flag was raised in front of the Harford County Administrative Building in Bel Air Thursday afternoon, one of five that will fly over county government buildings for the next 22 months.\nA collision along Interstate 70 prior to Route 29 near the border between Baltimore and Howard counties was causing major delays as of about 8 a.m. Wednesday, according to the State Highway Administration.\nAn accident involving one vehicle on the northbound side of Route 29 slowed traffic early Tuesday morning, as crews worked to clear the roadway near Route 32 in Howard County, according to the Maryland State Highway Administration.\nThe Maryland Transit Authority is experiencing \"massive delays\" on local bus lines and the light rail system, a result of thousands of football fans attending the Baltimore Ravens parade and breaking through barricades controlling their routes through the city.\nVolvo Ocean Race officials were whisked to the top of the World Trade Center, honored at a reception and squired to the grassy expanse of Fort McHenry during a 24-hour courtship Monday meant to seal the deal to make Baltimore the event's only U.S. port of call in 2015.\nA truck caught fire at the Fort McHenry Tunnel toll plaza on northbound Interstate 95 near Keith Avenue on Monday evening, causing traffic delays as emergency personnel worked to control it, according to the Maryland Transportation Authority Police.\nTwo crashes at the Fort McHenry Tunnel in Baltimore involving three vehicles and a commercial truck on Thursday left one person injured and closed one of the tunnel's four traffic bores for more than an hour as emergency crews responded, according to Maryland Transportation Authority Police.\nThe DNA of a battle that helped turn the tide of a war going horribly wrong for America lay buried just six inches below the surface in a Kent County corn field. For nearly two centuries, the musket balls, canister shot and other artifacts from intense fighting at Caulk's Field waited to tell the story of a sweltering August night in 1814, when militiamen sprung a trap on a British raiding party bent on destruction.\nTwo Maryland Transportation Authority Police officers were injured while stopped by the side of Interstate 95 in Elkridge Wednesday night when their cars were struck by a motorist who was charged with drunken driving.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "§ 62. Mr. R. Gibson\nasked the President of the Board of Trade how many, and what tonnage of British ships were transferred to foreign flags during 1938; how many, and what tonnage of these are still in commission; how many, and what tonnage have been or are being broken up; and what are the corresponding figures for 1937 and 1936, respectively?\n§ The Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade (Mr. Cross)\nAs regards the number and tonnage of ships transferred to foreign flags, I would refer the hon. and learned Member to the replies given to him on 18th April and 27th March. As regards the remainder of the question, according to reports received by the Registrar-General of Shipping and Seamen, 30 of the ships sold in 1938, with a gross tonnage of 76,000 tons, were purchased by foreign buyers for breaking up. The corresponding figures for the years 1937 and 1936 were 65 ships of 132,000 tons gross and 33 ships of 143,000 tons gross, respectively. My right hon. Friend has no information whether the ships sold for trading purposes are still in commission.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "16. Hummer H1\nThe Hummer H1 is one of the models we definitely need to mention. It appeared in 1992, and it was based on the Humvee, but this version was immediately available for civilians. The H1 stayed in production until 2006, and during its existence, it was offered with a wagon body, a four-door hardtop pickup and a soft top pickup which was similar to the convertible.\nThe Hummer H1 was a massive car to match its size, and it weighed more than 7,000 pounds. A vast majority of the H1 models were equipped with a 6.2-liter V8 and 6.5-liter V8 engines that were developed by General Motors. The company tried to introduce a smaller 5.7-liter gas V8, but it didn’t get enough supporters due to the H1’s size.\nThe Hummer H1 definitely marked the 1990s. Not only was this machine huge, but it was also capable on the rough terrain. On the other hand, it was not great to maneuver and park, which was expected from a car of this size. Arnold Schwarzenegger did definitely approve the Hummer H1.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "100% Satisfaction Guarantee\n- no headaches!\nAn excerpt from www.HouseOfNames.com archives copyright © 2000 - 2016\nThe McWilliams family comes from the ancient Scottish Dalriadan clans of the mountainous west coast of Scotland\n. The name McWilliams is derived from the personal name William.\nThe Gaelic form of the surname is Mac Uilleim,\nwhich means son of William.\nThe surname McWilliams was first found in on the Isle of Harris\n, where they held a family seat\nfrom early times and their first records appeared on the early census rolls taken by the early Kings of Scotland.\nTranslation in medieval times was an undeveloped science and was often carried out without due care. For this reason, many early Scottish names appeared radically altered when written in English. The spelling variations of McWilliams include MacWilliam, MacQuilliam, MacKilliam, MacWilliams, MacKullie, MacCullie, MacWillie and many more.\nThis web page shows only a small excerpt of our McWilliams research. Another 256 words (18 lines of text) covering the years 1187, 1215, and 1613 are included under the topic Early McWilliams History in all our PDF Extended History products\nMore information is included under the topic Early McWilliams Notables in all our PDF Extended History products\nSome of the McWilliams family moved to Ireland\n, but this topic is not covered in this excerpt. Another 167 words (12 lines of text) about their life in Ireland\nis included in all our PDF Extended History products\nThe hardy Scots who made the crossing settled all along the east coast of North America and in the great west that was just then opening up. At the time of the American War of Independence\n, many United Empire Loyalists moved north from the American colonies to Canada. Scottish national heritage became better known in North America in the 20th century through highland games and other patriotic events. An examination of immigration records and passenger ship lists revealed that people bearing the name McWilliams arrived in North America very early:\nMcWilliams Settlers in United States in the 18th Century\n- Jane McWilliams, who landed in Pennsylvania in 1771\n- Archibald McWilliams, who landed in Charleston, South Carolina in 1772\n- Elizabeth McWilliams, aged 35, landed in New York, NY in 1775\n- George McWilliams, aged 25, arrived in New York, NY in 1775\n- Janet McWilliams, aged 27, arrived in New York, NY in 1775\nMcWilliams Settlers in United States in the 19th Century\n- John McWilliams, who landed in America in 1811\n- David McWilliams, aged 17, landed in New York in 1812\n- William McWilliams, aged 30, arrived in New York in 1812\n- Nicholas McWilliams, who arrived in Maryland in 1817\n- James McWilliams, who arrived in Allegany (Allegheny) County, Pennsylvania in 1838\nMcWilliams Settlers in Canada in the 18th Century\n- Mr. John McWilliams U.E. who settled in Eastern District [Cornwall], Ontario c. 1784\nMcWilliams Settlers in Canada in the 19th Century\n- Daniel McWilliams, aged 24, arrived in St John, New Brunswick in 1834\n- Donald McWilliams, aged 27, landed in Quebec in 1834\n- Felix McWilliams, aged 25, arrived in Quebec in 1834\nMcWilliams Settlers in Australia in the 19th Century\n- Daniel McWilliams arrived in Adelaide, Australia aboard the ship \"Spartan\" in 1849\n- Charles McWilliams (aged 31) arrived in South Australia in 1856 aboard the ship \"Aurora\"\n- Nancy McWilliams, aged 34, a servant, arrived in South Australia in 1857 aboard the ship \"Caucasian\"\nMcWilliams Settlers in New Zealand in the 19th Century\n- James McWilliams, aged 29, arrived in Auckland, New Zealand aboard the ship \"Dunedin\" in 1875\n- Rose McWilliams, aged 33, arrived in Auckland, New Zealand aboard the ship \"Dunedin\" in 1875\n- Thomas McWilliams, aged 8, arrived in Auckland, New Zealand aboard the ship \"Dunedin\" in 1875\n- Agnes McWilliams, aged 6, arrived in Auckland, New Zealand aboard the ship \"Dunedin\" in 1875\n- James McWilliams, aged 4, arrived in Auckland, New Zealand aboard the ship \"Dunedin\" in 1875\n- Cynthia Kaye McWilliams, German-born, American actress, known for The Lake House (2006), One Small Hitch (2013) and Herd Mentality (2011)\n- Wilson Carey McWilliams (1933-2005), American political scientist at Rutgers University\n- Johnny McWilliams (b. 1972), former American NFL football tight end who played from 1996 to 2000\n- Caroline Margaret McWilliams (1945-2010), American actress, best known for her role as Marcy Hill on the television series Soap\n- William Henry \"Bill\" McWilliams (1910-1997), American Major League Baseball player who played for the Boston Red Sox in 1931\n- Robert Hugh McWilliams Jr. (1916-2013), American judge, US Court of Appeals 10th Circuit (1970–1984), Colorado Supreme Court (1961–1970)\n- Julia Carolyn McWilliams (1912-2004), birth name of Julia Child, American chef, author, and television personality, recipient of the three Emmys, five more Emmy nominations and a Peabody Award\n- Larry McWilliams (b. 1954), American former Major League Baseball player who played from 1978 to 1990\n- John McWilliams, American Democrat politician, Postmaster at Coatesville, Pennsylvania, 1885-90\n- John Dacher McWilliams (1891-1975), American Republican politician, U.S. Representative from Connecticut 2nd District, 1943-45; Defeated, 1944\n- Bell, Robert. The Book of Ulster Surnames. Belfast: Blackstaff, 1988. Print. (ISBN 10-0856404160).\n- Prebble, John. The Highland Clearances. London: Secker & Warburg, 1963. Print.\n- Bloxham, Ben. Key to Parochial Registers of Scotland From Earliest Times Through 1854 2nd edition. Provo, UT: Stevenson's Genealogical Center, 1979. Print.\n- Hinde, Thomas Ed. The Domesday Book England's Heritage Then and Now. Surrey: Colour Library Books, 1995. Print. (ISBN 1-85833-440-3).\n- Browne, James. The History of Scotland it's Highlands, Regiments and Clans 8 Volumes. Edinburgh: Francis A Niccolls & Co, 1909. Print.\n- Weis, Frederick Lewis, Walter Lee Sheppard and David Faris. Ancestral Roots of Sixty Colonists Who Came to New England Between 1623 and 1650 7th Edition. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 1992. Print. (ISBN 0806313676).\n- Innes, Thomas and Learney. Socts Heraldry A Practical Handbook on the Historical Principles and Modern Application of the Art of Science. London: Oliver and Boyd, 1934. Print.\n- Skene, William Forbes Edition. Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of the Scots and Other Early Memorials of Scottish History. Edinburgh: H.M. General Register House, 1867. Print.\n- Browning, Charles H. Americans of Royal Descent. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing. Print.\n- Filby, P. William and Mary K Meyer. Passenger and Immigration Lists Index in Four Volumes. Detroit: Gale Research, 1985. Print. (ISBN 0-8103-1795-8).\nThe McWilliams Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The McWilliams Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname.\nThis page was last modified on 2 March 2016 at 13:23.\n100% Satisfaction Guarantee\n- no headaches!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Sunday, February 15, 2009\nMalcolm X was a controversial Black leader during the Civil Rights movement. His father was killed by the Klu Klux Klan (a white racist group) and his mother was not able to find work after his father's death. Because his mother was not able to take care of her children, she was put in a mental institution and the children were sent off to reform schools and group homes. Malcolm started spending time with people who were selling drugs and stealing, and eventually, he was arrested.\nWhile he was in jail he began to read and discovered the readings of Elijah Muhammad, a Black Muslim leader based in Chicago. He became a Muslim and when he got out of jail began to work with Elijah Muhammad.\nPeople said that Malcolm X encouraged violence, but really, he encouraged self-defence, self-respect, and for Black people to know their history.\nMalcolm X was assassinated in 1965.\nYou can read a short biography of Malcolm X here.\nPosted by Rick Kappra at 9:00 AM", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Tarragona dignifies two mass graves of the cemetery as a space of memory\nWithin the framework of the Democratic Memory of Tarragona of this year, today, Saturday, the act of dignity and marking of the two small graves located in the city cemetery was held.\nThe act, open to all citizens, has had the participation of the Minister of Memory History of the Tarragona City Council, Manel Castaño; the president of the Tarragona Forum for Memory association, Francesc Xavier Tolosana; the president of the Association of Victims of Francoist Repression in Tarragona, Montserrat Giné; and relatives of the victims who rest in the mass graves.\nIn these two places rest the remains of fourteen men who were sentenced to death and shot by the Francoist authorities between 1939 and 1940. The dignifying work that has been carried out has been promoted by the association Fòrum de Tarragona por la Memoria (FTM ) and has made them the Red Santa Tecla.\nThe search for the Tolosan historian\n“The dignity of these two graves was a historical claim that this Saturday will become a reality. Fourteen tombstones of people shot by the Franco dictatorship have been located, which have become a testimony of their sacrifice in defense of republican legality\", said the Minister of Historical Memory of the Tarragona City Council, Manel Castaño, who thanked \"the perseverance and the work carried out by the Tarragona Forum for Memory”, as well as the work carried out by the Santa Tecla Network. \"With these completed works, the process of dignifying the different mass graves that exist in the Tarragona cemetery is closed\", Castaño underlined.\nThanks to the search of the historian Francesc Xavier Tolosana, it has been possible to identify the remains of the 14 people buried in the two dignified mass graves: Joan Manresa Vallespinós (45 years old), Restituto Ramos González (33 years old), Marià Barberà Villagrasa (35 years old ), Josep Giné Anguela (35 years old), Gregoria Masalias Torres (27 years old), Francesc Pascual Sas (30 years old), Joan Pellicer Palau (35 years old), Victorià Romeu Gatell (26 years old), Joan Salas Melich (42 years old), Salvador Cañellas Garriga (47 years old), Josep Capdevila Nuet (41 years old), Jaume Gras Guasch (49 years old), Rafael Grivé Grivé (22 years old), Jaume Pairot Fabra (32 years old). The executions of more than 700 people were carried out between 1939 and 1945 on the Oliva hill and inside the Tarragona cemetery itself.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "While lacking the year round grand formality of the 19th century New York, Newport, Marblehead Yacht Club scene, the Boothbay Harbor Yacht Club was certainly considered, along with Bar Harbor, one of the best summer yachting destinations for those clubs and for the summer residents and visitors to the region.\nThe Boothbay Harbor Yacht Club was incorporated in 1895, although the Club’s history dates back to 1870. The club quickly became a racing and social center for the summer boating season in the harbor from its downtown Boothbay Harbor waterfront location, now the site of the Tugboat Inn.\nUsing old photo references from several historical sources, and with considerable help from Barbara Rumsey at Boothbay Region Historical Society, Ed Parker has depicted the club as it would have looked in 1910, members, guests and rusticators on the docks waiting to be ferried out to their boats or summer cottages.\nBased on research from Wooden Boat publications, he also added several boats popular then, including a 1908 24-foot Dark Harbor sloop, a One Design class of knockabouts, 200 of which were built in Maine and sailed by many yacht clubs, and an 18’ Catboat, also very popular then for family picnic day sails.\nThere is a certain implied social and fashion formality to the scene that was strictly followed during that time and in some instances established traditions that carry over into today’s yachting environment.\nThe original painting is now on display at Gleason Fine Art, 31 Townsend Ave., Boothbay Harbor. A very limited number of signed giclee prints are available directly from the artist.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "While some engaged the enemy with the use of high tech aircraft or well-armored tanks during World War II, others were sent on missions using much less impressive technology. One group, known as the “canoeing commandos,” used kayaks to participate in an Allied raid on the Port of Bordeaux as part of Operation Frankton.\nRoyal Marines Boom Patrol Detachment (RMBPD)\nAs the Second World War drew on, the Port of Bordeaux – specifically, the Bay of Biscay – became crucial to the German war effort, as goods were imported through the area. For context, between June 1941-42, 25,000 tons of crude rubber were sent through the port, along with different oils and raw materials.\nIt’s no wonder, then, that it became a target for the Allies.\nThe Royal Marines Boom Patrol Detachment (RMBPD) were given the task. The group of 34 had formed on July 6, 1942, and were stationed at Lumps Fort, Portsmouth, frequently training at the nearby harbor at night. Maj. Herbert “Blondie” Hasler was in command of the unit, with Capt. J.D. Stewart serving under him.\nIt was the former who submitted a plan of attack against the French port on September 21, 1942.\nOrchestrating a raid on the Port of Bordeaux\nThe proposal was to transport three kayaks by submarine, so they could paddle the 60-mile journey to the Port of Bordeaux under darkness and avoid Kriegsmarine patrols. They would then sink six to 12 German cargo ships, before escaping to neutral Spain. Once the plan received approval from Adm. Louis Mountbatten, the total number of kayaks was increased to six.\nRigorous training began on October 20, 1942. The RMBPD practiced simulated raids by traveling up the Swale, a tidal channel of the Thames estuary, from Margate to Deptford using Mk II “Cockle” kayaks, which collapsed to fit inside the submarines that would be transporting them. In addition, the commandos were thoroughly trained in kayak handling, appropriate submarine drills, enemy evasion and how to handle mines.\nBuilding the team of commandos\nThe men tasked with executing Operation Frankton were split into two divisions. They consisted of three kayaks each, manned by teams of two, with Marine Norman Colley being brought along as a reserve. Each vessel contained eight limpet mines, extra paddles, a compass and watch, a depth sounding reel, camouflage netting, fishing line, hand grenades, food rations and water for six days, a spanner to activate mines, a magnet to hold the kayak against the side of a ship and repair equipment.\nAdditionally, each crewman was given a Fairbairn-Sykes fighting knife and an M1911 Colt pistol.\nA Division was made up of Maj. Hasler and Marine Bill Sparks in Catfish; Corp. Albert Laver and Marine William Mills in Crayfish; and Corp. George Sheard and Marine David Moffatt in Conger. B Division consisted of Lt. John Mackinnon and Marine James Conway in Cuttlefish; Sgt. Samuel Wallace and Marine Robert Ewart in Coalfish; and Marines W.A. Ellery and E. Fisher in Cachalot.\nLaunching Operation Frankton\nOn November 30, 1942, the commandos loaded themselves and their kayaks onto the Royal Navy submarine HMS Tuna (N94). Despite some setbacks reaching their destination at the Gironde estuary, they arrived on December 7. In the end, all but Cachalot launched, as the kayak was damaged when the crew took her off the submarine. The remaining teams set off sometime between 7:36 PM and 8:22 PM on their 60-mile paddle into enemy waters.\nIt didn’t take long for disaster to strike, due to poor wind conditions and strong currents. Cuttlefish was separated from the others and her crew survived for four days onshore before being handed over to the Germans while trying to get to Spain. Coalfish‘s crew were also captured when they went ashore. Conger capsized, causing her crewmen to be pulled along until they could swim to shore. However, both died of hypothermia.\nOnly two kayaks remain\nCatfish and Crayfish, the remaining kayaks, altered their plans to be more cautious, reaching the Port of Bordeaux on the night of December 11. Catfish‘s crew placed eight mines on four ships, while the crew aboard Crayfish placed eight on two others.\nBy chance, the crews met up while traveling away from their targets, beaching and sinking their kayaks near St. Genes de Blayes. They then split up to travel to Spain. Sadly, Laver and Mills from Crayfish were captured and likely executed on December 11, alongside comrades Mackinnon, Conway, Wallace and Ewart, following interrogation by the Germans.\nOf the 10 commandos who took part in Operation Frankton, only two survived. Hasler and Sparks made it to the French town of Ruffec, where they contacted Mary Lindell and her son, Maurice, members of the French Resistance who were involved in one of the escape lines for Allied combatants. The pair spent the subsequent 18 days hiding on a local farm, before being taken across the Pyrenees to Spain. They then traveled back to the United Kingdom.\nEvents following Operation Frankton\nFollowing Operation Frankton, Sparks was sent through Gibraltar, where he was put under military arrest after no one could corroborate his story. It wasn’t until he returned home, escaped and visited his father that he found out he’d been declared as missing in action (MIA). Sparks reported to the Admiralty, who tried to re-arrest him, but he managed to make it to the Combined Operations Headquarters, where he was received with great shock.\nBoth Sparks and Hasler were awarded for their roles in Operation Frankton, the former receiving the Distinguished Service Medal (DSM) and the latter becoming the recipient of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO). None of the other crewmen had their roles posthumously honored, although they’re memorialized at various monuments in the UK and France.\nTheir actions were also dramatized in the 1955 film, The Cockleshell Heroes.\nDespite the heavy losses the RMBPD sustained as a result of Operation Frankton, five German ships were critically damaged, while another was defaced, but quickly repaired. Of the mission, Lord Mountbatten said, “Of the many brave and dashing raids carried out by the men of Combined Operations Command none was more courageous or imaginative than Operation Frankton.”", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "PHIL Guest Lecture – “Bargaining with the Spirits: Excavated Religious Documents from Early China” by Prof. Lai Guolong\n|15 Oct 2015|\nProf. Lai Guolong is Associate Professor of Chinese Art and Archaeology at the University of Florida. He received his MA in Archaeology and Paleography from Peking University and PhD in Art History from UCLA. His research interests include early Chinese art and archaeology, Chinese paleography, and Chinese religious studies. He has published widely in both English and Chinese, and his latest book is titled Excavating the Afterlife: The Archaeology of Early Chinese Religion.\nFocusing on groups of divinatory and sacrificial records excavated from Warring States Chu tombs in recent decades, this paper explores the religious nature of excavated manuscripts from early China. These previously unknown documents detail the religious pantheon of the Warring States period and ritual actions such as exorcism, sacrifices and the promise of sacrificial offerings targeting ancestral and natural spirits. Drawing materials from the oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang dynasty, religious documents of the Qin and Han empires, and religious tales of the medieval and later periods, this paper concludes that the strategy of bargaining with the spirits by the dynamics of offering promissory and requital sacrifices is the most important characteristics of Chinese religion.\n|All are welcome|\n|Philosophy and Religious Studies Programme|\nTel: (853) 8822 4768", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Voronezh Regional Art Museum is named in honor of Ivan Kramskoy, the famous Russian portrait painter of the XIX century, who was born in Voronezh Governorate. The museum collection is located in the governor's estate of the late 18th century. This three-story baroque mansion is called the Voronezh Palace in the city. Emperor Nicholas II also took part in the arrangement of the museum: in 1911 he handed over the former governor's house to the governorate museum, which was later renamed as Art Museum.\nVoronezh Regional Art Museum has an extensive collection. Here you can find ancient Egyptian statuettes and antique ceramics of the IX–VIII centuries BC. European art is represented by medieval paintings: “Christ” by Michael Ostendorfer (1530); a French copy of the \"Adoration of the Magi\" by da Fabriano (XVIII century), stored in the Uffizi Gallery; a series of Dutch still-life paintings of the XVII century. But the pivot of the entire exposition is Russian art. The museum displays the portraits of Bryullov, Tropinin, Kramskoy, landscapes of Aivazovsky and Roerich.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Join The Emperor’s Bridge Campaign and the Comstock Saloon in our celebration of Empire Day — the anniversary of Joshua Norton’s public declaration of himself as Emperor on 17 September 1859.Read More\nFiltering by Category: Proclamations\nAn abiding concern of Emperor Norton was for the welfare of immigrants. The Emperor issued numerous Proclamations and took other actions in the defense and support of specific immigrant communities — notably, the Chinese, German and French.\nMore broadly, Emperor Norton wanted to ensure that the basic needs of arriving immigrants be met. This included his determination that cash-poor immigrants have enough money to get started in their new country.\nHis concern for the financial security of immigrants was evident at least as early as November 1867, when he issued a brief Proclamation that appeared in the San Francisco Examiner.Read More\nIn April 1875, Emperor Norton issued one of his most important Proclamations on the welcome, sympathy, assistance, protection and care of immigrants.\nThirty years later, in September 1908, this Proclamation was bumped to the top of the pile, when the Emperor’s portraitist Addie Ballou included it — unsourced — in a brief memoir of her experience of the Emperor that she wrote for the San Francisco Call.\nAlas, the Proclamation has languished in unmentioned obscurity for most of the last 110 years — not least, because it has not been publicly sourced and documented as authentic.\nThis, we do here.Read More\nEmperor Norton’s Early Engagement With an African-American Editor Reveals the Essence of the Emperor’s Mission — And Foreshadows a Key Relationship\nIn 1860, the prominent African-American editor and civil rights activist Philip Alexander Bell arrived in San Francisco from New York City to take up the editor’s chair at the San Francisco Mirror of the Times newspaper —the intellectual and political heartbeat of the emerging movement for African-American equality in California.\nOne of Bell’s earliest editorial items — published on 20 August of that year — was about Emperor Norton. Within a matter of hours, the Emperor responded in writing, and Bell published the note the following day under the headline “A Pacific Proclamation.”\nTwenty months later, Bell would join Peter Anderson, a founder of the Mirror, in converting the paper to a new African-American weekly called The Pacific Appeal. At the end of 1870, Emperor Norton named the Appeal his imperial gazette; and, over the next four-and-a-half years, Anderson, as editor, published some 250 of the Emperor’s proclamations — including his many decrees recognizing the humanity and rights, and demanding fairness and equality, for marginalized and immigrant people, specifically: the Chinese, Native Americans and African-Americans,\nThe fact that Emperor Norton responded to Philip Bell in 1860 — and what he said — tells us much about the Emperor.\nWe believe this is the first modern publication of the images and full texts of Bell’s editorial and the Emperor’s reply.Read More\nOn the morning of 17 September 1859, Joshua Norton delivered to the San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin his Proclamation declaring himself Emperor of the United States. The declaration appeared in that evening's edition. Who'd have guessed that, within a month, a newspaper in Mississippi would have printed the decree in full on its front page?Read More\nOver the course of several months in 1873, Emperor Norton issued a series of Proclamations calling out the exploitation of Native American people; urging a peaceable resolution to the Modoc War that was taking place at the time; and warning that the execution of Captain Jack and other Modoc leaders — a punishment mandated by an Army court-martial and eventually carried out — would only make matters worse.\nThe Emperor's Bridge Campaign has discovered a May 1873 diary entry — by a 13-year-old boy living in Oakland — that further illuminates the Emperor's take on the Modoc War and on Native Americans in general.Read More\nIn July 1869, Emperor Norton issued a Proclamation urging his subjects to do everything in their power to advance the steam-powered airship experiments of Frederick Marriott. Six years later, in 1875, Marriott published a beautiful map of San Francisco.Read More\nNo proclamation attributed to Emperor Norton more often is actually quoted than the one in which he is said to have railed against the word \"Frisco.\" But did the Emperor actually write this? As it turns out, the source of the \"Frisco\" proclamation is far from clear. In this wide-ranging, link-packed essay, we detail our quest for the origins of the decree and find that all roads may lead to 1939.Read More\nIt stands to reason that The Emperor's Bridge Campaign is one of the few organizations or individuals to be actively researching the question of whether Emperor Norton wrote the anti-\"Frisco proclamation so often attributed to him. So it was gratifying, a couple of days ago, to have our efforts acknowledged by the respected San Francisco-based magazine Mother Jones.Read More\nThe Emperor outlines his immigration policy in this timely Proclamation, published in the Pacific Appeal newspaper on 24 April 1875.Read More\nIn the late nineteenth century, the popular amusement resort known as Woodward's Gardens — located in the area that now is San Francisco's Mission District — had what has been called the West Coast's largest rollerskating rink. In March 1872, Emperor Norton tried to go for a skate there. The Emperor was turned away. He was not happy.Read More\nThe Emperor's Bridge Campaign is pleased to announce that the nonprofit San Francisco History Association, as part of its Research Gift program, recently awarded the Campaign with a lead grant to develop and publish a book of selected Proclamations of Emperor Norton.Read More\nAn Empire Day meditation on one of least understood words of Emperor Norton's original Proclamation of 17 September 1859.Read More\nIn the current San Francisco mayoral election, one of the challengers to sitting mayor Ed Lee has offered an anti-corruption plan that includes a proposal that San Francisco create a new elected office for a Public Advocate.\nOther major cities already have Public Advocates; the level of authority depends on the city.\nBut the general idea is that the Public Advocate is a kind of official watchdog — someone who helps to ensure that the citizens are being treated fairly; that government agencies and private companies are properly maintaining basic utilities and services like streets, public transit, water, electricity and gas (and not gouging the people in the process); and that corruption that affects the general populace is called out wherever it is found.\nSound familiar? It should.\nThe original Public Advocate is Emperor Norton.\n\"As everyone knows, the Emperor Norton I. visits this city every Monday.\" So wrote the Oakland Tribune newspaper on 30 December 1879, a little more than a week before the Emperor died on 8 January 1880.\nAlthough Emperor Norton often is pigeonholed as a creature of San Francisco, the truth is that he spent quite a bit of time visiting places that were outside the seat of his Empire. Here's a look at two of those places — Oakland and the adjacent Brooklyn, Calif. — as well as two of the Emperor's proclamations that were datelined \"Brooklyn.\"\nImages include: the original Oakland Tribune item; archival 1850s-'70s maps of Oakland, Brooklyn and Alameda; and two \"Brooklyn proclamations\" of 1872. Bonus: The story of The Tom Collins Hoax of 1874.Read More\nEarly last month, we ran Eadweard Muybridge's wonderful exterior photograph of the 1866 building of the Mechanics' Institute, where Emperor Norton spent many afternoons, wrote many proclamations and played many games of chess. But the more elusive prize has been a photograph(s) of the building's interior — of the physical spaces that Emperor Norton himself inhabited on all those afternoons, so many years ago.\nHappily, we now can close this gap.Read More\nIt long has been known that, upon Emperor Norton's death in January 1880, many of his personal effects — including his regimentals, a hat, his sword and his treasured Serpent Scepter, an elaborate walking stick given him by his subjects in Oregon — went to the Society of California Pioneers (only to be lost 26 years later in the earthquake and fire).\nMany, but not all. This week, we discovered archival traces of an early 1880 donation to the Odd Fellows' Library Association of San Francisco. The donation — by David Hutchinson, Emperor Norton's longtime landlord at the Eureka Lodgings — included the stamp the Emperor used to place his seal on his proclamations. It might also have included the Emperor's final proclamation: written and sealed, but not yet delivered and published.Read More\nEmperor Norton wrote many — possibly even most — of his Proclamations during his regular afternoon visits to the Mechanics' Institute at 31 Post Street, where he also is said to have played a fine game of chess. Here's a look at how the Institute featured in the Emperor's daily life, illustrated by a couple of photographs of the building — including a wonderful shot by the pioneering photographer Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904), who also took the famous 1869 photo of the Emperor astride a bicycle.Read More\nOn this day in 1872, the Pacific Appeal newspaper published the first of Emperor Norton's three Proclamations that year setting out the original vision for the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge. Here's how the Proclamation appeared on the front page, 143 years ago today.Read More\nHere's how Emperor Norton wished his subjects a Happy New Year one-hundred forty years ago today — on 2 January 1875.Read More", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- Episode Description\nUsing previously classified documents, NOVA uncovers the secret history of U.S. space programs in the 1950's and how those aspirations were given a boost in 1957 when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I.\n- Cast & Crew\n- Fan Reviews (0)\n- Be the first to write a review!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "FDR’s “Four Freedoms” Speech\n\"Sometimes we fail to hear or heed these voices of freedom because to us the privilege of our freedom is such an old, old story.\"\n—Franklin Delano Roosevelt, in his Third Inaugural Address, January 20, 1941.\nWhile many of the most frequently-studied statements about freedom were published in the form of written documents such as the Bill of Rights or the Magna Carta, the library is certainly not the only place where Americans encounter references to freedom. On radio and television, on the campaign trail and at press conferences, our public officials appeal to the cause of freedom every day. The world of political oratory provides a living laboratory for studying the place of \"freedom\" within public discourse. Some of the most thought-provoking—and influential—musings on freedom were first presented not in books or in pamphlets, but broadcast from podiums and grandstands.\nWhat does freedom mean?\nWhat does FDR's \"Four Freedoms\" speech reveal about the variety of different attitudes, priorities, and political philosophies encompassed by the word \"freedom\"?\nExamine the substance, context, subtext, and significance of the most famous portion of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's 1941 State of the Union Address.\nEvaluate the influence of political rhetoric and oratory on the ongoing process of refining our definitions of \"freedom.\"\nEvaluate longstanding theoretical debates over the scope and meaning of freedom.\nCreate an original argument regarding the theory and practice of freedom in the U.S.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "1817.056: Important Subjects for Consideration.\nFull Title: No. 1. Important subjects for consideration.\nPlace Issued: Alexandria\nIssuing Press: Uncertain\nDescription: 6 pgs.; 22 cm. (8vo).\nOnly known copy held in the special collections of the University of Virginia. Title bears the imprint: \"Published for the Prayer Book and Tract Society's [sic] for the Diocese of Virginia.\" Item is the first tract in a series planned by the Common Prayer Book and Tract Society of Virginia, formed at May 1816 convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church of Virginia, as stated in the caption title; so probably issued in late 1816 or early 1817; the UVA catalogue suggests the 1817 date, as reported here. The series numbering ends with No. 12 in 1820; numbers 2 through 7 are apparently non-extant. Imprint states: \"All the Society's tracts may be procured at a low price, by application to the Rev. Messrs. Wilmer & Norris, Alexandria,\" so indicating its origin there. Wilmer was William H. Wilmer (1782-1827), the rector of St. Paul's Church in Alexandria, and later Bishop of the Virginia Diocese; as he regularly engaged Alexandria printers Benjamin L. Bogan, Samuel H. Davis, and Samuel Snowden, this title undoubtedly issued from one of their presses; but without other evidence, a clear attribution is impracticable. At the annual convention of the Virginia diocese in 1817, Wilmer reported that 5500 copies of this tract had been printed.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Penang Hill is one of the oldest colonial hill station established by the British during their time in Malaysia. Explored in the late 18th century, a horse trail was cut by the Waterfall Gardens (present day Penang Botanic Gardens) to the summit of the hilly spine of Penang, allowing the British to escape from the chaos of George Town to the cooler climate on the hill.\nPenang Hill comprises several hills including Strawberry Hill, Halliburton’s Hill, Flagstaff Hill, Government Hill , Tiger Hill,and Western Hill. The highest point of this range is at Western Hill, with an elevation of 833m (2,723ft )above sea level. The range also serves as the largest water catchment area on the island, and a number of tributaries to major rivers in Penang.\nThe earliest mode of transport to the hill was via horses, or a system called ‘doolies’, where masters were carried up the hill on special sedan chairs. To further explore the potential of the hill, systems of bridle paths were cut by Indian penal servitude prisoners for the establishment of more bungalows on the hill.\nThe Penang Hill Funicular Railway was the second mode of transport established for access to the summit. The first railway was constructed in 1901 and completed in 1905 but was rendered useless, due to technical faults. A second railway was commissioned in 1909, and works for the second line started in 1914 with a budget of 1.5 million Straits Dollars. On 1st January 1924, the 2,007m long funicular railway was officially opened by then Governor of Straits Settlement, Sir L.N.Guillemard. The last upgrade was in 1977, before a complete overhaul of the system in 2010.\nPenang Hill, Penang, Malaysia\nTel: +604-828 8880", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "1959 ran on 23rd May 1959\nS.L.S. Golden Jubilee Tour\nDid NOT run on this date - simply a publishing error.\n|Loco(s) Used||at least 60007 'Sir Nigel Gresley'|\n|60007||??? - ???|\n(1) Photo published at Cambridge of 60007, heading north and carrying a 'Stephenson Locomotive Society Golden Jubilee' headboard and dated 23rd September 1959. Confirmation of date is required however as the SLS ran a \"Golden Jubilee\" tour on 23rd May however that didn't go through Cambridge - was there a second tour with the same name, or was the caption to the photo in error i.e. wrong date and location?\nTerry Jackson is also certain the caption is incorrect and that the SLS did not run a second tour with 60007 and this has been further confirmed by Ian Clark (SLS).\nSource : Kevin Driscoll (from contemporary\nBack to \"The Railtour Files\"", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Doc: The Story of a Birmingham Jazz Man\nMay 18, 2:30 p.m.\nHoover Public Library\nThe Hoover Public Library will present local jazz legend Frank “Doc” Adams and author Burgin Matthews as they trace Birmingham’s jazz history through storytelling and musical performances. They will also sign copies of their book, “Doc: The Story of a Birmingham Jazz Man,” after the performance. For more information, visit www.hooverpubliclibrary.org or call 444-7800.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Fathers Day in Hiroshima and the sacred island of Miyajima - Dadcation\nWe boarded our Kyoto Shinkansen train at 7 Sunday morning and arrived in Hiroshima just after 9. My bride had told me a few days prior that we’d be spending Fathers Day at Hiroshima, somewhat apologetically, but that’s how the itinerary had fit together, and was that okay? Who was I to argue with what had so far been the most well put together trip I’d ever taken? And so here the 5 of us were, walking into Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. We walked through the museum, which...\nPost to Tumblr", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Jack Mainland: Do You Remember Your First Trip at Sea?\nBill Ballingall: “Surely. I was on the old ‘British Duke’ for about 13 months, although that included two or three weeks in drydock, in South Shields. My first voyage was through the Bay of Biscay, the ‘Med(iterranean)’, the Suez Canal, Red Sea and round into what was then called the Persian Gulf, to the refinery of Abadan, in what is now Iran. A ‘milk run’ for tankers. In these days, Abadan was virtually BP Shipping, situated some 40 miles up the Shat-al-Arab, the river formed by the confluence of the Tigris and the Euphrates.\nWe used to say that if that if the Persian Gulf was the ‘a-hole’ of the world, then Abadan was 40 miles up it. There we loaded a cargo of refined spirit for Kwinana, a wee place not far from Freemantle, in West Australia. In these days Freemantle was pretty basic. Most of the buildings were built of timber, with wooden ‘sidewalks’ and the roads were simply compacted sand. It’s now over 50 years since that first time, and I understand it’s changed, somewhat.\nIn Kwinana we discharged, and back-loaded another cargo, much of it in drums, for two islands in the Pacific; Nauru and Ocean. It was a long trip, and our course took us between the Indonesian islands of Lombok and Bali, each with their iconic cone-shaped volcanos rising to 12,000 and 10,000 feet.\nThe coral islands of Nauru and Ocean were something else; from the ship we could smell the Frangipani flowers; the locals who helped us moor in deep water wore brightly-coloured sarongs, with flowers in their hair. But they couldn’t be called ‘sissy’ at all. Typical Pacific islanders, not particularly tall, but broad shoulders and strong-looking. They sat on the maindeck all night, singing and fishing, and were delighted with a pot of boiled rice and a large tin of corned beef our butler put out for them. (yes, our early Indian-crewed ships carried a butler!).\nIt seems that extensive parts of these islands are simply dug up, and shipped out as fertiliser. Nauru is the world’s smallest independent republic, and Ocean is a protectorate of the governments of the UK, Australia and New Zealand. Ocean is tiny, circular, about 3½ miles in diameter.\nAlthough it was a long haul out to these islands, it was still some time before we got back to the UK. We returned to Freemantle and again we loaded and crossed the Great Australian Bight for ports in South Australia and Victoria. We did this shuttle trip for several weeks, before going back up to Abadan and loaded for Bombay (now Mumbai). I forget the last bit of the route we took to return to UK, but it was certainly a memorable first trip. I felt I had seen a large chunk of the world, or at least, some of its oceans – the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Thank you for visiting!\nThis website is here for your information. Please come back often for updates and news on the 160th District.\nIf I can be of any help, please contact me through the Contact section.\nMay God bless you - Representative Bill Reiboldt\nI want to take this opportunity to wish everyone a happy and blessed Thanksgiving holiday. If I had to choose just one holiday to celebrate, I believe it would be Thanksgiving. The idea of observing a day of praising and giving thanks for the abundance that we have so richly received from God is very important to me. In today’s society, far too often we fail to take the time to give and to show the proper gratitude to the Giver and Creator of all things. However, throughout the ages, man has in some way sought to stop and acknowledge the Great Provider for all we possess in this life.\nCertainly an attitude of giving thanks is deeply rooted in our nation. From the Pilgrims to the colonists, during America’s Revolutionary War and the forming of a new government with its constitution, requests for guidance and direction were frequently made by not only this country’s new inhabitants, but also by those who were helping to guide the forming process. Of those who stopped to give their heartfelt thanks and to express their deepest gratitude to the Creator for what had been so abundantly given, was our first president, George Washington.\nFor years, Missouri’s two largest cities (St. Louis and Kansas City) were homes to NFL franchises. Professional football came to Missouri in 1960 when the football Cardinals moved from Chicago to St. Louis, and it was in 1963 when the Dallas Texans moved from Dallas to Kansas City to become the Kansas City Chiefs.Kansas City built a sports complex with side-by-side stadiums to house their Chiefs football team and their Royals baseball team.\nAlways a major problem for St. Louis was finding an adequate football stadium. When the Cardinals moved to St. Louis in 1960, they played first at old Busch Stadium—also known as Sportsman’s Park. Later they played in the new multi-purpose Busch Stadium. Both facilities were home to the St. Louis Cardinals baseball team as well, but neither stadium was good for attracting football fans. Consequently, the owner of the St. Louis Cardinals football team began pushing for a new downtown stadium or else he would move the team out of St. Louis. Following the 1987 season, he made good on his threats and relocated the team to Arizona.\nToday, November 11, is Veteran’s Day, a federal holiday that honors those individuals who have served in the U.S. Armed Forces, both in times of peace as well as in times of conflict and war.\nOn November 11, 1919, President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed Armistice Day to be a day for individuals to remember the ending of WWI. This was one year after the fighting had stopped on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918. Armistice Day continued until June 1954, when the name was changed to Veteran’s Day, a title that remains.\nWhat is a veteran? One person identified this special individual as the following:\nA veteran—whether active duty, discharged, retired, or reserve—is someone who, at one point in his life, wrote a blank check made payable to “The United States of America,” for an amount of “up to, and including his life.”\nVeterans are men and women who live across town, across the street, and next door. They are our friends, our co-workers, our grandparents or parents, our nephews or nieces, our uncles or aunts, our sons or daughters, and they are our spouses. By their willingness to serve and sacrifice for their country, these special people have earned her lasting gratitude, and it is only proper and fitting that we pay them their due respect.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Tulsa Race Riot Marks Its Centennial\nMay 26, 2021\nThe 1921 race riot in Tulsa began on Monday, May 30, Memorial Day, when a young black man stepped into an elevator, tripped, and either grabbed a young white girl’s arm to steady himself, or stepped on her foot. She screamed. No one else witnessed what transpired on that elevator.\nSomeone suspected a possible assault and called the police.\nHe was 19 years old. His name was Dick Rowland. He shined shoes on Main Street. A number of Tulsa’s lawyers knew Dick, because he shined their shoes, but none believed him capable of assault. He had stepped into the elevator, because he wanted to use...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "NEW YORK, NY—On December 9 at the United Nations Headquarters, the Permanent Mission of Armenia to the United Nations organized a roundtable discussion entitled, “Remembrance and Education as Powerful Tools for Prevention: Drawing Lessons to Address Challenges,” dedicated to the International Day of Commemoration and Dignity of the Victims of the Crime of Genocide and of the Prevention of this Crime.\nThe Permanent Representative of Armenia to the United Nations Mher Margaryan, Executive Director of the Global Center for the Responsibility to Protect Dr. Simon Adams, the UN Secretary-General’s Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide Adama Dieng, President of International Association of Genocide Scholars Dr. Henry Theriault, Associate Professor from Clark University Dr. Johanna Vollhardt and Professor of History from the City College of New York Dr. Eric D. Weitz delivered remarks at the event.\nThe panelists discussed the role of remembrance and education in raising awareness on genocides, addressing the root causes of intolerance and discrimination and prevention of crimes against humanity and genocides.\nMargaryan stressed in his statement that the Armenian nation has gone through the horrors of genocide in the beginning of the 20th century, hence Armenia bears special duty to consolidate international efforts aimed at prevention of the crime of genocide. Margaryan’s full statement has been included below.\nDuring the event the selected works of Komitas were performed by “Aria,” a string quartet of New York-based Armenian musicians.\nThe event was attended by the Permanent Representatives of the UN member states, diplomats, officials of the UN Secretariat, as well as representatives of civil society, academia and the Armenian community.\nOpening remarks by H.E. Mr. Mher MARGARYAN\nPermanent Representative of Armenia\nAt the Round-table discussion “Remembrance and Education as Powerful Tools for Prevention: Drawing Lessons to Address Challenges”\n9 December, 2019\nLadies and Gentlemen,\nI am very grateful to you all for gathering today at this solemn event in observance of the International Day of Commemoration and Dignity of the Victims of the Crime of Genocide and of the Prevention of this Crime.\nI would like to welcome our panellists: Mr. Adama Dieng, the UN Secretary-General’s Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, Dr. Henry Theriault, President of International Association of Genocide Scholars, Dr. Johanna Vollhardt, Associate Professor from Clark University and Dr. Eric D. Weitz, Professor of History from the City College of New York. I would also like to welcome Dr. Simon Adams, Executive Director of the Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect who will be the moderator of today’s conversation.\nFour years ago, the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 69/323, which designated the international day we are observing today. Since its establishment in 2015, the international day of the 9th of December has served as a key multilateral platform to raise global awareness about the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, and to pay tribute to the memory and the dignity of millions of victims of the past atrocities.\nThe Armenian nation has gone through the horrors of genocide in the beginning of the 20th century, hence Armenia bears special duty to consolidate international efforts aimed at prevention of the crime of genocide.\nWe all know it too well that genocides do not happen overnight. They are usually preceded by a well-recognizable pattern of deterioration of human rights and fundamental freedoms, discrimination and stigmatization of vulnerable groups, cultivation of hate speech that bring about incitement of hate crimes on ethnic and religious grounds.\nThe United Nations, with its elaborate human rights and prevention toolbox, can play a strong role in advancing early warning against genocide and other atrocity crimes. I would like to acknowledge the central role of the Special Adviser of the Secretary General on the Prevention of Genocide in the global promotion of the prevention agenda.\nArmenia stands ready to continue its close cooperation with the UN Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect in strengthening early warning capacities of the UN system.\nCommemoration entails acknowledging of the events of the past and offering apologies to the victims and survivors. Without truth, justice and guarantees of non-recurrence we cannot avert future mass violations of human rights. As the Nobel Prize winner and Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel has said “to deny would be akin to killing victims a second time.”\nGenocide prevention embraces a number of important elements. Today, we are going to focus on the role of remembrance and education for the prevention of future atrocities. Remembrance and education are essential to the prevention framework as they entail acknowledgement of the crime committed in the past as well as commitment for non-recurrence in the future.\nI would like to conclude my remarks by inviting you to listen to a musical performance by “Aria” string quartet. The music we are about to hear is composed by Komitas, a priest and composer whose 150 years anniversary is celebrated this year.\nHis musical and religious career ended, abruptly, in 1915 when Komitas was arrested along with hundreds of other intellectuals, at the start of the Armenian Genocide in Ottoman Turkey. He survived the Genocide but suffered a severe case of post-traumatic stress disorder, spending the last years of his life in seclusion.\nToday’s music will sound as a tribute to those who lived through the horrors of genocide and mass atrocities, to connect emotionally with the memory of the victims, in compassion and empathy.\nI thank you very much.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "When hearing the word “prophet,” there are a wide range of responses. What may come to mind are images of a spiritual leader with the gift to see into the future. Another common reaction may be to think of the Old Testament prophets who condemned the wrong-doings of ancient Israel and exhorted them to follow after God. In a different direction, the term may be taken negatively, as charlatans who deceive others with their claims of supernatural power.\nJon Balserak approaches the subject of prophet in conjunction with John Calvin in John Calvin as Sixteenth-Century Prophet (Oxford University Press, 2014; source: publisher). I looked forward to reviewing the work after benefiting greatly from Balserak’s earlier work Divinity Compromised: A Study of Divine Accommodation in the Thought of John Calvin, a comprehensive assessment of Calvin’s doctrine of accommodation. In the present volume, Balserak addresses Calvin in the role of a prophet, particularly, Calvin’s own self-identification as a prophet.\nYesterday I had the opportunity to hear Dr. Scott Manetsch, Professor of Church History at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School (and one of my former profs), give a lecture on “Pastoral Collegiality and Accountability in Calvin’s Geneva.” This lecture is part of the “Scripture and Ministry” lecture series at the Carl F. H. Henry Center for Theological Understanding.\nIn the lecture, Manetsch made good on years of painstaking research on John Calvin and his associates and successors by discussing some of the takeaways for the church today. Avoiding both antiquarianism and presentism, he first gave listeners a rich description of pastoral ministry in Geneva as molded by Calvin and his fellow pastors and then discussed ways we can learn from them—positively and negatively—for today.\nAs debate over worship styles continue, and what has been dubbed the modern worship wars remain a heated issue, I would like to offer two pieces of advice from those who have gone before us. The first comes from the great reformer John Calvin and the second from C. S. Lewis.\nThose looking for a text addressing the history of Calvinism, marked by its thoroughness but also approachability, need not look any further than D. G. Hart’s Calvinism: A History (Yale, 2013). The volume covers matters from the Reformation to almost the present day. At the same time, Hart writes in a clear and precise manner, not overburdening the reader with an onslaught of facts and events. The work provides a wonderful narrative of not only the history of Reformed theology but also the story of Calvinism.\nIn addition to familiar topics such as Calvin, Scotland, Kuyper (see my review of Bratt’s biography), and the fundamentalist-modernist controversy, Hart addresses a vast amount of unfamiliar Calvinistic history. His treatment of the Reformed church in Germany is quite good. The discussion of Reformed and Lutheran relations is also very interesting. Lastly, Hart discusses the Reformed church in countries not often dealt with, such as Hungary, and Reformed missions into countries such as South Africa and Korea.\nSummer is always a great opportunity to catch up on some reading. Here is my top ten reading list for this summer.\n1. Tim Townsend, Mission at Nuremberg: An American Army Chaplain and the Trial of the Nazis\nThe work is an account of an army chaplain commissioned to minister to the Nazis held at Nuremberg. Sure to be thought-provoking.\nGiven my previous review of George Marsden’s The Twilight of the American Enlightenment, in which he concluded the work with a Kuyperian approach to religious pluralism in the public sphere, it seemed fitting to take a look at James D. Bratt’s Abraham Kuyper: Modern Calvinist, Christian Democrat (Eerdmans, 2013).\nAbraham Kuyper (1837-1920) was born to a minister in the Dutch Reformed Church. Following his father, Kuyper studied theology at Leiden and then entered the ministry. In addition, he served as the longtime editor of De Heraut and De Standaard, in which he contributed many articles promoting his reformed theology. In opposition to political and ecclesiastical authority, he founded the Free University of Amsterdam in 1880, where he served as a professor of theology. As the leader of the Christian Anti-Revolutionary Party from 1879 to 1920, he lobbied for public funding of religious schools and educational reform. As member of the Anti-Revolutionary Party, he took office in the Dutch Parliament and became the country’s prime minister from 1901 to 1905. In 1898 he travelled to America to give the Stone lectors at Princeton Seminary. Amidst his duties as editor, theologian, and statesman, he was a prolific writer, earning him the title father of Neo-Calvinism.\nCocceius vs. the Cartesio-Cocceians? Probably not the first face-off that would come to mind when thinking about Johannes Cocceius (1603-1669). The more natural pairing would be Cocceius vs. Voetius. But today I want to take a moment to examine a phenomenon that occurs throughout history; namely, the discontinuity between teacher and disciple.\nBy the 1640s, a cohort of orthodox Calvinists gained the moniker “Voetians,” named after their leader Gisbertus Voetius (1589-1676). Over the years they also gained a reputation for affirming a scholastic form of Calvinism and combating heterodoxy in all forms. Cartesianism became a repeated target for the Voetians, claiming that Cartesian skepticism elevated reason over revelation.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Fr Bernard, who had become increasingly frail over the past few years died on 22 September 2023.\nHe was born in Chelmsford, Essex, on 28 January 1939, shortly before the war. He was the third in a family of six children. His father, William, came from Clonmel, Co. Tipperary, and his mother, Elizabeth, from Linz-am-Rhein, Germany. Both were Catholics, and active in their church, Our Lady of Lourdes, Leigh-on-Sea, and his family life revolved around it.\nAged 14, he attended Junior Seminary, St. Hugh’s College, Tollerton, Nottingham. And from there to Senior Seminary, the English College, Lisbon. He was ordained as a priest for the Brentwood diocese on 6 June 1963 together with Fr. Pat Murphy who later would precede him as parish priest at St Paul’s.\nHis first curacy was to Saints Peter and Paul, Ilford, in Brentwood Diocese. After 6 years he went to Colchester, but after a year, back to the East End, to Our Lady of Lourdes, Wanstead. From there he was appointed to his first parish, St. Thomas’, Grays, on the Thames. Three years later, it was back to Colchester, this time as Parish Priest; he worked there for 13 years. The next change, in 1988, was to Leigh, his ‘home’ parish! After five years, he joined the Prison Service.\nAt that time a new prison was being built in Doncaster, a private prison on the American model. He took up a part-time post there, but within a year moved into the state sector, with a full-time post in HMP. Lindholme and HMP Moorland. He stayed for 10 years, before handing his keys in, aged 65.\nBishop John appointed him in 2004 to St. Pauls, to take charge following the retirement of Fr. Pat Murphy. He also served as the diocesan representative to the Prison Service in the Diocese.\nOver the years, as well as parish work, he has served as a Dean, the Diocesan Representative on Essex Education Committee, Diocesan Chair of Justice and Peace, and the Coordinating Chaplain of the Yorkshire Group of Prisons.\nFather Bernard retired on 28 January 2019 – his 80 Birthday. He spent his retirement living in his final parish and continued to be involved in the life of the parish community where he had ministered.\nMay he rest in peace and rise in glory.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Vernacular Manuscripts of the Middle Ages will go on Exhibit at Les Enluminures NY\nNew York—Les Enluminures announces the exhibition, “Talking at the Court, on the Street, in the Bedroom: Vernacular Manuscripts of the Middle Ages.” February 23rd to March 16th, Tuesday through Saturday, 10 am to 6 pm. Opening and Reception: Thursday, February 22nd, 6 pm to 8 pm.\nThe thirty-six manuscripts included in this exhibition provide viewers unique access to the authentic, spontaneous vision of people in medieval France, Italy, Germany, the Low Countries, and Britain. As award-winning author Christopher de Hamel writes in the introduction, “There is one way in which manuscripts are different from all other works of art: they can talk … Shared language is the basis of all communication, and manuscripts can actually speak to us.”\nOf course, Latin was the language of those who aspired to literacy, and it was the language of the Church. Most people today think of the Middle Ages as a time when cloistered monks wrote and read only in now-obscure languages. But, what many do not realize is that by the thirteenth and fourteenth century (and certainly well before Columbus discovered America in 1492), numerous books became available in the everyday languages spoken “at the court, on the street, and in the bedroom.” This exhibition focuses on just such manuscripts, and we find that they were written for all sorts of people at diverse levels of society, not only the privileged aristocracy, but doctors, artisans, townspeople, women, the clergy, and the lay devout.\nFor example, giving advice to widows, a translator puts Saint Jerome’s famous letters into French in a unique copy probably for a high-born woman. She is pictured in the book. Toiling in the Italian metal industry in towns, metalworkers can follow instructions on minting gold and silver coins in their own language. The manuscript is on paper in simple, yet readable script. Fancifully dressed carnival revelers cavort through the streets of medieval Nuremberg throwing fireworks amidst floats and even an occasional elephant. The German text celebrates the sponsoring families of the event. The Founder and President of Les Enluminures (and medievalist), Sandra Hindman reminisces “I have worked on vernacular manuscripts all my life and they are closest to my heart. Like the experience of reading a good book today, vernacular manuscripts offer an adventure into an unknown world that brings to life people, places, and events of long ago.”\nCome join us in experiencing the Middle Ages through our manuscripts.\n23 East 73rd Street, 7th foor Penthouse\nNew York, New York 10021\nTel. 212 717 7273\nCatalogue: “Shared Language: Vernacular Manuscripts of the Middle Ages” by Laura Light, introduction Christopher de Hamel. Available for purchase as of February 15: $35.\nImage: Carnival reveler, holding a firework, with an elephant in the margin. Schembart (“hiding beard”) Carnival Book. In German, illuminated manuscript on paper. Germany (Nuremberg), c. 1540-1550. 64 pen and ink with watercolor drawings, 22 additional pen and ink drawings.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.\nLearn about this topic in these articles:\nRoman road system\n- In Roman road system\n…northwest to Genua (Genoa); the Via Flaminia, running north to the Adriatic, where it joined the Via Aemilia, crossed the Rubicon, and led northwest; the Via Valeria, east across the peninsula by way of Lake Fucinus (Conca del Fucino); and the Via Latina, running southeast and joining the Via Appia…Read More\nVia del Corso\n- In Rome: Via del Corso and environs\n…times, when it was the Via Flaminia, the road to the Adriatic. Its present name comes from the horse races (corse) that were part of the Roman carnival celebrations. From the foot of the Capitoline Hill, the Corso runs to the Piazza del Popolo and through a gate in the…Read More", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Hammons Family, the Greenbrier Valley’s most celebrated old-time musicians were recently honored by selection for the West Virginia Music Hall of Fame. Usually, the Hall of Fame honors an individual musician, but this selection honors a multi-generational family of excellent musicians, whose roots in West Virginia go back to pre-Civil War days.\nAlan Jabbour, a noted Smithsonian Institution musicologist who introduced the family to s national audience said about them: “The Hammons family of Pocahontas County is a family of traditionalists whose knowledge of music, storytelling, and woods lore have made them cultural guides and mentors since the late 19th century. A century-old account describes patriarch Jesse Hammons and his sons as expert woodsmen, and his son Edden as a talented fiddler. A short story in G. D. McNeill’s 1940 book, The Last Forest, features a character inspired by Edden, and his fiddling was recorded by West Virginia University folklorist Louis Chappell in 1947. youtube.com/watch?v=AooXP-sAOKg\nA broader study of the family in the early 1970s focused on Jesse Hammons’s grandchildren, Maggie Hammons Parker, Sherman Hammons, and Burl Hammons. Here’s Burl on the fiddle: youtube.com/watch?v=JLNZ8485o-c\nThe study led in 1973 to a Library of Congress double recording and a Rounder Records release. Both contain instrumental tunes, ballads, songs, stories, and lore; both accompanying booklets include early and modern photographs, and the Library of Congress booklet includes a family history constructed from documentary sources and the Hammonses’ own narration.\nThe family’s instrumental music includes a distinctive regional repertory of fiddle tunes forged on the early Appalachian frontier, as well as a banjo repertory (both picked and down stroked) of later vintage. Their singing tradition ranges from ancient British ballads through hundreds of American ballads and songs. All their music reflects a striking cultural synthesis, combining the artful irregularity and treble tension of the ancient British solo style with other Appalachian elements of Northern European, African-American, and possibly American Indian origin. Their storytelling is equally striking, featuring a distinctive rhetorical style and reflecting a fascination with the mysterious combined with skepticism about supernatural causes. Since the family subsisted on hunting, logging, trapping, and ginseng gathering for nearly two centuries, their woods lore was encyclopedic.” And they were great storytellers as well: youtube.com/watch?v=g7zpCuFB0cU\nPocahontas County traditional musician Dwight Diller introduced Burl, Maggie and Sherman Hammons to Jabbour. and played a major role in the documentation of their music. Diller today is one of the best-known performers of the Hammons repertory: youtube.com/watch?v=PFHwnXaIyl0\nThe most popular band grounded in the Hammons Tradition is the Pocahontas County’s Bing Brothers featuring Jake Krack. youtube.com/watch?v=3p_YV5g8WdY\nThe most musically active Hammons today is Trevor, a senior at Pocahontas County High School and a noted fiddle and banjo player. His inspiration was his great-grandfather Lee Hammons, who also lived in Pocahontas County and was distant kin to the more celebrated Hammons clan. Trevor played at the recent ceremony announcing the Hammons Family induction into the Hall of Fame. Here’s a sample of his fiddling: youtube.com/watch?v=OmY9Mh8A-ew&t=18s\nTraditional music along the Mountain Music Trail this month includes:\nAt the Purple Fiddle in Thomas:\nFriday, May 3: The Brother Brothers youtube.com/watch?time_continue=11&v=n74WHM70eoA\nThursday, May 30: Honeysuckle youtube.com/watch?v=Qk7QdHHlYgg\nAt The Pretty Penny Café in Hillsboro:\nFriday, May 3: Homer Hunter and Stony Bottom Bluegrass (it’s Homer’s 76th birthday!)\n– Gibbs Kinderman, HashtagWV #113. May 2019.\nHashtagWV Art & Entertainment is a high-quality print and digital multimedia platform for all things West Virginia and the greater Appalachian region. The editorial focus is local music, unique shopping, the arts, events, theatre, and food and drinks. tiktok.com/@hashtagwv", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This is one of the very few places whose name had an identical form in Old English; it appears as Calne in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 978.\nIn AD 978 according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a fatal accident befell the elders of the kingdom at Calne - according to later histories, Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury met the Witenagemot here in order to present his controversial Church reforms, which involved the secular priests being replaced by Benedictine monks and remove the influence of landowners over churches on their lands. The Chronicle tells that they fell from the upper floor (as the floor collapsed) killing or injuring many of those in attendance, while Dunstan remained safe, supported by a beam. (This is the earliest documented reference to a two-storey building with a hall on the first floor in Anglo-Saxon England.) Later legend embroiders the tale that in the meeting Dunstan called upon the Almighty for support for his changes, whereupon his opponents fell through the floor and his supporters remained standing, but the Chronicle has no such detail. This event was claimed as a miracle by Dunstan's supporters.\nCalne had a significant woollen broadcloth industry in the 18th century, and evidence of this can be seen on The Green, where many buildings remain, such as Georgian era clothiers' houses and some of the 20 original cloth mills along the River Marden. St Mary's parish church was built by the generous donations of rich clothiers and wool merchants in the 15th century.\nSubsequently, Calne's best known industry was the Harris pork processing factory that dominated the town architecturally and provided employment directly and indirectly to many of the residents until the early 1980s - at its closure in 1983 for example it employed over 2,000 people out of a town population of 10,000. It is said that the pork curing industry developed because pigs reared in Ireland were landed at Bristol and then herded across he land on drovers' roads to Smithfield in London, passing through Calne. The factory started in the second half of the 18th century when brothers John and Henry Harris started businesses which merged in 1888 as C & T Harris & Co. The factory has now been fully demolished and its site redeveloped as shops, housing and a library. As a result of the closure, unemployment in the town increased considerably and during much of the 1980s Calne suffered many of the economic restructuring problems more usually associated with large cities.\nDuring the late 1990s and early 2000s, Calne was considered one of the fastest-expanding towns in the West Country, with a population projected to peak at around 16,000 by 2012. The Lansdowne Park housing development (completed in late 2008) has substantially increased the physical scale of the town, creating an entirely new north-western suburb, including a new primary school, a medical centre and a small shopping area. This area in particular has attracted professional workers from traditionally more expensive areas such as Bath, Bristol, Marlborough and as far afield as the 'silicon valley' towns of central Berkshire. Lansdowne Park's name reflects the development's proximity to the seat of the Marquess of Lansdowne, whose family have resided at the nearby Bowood House country estate since 1784.\nThe Porte Marsh Industrial Estate on the north side of the town now provides the bulk of the town's internal employment. It is home to around 100 companies in predominantly light industries and information technology. The Belgian company Deceuninck has invested considerably in this area and operates two large facilities at Porte Marsh, notably a modern production and distribution centre which now dominates the industrial area. Another significant employer is the Exception Group, a large electronics company. In 2006 plans to build a sizeable cement production plant on the Porte Marsh site were vigorously opposed by local residents and planning permission was refused by the council.\nAside from the final completion of Lansdowne Park, there are pockets of new housing, but on a far smaller scale. In October 2007, the go-ahead was given for the creation of a major new £1m Football Foundation outdoor facility at Beversbrook on Calne's northern edge, which was officially opened in April 2009.\nCalne has three supermarkets. The town has witnessed a number of transient enterprises in recent years and several units on the dated Phelps Parade remain empty.\nAs part of the 'New Heart of Calne' initiative, a section of the outdated Phelps Parade was redeveloped in 2009 and new mixed-use building constructed in its place, part Cotswold stone and part red brick. This was originally intended as a Woolworths outlet before the latter chain collapsed.\nSights around and about the town\nNotable buildings in the town include St Mary's Church, an array of houses on The Green and the Town Hall. Of particular note is the new Library which has won awards for its innovative design and was opened by HM Queen Elizabeth II in 2001.\nSince the demolition of the Harris pork factory and the completion of the first phase of redevelopment/regeneration in 2001, Calne has, in general, been successfully transformed into an attractive setting compared to its run-down image of the 1980s and 1990s. A substantial amount of scaffolding materialised across Calne town centre throughout 2007-2008 with a view to the renovation of several prominent buildings.\nThe family seat of the 9th Marquess of Lansdowne, Bowood House is approximately 3 miles southwest of the town.\n- BBC Wiltshire\n- Heart Wiltshire\n- Calne Music & Arts Festival running since the 1970s.\nLocal places of interest\n- Cherhill White Horse – 3½ miles east of central Calne, carved into the south face of Cherhill Down in 1780, situated south of Cherhill village\n- Cherhill Down (860 feet)\n- Lansdowne Monument - situated close to the summit of Cherhill Down, a 125 ft stone needle with views of Calne and the surrounding landscape.\n- Bowood House (and Bowood Lake, over half a mile long) - an English Heritage site, 3 miles west of Calne\n- Avebury Stone Circle & Avenue (UNESCO World Heritage Site) – the largest Neolithic stone circle site in the British Isles, 7½ miles east of Calne\n- Silbury Hill, the largest Neolithic structure\n- The Marlborough Downs (part of the North Wessex Downs 'Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty'. The highest summit is Milk Hill, which is Wiltshire's county top.\n- Salisbury Plain\nBlackland Lakes is a large camping site on the southern edge of Calne which is popular with anglers and tourists alike. The 'lakes' themselves are in fact large angling pools.\n- Football: Calne Town FC, founded in 1886\n- Rugby: Calne RFC\n- Athletics: Calne SMaRTT (St Mary's Running and Triathlon Team)\n- Diving: Calne Divers, formed in 2008, remarkably for a place so far inland.\n| (\"Wikimedia Commons\" has material|\n- Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Laud Chronicle (978) Her on þissum geare ealle þa yldestan Angelcynnes witan gefeollan æt Calne of anre upfloran. butan se halga Dunstan arcebiscop ana ætstod uppon anum beame. 7 sume þær swiðe gebrocode wæron. 7 sume hit ne gedygdan mid þam life.\n- \"This Is Wiltshire\". 2007-02-08. http://archive.thisiswiltshire.co.uk/2007/2/8/301432.html. Retrieved 2007-04-23.\n- \"Wiltshire Gazette & Herald\". 2001-12-13. http://www.gazetteandherald.co.uk/archive/2001/12/13/Wiltshire+Archive/7363530.Crowds_revel_in_royal_visit. Retrieved 2007-04-23.\n- \"Wiltshire's Own Lost City of Atlantis\". The Independent. 20 July 2007. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/wiltshires-own-lost-city-of-atlantis-the-mystery-of-mannings-hill-457977.html. Retrieved 2008-12-29.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "From its foundation, Limehouse, like neighbouring Wapping, has enjoyed better links with the river than the land. The land route being across a marsh. Limehouse became a significant port in late medieval times, with extensive docks and wharves. Although most cargoes were discharged in the Pool of London before the establishment of the docks, industries such as ship building, chandlering and rope making were established in Limehouse.\nLimehouse Basin opened in 1820 as the Regent's Canal Dock. This was an important connection between the Thames and the canal system, where cargoes could be transferred from larger ships to the shallow-draught canal boats. This mix of vessels can still be seen in the basin, canal narrow boats rubbing shoulders with sea-going yachts.\nThe dock basin with its marina remains a working facility. The same is not true of those wharf buildings that have survived, most of which are now highly desirable residential properties.\nFrom the Tudor era, until the 20th century, ships crew were employed on a casual basis. New and replacement crew would be found wherever they were available, local sailors being particularly prized for their knowledge of currents and hazards in foreign ports. Crews would be paid off at the end of their voyage. Inevitably, permanent communities became established, including colonies of Lascars and Africans from the Guinea Coast. Large Chinatowns at both in Limehouse and Shadwell developed, associated with the crews of merchantmen in the opium and tea trades, particularly for Han Chinese. The area achieved notoriety for opium dens in the late 19th century, often featuring in pulp fiction works by Sax Rohmer and others. Like much of the East End it remained a focus for immigration, but after the devastation of the Second World War many of the Chinese community relocated to Soho.\nOn 12 February 1832, the first case of cholera was reported in London at Limehouse. First described in India in 1817, it had spread here via Hamburg. Although 800 people died during this epidemic, fewer than had died of tuberculosis in the same year, cholera visited again in 1848 and 1858.\nOn 30 July, 1909 the Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George made a polemical speech in Limehouse attacking the House of Lords for its opposition to his \"People's Budget\". This speech was the origin of the phrase \"To Limehouse\", or \"Limehousing\", which meant an incendiary political speech.\nOn January 25, 1981 MPs Shirley Williams, Roy Jenkins, William Rodgers and David Owen made the Limehouse Declaration from Owen's house in Limehouse, which announced the formation of the Council for Social Democracy in opposition to the granting of block votes to the trade unions in the Labour Party to which they had previously belonged. They soon became leading politicians in the Social Democratic Party.\nToday Limehouse has become a popular place to live, with property overlooking the Thames and Limehouse Basin housed in expensive converted warehouses and modern apartment blocks. Away from the river there continues to be much social housing and areas of social deprivation.\n- Limehouse was a major setting in the 1999 limited series League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (Volume 1) published by WildStorm's America's Best Comics imprint. In the year 1889, oriental crime lord Fu Manchu used the Limehouse district as a base of operations. Using a partially constructed abandoned tunnel beneath Rotherhithe and the Thames river, he developed a fleet of vessels made from an anti-gravity material known as Cavorite.\n|This page uses content from Wikipedia. The original article was at Limehouse. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with DC Database, the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU Free Documentation License.|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Height of William Collier Sr.\nThe height of William Collier Sr. is …m.\n1. Where did William Collier Sr. come from ?\nWilliam Collier Sr. (November 12, 1864 – January 13, 1944), born William Morenus, was an American writer, director and actor.\n2. What could we know about William Collier Sr. besides his height ?\nCollier ran away from home when only 11 years old to join a touring company run by Eddie Foy. After a notable stage career, he tried motion pictures, under producer Mack Sennett. He then went back to the stage for some years but returned to movies when the talkies came along.\n3. What are the projects of William Collier Sr. ?\nHe married Louise Allen; she died in 1909 and he married Paula Marr the following year, adopting her son Charles, whom he renamed William Collier Jr. (1902–1987).\n4. Somme collaborations with William Collier Sr. ?\nCollier died of pneumonia in 1944. He was interred at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.\nHeight of William Collier Sr., the Height of William Collier Sr., William Collier Sr. Height", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Presentation on theme: \"Women planting a field of onions at Wethersfield. The Colonies Come of Age Britain defeats France in North America. Tensions grow between Britain and its.\"— Presentation transcript:\nWomen planting a field of onions at Wethersfield. The Colonies Come of Age Britain defeats France in North America. Tensions grow between Britain and its colonists. Colonial slavery becomes entrenched, particularly in the South. NEXT\nThe Colonies Come of Age SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 England and Its Colonies The Agricultural South The Commercial North The French and Indian War\nSection 1 England and Its Colonies England and its largely self-governing colonies prosper under a mutually beneficial trade relationship. NEXT\nEngland and Its Colonies Prosper Mercantilism English settlers export raw materials; import manufactured goods Mercantilism—countries must get gold, silver to be self-sufficient Favorable balance of trade means more gold coming in than going out England and Its Colonies 1 SECTION NEXT The Navigation Acts Parliament—England’s legislative body England sees colonial sales to other countries as economic threat 1651 Parliament passes Navigation Acts: laws restrict colonial trade Map Chart\nCrackdown in Massachusetts Some colonists resent Navigation Acts; still smuggle goods abroad In 1684 King Charles revokes corporate charter; creates royal colony Tensions Emerge 1 SECTION NEXT The Dominion of New England In 1685, King James creates Dominion of New England - land from southern Maine to New Jersey united into one colony - to make colony more obedient, Dominion placed under single ruler Governor Sir Edmund Andros antagonizes Puritans, merchants Continued... Image\ncontinued Tensions Emerge The Glorious Revolution King James unpopular in England: is Catholic, disrespects Parliament Glorious Revolution—Parliament asserts its power over monarch, 1689 Parliament crowns Mary (James’s daughter) and William of Orange Massachusetts colonists arrest Governor Andros, royal councilors Parliament restores separate colonial charters 1691 Massachusetts charter has royal governor, religious toleration 1 SECTION NEXT Image\nEngland Loosens the Reins Salutary Neglect Smuggling trials in admiralty courts with English judges, no juries Board of Trade has broad powers to monitor colonial trade England’s salutary neglect—does not enforce laws if economic loyalty 1 SECTION NEXT The Seeds of Self-Government Governor: calls, disbands assembly; appoints judges; oversees trade Colonial assembly influences governor because they pay his salary Colonists still consider themselves British but want self-government\nSection 2 The Agricultural South In the Southern colonies, a predominately agricultural society develops. NEXT\nA Plantation Economy Arises The Rural Southern Economy Fertile soil leads to growth of agriculture Farmers specialize in cash crops grown for sale, not personal use Long, deep rivers allow planters to ship goods directly to markets Plantations produce most of what farmers need on their property Few cities grow: warehouses, shops not needed The Agricultural South 2 SECTION NEXT Map\nA Diverse and Prosperous People In 1700s, many German, Scots, Scots-Irish immigrants settle in South Southern population mostly small farmers Planters are minority but control economy By mid-1700s, growth in export trade makes colonies prosperous Life in Southern Society 2 SECTION NEXT Continued...\ncontinued Life in Southern Society The Role of Women Women have few legal or social rights, little formal schooling Most women cook, clean, garden, do farm chores Rich and poor women must submit to husbands’ will 2 SECTION NEXT Indentured Servants In 1600s, male indentured servants are 1/2 to 2/3 of immigrants In 1700s, reports of hardship keep European laborers away\nThe Evolution of Slavery Slaves—people who are considered the property of others English colonists increasingly unable to enslave Native Americans Indentured servant price rises; slaves work for life, are better buy Most white colonists think Africans’ dark skin justifies slavery Slavery Becomes Entrenched 2 SECTION NEXT Continued...\nNEXT continued Slavery Becomes Entrenched The European Slave Trade 3-way triangular trade network ties colonies, Africa, West Indies: - New England exports rum to Africa - Africa exports slaves to West Indies - West Indies export sugar, molasses to New England 2 SECTION Chart Continued...\nNEXT continued Slavery Becomes Entrenched The Middle Passage Middle passage—middle leg of transatlantic trade, transports slaves 20% or more of Africans on ship die from disease, abuse, suicide 2 SECTION Slavery in the South 80–90% of slaves work in fields; 10–20% work in house or as artisans Slaves work full-time from age 12 until death Owners beat, whip slaves considered disobedient, disrespectful Image\nNEXT Africans Cope in Their New World Culture and Family Africans in North America have different cultures, languages Slaves preserve cultural heritage: crafts, music, stories, dance Merchants, owners split families; slaves raise children left behind 2 SECTION Resistance and Revolt Slaves resist subservient position, try to escape 1739 Stono Rebellion—planter families killed, militia defeats slaves Colonists tighten slave laws, but slave rebellions continue\nNEXT Section 3 The Commercial North The Northern colonies develop a predominately urban society based on commerce and trade.\nNEXT Commerce Grows in the North A Diversified Economy Cold winters, rocky soil restrict New Englanders to small farms Middle colonies raise livestock, crops; export surplus Diverse commercial economy develops in New England, middle colonies By mid-1700s, merchants are powerful group in North The Commercial North 3 SECTION Urban Life Growth in trade leads to large port cities like New York, Boston Philadelphia second largest city in British empire; has urban plan\nNEXT 3 SECTION Influx of Immigrants 1700s, large influx of immigrants: Germans, Scots-Irish, Dutch, Jews Immigrants encounter prejudice, clash with frontier Native Americans Northern Society Is Diverse Slavery in the North Less slavery in North than in South; prejudice still exists Slaves have some legal rights, but highly restricted Continued... Chart\nNEXT 3 SECTION continued Northern Society Is Diverse Women in Northern Society Women have extensive work responsibilities but few legal rights Only single women, widows can own businesses Wives must submit to husbands Witchcraft Trials in Salem In 1692, false accusations of witchcraft lead to trials, hysteria Many accusers poor, brought charges against rich Several victims were women considered too independent\nNEXT 3 SECTION New Ideas Influence the Colonists The Enlightenment For centuries philosophers used reason, science to explain world Enlightenment—movement in 1700s emphasizing reason, observation Enlightenment ideas spread quickly through books, pamphlets Benjamin Franklin embraces Enlightenment ideas Other colonial leaders also adopt Enlightenment views Continued...\nNEXT 3 SECTION continued New Ideas Influence the Colonists The Great Awakening Puritans lose grip on Massachusetts society, membership declines Jonathan Edwards preaches people are sinful, must seek God’s mercy Great Awakening—religious revival of the 1730s and 1740s Native Americans, African Americans, colonists join new churches Interest in learning increases; Protestants found colleges Both movements question authority, stress individual’s importance Image\nNEXT Section 4 The French and Indian War British victory over the French in North America enlarges the British empire but leads to new conflicts with the colonists.\nNEXT Rivals for an Empire Britain and France Compete In 1750s, Britain, France build empires; both want Ohio River Valley The French and Indian War 4 SECTION France’s North American Empire France claims St. Lawrence River region, Mississippi Valley By 1754, French colony of New France has small population French colonists mostly fur traders, missionary priests French have good relations, military alliances with natives Map\nNEXT 4 SECTION The War Begins France and Britain fight two inconclusive wars in early 1700s French build Fort Duquesne in Ohio Valley, land claimed by Virginia In 1754, George Washington is sent to evict French; is defeated French and Indian War begins—fourth war between Britain and France Britain Defeats an Old Enemy Early French Victories General Edward Braddock’s army ambushed near Fort Duquesne 1755–1756, British lose repeated battles to French, native allies Continued...\nNEXT 4 SECTION continued Britain Defeats an Old Enemy Pitt and the Iroquois Turn the Tide William Pitt helps British win battles; Iroquois join British In 1759, British capture of Quebec leads to victory in war Treaty of Paris ends war (1763); land divided between Britain, Spain Victory Brings New Problems Ottawa leader Pontiac fears loss of land; captures British forts British use smallpox as weapon; Native Americans greatly weakened Proclamation of 1763—colonists cannot settle west of Appalachians Map Image\nNEXT 4 SECTION The Colonies and Britain Grow Apart Problems Resulting from the War Colonists feel threatened by British troops stationed in colonies Prime Minister George Grenville sets policies to pay war debt Parliament passes Sugar Act (1764): - duty on foreign molasses halved - new duties placed on other imports - smuggling cases go to vice-admiralty court British Policies Anger Colonists Halt to western expansion upsets colonists Tensions in Massachusetts increase over crackdown on smuggling Writs of assistance allow searches of ships, businesses, homes\nThis is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Nell and George Kahdy standing outside arm in arm. George is wearing his Army uniform while Nell is wearing a skirt suit. The back of the photo says, \"At home, D.A. Saleeba, Dothan, Alabama. Xmas 1944\"\nGeorge, Adma, Virginia, and Nell Kahdy stand outside of a house together. George Kahdy is dressed in his Army uniform while his mother, Nell, and Virginia are dressed formally. \"1945. Dothan, Ala. George, mom, Virginia, Nell.\"", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Ancient Mesopotamia was thecradle of civilizations;to know its history is to discover cultures, cities, kings, wars and an infinity of events.Everything that the peoples of Mesopotamia developed, their culture and technical advances,influenced the rest of Western Europe and are the essence of how we think and how we live today. Mesopotamian civilization summary\nIts privileged geographical location and the influx of two important rivers were essential aspects that favored the development of agricultural activities, allowing thesedentarization of manand the formation of cities.Variousancientpeoplesinhabited this region, including: theSumerians,Assyrians,andChaldeans.\nLearn about the most important details about the history of Mesopotamia in this article: where it is located, what were the first civilizations, what their culture, economy and religion were like.\nMeaning of Mesopotamia\nThe word Mesopotamia in Greek means“Land between Rivers”, an ideal name for this spectacular region where two important rivers were strategically located: Tigris and Euphrates.\nThe history of Mesopotamia refers to thecivilization that occupied the geographical territory of Mesopotamia, fromprehistoric timesto the collapseof the last empire in the region, theChaldean empire.At this stage, this area maintained common characteristics that allow it to be defined as a historical unit.\nIt was in Mesopotamia that the first permanent human settlements developed and the first city-states and empires were also erected.Although there are vestiges of older cultures, it is in Mesopotamia where the oldest architectural works from around the world are found, with the exception ofEgyptthat grew in parallel.\nOn the other hand, it is in this region where the most remote evidences of agricultural development are found.His writing is also one of the oldest, on a par with the Egyptian that developed almost at the same stage. Mesopotamian civilization summary\nEnhance your reading: What are nomads in history/Characteristics/famous/sedentary\nWhere was Mesopotamia located?\nIt is a geographical space located in theMiddle East,north of the Arabian Peninsula(in what is currently Iraq, Iran and Syria),between two rivers: Tigris and Euphrates.It extends to the areas contiguous to the strip of both rivers and that more or less coincides with the non-desert areas of present-day Iraq.\nThe natural conditions, especially the fertility of the soil due to the irrigation of the rivers, allowed small villages to be formed in that territory.The cycle of floods in the rivers allowed the soil to absorb organic material and thus animal husbandry and agriculture could be developed.\nCivilizations that developed in Mesopotamia\nThe main empires, peoples or cultures that developed in Mesopotamia were:\nSumerians Mesopotamian civilization summary\nThefirst of the civilizationsto settle in a sedentary way in Mesopotamia was that of the Sumerians.It is believed that they arrived in the region approximately 5,000 years before Christ.\nIt was the Sumerians whofounded the first cities, among the most important we can mention: Uruk, Ur and Nipur.These cities were considered city-states, this means that they had a totally independent organization from each other.\nThe Sumerian civilization was of great importance for the development of the human being, in it techniques were developed for important constructions that allowed man to control nature.For example, they built dams that prevented the advance of water coming from the rivers in the flood season, they also created reservoirs and even irrigation canals. Mesopotamian civilization summary\nAs if that weren’t enough, the Sumerians arealso credited with the first manifestation ofhumanwriting:cuneiform writing.This writing method was created to keep an accounting control of the royal palaces.It was made on blocks of clay using a wedge, which was nothing more than a pointed instrument.\nThe domination of the region by the Sumerians comes to an end when theAkkadiansconquer the cities and found their own empire.The conquest occurred in 2340 BC by King Sargon I of Akkad.\nThe Akkadian domain expands throughout the Mesopotamian region andlasts for a period of 141 years.This led to a change in culture, due to the diffusion of the Akkadian language in both spoken and written language.\nAmorites |First Babylonian Empire\nAfter a dark period the Sumerians reappear for a time and later theAmoritedynastiesarrive.The Amorites were also known as Babylonians and settled in that region around 2000 BC.\nThey occupiedBabylon, a city that was founded by theAkkadiansbut was of little importance until that time.It was the Amorites whotransformed this city into an important urban and commercial center.It became the capital of the Babylonian Empire.\nThe Amorites then established theFirst Babylonian Empire, they had a strong influence from the Sumerians, their most important king was Hammurabi, he developed a code that gathered a set of ancient Mesopotamian laws and that became known as theCode of Hammurabi.\nBabylon was a metropolis where political power condensed and culture flourished.Testimony of this exceptional city were its temples, palaces and various architectural works.The Hanging Gardens, part of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, were located in Babylon.They also built a bridge over the Euphrates, combining stone pylons and using adobe. Mesopotamian civilization summary\nEnhance your reading: Viceroyalties of Spain/definition/in Europe\nAssyrians Mesopotamian civilization summary\nThe Babylonian empire founded by the Amorites was weakening after the death of Hammurabi, being succeeded by the Assyrians.These formed a militarized society at the end of the second millennium BC.They began their expansion and conquest in approximately 1200 BC they conquered all of Mesopotamia, also Palestine, Egypt and part of Persia.\nThe Assyrians becamefamous for their greed for war, they were cruel to their enemies to intimidate them and make their hegemony clear.They used violent combat techniques and treated prisoners with extreme brutality.\nThe towns that were conquered wereruled with cruelty and tyranny, they were also forced to pay high tributes.Assyrian violence was the reason, according to many historians, that started innumerable revolts that sought to weaken this empire by the 7th century BC.\nThemost important Assyrian king was Assurbanipal, he was known to appreciatescholarship.He had the Library of Nineveh built;which brought together thousands of texts on various subjects, in cuneiform script.Much of what is known today about Mesopotamia is from what is found in this Library. Mesopotamian civilization summary\nChaldean|Second Babylonian Empire Mesopotamian civilization summary\nEventually the Assyrians grew weak and were replaced by theChaldeans.It was these whofounded the Second Babylonian Empirein 612 BC and its main king was Nebuchadnezzar II.Under the mandate of this king the reconquest of Palestine and the entire region of Mesopotamia was achieved.He is also awarded the construction of the Hanging Gardens.\nTheduration of this empire was short and the lastthat developed under the power of a Mesopotamian people.After Nebuchadnezzar II died,the empire weakened and was conquered by theAchaemenid Empire(Persians) in 539 BC, with Cyrus IIas its leader.The Persians came from Persia, a region that is now Iran.\nThe economy and emergence of writing\nTheagricultureis developed on thebanks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.The diet of this region was based on cereals, such as barley and wheat.Cotton and flax were also planted.Thanks to the hydraulic works, it was possible to take the agricultural surplus as a livelihood for the king, his family and a growing number of public officials.\nExchange-based tradealso flourished, as this region was and remains poor in metals, wood, and precious / semi-precious stones.As agricultural production increased, the kings were in a position to go to distant lands to exchange products.\nThenomadic peopleliving frombreeding animals like sheep, goats and pigs.This not only complemented food but also trade with the other cities.All this economic exchange raises the need to account for income. Mesopotamian civilization summary\nSowriting is developed to keep track of productivity.The first clay bales with cuneiform writing clearly show that they served that purpose.They are among the oldest written inscriptions in human history.\nDevelopment in science\nMathematics and other related disciplines flourished among Mesopotamian civilizations.They used adecimal and a sexagesimal systemto make calculations applied to commerce.They also used addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and even third-degree equations.\nThey used more complex calculations such as potency and root in later centuries.Surfaces and volumeswere calculatedusing geometry and mathematics.Astronomy allowed them to distinguish planets from stars and even to foresee astronomical events.It was they who developed the lunar and solar calendar.\nReligion in Mesopotamia Mesopotamian civilization summary\nThe Mesopotamianshad various godsto whom actions both good and bad were attributed.These gods were considered all powerful and immortal.Each ofthe cities had its own godand if one of them gained political dominance, then its god became more cultured.\nThe godMarduk was theBabyloniangodat the timeHammurabiruledand all the people worshiped them.Themost important goddess was Ishtar, mistress of fertility and nature.The worship of the gods was of vital importance in Mesopotamia.When they interrupted their prayers, on their behalf, they left stone statuettes in front of the altar to pray on their behalf.\nContributions of Mesopotamian civilizations\nSome of the advances that we owe to the Mesopotamian peoples and civilizations are:\n- Use of currency.\n- Elementary notions of Astrology and Astronomy.\n- Creation of the sexagesimal system.\n- Development of thefirst legal code, written by Hammurabi.\n- They worked out the mail system.\n- They were the first to implement artificial agricultural irrigation.\n- Use of the plow.\n- The boat and the sail.\n- Use of harnesses for animals.\n- They delved intoBronzeandCopperMetallurgy. Mesopotamian civilization summary", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Origen: Escocés. First found in Perthshire, where they held a family seat from early times and their first records appeared on the early census rolls taken by the early Kings of Scotland to determine the rate of taxation of their subjects.\nVariantes: MacRitchie, Ritchie, MacRichie y otros.\nMotto Translated: Honour is aquired by virtue.\n|Singles / Others / Otros / Ritchie ( modificado el / modified on 20.03.2017)|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Kynžvart Castle is only 10 km from Mariánské Lázně and 150 km from Prague. The castle is open from April to October, every day except Mondays from 9 am to 12 pm and from 1 pm to 5 pm (until 4 pm in winter).\nThe history of Kynžvart Castle dates back to the beginning of the 13th century. Originally built as a fortified castle for King Přemysl Otakar, it was renovated in the 18th century by the architect Pietro Mobile.\nThe castle displays a spectacular number of objects related to Napoleon Bonaparte. Indeed, the castle had once belonged to Chancellor Metternich, who had been the intermediary during Napoleon and Marie-Louise’s wedding. Visitors can see, among other things, a medallion containing a tuft of Napoleon’s hair.\nAnd this is not the only unique sight! The Cabinet of Curiosities contains more than 2000 strange and unusual objects, such as the gloves of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico or a posthumous cast of the right hand of Alexandre Dumas. There are also many presents given by the Egyptian Viceroy to Chancellor Metternich in 1828. Among the castle’s other treasures, there is a beautiful collection of weapons dating from the 16th century.\nThe castle's library (one of the largest in the country) contains almost 24,000 books, including a fragment of the Old Testament dating to the late 8th century. In the 300m² English Park which surrounds the castle, visitors can admire 10 ponds and many romantic buildings, such as a mill dating from the end of the 18th century.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "SV Mrs. Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi laying flower petals on tomb\nCU Flowers on tomb\nSV V.P. Hidayatullah (Indian vice-president) laying flowers\nSV Crowds during prayers (3 shots)\nGV ZOOM INTO Mrs. Gandhi seated during prayers\nGV Crowd walking round tomb\nScript is copyright Reuters Limited. All rights reserved\nBackground: October 2nd. was the 113th. anniversary of the birth of Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi -- the father of independent India. On that day, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi together with her son Rajiv, visited the tomb for prayers and celebrations. The Indian Vice-President Mohammad Hidayatullah joined the Prime Minister's party in the flower laying ceremony. Thousands of people had also laid wreaths and took part in the early morning prayers. Mahatma Gandhi studied law in England last century and returned to India in 1915 to campaign for independence. He was imprisoned by the British in 1939, then was prominent in the conferences that lead to self-rule in 1947. He was assassinated by a Hindu nationalist fanatic, the following year.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The story of the forty-seven rōnin is one of the best known stories in Japanese literature. The rōnin were former samurai of the Lord Asano Naganori. In the year 1701, Asano had been charged with the reception ceremony for the Imperial envoy, an important event. He was a soldier, and the Shogun assigned Lord Kira Yoshihisa (who had better knowledge of the ceremonial requirements) to assist Asano. Kira was apparently corrupt, and expected a bribe for his services from Asano. When Asano did not produce the bribe, Kira abandoned him without assistance. Asano completed the ceremony for the Imperial envoy, although it was not entirely in order. He later confronted Kira and in anger drew his sword. He wounded but did not kill Kira. The offense of drawing the sword was punishable by death and Asano was forced to commit seppuku.\nForty-seven of Asano's samurai, led by Captain Oishi Kuranosuke, developed a plan to avenge their late master. They blended into society and domestic lives, giving no hint that they harboured a secret plan. Oishi played a convincing drunk, and was derided by many, including former colleagues. Several other co-conspirators were able to infiltrate Kira's household. On December 14, 1702, the faithful samurai attacked Kira's compound in Edo. They were able to defeat the defenders, and found Kira cowering in a woodshed. Kira refused seppaku, and was killed. Thereafter, the samurai Terasaka Kichiemon was dispatched to carry news of the successful attack. The remaining 46 rōnin presented themselves to the Shogun. The rōnin had defied a shogunate order prohibiting revenge, but had also exemplified the precepts of bushido. The Shogun allowed the rōnin to commit seppaku, rather than having them executed. The 46 rōnin committed suicide on February 4, 1703. Terasaka Kichiemon, the 47th rōnin, returned the following day but was pardoned. He was the only member to survive and died at the age of 78.\nYou may be interested to read the account in \"Tales of Old Japan\"; although note that the historical reality is somewhat different from Redesdale's version (which includes many incidents added to the story over the years in its dramatization).\nThis story has spawed many accounts, or Chushingura, and many kabuki plays, the most popular being 'Kanadehon Chushingura.' Many ukiyo-e artists, including Kuniyoshi and Yoshitoshi, have created many works that deal with this popular subject.\nIn this chūban series, Seichū gishinden, Yoshitoshi depicts the 47 rōnin along with biographical information.\nRoger. S. Keyes, \"Courage and Silence: A Study of the Life and Color Woodblock Prints of Tsukioka Yoshitoshi 1839-1892\", Cinncinnati, 1982where it appears as series #255.\nWe use the Keyes numbers to order the prints below.\nTo see a larger image of any print, please click on the thumbnail.\n|#01||2/1869||Preface dated spring 1869|\n|#02||2/1869||Kira Kazusanosuke Minamoto no Yoshihide\n(Kira Kōzuke no Suke)\n|Kira Kozuke-no-suke, also known as Moronao, insulted Asano and forced him to draw his sword in the court.|\n|#03||2/1869||Asano Takumi no kami Minamoto no Naganori|\n|#04||2/1869||Yoshida Chūzaemon Fujiwara no Kanesuke|\n|#05||2/1869||Ōishi Chikara Fujiwara no Yoshikane|\n|#06||2/1869||Chikamatsu Kanroku Minamoto no Yukishige||Chikamatsu Kanroku Yukishige's family were retainers of the Asano family for generations. His mother encouraged him to take part in the raid. Later that night, she killed herself.|\n|#07||2/1869||Mase Kyūdayū Ki no Masaakira\n|#08||2/1869||Onodera Jūnai Fujiwara no Hidekazu|\n|#09||2/1869||Hayamizu Tōzaemon Fujiwara no Mitsutaka|\n|#10||2/1869||Chiba Saburōbyōe Taira no Mitsutada\n|Saburobei Mitsutada was a loyal samuari. He was a teacher of Heki-ryu, a form of archery. On the night of the raid he fought valently, killing three men.|\n|#11||2/1869||Kanzaki Yogorō Minamoto no Noriyasu|\n|#12||2/1869||Kan'ya Hannojō Sugawara no Masatoshi\n|#13||2/1869||Hazama Shinroku Fujiwara no Mitsukaze||Hazama Shinroku Mitsukaze went to Kanto with the other loyalists and lived in Kojimachi after his lord's death. He assisted in spying on Moronao's house and fought well on the night of the attack.|\n|#14||2/1869||Mase Magokurō Minamoto no Masatoki\n|#15||2/1869||Muramatsu Kihei Hidenao Nyūdō Ryūen||Muramatsu Kihei was a physician after Asano's death.. He was 60 years old at the time of the attack and displayed great valor.|\n|#16||2/1869||Kimura Okaemon Minamoto no Sadayuki||Kimura Okaemon Sadayuki was an expert horseman and swordsman in the service of Lord Asano.|\n|#17||2/1869||Fuwa Kazuemon Taira no Shigetane||Fuwa Katzuemon Masatane was hot tempered, and an expert in suemonogiri swordsmanship. He was 35 years old at his death.|\n|#18||2/1869||Ōtaka Gengo Minamoto no Tadao|\n|#19||2/1869||Muramatsu Sandayū Fujiwara no Takanao|\n|#20||2/1869||Kurahashi Densuke Kiyowara Takeyuki||Kurahashi Densuke Takeyuki was 24 years old on the night of the attack. He was very hot tempered and an expert in martial arts. He procured a map of the enemy's house and located the secret room where Kira hid.|\n|#21||2/1869||Maebara Isuke Urabe no Munefusa|\n|#22||2/1869||Kaiga Yazaemon Fujiwara no Tomonobu|\n|#23||2/1869||Sugino Juheiji Fujiwara no Harufusa|\n|#24||2/1869||Kayano Wasuke Fujiwara no Tsunenari|\n|#25||2/1869||Onodera Kōemon Hidetome|\n|#26||2/1869||Okada Sadaemon Fujiwara no Yukitaka\n|#27||2/1869||Yatō Emoshichi Taira no Norikane\n|#28||2/1869||Terasaka Kiemon Fujiwara no Nobuyuki\n|Terasaka Kichiemon Nobuyuki was the only Ronin who did not commit seppuku because he was on an important errand. He was pardoned by the Shogun, Thereafter, and became a priest and took after the tombs of the other Ronin. He lived to be 80 years old.|\n|#29||2/1869||Mimura Jirōemon Fujiwara no Kanetsune\n|Mitsumura Jiroemon Kanetsune was a chef, and performed the task with care and diligence. He won numerous awards for his culinary skill.|\n|#30||2/1869||Yokokawa Kanpei Fujiwara no Munenori\n|#31||2/1869||Okajima Yasoemon Fujiwara no Tsuneki||Okajima Yasoemon Tsunetatsu once overcame 5 bandits with his swordsmanship, and tied them to the trees.|\n|#32||2/1869||Hazama Jūjirō Fujiwara no Mitsuoki||Hazama Jujiro Motooki killed Kira with his spear. His wife killed herself at his tomb, leaving a note which read \"You were a loyal servant to the lord and never wanted to serve another. Even if you lost your life, your name will live long as a great soldier.\"|\n|#33||2/1869||Yata Gorōemon Fujiwara no Suketake|\n|d||#34||2/1869||Seta Matanojō Minamoto no Takanori\n|#35||2/1869||Nakamura Kansuke Fujiwara no Masatoki|\n|#36||2/1869||Yoshida Sawaemon Fujiwara no Kanesada|\n|#37||2/1869||Katsuta Shin'emon Minamoto no Taketaka\n|#38||2/1869||Takebayashi Sadashichi Mō no Takashige\n|#39||2/1869||Isogai Jurōemon Fujiwara no Masahisa\n|Isogai Jurozaemon Masahisa was an expert of Naginata, the long sword. After the death of his lord, he intended to kill himself but was informed of Oishi's plan of revenge. Masahisa was a gentle man, yet he fought valiently at the raid.|\n|#40||2/1869||Tomimori Sukeemon Taira no Masayori|\n|#41||2/1869||Okada Magodayū Fujiwara no Shigemori\n|#42||2/1869||Ōishi Sezaemon Fujiwara no Nobukiyo|\n|#43||2/1869||Okano Kin'emon Fujiwara no Kanehide\n|#44||2/1869||Horibe Yasubei Taketsune|\n|#45||2/1869||Akagaki Genzō Fujiwara no Masakata||Akagaki Genzo Masakata was fond of drinking sake. In spite of his drinking he was always respectful to everyone. On the night of the raid he was 25 years old and fought with great enthusiasm.|\n|#46||2/1869||Hazama Kihei Fujiwara no Mitsunobu|\n|#47||2/1869||Kataoka Gengoemon Minamoto no Takafusa|\n|#48||2/1869||Horibe Yahei Minamoto no Kanemaru|\n|#49||2/1869||Hara Sōemon Taira no Mototoki|\n|#50||2/1869||Ōishi Kuranosuke Fujiwara no Yoshio|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Dr. Clarita Carlos of UP and a member of the Philippine Council for Foreign Relations expressed her disdain for nation states, the creation of which started with the Treaty of Westphalia in the 17th century. These states have become perennial pests with their periodic quarreling over turf, religion, trade, etc. Worse still nations are multiplying like amoeba, which may be increasingly more difficult to house them in that NY headquarters over time. Indeed at the latest count, some 145 nation-states have been created since 1816 driven by nationalist elements and encouraged by the French and American revolutions.\nHer proposition supports the opposition voiced by many sectors against the attempt of our Muslim brothers in Mindanao to erect yet another “bangsa” or nation in an island first occupied by our indigenous ancestors. The IPs rather than the Muslim can truly claim the first nation status.\nFor my part, I rejoiced that the hegemony of the Holy Roman Empire lorded over by autocratic European monarchs was degraded by the treaty. I also welcomed the arrival on the scene of Jean Baptiste Colbert French Minister of Finance of King Louis XIV of France, the granddad of political economy which reshaped the architecture of European politics and created a template which gave birth to North and South American democracies and indeed of the New World.\nI rejoiced at the break-up of the Ottoman Empire, the British Empire “where the sun never sets” the defeat of the conquistadores that gave rise to the nation states of Latin America, the Balkanization of Eastern Europe, post-World War decolonization which spawned many nations now delinked from the commercial exploitation by the First World and the fall of the Berlin Wall.\nAt home, I welcomed the statement of President Manuel Quezon that he would rather see this country “run like hell by Filipinos than heaven by Americans,” (he surely got his wish). Actually, the Americans did not run this country like heaven if you consider, how they tricked Aguinaldo, perpetrated the Balangiga Massacre, used water treatment as an instrument of torture, “civilized” us with the Krag – all these to accomplish the “manifest destiny” of President McKinley. But that was water under the bridge.\nSince then this country has eschewed the so-called “special relations” with the US, thrown out her military bases, even as we concluded a more respectable Mutual Defense and Visiting Forces Agreements with a country that we share important values. Today a few million Filipinos, which include members of my family have pledge allegiance to the U.S. “in pursuit of the American dream,” even as hundreds of our countrymen line up daily in front of the U.S. Embassy hoping for a U.S. visa.\nToday the world has embraced regionalism, multilateralism and other forms of solidarity. The vertical economic and political integration of colonial days is now replaced by horizontal integration. The European model, the template for economic and political integration has not however killed protectionism and political systems that range from left to right of its member countries. British economic liberalism has not rescued the citizens of socialist member countries from the demands of the social market economics of their populist governments. Nations continue to be divided along ideological lines and competing development paradigms.\nIn the Asean alone, it is doubtful whether Vietnam will give up its socialism or Myanmar the dictatorship of the military junta. The great divide in our part of the world is also ethnic, cultural and religious. Kashmir will never join India and a lot of blood was spilled in the effort to integrate the Tamils in Sri Lanka. Christian Aceh fought the Muslim Indonesians and Tibet will never bow to China, etc. This will be a stumbling block to integration. Nation states have therefore been set up to provide the necessary firewall to separate the clash of civilizations.\nToday political scientists are split between “constructivists” and “realists.” The former give much importance to national pride, identity or consciousness while the realist gives a premium on interest. At home, the division is between the economic nationalist or protectionists and free-traders who favor an open economy. The former while not exactly favoring state-owned enterprises of the Chinese model favor infant industries surrounded by tariff walls and generous fiscal incentives while the latter favor global trade linkages and trans-nationalism.\nState-centric adherents of International Political Economy (IPE) reject a belief popular among many scholars, public officials, and commentators that economic and technological forces have eclipsed the nation-state and are creating a global world economy in which political boundaries and national governments are no longer important. While it may be true that economic and technological forces are continuously reshaping international affairs and influencing the behavior of states in our shrinking world with its highly integrated global economy, countries continue to use their power and to implement policies to channel economic forces in ways that favor their own national economic interests These national economic interests include the quest for a favorable balance of trade and payments and control over monetary and fiscal affairs that are in consonance with the rising expectations of its citizenry and its quest for higher productivity incomes and employment – in short, for a better life.\nIn the last quarter of the twentieth century, nation states have come under attack from within and from without; both transnational economic forces and ethnic nationalism were tearing at its economic and political foundation but these trends only work at creating more countries rather than less.\nIn sum, nation-states were created to meet specific needs – to provide economic and political security and to achieve other desired goals; in return, citizens preserve the territorial integrity of the nation state, obey its laws and support it through taxes.\nThe big question is should identity be a more important consideration than interest in the life of a nation? As a political-economist my problem is an accurate definition of “identity” and the qualitative and quantitative measurement of “interest.”\nThis is an important consideration if this country is to pursue an independent foreign policy as mandated by the Constitution!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "NPA is a grassroots organization of committed local citizens who contibute their time and talent to make Noblesville a better place.\nWe need your help. NPA is only successful when its membership is involved, engaged, and enthusiastic.\nPlease help us by joining a committee. We offer many opportunities. Volunteers do the work on our annual Historic Home Tour, judge our Garden Contest and our Facade Grant program. Perhaps you have particular expertise, or are just willing to dive in and assist with making success happen. It only takes a few hours a month and you will meet some terrific people.\nContact NPA anytime if you are interested in participating on a committee, or if you have comments or questions. Thank you in advance for helping NPA strengthen its community impact through positive impact.\nPromoting the preservation of historic homes, neighborhoods and resources to enhance the quality of life in Noblesville\nNoblesville Preservation Alliance presents\nThe Twelve Houses of Christmas\n3rd Annual Historic Neighborhood Holiday Lights Tour\nOpening Night December 5, 2014 6-9pm\n(Event continues nightly 6-9pm, December 5 through December 31, 2014)\nAs sleigh bells start to ring and dreams of a white Christmas begin to form, Noblesville Preservation Alliance (NPA) ushers in the holiday season with our annual holiday tour. The tour’s opening night is December 5th from 6-9 pm and will continue each night through December 31st. Bring your friends and family for a self-guided tour of the beautiful historic town of Noblesville, then vote for your favorites while supporting NPA preservation efforts.\nMaps are available after December 3rd at:\nNickel Plate Arts (107 S. 8th St.)\nHamilton County Historical Society/Sheriff’s Residence (810 Conner St.)\nNoble Coffee and Tea (933 Conner St.)\nAnimal Arts (998 N 10th St.)\nA Corner Cottage (895 Conner St.)\nOld Picket Fence Antiques Home Décor and Gifts (894 Logan St.)\nLinden Tree (856 Logan St.)\nLogan Village Mall (977 Logan St.)\nNoblesville Ace Hardware (603 Westfield Rd.)\nVotes for your favorite homes can be cast at Nickel Plate Arts, Hamilton County Historical Society/Sheriff’s Residence and HERE\nThe holiday season is one of the most beautiful times to visit Noblesville. The historic architecture, featuring gingerbread millwork, wrap around porches, graceful columns and Victorian turrets is truly enhanced by holiday lights. Private homes and historic buildings will be decorated for the season. People may walk or drive the tour and enjoy the candlelit streets and brightly decorated homes…listen to the great old Christmas carols and hear the laughter of the children as they whisper to St. Nick – and maybe for a few short hours, return to a time of Christmases past.\nThe opening reception is free and open to the public. It will be held on Friday, December 5th, 6-9 pm at the Judge Stone House on the campus of Nickel Plate Arts at 107 S. 8th St. This will be a great opportunity to meet people within the community and NPA. It will be a festive night in Noblesville, with lots of family-friendly activities throughout the downtown area.\nThrough exhaustive research, Noblesville’s historic core neighborhoods have been divided into “Zones of Significance.” These zones tell the story of Noblesville’s development and have many distinct cultural, historical and architectural features. Twelve Residential homes will represent some of the different zones or historical districts in NPA’s 3rd Annual “12 Houses of Christmas – Historic Neighborhood Holiday Lights Tour.” The twelve featured homes for this year’s tour will be publicized after the maps are available to the public on December 3rd.\n. The Zones of Significance are:\nPioneer Homestead Johnstown Plum Prairie Central Square Gilded Age New Frontier Midland Old 2nd Ward Old 1st Ward Lincoln Park Broadview Manor Gentleman Farmer’s Federal Hill\nIn addition to homes within Old Town Noblesville’s historic districts, NPA welcomes community businesses to celebrate the holiday season with us by decorating their storefront/property festively. Participating businesses in Old Town will be recognized on NPA's “Twelve Houses of Christmas – Historic Neighborhood Holiday Lights” map as a driving tour featured location.\nThe Noblesville Preservation Alliance wishes to thank our generous event sponsors, who include:\nFRONT DOOR – IDI Composites International.\nFRONT PORCH – Community Bank, Riverview Health, Smith's Jewelers,\nGOOD NEIGHBOR – Logan St. Signs and Banners, Noblesville Ace Hardware", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "17 days ago\nبِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمنِ الرَّحِيمِ\nKota Tua Jakarta, also known as the Old Batavia (Oud Batavia), is a small area in Jakarta, Indonesia. This special area has an area of 1.3 square kilometers across North Jakarta and West Jakarta (Pinangsia, Taman Sari and Roa Malaka). Nicknamed the \"Asian Gem\" and \"Queen of the East\" in the 16th century by European sailors, Jakarta Lama was considered the trade center for the Asian continent because of its strategic location and abundant resources. The city of Batavia was completed in 1650. Batavia later became the headquarters of the VOC in the East Indies. The canals are filled because of the emergence of tropical outbreaks inside the city walls because of poor sanitation. The city began to expand to the south after epidemics in 1835 and 1870 pushed many people out of the narrow city to the Weltevreden area (now the area around Merdeka Square). Batavia later became the administrative center of the Dutch East Indies. In 1942, during the Japanese occupation, Batavia changed its name to Jakarta and still serves as the capital city of Indonesia until now. In 1972, the Governor of Jakarta, Ali Sadikin, issued a decree which officially made the Old City a heritage site. The governor's decree was intended to protect the architectural history of the city - or at least the remaining buildings there. Although the Governor's decree was issued, the Old City remained ignored. Many residents warmly welcomed this decree, but not much was done to protect the heritage of the Dutch colonial era.\nFollow my IG:\n#wearearchtecture30family at Wisata Kota Tua Jakarta", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "More than a century has passed past since German archeologist Heinrich Schliemann discovered the treasures of Bronze Age Mycenae. The richly decorated artefacts of the entombed warriors, whose bodies still lay in their graves, confirmed that Homer's epic The Iliad was based upon true events, and that the Achaeans described in his poems probably did exist. Through a combined study of the mythical tradition, archeological findings and written sources, this fascinating addition to the Warrior series explores the evolution of warfare in the Bronze Age Greek world. Covering weaponry, clothing, helmets and body armour, it provides a richly illustrated guide to the warriors who have shone from the pages of Homer's poem for almost three millennia.\nPublisher: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC ISBN: 9781849081955 Number of pages: 64 Weight: 213 g Dimensions: 248 x 184 x 7 mm\nSimply reserve online and pay at the counter when you collect.\nAvailable in shop from just two hours, subject to availability.\nThank you for your reservation\nYour order is now being processed and we have sent a confirmation email to you at\nThis item can be requested from the shops shown below. If this item isn't available to be reserved nearby, add the item to your basket instead and select 'Deliver to my local shop' at the checkout, to be able to collect it from there at a later date.\nWhen will my order be ready to collect?\nFollowing the initial email, you will be contacted by the shop to confirm that your item is available for collection.\nCall us on or send us an email at\nUnfortunately there has been a problem with your order\nPlease try again or alternatively you can contact your chosen shop on or send us an email at", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Castello Visconteo has a long engaging history behind made up of splendors and power politics, quarrels and rearrangements: a place of parties and diversions, for a long time it was the scene of clashes between Guelphs and Ghibellines and of an endless sequence of wars between enemy families and authorities fighting for dominance on the city of Milan.\nAmong its sturdy walls it welcomed ladies, well-known artists and celebrities, like Leonardo da Vinci, Ludovico Il Moro and Gian Galeazzo Visconti.\nYear 808: The first building of the castle takes place around this year\nYear 887: The castle houses the German king Carloman, the first in a long series of guests who would stay in the castle\nX-XV century: Throughout the Middle Ages the castle is point of contention between Guelphs and Ghibellines and later between the Torriani and Visconti family\n1294: Ottone Visconti, Archbishop of Milan from 1261 to 1295, widens the castle on three sides\n1446: The Venetians seize the castle, reinforce it and equip it with ramparts and fortresses 1451 – 1474: The castle undergoes an intense rework and fortification\n1490: The castle hosts the wedding of Galeazzo Maria Sforza and Isabella d’Aragona late XV century: Leonardo da Vinci stays in the castle’s tower and here carries out part of his studies on the flight of birds.\n1700: The castle is used as district prison (remains a prison until 1959)\n1999: The castle undergoes significant refurbishment works that reveal amazing frescoes from the Giotto school.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Arthur Fraser Walter\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nWalter born on 12 September 1846. He studied at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford. He entered Lincoln's Inn to study law. He was called to the bar as a barrister, but never practised. John Walter (second), the grandfather of Arthur, died on 28 July 1847. John Walter (third) succeeded to the management of The Times in 1847. Arthur made agreements with the American firms to sell the Encyclopædia Britannica. He was also responsible for the establishment of the Times Book Club.\nWalter's father died on 3 November 1894 and he became the new chief proprietor of The Times in 1894. He remained chief proprietor of The Times until 1908, when it was converted into a company. He then became chairman of the board of directors of the company that purchased the paper. He died on 10 August 1910.\nWalter also held several other positions. He was a Lieutenant Colonel of Volunteers, a Director of the London & Southwestern Railway, High Steward of Wokingham, and a member of the Travellers' and Union Clubs.\n- \"ARTHUR FRASER WALTER DEAD; Former Chief Proprietor of London Times Was 64 Years Old.\". The New York Times. February 23, 1910. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C0DE5DA1139E333A25750C2A9649C946196D6CF. Retrieved 2008-07-11.\n- Seymour-Ure, Colin (2004). \"‘Walter, Arthur Fraser (1846–1910)’\" (subscription required). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/56805. http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101056805/.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "New York City, New York, dates unknown but between 1827 and 1884.\nClassification: Employee or Independent Contractor\nFrom the OHS PC Database, derived from A Guide to North American Organbuilders,, rev. ed., by David H. Fox (Organ Historical Society, 1997). -\nWith Henry Erben firm of New York City, New York.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Amsterdam is said to have more museums per square metre than any other city in the world. With its picturesque canal network and rich history, the Netherlands’ vibrant capital is one of the world’s most popular tourist destinations. If you’re not able to travel to Amsterdam in person, you can explore the city’s world-class museums and galleries online. Here’s my pick of Amsterdam’s best virtual museum and gallery tours.\nAnne Frank House\nAnne Frank House is where the Jewish wartime diarist lived in hiding with her parents, sister and another family during World War II. The building is now a museum in Anne’s memory, and it has some excellent online resources. You can explore the Secret Annex online, or put on your VR glasses and take a virtual stroll through the hiding place where Anne wrote her diary. You can also look around the house where the Frank family lived before going into hiding, and visit an online exhibition about Anne Frank’s life. The excellent Anne Frank video diary follows Anne’s experiences from March 1944 until her arrest in August 1944. You can explore Anne Frank House here.\nHet Scheepvaartmuseum – Maritime Museum\nAmsterdam’s National Maritime Museum is home to one of the world’s largest maritime collections, with approximately 400,000 objects covering 500 years of Dutch Maritime history. Housed in a former naval warehouse, the museum invites visitors to discover how the sea has shaped Dutch culture. You can explore the museum via Google Street View – tours cover East Indiaman Amsterdam, the Dutch Golden Age, navigational instruments, and whales through the ages. You can choose your virtual tour of the museum here.\nMuseum Het Rembrandthuis – Rembrandt House Museum\nFrom 1639 to 1658, the artist Rembrandt lived and worked in the canal house that now contains the fantastic Rembrandt House Museum. Visitors to the museum can learn about Rembrandt as a teacher, collector, entrepreneur and Amsterdam resident, as well as Rembrandt as an artist. You can browse the museum’s collection here.\nThe world-famous Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national arts and history museum. It’s the city’s grandest museum and has 80 galleries and around 8000 objects on display at any one time. Highlights include Old Masters such as Rembrandt’s The Night Watch and Vermeer’s The Milkmaid, 17th-century dolls’ houses created for rich merchants’ wives, and the Cuypers Library, the country’s oldest and most extensive collection of art history texts.\nYou can dive into the collection and explore its stories here.\nThe Stedelijk Museum is the largest Dutch museum of modern and contemporary art and design. The collection contains around 90,000 artworks and objects, dating from 1870 to the present, with works by artists such as Monet, Matisse and Picasso through to contemporary installations. You can watch tours of the collection and exhibitions here:\nVan Gogh Museum\nThe Van Gogh Museum is home to the world’s largest collection of artworks by Vincent van Gogh and has more than 200 paintings, 500 drawings and 700 of his letters. The collection includes celebrated works such as Sunflowers, Almond Blossom and The Bedroom, 1888. You can explore the museum from home and search for your favourite painting undisturbed by other visitors with this Google street view tour.\nVerzets Resistance Museum\nThe Resistance Museum details the history of the Dutch resistance in World War II during the country’s occupation by Germany. Resistance in the Netherlands ranged from small acts such as displaying postage stamps with the Queen’s face, to activities such as spying for the Allies. The museum documents a variety of these activities and you can explore exhibit highlights here. You can watch a video introduction to the museum here:\nMore virtual museum & gallery tours\nIf you enjoyed this, you may also like these posts about virtual museum and gallery tours around the world – click on the images to read them:", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Map of Canada Confederation. British colonies in North America are united under the British North American Act to become the Dominion of Canada. The Act, drafted by John A. Macdonald and signed on May became effective on July\nSir John A. MACDONALD ~ He was the first Prime Minister of Canada. The dominant figure of Canadian Confederation, his political career spanned almost half a century. Macdonald served 19 years as Canadian Prime Minister.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A new exhibition will be opening this weekend at the Little Museum of Dublin on St Stephen's Green.\nYour Huddled Masses: The Irish in America chronicles what emigrants left behind when they departed, how they travelled to their final destination, and what their life was like when they arrived. It is the story about the search for a better life, the re-invention of home and the birth of great cities in a foreign land. It documents the story of Ireland in America through sound, photography, film and striking illustrations.\nThe exhibition starts on Saturday 1 June and will run until 30 September. For more details and booking information, contact the Little Museum of Dublin.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "\"Pesta Kuburan\" Madura, a Feast at the Graveyard\nSUMENEP,TIMESJAZIRAH – There has been a unique and kind of weird tradition by the Madura society. They will bring some food to the Asta Buju graveyard Gubang, Sumenep, Madura and held a feast there after several ceremony. This ceremony was called as the \"Pesta Kuburan\" (Graveyard Feast).\nThis tradition was held as their way of respecting their ancestor namely the Pangeran Anggosuto (Prince Anggosuto) lthat has been passed away. The prince spirit was believed to be their guidance and savior for the local citizen.\n\"Prince Anggosuto is someone who has some power that could help the local citizens. He was the one who knew that the water from the Papas sea could be turned into salt,\" Syamsuri, a local citizen of Papas said on Saturday (20/7/2019).\nThis ceremony is held every salt season, or when the salt production is high. This is to show their gratitude to the Prinve Anggosuto to find the way to produce salt for them.\nThe Pesta Kuburan or the feast at the graveyard at Asta Bhuju' Gubang will usually participated by two sub district which is believed to still have some connection with the Prince Anggosuto. Those two sub district in Madura are the Pinggir Papas and Karang Anyar. (*)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This exhibition, which was intended to be a prestige operation, was seen as a manifestation of national glory, and the enterprise was led and supported by the State. Napoleon III wanted to take up the English challenge: \"From the point of view of architecture, the 1855 exhibition represents a singular mixture of grandeur and inadequacy, error and novelty. Its conception was magnificent: it was open to all nations; it welcomed all the products of man's hand and mind. However, the realisation of the exhibition did not have the scope and originality that such a programme demanded... In London, the entire exhibition was concentrated inside the Crystal Palace; in Paris, it was presented, as one might say, in a dispersed state.\nIndeed, the Palais de l'Industrie, intended to rival London's dazzling achievement, was initially designed to replace the temporary buildings of the national exhibitions organised since 1798 and to serve for public ceremonies. On 8 March 1853, a decree from the emperor stipulated that a Universal Exhibition of agricultural and industrial products would inaugurate the opening of the palace; then, on 22 June, a Fine Arts Exhibition was added, which did not exist in London and which became an important component of future exhibitions in all countries.\nThe Imperial Commission, chaired by the Emperor's cousin, Prince Louis Napoleon, realised that it was impossible to hold all the events in a single building, and so annexes had to be created. A cast iron and wooden machine gallery, reserved for machines in motion, was installed on the Quai de Billy; a Palais des Beaux-Arts, in the French Renaissance style, was entrusted to Hector Lefuel (1810 - 1881), and located at the corner of the Avenue Montaigne, near which Gustave Courbet, unhappy at having been refused his large composition L'Atelier, built a basic wooden and brick pavilion that housed forty of his compositions. The Beaux-Arts exhibition, where the painter presented eleven paintings, officially opened on 15 May, due to delays in the work on the two main palaces, and Courbet's pavilion on 28 June. Numerous small buildings sprang up in the gardens, \"elegant bazaars with a thousand colours\", spread out along the alleys, next to the summer circus built by Hittorff in 1840, as well as sales counters, an international bazaar of universal industry, panoramas, buffets; the built complex covered 17 hectares.\nDespite the great success of this exhibition, which welcomed 5 million visitors, it ended with a deficit of 8300,000 francs.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Alumna Alice Leora Edwards was born April 19, 1882 in Monroe, Oregon. She graduated from Oregon Agricultural College (OSU) in 1906 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Home Economics. She received her M.A. degree in 1917 from Columbia University and her Ed.D. from Columbia University Teachers College in 1940.\nShe was as an instructor in Zoology and Entomology at Oregon Agricultural College from 1909 to 1915 and served as a student assistant in the Biology department at Teachers College, Columbia University, 1915-1917. In 1917-1918 she was Assistant Professor of Dietetics at the University of Minnesota and in 1921-1926 she served as Dean of Home Economics at Rhode Island College. In 1941 she became the Dean of Home Economics at Mary Washington College at the University of Virginia at Fredericksburg, a position she held until her retirement from academic life in 1951.\nIn 1925, Edwards, a member of the World Student Christian Federation, traveled with the group to Europe to encourage and coordinate the work of existing national student Christian movements after the devastation of World War I.\nEdwards was Executive Secretary of the American Home Economics Association from 1926 until 1936. In her capacity with the Association, she represented the organization on the Council of American Standards, the Women's Joint Congressional Committee, and served on the President's Advisory Committee on Education. During her career, she edited Scientific Consumer Purchasing: A Study Guide for the Consumer (1939), co-authored Consumer Standards (1941) and wrote Product Standards and Labeling for Consumers (1940). She devoted her career as an advocate for standardized size and labels for consumer goods.\nAlice Leora Edwards moved back to Oregon in 1951 and died in Corvallis, Oregon on July 4, 1962.\nReturn to Alice L. Edwards papers Home", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This plaza brings the existing illusionary mural to life by utilizing “forced perspective” and replica site details depicted. A living green wall and pergola at angles and narrowing granite bands will exaggerate depth perception.\nRome to Cincinnati “bas relief” panels:\n• Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus – Legendary Roman general who saved Rome, refused to be named “Caesar” in reward and returned to his meager farm. A timeless story of unselfish public service.\n• Society of the Cincinnati – Early American and European roots of the Society.\n• George Washington and Generals – “Members Society of the Cincinnati”. All 100+ revolutionaries were members. General Arthur St. Clair renamed Losantiville “Cincinnati”.\n• The Cincinnatus Association – Exists today and provides public service.\n• Italian tile mural in “faux pool”.\n• Pergola with grape vines will evoke ancient Rome. Solar PV panels provide energy.\n• Storm water is captured in cisterns under the “Illusionary Pool” and will irrigate arbor and green wall.\n• Bas Relief history panels are set into green wall. A digital board provides outdoor education.\n• Etched on granite are names of unselfish public service heroes, Cincinnati’s “Hollywood Stars Walk”.\n• “Faux Cauldron” with “flames”, lit by LED uplights.\n• The world’s first organ – a Hydraulis – invented by Ctesibius of Alexandria during the 3rd Century BC during the Roman Empire and Cincinnatus’s life. A contemporary hydraulis will be created as a participatory musical instrument. It is enclosed and covered by a Roman-style shelter.\nThe Kroger – Cincinnatus\nLandscape Architecture & Community Planning - Planning & Analysis Projects", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Using reclaimed marble we offer a bespoke service, please click the image above to see our made to measure collection.\nAn original antique Victorian combination fireplace made from cast iron.\nThis attractive fire is typical of the period style with an integrated 2 bar fire basket that is framed with an arched opening with rope motif detailing.\nThe piece would provide an original Victorian fire to your renovation project.\nShelf: 112cm Wide\nOverall Height: 114cm\nDimensions are approximate", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "“Through Service to the Orient”\nThe Great Northern Railway launched the Oriental Limited between St. Paul and Seattle on December 5, 1905, replacing the Great Northern Flyer. The Oriental Limited designation reflected the Asiatic commerce which had been one of J.J. Hill's motivating objectives in building the railroad itself. The Great Northern's crack transcontinental bore this name between 1905 and 1929. Significant changes were made to the Oriental Limited in 1909, and again in 1922 after the USRA era. On May 31, 1924, an improved Pullman built New Oriental Limited was placed in service.\nIn the 1890's Seattle began building better port facilities for handling maritime trade with the Far East. In 1896, GN became the first U.S. railroad to serve the Orient through an agreement with Nippon Yushen Kaisha, a Japanese steamship line. Possessing the shortest route from Puget Sound to St. Paul, Great Northern’s traffic flourished as trade with the Oriental grew. In 1903, the railway completed its own dock at Smith's Cove, at the northern end of Seattle’s Elliott Bay. In 1905, the Great Northern steamships MINNESOTA and DAKOTA were placed in service between Seattle and the Far East. It was now possible to travel on Great Northern equipment from St Paul to the distant ports of the Orient. December 5, 1905, the Oriental Limited was launched as Great Northern's flagship. Its 58 hour schedule over the 1,829 miles between the Twin Cities and Puget Sound won the crown as the swiftest train, four and one half hours faster than its closest rival, the North Coast Limited.\nThe Oriental Limited was a name which emphasized that the transportation service offered by Great Northern did not end at port of Seattle and fulfilled Hill's dream of direct rail-water connections between the Middle West and the ports of the Far East. Mr. Hill anticipated creating a greater market for American exports, such as steel, wheat and cotton, while establishing Great Northern in the lucrative import trade of silk and tea from the Orient.\nThe Oriental Limited Begins\nThe Railway and Engineering Review, dated November 11, 1905 contained the following announcement:\nOn November 19, the Great Northern Railway will start a new and addition l train between St. Paul and Puget Sound Points. This will be known as the Oriental Limited and will have new car equipment throughout, consisting of large day coaches, tourist sleepers, palace sleeping cars, dining cars and compartment observation cars. Each car will be of the very latest design in its class and contain all the latest refinements in decoration and arrangement. The observation buffet library compartment cars will be the first of their kind to be used in transcontinental traffic and have been given particular attention. The rear half of these cars is devoted to the observation room, handsomely furnished with easy chairs, writing desks, etc. Wide plate glass windows afford an unobstructed view of the surrounding country..... A well stocked buffet and a branch of the Booklovers library and current periodicals will also be found in this car. The dining car equipment and service has also been given much attention. All service will be ala carte.\nOther advertisements, announcing the train, referred to it as the ’perfect train’ lighted by acetylene gas. Although the glowing notices went on to state that the trains had new equipment while being careful not to say all new equipment. In fact, the Oriental Limited which steamed forth in December 1905 was a mix of new and old equipment. During 1905, Great Northern acquired new coaches, diners and observations in anticipation of the new train. It was not until 1906 and 1907 that builders Barney and Smith and Pullman were able to deliver new smoking cars, tourist and first class sleepers.\nOnce assembled, the appearance new equipment presented a striking departure from the traditional Great Northern varnish. The glossy grooved sheathing sported graceful arched windows, capped with colorful art glass. The highly polished passenger cars were painted a deep olive green, and the roofs, underbodies and trucks were painted a darker olive shade. On the letterboard the words “Great Northern” were proudly painted in goldleaf and outlined in black as was all the external lettering. Characters on the letter board were six inches tall while the car names, centered on the sides below the windows, were four and one half inches high. The first letter of each word of the car name was slightly bigger than the rest.\nThe new observation platform provided a festive ending to the train with its scalloped, red and white striped canopy awning, glistening brass railing, and colorful drumhead. The rectangular sign consisted of a large bright red circle on a field of white with the words 'Oriental' above, and 'Limited' below, both in a black, oriental style of letters. The appearance was similar to a Japanese flag, further emphasizing its connection to the Orient.\nThe Oriental Limited’s interiors were equally stunning and beautiful. The decor was on the cusp of car building design, moving way from ornate inlaid carving to the less elaborate mission style, that was to become the standard decor of first class railroads for the next 20 years. Elegance, style and craftsmanship were continued in the new decor. The dining cars, first class sleepers and observations were fitted in rich mahogany, coco, tonkin, and vermillion. The smokers, coaches and tourist sleepers were paneled in birch and mahogany woods.\nColorful art glass crowned the upper sash of the body arch windows, the clerestory transoms and in the lavatory windows of the passenger cars in the consist. Pullman’s glass craftsmen used opalescent glass cut into various designs and pieced together with brass channel, similar to the way stained glass lamps and windows are fabricated today. Accents to the opalescent glass were added using textured cathedral glass or glue-chipped plate glass. Ornamental glass was available in a great assortment of colors which were combined by the car builder’s artisans and craftsmen to blend with the car’s interior decor. Colorful small flowers were a popular feature of the clerestory transom windows.\nCar builders classified the upholstering the seats in the sleepers and observation as art work. The Oriental Limited featured different shades and patterns of plush upholstery and carpets used on the sleeper section seat frames, drawing room and compartments. Heavy and costly silk fringes were very beautiful and also blended with the glass, upholstery, and carpets. Matching green leather covered the diner seats and the observation room’s overstuffed chairs. In furnishing the entire Oriental Limited, the colors of the carpets, plushes, woodwork, fringes, and ceilings, were selected and arranged with a view to their perfect harmony and artistic effects.\nThe August 1906 Great Northern timetable glowingly described the Oriental Limited’s\n“Is one of the greatest” and\n“the shortest, the easiest, the most interesting route across the continent. Indeed, the track of the Great Northern is noted for its solidarity, long tangents, and easy curves; the rails are of the heaviest steel, the ballasting of rock; the train swings as smoothly over the Montana mountains as it does over the prairies of North Dakota; the jumps, jerks, and bumps have all been worked out of the roadway--- a spoonful of coffee always reaches the passenger’s mouth intact from his cup despite the fact that a 160 ton engine is whirling the train along at 40 miles an hour.”\nThe Oriental Limited consist\nIn September 1905, shortly before launching the Oriental Limited, Great Northern acquired its first Pacifics. The six class H-1 Pacifics delivered 28,670 pounds tractive effort, and were quickly assigned to the Marias and Stevens Pass districts. In 1906, Atlantics, more Pacifics, and dual service Prairies were ordered for its two transcontinental trains; the Oriental Limited and Fast Mail. April witnessed another new wheel arrangement as ten class K-1 Atlantics joined the roster. With 73\" drivers and 19,560 pounds tractive effort, they proved too light for heavy passenger service except on the most level districts. Concurrent with the Atlantics, GN acquired thirty-five class H-2 Pacifics and fifty dual service class J-1 prairies. Both the J-1 and H-2 classes sported 69\" drivers and an identical 33,090 pounds tractive effort. Both shared many of the same details and a few of each class were fitted with a superheater as an experiment.\nNormally, the Oriental, like the Flyer it displaced, carried eight cars the full distance between St. Paul and Seattle. The cars were arranged on the train in the following order: a 60' RPO car, a 68' baggage-express car, a smoking car, an 86 passenger day coach, a 14 section tourist sleeper, a 30 seat dining car, a 12-1 standard sleeper and the new compartment observation, which replaced the buffet-lounge car. Eight sets of equipment were required to protect the Oriental’s schedule; three traveling eastbound, three heading westbound and one at each terminal being serviced and readied for the return trip.\nThe Oriental’s lead car was the RPO followed by the Baggage & Express car. Both assigned types had clerestory roofs, closed ends, 6 wheel trucks, and gas lights. The eight 60' postal cars numbers 643-650 had been built by AC&F and had two doors on each side with five windows between the doors and a double window between each door and the end. The postal cars were unique on the Oriental in lacking the new arch window design.\nThe double door 68' baggage & express cars numbers 572-590 were also AC&F products that were equipped with a desk for the messenger who rode with the car, a safe, a stove, coal bin, and hopper. The wooden floor had duckboards at one end know as fish racks on the Great Northern.\nGN listed second class coaches as smokers in its time tables. One was carried on the Oriental, normally as the first car behind the headend equipment. The smoker seated 71 passengers, was 68' long over the buffers, and had four wheel trucks. They were drawn from lot of 22 cars numbers 226-247, built for the new train by B&S in 1905 and 1906. The interior was paneled in birch and the seats covered in leather.\nFirst Class Coaches\n1905 B&S delivered 14 coaches for the Oriental Limited numbers 369-382. The cars seated 86 passengers, were 81' long over the buffers, and had six wheel trucks. The paneling, as with the Smoker and Tourist, was birch however the seats were fabric covered. In 1906 Pullman built 24 identical cars numbers 326-349.\nNine 14 section tourist sleepers, numbered 829-837, were initially assigned to the Oriental . They were built in 1902 by B&S, outfitted with men’s and women’s restrooms, and equipped with a small cooking range and a coal heater. The sleepers were 68-feet long over the vestibules, did not have arch windows, and rode on four wheel trucks. The interior finish was more basic than found on the back end of the train. Paneling was birch and mahogany and leather upholstery. The window glass, upholstery and paneling colors were nevertheless coordinated to create a pleasing and restful effect.\nFor the Oriental, Pullman built eight new Diners in 1905, numbers 721-728. The new diners were larger, containing 30 seats instead of 24, the previous standard. The lettering read Great Northern on the letterboard, the words Dining Car in the center and the car number on each end\nDiners featured expensive furnishings such as gilt mirrors, thick carpets, rich upholstery and draperies, hand carved English oak paneling and ornate light fixtures. The atmosphere of an English pub with overhead beams, green leather-covered chairs and a yellowish glass in the enclosed ‘cathedral globes’ light fixtures. Between the dining area and kitchen was the pantry that served as the waiter’s principal work area. A distinctive feature of the dining car was the sideboard or breakfront, which was placed at one end of the dining room between the pantry and the rest of the car. This handsome piece of cabinetry was a decorative focus and it served to screen off the working section of the car. China and silver plate were displayed behind its glass doors and a cut-glass vase of colorful fresh cut flowers was placed on it. Fresh cut flowers also brighten each table.\nFirst Class Sleepers\nGenerally, only one sleeping car was assigned for the run between Seattle and St. Paul. It should be noted that GN also received three 16 section sleepers from Pullman in 1905. These were assigned to the Winnipeg Limited.\nIn GN’s nomenclature of the period referred first-class sleepers as ‘Palace Sleepers’ and a drawing room was known as a ‘stateroom’, The Palace Sleepers assigned in 1905, were the 14 section, single stateroom cars numbered 944-952 built by Barney & Smith in 1902 for the Flyer. Their 80 foot design called for older style square windows, truss rods, and rode on six wheel trucks. All carried Washington State place names: Mt Index, Chelan, Olympic, Puget Sound, Washington, Everett, Stehekin, Okanagan and Mt Baker.\nIn September 1906, Pullman delivered ten first-class sleepers of a newer design containing 12 sections, and a Stateroom. The longer 82-foot sleepers, numbered 957-966, matched the Oriental’s appearance with art glass crowned arch-windows. The sleepers interior featured plush upholstery and carpets surrounded by ornate imported dark reddish mahogany and vermillion woods. New 12- sleepers were named for on line towns; Tumwater, Similkameen, Lake McDonald, Grand Forks, Osakis, Alexandria, Whatcom, Cashmere, Espanola, and Mukilteo. Late in the next year and in early 1908, Barney & Smith delivered twelve virtually identical cars named Chopaka, Keremeos, Tumwater (to replace the first Tumwater destroyed in a 1907 wreck), Wamduska, Wayzana, Tulameem, Teton, Waneta, Osoyoos, Floodwood, Bellingham, and Vancouver. Sleepers carrying Oriental place names began arriving in 1909.\nWilliam Kratville described the Oriental’s sleepers well when he wrote:\n“Great Northern’s sleepers had a dignity all their own as they rolled through the darkness, their cherry-red interiors and immaculate linen contrasting sharply in the aura of incandescent lighting from the pale yellow dome lights. Few and far between were the moaning cries of the Belpaire-fireboxed Pacific up ahead of the swaying sleepers.”\nThe Oriental Limited introduced the observation car to Great Northern’s transcontinental service, replacing the buffet-lounge car which had been the signature car of the Flyer. Pullman built eleven 80 foot observations in September, 1905 for the Oriental and Winnipeg Limited’s, numbers 760-770. Observation cars, like the diners, were not named. The designation ‘Compartment Observation Car’ was centered on the side below the windows, and the car number was painted on the side at each end.\nEach observation contained a drawing room, four compartments, a card room, a small buffet, a 15 seat observation room, and an open platform area. The observations were ornately decorated, featuring five different shades and patterns of plush upholstery, and as many different shades and patterns of carpets for the drawing room and compartments, with a sixth pattern for the lounge, card room and passageway.\nThe Railway and Engineering Review article, cited above, provided a description of the interior.\n“The observation buffet library compartment cars will be the first of their kind to be used in transcontinental traffic and have been given particular attention.\nThe rear half of these cars is devoted to the observation room, handsomely furnished with easy chairs, writing desks, etc. Wide plate glass windows afford an unobstructed view of the surrounding country. The [observation] room is furnished in vermillion wood and the chairs are upholstered in green leather, the remainder of the furnishing being in harmony with the general color scheme. The card room is finished in English oak with green leather seat coverings. The four state rooms, which are unusually roomy, are furnished in mahogany, coco, vermillion and tonquin, while the furnishings are olive, reddish rose, green and maroon plush in the named order. The drawing room is furnished in mahogany and all furnishings are golden brown plush. ”\nThe ceiling in each compartment was painted in a soft pastel hues of rose, green, olive or pale orange, resulting in a harmonious color scheme with the wood work, upholstery fabric and carpets. The buffet, called a kitchen, served drinks and snacks from its closet-like kitchen and bar. The card room was finished like an English Club. The observation lounge was a featured large windows and comfortable leather cars.\nThe observation platform was another attraction that by 1905 had became an expected part of the name train’s consist. The polished brass railings, drum sign, and scalloped, red and white striped canopy awning provided an enticing spot for those willing to brave the dust, cinders, and wind. On the glistening brass railing hung an oil illuminated drumhead, also a first for Great Northern.\nThe Oriental Limited schedule\nDecember 1905 Official Guide Westbound Eastbound Train #1 Train #2 (Sun) Lv 10:30 AM St Paul Ar: 2:15 PM (Wed) (Tue) Ar 8:50 PM Seattle Lv: 8:00 PM (Sun) 58: 20 Hrs Running Time 62:15 hrs\n1914 timetable cover\nWith the Oriental, the GN had a train to match the NP’s North Coast Limited in style and features and a schedule four and one half hours faster. Both trains usually consisted of eight cars built by the same companies, Pullman, B&S and AC&F.\nThe Oriental Limited’s dining cars and the cuisine got special attention. Meal were on a par with best city hotels and better than available at most smaller towns. Passengers sat down to surroundings of cut flowers, sparkling white linens, and shining polished silverware. The printed menus were artistic and colorful.\nGame in the form of quail, antelope, venison, bear meat, and buffalo characterized the early Great Northern menus. The chefs of the Great Northern were celebrated for their knowing ways with sage hen, Rocky Mountain trout and mountain sheep.\nAs the Oriental Limited begun, availability of game was beginning to disappear and regulations governing its sale and transportation began curbing its service in public restaurants including railway dining cars. The nature of the area served influenced the introduction into the diner menus of such territory products items as poultry, butter and vegetables from Minnesota, grains and pork from Dakota, beef and lamb from Montana and apples, clams, and salmon from Washington.\nPrices were kept low but food and service were kept high in quality. Initially, all service was ala carte, where the diner only paid for what was ordered. Later, Great Northern advertised meal were available a la carte, or table d’hote. Excellent table d’hote dinners included all the trimmings, soup and dessert, hot breads, olives, nuts, preservatives, mounds of vegetables and water ices with the meat course, pickles, chow chow, and the elaborate and spectacular salads dear to the heart of the vegetable chef. Advertising continued to stress ala carte meals were available for the budget minded.\nThe dining car china was heavy and serviceable, with the ‘Hill’ pattern in use when the Oriental began. The service pieces were white and pattern consisted of the letters G.N.R. intertwined into logo. The three individual letters were orange, outlined in dark brown. ‘Hill’ was the third pattern used by Great Northern.\nThe first was known as the ‘Manitoba’ pattern and consisted of the words Great Northern Railway on the rim. The second was the ‘Montana’ pattern, which was very similar to the ‘Hill’ pattern, except only the initials G.N. were intertwined. Flatware, as well as such arcane service items as cheese scoops, crumb knives, oyster folks, and sugar tongs, all carried the ‘Hill’ design. Covered soup tureens, fruit-cocktail bowls, bread trays, butter dishes, gravy boats, coffee servers, sugar and creamers, glass vinegar cruets, ice cream dishes, and bon bon dishes all added glamour to the white cloth-covered table.\nFor first class passengers the observation car provided a break from the monotony of the prairies. The observation lounge was a center of activity with a library, a magazine rack, and a writing table. In keeping with the Oriental theme, a card game, adapted from an oriental game called Mah Jongg, was available to passengers as well as cards and bridge score pads.\nGreat Northern’s tourist stamps, post cards and postage stamps were available from the porter who also provided cigars, candy, beverages and snacks from the buffet. The buffet, called a kitchen, served drinks and snacks from its closet-like kitchen and bar. The buffet performed an important on-train food service, where the need for a small snack such as a cup of coffee or tea, a sandwich, or some bouillon might “relieve the faintness” between meal. The Oriental’s diner’s menu was too heavy for such needs, and the dinner was closed during off-hours.\nEvery afternoon at four, tea was served in the lounge by a waiter from the diner. Close behind followed another with a platter of dainty cakes. News and market reports telegraphed to stations and placed on board in observation lounge, several times a day. The card room featured a round green leather booth surrounding the table. The rich English oak finish provided an atmosphere like an English Club. Conductors and porters were issued small cards warning of card sharks. The cards were discretely passed to passengers when appropriate.\nThe observation car platform offered the best view on the train. The panorama of the passing countryside was uninterrupted by window posts or curtains. There was something exciting about the ride as well -- the clatter and roar, the swirling wind and dust, and the hypnotic sight of the tracks as they disappeared into subtle triangle at the far horizon. As the train passed through the small towns of Eastern Washington and Montana, passengers could stand on the rear platform to be eyed by ranch-bound locals who wished that they too were aboard the glamorous Oriental Limited’s observation car flying toward the attractions in the more populated terminals.\nThe reference sheet will provide a fuller description of the train as well as information on the 1909, 1914 and 1922 equipment and schedules. The reference sheet contain the usual array black and white photos and drawings. These color images will not be included.\nModelers in the minor scales are on thier own!\nBlack and photos of the Oriental\nHome New About Me Layout Articles Artwork friends Links", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Bronson Company Office\nRecognized Federal Heritage Building\n(© (E. Tumak, Architectural History Branch, Parks Service, February 1991.))\n150 Middle Street, Victoria Island, Ottawa, Ontario\nTreasury Board Policy on Management of Real Property\n1880 to 1880\nEvent, Person, Organization:\nNational Capital Commission\nFHBRO Report Reference:\nDescription of Historic Place\nSituated at Victoria Island in the Ottawa River and close to Chaudière Falls, the large Bronson Company Office is composed of a one-and-a-half storey, gable-roofed brick building of residential appearance and a one-storey, flat-roofed stone building. The gable-roofed section is distinguished by its arched wood windows, moulded cornice and prominent chimney. The attached flat-roofed section is distinguished by its coursed rubble masonry construction and features flat-arched windows. The designation is confined to the footprint of the building.\nThe Bronson Company Office is a Recognized Federal Heritage Building because of its historical associations, and its architectural and environmental value.\nThe Bronson Company Office is directly associated with both the forest products industry and the development of hydroelectricity in Ottawa. The Bronson family was one of the most prominent forest products and utility magnate dynasties in the Ottawa Valley. As the administrative focus of the families’ wide-ranging domain, the Bronson Company Office was an integral component of the highly diverse industrial operations at the Chaudière Falls. The building is also specifically associated with E.H. Bronson, whose activities as an industrialist and a provincial politician included forest conservation, diversification of the Chaudière industrial infrastructure, and attempts to create a private utilities monopoly in Ottawa. The building is also closely associated with the industrial development of the Chaudière Falls area.\nThe Bronson Company Office is valued for its good aesthetic design. The scale and form of the structure is characteristic of late 19th century residential architecture. Features such as a gabled roof, prominent chimney, moulded cornice, and arched wood windows contribute to the building’s domestic character. Its very good functional design is evidenced in the solid brick construction and other materials and elements that make it a fire-resistant building, such as the brick vaults, heavy steel doors and the diagonally-laid metal roof tiles. Further evidence of the building’s very good craftsmanship is seen in the masonry detailing around the windows and chimney and in the masonry construction of the attached addition.\nThe Bronson Company Office is compatible with the industrial character of its setting on Victoria Island and is a familiar building within the immediate area.\nEdgar Tumak, Two Buildings, Bronson Company Office, Ottawa, Ontario, Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office, Building Report, 90-225; Bronson Company Office, Ottawa, Ontario, Heritage Character Statement, 90-225.\nThe character-defining elements of the Bronson Company Office should be respected.\nThe good aesthetic and very good functional design and very good craftsmanship and materials, as for example; the one-and-a-half storey massing which consists of an L-shaped, gable-roofed structure with an adjacent stone warehouse and office annex, attached to the building by a small, enclosed connecting link; the solid brick construction of the superstructure erected on a coursed masonry foundation; the prominent chimney, moulded cornice and wood windows with segmental and semicircular heads; the masonry detailing including the stone sills, window hood moulds and voussoirs, and the elaborate corbelled chimney cap; the masonry detailing of the addition such as the voussoired flat-arches; the fire-resistant materials and elements such as the brick vaults, which dictate the floor plan on both levels, the heavy steel doors to the vaults and the diagonally-laid metal roof tiles; the interior elements, including the oak window and door surrounds, mantelpieces and high ceilings.\nThe manner in which the Bronson Company Office is compatible with the industrial character of its setting at the Chaudière Falls on Victoria Island and is a familiar landmark in the immediate area, as for example; its scale, massing, design and materials, which contribute to the varied silhouette of industrial buildings and to the landscape of dramatic geological formations and natural and manmade water courses that together characterize Victoria Island and the Chaudière Falls region as a whole; its familiarity to the local community, due to its location at one end of the Chaudière crossing, and its role as part of a group of heritage industrial buildings that remain on the island; its familiarity to members and guests of the Ottawa-Hull Naval Association, as the location for their clubhouse.\nHeritage Character Statement\nThe heritage character statement was developed by FHBRO to explain the reasons for the designation of a federal heritage building and what it is about the building that makes it significant (the heritage character). It is a key reference document for anyone involved in planning interventions to federal heritage buildings and is used by FHBRO in their review of interventions.\nThe Bronson Company Office building on Victoria Island was built circa 188O. Its designer is unknown. The custodial department is the National Capital Commission. See FHBRO Building Report 90-225.\nReason for Designation\nThe Bronson Company Office was designated Recognized for its historical associations and architectural design, and also for its environmental significance.\nThe building is the only remaining office at the Chaudière associated with both the forest products industries and the development of hydroelectricity. The Bronson family was one of the most prominent of the forest products and utility magnate dynasties in the Ottawa Valley, and, as the administrative focus of their wide-ranging domain, the Bronson Company Office was an integral component of the highly diverse industrial operations at the Chaudière. This building is particularly associated with E.H. Bronson, whose activities as an industrialist and a provincial politician included forest conservation, diversification of the Chaudière industrial infrastructure, and attempts to create a private utilities monopoly in Ottawa.\nThe setting of the Bronson Company Office has changed dramatically since its construction, but the building continues as a reminder of the former bustling and constricted character of this industrial site.\nCharacter Defining Elements\nThe heritage character of the Bronson Company Office resides in its massing, proportions, construction materials and details, in its surviving interior layout and finishes, and in its relationship with its site.\nThe Bronson Company Office is an L-shaped, gable-roofed one-and-one-half-storey structure which has a form and scale characteristic of late 19th century residential architecture. A prominent chimney, moulded cornice, window openings with segmental and semicircular heads, and wood sash windows contribute to its domestic character. Masonry detailing includes stone sills, window hood moulds and voussoirs, and the elaborate corbelled chimney cap. These features are integral to the character of the building, and should be retained and repaired using appropriate conservation techniques.\nDespite the building's domestic appearance, the desire to achieve a fire-resistant administration building shows in several features of the construction and planning. The solid brick superstructure erected on a coursed masonry foundation, the two-storey brick vaults which dictate the floor plan on both levels, the heavy steel doors to the vaults and the diagonally-laid metal roof tiles illustrate a careful reconciliation of fire-resistant materials and features with effective office design. These features should be respected, as should remaining interior elements such as oak window and door surrounds, original mantelpieces and high ceilings. Any development of the interior should retain and incorporate these elements.\nThe adjacent stone warehouse and office annex, executed in coursed rubble masonry with voussoired flat-arches over openings, is connected to the Bronson Company Office building by a modest addition. This enclosed connecting link now contains the principal entrance. The original main entrance on Middle Street has been boarded over and a projecting wooden vestibule has been added to the Mill Street entrance. If possible, original patterns of access should be reinstated, as should entrances that have been boarded up. The removal of recent additions of a lean-to character would improve the integrity of the ensemble.\nSite development should respect the domestic scale of the structures, and be compatible with the industrial character of the setting.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Here's a sample of our volunteer opportunities:VIEW AS\nThe mission of the Roebling Museum is to document, preserve and exhibit the history of the John A. Roebling's Sons Company, the Roebling family and the village of Roebling. It's focus is not only on the industrial and technological achievements of the company but on the unique social history of its workforce and the town it created. The Museum bridges a storied past to the present by providing exhibits and programs directed at the interests of the worldwide public while also serving as a valuable resource for school, curriculum enhancement programs and academic research.\nA former gateway to the Roebling Mill, the main gate museum building once served as the passage point for thousands of workers on their way to the steel mill each day.\nThe building served as the hub of company activity. Offices processed payroll, time clocks, storage rooms, interview rooms, a jail house, phone operators, an infirmary and later an ambulance house. Originally only a gate in 1905, the building was built in 1907 to limit access to the factory grounds. Additions and alterations were made from 1919 through 1947.\nThese company rooms now house the five galleries, Investors Bank Media Room, offices, lobby gift shop and Ferdinand Roebling lll Archives of the Roebling Museum.\nThe 7,000 square foot building was meticulously restored by the Environmental Protection Agency as part of the Superfund clean-up of the 240 acre Roebling mill site. The building was turned over to the Township of Florence and the Roebling Museum in June of 2009.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Joan Plantagenet-England: Birth: about 1191. Death: 2 February 1237\nRichard FitzJohn Plantagenet-FitzRoy: Birth: about 1186.\nTitle: Ancestry Family Trees\nPage: Ancestry Family Trees\nPublication: Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com. Original data: Family Tree files submitted by Ancestry members.\nTitle: Millennium File\nAuthor: Heritage Consulting\nPublication: Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2003.Original data - Heritage Consulting. The Millennium File. Salt Lake City, UT, USA: Heritage Consulting.Original data: Heritage Consulting. The Millennium File. Salt Lake City, UT, USA:\nNote: King John of England http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=e408bdb1-5a3e-45ad-a2de-266e0984370e&tid=19260431&pid=2079\nRootsWeb.com is NOT responsible for the content of the GEDCOMs uploaded through the WorldConnect Program. The creator of each GEDCOM is solely responsible for its content.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In February 2010, the SS ROTTERDAM opened its doors for the public after a long restoration. The former cruise vessel of the Holland America Line (HAL) is now permanently moored at Katendrecht in Rotterdam and is in service as a ’static liner’. The SS ROTTERDAM dates from 1959 and is the largest passenger liner ever built in the Netherlands. After the renovation the vessel has largely maintained its original character, both in its interior appointments as well as in its outward appearance. The vessel was renovated in Wilhelmshaven, Germany and Rotterdam, The Netherlands.\nVuyk acted as an advisor for the owners on naval architectural issues and designed the permanent mooring structure in consultation with the owners.\nPermanent mooring structure\nThe mooring structure has been designed in such a way that it fixates the floating ship independent of the tidal movements, trim and heel. The structure consists of two hinges in the ship, connected by bracings to two poles piled in the bottom of the harbour. The bracings are provided with maintenance free spherical bearings. The lifetime of the system is at least 25 years.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Wisner H. Buckbee Sr., a longtime resident of Warwick passed away peacefully at home on Tuesday, April 28, 2020. He was 83 years old.\nBorn in Goshen on Sept. 2, 1936, to Edith (Polgreen) and Wisner Buckbee, he was the ninth generation of Wisners.\nA 1955 Warwick Valley High School graduate, he was also a graduate of the Reisch School of Auctioneering in 1962. Wisner was inducted into the Warwick Basketball Hall of Fame in 2012.\nWisner served as Chairman of the Board of OCCC 1994-96, as well as Chairman of the Board of Warwick Valley Telephone Company 2001-2011.\nAlthough there was always plenty to do on the 400+ acre registered purebred Holstein dairy farm he and his family operated, Wisner was very involved in his community, both in promoting the farming community and civically.\nWisner was an active member of numerous farm business organizations, having served as president or chairman of the following: Downstate Milk Producers Co-op, Inc., Agway Energy Products, Washingtonville Agway Co-op store, Orange County Farm Bureau, Orange County D.H.I.A., State Director for the Holstein Association, and on the Advisory Board to Farm Credit System.\nHe was also an approved judge for all breeds of cattle; was active with the 4-H programs and FFA.\nHis successful farming started at a young age, earning NYS Outstanding Young Farmer in 1965 and a Distinguished Service Award in 1966, the same year Wisner Farms, Inc., established in 1770, received the NYS Agricultural Society Century Farm Award.\nTwenty years later, Wisner placed in the top 100 out of 8,500+ contestants in stock picking in Barron’s Financial Weekly Newspaper.\nIn 1989, Wisner Farms, Inc. was recognized as a Bi-Centennial farm(operating for 200 years), one of only a few in the northeast United States, having 8th, 9th and 10th generations of the Wisner family living on and operating the farm.\nThe same year, the farm also earned the Dairy of Distinction Award from the American Dairy Association.\nWisner served his community on the Warwick Planning Board and as a Town Councilman.\nElsewhere in the Warwick community, he was a member of the choir at the Warwick Reformed Church; an active member of the Warwick Jaycees, Warwick Rotary Club, Warwick Masonic Lodge 544, the Agricultural Advisory Board of the Warwick Valley Central School District, Warwick Valley Chamber of Commerce, St. Anthony Hospital Century Club; Orange County Citizens’ Foundation and the Warwick Historical Society.\nHe was a retired Trustee and Chairman of the Board of the Albert Wisner Public Library (which was started with a memorial fund established to remember his relative, Mrs. Albert Wisner in 1927.) He also served as president of the Locust Hill Cemetery Association.\nWisner is survived by his wife Gladys (Bullock) Buckbee; son Wisner H. Buckbee Jr. of Warwick; daughters Annie Barrett and her husband Dave of Sheldon, Wisconsin, and Carol Ronne and her husband Arthur “Skip” of Warwick; nine grandchildren: Gwynneth, Brigitte, Charity and Hannah Buckbee, Blane and Shane Hulle, Samantha Ewings and husband Bruce, Arthur Jr. “Skip” and Alex Ronne; nine great-grandchildren: Caleb and Mason Logan, Addison, Tucker and Jasper Hulle, and Ella, Mark, Liam and Noah Ewings; sister Grace Ainslie of Kansas City, Mo.; brother Albert W. Buckbee II and his wife Judy of Warwick; and several nieces and nephews.\nHe was predeceased by his parents; daughter-in-law Linda Buckbee and granddaughter, Emily Ronne.\nIn lieu of flowers, please make a donation to the charity of one’s choice.\nBecause of the COVID-19 restrictions on public gatherings, a memorial service will be held at a later date.\nPrivate burial arrangements in Warwick Cemetery have been made by Lazear-Smith & Vander Plaat Memorial Home in Warwick.\nTo send an online condolence, please visit www.lsvpmemorialhome.com.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "January 22, 2013 | Filed Under Anti-Americanism, Barack Obama, Communism, Democrats/Leftists, Elections, Ethics, GOP, Liberals, President, Progressives, Warner Todd Huston | Comments Off on\nObama’s Extremist Inaugural Address\nHe’s not pretending to care about compromise or being a President for all the people any more…\nObama has finally come clean and openly declared war on half of America’s voters and ALL of America’s principles.\nHelp the Soldiers!\nAmerican GeniusOur Founding Ideas\n- The Declaration of Independence\n- The Federalist Papers\n- The U.S. Constitution\n- Debates of 1787\n- The Anti-Federalist Papers\n- The Writing of John Locke\n\"Governments are instituted among men,deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.\" Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776\nWhat THEY Say:\nForeign News In English\nClick HERE for information\non my fedora collection.Antique Stetsons, hat history...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Welcome toKlassic Haus Restorations\nMusical Memories lovingly restored since 2010\nFree MP3 Download of the 1958 DECCA Demonstration LP\n\"A Journey Into Stereo Sound\"\nTranscribed from a near-mint UK pressing by John Whitmore\nDigitally remastered by Klassic Haus\nClick on the sleeve image to download the complete LP\nA rare aural treat, a visit to a time when stereo sound was new and exciting!\nGolden Age DECCA soundstage\nClick here to view a pdf of the front and back sleeve, and Side 1 & 2 labels", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Also Licensed to Centuri (1981).\nOwen got the idea from the opening of the original 'Alien' movie during the landing sequence.\nOriginally called \"Tube Chase\" as a vector game. Using the vector system from \"Asteroids\n\" and some software from \"Night Driver\n\", a prototype was created where you could fly down tunnels. However, He could not do hidden line removal, and all those lines got very confusing. A hardware engineer at Atari came up with an expensive hardware that drew ellipses. Owen re-wrote the game to use that. The game looked great. Multiple tunnels with splits and rotates. But it was too expensive. Then the hardware was changed to circles, but still too expensive. Then it was changed to rectangles. That was what finally shipped. But marketing felt just flying was not fun enough, so we added 'Star Wars'-like objects that flew down the tube at you and you had to shoot them. It was killed and brought back at least 3 or 4 times at Atari under the same name. It became 'Vertigo' when Exidy first took it, but they decided to pass on it when it did not test well at the arcades any more (at that time, it was only 3rd for 10 weeks!), and then finally 'Tunnel Hunt' at Centuri.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Military memorabilia accepted for display at historical society\nThe Walworth County Historical Society is accepting donations of military memorabilia for a permanent display it is creating at the Veteran's Room at Heritage Hall, its new home on Washington Street, just across the street from the Webster House Museum in Elkhorn.\nDonations will be accepted in person from veterans or their family members at Heritage Hall from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. on Saturday, Oct. 26.\nExamples of accepted items include letters, photos, uniforms, maps, citations, medals, guns, and “tramp art.” Items with a Walworth County connection are preferred.\nFor more information or to schedule a time to bring items in or to arrange for items to be picked up, call Bob Miller at (262) 279-6429, Bill Sigmund at (262) 723-2152 or Bob Webster at (262) 275-6587.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Private, 1st Battalion, Active Service Volunteer Company. died at the Hospital, Bloemfontein, of enteric fever, on 14th March 1901, the day before his thirtieth birthday. Resident of Cuckfield. He wrote from Port Elizabeth on April 5th, that on their arrival at Cape Town on the Tintagel Castle they were transferred to the Urmston Grange, to sail for East London. He wrote again on April 26th on his way from Bloemfontein to Glen. In September 1900 he wrote again \"We left Pretoria to go Boer hunting, and found a lot at Diamond Hill\". In February 1901 he sent home No 1 of The Soft-Nose, a weekly paper published by the Sussex Regiment in Bloemfontein.\nThe Cuckfield Parish Magazine followed the progress of local volunteers…..\n‘Cuckfield is no different to any other town or village in the country in being proud to honour those who died for their country in times of war’.\nThe following excerpts from the parish magazines record the events of Cuckfield’s soldiers.\nOur Volunteer, Frank Bleach, will sail next week with the other Sussex Volunteers, and we feel sure that no one will better uphold the credit of our Cuckfield Company.\n\"the tobacco and chocolate came in very useful indeed in the march up country, and so did the clothing, as we were only allowed to take one shirt and a pair of socks, and blanket, and since we have been in this place we have had three wet days and nights. We are having it rather rough as regards food, having been on half rations for the last five days. Dysentry is prevalent, and I have had a slight touch of it myself.\"\nOur Volunteers are having a most enjoyable voyage in the Tintagel Castle: \"fine weather, sea calm, good provisions, plenty of amusement,\" so Frank Bleach writes.\nFrank Bleach, our own Volunteer, writes from Port Elizabeth on April 5th, that on their arrival at Cape Town on the Tintagel Castle they were transferred to the Urmston Grange, to sail for East London …..\nSergeant Fred Rogers is with Lord Dundonald’s Cavalry Brigade, and was with his regiment (14th Hussars) when it entered Ladysmith……\nAlfred Attwater was sent to the hospital ship Orcana, at Durban, on March 21st, to get up his strength……\nEdgar Hazeldean (Buffs) gives this account of the surrender of Cronje:- \"……. The Buffs had thirteen killed and any amount wounded, but I escaped for a wonder; but, worst of all, my boss asked me to make him a drink of tea, and I got some wood and water and made a fire: my boss and I were sitting by the fire talking, somehow a round got into it, and when I stirred the fire off it went and blew a lump off my heel, so I was carried to the hospital, where I have been for eight days; but I shall go up to the fighting line to-morrow……\"\nE Bleach, writes from Berthulie that he saw his brother and some of the Sussex at the station as they passed through to Bloemfontein.\nF Bleach writes on April 26th on his way from Bloemfontein to Glen.\nSir M R Burrell, Cuckfield people will be rejoiced to hear, reports himself as \"very well and fit,\" on the way to Van Reenan’s Pass.\nSecond-Lieutenant Erle (12th Imperial Yeomanry) is in hospital, having been shot in his left arm.\nAlfred Attwater was still at the Depot in Pietermaritzberg in May, \"enjoying good health\".\nErnest Cooper writes from Newcastle on May 25th.\nArthur Dancy on May 30th had just come from Kronstaadt to Bloemfontein.\nWilliam Ferguson writes from Sands River on May 27th, \"by the light of our camp fire\"..\nCharley Randell is on H.M.S. Terrible at Hong Kong.\"\nFrank Bleach, Volunteer:- wrote …\"We left Pretoria to go Boer hunting, and found a lot at Diamond Hill....\n\"Sir M Burrell writes on 24th September from Rooi Pynt.\nM Gravett writes …… \"I remember so well when I was a boy how we used to march through Cuckfield waving little flags and carrying the school banner; well, I am still helping to keep a little flag flying – the Union Jack of Old England, and now there is no mistake about its flying out here now.\"\nOur Volunteer Frank Bleach has sent home No 1 of The Soft-Nose, a weekly paper published by the Sussex Regiment in Bloemfontein. We gather from it that our friends are in capital spirits….\nFrank Bleach. \"Our Volunteer,\" died at the Hospital, Bloemfontein, of enteric fever, on March 14th, the day before his thirtieth birthday…….\nWe have good news of our other soldiers, save of Lieutenant C Erle, who after an attack of fever is sent back to England.\"\n\"The Whereabouts. Of some of those for whom we are praying.\nATTWATER, A. Kitchener’s Kop, Newcastle, has been escorting convoys: sharp frost at night.\nBLEACH, E. In Hospital with enteric fever since April 1, now in Convalescent Hospital, Bloemfontein.\nBOX, T. At the Hospital, Wynberg, in attendance on a sick officer.\nBROOKSHAW, B. Krugersdorp, with Dickinson’s column……..\nCLARK, H. Springfontein, has been in hospital.\nCOOPER, E. Pretoria, resting after hard marches and several small engagements.\nGASSON, J., R.A. With Pom-poms at Mafeking.\nGRAVETT, M. Paarde Kop Camp, has been very useful as cook for his company at Elands Laagte, the regular cook being disabled…..\nHAZELDEAN, E., writes in excellent spirits, but does not metion his whereabouts……\nMITCHELL, P. Barberton, has been laid up with fever.\nMORLEY, A. Kroonstadt, flourishing.\nROBINSON, A. Edenberg, flourishing.\nROGERS, F. Newcastle, flourishing.\nSTONER, H. Wynberg Hospital; owing to having put out his right shoulder he has been unable to write.\"\n\"We are anxious about F Moody, Royal Scots, whom many of us remember in the Horsgate Gardens – he is in hospital at Pretoria with fever.\nOf the others we can only say that we hope \"no news is good news.\" Even of Mark Gravett, whose name is now added to the list of Cuckfield soldiers who have laid down their lives for their country: he was a good lad, and we all liked him: he was wounded at Colenso and lay for hours on the field of battle praying with the help of a book our Vicar had given him.\"\n\"A letter has come from E Dann (whose uncle, Edwin Dann, some of us recollect as the first photographer in Cuckfield), in which he says that he saw Mark Gravett two days before he died, and that he and A Morley were making a cross for his grave. A comrade writes \"Mark was looked up to and liked by all in our company.\"\n\"Captain Sergison unveiled on May 7th a tablet erected in our boys’ schoolroom bearing the following inscription:-\nTo the honour of those educated in this School who served in the War in S. Africa, 1899-1902.\nRandall, Charles, H.M.S. Terrible\n*Died for their Country.\"", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Showing Collections: 1 - 1 of 1\nFile — Folder: 1\nIdentifier: MSS SC 2617\nScope and Contents Handwritten book manuscript in German probably reproduced by some photo-mechanical process. The item is a history of Michelstadt with a special emphasis on the architectural development of the city. The book was probably written largely by Philipp Buxbaum (1843- ) but was put into its final form around 1948.\nDates: approximately 1948\nFound in: L. Tom Perry Special Collections", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Web Search powered by Yahoo! SEARCH\nOutdoors Guide: Hood Canal divers proud of giant Pacific octopus habitat\nThe letter writer missed a few quotes from from the inimitable Thomas Jefferson including:\n\"I hope we shall crush in its birth the aristocracy of our monied corporations which dare already to challenge our government to a trial by strength, and bid defiance to the laws of our country.\" and \"I believe that banking institutions are more dangerous to our liberties than standing armies ...\"\nIt would seem that Thomas Jefferson would see that We the People are under attack and the enemy is within. I personally know several wealthy families which have incorporated themselves for the tax advantages, and they behave just as Jefferson feared, along with their big brethren. Reducing the role of the federal government panders to those enemies of the People.\nPlease note Thomas Jefferson objected to standing armies which means he would not have approved of our Department of Defense, and particularly not of its global power projections not in actual defense of the nation (another arguable point).\nIf you are going to take Thomas Jefferson take all of him.\nWant to participate in the conversation? Become a subscriber today. Subscribers can read and comment on any story, anytime. Non-subscribers will only be able to view comments on select stories.\nFeels Like: 22°\nFeels Like: 23°\nFeels Like: 14°\nStatistics paint an incomplete picture of the crime's true impact on Kitsap County.\n100% of the dollars donated are distributed to local food banks.\nIV drug use in Kitsap County surges to record levels", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Piazza del Campidoglio. ROME. III. Southern Quarters. 229\nThe Central Approach, ascending in shallow steps paved with\nasphalt ('la cordonnata'), leads direct to the Piazza del Campidoglio.\nAt the foot of the steps are copies of the Egyptian Lions mentioned\nat p. 236, and at the top a group of the horse-taming Dioscuri, which\nonce stood near the theatre of Balbus. In the gardens to the left is\na Bronze Statue of Cola di Rienzo, by Masini. The pedestal, formed\nof ancient architectural and inscribed fragments, is intended to\nsuggest Rienzi's antiquarian studies. He was slain at the foot of the\nAracceli steps. Higher up is a cage containing a couple of wolves\nand another with an eagle.\nThe design of the present \"Piazza del Campidoglio, or Square\nof the Capitol (PL II, 20), is due to Michael Angelo, and its execu¬\ntion though begun soon after 1538 was not completed until the\n17th century. Michael Angelo superintended in person only the\nerection of the statue of Marcus Aurelius and the construction\nof the staircase-approach and of the flight of steps in front of the\npalace of the Senators; the rest was executed from his plans, with\nvarious modifications of detail, by his successors. The slanting posi¬\ntion of the palaces at the sides, which causes the piazza to seem\nlarger than it is, is due to the situation of the earlier palace of the\nConservatori. — On the balustrade in front, adjoining the Dios¬\ncuri, are the so-called Trophies of Marius, admirably executed works\nprobably dating from the reign of Domitian (brought hither from the\nwater-tower of the Aqua Julia, p. 174), and the statues of the Emp.\nConstantine and his son Constans from the Thermae of Constantine\n(p. 169). On the right is the first milestone of the ancient Via\nAppia, and. on the left the seventh, found at Torricola in 1660.\nIn the centre of the piazza rises the admirable *Equestrian Statue\nof Marcus Aurelius (161-181), in bronze, once gilded, which stood\nnear the Lateran in the middle ages, and was, as the inscription\nrecords, transferred hither in 1538. Its original position is unknown.\nIt owes its excellent preservation to the popular belief that it was a\nstatue of Constantine, the first Christian emperor (see pp. xxxiv, lv).\nThe height of the pedestal, which is said to have been designed by\nMichael Angelo, is skilfully calculated so as to permit spectators to\ninspect even the head of the statue.\nBehind this monument rises the Palazzo del Senatore (PL II,\n20), first mentioned as the 'Novum Palatium' (p. 226) in 1150. In\n1300 it was restored and provided with a vestibule (lobium or\nloggia) in two stories; and after being injured by a fire in 1354, it\nwas again restored by Boniface IX. in 1389. Two of the four corner\ntowers of Boniface's edifice are still recognizable; one at the S.E.\ncorner next the Forum and one at the N.W. corner in the Via del\nCampidoglio. The handsome flight of steps is by Michael Angelo (see\nabove). The facade, slightly altered from Michael Angelo's design,\nwas constructed by Girol. Rainaldi (1592). The river-gods which\nadorn it are the Tiber (right) and Nile (left); in the centre is a foun-", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "December 01, 2016\n» Five Minutes in Food History\nTags: Five Minutes in Food History, Iron City Beer, Joe Piccirilli, Video\nMore Five Minutes in Food History »\nSign up for Daily Rundown and get the freshest content sent right to your inbox.\nUse our search engine or sign up for job alerts below.\nPittsburgh City Paper\nWebsite powered by Foundation\nNational Advertising by VMG Advertising", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Download Full Text (314 KB)\nThis postcard features a color illustration of Davis School in Jackson, Mississippi, a three story, red brick building with two white trimmed, arched entrances and a dormer in the center of the roof. A utility pole is depicted in front of the left end of the building. The Jefferson Davis School (elementary) was opened on North Congress Street in 1906 with Lorena Duling as principal. It was named for Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Writer Eudora Welty attended this grammar school which was across the street from her childhood home. The title of the card is printed along the upper edge of the image. The recipient addressed on the back of the card has been marked out though would have been mailed to Grunwald Hotel in New Orleans, Louisiana. An inscription is written sideways on the left half of the card's back. [see transcription field]\n[across the top right edge] Did you ever see this building [sic] [sideways on the left] I miss my sweet little name sake so much, and hope you will have a nice trip and come home feling well Anne and Papa went out to the Place after breakfast. Lillian is as mad as she can be. ruth spent the afternoon with Anne but looked like she missed your and I know I do. Your devoted Mama. [sic]\nEyrich and Co., Jackson, Miss.\nPostcards; School buildings\nschools; school buildings; Jackson, MS\nMississippi State University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections, Manuscripts Unit, Lucius Marion Lampton, MD Historical Images Collection, Mississippiana Collection, Postcard/Photographs, Box 4, Mississippi Capitol Region\nMississippi State University Libraries (electronic version)\nCopyright protected by Mississippi State University Libraries. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required.\nFor more information about the contents of this collection, email firstname.lastname@example.org.\nDavis Schools, Jackson, Mississippi, Lucius Marion Lampton, MD Historical Images Collection, Special Collections Department, Mississippi State University", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n|Stan Getz and J. J. Johnson at the Opera House|\n|Live album by|\n|Recorded||September 29 and October 7, 1957|\n|Venue||Chicago, IL and Los Angeles, CA|\n|Length||38:04 (mono), 35:25 (stereo)|\n|Stan Getz chronology|\n|J. J. Johnson chronology|\n|The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings|||\nStan Getz and J.J. Johnson at the Opera House is a 1957 live album by Stan Getz and J. J. Johnson. They were accompanied by the Oscar Peterson trio and Connie Kay on drums. Two different versions of the same material, one recorded in Chicago and one recorded in Los Angeles by the same musicians, were released by Verve under the same title. One recording was mono and the other was stereo.\nThe original album liner notes apparently misidentified which recording came from which location on which date but later CD re-issue liner notes claim to have the corrected information.\n- \"Note: The liner notes to the compact disc reissue of these titles…(Verve 831-272-2), by jazz historian Phil Schaap corrects the date and location information of this concert recording as listed in the Jespen, Bruyninckx, and Fini discographies\".\nAccording to the later CD liner notes, the stereo recording was made at the Civic Opera House in Chicago on September 29, 1957 and the mono recording was made at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles on October 7, 1957.\nLP Side A\n- \"Billie's Bounce\" (Charlie Parker) – 7:57\n- \"My Funny Valentine\" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) – 8:28\nLP Side B\n- \"Crazy Rhythm\" (Irving Caesar, Joseph Meyer, Roger Wolfe Kahn) – 7:47\n- \"Yesterdays\" (Jerome Kern, Otto Harbach) – 3:42\n- \"It Never Entered My Mind\" (Rodgers, Hart) – 3:52\n- \"Blues In the Closet\" (Oscar Pettiford) – 6:18\nLP Side A\n- \"Billie's Bounce\" (Parker) – 10:15\n- \"My Funny Valentine\" (Rodgers, Hart) – 7:40\nLP Side B\n- \"Crazy Rhythm\" (Caesar, Meyer, Wolfe Kahn) – 7:36\n- \"It Never Entered My Mind\" (Rodgers, Hart) – 3:46\n- \"Blues In the Closet\" (Pettiford) – 6:08\nCD re-issues have included all or most tracks from both concerts on a single disc\n- Allmusic review\n- Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2008). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings (9th ed.). Penguin. p. 544. ISBN 978-0-141-03401-0.\n- Gioia, Ted (July 6, 2012). The Jazz Standards: A Guide to the Repertoire. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190603557 – via Google Books.\n- The Musical World of J.J. Johnson by Joshua Berrett, Louis G. Bourgois III. Page 355\nText is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.\nImages, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Arizona State has officially unveiled its newly-remodeled stadium entrance tunnel. Termed the Tillman Tunnel, it now features massive pitchforks on both walls surrounded by splashes of maroon and gold.\nThe doorway features the tunnel’s namesake, Pat Tillman. An American hero, Tillman turned his back on football and the NFL to serve his country. The College Football Hall of Famer was killed during a tour of duty in Afghanistan.\nThis move by ASU is a great way to commemorate Tillman and his courage.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This baroque complex is our pride! After all, it is Germany’s largest baroque castle complex from the 17th century. For a visit to the nearby castle from the 17th century you should plan about 2 hours. Castle Friedenstein in Gotha is the largest palace building in Germany from the 17th century. Inside the castle museum you can visit various ducal living and representation rooms. Among other things, you will witness important collections from the era of classicism; worth seeing is also the castle church in the north wing.\nDistance from the Hotel Lindenhof: 2.5 km; by foot: about 30 minutes; by bike: about 10 minutes\nOpening hours: Tuesday to Sunday: 10am to 4pm (in winter) Tuesday to Sunday: 10am to 5pm (in summer)\nAddress of Castle Friedenstein Schlossplatz 1, 99867 Gotha, Tel. +49 3621 82340", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Gumbo z'herbes by Andrew LaMar Hopkins 20x16\nThis is my latest \"Creole Kitchen painting titled \"Gumbo z'herbes\" the painting centers around making the local New Orleans dish dating from the 19th century. When New Orleans Catholics were expected to abstain from eating meat during Lent, a meatless variety of gumbo, known as gumbo des herbes (literally \"gumbo with herbs\" and shortened to gumbo z'herbes), was often served in local Creole households. This variety combined a large number of greens – typically including turnips, mustard greens, and spinach. The greens were cooked to mush and strained through a sieve to produce a thick green liquid. Preparation for this variety of gumbo was time-consuming, and as Lenten restrictions have relaxed in the 20th century, the dish has become less popular. It is very rarely served in restaurants. In modern times, ham or crabmeat is occasionally added to this type of gumbo.\nGumbo z'herbes may have originated with the French, Germans, or West Africans. It has similarities to the French dish potage aux herbes (\"soup with herbs\"), as well as to the African callaloo. The meatless dish also bears striking resemblance to a dish often eaten in Germany on Maundy Thursday. German Catholics, obeying the Lenten rules, often served a stew made of seven different greens on this date.\nEarly Louisiana Creole armoire\nThe painting in centered around a arched Creole flagstone courtyard with formal French parterre and topiary garden. In the center of the garden is a classical marble statue of Paris. The terracotta tiled floor of the Creole kitchen is full of locally made Louisiana Creole pieces with the cypress kitchen work table and the 18th century inlay cabriole leg armoire. The pottery on the floor is French provincial. On the cypress work table are polished silver known at plate during the period. A silver epergne that would be the centerpiece of the dinning room table and to display fruit. A silver pitcher and Soup tureen. To the left of the table are two Wedgewood pottery obelisk moulds. A clear jelly was moulded around a ceramic \"core\", often in the form of an obelisk decorated with hand-painted motifs, These eccentric, but exquisite jellies were used as table centrepieces in the late Georgian dessert.\nAntonio Canova's Paris 1812\nA Creole lady rolls out dough for a pie at the work table as another chops up fresh greens for the Gumbo z'herbes. The cook puts herbs in the Gumbo pot at the Stewholes or Potager. In many ways, the stewholes were the most convenient and efficient means of cooking in this type of kitchen. They were at waist level, so there was no need to bend down over the hearth. They did not emit as much heat as the hearth, so it was easier on the cooks. They mostly burned charcoal, which was less expensive than the hardwoods needed for the hearth and oven and which allowed the cook to easily control the cooking temperature.\nCharcoal fires are slow, even, and basically smokeless. They are well suited to the slow, simmering needed for many French and Creole recipes. The cook could put foods, such as gumbo or beans, on the stewholes and leave the kitchen without fear that it would burn. Simmering was also an important way to deal with the heat of New Orleans, because, prior to refrigeration, it was useful to be able to leave something simmering, so that it would not “go bad.” Stewholes were useful for more than just simmering; a cook could also create a hot flame to boil or fry on the stewholes.\n18th century Potager at the Le Petit Trianon\nThe framed art in the kitchen include two Old Master paintings one over the Potager and the other over the armoire. other art are hand colored engravings of fruit. Over the Potager hang copper pots, pans and molds. Next to the armoire is a 18th century copper water cistern. In front of the armoire two rabbits managed to take a radish.\nGumbo z'herbes by Andrew LaMar Hopkins 20x16 available for sale here", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Lydham is a parish, with the township of Aston, two miles from Bishop’s Castle, and eight from Marsh Brook station, in the Southern division of the county, Bishop’s Castle division of Purslow hundred, Clun union, and diocese of Hereford. The church of the Holy Trinity is a stone building. The living is a rectory, yearly value £163, with residence and 40 acres of glebe land. Capt. Henry Oakley, J.P., is lord of the manor and sole landowner. The soil is a rich loam; the subsoil clay, sand and gravel. The population of the township in 1861 was 143; the area is 1,943 acres. The gross estimated rental of the parish is £2,396; rateable value, £2, 196.\nAston is a township in Lydham parish, in Montgomery union, Montgomeryshire, with 1,125 acres, and a population in 1861 of 62.\nLetters are received through Bishop’s Castle.\nGreen Rev. Frederick, Roveries\nOakley Capt. Henry, J.P. Oakley house\nBlakemore Ferdinand, farmer & miller\nDavies William, farmer\nHoll Richard, farmer\nParkes Edmund, farmer, Lodge farm\nRoberts John, farmer, Lower Heblands\nRogers Edward, blacksmith\nWilliams John, farmer, Newton\nDavies Edward, farmer, Aston hall\nKilbert Thomas, farmer, Upper Aston\nMorris Charles, farmer\nPrice Thomas, farmer, Pentreewn\nSource: Edward Cassey & Co’s, History, Gazetteer, and Directory of Shropshire 1871", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Prähistorischer Archäologe mit dem Forschungsschwerpunkt auf dem europäischen Neolithikum sowie der Kupfer- und Bronzezeit. Seine Forschungen konzentrieren sich auf Mensch-Umwelt-Interaktionen, Landschafts-, Haushalts- und Siedlungsarchäologie, sowie soziale Organisation und Nutzung von Raum. Methoden umfassen GIS-basierte räumliche Analysen und Geoarchäologie. Seine Monographie „Soilscapes in Archaeology: Settlement and Social Organization in the Neolithic of the Great Hungarian Plain“ erschein 2016 im Verlag Archaeolingua.\nNach seinem Doktoratsstudium an der University at Buffalo, das er im Jahr 2010 abschloss, forschte Roderick Salisbury an der University of Leicester und lehrte an den Universitäten von Nottingham und Leicester in Großbritannien. Im Jahr 2012 erhielt er eine Position als Marie Curie Experienced Researcher bei Airborne Technologies in Österreich. Seit 2016 ist er als Post-doc für GIS und Kontextanalyse im ERC Projekt „The Value of Mothers to Society“ verantwortlich.\n- Human-environmental interactions, landscape and cultural soilscapes\n- Cultural Ecology and Historical Ecology\n- Household archaeology\n- Social organization and use of space\n- Neolithic, Copper Age and Bronze Age of Central and Southeast Europe\n- Late Archaic and Woodland of eastern North America\n- Geoarchaeology and archaeological soil chemistry\n- Settlement archaeology, spatial analyses and GIS-based activity areas research\n- Salisbury, R.B. 2016, Soilscapes in Archaeology: Settlement and Social Organization in the Neolithic of the Great Hungarian Plain. Prehistoric Research in the Körös Region, Vol. 3. Archaeolingua, Budapest.\n- Fábián, Sz., R.B. Salisbury, G. Serlegi, N. Larsson, Sz. Guba, G. Bácsmegi, 2016, Early settlement and trade in the Ipoly Region: Introducing the Ipoly-Szécsény Archaeological Project. Hungarian Archaeology E-journal, Spring 2016.\n- Gyucha, A., R. W. Yerkes, W. A. Parkinson, N. Papadopoulos, A. Sarris, P.R. Duffy, and R. B. Salisbury 2015. Settlement Nucleation in the Neolithic: A Preliminary Report of the Körös Regional Archaeological Project’s Investigations at Szeghalom-Kovácshalom and Vésztő-Mágor, in Neolithic and Copper Age between the Carpathians and the Aegean Sea. Chronologies and Technologies from the 6th to the 4th Millennium BCE. International Workshop Budapest 2012, edited by Svend Hansen, Pál Raczky, Alexandra Anders, and Agathe Reingruber. Archäologie in Eurasien 31. Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt, Bonn, pp. 129–142.\n- Bede, A., R. B. Salisbury, A. I. Csathó, P. Czukor, D. G. Páll, G. Szilágyi, and P. Sümegi 2015. Report of the complex geoarcheological survey at the Ecse-halom kurgan in Hortobágy, Hungary, Central European Geology 58(3): 268–289.\n- Salisbury, R. B. 2015. HARC – the Hungarian Archaeological Research Circle: developing regional archaeological practice. The European Archaeologist 44: 23–24. Spring 2015.\n- Salisbury, R. B. 2014. Review: Moments in time. Papers presented to Pál Raczky on his 60th birthday. Prehistoric Studies 1, by A. Anders, G. Kulcsár, V. Kiss, G. Kalla and G. Szabó (eds), Budapest, L'Harmattan Kiadó, 2013. European Journal of Archaeology 17: 549–553.\n- Duffy, P. R., G. Parditka, J. I. Giblin, L. Paja and R. B. Salisbury 2014. Discovering Mortuary Practices in the Körös River Basin, Hungary. Hungarian Archaeology E-journal, Autumn 2014.\n- Salisbury, R. B. and G. Bácsmegi, 2013. Resilience in the Neolithic: how people may have mitigated environmental change in prehistory. Anthropologie Brno: International Journal of the Science of Man 51(2): 143–155.\n- Pauknerová, K., R. B. Salisbury and M. Baumanová, 2013. Human-landscape interaction in prehistoric Central Europe: analysis of natural and built environments. Anthropologie Brno: International Journal of the Science of Man 51(2): 131–142.\n- Salisbury, R. B., G. Bácsmegi and P. Sümegi 2013. Preliminary environmental historical results to reconstruct prehistoric human-environmental interactions in Eastern Hungary. Central European Journal of Geosciences 5(3): 331–343. DOI:10.2478/s13533-012-0133-8\n- Salisbury, R. B., G. Bertók and G. Bácsmegi 2013. Integrated Prospection Methods to Define Small-site Settlement Structure: a Case Study from Neolithic Hungary. Archaeological Prospection 20(1): 1–10. DOI:10.1002/arp.1442\n- Salisbury, R. B. 2013. Interpolating Geochemical Patterning of Activity Zones at Late Neolithic and Early Copper Age Settlements in Eastern Hungary. Journal of Archaeological Science 40: 926–934. DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2012.10.009\n- Salisbury, R. B. 2013. Integrating archaeo-geochemical methods for intra-site archaeological prospection. In Archaeological Prospection: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Archaeological Prospection, W. Neuabauer, I. Trinks, R. B. Salisbury and C. Einwögerer (eds), pp 92–94. Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna.\n- Salisbury, R. B. 2012. Place and Identity: Networks of Neolithic Communities in Central Europe. Documenta Praehistorica 39: 203–214.\n- Salisbury, R. B. 2012. Soilscapes and settlements: remote mapping of activity areas in unexcavated prehistoric farmsteads. Antiquity 86(331): 178–190.\n- Salisbury, R. B. 2012. Engaging with Soil Materiality, Past and Present. Journal of Material Culture 17(1):23–41.\n- Salisbury, R. B. and G. Bácsmegi 2012. Neolithic Archaeology and Soilscapes Körös Area: 2011 – Survey Year. Newsletter of the Archaeological Geology Division of the Geological Society of America, April 2012, 6–7.\n- Salisbury, R. B. 2011. Review: Challenging Climate Change: Competition and Cooperation among Pastoralists and Agriculturalists in Northern Mesopotamia (c. 3000–1600 BC), by Arne Wossink, Leiden: Sidestone Press, 2009. European Journal of Archaeology, 14: 316–319.\n- Salisbury, R. B. 2011. Review: Domestic Space in Classical Antiquity (Key Themes in Ancient History), by Lisa C. Nevett, Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Bryn Mawr Classical Review, 2011.06.35.\n- Editor of TEA (The European Archaeologist, newsletter of the EAA)\n- Archaeological Prospection: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Archaeological Prospection. Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (with W. Neubauer, I. Trinks, and C. Einwögerer)\n- Reimagining Regional Analyses – the Archaeology of Spatial and Social Dynamics. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle (with T. L. Thurston)\n- Space – Archaeology’s Final Frontier? An Intercontinental Approach. Cambridge Scholars Press, Newcastle (with D. M. Keeler)\nPh.D., Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Buffalo. Dissertation: Sediments, Settlements and Space: a Practice Approach to Community Organization in the Late Neolithic of the Great Hungarian Plain.\nCertificate in Geographic Information (GI) Science, National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, State University of New York at Buffalo\nIIE Fulbright Fellow, Hungary\n- January – March 2006\nVisiting Student, Department of Archaeology and Wolfson College, University of Cambridge\nM.A., Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Buffalo. Thesis: Intrasitial Patterns at a Late Woodland Village in Western New York.\nB.A. (summa cum laude), Department of Anthropology, Buffalo State College, SUNY. Thesis: Lithic and Ceramic Cross Mends at the Eaton Site.\nPost-Doctoral Researcher, ERC Project ‘The value of mothers to society: responses to motherhood and child rearing practices in prehistoric Europe’, OREA, ÖAW\nPost-Doctoral Researcher, FWF Project ‘The social status of motherhood in Bronze Age Europe’, OREA, ÖAW\nPost-Doctoral Researcher, Val di Pesa and Val Orme as a Changing Rural Landscape project, Department of Classical Archaeology, University of Vienna\n- Since 2013\nAdjunct Lecturer, Department of Prehistory and Historical Archaeology, University of Vienna\nMarie Curie Experienced Researcher, Airborne Technologies GmbH\nLecturer, Department of Archaeology, University of Nottingham\nResearch Associate/Project Manager, Tracing Networks project, School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester\n- Since 2010\nHonorary Visiting Fellow, School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester\nCambridge Archaeological Journal\nJournal of Archaeological Science\nJournal of Field Archaeology\nNortheastern Historical Archaeology\nPlant and Soil\n- Grant agencies\nGAČR – Czech Science Foundation (Czech Republic)\nHungarian Fulbright Association\nOTKA – Hungarian National Scientific Research Fund\n- European Association of Archaeologists\n- Society for American Archaeology\n- Society fo Archaeological Science\nVorträge der letzten Jahre\n- 3rd Central European Theoretical Archaeology Group meeting – Central European TAG, Bratislava, SK: Revisiting Contextual Archaeology – Butzer’s Contribution to ‘the multidimensional expression of human decision-making within the environment’, 10.11.2016.\n- 22nd Annual Meetings of the European Association of Archaeologists in Vilnius, Lithuania: Activity Zones and Community Formation: The Role of Spatial Structure in Early Nucleated Villages, 1.9.2016.\n- Internationales ÖGUF-Symposium 2015, Kupferzet: Zeitalter des Wandels und der Inovationen at MAMUZ Museum Mistelbach: Environmental history of the Ecse-halom kurgan and Copper Age paleoecology in the eastern Carpathian Basin (with Á. Bede, A. I. Csathó, P. Czukor, D. Gergely Páll, G. Szilágyi and P. Sümegi), 16.10.2015.\n- 21st Annual Meetings of the European Association of Archaeologists in Glasgow, Scotland: A mixed-method approach to reconstructing the life-history of a Neolithic settlement in the Körös Basin, Hungary (with G. Bácsmegi and A. Sarris), 3.9.2015.\n- 2nd Central European Theoretical Archaeology Group meeting – Central European TAG, Prague, CZ: A behavioral approach to soil as material culture, 12.5.2015\n- 20th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists in Istanbul, Turkey: Interregional Networks: Szécsény-Ültetés in a Comparative Context (with Sz. Fábián, G. Bácsmegi and G. Serlegi), 13.9.2014.\n- 79th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology in Austin, Texas: Remote Sensing, Soil Cores and Systematic Survey in Mortuary Landscape Analysis (with P. R. Duffy, A. Sarris, L. Paja, G. Parditka, J. I. Giblin), 24.4.2014.\n- 115th Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America in Chicago: Neolithic Archaeology and Soilscapes: Collaboration, Knowledge Exchange and Friendship in the Körös Area (with G. Bácsmegi), 4.1.2014.\n- 40th Annual Ontario Archaeological Society Symposium in Niagara Falls, Canada: A Point Refit Study of an Iroquoian Village (with W. Engelbrecht), 26.10.2013.\n- 19th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists in Pilsen, CZ: Neolithic transitions and (pre)historical ecology in the Central Körös Area of eastern Hungary (with G. Bácsmegi and P. Sümegi), 5.9.2013\n- New York State Archaeological Association (NYSAA) Annual Meeting in Watertown, NY: A Point Refit Study of an Iroquoian Village (with W. Engelbrecht), 26.4.2013.\nORGANISATION OF CONFERENCE SESSIONS\n- What If We Build This Here? Spatial Patterns, Community Organization, and Identity at Nucleated Settlements, symposium for the 22nd Annual Meetings of the European Association of Archaeologists in Vilnius, Lithuania (with A. Gyucha)\n- Human-landscape interaction in Prehistoric Central Europe: Analysis of natural and built environments, at the International Conference “Theory and method in the prehistoric archaeology of Central Europe,” Mikulov, Czech Republic, 24th–26th October 2012 (with K. Pauknerova, M. Baumanova, G. Bácsmegi)\n- Socio-sedimentary Dialectics, symposium for the 16th Annual Meetings of the European Association of Archaeologists in The Hague, Netherlands, (with I. Woltinge)\n- Reading Tells - Settlement Practice During the European Late Neolithic and Bronze Ages, formal symposium for the 13th Annual Meetings of the European Association of Archaeologists in Zadar, Croatia, (with A. Gyucha)\n- Regional Analyses of Spatial and Social Dynamics, formal symposium for the 12th Annual Meetings of the European Association of Archaeologists in Cracow, Poland, (with T.L. Thurston)\n- Agency within the Periphery: Views from Across the Globe, organized symposium at the 70th Annual Meetings of the Society for American Archaeology in Salt Lake City, Utah, (with K. Niemel)\nUniversity of Vienna\nContribution to 060063 VO Naturwissenschaftliche Methoden (Archäometrie), lectures on Archaeological geochemistry\nUniversity of Vienna\nLecturer and Workshop organizer, IC ArchPro Workshop 4. “Geoarchaeology 1. The basics”, University of Vienna Initiative College for Archaeological Prospection (including lectures Introduction to Geoarchaeology, Site Formation Processes, Geochemistry and Soil Chemistry for Prospection)\nUniversity of Nottingham\nAA1017 UG The Anthropology of Human Ecology (module convener, lectures, assessment and grading)\nV64027 PG Anthropology for Archaeologists (module convener, lectures, assessment and grading)\nUniversity of Leicester\nA3067 Later European Prehistory: perspectives on the Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages (including lectures on the Neolithic transition, Neolithic households, Neolithic burials and ritual, seminars, excursion to the British Museum)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "December 29, 2021 — A 2015 murder rampage put the Gangster Disciples’ H.A.T.E. Committee into the headlines for the first time and on the map with authorities. Well, before the masses new of the vicious drug crew’s run-in with hip-hop mogul “Ricky Rozay.”\nIn the summer of 2015, H.A.T.E. Committee members Joseph (Little Joe) Broxton and Daniel (Island Danny) Pena killed three people and wounded a number of others over a month-long period throughout Stone Mountain, Georgia. The pair were found guilty of the homicides at a 2017 trial and sentenced to life in prison.\nRecently released federal court testimony alleges Miami rapper Rick Ross aka Ricky Rozay (aka William Roberts) was shaken down for $3,000,000 in the early 2010s for co-opting the GD street gang brand in his music without seeking permission through proper channels. Former Macon, Georgia GD boss Markell (Killer Kell) White told the story of the H.A.T.E. Committee extorting Ross to jurors at the 2020 trial of H.A.T.E. Committee co-founder Donnie (Smurf) Glass.\nPer court documents and DEA records, Smurf Glass and Kevin (K.K.) Clayton started the H.A.T.E. Committee in late 2009 as the enforcement branch for the GDs in the South. The Rick Ross incident is said to have occurred in 2012 at the Loews Hotel in Miami Beach, with Glass and Clayton spearheading the thuggery. Glass is serving a life prison sentence for racketeering and murder. Clayton got slapped with a 33-year term.\nThe Gangster Disciples are based out of the Chicago area, but in the past three decades has established a foothold in Southern states like Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee and North Carolina. The H.A.T.E. Committee headquartered out of DeKalb, Georgia, right outside of Atlanta. According to court filings and police reports, “Little Joe” Broxton, 27, and Danny “Island” Pena, 29, went on their killing spree after GD Nation in Georgia was given an edict by Glass and Clayton to go to war with sets of the Bloods street gang in the area.\nOn July 3, 2015 Broxton and Pena robbed and killed Eddie Chadmon at the Stone Mountain Inn. On July 30, they shot Oliver Campbell to death as he slept in his car at a Candler Road gas station. Later that day, they riddled a porch in a local apartment complex with automatic weapon fire, murdering Rocquwell Nelson", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Please note – several headstones in Taruheru Cemetery Block 30 (from the 1970s and 1980s) have suffered damage due to a vehicle accident on 11 May 2021. Contact us for more information if your loved one is in this block.\nOnline cemetery record search\nSearch our online cemetery database\nYou can search by surname and/or given name, or words on the headstone inscription if we have it.\nYou can also narrow your search by cemetery.\nDetails for Ivan Kippenberger\n|Date of Birth:||Unknown|\n|Date of Death:||Unknown|\n|Date of Burial:||Unknown|\n|Inscription:||In loving memory of LENA MAY, beloved wife of M P KIPPENBERGER, born 1887, died 1942. R.I.P. |\nalso their son, Flt Sgt IVAN, missing Middle East, July 1943 aged 21.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "THE NOTHGYTH QUEST HYPOTHESIS\nFor the Lineage of South Saxon Rulers. Entries which contain, or are influenced by, conjectural genealogy are indicated thus: BERHTUN (conjecture), unless the conjecture is otherwise clarified in the text.\nFirstly, about the Royal Legend of the South Saxons, and secondly, how the aim has been pursued to establish this hypothesis.\nTradition has held that Aelle landed from Gaul at Cymen’s Shore in 477, with his three sons Cymen, Wlencing and Cissa, with three keel-loads of warriors.There was a battle between the Saxons and the Welsh at Mearcred’s Burn (unidentified) in 485, and six years later, in 491, Aelle conquered the coastal strip and captured the Roman fort at Pevensey with the aid of his youngest son Cissa.It was told that Aelle was the first Bretwalda, and it was also claimed that he was the first king of the South Saxons. After Aelle’s death in 514, his son Cissa followed him as king, making Noviomagum Regnorum his royal centre, renaming the Roman town Cissan Ceaster. His son Wincheling was said to have founded Winchelsea, and tradition also held that Cissa was still king 72 years after his reign began (perhaps referring originally to the death of an heir), and that he eventually died in 590, after reigning for 76 years. Presumably in a later period, Cissa was believed to have died at about the same age as the biblical Adam. On Cissa’s death, it was told, the kingdom of the South Saxons passed to Ceawlin, King of the West Saxons. This royal legend has only survived in fragments and, as it stands, has a number of difficulties. It is also not feasible in terms of time scale. However, the remains of this oral legend undoubtedly hide the historical truth, and surely it can be argued that some of its content is feasible.\nIt is known, because of the evidence found in Sussex place names, that the coast of the sub-Roman region formerly held by the Regni, sometimes referred to as Rhegin, was settled in the late fifth century by some forty chieftains, most of whom were likely to have risen from the ranks of the aristocratic warriors of the Warlord Aelle and his uncle,Wlenca (see the reconstruction hypothesis below). By comparing patronymic place names in Sussex in terms of Anglo-Saxon naming patterns, evidence might be found that a few warriors could have been kinsmen.The usurpation of sub-Roman Rhegin, and turning it into a Germanican Sussex appears to have been an organised enterprise. It was during this period, near Mount Cayburn where the local British warriors made their last stand after the destruction of Pevensey, that South Malling was founded by a cheiftain called Mealla, a name easily compounded over time with Aelle (Malla>Ella). In line with Anglo-Saxon naming patterns amongst kinsman such as Nunna and Ine, and taking account of campaigning brothers like Ceawlin and Cutha, there would appear to be the circumstantial evidence here to propose the idea that Aelle was Mealla’s elder bother. In which case, in terms of this hypothesis, it seems feasible that Mealla would have been one of the four alderman who landed near Selsey in 477.\nAn attempt has been made here to reconstruct hypothetically the royal history of the South Saxons, starting at its genesis through to its demise at the hand of the Mercians in 772, and concluding with the period of the last South Saxon dukes.The endeavour has been to do this by using history as a framework for informed conjecture to establish a genealogical hypothesis. The main reference material which was employed to assist this process is listed in the bibliography at the end of the article. Further, as has been clarified below, it would seem reasonable to believe that the kingdom of the South Saxons became extinct under the military power of Wessex, during the late sixth century, and not that the South Saxon kingdom was lost to the Britons in the decades that followed the decisive British victory over Aelle, and the Kentish Aesc, at Mount Badon in 493 (the date given by Bede,uncertain). Nevertheless, the defeat of Aelle’s Saxons halted any advance they might have intended to make for westward settlement.\nTHE RECONSTRUCTION HYPOTHESIS IN SIX PARTS\nPart 1 - THE AELLEAN WARLORDSHIP & THE CISSAN\nKINGDOM of THE SOUTH SAXONS\nNote: the elevation of Cissa to co-warlord, below, is conjectural.\nWLENCA (conjecture), born late 420’s? The name of his father is not known. A Saxon chieftain who fathered the alderman known eventually as Cymen Wlencing. The assumption here is that Wlenca was the consanguine maternal uncle of the royal brothers Aelle and Mealla,and that he was the eldest of the four alderman who landed near Selsey in 477, bringing with him the experience of his years, although of lower hierarchical standing than his nephews. He probably founded his settlement at Lancing in the same year. This Wlencing chieftainship was inherited eventually by his son Cymen.\nAELLE , born early 450’s? Probably the eldest son of a Saxon king claiming patrilineal descent from the god Woden, who perhaps died around 476 . Aelle, who perhaps sailed with his three keel-loads of aristocratic warriors from the Rhine delta, might have made a first landing with his fellow aldermen and blood relatives on the island which became his tribal settlement of Hayling Island. Here, maybe, he would have been recognised as the local king . He landed with his warriors and senior ranking male relatives near Selsey in 477. From his bravest and most trusted warriors, Aelle would have made the chieftains who were to settle the new territories to be gained from the Britons. Eventually, enough of the coastal strip had been taken over to enable Aelle to capture and destroy Pevensey in 491. There must have been setbacks, most notably the indecisive battle of Mearcred’s Burn in 485. He made his eldest son, Cissa, his co-warlord of the South Saxons after the destruction of Pevensey. Not only was Aelle the royal warlord of the South Saxons, but in spite of his decisive defeat by the Britons at Mount Baden, he was also recognised as the first Bretwalda. It is likely that this military status would have been accepted by all Jutes and Saxons south of the Thames. Aelle died in 514 , leaving the warlordship of the South Saxons to his eldest son, and co-warlord , Cissa. According to tradition the first Bretwalda had three sons, but the names of the younger two were not remembered, overshadowed as they were by Cissa, born in 477, and confused with the founding fathers who landed near Selsey in the same year. It is improbable that Aelle was ever king of the all South Saxons, but royal lineage would have helped to assert his authority over them.\nMEALLA (conjecture), b. late 450’s? Presumed here to have been a royal alderman and Aelle’s younger brother, he would also have been the leading warrior in the warlord’s retinue until Cissa Aelling reached his majority at the age of fourteen. Mealla landed with Aelle near Selsey in 477, and is likely to have campaigned with him during the nascent years of Sussex. In 491, Aelle having destroyed the Roman fort of Pevensey, it was probably Mealla who defeated the local Britons making their last stand on Mount Cayburn (Old Welsh, Caerbryn). After the British defeat, Mealla founded his own settlement, not far from the Cayburn battle site, at South Malling .\nCYMEN WLENCING (conjecture), b. early 450’s? Wlenca’s son and heir, and taken here as the maternal first cousin of the royal brothers Aelle and Maella, and landing with them near Selsey in 477, at a place which became known as Cymen’s Shore, but lost to the sea many generations later. The site is now refered to as The Owers. On Wlenca’s death, Cymen would have inherited his father’s settlement at Lancing. Cymen then held two aldermanries, and it appears that he was referred to as Cymen Wlencing, because of his separated estates.\n*CISSA b. 477and died in 567 - the eldest of Aelle’s three sons. The names of the other two are not known. He might have been born in his father’s vil on Hayling Island. When Cissa reached his majority, at the age of fourteen in 491, he was elevated by his father to be the co-warlord, perhaps after the fall of Pevensey. On Aelle’s death in 514, Cissa inherited the warlordship as his own, and presumedly was able to use the influence of his royal ancestry to found the kingdom of the South Saxons. He made the old Roman town of Noviomagum Regnorum his royal centre, renaming it Cissan Ceaster, today’s Chichester . He reigned from 514-567, and like Claudia Crysis of Roman Lincoln, Cissa died aged ninety. Wine, his son and heir, had probably already predeceased him (see below). After Cissa’s death, the kingship of the South Saxons passed to Ceawlin, by then king of the West Saxons , who had married a granddaughter of Cissa (see the conjecture in the entry for Wine Cissing below). However, a separate kingdom of the South Saxons became irrelevant , in a warrior age , when armed men from Sussex could avenge the defeat of their forefathers at Mount Baden fighting for Ceawlin, King and Second Bretwalda, as he advanced against the Britons .\n*Note: pronounced as ‘chissa.’\n*WINE CISSING (wrongly,Wincheling), ?born in the late 500’s and died about 563, predeceasing his father King Cissa. He founded the earliest settlement at Winchelsea, perhaps Winesceseley, the Gwent-chesel-ey of the later mediaeval period , which was finally lost to the sea in the great storm of 1287. Wine probably had his vil at Winchelsea from where, as his father’s heir (?or Atheling) he would have represented royal authority on the East March of the kingdom. Here he would have been known as Wine Cissing, the king’s son and co-ruler. The hypothesis conjectures here that he had a daughter , maybe his eldest surviving child, who was wedded to Ceawlin of Wessex (see below), sometime in the early 550’s, and that this union was to prove extinctive to the survival of a South Saxon kingdom. This would explain why the Cissan kingdom devolved the on the powerful Ceawlin in 567.\n*Note : Wine Cissing should be pronounced like ‘winna chissing’.\nCUTHWINE (conjecture), born circa 560? The eldest son of Ceawlin king of the West Saxons and second Bretwalda , by the (?eldest) daughter of Wine Cissing (see the entry for Wine Cissing above). Cuthwine, a successful warrior, was evidently destined to inherit his father’s kingship over both West and South Saxons. The choice of giving him the old English name, Cuthwine, reflected the ties of Ceawlin’s son to both peoples. Cutha was Cuthwine’s paternal uncle , and Wine of Sussex his maternal grandfather. However King Ceawlin was deposed by his nephews, Ceol and Ceolwulf, and power in Wessex shifted to the descendants of King Ceol. If Cuthwine lived to see the endemic strife between Sussex and Wessex during the reign of Ceolwulf (597- 611), because his family had been deprived of power, it seems feasible that he would have lent his support to the South Saxon insurgency. The date 607, given as the year of insurrection in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, is rhetoric based on forty rhetorical years from the death of King Cissa, taken here to have been in 567. According to the traditional royal line of succession (followed by the Nothgyth Quest Hypothesis), Cuthwine’s youngest son was Cuthwulf, from whom many later kings of the South Saxons were descended (see the Dynasty of Ecgwald Cuthwulfing below).\nPart 2 THE (CONJECTURED) DYNASTY of ECGWALD\nECGWALD (conjecture), born late 620’s? The son of Cuthwulf and younger brother of Ceowald. All the descendants of Cuthwine, who fathered the three brothers, Cadda, Cynebald and Cuthwulf, would have had a blood claim on the kingdom of the South Saxons, including Ecgwald. After his conquest of Sussex in 686, Caedwalla King of the West Saxons appointed Ecgwald to be his under-king in Sussex. This choice might have been because Ecgwald was based in Sussex, or because of the union of Nothhelm, Ecgwald’s son, to Aethelthryth of Sussex in circa 685, Aethelthryth being the daughter of King Aethelwalh by Queen Eafa (see the hypothesis below). Ecgwald probably remained Cadwalla’s under-king over the South Saxons till the latter’s abdication in 688.\nNOTHGYTH (conjecture, except that she was Nothhelm’s sister), born circa 655? The daughter of Ecgwald and elder sister of Nothhelm in whose affections she was closely held. In 692 she became a patron of the church in Sussex, which had been established by Bishop Wilfrid’s conversion of the South Saxons from their pagan gods, during the years 681-686. Wilfrid was the Bishop of York and later canonised. He received thirty three hides at Lidsey, Aldingbourne, ?Westergate and Mundham from Nothgyth, an estate which had been granted to her previously by her brother King Nothhelm .\nNOTHHELM (also called Nunna, the name by which he would have been known by his kinsfolk and those aldermen at his court). Born in the late 650’s? and the younger brother of the Lady Nothgyth, to whom Nothhelm was greatly endeared. They were both children of the under-king Ecgwald (re: Ecgwald’s entry above). Nothhelm took Aethelthryth of Sussex, the daughter of King Aethelwalh and Queen Eafe, as his wife in about 865 (see Aethelwalh’s entry below). At least, that is the conjecture here. The union would have been at the root of a royal house comprising two dynasties in Sussex, and it is likely that it would have saved the lives of Aethelthryth’s family when Caedwalla crushed the South Saxons after the death of her illegitimate half brother Berhthun, in 686 (see Berhthun’s entry below). Nothhelm was appointed by Ine, king of the West Saxons, to be the dominant king of the South Saxons in 688. Aethelthryth’s illegitimate half brother, Watt, was appointed the co-ruling king (see his entry below). Later Aethelthryth’s full brother, Aethelstan, became her husband’s co-ruler (see the hypothesis on Aethelstan below). Nothhelm and his cousin, King Ine, were allied against King Geraint of Dumnonia in the campaign of 710 . The British king was defeated and killed by the combined forces of the South and West Saxons. Nothhelm died in 722, without naming his successor, since that decision was in the hands of king Ine, the West Saxon ruler, who continued to exercise his supremacy over the South Saxons.\nOSRIC (conjecture), born late 680’s? The eldest son of King Nothhelm, by his queen, Aethelthryth of Sussex, whom he married in about 685. Osric was introduced to the duties expected of a royal alderman, while still in his teenage years, following the death of his uncle, the co-ruling King Watt, when he was required to witness a charter granted by Nothhelm. However, it appears that he was never elevated to kingship by Ine, who held supremacy over the Saxons of Sussex. Osric probably had four sons, Osmund, Oswald, Aelfwald and Oslac, three of whom were destined to become South Saxon kings.\nOSA (or Oswald). The conjecture here is that he was born circa 705? the youngest child of King Nothhelm and Queen Aethelthryth, and destined from his earliest years for a priestly career. In the course of time, he became the fifth bishop of Selsey, the diocese of the South Saxons, and held office from before 765 to before 780 . After the Mercian conquest of Sussex in 772, Bishop Osa was granted an estate at Bexhill by King Offa, on the 15th of August in the same year. The charter was witnessed by his nephews , Osmund the former dominant king,Oswald the first duke of the South Saxons, and Aelfwald and Oslac (re: the hypothesis on Osric above).\nOSMUND (conjecture), born early 710’s? The eldest of Osric’s four sons. During the last years of Aethelberht’s reign as unitary king of the South Saxons, Osmund made moves to secure power for his grandfather’s dynasty, but his main obstacle was the high royal standing of the Ealdwulf, King Aethelberht’s heir (see the fourth part of this hypothesis). By Aethelberht’s death in 758, Osmund was in a strong enough position to outrival his much younger second cousin, Ealdwulf , and assert himself as the dominant king of the South Saxons. However, he needed the support of his two youngest brothers as co-ruling kings to contain the authority of Ealdwulf (see below). However, Osmund had to recognise Ealdwulf as the senior co-ruler. The instability of this regime enabled Offa King of the Mercians to conquer Sussex in 772, after which he deposed and demoted all the ruling Cerdicingas of Sussex from their royal status.\nOSWALD (conjecture), born circa 715? and the second son of Osric. He did not participate in Osmund’s regime, most likely because he would not support the new plural kingship that his brother was determined to set in place. After King Offa’s conquest in Sussex, early in 772, Oswald was appointed as the first Duke of the South Saxons .\nAELFWALD(conjecture),born early 720’s? The third son of Osric and second ranking co-ruling king during Osmund’s reign (on charter evidence). He was deposed by Offa in 772 , and never chosen to hold ducal office. Perhaps he might have declined such an appointment.\nOSLAC (conjecture), born circa 725? The fourth son of Osric and the third ranking co-ruling king under Osmund (on charter evidence). He was deposed by Offa , who appointed him later as the second duke of the South Saxons, probably after the death of Oswald.\nTHE CHARTER of OSLAC. Dated 780, and drawn up as a land grant to a certain St. Paul’s church, and later confirmed by Offa King of the Mercians, between 787 and 796. Please to note that the discussion in this entry concerns genealogical conjecture.\nThe only original South Saxon charter to have survived. It was granted by Oslac , the second Duke of the South Saxons. Besides a number of other alderman, this ducal document was witnessed by several of Oslac’s kinsmen. Aelfwald, his surviving elder brother, Ealdwulf, his second cousin, who was to succeed him as the next duke, and also his nephews Waermund (born late 730’s?), and Waerfrith (born early 740’s?), the sons of his eldest brother King Osmund (re: above).Finally there was Oslac’s grand-nephew Aethelmund (born early 760’s?), the son of Waermund. Notice the South Saxon naming pattern, from one generation to the next, Osmund, Waermund, Aethelmund. Compare with Aethelwalh, Aethelstan, Aethelberht. It appears from his position towards the end of the witness list that Aethelmund’s former royal rank, he must have been born before the Mercian conquest of Sussex, was of no account when it came to the social precedence of aldermen of his generation by the 780‘s.\nPart 3 THE (CONJECTURED) RULE OF SOUTH SAXON CHIEFTAINS UNDER WEST SAXON OVERLORDS~~~~~\nWHEN Cissa died in 567, the second Bretwalda, King Ceawlin of\nthe West Saxons, whose heir was the grandson of Wine, became overlord in Sussex.With the military victories of Ceawlin’s reign in an age of warriors, as he advanced against the Britons, the kingdom founded by Cissa became irrelevant. With its extinction, the chieftains in Sussex became the ultimate authority, instead of the regnality of a native king.They were the patrilinear descendants of Aelle, Mealla and Wlenca, and of aristocratic warriors who had fought for Aelle’s cause. The most powerful of these chieftains would have formed a shared leadership that replaced the focus of a South Saxon king. Under this leadership (probably supported by Cuthwine, a senior-ranking kinsman) the South Saxons were in endemic revolt against their third overlord, King Ceowulf, and the beligerent policies noted by the chroniclers. The Saxon chieftains in Sussex were usually loyal to an overlord to whom they could look for the protection of their estates and status and when Cynegils became King of the West Saxons, in 611, it appears that peace was restored. Cenwalh, the last overlord, divorced his Queen in 645. She was the sister of Penda, King of the Mercians. In revenge, her brother invaded Wessex and Cenwalh fled to the court of King Anna, in East Anglia. Meanwhile, Penda appointed Aethelwalh as unitary king of the South Saxons. This action gave the Mercians an ally on the English Channel coast, re-established a South Saxon monarchy after seventy-eight years and deprived Cenwalh of his status as overlord in Sussex, while giving his brother Aethelwalh (see below) his own kingdom.\nWith the end of the regnality of South Saxon chieftains, the Sussex of Arthur’s Britain (477-645) passed into history The new era of Cerdicing Sussex (645-c796) and its two royal families, descending from Ecgwald and Cynegils respectively, replaced the regime of the chieftains. Royal naming patterns in Sussex were to reflect the descent of both dynasties from Queen Eafe and their ties with the House of Hwicce (re: Nothhelm above). It may be that this policy was adopted to give the Cerdicingas of Sussex their own royal identity amongst the South Saxons aldermen.\nPart 4 THE (CONJECTURED) SOUTH SAXON DYNASTY of\nAETHELWALCH (conjecture, except for his having married Eanfrith’s daughter, Eafe), born early 620’s? The second eldest of the four surviving sons of Cynegils, king of the West Saxons, and appointed by Penda, the king of the Mercians, as the unitary king of the South Saxons in 645. Thus the kingdom founded by Cissa in 514 was re-established in 645. It appears that rather than take a concubine, Aethelwalch cohabited with a number of women who were probably connected to royal estates before and during the early years of his reign, by whom he had his four illegitimate sons (see the hypothesis below), whose names were not dynastic. Later he married Eafe of Hwicce (born early 640‘s?), the daughter of King Eanfrith, by whom he had a son (born early 660’s?), Aethelthryth (born circa 665?), and Aethelstan (born late 660’s?). This union almost certainly took place in 661, at the insistance of Wulfhere, king of the Mercians, who in the same year had gained supremacy over Sussex. In 675, in return for his having become a christian, Aethelwalh gained the Mercians territories of the Jutish Meonware and the Isle of Wight.These were ceded to him by Wulfhere, he having been godfather at Aethelwalh’s baptism. The new possessions had previously formed part of Wessex.As a result of this development, King Arwald of the Isle of Wight , had a new overlord, and the borders of the South Saxon kingdom reached their greatest extent. Aethelwalh was assassinated by the exiled West Saxon atheling Caedwalla, at Shalcombe on the Isle of Wight in 685. Aethelwalh’s eldest son by Queen Eafe was killed in the same\nattack, while defending his elderly father. The name of the young prince is unknown, but ‘Aethelric’ is a possibility, since his sister\ncalled her eldest son Osric (re: Nothhem above and Anglo-Saxon naming patterns).\nWATT(conjecture), born early 640’s? The eldest of Aethelwalh’s four illegitimate sons. He appears not to have taken part during the turbulent months that followed his father’s assassination. He became a co-ruling king of the South Saxons, presumably appointed by Ine of Wessex in 688, sharing power with King Nothhelm, the dominant ruler, in the early years of the latter’s reign. Aethelthryth, Queen of the South Saxons, was the half sister of King Watt.\nBERHTHUN and ANDHUN (conjecture) ,born circa 645? They were almost certainly twin brothers and illegitimate sons of Aethelwalh, who entered their father’s service as his personal royal aldermen. After Aethelwalh’s assassination, they drove out Caedwalla, who had invaded the territories ceded to Sussex by Wulfhere, and ruled over the South Saxons from 685-686. Berhthun was killed in 686 while invading Kent. The recorded cause for his invasion went back to the death of the Kentish King Hlothere, who died in February 685 fighting a force of South Saxons lead by his nephew Eadric. Eadric then shared the Kentish throne with Suaebhard of Essex, supported by the South Saxons. On Berhthun’s death, Caedwalla, by now king of the West Saxons, again invaded the territories of Sussex and crushed the South Saxons. Bede’s account of this military campaign suggests that little mercy was shown to the people of Sussex by Caedwalla.\nBRYNI (conjecture), born early 650’s? The youngest of King Aethelwalh’s four illegitimate sons . Evidently he did not take any part in the events of 685 and 686, but he was later recorded in his\ncharter of circa 700, witnessed by King Nothhelm and King Watt, as Duke of the South Saxons. He seems to have been the first royal alderman to hold this title. In his charter, Bryni granted four hides at Highleigh in Sussex to Eadberht, the Abbot of Selsey.\nAETHELSTAN (conjecture), born in the late 660’s? and the eldest surviving son of King Aethelwalh and Queen Eafe. On the death of his illegitimate half brother, the co-ruling King Watt (re: the hypothesis above), at the beginning of the eighth century, Aethelstan was appointed to succeed Watt by Ine of Wessex. Aethelstan was to witness a charter granted by King Nothhelm in 717 in the presence of his full sister Queen Aethelthryth, but in the absence of the dominant ruler. On the death of his senior partner King Nothhelm, in 722, Aethelstan’s eldest son, Aethelberht, was appointed by Ine of Wessex as the dominant king of the South Saxons, and to be the unitary king on Aethelstan’s death.Aethelstan’s younger son, Ealdberht, (see below) then rebelled, aggrieved that he had not been elevated to kingship. Aethelstan, who had seen so much bloodshed in his youth, was able to stay the hand of Ealdberht, after the latter had been defeated by Ine (in 722 ). When Aethelstan died in 725, Ealdberht\ngathered another force of South Saxons and again prepared for battle. Ine defeated Ealdberht for a second time, the latter losing his life.\nAETHELBERHT (conjecture), born late 690’s? and the eldest son of the co-ruling King Athelstan. He was appointed the dominant king of the South Saxons on the death of Nothhelm, his uncle-in-law, in 722. His younger brother Ealdberht, rebelled against King Ine because he had not been elevated to kingship as well. Ealdberht was then driven out of Wessex and forced to find sanctuary on the Sussex-Surrey border, with the South Saxons. Defeated by Ine on the Sussex border in 722, Ealdberht was again defeated and killed by Ine in a second battle in 725. On the death of Athelstan in the same year, King Aethelberht became the unitary king of the South Saxons. During the middle years of his reign, possibly after 730, when King Aethelheard of the West Saxons lost Berkshire to the Mercians, Aethelberht was able to take advantage of a less powerful Wessex, and throw off the West Saxon yoke. In Aethelberht, the South Saxons experienced a last,strong, native king, and his eldest son, Ealdwulf, was destined to have succeeded to the unitary kingship. However, Osmund, the eldest grandson of Nothhelm had clearly made plans to outmanoeuvre the young heir. When Aethelberht died in 758, Ealdwulf, found himself opposed by his much older and politically adroit second cousin, Osmund, who then established a new regime of plural kingship.\nEALDBERHT (conjecture), born early 700’s? The second son of Athelstan,he voiced his grievances at not being elevated to kingship, with his elder brother, when King Nothhelm died in 722. This dissent challenged the authority of King Ine, who decided to exile Ealdberht. The penalised prince took refuge in the fortress at Taunton, which had been built as a defence against the West Britons. Queen Aethelburh , Ine’s consort, destroyed the fortress, and Ealdberht escaped to the Sussex-Surrey border. Evidently, he had supporters there who were ready to give him sanctuary. Ealdberht then raised a fighting force of South Saxon warriors, and prepared for battle. In the ensuing contest of arms, against and the West Saxons, Ealdberht was defeated. It was probably Athelstan, who had witnessed times of murder and bloodshed in his youth, who managed to stay the hand of his rebellious son and broker some kind of peace, following Ine’s victory. However, on Athelstan’s death in 725, Ealdberht gathered another force of South Saxons and again prepared for battle. Once again King Ine defeated Ealdberht’s warriors and the young prince lost his life in combat.\nEALDWULF (conjecture). Born early 730’s? The eldest son of King Aethelberht and destined to succeed his father as the unitary king of the West Saxons. However,on King Aethelberht’s death in 758, Ealdwulf’s second cousin, Osmund Osricing, was able to assert himself as the dominant ruler in Sussex. Osmund would have been some two decades older than Ealdwulf and politically far more experienced. Ealdwulf was recognised as the senoir ranking co-ruler, but his power was curtailed by being obliged to co-operate with Osmund’s two co-ruling brothers, both of whom were older than Ealdwulf. The Osmundian regime weakened regnal standing in Sussex, a development that proved fatal to the South Saxon monarchy. Ealdwulf was deposed by Offa king of the Mercians in772, but was appointed later by Offa to be the third and last duke of the South Saxons.\nAETHLWULF (conjecture), born circa 735? Ealdwulf’s younger brother. He held no royal office under the dominant King Osmund and he held no share of power during the earlier years of King Offa’s ducal deputies in Sussex. However,it appears that Aethelwulf was allowed some share in authority during his brother’s tenure as the third duke of the South Saxons, since he was the only witness to Ealdwulf’s ducal charter of 791.\nPART 5 THE (CONJECTURED) CENSORING of HISTORY\nIt would seem most unlikely that there are any missing pages of South Saxon history, but there might well have been a need for as much as possible of that history to be forgotten. Perhaps, because of the threat of dynastic claims, little mention is made of Sussex in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. The suggestion, here, is that the patrilinear lineage of Alderman Aethelmund of Sussex matched that of King Ecgberht of Wessex, making the direct male descendants of both noblemen high-born Cerdicingas. Added to which, the patrilinear lineage of Ealdberht Aethelberhting , and his direct male descendants, might have been the only line whose family could trace their patrilinear descent back to King Cynegils. If, as this hypothesis has argued, Alfred the Great had an ancestor in Cissa Aelling, and that ancestry had been recorded, it could have raised the profile of the South Saxons in a way that was not favourable for Wessex. It was also expedient not to chronicle that the Cerdicingas in Sussex had been deposed by a Mercian king, none other than the great Offa. It was prudent to keep the royal history of the South Saxons suppressed and largely undocumented. The long passage of time between the death of King Cissa in 567 and the appointment of King Aethelwalh in 645 would have made this kind of censorship easier to implement. The intermittent sub-kingdom of Sussex, between 825 and 860, had been relegated already to the past. It would have been imperative that there was no return to a tribal South Saxon kingdom caused by a Sussex claimant to royal power, and to avoid the instability in the South East that such an outcome might have brought about.\nPART 6 THE SUSSEX KING LIST & REGNAL DATES Please note: much of the content here is inevitably conjectural.\nThe Aellean Warlordship 477-5149 (Held by Aelle and his kindred)\nAelle 477-491, Warlord\nAelle and Cissa 491-514, Warlord & Co-Warlord\nThe Cissan Kingdom 514-567 (Held by the kindred of King Cissa)\nCissa 514-567, Unitary King\nWine after 520-563, Co-ruling Royal Alderman\nThe Rule of the South Saxon Chieftains, 567-645\nThe Re-established Kingdom 645-772\n(Held by the Cerdicingas of Sussex)\nAethelwalh 645-685, Unitary King\nBerhtun and Andhun 685-686, Co-ruling Royal Aldermen\nEcgwald 686-688, Caedwalla’s Under-King\nNothhelm and Watt 688-c.700, Dominant & Co-ruling King\nNothhelm and Aethelstan c.700-722, Dominant & Co-ruling King\nAethelberht and Aethelstan 722-725, Dominant & Co-ruling King\nAethelberht 725-758, Unitary King\nOsmund and Ealdwulf, 758-772, Dominant King with three\nWith Aelfwald and Oslac Co-ruling Kings\nThe Dukes of the South Saxons, under King Offa of the Mercians who died in 796. It appears that Offa would appoint a succeeding duke after the death of his predecessor.\nOswald First Duke (?for life)\nOslac Second Duke ditto\nEaldwulf Third Duke ditto\nTO THE READER\nThank you for taking the time to read this article. If you wish to study the material employed in developing the Nothgyth Quest Hypothesis, please go to those entries asterisked in the General Bibliography & Other Sources, given below, for essential reference. This will help to separate the conjecture here from the tradition and recorded history used as a framework. It is hoped that you will find enough of interest in this article to make another visit.\nGENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY & OTHER SOURCES The main reference material employed for this hypothesis\nA.Primary Reading and Reference (in alphabetical order).\nAnglo-Saxon Chronicles: begun c. 890.*\nAnglo-Saxon Genealogical Tables.\nAnglo-Saxon Isle of Wight 400-900 AD: BBCh 2g2.*\nCharters of Selsey : S. E. Kelly, 1998.*\nFlowers of History : Roger of Wendover, 1237.*\nKings (and Aldermen ) of Hwicce : Wikipedia.\nKings and Queens : Lambert and Gray, 1991*\nKelly’s Post Office Directory (Sussex), 1867.*\nOld English at the University of Calgary.\nPlace-names of Sudsexe, Domesday book, 1086.\nB. Secondary Reading and Reference (in date order)\nY Gododdin: Aneirin, c.595.\nBeowulf : anonymous, c.725.\nEcclesiastical History of the English People : Bede, 731.\nHanes y Brythoniaid : Nennius, 810.\nCyfraith Hywel Dda ( North European Tribal Law): completed 949.\nBrut y Tywysogion ( from 680 ), 14th Century.\nOld English Dictionary: Bosworth & Toller , 1898/1921.\nThe Place Names of England & Wales : J.B. Johnston, 1915.\nA History of France, New & Revised Edition, Book 1: W.H. Jervis,\n(with additional chapters by W.J.N. Griffith) 1926.\nArthur’s Britain : Lesley Alcock, 1978.\nRegia Anglorum : the society’s website.\nC. Further Reading & Reference ( in date order ).\nMurray’s Classical Atlas for Schools : edited by G.B.Grundy, Second Edition reprint, 1963.\nThe Medieval Traveller : Norbert Ohler, 1995.\nThe Times Atlas of World History : edited by Geoffrey Barraclough, the Fourth Edition ( edited by Geoffrey Parker ), reprinted 1997.\nRoman Britain, a New History : Guy de la Bédoyè\nD. Recommended reading, for those visitors able to read Welsh:\nLlywelyn ap Gruffudd, J.B. Smith. Wales University Press.\nAbout Llywelyn II, a powerful prince who established a recognised Welsh state, based on an alliance of princes. The book gives an insight into the kingdom building abilities that must have been required of Saxon rulers like Ceawlin of Wessex, even if set in the thirteenth century rather than the sixth.\nThe Nothgyth Quest Hypothesis of this article has been written and presented by David Slaughter, BA(hons), ATC(Sussex), Blue Robe\nOrder of the Welsh Gorsedd.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The History of Christianity and the Church of God\nChristianity emerged in the Levant in the mid-1st century AD. Christianity spread initially from Jerusalem throughout the Near East, into places such as Aram, Ethiopia, Assyria , Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Asia Minor, Jordan and Egypt. In the 4th century it was successively adopted as the state religion by Armenia in 301, Georgia in 319, the Aksumite Empire in 325, and the Roman Empire in 380. After the Council of Ephesus in 431 the Nestorian Schism created the Church of the East. The Council of Chalcedon in 451 further divided Christianity into Oriental Orthodoxy and Chalcedonian Christianity. Chalcedonian Christianity divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church in the Great Schism of 1054. The Protestant Reformation which began in the 1500s created new Christian communities that separated from the Roman Catholic Church and have evolved into many different denominations.\nThe (Original) Church of God is a Pentecostal Holiness Christian denomination located mostly in the Southeastern United States. Its origins can be traced to a small meeting of Christians at the Barney Creek Meeting House in Monroe County, Tennessee in 1886.\nThe Church of God, with headquarters in Cleveland, Tennessee, United States is a Pentecostal Christian denomination. With over six million members in over 180 countries, it is one of the largest Pentecostal denominations in the world. In the United States, it reports over one million members, making it one of the nation's largest denominations. The movement's origins can be traced back to 1886 with a small meeting of Christians at the Barney Creek Meeting House on the Tennessee/North Carolina border, making it the oldest Pentecostal denomination in the United States. The Church of God's publishing house is Pathway Press.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The following is from WWE.com:\nWWE.com celebrates Women’s History Month 2010\nBy: Katie A. Raymond-Santo & Vanessa Lessard\nMarch is Women’s History Month, and in honor of those who blazed the trails for the Divas of WWE, WWE.com helps you learn about the women’s history of the squared circle. Click throughout the feature to read exclusive, interviews, find out who the Divas of today would like to face in the squared circle (including a special appearance by a seven-time Women’s Champion), and relive some of the greatest Diva Matches and Divas of all time in special photo galleries.\nCheck out the full feature today at WWE.com.\nHave a news tip? Attended an event and want to send a live report?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "World’s Deepest Shipwreck Discovered Four Miles Underwater in the Philippines\nThe U.S.S. Samuel B Roberts, also known as the “Sammy B,” was discovered in the Philippine Sea at a depth of 22,916 feet last week by a team of explorers. The wreck is the deepest ever found, per the Associated Press. The Navy confirmed the wreck site in a statement on Monday.\nExplorer and former naval commander Victor Vescovo of Caladan Oceanic Expeditions found the ship along with EYOS Expeditions, a U.K.-based exploration company.\n“It was an extraordinary honor to locate this incredibly famous ship, and by doing so have the chance to retell her story of heroism and duty to those who may not know of the ship and her crew’s sacrifice,” Vescovo says in a statement.\nThe Sammy B was the first ship named after Coxswain Samuel Booker Roberts, Jr., who was killed in World War II during the Battle of Guadalcanal in 1942, per the Navy. Roberts took part in a mission to rescue a company that had been surrounded by Japanese forces, steering his boat directly into their fire to provide time and cover for the rescue. His ship was hit and he was mortally wounded in the process.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "MORRELL, Harriette Anne. EMBROIDERED BINDING. ~ Hand embroidered notebook.\n8vo., contemporary linen cloth over boards, exquisitely hand-embroidered in black thread with an floral decoration covering the entire book, exquisite hand printed patterned endpapers, all edges yellow. The pages within are all blank. In extraordinarily fine condition.\nImmaculately bound and embroidered with a recognisably Bloomsbury aesthetic by Harriette Anne Morrell (1842-1924) and with a presentation inscription in pencil from her to her daughter-in-law Ottoline Morrell (1873-1938): “to Ottoline from H.A.M. July 1914”.\nHarriette Morrell, the mother of Philip Morrell, was an accomplished artist and needleworker. After her death a memorial exhibition catalogue of her work was published by Basil Blackwell in 1925: ‘Harriette Anne Morrell: A Description of Herself and Some of Her Needlework and Painting”.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more all for only $19.99...\nSituated in Sardinia, in the province of Sassari, district of Nuoro, and suffragan to the Archdiocese of Sassari. The episcopal residence, however, is at Ozieri. Nothing is known as to the early history of Christianity in either the city or Diocese of Bisarchio. The first bishop mentioned is Costantino Madrone (c. 1102), who was succeeded in 1116 by Bishop Pietro. The bishop's residence has changed several times, once to Giracle, and again to Ardera. In 1503, at the death of Fra Cnlcerando, bishop of this see, Bisarchio was incorporated into the Diocese of Alghero. The diocese was reestablished by Pius VII in his Bull of 9 March, 1803, and bestowed upon Giannantioco Azzei, who in 1819 was promoted to the archiepiscopal See of Oristano, his native place. The episcopal residence was then definitely transferred to Ozieri. The cathedral, built in 1153, is well planned.\nAPA citation. (1907). Diocese of Bisarchio. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02581a.htm\nMLA citation. \"Diocese of Bisarchio.\" The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02581a.htm>.\nTranscription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Matthew Dean.\nEcclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. 1907. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York.\nContact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This piece was inspired by Ana’s plans and built as a collaborative project with my son. The stock was all salvaged from a century+ old railroad depot on the University of Idaho campus that was marked for demolition. The green and cream boards were the ceiling of the depot, and the unfinished stock came from the flooring, which was 1” tongue and groove red fir. The first agricultural crops, forest products, and settlers of the region (North Idaho, Eastern Washington) flowed through that terminal. This piece, therefore, is iconic of the regikn’s rough-hewn beginnings and stands as a reminder of its important past.\n$60 for glue, hinges, screws, polyurethane. The wood was salvaged for free.\nEstimated Time Investment\nWeekend Project (10-20 Hours)\nType of Wood\nAfter sanding the bare wood and scrubbing the painted surfaces, I sprayed a satin polyurethane (good ol’ rattle can!)\nRecommended Skill Level", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In this article, I want to tell you the 10 facts about medieval kings. I will focus to discuss on the Angevin kings of England. The Angevins were a royal house that ruled in England between the 12th and early 13th century, its monarch was Henry II, Richard I and John. For further information of medieval kings, please read the descriptions below.\nFacts about Medieval Kings 1: The Terminology of Angevin\nTo refer to the kings who were also counts of Anjou – Started with Henry II – descended from Geoffrey and Matilda, the word of “Angevin” commonly used.\nFacts about Medieval Kings 2: Angevin Empire\nIn 1887, the term “Angevin Empire” was coined by Kate Norgate.\nFacts about Medieval Kings 3: The Origin of Angevins\nThe Angevins descend from Geoffrey II, Count of Gatinais and Ermengarde of Anjou. In 1060 this couple inherited, via cognati kinship, the county of Anjou from an older dating from 870 and a noble called Ingelger. The marriage of Count Geoffrey to Matilda is believed as the only surviving legitimate child of Henry I of England.\nFacts about Medieval Kings 4: House of Plantagenet of Angevins Legacy\nHistorians argue that the period of Prince Louis’s invasion to mark the end of the Angevin period and the initial of the Plantagenet dynasty. At this time, some facets have changed in economic power, growing cultural differences between England and Normandy and (in particular) the fragile, familial nature of Henry’s empire.\nFacts about Medieval Kings 5: The Legacy of Angevin Decent\nThe descent through descent from the Angevins (legitimate and illegitimate) is widespread and includes all subsequent monarchs of England and the United Kingdom. The children he had with Isabela including Henry III (the king of England for most of the 13th century), Richard, Joan, Isabella and Eleanor.\nFacts about Medieval Kings 6: Contemporary Opinion\nUnfortunately, King Henry was an unpopular king. William of Newburgh wrote during in the 1190s, “In his own time he was hated by almost everyone”. He was widely criticised by contemporaries, even in his own court.\nFacts about Medieval Kings 7: The Legacy of Constitutional Impact\nKing Henry made long-term consequences on the development of their societies and governments.\nFacts about Medieval Kings 8: The Legacy of Architecture\nThere are no differences between Angevin and Plantagenet culture that would distinguish or set them apart from their neighbours in this period. Historians recorded that Henry built or renovated the castles throughout his domain in Normandy, England, Aquitaine, Anjou, Maine, and Torraine.\nFacts about Medieval Kings 9: The Legacy of Historiography\nBased on the recorded by John Gillingham, Henry was a bad son, a bad husband and a bad king, on the other hand, he was a gallant and splendid soldier.\nFacts about Medieval Kings 10: The Legacy of Angevin in the Medieval Folklore\nDuring the 13th century, the story was the foundation of Andre Ernest Modeste Gretry’s opera Richard Coeur-de-Lion, and inspired the opening of Richard Thrope’s film version of Ivanhoe.\nThe 10 amazing facts about medieval kings have been presented above, hope you love reading it.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Queen Elizabeth II is Britain’s longest-reigning monarch. Elizabeth, now aged 93, is also the kingdom’s oldest ever monarch.\nShe is the 40th monarch in a royal line that traces its origin back to Norman King William the Bastard who claimed the throne with victory over Anglo-Saxon Harold II at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.\nSince becoming Queen, Elizabeth II has seen 13 prime ministers, starting with Winston Churchill, 14 U.S. Presidents, from Harry Truman to Donald Trump, and every of Nigeria’s Head-of-State since Independence in 1960.\nOfficially, the Queen is a member of the Church of England. Under British law, as reigning monarch, she is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England. All members of the British royal family are officially affiliated with the Anglican Church.\nYet, not one of them has been known to testify to the atoning power of the blood of Jesus Christ. Instead, they have been known to be Pantheists, Gnostics and Masons.\nQueen Elizabeth’s husband, Prince Philip, was a Mason. Her father, King George VI was a Master Mason. The same for King Edward VII.\nThe Queen and her son, Prince Charles, also belong to the highest ranks of Masons in the world through the Order of the Garter. The Queen was installed as a “lady” of the Order of the Garter on April 23, 1948 (her birthday) while still a princess.\nWhen she became queen, she became the sovereign of the Order. On July 26, 1958, Prince Charles became a knight of the Order.\nThe Most Noble Order of the Garter is the most prestigious “chivalric” order in the British Isles. It’s said to be an order of “Christian Knighthood” (which is an oxymoron) established by King Edward III and his son, Edward the “Black Prince” in 1348, few years after the fall of the powerful Knights Templar. \nThe Order remains one of the most elite societies in Europe and it appears to be at pinnacle of English-speaking Freemasonry, if not all Masonry\nThe legend behind the Order’s founding has it that King Edward III was dancing with the young countess of Salisbury (Joan of Kent) in the presence of his court in Calais, France in 1347. Suddenly, the lady dropped her garter in the middle of the dance. The incident shocked the court and all the dancing ceased.\nEdward gallantly knelt down, picked up her garter and tied it around his own knee. Then he uttered the famous words: “Honi soit qui mal y pense”, which means, “Shame be to him who thinks evil of it”. In honour of the occasion, the King founded the Order with 26 knights (13 x 2) and his words became its motto. \nOf course, seeing ladies’ undergarments couldn’t have been shocking in 14th century England, but the garter was (and still is) the symbol of a witch high priestess. \nIn the Craft, when a high priestess becomes a “witch queen”, i.e. when her coven of witches splits off a daughter coven with its own priestess, she acquires a silver, crescent moon-shaped buckle on her garter. With a subsequent coven created, a new buckle is added. \nOstensibly, Edward was dancing with a witch queen and dropping her garter which identified her with the pagan religion of witchcraft in a nominally Christian court could have warranted her arrest. Hence, Edward gave the lady and her religion his blessing. He may have meant, “Shame be to him who thinks evil of witchcraft.”\nEdward’s choice of two groups of 13 knights is the key to this odd puzzle. In witchcraft traditions, 13 is the size of a coven and the number of moon feasts (esbats) in a given year.\nAs the head of the Order of the Garter, the Queen of England and her son, Prince Charles are edged with two rows of 168 miniature gold buckles, (exactly like the horseshoe shaped buckles on a witch queen’s garter) plus one which is worn on his or her leg. This equals 169 (13 x 13!)\nThis essentially shows through occult symbolism that the British sovereign (in this case, Queen Elizabeth) is a Witch Queen or King. \nAnother angle to this occult numerology is the fact that Charles is the thirteenth Prince of Wales to be invested into the order. There we have it again: the number 13.\nIt has been pointed out that the royal wedding between Prince Charles and Princess Diana was held at a period known as Lammastide in Paganism. Lammastide (from late July to early August) is traditionally believed to be a time for witch weddings.\nThis is hardly coincidental. It’s also possible that Diana herself may have been a pawn in the diabolical royal chess game.\nMany multi-generational occultists raise their children with no knowledge of their dark heritage, and then covertly arrange marriages with other families possessing carefully guarded bloodlines.\nDr. Gregory Reid, a retired private investigator on occult crimes (and a Satanic ritual abuse survivor) aptly notes this:\n“Generational occultists, like the ones some refer to as ‘illuminati’ or ‘luciferians’ (which I think is a more accurate term) go back over some centuries and make sure the ‘line’ of occult power that has been worked up over the years passes into the next generation. ‘Old money’ is kind of what you would expect – families that go back generations and get their power and prestige and position and political placement from wealth that was gotten long ago and continues to amass – for example, the Rockefellers, Kennedys, the Getty’s. Not saying they were involved in the occult, and not saying they weren’t, but the most powerful occult families are wealthy and very, very old. \nPrincess Diana’s death has trappings of a ritual murder. The place where her accident occurred must have been especially chosen. It took place in a tunnel called Pont d’Alma meaning “bridge of the soul.” The place on which the Pont d’Alma is built is an ancient, pagan sacrificial site – sacred to the moon goddess (Diana).\nRight above the Alma tunnel is a replica of the torch from the Statue of Liberty in the U.S. (a Masonic image of Isis sculpted by Bartholdi, a French Freemason). The torch it carries actually symbolizes the “light” of Lucifer.\nIt was also reported that the Mercedes carrying Diana smashed into not just any pillar within the Alma tunnel, but the 13th pillar! Thirteen is very significant, both in Masonry and witchcraft as I mentioned.\nIn the course of supposedly trying to save Diana’s life after the torturously slow ride to the hospital (it took all of forty minutes to travel 3.8 miles), to work on and massage her heart, her chest was cut open from collarbone to navel. \nThis is the penalty of breaking the laws of second degree in Masonry, to have your chest ripped open and your heart taken out. A part of the oath of passing by the fellow craft says:\nI further solemnly pledge myself to act as a true and faithful Craftsman answer Signs, obey summonses and maintain the principles inculcated in the former degree. These several Points I solemnly swear to observe, without evasion, equivocation, or mental reservation of any kind, under no less a penalty, on the violation of any of them, than that of having my left breast laid open, my heart torn there from and given to the ravenous birds of the air or devouring. beasts of the field as prey. \nThe occult currents flowing in the royal family can be seen in the commitment of Prince Charles, and his son, Prince Harry, to New Age philosophy. In his speech to youths during this year’s WE day, Harry reiterated core New Age beliefs:\n“Every forest, every river, every ocean, every coastline, every insect, every wild animal. Every blade of grass, every ray of sun and every rain drop is crucial to our survival. It is all connected, we are all inter-connected.”\nHe capped his speech with the words: “Change your thoughts and change the world.” This is the same nostrum hawked by every New Ager. Masonry, Witchcraft and New Age paganism may be distinct, but they are all plugged to the transformer of the lord of darkness.\nThis is not written to evoke an Illuminati hysteria, it’s intended to call our attention to the influence of Masonry on nations with historic Christian ties, and the necessity for prayers for world leaders to truly know Jesus Christ and be saved.\n William Schnoebelen, The Rite of the Divine King, The Liberator, Sept-Oct 1998.\n Valiente, Doreen, An ABC of Witchcraft, Custer, WA, 1988, p. 159.\n Farrar, Janet; Farrar, Stewart, Eight Sabbats for Witches, Robert Hale, London, 1981, pp. see photo plate #15.\n Valiente p. 159.\n William Schnoebelen, Masonry Beyond the Light, Chick. 1991, chapter 16.\n James Fire, The Truth Under Fire – An Interview with Greg Reid, author of Nobody’s Angel (pt. 1). June 23, 2016.\n Christopher Anderson, The Day Diana Died, Morrow, New York, 1998, pp. 209-210.\n Second Degree or Ceremony of Passing. https://www.bilderberg.org/Second_Degree.htm", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Half Day Tour to Salalah East\n• Taqah Castle\n• Sumhuram Ruins\n• Wadi Derbat\nThe excursion begins with a visit to the old fishing village of ‘Taqah’, famous for the manufacture of ‘Dried Sardines’ & its traditional & old ‘Dhofari Houses’.\nVisit the century old ‘Taqah Castle’, the former official residence of the ‘Wali’ (Governor) of the region & obtain a glimpse into the rich history of the region.\nContinue onto the ancient ruins of the once famous city of Sumharam (Khor Rohri). The city was the easternmost outpost of the Hadramawt Kingdom on the ancient incense route between the Mediterranean Sea, Persian Gulf and India. Khor Rori was an important port on the coast of Dhofar, and one of the major trading cities with frankincense, believed to have been the hub & harbor for the shipping of Frankincense (UNESCO World Heritage site). A picturesque drive then leads you to explore the ‘ever green Wadi Darbat’ for a relaxing stroll along the Wadi bed, surrounded by herds of Camels, Goats & Cattle. In the Khareef season (monsoon period), one could also witness an almost 100m natural Waterfall, spreading its ‘tentacles’ into numerous lakes & lush green Vegetation.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Black History Activities: History Maker Matches! Black History Figure Puzzles\nLooking for some new black history activities? These black history figure puzzles are so fun for helping students get to know African-Americans who have contributed to American history!\nThis 27-page black history resource includes:\n⭐31 color black history figure two-piece puzzles featuring names and descriptions\n⭐31 line art black history figure two-piece puzzles featuring names and descriptions\n⭐And a set of instructions!\nUse these with elementary students to help them learn to recognize these historic African-Americans during Black History Month or any time of the year!\nLove this history activity? Try some of my other black history resources!\n✨African Kingdoms! African History Unit Study\n✨We Got Jazz! Black History Unit Study\n✨Mini Black History Lesson: Ruby Goes to School!\nClaim Your TPT Credits!\nGo to your My Purchases page. Click Provide Feedback to leave me a quick rating! Every time you leave feedback, you get a credit toward future TPT purchases! Woohoo!\nGet on the List!\nClick the green Follow Me link next to my store logo to be the first to learn about new products I share!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Inca In Legend and History\nINCA HISTORY has its origin in myth and continues in legend. History was memorized and handed down by trained pro-fessionals with the aid of the quipu and was embodied in epic poems and romances which are lost. I t has been suggested that the Inca preoccupation with history may have been derived in the first place from the coastal peoples-in the kingdom of Chimu, particularly, great importance was attached to genealogy and genealogy among primitive peoples involves both history and legends of the deeds of ancestors. As has been said in an earlier chapter, at some time during the Inca dynasty, perhaps in the reign of Pachacuti, the Incas began to centralize and formalize historical records and in doing so adapted history to their own ends. In particular they abstracted all history which was not Inca history and so telescoped the 'official' memories, leaving a gap between the semi-mythical period before the emergence of settled communities with political organization and the beginning of the Inca dynasty, thus representing the Incas as contemporary with the emergence of civilized life.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "White Star Line TSS Olympic sister ship to the Titanic. An original postcard dating back to around 1914. In excellent condition not postally used with no corner or other damage. Tuck ‘Celebrated Liners’ White Star Line series number 9898.\nHe found the German squadron on 1 November off the coast of Chile.The German squadron outnumbered Cradock's force and were individually more powerful; they sank Cradock's two armoured cruisers in the Battle of Coronel.\nThis series is number 9898 and the card shows the iconic liner R.M.S. Titanic. It has a good descriptive back, giving the build details, launching date and history of her eventual loss at sea on her maiden voyage in 1912.\nHMS \"Good Hope\" Armoured Cruiser. Sank with all hands. Fine condition! He was then ordered further south to theStrait of Magellan to block any attempt of theGerman East Asia Squadron to penetrate into the South Atlantic.\nShe was laid down on 23 January 1896, andlaunched on 21 October 1896. Diadem served in theFirst World War with her sisters. She served in the Easter Division of theChannel Squadron under the command of Captain H. S. F. Niblett, and was briefly docked atChatham in January 1900 to make good defects.\nRoyal Navy Real Photo. Coronation Fleet Review. Royal Yacht \"Surprise\" passes HMS \"Superb\" Fine condition! As the. Royal Yacht. Coronation Fleet Review 15 June 1953, at Spithead, coronation ofElizabeth II.\nHMS \"Falmouth\" was aTown-class light cruiser built for theRoyal Navy during the 1910s. When the First World War began in 1914,Falmouth was transferred to the1st Light Cruiser Squadron (LCS) of theGrand Fleet and then the3rd Light Cruiser Squadron at the end of the year.\nHMS Bedford\" Armoured Cruiser. HMS \"Bedford\" was one of 10 Monmouth -class armoured cruisers built for theRoyal Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. Bedford wasrecommissioned the following year for service withChina Station andran aground in 1910.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "One of the coolest things about the Nation’s Capital is the history. And we’re not just talking about the monuments, memorials and museums! (Though those are pretty awesome spots for marriage celebrations or wedding portraits.) Get past DC’s tourist spots, and you’ll find a wealth of gorgeous old buildings that are part of the country’s or the city’s past. And the best part? Many of them are available to host wedding events! And the best, best part? The photos you’ll get at Washington DC’s most historic venues will look awesome! They’ll be gorgeous and have the sense of time and place that every great wedding picture has. During Mary and Skip’s wedding, we had the pleasure to work at two of the metro area’s most historic locations. Christ Church in Alexandria and the Larz Anderson House in DC gave this wedding a deep, meaningful connection to the region.\nA Christ Church Alexandria Wedding\nMary and Skip’s day began with a wedding ceremony in Old Town Alexandria. That historic district is home to the aforementioned Christ Church, which was the site of their wedding ceremony. And when it comes to venues with an interesting history, they don’t get much better than this one! The story of Christ Church is part not only of the history of the Nation’s Capital, but also of the birth of our country.\nAlexandria’s Christ Church began in 1753 as a “chapel of ease” – something of a local branch of the main parish church. By 1765, though, the parish’s population had grown so large that the Virginia legislature split it into two. After the American Revolution, Christ Church became part of the newly-formed Episcopal Church in the United States of America. Throughout the church’s early days, George Washington was a notable supporter. He worshiped there and even occasionally served as an administrator.\nThe first president’s ties to Christ Church gave it a special status during the Civil War. While the U.S. Army converted most of Alexandria’s churches into hospitals or stables; it would not do that to Washington’s place of worship. Instead, it remained a church, though one only for soldiers.\nThe tradition of presidential involvement with Christ Church continues today. Each U.S. president typically visits the church at least once during their time in office. A particularly notable visit occurred in 1942. On New Year’s Day, Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill came there for the World Day of Prayer for Peace.\nOld Town Alexandria Wedding Ceremony\nWith such august surroundings, Mary and Skip’s Christ Church Alexandria wedding ceremony couldn’t fail to be magnificent. Though the interior of the church is elegant and beautiful, the atmosphere does not have the dark heaviness of many other houses of worship. Large windows let in plenty of light, giving the space a happier, brighter feel. And makes wedding ceremony photos much prettier and more flattering.\nTwo of Christ Church’s other features allow us to take gorgeous and often unique pictures of weddings there. The first is its choir loft. In addition to housing a lovely antique organ, the space also gives a very cool view of a ceremony from above. Especially because the loft wraps around most of the inside of the church. So we can get fairly close to the couple as they exchange their vows and rings. The second is a very lovely courtyard that sits between Christ Church and its administrative building. There is a grassy patch and several large trees that offer a bit of shade. These make it a perfect space for couples portraits or family photos right after an Old Town Alexandria wedding ceremony.\nLarz Anderson House DC Weddings\nIf possible, Mary and Skip’s Larz Anderson House DC wedding reception was even more spectacular than their ceremony. The venue for this part of their celebration is one of the most ornate and beautiful in the entire Washington DC metro area. Every inch of the inside of Anderson House is fabulous. From the walls of carved wood to the gilded papier-mâché ceilings to the iron staircase to the gorgeous marble floors, every element makes a wedding event a celebration of elegance.\nConstruction of Larz Anderson House finished in 1905. Almost immediately after its completion, the 50-room mansion became one of the most fashionable locations in Washington DC. For the next few decades, Larz and Isabel Anderson hosted some of the most talked-about galas and parties in the Nation’s Capital. Attendees included President Taft, President Coolidge, General Pershing, Henry A. DuPont and some of the Vanderbilt family.\nAfter Larz Anderson’s death in 1937, Isabel gifted the house to the Society of the Cincinnati. A couple of years later, it received National Historic Landmark status and opened to the public as a museum. And of course, as a venue for opulent Washington DC weddings!\nAnderson House Wedding Photos\nMary and Skip came to Anderson House well before the arrival of most of their invitees. They used that time to relax and to change for their reception in one of the venue’s sumptuous guest rooms. Once their family and friends began to arrive, the newlyweds greeted them with cocktails in the Olmsted Gallery – a long space decorated with some of the Anderson family’s largest works of art. Before the guests got there, though, we got pictures of them ascending Anderson House’s magnificent staircase. We also had them pose for quick portraits in a gilded doorway in the French Drawing Room.\nAfter the cocktail hour, Mary and Skip made their grand entrance to their wedding reception. They descended a second, equally grand staircase to a rousing ovation from their guests. After their first dance and a delicious dinner in the Ballroom, the couple moved to the Great Stair Hall for their cake cutting and toasts. Then it was back to the Ballroom for spirited dancing until the end of the evening.\nWedding dress: Paloma Blanca\nGroom Suit: Geoffrey Lewis\nHair and Make-up: Nash Hair Design\nCake artist: Heidelberg Pastry Shoppe\nFlorist: Devers Design\nCaterers: Spilled Milk\nWedding rings: Quest Jewellers\nBand: Scott Ragsdale Orchestra\nContact Us for More Information!\nInterested in learning more about our services? Please visit our Wedding Photography FAQ page for answers to all your questions! Ready to inquire about our availability on your wedding date? Contact us now to get the conversation started!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A Visit to Nanjing Posted by sasha on Dec 14, 2016 in Culture\nThose interested in diving into the long history and vibrant culture of China should definitely consider visiting all of the Four Great Ancient Capitals (四大古都 – sì dà gǔ dū). We’ve already explored Beijing, Luoyang, and Xi’an, so now we’re headed to the last ancient city on our list – Nanjing (南京 – nán jīng).\nJust as the other ancient capitals, Nanjing has a prominent place in the history and culture of China. The city has been the capital of dynasties, kingdoms, and republics throughout its long history. Fun fact – the name literally translates as “Southern Capital.” It was first made capital during the state of Eastern Wu way back in the year 229, when it was called Jianye (建業 – jiàn yè). Many centuries later it was the capital of the Republic of China, until the Communists won the civil war and moved the capital to Beijing in 1949. While it’s no longer the center of the nation, it is the provincial capital of Jiangsu. The city has long been a center of education, culture, and politics. It has a wealth of historical and cultural sights, making it a very popular destination for domestic travelers. While it’s not high on the list of many international visitors, it’s easily included in an eastern China itinerary in addition to places like Shanghai and Hangzhou. Let’s see what you can do with a short trip to one of China’s great ancient cities.\nNanjing Massacre Memorial Hall\nWhile the city has a long and storied history, it is also sadly the sight of one of the greatest atrocities ever committed. During the Sino-Japanese War, Nanjing came under control of the Japanese army. During their occupation of the city, the invading army committed arson, torture, rape, and mass executions. This came to be known as the Nanjing Massacre (南京大屠杀 – nán jīng dà tú shā), or the Rape of Nanjing. China estimates that 300,000 people were killed, mostly civilians and unarmed soldiers. Many in Japan have denied that this ever happened and the country has yet to officially take responsibility for it. If you’ve ever wondered why there’s so much anti-Japan sentiment in China, this is the reason.\nThe Memorial Hall was constructed in 1985 to honor the victims of the massacre. It’s quite large, covering an area of 28,000 square meters. It’s divided into three sections: an outdoor exhibit, sheltered remains of victims, and an exhibition hall full of historical documents. The memorial is located near a sight where thousands of bodies were buried, known as the “pit of ten thousand corpses” (万人坑 – wàn rén kēng). A visit here is a somber reminder of the horrors of war, and a lesson to future generations.\nLocated in the eastern part of the city, Purple Mountain (紫金山 – zǐ jīn shān) is a scenic area full of historical and cultural sights. You could easily spend an entire day exploring the area. Some sights are free to enter, while others require a ticket. You can buy a combo pass for 100 RMB that grants you access to all of them if you’re so inclined. Highlights include Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s Mausoleum (中山陵 – zhōng shān líng) and the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum (明孝陵 – míng xiào líng). The former is the burial sight of the “Father of the Republic of China,” while the latter is the final resting place of Zhu Yuanzhang, first emperor of the Ming Dynasty.\nIf tombs aren’t your thing, you can just explore the parks and gardens to enjoy a little green oasis in the concrete jungle. You’ll also find the Linggu Temple (灵谷寺 – líng gǔ sì) here, an ancient Buddhist temple. The area is also home to one of the oldest and most famous observatories in China. Inside is the Nanjing Astronomy and History Museum, which you can visit for 15 RMB. As we visited during Spring Festival, everything in the scenic area was closed. At least we got to enjoy the views from the observatory. That is, what we were able to see through the smog-choked skies.\nThe Gate of China\nThe aforementioned Ming Dynasty emperor took the advice of his advisors and built a Nanjing city wall (南京城墙 – nán jīng chéng qiáng) to keep out invaders and defend from attackers. The massive project took 21 years and over 200,000 workers, and it was one of the largest walls ever constructed in China. The southern gate of the wall has been renamed the Gate of China (中华门 – zhōng huá mén) and it’s open to visitors (for a small fee of 50 RMB, of course). Check it out if you want to see one of the best preserved examples of Ming-era defensive architecture.\nHistory buffs may want to visit the Presidential Palace (总统府 – zǒng tǒng fǔ). Once a royal residence during the Ming Dynasty, it later fell under control of the Taiping Rebellion led by the self-proclaimed “Heavenly King.” When Qing forces re-took Nanjing, the building was razed and rebuilt in a new style. After the Xinhai Revolution, Sun Yat-sen was sworn in here as the president of the Republic of China. Chiang Kai-shek and his Kuomintang forces would later occupy the headquarters, until they were driven to Taiwan in 1949. Today the China Modern History Museum is located here, which you can visit for 40 RMB.\nThere’s lots more to see and do in Nanjing, so you could easily spend 3-4 days there and still not see it all. It’s not as famous as Beijing or as cosmopolitan as Shanghai, but it’s an important piece of Chinese culture and history and well worth a visit. Just don’t go during Spring Festival like I did – everything will be closed and you’ll have a rather boring trip!\nBuild vocabulary, practice pronunciation, and more with Transparent Language Online. Available anytime, anywhere, on any device.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Abe’s Version of History Doesn’t Sit Well With Chinesetags: World War II, China, Japan, Shinzo Abe\nHistorians and columnists have made comparisons between Britain and a rising Germany in 1914 and the current tensions between Japan and China; a hot topic at the start of the centenary year of World War I.\nPrime Minister Shinzo Abe of Japan, in his appearance Wednesday at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, raised the bar when he agreed with the thesis, saying that he saw a “similar situation” between now and then.\nDuring a discussion with journalists,\nMr. Abe said that the strong trade relations between Germany and\nBritain in 1914 were not unlike the economic interdependence today\nbetween Japan and China.\nIn 1914, economic self-interest failed to put a brake on the strategic rivalry that led to the outbreak of war, Mr. Abe said. He criticized the annual double-digit growth in China’s defense budget, calling it a source of instability in the Pacific region, an implicit comparison to Germany’s rapid build-up of arms before World War I....\ncomments powered by Disqus\n- Priests race to save manuscripts from jihadists in Iraq\n- Where Mud Is Archaeological Gold, Russian History Grew on Trees\n- Conflict Uncovers a Ukrainian Identity Crisis Over Deep Russian Roots\n- Heirs Claim Bank Made Off with Nazi-Looted Art\n- Add the University of Virginia to the list of universities actively confronting their association with slavery\n- Stanley Kutler’s book on Nixon Watergate abuses has been turned into a show on the web\n- China bans books by pro-Hong Kong historian who retired from Princeton\n- Fordham Historian Lambasts ‘Shabby Treatment’ In Row Over Israel Boycott, Vows to Continue Fighting Anti-Semitism\n- George Mason's digital history program is 20 years old -- and celebrating\n- Watergate researchers can now see the materials — including tapes — Len Colodny used in writing \"Silent Coup\"", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Those waiting for the Birds by Duchemin, Eve\nPigeons are the oldest domesticated bird. The predecessors of modern day racing pigeons were pigeons bred for their homing ability, primarily to carry messages. Pigeon racing became popular in Belgium in the mid 19th century. The pigeon fanciers of Belgium began to develop pigeons specially cultivated for fast flight and long endurance. From Belgium the modern version of the sport spread to most parts of the world. The sport has recently experienced a downturn in participants in some parts of the world.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Homesteaders settling in the lands of the American West traditionally built log cabins; durable, rainproof, and inexpensive. Nowadays, ecofriendly and rustically charming, log cabins with their distinctive handcrafted appearance appear to be making a comeback Eco home Ireland, with luxurious features like whirlpools, skylight windows and heated patios.\nSwedish colonists built the first log cabins in North America at the beginning of the century. The design of the log cabins was influenced by typical North European farm-houses before the introduction of the Homestead Act. According to that colonists needed to construct their houses of a size with a minumum of one window. These older log cabins needed only 1 area, a spacious porch, along with an elevated place for sleeping.\nBuilding the frontier style log cabin was required and simple. To start with, the contractor settled a base that is good to continue to keep logs over the soil. Frequently, rock or stone had been used for the log cabin base. Subsequently the builder will square off every log and also make around cuts on the top and underside of every end. That round cuts will fit 12, He then assembled the logs. The logs were fastened with wood sticks. The remaining spaces were full of insulation materials like mud or clay. The windows and doors were cut out, along with there was a fireplace constructed.\nBecause of new building technologies and an increased focus on all things organic and eco-wise, log cabins are gaining in their own popularity. Well-constructed, weather-proof log cabins styled similar to homes and nowadays can be constructed. One of the benefits of log cabins and houses, specialists list remarkable weather-proofing attributes with very little insulation and reduced building expenses. In addition to this log cabins need maintenance.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "\"A HIDDEN EMPIRE: IBADI CONTROL OF THE TRANS-SAHARAN AND INDIAN OCEAN SLAVE TRADES, c. 760-1055 CE\"\nKristina Richardson, University of Virginia\nPart of the Silsila Spring 2023 Program\nUnder Ibadi Muhallabid rule of Ifriqiya in the late 8th century CE, Ibadi merchants settled in the Sahara and Sahel, introduced local communities to Islam, and dominated the trans-Saharan slave trading networks. In this talk, I will make the novel argument that when Muhallabi governors simultaneously ruled the province of Sind in the late 8th century, they deployed the same strategies of settlement, conversion, and economic expansion along the Swahili Coast, where they developed a lucrative trade in East African slaves. In short, the early Islamicate history of Black African enslavement is largely an Ibadi story and an exceptional one at that, for the scale of what became the 1200-year trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean slave trades probably exceeded that of later European merchants in the early modern Atlantic.\nKristina Richardson is the John L. Nau Professor of History and Middle Eastern & South Asian Languages and Cultures at the University of Virginia. She is the author of two monographs: Difference and Disability in the Medieval Islamic World (2012) and Roma in the Medieval Islamic World: Literacy, Culture, and Migration (2022). For this last one she was awarded the $300,000 Dan David Prize, the largest history prize in the world. She also co-authored with Dr. Boris Liebrenz a study and edition of a 16th-century Aleppine weaver's Arabic notebook, which was published in Beirut in 2021. She is currently writing a book on free and unfree South Asian and East African agricultural laborers, in early Islamic Iraq. Her work has also been supported by the National Endowment of the Humanities, the European Research Council, the Mellon Foundation, and the City University of New York. Professor Richardson also serves as an editor for the journal Der Islam.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Genocide of the Boers: A Pictorial History & the Role Rothschild Greed Played in the Crime\nBy Stephen Mitford Goodson. The Second Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902) remains unique in the annals of modern history. For the first time in the modern era, war was deliberately waged by a supposedly civilized nation on innocent women and children.\nNot only were Dutch settler (Boer) homes destroyed by the British forces by means of a scorched earth policy, but the Boer women and wee ones were then herded into deplorable concentration camps.\nWomen and children whose menfolk were still in the battlefield were subjected to starvation rations, which resulted in widespread disease and death.\nAt the heart of the conflict was the desire of the Rothschild banking dynasty to control the mineral wealth of regions inhabited by the Dutch pioneers who had tamed the wild lands of southern Africa. To fund the unending British atrocities, the Rothschilds dug deep. [Read the article as a PDF]", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Invaluable cannot guarantee the accuracy of translations through Google Translate and disclaims any responsibility for inaccurate translations.\nLot 152: Chinese Celadon Porcelain Box\n21 October 2016\nGarnet Valley, PA, USALive Auction\nDescription: Chinese celadon porcelain covered box, with lid decorated with a central medallion surrounded by bats. Seal mark on base. 2 x 4-3/4 in.\nCondition Report: In good condition.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This site is entirely user-supported. See how you can help.\nWe don't have any photos of this building yet. Why don't you be the first to send us one?\nLatitude: 52.2003 / 52°12'1\"N\nLongitude: 0.1059 / 0°6'21\"E\nOS Eastings: 544017\nOS Northings: 257873\nOS Grid: TL440578\nMapcode National: GBR L7G.3KP\nMapcode Global: VHHK2.SYBN\nPlus Code: 9F426424+49\nEntry Name: Newnham College, Kennedy Buildings\nListing Date: 18 May 1967\nSource: Historic England\nSource ID: 1125508\nEnglish Heritage Legacy ID: 47197\nLocation: Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB3\nElectoral Ward/Division: Newnham\nBuilt-Up Area: Cambridge\nTraditional County: Cambridgeshire\nLieutenancy Area (Ceremonial County): Cambridgeshire\nChurch of England Parish: Cambridge St Botolph\nChurch of England Diocese: Ely\nTL 4457 17/365 18.5.67.\n1905. Two storeys and attic. Quoins. Seven bay arcaded front to street\nwith a central doorway and fanlights in the other arches. Windows above\nin sunk panels, the windows thus, two round, three square, two round. Eaves\non shaped brackets. Mansard roof with continuous eaves above the dormer\nwindows. Tall stacks. Street front balustraded at eaves level.\nListing NGR: TL4401757873\nOther nearby listed buildings", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In 1968, King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D. C. , to be called the Poor People’s Campaign, when he was assassinated on April 4 in Memphis, Tennessee. His death was followed by riots in many U. S. cities. Allegations that James Earl Ray, the man convicted of killing King, had been framed or acted in concert with government agents persisted for decades after the shooting. King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. Martin Luther King Jr. Day was established as a holiday in cities and states throughout the United States beginning in 1971; the holiday was enacted at the federal level by legislation signed by President Ronald Reagan in 1986. Hundreds of streets in the U. S. have been renamed in his honor, and the most populous county in Washington State was rededicated for him. The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D. C. , was dedicated in 2011.\nMartin luther king jr coloring page, Particularly as computers open up more and more of the world at the click of a mouse.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Active since the 1960s, Henry Diltz was not only a folk musician, but became one of the most known and influential photographers in Rock and Roll. While recording with the Modern Folk Quartet, Diltz found an interest in photography by taking photos of his musician friends. His photos have been used on several hundred album covers by, amonng others, The Doors, CSN, Mamas and Papas, James Taylor, and Eagles.\nHenry continues to take photos every day and travels with his slide shows on the 60s & 70s music scene. He is also part owner of the Morrison Hotel Gallery in Soho, NYC and the Sunset Marquis Hotel in Hollywood where he represents fine art music photography of 90 of the world’s top music photographers.\nBlackRapid is honored to be hosting Henry Diltz on June 20th from 7-9pm as he shows his incredible work and shares his stories of Rock n’ Roll’s past. This event is free and open to the public. RSVP by email to", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This dissertation will examine the patronage of three members of the Altieri family, Gaspare, Angelo and Cardinal Paluzzo, between 1670 and 1705. My study of Altieri patronage will address an aspect of early modem Italian society that has yet to be explored, namely adoption. When aristocratic families faced extinction due to the lack of a male heir, they often adopted another individual of a similar rank to carry on the family name. Although common in the seventeenth century, the practice has not been studied in modem scholarship on the period. The adopted members of the Altieri family were prolific patrons and their commissions represent some of the most important works in Rome at the time. I will study key Altieri monuments, including the Palazzo Altieri, the Altieri chapel in the church of San Francesco a Ripa (renovated by Bernini c. 1674), the Altieri chapel in Santa Maria in Campitelli (Sebastiano Cipriani, 1705), the Villa Altieri and the ducal complex of a palace and church in Monterano. As they were adopted by Pope Clement X Altieri (1670-76), the patronage of these three noblemen has been perceived as a monolithic expression of Altieri family identity and socio-political ambition. However, these commissions often honour the adoptees' biological family, the Albertoni. My dissertation will explore the relationship between the adoptees' complex familial ties and their patronage. As the ideas of art and adoption have never been investigated in seventeenth-century patronage studies, there is a unique opportunity in this topic to reassess one of the fundamental forces in seventeenth-century patronage, namely the shape of the family. Through the visual arts, this dissertation will examine the process of constructing kinship, and present an interpretation of the family in the seventeenth century as an entity far more fluid than has hitherto been supposed.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Governor's renditions and extraditions (Fugitives from Justice)\nSeries — Multiple Containers\nScope and Contents\nRecord of extradition proceedings issued by governors under authority of the United States Constitution for the apprehension and/or removal of individuals deemed fugitives from justice for crimes committed in Rhode Island or other states / countries having jurisdiction. May contain supporting documentation including copies of affidavits, indictments, waivers to right of council or extradition proceedings against, authorizations & correspondence from attorney general, mug shots / photographs, etc.\n- 1842-2001, 2011-2020\n- Majority of material found within 1891-2001\nLanguage of Materials\nConditions Governing Access\nNo special restrictions unless otherwise specified.\nConditions Governing Use\nCopyright is in the public domain unless otherwise specified. We reserve the right to restrict reproduction of materials due to preservation concerns.\n40.0 Cubic Feet\nNo further accruals are anticipated at this time.\n- Language of description\n- Script of description\n- Code for undetermined script", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Brings all the heat, sand, grit and fluid action of the North African\nAnother Day in the Corps...\nWorld At War 85 Storming the Gap Expansion Pack. Three Complete Module\nVersailles 1919, created by designers Mark Herman and Geoff Engelstein\nNevsky is a board wargame about the storied clash between Latin Teuton\nThe year is 1843, and Great Britain is poised to see the country gripp\nA solitaire game that recreates Britain's Strategic Bombing Campaign a\nA solitaire, tactical level game which places you in command of a Germ\nOur Solo Assistant is a system that allows players to be able to play\nCataphract portrays the development of the art of war wrought by the e\nDeluxe ASL Redux is a map-and-scenario pack based on the boards and sc\nVolume IX in GMT’s acclaimed COIN Series. It explores one of the wor\nA supplement for AvP's Panzer Grenadier: Broken Axis game, featuring 6\nFirst Printing. C&C Ancients Expansions 2/3 in one convenient package.\nThe game models the full order of battle that could be expected in 198\nCard Driven Game (CDG) portraying the 1860 secession crisis that led t\nNow in it's 8th GMT Printing, designer Reiner Knizia's Battle Line i\nRecreates America’s most bloody and heroic day of World War II.\n2nd Ed. - the first game in the Nations at War series.\nVolume 9 in GMT’s Battles of the American Revolution series by desig", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The ruins of Ephesus, situated near Selçuk town, is 70 kilometers away from Izmir. It is a main center of archaeological interest owing to the ancient remains that still exist.\nThe famous Temple of Artemis is one of the places to visit in Ephesus. It is one of the 7 wonders of the world. It was first built by the Lydian King Kroisos during 560-550 B.C. In 356 B.C. the temple was destroyed by a lunatic called Herostatus and rebuilt in same size but with a height of 3m by the citizens of Ephesus. The temple was the biggest temple of the Hellenistic period with a dimension of 55.10 x 115 m. It was not reconstructed again after being collapsed by the Gots in 262. Some of the column bases of the temple are ornamented with raised relief design. Today, two marble statues of the goddess Artemis can be seen in the nearby archaeological museum. Some other friezes are in British Museum in London.\nEphesus Celsus Library is the most important remains of the Ephesus antient city. Built during the Roman Period in 115-117, it survived a fire in the year 260. It is famous for its striking architecture of its two-story facade. Three rows of recesses in the inner walls of the library were used to store rolls of script.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- Attend a rugby training with Stirling RFC.\n- Watch a Guinness Pro14 /Scottish Premiership fixture.\n- Visit Stirling Castle which was the key to Scotland.\n- Safari time at Blair Drummond Safari Park from safety and see the wild animals from Africa.\n- Remember William Wallace at the Battle Of Bannockburn Visitor Centre one of Scotland’s biggest battles.\n- Stand at ease for the Argyll And Sutherland Highlanders Regiment Museum and about the history of the regiment.\n- Climb the battlements at Doune Castle one of Stirling’s oldest castles.\n- Sample what Deanston Distillery has to offer, one of Scotland’s newest distilleries and its rise.\n- Experience Stirling Old Town Jail experience what it was like for the inmates.\nStirling Rugby Tours\nIrish Rugby Tours Testimonials\nCONTACT US NOW\nLicenced by the Commission for Aviation Regulation, TA 0760", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "\"A valuable contribution that illuminates the key role of the National Park Service in shaping the field--offered at a crucial time when public history programs are expanding, public sector support is waning, and the field is going through a period of redefinition. We need this book now.—Anne Mitchell Whisnant, author of Super-Scenic Motorway: A Blue Ridge Parkway History\n\"\"Informed and informative, Museums, Monuments, and National Parks: Toward a New Genealogy of Public History is a work of seminal scholarship and a welcome addition to academic library American History reference collections and supplemental reading lists.\"\"—The Midwest Book Review\n\"\"In this richly researched book, the historian Denise D. Meringolo situates the birth of a new field--public history--decades before the postwar emergence of a recognized subfield. . . . Often marginalized or forgotten in recent histories of public history, the characters in Meringolo's story were central in shaping American relationships to the past.\"\"—The Journal of American History\n\"\"Meringolo has added an important layer of context to previous studies of development of the National Park Service. For that we are in her debt.\"\"—The George Wright Forum\n\"\"Meringolo . . . succeeds in expanding the existing communities' understanding of the discipline.\"\"—Nebraska History\n\"\"Meringolo is at her best in delineating the rise of public history with in the National Park Service during the 1930s. . . . Museums, Monuments, and National Parks is an important addition to the literature on the history of the National Park Service as a public history institution and of public history as a government job.\"\"—The Journal of Southern History\n\"\"Meringolo makes a solid case for re-envisioning the profession's roots. . . [the book] provides a far richer understanding of our professional heritage than has previously been available.\"\"—Indiana Magazine of History\n\"\"Meringolo's Museums, Monuments, and National Parks is compelling.\"\"—H-Soz-u-Kult\"", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Marc Damase Masson|\nMarc Damase Masson: son of Scholastique Payfer, aunt of Jérémie Payfer\nMASSON, MARC-DAMASE, merchant and businessman; b. 23 Feb. 1805 at Sainte-Geneviève on Montreal Island, L.C., son of Eustache Masson and Scholastique Pfeiffer (Payfer); d. 23 April 1878 at Montreal, Que.\nMarc-Damase Masson’s family came from Saint-Benoît parish in the town of Orléans (province of Orléanais). The first member of the family to take root in Canadian soil was Pierre, a manufacturer of pulleys (born in 1724). He married Marie-Louise Beaupré on 22 Feb. 1751 at Quebec, and their son Pierre-Marc was Marc-Damase Masson’s grandfather.\nMarc-Damase Masson spent the early years of his childhood on his father’s farm at Sainte-Geneviève. He then lived at Saint-Clément-de-Beauharnois, where his father soon established a business. In 1829, after a good business training in the family environment, the young man became a merchant himself at Saint-Clément-de-Beauharnois. On 1 Feb. 1830 he married Virginie Jobin, daughter of the notary André Jobin* of Montreal. Eight children were born of this marriage: three boys and five girls.\nMarc-Damase Masson’s business position was excellent when the 1837 rebellion broke out. The young merchant aligned himself with the Patriotes. His property was “destroyed by the soldiery,” and he thereby lost the results of several years’ work. In 1839 he moved to Montreal to re-establish himself, and thanks to his experience and unremitting toil he succeeded in becoming a leading Montreal businessman. At the corner of McGill and Notre-Dame streets he opened a wholesale and retail grocery, which, as the Montreal Herald and Daily Commercial Gazette was to write on 23 April 1878, “he carried on most successfully, making the house of D. Masson & Co. not only one of the largest, but one of the best known firms throughout the city and country.” After his death his three sons, Damase, Alfred, and Adolphe, continued their father’s large business.\nMarc-Damase Masson’s activities became more numerous and varied as his business grew. In 1846, a number of prominent Montreal citizens founded the Montreal City and District Savings Bank. The majority of Montreal banks at that time were strictly commercial banks, that is, they met only the needs of trade. The basic principles of the Savings Bank were the value and necessity of saving and the need to popularize the habit. Together with a few of the most prominent Montreal citizens of the time, Marc-Damase Masson was elected a director of the new bank from 1846 to 1850. According to the official organ of the Savings Bank, “this was a judicious choice. Masson, an honest and prosperous merchant, put his experience at the disposal of his colleagues, so that the Savings Bank would be established on sound bases.”\nOn 13 Dec. 1846 Marc-Damase Masson was chosen churchwarden of Notre-Dame. In February 1855 he was elected by popular vote to the council of the city of Montreal. He sat for three years as alderman for the St Lawrence district, and for some years was chairman of the finance committee. He contributed generously to the building of the aqueduct and to other improvements in the town. In 1858 he became president of the Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste, and in 1861 was among the businessmen who, with Hugh Allan* as president, founded the Merchants’ Bank. Lacking sufficient capital, the bank did not open its doors until three years after receiving its charter. Masson was one of its directors until his death and one of its biggest shareholders. He took a great deal of interest in this institution and it largely owed to him its few years of prosperity, from the time of its purchase of the Commercial Bank of the Midland District in 1868 until 1873. The Merchants’ Bank then suffered from the Canadian Pacific railway scandal in which Allan was implicated, as well as from the economic crisis that followed. But because it had been launched properly, the bank recovered after 1878 and extended its operations throughout the whole of Canada. It had acquired a valued place among Canadian banks by 1921, when it was taken over by the Bank of Montreal. Marc-Damase Masson was a director of the Richelieu Company, and also a member of the board of directors of several insurance companies, among them the North British and Mercantile Insurance Company [see Sincennes].\nOn 23 April 1878 he died at Montreal, at the age of 73. His name was highly esteemed in the business world, where he had distinguished himself by his honesty in public and private dealings “His word was above reproach, and he steadily tried by his example to instil into those who came in contact with him the same high principles.”\nAJM, Louis Richard, la famille Masson. AVM, 3610.4, 3610.6; Biographies de conseillers, Archives paroissiales de Sainte-Geneviève (Pierrefonds, Qué.), Registres des baptêmes, mariages et sépultures, 23 févr. 1805, 14 sept. 1853. Gazette (Montreal), 23 April 1878. La Minerve (Montréal), 24 avril 1878. Montreal Herald and Daily Commercial Gazette, 23 April 1878. Le National (Montréal), 23 avril 1878. Le Nouveau Monde (Montréal), 23 avril, 26 avril 1878. L’Opinion publique (Montréal), 25 avril, 2 mai 1878. The Canadian album . . . , ed. William Cochrane et al. (5v., Brantford, Ont., and Toronto, 1891–96), V, 117. Raymond Masson, Généalogie des familles de Terrebonne (4v., Montréal, 1930–31). Tanguay, Dictionnaire, V. Denison, Canada’s first bank. É.-Z. Massicotte, Processions de la Saint-Jean-Baptiste en 1924 et 1925 (Montréal, 1926), 40–41. R.-L. Séguin, “Biographie d’un patriote de ’37, le Dr Luc-Hyacinthe Masson (1811–1880),” RHAF, III (1949–50), 496.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "And you thought breaking down your Amazon boxes for recycling was creative-Japanese gamer and amateur modeler Upuaza Touryou just trashed the competition, turning his old Amazon boxes into an insanely elaborate Buddhist temple.\nThe sculpture took five months to assemble, sure, but discarded cardboard boxes have never looked so good. If only the boxes had come with perforations to pop out and make such a thing for anyone... [Kotaku\nAlso on Gizmodo\nTen Most Stunning Architectural Wonders in India\nTen Most Stunning Architectural Wonders in India\nThe Taj Mahal is one of the seven wonders of the world, so it is no surprise that it headlines this list. This mausoleum was built in the 17th century by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan over a span of 22 years, as a tribute for his beloved wife Mumtaz. The Indo-Islamic and Hindu architectural style has been used for this monument of love. The famous white marble dome rests on massive white marble terraces and is flanked on either side like sentinels by four tapering minarets. The jewel-inlaid cenotaph of the deceased queen rests within the dome.\nArunachal Pradesh’s Tawang Monastery in the valley of the Tawang-chu, is the largest in India. It is quite close to the Tibetan border and was founded in accordance to the wishes of the 5th Dalai Lama. The spectacular monastery, also called as Galden Namgey Lhatse in Tibetan translates to ‘Celestial paradise in a clear night.’ And what a celestial paradise it is!\nNalanda has been long heralded as the primary ancient center of higher learning in India. The University of Nalanda is situated in the Indian state of Bihar, used to be a Buddhist center of learning. Legend has it, that the great library of Nalanda University was so extensive, that after invaders ransacked and set fire to it, it is believed to have burned for three months.\nThe magnificent Group of Monuments at Hampi in state of Karnataka is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. There are 56 musical pillars in the Vithala temple complex at Hampi, which have been constructed in such a manner, that when they are struck, each one emits a unique musical tone. The main centre of pilgrimage at Hampi is the Virupaksha temple, the site of the ancient city of Vijaynagar, which dates back to the first half of the fifteenth century. It consists of three towers that are nine tiered and rise to a height of 160 feet.\nThe Iron pillar of Delhi dates all the way back to the 4th century A.D., and highlights ancient India’s accomplishments in metallurgy. One the pillar, one can find Sanskrit inscription in Brahmi script, which tells the story of how it was erected in the memory of the Gupta King Chandragupta II and in the honor of the Hindu god, Vishnu. This unique pillar is made of 98 percent wrought iron and has truly stood the test of time, without decomposing or rusting for more than 1600 years. The Iron pillar stands 7 meters tall, 17 inches wide at the base and 12 inches wide at the top.\nThe Surya mandir of Konark is famous for its richness and intricacy of its sculptural work and for its architectural grandeur. Derived from the words Kona (Corner) and Arka (Sun), the entire temple has been constructed to resemble a chariot of the sun god, with a set of spokes and elaborate carvings, and 24 wheels, each about 10 feet in diameter. The entry to the temple is guarded by two massive lions, and the seven horses appear to be dragging the temple.\nThe Ajanta and Ellora caves are representative of the prowess of the ancient Indian painters and sculptors. The thirty Ajanta Caves were constructed in 2nd century BC, with paintings on religious themes surrounding Buddha. The Ellora caves are rock-cut shrines that represent three different faiths, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. It is famous for its intricate workmanship, striking proportion, sculptural embellishment and architectural content. Both caves have been named as UNESCO World Heritage Sites and are symbolic of India’s ancient architectural grandeur.\nThe Harmandir Sahib, also known colloquially as the \"Golden Temple\", is a Sikh Gurdwara situated in the city of Amritsar, Punjab. Constructed in Sikh architecture style, this exquisite temple is intricately designed and from pure gold. The temple is built on a 67 feet square platform, right in the middle of the sarovar and has doors facing all four directions – North, South, East and West. Visiting the Golden Temple during sunrise or sunset is truly a life-changing experience that one should experience at least once in their lifetime.\nFatehpur Sikri in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, was built in the 16th century by the Emperor Akbar and was the capital of the Mughal Empire back in the day. This breathtaking building of Mughal design, which translates to the ‘City of Victory’, amalgamates Hindu, Islamic and Buddhist elements to create something truly unique. The stunning courtyards in the building lead to a monolithic mosque, a drum house, the spectacular Gateway of Triumph, a tomb and a 5-story palace.\nThe Chhatrapati Shivaji train station, earlier known as Victoria Terminus, was constructed in 1887 to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria. This magnificent structure has been created in the Victorian Gothic style by F.W Stevens, with neo-Gothic features embellishing the exterior and interior.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Here are 5 ways you can still help Aleteia:\nThe discovery offers the first evidence of a genetic link between the Crusaders and the Middle Eastern population.\nThe blessings and processions of palms go back deep into early Christianity.\nTacitus describes Nero's persecution of Christians, and affirms the crucifixion of Christ.\nAn appeal to their love of power and conquest spurred on the Norsemen's embrace of Christianity, according to this historian.\nWorks include Greek versions of Plato and Aristotle, among others.\nThe newly identified work from the workshop of Botticelli will go on display at Ranger's House in London from April 1.\nIt is popularly believed that the cave was originally used by the Knights Templar.\nDigital projection shows exhibit the long and storied history of the Eternal City.\nThe day Caesar died has lived on for millennia.\nExplore educational interactive maps, timelines, and animations.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Here is Renee's interview with John Lyman, owner of Lyman Orchards. He chats about the history of the family business, what you can expect to see at the orchard this fall, and their lasting partnership with Big Y!\nLyman Orchards is Big Y's Love for Local vendor of the month! You can find delicious Lyman Orchards produce at your local Big Y World Class Market!\nListen to the full interview here:", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "I have verified that Samuel L. Vermillion was, indeed, the son of Charles (b. 1812) and Ann (King) Vermillion.Charles was the son of Greenberry Garrison Vermillion (b. 1785) and Sarah Jane (Vanander-b. 1789).Charles and Ann did move to Iowa.I have not identified all of their children, but I did find at least three children born to them included Danuel [sic] John (b. 1838), Samuel L. (b. 1856) and Debora [sic]Ann (b. 1832).Debora married Matthew Borders on July 31, 1856, in Iowa.This took a long time to find, but it is worth every minute of time because I also discovered another link I've been seeking for more than 11 years!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "England’s Queen Elizabeth’s husband, and the Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Philip, has died at the age 99, according to an announcement by the Buckingham Palace.\nThe Palace siad in a statement shortly after midday, “His Royal Highness passed away peacefully this morning at Windsor Castle.”\nRegarded as the longest serving consort in British history, the Duke had returned to Windsor Castle on 16 March, after spending a month in hospital.\nBritish Prime Minister, Boris Johnson, said Phillip “inspired the lives of countless young people.”\nThe Palace said further announcements would be made “in due course.\n“The Royal Family join with people around the world in mourning his loss.”\nSpeaking at Downing Street, the Prime Minister added, “He helped to steer the Royal Family and the monarchy so that it remains an institution indisputably vital to the balance and happiness of our national life.”\nJohnson said he received the news of the Duke’s death “with great sadness.”\nHe added, “Prince Philip earned the affection of generations here in the United Kingdom, across the Commonwealth, and around the world.”", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Antonio Garrigosa Borrel . Creator of commercial businesses in Logroño .\n[ hide ]\n- 1 Biographical synthesis\n- 1 Family environment\n- 2 Professional career\n- 2 Sources\n- 3 External links\nHe married in Logroño with Doña Eloisa Ceniceros. In the early years of the 20th century , a four-storey house and a lower house were built in the area of maximum expansion of the city, the Espolón, close to the railway station. The project is carried out with the plans and technical direction of the Catalan architect Isidre Gili Moncunill.\nHe arrived in Logroño , from Martorell, his hometown, at the time of the expansion of the Catalan drapery in Spain , and in this case in La Rioja . He established himself in the city and opened his first store in 1883 on the ground floor of the building on Calle de Sagasta nº 6. Subsequently, he progressively increased his business to become the model for the commercial services sector in Logroño .\nThe 4 as April as 1902 is granted permission by the City. The building is of Neoplateresque influences and the ceramic decorations of the viewpoints and the sgraffitoes of the facade stand out. The space is occupied at the same time as commercial services on the ground floor and as the main one for D. Antonio and his family; and the rest for rent and employees.\nThe house has undergone numerous changes over time in its bottom and first floor. In 1910 Garrigosa had four shops in Logroño, the basement of the family home, on Calle de la Audiencia, 3, La Gran ciudad de Londres (Mercado, 28), and Garrigosa y Suils (Sagasta, 13), another in Pamplona and one more in Tarazona (Zaragoza).\nAntonio Garrigosa’s participation in the social and cultural life of the city of Logroño was very intense., He took part in the creation, at the beginning of the 20th century , of one of the most representative leisure and culture centers of the population: “El Gran Casino “, which is still active in other venues. He belongs to its first Boards of Directors and was President for years.\nHis descendants, although in a very different ideological line from the creator of commercial businesses, also became involved in the socio-political context of the capital of La Rioja . Finally, as they arrived, they left.\nOn the right we present a group of images with different nodelos of the own investor Antonio Garrigosa Borrell and his commercial houses, using flash technology. We have tried to cover different chronological stages in the history of the “House” in the city of Logroño and its promoter", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "LOC/B. Philosophy, Psychology, and Religion\nFound in 197 Collections and/or Records:\nHeber Hyder Davis was a member of the Mormon Church in Salt Lake City, Utah. This collection consists of four bound volumes, two sets of written texts by Heber Hyder Davis. The first set of journals consists of his mission years, the second, various trips across the United States and various genealogical data written in an older hand.\nWilliam B. Davis was a pioneer and settler. The collection consists of a single letter written by Davis.\nClarence Burton Day (1889-1987) was a Presbyterian missionary teacher in China (1915-1943) and India (1947-1951). The collection includes correspondence, diaries, manuscripts, and photographs that reflect his work as a missionary.\nJoseph LeRoy Dodds (1891 - 1973) worked in India as a Presbyterian missionary in 1917, and in 1932, Dodds was appointed secretary of the India Council of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, and four years later he became secretary of the Board itself. The collection (1917-1958) contains correspondence and notes pertaining to trips Dodds made to China, the Near East, and Iran, as well as to his early experiences in India as teacher and instructor at the seminary.\nDarley Downs (1894?-1969) was a missionary in Japan before World War II. The collection contains correspondence, a manuscript, and printed matter related to missionary work.\nElizabeth G. Lewis Dunbar (1886 - ?) served as a medical missionary to India, from 1916 until 1947. The collection (1947) contains the manuscript of her autobiography.\nClara Dyer was a Methodist missionary in Ch'angli, Hopei (Hopeh) Province, northern China from the early to mid-twentieth century. The collection includes personal letters and reports that reflect her missionary work.\nJoseph W. Dyson (1889-1965) was a Southern Methodist missionary and educator at Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan (Formosa), from 1919 until 1949, and returned 1959-1965. The collection includes correspondence, diaries, publications, and photographs that reflect his work at the university, 1959-1965.\nThomas Lamb Eliot (1841-1936) was a Unitarian minister who also served as treasurer, acting president, and a committee member of the Portland Art Association. The collection (1910-1915) contains correspondence and printed material related to the the Portland Art Association.\nRuth Erickson (~1890 - 1970) and Eleanor Stevenson (~1898 - ?) were political radicals and Socialists who carried out a voluminous epistolary campaign against injustice. The collection contains correspondence by Erickson and Stevenson as well as subject files and personal material of Erickson's including manuscripts of poems, articles, plays, and novels.\nThe Eugene Print Collection assembles images of the city of Eugene and its vicinity. The majority of the images date from the 1880s-1920s.\nHubert Henry Farnham (1868-1953) was a minister of Evangelical Church in Portland, Oregon. The collection include diaries, correspondence (personal and professional), sermon outlines, and letters from his son Vernon.\nA chapter of the Christian Endeavor Society organized at the First Christian Church at Albany, Oregon. The collection (1893-1901) contains a constitution, by-laws, meeting minutes, and a membership list of the society.\nAlzo John Fisher was a Christian missionary. The Alzo John Fisher papers comprise letters, reports, articles, manuscripts, publications, and other information produced or collected by Fisher, all of which pertain to his missionary service in China. The collection also includes histories of Chinese Christian missions, which discuss many of the historical, political, and social events in China.\nMurray Scott Frame (d.1918) was a Congregational missionary and teacher in Lahore, India and Beijing, China, where he witnessed the 1911 Republican Revolution. His brother, John Davidson Frame (b. 1880), was a medical missionary for the Presbyterian Church in Persia. The collection consists of correspondence from the brothers to the family, including Alice Seymour Brown Frame, Murray's wife.\nEdward R. Geary (1811-1886) was a pioneer, missionary and educator. The collection consists of a typed transcription of a letter to John McLellan in which Geary describes his \"travel's history\" in Latin America and Oregon.\nWilliam Geiger came to Oregon in 1839 and worked at the mission Waiilatpu. Letters include incoming correspondence regarding mission matters at Waiilatpu and an outgoing letter describing the country.\nThe Giffen Family Papers consist of outgoing correspondence from Edward and Bertha Giffen written between 1894 and 1896 during their two-year mission in Hankow and Ching-Ku, China.\nRuth A. Gress was a Christian missionary in China between 1939 and 1950. The collection includes correspondence, a diary, literary manuscripts, and publications that reflect her missionary work.\nJohn Smith Griffin (1807–1899) was an Oregon pioneer and missionary. The collection consists of Griffin's record of an interview with fellow missionaries.\nJohn Smith Griffin (1807–1899) was an Oregon pioneer and missionary. The collection consists of promissory notes from Griffin to fellow missionary Harvey Clark for a South Tualatin land claim.\nCollection comprises newsletters, church reports, personal correspondence, sermons, special interest reports, and diaries of Adam and Clara Groesbeck, Baptist missionaries in the Kwangtung province of South China from 1897-1927 and 1931-1935.\nElgin E. Groseclose (1899-1983) was a writer, professor, specialist in finance, and treasurer for a financial and investment consultant firm. He was also involved in other interest groups that appealed to his deeply religious beliefs. The collection includes correspondence, diaries, speeches, writings, financial material, valuations, organizations and photographs.\nEmmet W. Gulley (1894-1981) became a missionary, as well as a professor and president of Pacific College (now George Fox College), and investigated the governmental relations between the Doukhobors and the Canadian government. The collection contains correspondence, administrative papers, articles, essays, pamphlets, and newspaper clippings regarding the Doukhobors and Gulley's mediation work, and a scrapbook that contains photographs of Doukhobors.\nArthur M. Guttery (1885-1981) was a Protestant minister and missionary for the Y.M.C.A. The collection contains sermons, religious addresses, essays on China, correspondence, and memoirs of Y.M.C.A. workers in China.\nJohn Jacob Handsanker was a Christian Church minister, organizer of Portland Community Chest, director of Armenian and Syrian relief, and Northwest secretary of the National Council for Prevention of War. Collection includes a typed autobiography, notebooks of recollections, typed family history, and several typed family letters.\nIrene Forsythe Hanson (1898-1976) was a Christian missionary in Tsingtao (Qingdao) and the countryside of China from 1926 to 1951. The collection includes correspondence, publications, newspaper clippings and a diary that reflect her work as a missionary.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A well-crafted video project put together by two Brattleboro Union High School (BUHS) students – Forest Zabriskie and Mason Redfield – for a recent class assignment.\nTo gather varied perspectives on the utilization of the Connecticut River – specifically the circa 1909 Vernon dam at the Great Bend in Sokwakik – they interviewed Matthew Cole, Community Relations for Great River Hydro (dam owner and operator); Kathy Urffer, River Steward for the Connecticut River Conservancy; and yours truly, for an Abenaki cultural viewpoint.\nThere are many ways to be in the world…\nThe second month of the Abenaki annual cycle has begun. The new moon following Alamikos (also known as Anhaldamawikizos) occurred on February 4, 2019 here in Sokwakik. In Western Abenaki, Pia8dagos means “makes branches fall into pieces” or ‘falling in pieces branches maker.” Last night’s windstorm made the reasoning abundantly clear.\nDr. C.W. Grau area map, circa 1860 from Old Maps\nCharles William Grau was a noted physician first at Brattleboro’s Wesselhoeft Water-Cure (1848), followed by the Lawrence Water-Cure (1853), and later in private practice. A key ingredient of his naturopathic treatment regimen was extensive outdoor exposure, in the form of walks, and drives. To encourage and facilitate the practice, he became a skilled cartographer, preparing detailed maps of nearby paths, roads, and scenic features for devotees.\nOn his large area map, there is a dotted line going north-south, connecting Western Avenue with Asylum Street, and intersecting the latter between the Retreat proper and the Retreat Farm. Just a trail or footpath at the time, this was to become today’s Cedar Street. Upon the area immediately south of the Farm and west of the Retreat is a two-word legend cryptically stating “Gypsy Grounds.” This is the land at the base of Harris Hill Ski Jump, still a cleared field surrounded by forest and relatively undisturbed except for the looming jump ramp.\nWhile there were a number of Romanichal (an Anglo-Romani subgroup from the British Isles) in North America at the time – most of them deported here unwillingly – “gypsy” was a term applied generally to anyone with a perceived migratory lifestyle. Most of the better-known Eastern European Romani emigrated to the US later in the 1800’s, primarily to urban areas. In Vermont, sociologists agree that the term “gypsy” was often a reference to the indigenous Abenaki and their kin, some of whom adopted an intinerant peddler version of their annual subsistence cycles. Returning to their traditional homelands in family groups with horse-drawn wagons, they sold baskets and woodenware, worked as day laborers, offered herbal treatments, and hunted and gathered as had their ancestors in the self-same places.\nDr. Grau’s 1860 “Gypsy Grounds” was and is one of these places. There are a number of historical newspaper accounts of gypsy visitations to Brattleboro in the 19th century, focusing on several specific localities. The area around the Retreat Farm and Meadows is documented as a known pre-European-Contact settlement site. The developing onslaught of war and colonization made sustainable Abenaki continuance untenable, driving the people and their culture out of sight and often far away. But the descendants of those forced off the land remembered their ties to the homelands and would return as they were able, living on the fringes of the growing towns and conducting their own affairs in a radically-changed social landscape. And those descendants are still here in Vermont, reclaiming their stories and reaffirming their connections to the land, at the place called Wantastegok and now known as Brattleboro.\nI was asked to speak at this event last Sunday, Feb. 13, 2019, at the Putney Community Center on Christian Square (slight irony) in Putney, VT. Super turnout – maybe 80-100 people? There may be video coverage on BCTV at some point soon; my friend Russ was there filming…\nLink to a pdf of the poster here: putney mt association 2019 poster\n“Here We Are” is a weekly half-hour talk show (interview/conversation) on Brattleboro Community Television, conceived and hosted by Wendy O’Connell. Wendy interviewed me in early December and the show is now post-production and was released for airing and on Youtube on Dec. 31, 2018. Wliwni Wendy!\nAskwa nd’aoldibna iodali – we are still here.\nBCTV link here.\nYoutube link here.\nSketch of “Indian Rock” at the mouth of the West River, by a young Larkin Mead, later a nationally-known sculptor.\nThe Brattleboro Historical Society has begun submitting a regular feature to the local Brattleboro Reformer daily. This week’s column takes a look at the misrepresentation of established Native presence in the state’s long-mythologized history books, and offers some corrections of perspective into the present. I was able to help contribute to this welcome piece by the Society.\nFull article here, excerpt below:\nIn 1828 the Brattleboro publishing company of Holbrook and Fessenden produced “A History of Vermont: From Its First Settlement to the Present Time.” It was the first known Vermont History book used in Brattleboro schools.\nWhen writing about the “native inhabitants,” author Francis Eastman wrote, “not a vestige of them now remains – gradually the encroachments of the whites have pushed them farther and farther on” to the west and north of the United States and Canada.\nIn many early histories of Vermont, Native Americans were hardly mentioned. A Vermont school book used from 1890 to 1925 starts this way, “Very few Indians lived in Vermont when white men first came here, though hunting parties and war parties often passed through, and sometimes a party would camp all summer in a good place.” You can see that early history books did not give Native Americans much claim to Vermont…\nEpisode 2 with Olga Peters on her Green Mountain Mornings show at Brattleboro’s WKVT radio (100.3 FM & 1490 AM). This is the second in a series of Sokoki Sojourn: Live on the air. We will explore Sokoki-inspired topics over a broad range of interests (mostly local, but occasionally further afield) including historical, linguistic, geographic, contemporary, political, cultural… (it’s all cultural…)\nDecember 20, 2018: In Abenaki, the Winter Solstice is known as “Peboniwi t8ni kizos wazwasa” or “In winter when the sun returns to the same place.” Rich Holschuh shares the deeper meaning of these phrases. He also helps anchor the sense of place that is Brattleboro (Wantastegok).\nPodcast here (thank you Olga!).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Many travellers have Croatia, Slovenia and Greece on their travel bucket lists. But Bosnia and Montenegro have much to offer for visiting families as well.\nHere are Five Reasons you should travel to Bosnia and Montenegro:\n1. Family-friendly destinations\nIn Bosnia and Montenegro, children are welcomed with open arms. Families will be very pleased to discover that Bosnians and Macedonians are friendly and very open and welcoming of children. Hospitality is taken seriously and accommodation and restaurant owners are warm and hospitable towards families with kids; children are viewed as a joy. This is music to any parents ears when travelling as a family!\n2. Top-notch sights at a fraction of the cost\nBosnia and Montenegro boast truly impressive natural and historical sights. Like the dramatic coastline of the Adriatic in Montenegro and the Bay of Kotor. Or the Dinaric Alps in Montenegro and Bosnia. And the literal street corner that sparked the First World War (Bosnia). These lesser-visited countries boast beautiful scenery, plenty of opportunities to explore, and numerous important historical sights. And yet, both of these countries still maintain very affordable accommodation, restaurants, transportation, and entry fees for tourist sights. This makes both Bosnia and Montenegro less expensive to travel through than neighbouring countries. While exploring Bosnia and Montenegro might take less of a toll on the bank account, it is just as rich in the experience department!\n3. Hidden historical gems without the crowds\nBosnia and Montenegro both receive a fraction of the international visitors that neighbouring Balkan countries do every year, which gives them an “off-the-beaten-path” feel. It also means you can visit any of either country’s important historical sites, like the Sarajevo bobsled track, the corner where Franz Ferdinand was assassinated (sparking WWI), explore the Bay of Kotor, or visit the Mostar bridge, without sharing your experience with thousands of other people.\n4. A crash course in modern history\nAs challenging and uncomfortable as seeing the wounds of the past can be, understanding history can help us to not repeat it. When the former Yugoslavia collapsed, one country at a time descended into civil war. The evidence of the Yugoslav wars is still very evident, especially in Bosnia, where buildings reveal bullet holes and other signs of fighting. While this can elicit all sorts of emotions, and children may have lots of questions about the events that took place, learning about the Yugoslav wars and the recovery period can help families gain perspective on the impact of conflict and how it applies today.\n5. Explore the crossroads of history\nOver the centuries, Montenegro and Bosnia have sat centre stage, along with other Balkan nations, as empires large and small rose and fell. Many of history’s great empires – Greek and Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman – ruled and controlled this slice of Europe. Each empire left its mark as well, from architecture and culture to religion and language. Roaming through Bosnia and Montenegro offer a first-hand experience of the textured and complicated history of these places and brings lessons in social studies to life.\nTake my advice, and just go!\nAbout the Author: Amie Gosselin loves adventure, exploring and travelling the world, especially with her husband and three daughters, and inviting others along for the ride. She blogs about family travel and adventure at www.steveamie.com.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Ridley Scott's new film: \"NAPOLEON\"\nNapoleon is a historical figure who continues to attract a lot of attention!\nPhoto Credits: Promo\nWhile eagerly awaiting the premiere of the epic blockbuster about the life and times of Napoleon Bonaparte, starring Joaquin Phoenix and directed by Ridley Scott (\"The Eighth Voyager,\" \"The Exterminator\" and \"Gladiator\"), Dominic Sandbrook, British writer, columnist, and anchor stated that there has never been a historical figure like the famous general in the French Revolution. He adds that Napoleon would agree with Putin, that he would be a tyrant like Hitler, and that his egomania would make Kim Jong Un proud.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Photograph album containing photographs, and other papers and memorabilia from time at Queen Mary College, including news cuttings, programmes for events, extracts from College bulletin, photographs from royal visits, photographs of old students.\nHOLMES, Peggy (-2008)\nScope and Content\nAdministrative / Biographical History\nEmployee Queen Mary College 1951-1982, Lecturer in Modern Languages, Warden of Linden Hall, Tutor to Women Students.\n1 file as set out in Scope and Content\nOpen. The Archives are available for access in the Archives Reading Room located on the 2nd Floor of the Mile End Library. The Archives Reading Room is open Mondays to Fridays 9am-4pm by appointment only. Contact the Archives for more information: Archives, Main Library QMUL, 328 Mile End Rd, London E1 4NS, telephone: 020 7882 3873, email: email@example.com . For more information about the Archives see the website: library.qmul.ac.uk/archives\nRetained in situ by creator and then given to Peter R Wiles following her death in 2008. Gift to Queen Mary College from Peter Wiles in 2010.\nOther Finding Aids\nNo additional finding aids.\nConditions Governing Use\nApplications for copies for research or publication should be made to the Archivist: Main Library QMUL, 328 Mile End Rd, London E1 4NS, telephone: 020 7882 7873, email: firstname.lastname@example.org .", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "NEW YORK (AP) — An admission ticket to the launch of the Titanic and a first-class dinner menu for the ocean liner's first night at sea are among dozens of Titanic-related artifacts being auctioned this month, exactly 100 years after the ship struck an iceberg and sank.\nThe Bonhams auction on April 15 also includes a handwritten account by Arthur Rostron, the captain of the Carpathia, the first ship to arrive on the disaster scene after picking up the Titanic's distress call.\nThe letter, with a pre-sale estimate of $90,000 to $120,000, offers \"a full account and timeline of what happened from the moment the Titanic struck the iceberg to the time the ship sank,\" Gregg K. Dietrich, Bonhams' maritime art consultant, said Friday.\nNearly all of the 88 documents and objects relate to either the crew or the passengers aboard the ship or to the actual April 15, 1912, disaster.\nThe Titanic sank after hitting an iceberg the night before during its maiden passage from Southampton, England, to New York.\nThe VIP launch ticket is dated May 31, 1911, and \"is the only known example to have the admittance stub intact,\" Dietrich said. It is estimated to sell for $50,000 to $70,000.\nAlso for sale are 35 of the 37 messages from the signal book of the Titanic's sister ship, the Olympic.\nThe first message, from the Titanic to the Olympic, which was 550 miles away, says: Titanic sending out signals of distress ... WE HAVE STRUCK AN ICEBERG.\" It is expected to bring $25,000-$35,000.\nContinue reading this story on the...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|\nThis test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.\nMultiple Choice Questions\n1. \"________ supremacy was no longer just a rallying cry, a goal, a discourse, or a description of relations.\"\n2. Hiram R. Revels was the senator elect from ____________ in 1870.\n3. __________ efforts generally offers African Americans a greater chance of holding office and holding some sort of political power.\n4. Wherever they lived, it was important for black voters to travel to polling sites ____________ with as many individuals as possible.\n(b) With guns.\n5. ___________ in the United States shouldered the burden of industrial development.\n(a) War time.\n6. More than a few reputed leaders argued that the KKK was a _____________ response to the Union League.\n7. The KKK complained that freed slaves were organizing and were accumulating arms, holding ____________, and threatening mobilizations.\n(a) Secret meetings.\n(b) Bake sales.\n(c) Militia training.\n8. The young white men who were attracted to the KKK were once members of the _______________.\n(a) Landowner's associations.\n(b) Confederate Army.\n9. White landowners and tenant farmers began to attend meetings of the Agricultural _______ or Farmer's Alliance in large numbers.\n10. Some black leaders, while sympathetic, were hesitant to support and to endorse ___________.\n(c) Landowner law changes.\n11. The great majority of African Americans in the South remained loyal to the __________ Party.\n12. School houses were where African Americans learned about __________, their enfranchisement, and the importance of voting.\n(d) KKK battle tactics.\n13. Many new agricultural groups claimed to stand for the interests of small farmers and drew on the political legacies of ____________.\n14. The lines of authority tended to flow from the _______ heads of household.\n15. When the Republican Party began to attract more white voters, those voters would not support ____________.\n(a) Black candidates.\n(b) White candidates.\n(c) Land owership by blacks.\n(d) Voting in elections.\nShort Answer Questions\n1. The KKK could be seen as a __________ movement to continue the battle or avenge the consequences of surrender during the Civil War.\n2. Bands of whites rode through the countryside disarming freed people and making plans to call out the ___________ to deal with the blacks.\n3. What did the arrangement mentioned in #153 limit? This limited _________ mobilization and organization that had happened during Reconstruction.\n4. Effective ___________ had to come from groups like the Union League and the Republican Party.\n5. The Readjusters tried to rally local communities by paying the __________ for a large number eligible voters.\nThis section contains 419 words\n(approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A very serious and true story!\nJimmy Stewart suffered such extreme PTSD after being a bomber pilot in World War II that he acted out his mental distress during ‘It’s a Wonderful Life’. Stewart played George Bailey in the classic movie and channeled his anger and guilt into the scenes where he rages at his family.\nStewart was haunted by ‘a thousand black memories’ from his time as an Air Force commanding officer that he took with him back to Hollywood after the war. Pilots who flew with him said that became ‘Flak Happy’ during World War II, a term to describe what is now known as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, or PTSD.\nStewart wrestled with the guilt of killing civilians in bomb raids over France and Germany including one instance where they destroyed the wrong city by mistake.\nStewart felt responsible for the death of his men and especially one bloodbath where…\nView original post 673 more words\nOne thought on “Intermission Story (8) – Jimmy Stewart”\nThank you for sharing this story. I hope your readers enjoy it as much as mine have.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Student Protests and Strikes at Northwestern University\nDeering Library Level 1, Room 110\n1970 Campus Drive\nEvanston, IL 60208\nPhone: (847) 491-3354\nExtent: .5 Linear Feet\nThe development of student protests and strikes at Northwestern University reflected the national fusion of youth popular and alternative cultures with political activism of the 1960s and 1970s. Throughout these years, demonstrations stemmed mainly from opposition to military conflict in Vietnam, but also included national and international political issues, including the presence of the NROTC on campus, the Vietnam draft, the bombing of Southeast Asia, anti-Nixon sentiments, support for the Black Panthers and resistance to structural racism within the university.\nScope and Content Note:\nThe Student Protests and Strikes Collection consists of diverse materials that document political demonstrations and protests organized by students, spanning from August 1965 through October 1979. Each event included in this collection documents a segment of the history of Northwestern students’ political activism. The collection as a whole illustrates the ascendance of political activism among NU students and faculty, both as the product of individual actors and circumstances affecting the NU community as well as the product of the state of American youth at large.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Thomas W. Dixon, Jr.\nThis book will be ideal for modelers interested in late steam locomotive and early diesel era engine terminals. It reproduces material originally contained in articles appearing in railway age and other trade magazines of the time, combined with many photos of various types of coaling and fueling facilities. Material is also gleaned from Fairbanks-Morse catalogs and ads of Ogle Engineering and Roberts & Schaefer, the three major builders of coaling stations.\nTitle / Description\nThe Coaling Station and Its Function\nEarly Coaling Stations\nC&O Coaling Station at Thurmond, W.Va\nModern Wood Frame Coaling Stations\nTypical Wood Frame Coaling Stations from Major Builders\nReinforced Concrete Coaling Stations\nSteel Coaling Stations\nAutomatic Coaling Stations\nEarly Diesel Locomotive Fueling Facilities", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "[News Script: Fort of Houston]\nDescription: Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about the shortage of gasoline in the Fort of Houston.\nDate: June 5, 1973, 12:00 p.m.\nCreator: WBAP-TV (Television station : Fort Worth, Tex.)\nItem Type: Refine your search to only Script\nPartner: UNT Libraries Special Collections", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "< UkraineJump to navigation Jump to search\n- Europe : Sixth largest continent; area 10,000,000 km2; pop. 720,000,000\n- Kiev : Capital and largest city of Ukraine, located along the Dnieper River, with an estimated population of 2.8 million people.\n- Crimea : A peninsula and republic of Ukraine in eastern Europe located on the north side of the Black Sea.\n- Holodomor : Man-made famine in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic between 1932 and 1933, that killed up to 7.5 million Ukrainians.\n- Soviet Union : A Communist state, which took over the Russian Empire, after the Russian Revolution of 1917 that existed from 1922 to 1991; the major part now extant as the Russian Federation", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Newtown is Sarasota’s historic, African American community, located between Myrtle Ave. and 17th St., nestled between railroad tracks on its east and west ends. During Jim Crow segregation, the community was self-sufficient with flourishing businesses. The church, school and family were cornerstones.\nThe “Newtown Alive” initiative began when former Sarasota mayor Fredd Atkins saw the need to document Newtown’s 100 year history in 2005. Newtown residents were fearful of redevelopment and gentrification of their neighborhood after witnessing what happened to the first African American community, Overtown, located in downtown Sarasota. Rebranded as the Rosemary District, Overtown’s recognizable, historical landmarks began to disappear and no longer exist. In 2015, the City of Sarasota and Vickie Oldham founded the Newtown Conservation Historic District project (aka Newtown Alive). Many resources about black history were completed, including a website, www.newtownalive.org.\nThe Returned Peace Corps Volunteers of Gulf Coast Florida is a 501(c)3 nonprofit group\nThe mission of the RPCVs of Gulf Coast Florida is to work together to promote peace through cultural exchange and continuing service in our communities at home and internationally. We support returning, active and future Peace Corps Volunteers. Our service projects, advocacy, educational activities and social events provide us with opportunities to engage with other RPCVs in Florida, as well as anyone who has an interest in Peace Corps. We strive to fulfill the Third Goal of Peace Corps: Strengthen Americans' understanding about people and cultures of other countries.\nPeace Corps for Life!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The American Veteran: Chuck Layton, POW\nThis is an Access Fort Wayne production, headquartered at the Allen County Public Library in Fort Wayne, Indiana. The interview is from a program called \"The American Veteran\" which is produced and hosted by Dale Parish. His guest for this episode was Chuck Layton, a Korean War veteran. Layton was captured by the North Koreans and held as a prisoner of war for 17 weeks before escaping.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "New solutions for house museums: ensuring the long-term preservation of America's historic houses\nA generational shift is occurring at historic house museums as board members and volunteers retire while few young people step forward to take their place. These landmarks are also plagued by serious deferred maintenance, and many have no endowment funds. What will happen to these sites in the next ten years, and what can be done to assure their continued preservation for generations to come? In New Solutions for House Museums, Harris examines possible options and provides a decision-making methodology as well as a dozen case studies of house museums that have made a successful transition to a new owner or user.\n55 pages matching maintenance in this book\nResults 1-3 of 55\nWhat people are saying - Write a review\nWe haven't found any reviews in the usual places.\nIs This Your House Museum?\nThe DecisionMaking Process\nMaking the Transition\n20 other sections not shown\nOther editions - View all\naccessed Adams House Adel Adobe assets Atlanta History Center attorney Barkerville board members Board of Directors British Columbia Bruns chapter City Cliveden co-stewardship community foundation Cooper costs Curatorship program Deadwood decision discussed donation EAA Archives easement easement-holding organization Elfreth's Alley Association Elkins Emily Carr House endowment ensure entity funds future ganization Hazelwood Heritage Branch Heurich House Historic Adams House historic building historic house museum Historic Preservation historic property historic sites Historical Society House and Museum house museum organization interpretive plan interview with author Kopco lease M-NCPPC maintain maintenance Maryland-National Capital Park meeting membership merger mission Nantucket Historical Association National Trust nonprofit organization operating option organization's organizational owner ownership Pamela Cooper Park and Planning Philadelphia Point Ellice Point Ellice House Prince George's County proposal purchase Resident Curator restoration reuse sell staff stewards tion toric Trust for Historic visitors Vosburgh", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "On the19th of October, at 19:30 in the show bTV The Reporters, Gabriela Naplatanova and the cameraman Ivan Filchev discovered the dramatic story of the women pilots, removed from military aviation fifty years ago and what happened when they have returned. The reporters showed how this extremely stressful profession, that requires a huge dose of responsibility and selflessness, can be conquered by the ladies. The material \"Flying Girls\" is an experiment that tracks the torn intergenerational line between women aviators. The team of bTV The Reporters arranged a meeting between the women future fighter - pilots and the first and the only woman pilot and instructor of a jet - the retired Lieut. Emilia Garbova. Viewers can see the exclusive footage from the first flights of airmen and women to enjoy the unique video from the cockpit of the MiG 29 and L 39.\nIn the last two decades, the number of women involved in the aviation has steadily increased, as in all other working spheres. Women pilots, though, represent only six percent in this profession. At the first Annual International Women in Aviation Conference in 1990, participants recognized the need to train more women for pilots. Following a number of successful conferences, Women in Aviation International (WAI) was established as a professional, non-profit organization in 1994.\nExample that women are in no way inferior to men in this area is Marina Popovich (on the left picture above), nicknamed \"Madame MIG .\" Fighting for her dream of becoming a military pilot, she convinced the leaders to allow her to train, although at that time the Soviet Army had no female pilots. She is the only pilot in the world who achieved 101 world records with aircrafts of different types.\nAnother legend in the aviation is Amelia Earhart (on the picture in the middle and above) who was the idol of many young American girls. She was the first woman pilot to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean.\nMaria Atanasova (on the right picture above) is the first Bulgarian woman to become commander of an airliner. She signed up for a course of motor gliding, but could not enter the military air school in Dolna Mitropolia, because women were not admitted to be trained there. At her insistence regulations were amended and she graduated in 1950 together with 12 other girls. In 1952 Atanasova became an instructor, and then she finished school for fighter pilots. From 1953 to 1974 the Bulgarian flied as a pilot and commander of the \"LI -2 \", \" IL -14 \", \" IL- 18\", \" TU -134 \" on the routes of the BA \" Balkan\". In the beginning she took internal flights in business aviation, and later on the international ones. Maria Atanasova was the only female pilot in the world to land heavy airliner in extreme conditions at London airport \"Heathrow\".\nThe first woman ever taking part in a combat mission was the Bulgarian Raina Kassabova. This historic event took place at the end of October 1912.\nThe first flight in Bulgaria of a woman with glider was carried out by Maria Stefanova - Markova. She took her first test for a glider pilot on the 24 July 1938 on the airplane Zögling 33.\nEmilia Garbova (the third from the left to the right on the picture below) was the first woman pilot of a military jet.\nThe first female pilot to fly alone on a jet aircraft was Maria Bogdanova Nedyalkova. This event in Bulgarian aviation took place on the 4th of September, 1947. She was followed by Teophana Crill and Dora Vasileva - Mochkova.\nValentina Tzvetkova was the only woman leader of a governmental \"Falcon\" in the world.\nMore information about women pilots:\nStories of some fameous women aviators\nInternational Society of Women Airline Pilots\n\"Women pilot\" magazine\nDetailed chronology of the history of women in aviation", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Imagine what a Christmas celebration might be like in the home of the Vanderbilt's? A magnificent parlor with fantastic decorations, and what kind of music would you hear? This gives us a glimpse of Gilded Age taste, here very much influenced by French culture, but also combined with some very special American works and other sounds of the holidays! This is a FREE event as part of the Vanderbilt Mansion Holiday Open House from 10am - 8pm.\n5:00 p.m. EST, Sunday, December 3, 2017\nVanderbilt Mansion NHS\n4097 Albany Post Road , Hyde Park, NY", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Caribana is an annual weekend long festival in Toronto. It’s a celebration of the culture of Caribbean people. It was founded in 1976.\nCaribana celebrates a tradition called carnival. Carnival is celebrated throughout many nations and people in the western hemisphere. Most notably, it’s celebrated in New Orleans as Mardi Gras, the Anglo-Caribbean world (Trindad, etc), and Brazil’s Rio Carnival. It includes people dressing in costumes, parading and beating drums\nCaribbean Carnival and Caribana\nDuring late July and early August, Caribana is held in Toronto. It’s a branching off of the large Caribbean communities in Canada (2 of 3 black Canadians are of Caribbean ancestry; although it’s not only blacks who celebrate it.)\nThe Caribbean’s Carnivals all have several common themes all originating from Trinidad and Tobago Carnival, based on folklore, culture, religion,and tradition, not on amusement rides. Carnival tradition is based on a number of disciplines including: “Playing Mas”/Masquerade; Calypso Music and crowning a Calypso King or Monarch; Panorama (Steel Band Competition);\nBefore 1834, when slavery was abolished, Trinidad’s Carnival celebrations had two aspects: the torches, drumming and other African-derived ceremonies of the slave classes, and the fancy-dress silks and satins of the European plantation owners. Often, the French monsieurs and madames would dress as fantastical versions of their own slaves, while the slaves would parody the plantation owners.\nAfter the emancipation, former slaves, under the concealment of disguise, brought their dances, their songs and their festival traditions to the streets, recreating in symbolic ways the freedom from the cane fields. This period was characterised by the participation of the “jamette” or underclasses, and by cross-racial costumes. Archtypical characters-devils, bats, royalty, Indians and death figures – were gradually refined into such traditional favourites as the Jab Jab, Jab Molassic, Midnight Robber and pierrot Grenade (versions of which persist to the present day).\nCoincidentally, Toronto’s Caribanaâ Festival falls on the anniversary of the emancipation from slavery in Trinidad (August 1, 1834), and also on the date of a European festival celebrating the first loaf of the new year’s wheat and the opening of the fields for common pasturage.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Ratangarh Fort, Churu , Churu\nAbout Ratangarh Fort, Churu\nRatangarh fort built on the Agra Bikaner highway by Ratan Singh who was the king of Bikaner in 1820. While the fort was built due importance was given to town planning as an integral part of the town development. The bazaar in the town is laid in shape of a cross with shops painted like the town.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "What a day for the people of Britain and the world!\nI was born in the United Kingdom 51 years ago and have always known the Queen to be the monarch of this country. My mother was only 4 years old when Queen Elizabeth II was crowned and she’s now 72! This goes for the great majority of people around the world. So when she passed away 10 days ago, it was the end of an era that has been felt by many; me included.\nI’m not a Royalist, yet I have respect for a lady that has lived for such a long time, and devoted decades of service to the country.\nI feel that many people need a figure head to look up to, and the Queen filled a void for them in this respect.\nThe funeral procession today, the pipers, the music and the organisation and emotion have been heartfelt and moving. I thought the way the Royal Navy pulled the gun carriage along was very emotional, and fulfilled a tradition which began with the funeral of Queen Victoria. The bagpipes playing as the Queen’s coffin continued along the route was very moving. It was sad and so well done.\nRest in Peace, Queen Elizabeth II", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Vrindavan, 2017.12.02 (VT): Swami Trivikramananda aka. Sudanshu Maharaj, the father of Vrindavan’s healthcare system, left his body on Monday night. He was the longest-serving Secretary of the Ramkrishna Mission Sevashram hospital in Vrindavan.\nAbout six decades ago, Swamiji came to Vrindavan from West Bengal. Here he dedicated his entire life to serving the poor and helpless. His was named secretary of Ramkrishna Mission Sevashram in 1972, and continued this service till his retirement in the year 2000.\nAlthough Ramkrishna Mission Sevashram was officially founded in 1908, the organization grew exponentially during Swamiji’s tenure. Under his capable and energetic leadership, many reputed doctors joined the staff, some on full salaries, some on honorarium and others for free. Housing for workers was constructed and a rest area for patients’ families was created. In 1980, a nursing school was opened at the Sevashram, and a maternity ward was added in 1986.\nAlso during this period, grants from the State government allowed the Sevashram to begin offering mobile medical services, as people from remote villages found it difficult to commute to the hospital in Vrindavan. Rural health awareness seminars and women’s literacy programs were added to the mobile unit’s itinerary. Many other updates to Ramkrishna Mission Sevashram’s facilities were made under Swamiji’s guidance, and the entire period of his tenure was one of rapid growth.\nDevotees were allowed to have their last darshan of Swamiji at Ramkrishna Mission, and his last rites were performed on Tuesday at noon on the bank of the Shri Yamuna River.\nVrindavan Today’s managing editor Jagannath Poddar said, “Sri Sudhanshu Maharaj’s disappearance is a great loss for Vrindavan. He was a great devotee and lover of Vrindavan. I went to see him last summer with my daughter Jahnavi, and he was literally crying when he heard about the merger of Vrindavan with Mathura. He was completely dedicated to Vrindavan and his presence will be greatly missed.”", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Over the last ten years, it seems that cannabidiol (CBD) has become one of the most trending molecules in the health and wellness industry. To some, it may seem like this CBD hype came out of nowhere, when in actuality, CBD has been popping up in science, medicine, and culture for centuries. So, where did this all begin, and what’s next for this multifaceted molecule?\nLet’s start at the beginning to get a true sense of the history of hemp and CBD.\nWe do our best to provide up-to-date information but this is not medical advice. Please consult a physician for specific CBD questions/concerns or before trying CBD. Some of the links on this website may be affiliate links which means we may earn commission (at no extra cost to you). This helps keep our website ad free and pay our awesome team to keep researching and creating content for you.\nCBD Ancient History\nBefore the 1900’s, hemp (also known as cannabis) was a commonly traded plant in the global market, similar to Tobacco. The earliest recorded cannabis use was found in the 5th century writings of the Greek historian, Herodotus. His records reference the use of cannabis in central Eurasian bathhouses, through vaporization on the hot rocks in steam rooms.\nBy the 16th century, cannabis had begun to spread through the Columbian exchange to West Africa from its south Asia evolutionary homeland, and was eventually brought to Brazil where it would later spread to the Americas.\nCannabis was considered a highly versatile crop that was commonly traded and cultivated around the world, later being seen as an economically advantageous resource to European colonists.\nEarly reports on the uses and trades of cannabis were predominantly from European observers, which limits historical knowledge as Europeans strongly favored tobacco and were mostly ignorant or disdainful of African cannabis uses. Regardless, both tobacco and cannabis became cash crops under colonial regimes. Despite the cultural misunderstandings of cannabis use, it was unanimously understood that the fibers, oils, and seeds of cannabis were monumental for progress everywhere.\nIn 1611, King James I of England issued a royal decree that all colonists of the 13 colonies grow hemp in North America. Given the many useful byproducts that came from hemp, it was often considered more valuable than money, and at one time was even used as legal tender for paying taxes. Up until this time, the ceremonial and medicinal uses of cannabis were stigmatized by Europeans. Their limiting beliefs lead to a misunderstanding of the benefits of consuming cannabis, stunting research on cannabis in western medicine. It wasn’t until 1839 that Dr. William O’Shaughnessy brought medicinal cannabis from India to the mainstream via his publications that caught the attention of Western medical practitioners. This ultimately led to over 100 studies conducted on cannabis in the last half of the 19th century.\nDiscovery of CBD in 1940\nCBD was first discovered in 1940 by Roger Adams, an American organic chemist. Adams isolated both CBD and CBN (another cannabinoid known as cannabinol) from hemp. At this time Adams also hypothesized about the existence of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), or the psychoactive component of cannabis.\nIt took another four years before THC was extracted and isolated by chemist Raphael Mechoulam. It was through his work that the molecular shapes of CBD and THC were identified. This would pave the roadmap to future scientific discoveries on cannabinoids across the world.\nCBD Pharmaceutical Use is Revealed\nIn 1985, Allyn Howlett discovered the CB1 receptor in the human body. This is part of the nervous system that is responsible for interacting with CBD and other cannabinoids. By 1993, the CB2 receptor was discovered, leading to Mechoulam theorizing that cannabinoids may have an impact on human health, which was proven in his studies. This grouping of receptors was then officially named the Endocannabinoid System.\nIn 1996, California was the first state to legalize cannabis for medical use which later prompted Alaska, Washington, and Oregon to legalize cannabis for therapeutic use within a year.\nAs conversation began to build on the medical implications of cannabinoids, researchers were eager to find substantial proof. However, with laws in place that limited testing we had to rely on anecdotal evidence for years.\nOne of the most famous medical patients, Charlotte Figi became a legacy in cannabis for her activism and touching story that led to the creation of the strain Charlotte’s Web.\nFigi was a young girl, suffering from Dravet Syndrome, a severe form of epilepsy. Her mother began administering cannabis oil as a treatment, as they struggled before to find any medicines that would minimize the intense symptoms of the syndrome. Due to cannabis, the frequency of seizures was so greatly improved that they were able to share this success story with the world, Figi became a public figure in the cannabis movement. Before CBD, Figi was experiencing 300 seizures a week, which then dropped to about 3 a month. Her story prompted a movement to make safe access to medical CBD possible for both children and adults.\nSadly, in April of 2020, Charlotte Figi passed away due to complications with pneumonia. Though, her impact lives on and continues to change many people’s lives to this day.\nFarm Bill Opens the Door for CBD\nNew avenues for research and development within the hemp industry came about when the 2014 Farm Bill was voted in. This allowed institutions of higher education and state agriculture departments to grow hemp under a pilot program in states that permitted such. The Farm Bill created a new opportunity for research, helping to redefine the benefits and risks of the industrial hemp industry.\nAt the time, it was still somewhat legally ambiguous to work with compounds from the cannabis plant, even those derived from hemp. CBD, the most popular cannabinoid known for its medicinal potential, was still considered a Schedule I substance at the time, despite its non-psychoactive effect on the body. This classification was officially changed in the 2018 Farm Bill amendment, removing hemp and CBD from scheduling.\nNow any hemp that tests below 0.3% THC can be grown as any other USDA regulated crop, and is available for export. Some states opted to stay within the guidelines of the 2014 program (cultivation for research purposes only), however commercial hemp cultivation is fully legal under federal law in the United States. The same can be said for Canada.\nGlobal Legalization of CBD\nInternationally, cannabis has been making waves to end prohibition around the world. In reviewing a series of WHO recommendations on cannabis and its derivatives, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) voted to remove cannabis from scheduling, recognizing the medical and therapeutic potential. This decision could drive additional scientific research with more than 50 countries adopting medical and/or adult use cannabis programs.\nUncommon Products & The Future of CBD\nAlongside the boom in CBD legislation we have also seen a significant influence from the tech industry innovations on the types of CBD products on the market. Some products are less compelling based on efficacy, like CBD infused pillows and pants, while others could be life changing – like fast acting CBD inhalers.\nOver the next decade of advancements in CBD products, we must acknowledge the science and importance of proper analytical testing techniques to maintain a strong foundation for public health and safety. Thankfully, CBD is such a safe ingredient to work with that the focus is less on the dangers of CBD and more on the effectiveness of dosing and methods of use.\nAny statements made in this post are not intended to replace advice from a medical professional. Please consult your healthcare professional about potential interactions or other possible complications before using any CBD product.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Dead people generally keep pretty quiet. But in his latest book, local historian Kenneth Milano tells tales of long-gone fishermen, shipbuilders, soldiers, ancestors of a great baseball family, community leaders and others buried in historic cemeteries in Kensington and Fishtown.\nIn Palmer Cemetery and the Historic Burial Grounds of Kensington & Fishtown, Milano details the role Kensington founder Anthony Palmer and his heirs played in creating Palmer Cemetery in the mid-1700s and of an early 1800s battle where another to-be community institution, First Presbyterian Church of Kensington, tried to wrest control of the burial ground from its trustees.\nIn a battle of printed pamphlets, church leaders said the trustees were negligent in their duties while the trustees said what the church, which was running low on construction funds, really wanted was the cemetery’s money. The state legislature ruled in favor of the trustees.\nMilano tells the sad story of a busy time for those in the burial business, the 1793 Yellow Fever outbreak. Between August and November, he writes, an average of 42 people were buried each month – compared to the usual 4 per month. The illness is believed to have been brought to the area by Elizabeth Hill, wife of one of the community’s original fisherman, Jacob Hill Jr. Reports say she was sailing near the “infected wharves” in Philadelphia, but Milano says, “In all likelihood, she was probably transporting fish to sell at the fish market at Front and Market streets.”\nMilano also writes about cemeteries that used to be in the community, but were closed, and the remains they contained moved elsewhere. The historian’s research make it clear that many bodies were likely left behind.\nIn a section of the book that should not be read with breakfast, he details the demise and removal of a cemetery that operated from about 1831 to 1892 on the south side of Vienna (now Berks) Street between West (now Belgrade) and Gaul streets. The cemetery had many names, including the Union Burial Ground of the Northern Liberties and Kensington and West Street Burial Ground, Milano states. Whatever people called it, it was a source of trouble for neighbors by 1876, when the city declared it a nuisance.\nCosmetic fixes were made, but in summer 1878, neighbors along Vienna (Berks) Street complained to the city that “foul oozings from the ground pour out upon the pavement.”\nAccording to an Aug. 15, 1890 Evening Herald article Milano reprints in his book, residents of Allegheny Avenue, near the Aramingo Canal, reported to police that Highway Bureau workers were moving soil from the cemetery to the marshy areas along the canal bank, and “that among the dirt had been found human skulls, ribs, arm and leg bones.”\nMilano reports that in 1892, the cemetery land was sold and remains were moved to a mass burial plot at Northwood Cemetery, 15th and Haines streets.\nThe book contains many old maps and photographs, as well as more current photographs showing the modern looks of blocks where cemeteries used to be.\nThe book is available through the publisher’s website at www.historypress.net. Search for Milano. It can also be purchased at book store chain’s local locations and at Laurel Hill Cemetery Gift Shop and other local stores.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "grow year by year. Was not Holland the first country to create a system enabling banks to serve both trade and industry, with the establishment in Amsterdam in 1824 of the famous Société de la Maatshappij* with capital of 80 million, of which 10 million francs was personally subscribed by a king of the Netherlands?\nLastly, is not the Amsterdam market the only place in the world (even taking London into account) where all European and foreign State funds are officially listed on the Stock Exchange?\nNot long afterwards, another chronicler warmly expressed the interest aroused by the founding of the Nederlandsche Credit- en Deposito Bank:\nThe country par excellence for accumulating capital and the traditional home of good finance, Holland has just joined the trend towards modern banking by setting up a financial institution which is surely destined to take a leading position among similar institutions in Europe.\n*It was actually the Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij (NHM)\nthe placing of foreign debt was carried out by administrative offices which issued bearer- certificates, of which the underlying instrument was foreign debt. These certificates were in fact registered in the country of the debt issuer. It should be noted that this activity, which was the first kind of investment fund in the world, had already been in existence since the 1770s.\nThe renaissance of capital markets and the establishment of new banks, 1860-1914\nThe period 1860 to 1914, with acceleration after 1890, saw the formation of the modern Netherlands banking sector, which can rightly be termed a Netherlands financial empire. 3 as Johan de Vries notes. Economic progress during the 1860-1914 period fostered the rebuilding and development of capital markets, which saw strong growth both in the number of deals and the number of participating institutions. Advances against one- month renewable paper, together with three-month Lombard loans4 were a prominent feature of many of the deals.\nAlthough the capital markets were very active during this period, the actual volume of investments remained lower than on other major European markets. During the 1910- 1915 period, total investment in foreign securities on the Dutch market amounted to 3 billion guilders (around $1.25 billion equivalent), at a time when investment in foreign securities stood at $19.5 billion in Great Britain, $8.6 billion in France and $6.7 billion in Germany. It was therefore difficult for the Dutch market to compete with these major markets, which led Dutch institutions to forge partnerships with other European banks. During this period issues of domestic debt increased, stimulated by a growing demand for capital.\nIt was against this background that a number of financial institutions and intermediaries were set up. The majority of players in the capital markets were involved both in market deals issues, new listings, and so on and commercial banking business. This was also the time when new players, such as the Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij (the Netherlands Trading Society) came into the market. From 1880 onwards NHM took part in issuance syndications, first of all in the Netherlands and its colonies, and then on the international markets.\nThe Dutch market was also influenced by the Crédit mobilier 5 movement in France; such banks had the declared objective of promoting industrial enterprises of all kinds, such as the construction of railways and the opening of mines, by making loans and dealing in\n3. In Handbook on the History of European Banks, European Association for Banking History, Edward Elgar, 1994, p. 725.\n4. A Lombard loan is one for which the borrower pledges as collateral assets that can be easily liquidated, usually a securities portfolio.\n5. Société Générale de Crédit Mobilier was founded in 1852 by the brothers Isaac and Emile Pereire for the purpose of taking stakes in companies.\n30 T H E H I S T O R Y O F B N P PA R I B A S I N T H E N E T H E R L A N D S", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Temari balls are a form of folk art that originated in China and were introduced to Japan in the 7th century. Originally, they were made from herbs and leather, and noblewomen of Japan developed theirs from silk and kimono scraps. The temari ball is a symbol that represents great loyalty or a valued friendship. In modern day Japan, mothers make them for their children as part of New Year's celebrations.\nPictured here: Temari balls were featured as handmade decorations on Silke Stoddard's wooden Scandinavian Christmas tree.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|23-06-2017||By Whizzky Staff Writer|\nTennessee has launched its own whiskey trail encompassing over 30 distilleries throughout the state.\nHot off the tracks of the popular Kentucky Bourbon Trail, comes the Tennessee Whiskey Trail which spans across the land-locked state known for its hospitality, music and American whiskey. .\nThe trail promises an experience of the history and tradition of Tennessee whiskey as well as the innovative Tennessee distillers. Distilleries featured on the Trail include Old Dominick in the West Tennessee, Jack Daniel's in Mid-Tennessee and Bootleggers Distillery, in East Tennessee. In addition to whiskey, the trail offers genuine southern hospitality, the mighty Mississippi river, Great Smokey Mountain and jazz filled streets of Memphis.\nOn the whiskey trail, visitors can collect memories and stamps with the Tennessee Whiskey Trail Passport available at the featured distilleries.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "History: Walt Disney born in 1901 On this day in 1901, the pioneer of the…\nToday in History: Bombing of Dresden in 1945\nOn this day in 1945, a series of Allied firebombing raids begins against the German city of Dresden, reducing the “Florence of the Elbe” to rubble and flames, and killing as many as 135,000 people. It was the single most destructive bombing of the war—including Hiroshima and Nagasaki—and all the more horrendous because little, if anything, was accomplished strategically since the Germans were already on the verge of surrender.\nMore than 3,400 tons of explosives were dropped on the city by 800 American and British aircraft. The firestorm created by the two days of bombing set the city burning for many more days, littering the streets with charred corpses, including many children. Eight square miles of the city were ruined, and the total body count was between 35,000 and 135,000 (an approximation is all that was possible given that the city was filled with many refugees from farther east). The hospitals that were left standing could not handle the numbers of injured and burned, and mass burials became necessary. Source: www.history.com.\n#Dresden #PosterArt #VintagePoster #VintagePosters #vintage #art #paper #graphic #graphics #artoftheday #picofhteday #fun #cool #posterconnection #originalposter #vintagefinds #interiordesign #vintagehome #vintagedecor #graphicdesign #designporn https://goo.gl/YC5rQA https://goo.gl/GXcrV8", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Chamberlain Highbury Trust gets permission to start £300,000 of renovation work on the gardens at Chamberlain’s Highbury\nThe Chamberlain Highbury Trust has received ‘permission to start’ from he National Lottery Heritage Fund and Historic England to renovate a portion of the Grade II historic grounds that surround the suburban mansion house built by Joseph Chamberlain in 1878. The grounds were placed on Historic England’s Heritage at Risk Register in September 2019. The property is located in Moseley, Birmingham and was the political base of Chamberlain until 1914 when he died. Work is expected to start this summer.\nThe ‘Highbury’s Gardens’ project will reinstate the original driveway from the Lodge up to the house, restore the rhododendron garden, open up views between the lake and the house and improve the footpath network to the east of the house.\nThe Trust has secured grants of £100k from both he National Lottery Heritage Fund with money raised by National Lottery players and Historic England towards the cost of the work, together with £80k from Birmingham City Council’s Highbury Trust and £20k from a local charitable trust. We hope to recruit around 50 garden volunteers to lend their skills and time to the project.\nThe Highbury’s Gardens project marks the first phase of a historic landscape restoration programme for the 30 acres of gardens around the house designed by Edward Milner in 1879. There are also plans to restore the house more of the grounds at an anticipated cost of £8m.\nThe Chamberlain Highbury Trust was established in 2016 to restore the house and grounds to open them back up. The Chamberlain family left Highbury to the City in 1918, ‘for the benefit of the citizens of Birmingham’.\nThe Trust’s vision is centered on developing the young leaders of the future and it has begun to pilot programmes with partners. The Trust is also establishing a wide ranging educational programme for all ages around themes including art, architecture, the impacts of colonialism and empire, nature and permaculture.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "MHG2735 - Cup Marked Stone, Kineras Farm\nNo summary available.\nType and Period (1)\n- CUP MARKED STONE (Neolithic to Late Bronze Age - 4000 BC to 551 BC)\n- None recorded\nThere is a cup-marked stone a little to the south of the farm of Kineras. The stone is a slab of tough grey gneiss containing mica, with a rounded surface, lying flat on the ground and partly imbedded. It contains 43 distinct cups, three pairs of which are connected by grooves.\nW Jolly 1882\nThis cup marked stone is at NH 46774007. It measures 1.5metres long by 1.1. metres broad and is as described by Jolly. The cup marks vary in size from 3\" in diameter by 2\" deep, to 1 1/2\" in diameter by 3/4\" deep, but there is now no trace of any pairs joined by grooves. Surveyed at 1/2500.\nVisited by OS (R D) 18 December 1964\n- --- SHG1317 Text/Publication/Article: Jolly, W. 1882. On cup-marked stones in the neighbourhood of Inverness; with an appendix on cup-marked stones in the Western Islands. Proc Soc Antiq Scot Volume 16. 300-401. 348-9; Fig.52.\n- --- SHG2673 Text/Report: RCAHMS. 1979. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of North-east Inverness, Inverness District, Highland Region. . 15, No. 86.\n|Grid reference||Centred NH 4676 4006 (10m by 10m) (Buffered by site type)|\n|Civil Parish||KILTARLITY AND CONVINTH|\nRelated Monuments/Buildings (0)\nRelated Investigations/Events (0)\nExternal Links (1)\n- https://canmore.org.uk/site/12395 (View RCAHMS Canmore entry for this site)\nComments and Feedback\nDo you have any more information about this record? Please feel free to comment with information and photographs, or ask any questions, using the \"Disqus\" tool below. Comments are moderated, and we aim to respond/publish as soon as possible.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Restoration of an 18th century traditional Swahili stone house. Once home to a wealthy merchant, this palatial residence has now been converted into a small hotel with materials such as sand, lime, Mwangati wood, marble and alabaster dust, and cement. Coral stones and blocks, available on-site, were used to help keep the edifice cool. In addition to the restoration work, a second floor was added to the building, exploiting the same structure, layout and techniques as in the original construction.\nSource: Aga Khan Trust for Culture\nOfficial Website of Baytil Ajaib. http://www.baytilajaib.com/\n. [Accessed January 16, 2006]", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Japanese diplomat Chiune Sugihara was stationed in Lithuania when Germany invaded Poland in 1939. Thousands of Jewish refugees came to the consulate seeking travel documents in order to escape the Nazis. Sugihara's superiors in Tokyo ordered him not to issue any travel visas.\nSugihara discussed the plan with his wife Yukiko and decided to risk his career and his entire future by defying his superiors. The couple then spent 29 days issuing travel visas, up to 300 a day, as thousands of refugees stood in line at his office. Yukiko would prepare and register the visas while Chiune Sugihara would sign and stamp them, hour after hour, without breaking for meals. They would work late into the night until Yukiko would massage her husband’s weary hands in preparation for the next day. Sugihara was under orders to leave, which he could no longer delay. The family departed on September 1st, but he kept signing visas even as he boarded the train. Sugihara then tossed his official stamp out to the crowd, as he hadn’t time to stamp them all.\nSugihara's actions enabled around 6,000 Jewish refugees to escape the Holocaust. For his efforts, Sugihara was imprisoned by the Soviets and fired from his job by the Japanese Foreign Ministry. Read the entire story at mental_floss. Link", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Eugene V. Debs\nEugene V. Debs\n|Member of the Indiana House of Representatives|\nfrom the 17th district\nJanuary 8, 1885 – January 6, 1887\nServing with Reuben Butz\n|City Clerk of Terre Haute, Indiana|\nEugene Victor Debs\nNovember 5, 1855\nTerre Haute, Indiana, U.S.\n|Died||October 20, 1926 (aged 70)|\nElmhurst, Illinois, U.S.\n|Resting place||Highland Lawn Cemetery|\n|Relatives||Theodore Debs (brother)|\n|Part of a series on|\nthe United States\nEugene Victor \"Gene\" Debs (November 5, 1855 – October 20, 1926) was an American socialist, political activist, trade unionist, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States. Through his presidential candidacies as well as his work with labor movements, Debs eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States.\nEarly in his political career, Debs was a member of the Democratic Party. He was elected as a Democrat to the Indiana General Assembly in 1884. After working with several smaller unions, including the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, Debs led his union in a major ten-month strike against the CB&Q Railroad in 1888. Debs was instrumental in the founding of the American Railway Union (ARU), one of the nation's first industrial unions. After workers at the Pullman Palace Car Company organized a wildcat strike over pay cuts in the summer of 1894, Debs signed many into the ARU. He led a boycott by the ARU against handling trains with Pullman cars in what became the nationwide Pullman Strike, affecting most lines west of Detroit and more than 250,000 workers in 27 states. Purportedly to keep the mail running, President Grover Cleveland used the United States Army to break the strike. As a leader of the ARU, Debs was convicted of federal charges for defying a court injunction against the strike and served six months in prison.\nIn prison, Debs read various works of socialist theory and emerged six months later as a committed adherent of the international socialist movement. Debs was a founding member of the Social Democracy of America (1897), the Social Democratic Party of America (1898) and the Socialist Party of America (1901). Debs ran as a Socialist candidate for President of the United States five times, including 1900 (earning 0.6 percent of the popular vote), 1904 (3.0 percent), 1908 (2.8 percent), 1912 (6.0 percent), and 1920 (3.4 percent), the last time from a prison cell. He was also a candidate for United States Congress from his native state Indiana in 1916.\nDebs was noted for his oratorical skills, and his speech denouncing American participation in World War I led to his second arrest in 1918. He was convicted under the Sedition Act of 1918 and sentenced to a ten-year term. President Warren G. Harding commuted his sentence in December 1921. Debs died in 1926, not long after being admitted to a sanatorium due to cardiovascular problems that developed during his time in prison.\nEugene Victor \"Gene\" Debs was born on November 5, 1855, in Terre Haute, Indiana, to Jean Daniel and Marguerite Mari Bettrich Debs, who immigrated to the United States from Colmar, Alsace, France. His father, who came from a prosperous family, owned a textile mill and meat market. Debs was named after the French authors Eugène Sue and Victor Hugo.\nDebs attended public school, dropping out of high school at age 14. He took a job with the Vandalia Railroad cleaning grease from the trucks of freight engines for fifty cents a day. He later became a painter and car cleaner in the railroad shops. In December 1871, when a drunken locomotive fireman failed to report for work, Debs was pressed into service as a night fireman. He decided to remain a fireman on the run between Terre Haute and Indianapolis, earning more than a dollar a night for the next three and half years.\nDebs joined the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen (BLF) in February 1875 and became active in the organization. In 1877 he served as a delegate of the Terre Haute lodge to the organization's national convention. Debs was elected associate editor of the BLF's monthly organ, Firemen's Magazine, in 1878. Two years later, he was appointed Grand Secretary and Treasurer of the BLF and editor of the magazine in July 1880. He worked as a BLF functionary until January 1893 and as the magazine's editor until September 1894.\nAt the same time, he became a prominent figure in the community. He served two terms as Terre Haute's city clerk from September 1879 to September 1883. In the fall of 1884, he was elected as a Democrat to represent Terre Haute and Vigo County in the Indiana General Assembly. He served for one term in 1885.\nMarriage and family\nThe railroad brotherhoods were comparatively conservative organizations, focused on providing fellowship and services rather than on collective bargaining. Their motto was \"Benevolence, Sobriety, and Industry\". As editor of the official journal of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, Debs initially concentrated on improving the brotherhood's death and disability insurance programs. During the early 1880s, Debs's writing stressed themes of self-upliftment: temperance, hard work, and honesty. Debs also held the view that \"labor and capital are friends\" and opposed strikes as a means of settling differences. The brotherhood had never authorized a strike from its founding in 1873 to 1887, a record which Debs was proud of. Railroad companies cultivated the brotherhood and granted them perks like free transportation to their conventions for the delegates. Debs also invited railroad president Henry C. Lord to write for the magazine. Summarizing Debs's thought in this period, the historian David A. Shannon wrote: \"Debs's desideratum was one of peace and co-operation between labor and capital, but he expected management to treat labor with respect, honor and social equality\".\nDebs gradually became convinced of the need for a more unified and confrontational approach as railroads were powerful forces in the economy. One influence was his involvement in the Burlington Railroad Strike of 1888, a defeat for labor that convinced Debs of \"the need to reorganize across craft lines\", according to Joanne Reitano. After stepping down as Brotherhood Grand Secretary in 1893, Debs organized one of the first industrial unions in the United States, the American Railway Union (ARU), for unskilled workers. He was elected president of the ARU upon its founding, with fellow railway labor organizer George W. Howard as first vice president. The union successfully struck the Great Northern Railway in April 1894, winning most of its demands.\nIn 1894, Debs became involved in the Pullman Strike, which grew out of a compensation dispute started by the workers who constructed the rail cars made by the Pullman Palace Car Company. The Pullman Company, citing falling revenue after the economic Panic of 1893, had cut the wages of its employees by twenty-eight percent. The workers, many of whom were already members of the ARU, appealed for support to the union at its convention in Chicago, Illinois. Debs tried to persuade union members, who worked on the railways, that the boycott was too risky given the hostility of the railways and the federal government, the weakness of the union, and the possibility that other unions would break the strike.\nThe membership ignored his warnings and refused to handle Pullman cars or any other railroad cars attached to them, including cars containing US Mail. After ARU Board Director Martin J. Elliott extended the strike to St. Louis, doubling its size to eighty thousand workers, Debs relented and decided to take part in the strike, which was now endorsed by almost all members of the ARU in the immediate area of Chicago. On July 9, 1894, a New York Times editorial called Debs \"a lawbreaker at large, an enemy of the human race\". Strikers fought by establishing boycotts of Pullman train cars and with Debs's eventual leadership the strike came to be known as \"Debs' Rebellion\".\nThe federal government intervened, obtaining an injunction against the strike on the grounds that the strikers had obstructed the US Mail, carried on Pullman cars, by refusing to show up for work. President Grover Cleveland, whom Debs had supported in all three of his presidential campaigns, sent the United States Army to enforce the injunction. The presence of the army was enough to break the strike. Overall, thirty strikers were killed in the strike, thirteen of them in Chicago, and thousands were blacklisted. An estimated $80 million worth of property was damaged and Debs was found guilty of contempt of court for violating the injunction and sent to federal prison.\nDebs was represented by Clarence Darrow, later a leading American lawyer and civil libertarian, who had previously been a corporate lawyer for the railroad company. While it is commonly thought that Darrow \"switched sides\" to represent Debs, a myth repeated by Irving Stone's biography, Clarence Darrow For the Defense, he had in fact resigned from the railroad earlier, after the death of his mentor William Goudy. A Supreme Court case decision, In re Debs, later upheld the right of the federal government to issue the injunction.\nAt the time of his arrest for mail obstruction, Debs was not yet a socialist. While serving his six-month term in the jail at Woodstock, Illinois, Debs and his ARU comrades received a steady stream of letters, books and pamphlets in the mail from socialists around the country. Debs recalled several years later:\nI began to read and think and dissect the anatomy of the system in which workingmen, however organized, could be shattered and battered and splintered at a single stroke. The writings of [Edward] Bellamy and [Robert] Blatchford early appealed to me. The Cooperative Commonwealth of [Laurence] Gronlund also impressed me, but the writings of [Karl] Kautsky were so clear and conclusive that I readily grasped, not merely his argument, but also caught the spirit of his socialist utterance – and I thank him and all who helped me out of darkness into light.\nAdditionally, Debs was visited in jail by the Milwaukee socialist newspaper editor Victor L. Berger, who in Debs's words \"came to Woodstock, as if a providential instrument, and delivered the first impassioned message of Socialism I had ever heard\". In his 1926 obituary in Time, it was said that Berger left him a copy of Das Kapital and \"prisoner Debs read it slowly, eagerly, ravenously\". Debs emerged from jail at the end of his sentence a changed man. He would spend the final three decades of his life proselytizing for the socialist cause.\nAfter Debs and Martin Elliott were released from prison in 1895, Debs started his socialist political career. Debs started agitating for the ARU membership to form a Social Democratic organization. In 1896, Debs supported Democratic candidate William Jennings Bryan in the presidential election following Bryan's Cross of Gold speech. After Bryan's loss in the election, a disappointed Debs decided for certain that the future for socialist policies lay outside the Democratic Party. In June 1897, the ARU membership finally joined with the Brotherhood of the Cooperative Commonwealth to form the Social Democracy of America.\nDebs's wife Kate was opposed to socialism and was \"hostile\" to Debs's socialist activism as \"it threatened her sense of middle-class respectability\". The \"tempestuous relationship with a wife who rejects the very values he holds most dear\" was the basis of Irving Stone's biographical novel Adversary in the House.\nSplit to found the Social Democratic Party\nThe Social Democracy of America (SDA), founded in June 1897 by Eugene V. Debs from the remnants of his American Railway Union, was deeply divided between those who favored a tactic of launching a series of colonies to build socialism by practical example and others who favored establishment of a European-style socialist political party with a view to capture of the government apparatus through the ballot box.\nThe June 1898 convention would be the group's last, with the minority political action wing quitting the organization to establish a new organization, the Social Democratic Party of America (SDP), also called the Social Democratic Party of the United States. Debs was elected to the National Executive Board, the five-member committee which governed the party, and his brother, Theodore Debs, was selected as its paid executive secretary, handling day-to-day affairs of the organization. Although by no means the sole decision-maker in the organization, Debs's status as prominent public figure in the aftermath of the Pullman strike provided cachet and made him the recognized spokesman for the party in the newspapers.\nAlong with Elliott, who ran for Congress in 1900, Debs was the first federal office candidate for the fledgling socialist party, running unsuccessfully for president the same year. Debs and his running mate Job Harriman received 87,945 votes (0.6 percent of the popular vote) and no electoral votes.\nFollowing the 1900 Election, the Social Democratic Party and dissidents who had split from the Socialist Labor Party in 1899 unified forces at a Socialist Unity Convention held in Indianapolis in mid-1901 – a meeting which established the Socialist Party of America (SPA).\nDebs was the Socialist Party of America candidate for president in 1904, 1908, 1912, and 1920 (the final time from prison). Though he received increasing numbers of popular votes in each subsequent election, he never won any votes in the Electoral College. In both 1904 and 1908, Debs ran with running-mate Ben Hanford. They received 402,810 votes in 1904, for 3.0 percent of the popular vote and an overall third-place finish. In the 1908 election, they received a slightly higher number of votes (420,852) than in their previous run, but at 2.8 percent, a smaller percentage of the total votes cast. In 1912, Debs ran with Emil Seidel as a running mate and received 901,551 votes, which was 6.0 percent of the popular vote, which remains the all-time highest percentage of the vote for a Socialist Party candidate in a US presidential election. Though Debs won no state's electoral votes, in Florida, he came in second behind Wilson and ahead of President William Howard Taft and former President Teddy Roosevelt. Finally, in 1920, running with Seymour Stedman, Debs won 913,693 votes, which remains the all-time high number of votes for a Socialist Party candidate in a US presidential election. Notably, the Nineteenth Amendment passed in 1920, granting women the federal right to vote across the country, and with the expanded voting pool, his vote total accounted for only 3.4 percent of the total number of votes cast. The size of the vote is nevertheless remarkable since Debs was at the time a federal prisoner in jail for sedition, though he promised to pardon himself if elected.\nAlthough he received some success as a third-party candidate, Debs was largely dismissive of the electoral process as he distrusted the political bargains that Victor Berger and other \"sewer socialists\" had made in winning local offices. He put much more value on organizing workers into unions, favoring unions that brought together all workers in a given industry over those organized by the craft skills workers practiced.\nFounding the Industrial Workers of the World\nAfter his work with the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and the American Railway Union, Debs's next major work in organizing a labor union came during the founding of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). On June 27, 1905, in Chicago, Illinois, Debs and other influential union leaders including Bill Haywood, leader of the Western Federation of Miners; and Daniel De Leon, leader of the Socialist Labor Party, held what Haywood called the \"Continental Congress of the working class\". Haywood stated: \"We are here to confederate the workers of this country into a working-class movement that shall have for its purpose the emancipation of the working class\". Debs stated: \"We are here to perform a task so great that it appeals to our best thought, our united energies, and will enlist our most loyal support; a task in the presence of which weak men might falter and despair, but from which it is impossible to shrink without betraying the working class\".\nSocialists split with the Industrial Workers of the World\nAlthough the IWW was built on the basis of uniting workers of industry, a rift began between the union and the Socialist Party. It started when the electoral wing of the Socialist Party, led by Victor Berger and Morris Hillquit, became irritated with speeches by Haywood. In December 1911, Haywood told a Lower East Side audience at New York's Cooper Union that parliamentary Socialists were \"step-at-a-time people whose every step is just a little shorter than the preceding step\". It was better, Haywood said, to \"elect the superintendent of some branch of industry, than to elect some congressman to the United States Congress\". In response, Hillquit attacked the IWW as \"purely anarchistic\".\nThe Cooper Union speech was the beginning of a split between Haywood and the Socialist Party, leading to the split between the factions of the IWW, one faction loyal to the Socialist Party and the other to Haywood. The rift presented a problem for Debs, who was influential in both the IWW and the Socialist Party. The final straw between Haywood and the Socialist Party came during the Lawrence Textile Strike, when disgusted with the decision of the elected officials in Lawrence, Massachusetts, to send police, who subsequently used their clubs on children, Haywood publicly declared that \"I will not vote again\" until such a circumstance was rectified. Haywood was purged from the National Executive Committee by passage of an amendment that focused on the direct action and sabotage tactics advocated by the IWW. Debs was probably the only person who could have saved Haywood's seat.\nIn 1906, when Haywood had been on trial for his life in Idaho, Debs had described him as \"the Lincoln of Labor\" and called for Haywood to run against Theodore Roosevelt for president, but times had changed and Debs, facing a split in the party, chose to echo Hillquit's words, accusing the IWW of representing anarchy. Debs thereafter stated that he had opposed the amendment, but that once it was adopted it should be obeyed. Debs remained friendly to Haywood and the IWW after the expulsion despite their perceived differences over IWW tactics.\nPrior to Haywood's dismissal, the Socialist Party membership had reached an all-time high of 135,000. One year later, four months after Haywood was recalled, the membership dropped to 80,000. The reformists in the Socialist Party attributed the decline to the departure of the \"Haywood element\" and predicted that the party would recover, but it did not. In the election of 1912, many of the Socialists who had been elected to public office lost their seats.\nDebs was noted by many to be a charismatic speaker who sometimes called on the vocabulary of Christianity and much of the oratorical style of evangelism, even though he was generally disdainful of organized religion. Howard Zinn opined that \"Debs was what every socialist or anarchist or radical should be: fierce in his convictions, kind and compassionate in his personal relations.\" Heywood Broun noted in his eulogy for Debs, quoting a fellow Socialist: \"That old man with the burning eyes actually believes that there can be such a thing as the brotherhood of man. And that's not the funniest part of it. As long as he's around I believe it myself\".\nI am not a Labor Leader; I do not want you to follow me or anyone else; if you are looking for a Moses to lead you out of this capitalist wilderness, you will stay right where you are. I would not lead you into the promised land if I could, because if I led you in, some one else would lead you out. You must use your heads as well as your hands, and get yourself out of your present condition.\nSedition conviction and appeal to U.S. Supreme Court\nDebs's speeches against the Wilson administration and the war earned the enmity of President Woodrow Wilson, who later called Debs a \"traitor to his country\". On June 16, 1918, Debs made a speech in Canton, Ohio, urging resistance to the military draft. He was arrested on June 30 and charged with ten counts of sedition.\nHis trial defense called no witnesses, asking that Debs be allowed to address the court in his defense. That unusual request was granted, and Debs spoke for two hours. He was found guilty on September 12. At his sentencing hearing on September 14, he again addressed the court and his speech has become a classic. Heywood Broun, a liberal journalist and not a Debs partisan, said it was \"one of the most beautiful and moving passages in the English language. He was for that one afternoon touched with inspiration. If anyone told me that tongues of fire danced upon his shoulders as he spoke, I would believe it.\" Debs said in part:\nYour honor, I have stated in this court that I am opposed to the form of our present government; that I am opposed to the social system in which we live; that I believe in the change of both but by perfectly peaceable and orderly means. ...\nI am thinking this morning of the men in the mills and factories; I am thinking of the women who, for a paltry wage, are compelled to work out their lives; of the little children who, in this system, are robbed of their childhood, and in their early, tender years, are seized in the remorseless grasp of Mammon, and forced into the industrial dungeons, there to feed the machines while they themselves are being starved body and soul. ...\nYour honor, I ask no mercy, I plead for no immunity. I realize that finally the right must prevail. I never more fully comprehended than now the great struggle between the powers of greed on the one hand and upon the other the rising hosts of freedom. I can see the dawn of a better day of humanity. The people are awakening. In due course of time they will come into their own.\nWhen the mariner, sailing over tropic seas, looks for relief from his weary watch, he turns his eyes toward the Southern Cross, burning luridly above the tempest-vexed ocean. As the midnight approaches the Southern Cross begins to bend, and the whirling worlds change their places, and with starry finger-points the Almighty marks the passage of Time upon the dial of the universe; and though no bell may beat the glad tidings, the look-out knows that the midnight is passing – that relief and rest are close at hand.\nLet the people take heart and hope everywhere, for the cross is bending, midnight is passing, and joy cometh with the morning.\nDebs was sentenced on September 18, 1918, to ten years in prison and was also disenfranchised for life. Debs presented what has been called his best-remembered statement at his sentencing hearing:\nYour Honor, years ago I recognized my kinship with all living beings, and I made up my mind that I was not one bit better than the meanest on earth. I said then, and I say now, that while there is a lower class, I am in it, and while there is a criminal element, I am of it, and while there is a soul in prison, I am not free.\nDebs appealed his conviction to the Supreme Court. In its ruling on Debs v. United States, the court examined several statements Debs had made regarding World War I and socialism. While Debs had carefully worded his speeches in an attempt to comply with the Espionage Act, the Court found he had the intention and effect of obstructing the draft and military recruitment. Among other things, the Court cited Debs's praise for those imprisoned for obstructing the draft. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. stated in his opinion that little attention was needed since Debs's case was essentially the same as that of Schenck v. United States, in which the court had upheld a similar conviction.\nDebs went to prison on April 13, 1919. In protest of his jailing, Charles Ruthenberg led a parade of unionists, socialists, anarchists, and communists on May 1 (May Day) in Cleveland, Ohio. The event quickly broke into the violent May Day riots of 1919.\nDebs ran for president in the 1920 election while imprisoned in the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary. He received 919,799 votes (3.4 percent), slightly less than he had won in 1912, when he received 6 percent, the highest number of votes for a Socialist Party presidential candidate in the United States. During his time in prison, Debs wrote a series of columns deeply critical of the prison system. They appeared in sanitized form in the Bell Syndicate and were published in his only book, Walls and Bars, with several added chapters. It was published posthumously.\nIn March 1919, President Wilson asked Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer for his opinion on clemency, offering his own: \"I doubt the wisdom and public effect of such an action.\" Palmer generally favored releasing people convicted under the wartime security acts, but when he consulted with Debs's prosecutors – even those with records as defenders of civil liberties – they assured him that Debs's conviction was correct and his sentence appropriate. The President and his Attorney General both believed that public opinion opposed clemency and that releasing Debs could strengthen Wilson's opponents in the debate over the ratification of the peace treaty. Palmer proposed clemency in August and October 1920 without success. At one point, Wilson wrote: \"While the flower of American youth was pouring out its blood to vindicate the cause of civilization, this man, Debs, stood behind the lines sniping, attacking, and denouncing them. ... This man was a traitor to his country and he will never be pardoned during my administration.\" In January 1921, Palmer, citing Debs's deteriorating health, proposed to Wilson that Debs receive a presidential pardon freeing him on February 12, Lincoln's birthday. Wilson returned the paperwork after writing \"Denied\" across it.\nOn December 23, 1921, President Warren G. Harding commuted Debs's sentence to time served, effective Christmas Day. He did not issue a pardon. A White House statement summarized the administration's view of Debs's case:\nThere is no question of his guilt. ... He was by no means, however, as rabid and outspoken in his expressions as many others, and but for his prominence and the resulting far-reaching effect of his words, very probably might not have received the sentence he did. He is an old man, not strong physically. He is a man of much personal charm and impressive personality, which qualifications make him a dangerous man calculated to mislead the unthinking and affording excuse for those with criminal intent.\nWhen Debs was released from the Atlanta Penitentiary, the other prisoners sent him off with \"a roar of cheers\" and a crowd of fifty thousand greeted his return to Terre Haute to the accompaniment of band music. En route home, Debs was warmly received at the White House by Harding, who greeted him by saying: \"Well, I've heard so damned much about you, Mr. Debs, that I am now glad to meet you personally.\"\nIn 1924, Debs was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by the Finnish Socialist Karl H. Wiik on the grounds that \"Debs started to work actively for peace during World War I, mainly because he considered the war to be in the interest of capitalism.\"\nHe spent his remaining years trying to recover his health, which was severely undermined by prison confinement. In late 1926, he was admitted to Lindlahr Sanitarium in Elmhurst, Illinois. He died there of heart failure on October 20, 1926, at the age of 70. His body was cremated and buried in Highland Lawn Cemetery in Terre Haute, Indiana.\nDebs helped motivate the American left to organize political opposition to corporations and World War I. American socialists, communists, and anarchists honor his work for the labor movement and motivation to have the average working man build socialism without large state involvement. Several books have been written about his life as an inspirational American socialist.\nThe Vermont senator and presidential candidate Bernie Sanders has long been an admirer of Debs and produced in 1979 a documentary about Debs which was released as a film and an audio LP record as an audio-visual teaching aid. In the documentary, he described Debs as \"probably the most effective and popular leader that the American working class has ever had\". Sanders hung a portrait of Debs in city hall in Burlington, Vermont, when he served as mayor of the city in the 1980s and has a plaque dedicated to Debs in his congressional office.\nOn May 22, 1962, Debs's home was purchased for $9,500 by the Eugene V. Debs Foundation, which worked to preserve it as a Debs memorial. In 1965 it was designated as an official historic site of the state of Indiana, and in 1966 it was designated as a National Historic Landmark of the United States. The preservation of the museum is monitored by the National Park Service. In 1990, the Department of Labor named Debs a member of its Labor Hall of Fame.\nWhile Debs did not leave a collection of papers to a university library, the pamphlet collection which he and his brother amassed is held by Indiana State University in Terre Haute. The scholar Bernard Brommel, author of a 1978 biography of Debs, has donated his biographical research materials to the Newberry Library in Chicago, where they are open to researchers. The original manuscript of Debs's book Walls and Bars, with handwritten amendments, presumably by Debs, is held in the Thomas J. Morgan Papers in the special collections department of the University of Chicago Library.\nEugene V Debs Hall in Buffalo, NY is a 501(c)7 nonprofit social club; and home to the Eugene V. Debs Local Initiative, a project to document and commemorate Buffalo's labor movement history.\nRepresentation in other media\n- John Dos Passos included Debs as a historical figure in his U.S.A. Trilogy. Debs is featured among other figures in the 42nd Parallel (1930). His affiliation with the Industrial Workers of the World prompted actions by such fictional characters in the novel as Mac.\n- Fifty Years Before Your Eyes (1950) is a documentary including historic footage of Debs, among others, directed by Robert Youngson.[unreliable source?]\n- The narrator of Hocus Pocus by Kurt Vonnegut is named Eugene Debs Hartke in honor of Debs (p. 1).\n- Debs appears in the Southern Victory Series novels The Great War: Breakthroughs and American Empire: Blood and Iron by Harry Turtledove.\n- Democratic socialist Bernie Sanders voices Debs in a 1979 documentary about his political career.\n- The alternate history collection Back in the USSA by Kim Newman and Eugene Byrne is set in a world where Debs leads a communist revolution in the United States in 1917.\n- In the third episode of The Plot Against America HBO miniseries, fictional characters Herman Levin and Shepsie Tirchwell discuss if they voted for Debs or Franklin D. Roosevelt during the past election for President of the United States.\n- Locomotive Firemen's Magazine (editor, 1880–1894). Vol. 4 (1880) | Vol. 5 (1881) | Vol. 6 (1882) | Vol. 7 (1883) | Vol. 8 (1884) | Vol. 9 (1885) | Vol. 10 (1886) | Vol. 11 (1887) | Vol. 12 (1888) | Vol. 13 (1889) | Vol. 14 (1890) | Vol. 15 (1891) | Vol. 16 (1892) | Vol. 17 (1893) | Vol. 18 (1894) .\n- Debs: His Life, Writings, and Speeches: With a Department of Appreciations (1908). Girard, Kansas: Appeal to Reason.\n- Labor and Freedom (1916). St. Louis: Phil Wagner. Audio version.\n- Letters of Eugene V. Debs. J. Robert Constantine (ed.). In Three Volumes. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. —Abridged single volume version published as Gentle Rebel: Letters of Eugene V. Debs. (1995).\n- Selected Works of Eugene V. Debs. Tim Davenport and David Walters (eds.).\n- Volume 1, Building Solidarity on the Tracks, 1877–1892. (2019). Chicago: Haymarket Books.\n- Volume 2, The Rise and Fall of the American Railway Union, 1892–1896. (2020). Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2020.\n- \"Susan B. Anthony: Pioneer of Freedom\" (July 1917). Pearson's Magazine. 38: 1. pp. 5–7.\n- Walls and Bars: Prisons and Prison Life In The \"Land Of The Free\" (1927). Chicago: Socialist Party of America.\n- List of civil rights leaders\n- List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States\n- Perennial candidates in the United States\n- \"Eugene V. Debs\". Time. November 1, 1926. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved August 21, 2007.\n- Salvatore 1982, p. 9.\n- \"Biographical: Eugene V. Debs\". Railway Times. Vol. 2, no. 17. Chicago. September 2, 1895. p. 2.\n- \"Eugene Victor Debs 1855–1926\". Terre Haute, Indiana: Eugene V. Debs Foundation. Archived from the original on May 5, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2008.\n- Brevier Legislative Reports. Vol. 22. 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Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-48383-2. Retrieved October 29, 2015.\n- Noggle, Burl (1974). Into the Twenties: The United States from Armistice to Normalcy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-00420-9. Retrieved July 15, 2021.\n- Pietrusza, David (2007). 1920: The Year of Six Presidents. New York: Carroll and Graf.\n- Reitano, Joanne (2003). \"Railroad Strike of 1888\". In Schlup, Leonard C.; Ryan, James G. (eds.). Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. p. 405. ISBN 978-0-7656-2106-1. Archived from the original on August 21, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2017.\n- Salvatore, Nick (1982). Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-00967-9. Retrieved July 15, 2021.\n- Sanders, Bernie (1979). Eugene V. Debs: Trade Unionist, Socialist, Revolutionary, 1855–1926 (audio recording). New York: Folkways Records. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021 – via YouTube.\n- Shannon, David A. (1951). \"Eugene V. Debs: Conservative Labor Editor\". Indiana Magazine of History. 47 (4): 357–364. JSTOR 27787982.\n- Upham, Warren (2001). Minnesota Place Names: A Geographical Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). Saint Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0-87351-396-8.\n- Anthony, Kyle (2014). \"Debs, Eugene V.\". In Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.). 1914-1918-Online: International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Berlin: Free University of Berlin. doi:10.15463/ie1418.10082.\n- Brommel, Bernard J. (Fall 1971). \"Debs's Cooperative Commonwealth Plan for Workers\". Labor History. 12 (4): 560–569. doi:10.1080/00236567108584180. ISSN 1469-9702.\n- ——— (1978). Eugene V. Debs: Spokesman for Labor and Socialism. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-88286-006-0.\n- Burns, Dave (Summer 2008). \"The Soul of Socialism: Christianity, Civilization, and Citizenship in the Thought of Eugene Debs\". Labor. 5 (2): 83–116. doi:10.1215/15476715-2007-082. ISSN 1558-1454.\n- Coleman, McAlister (1975) . Eugene V. Debs: A Man Unafraid. Westport, Connecticut: Hyperion Press. ISBN 978-0-88355-214-8. Retrieved July 15, 2021.\n- Hedges, Chris (July 16, 2017). \"Eugene Debs and the Kingdom of Evil\". Truthdig. Retrieved July 15, 2021.\n- Lepore, Jill (February 18–25, 2019). \"The Fireman\". The New Yorker. Vol. 95, no. 1. New York: Condé Nast. pp. 88–92. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved July 15, 2021.\n- Morais, Herbert M.; Cahn, William (1948). Gene Debs: The Story of a Fighting American. New York: International Publishers. Retrieved July 15, 2021.\n- Radosh, Ronald, ed. (1971). Debs. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-197681-8.\n- Salvatore, Nicholas Anthony (1977). A Generation in Transition: Eugene V. Debs and the Emergence of Modern Corporate America (PhD dissertation). Berkeley, California: University of California, Berkeley. OCLC 951207757.\n- Trachtenberg, Alexander, ed. (1955) . The Heritage of Gene Debs (PDF). New York: International Publishers. Retrieved July 15, 2021.\n- Eugene V. Debs Foundation Museum and memorial in Deb's home from 1890 until his death in 1926\n- Works by Eugene V. Debs at Project Gutenberg\n- Works by Eugene V. Debs at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)\n- Works by or about Eugene V. Debs at Internet Archive\n- Eugene V. Debs Collection Archived September 4, 2018, at the Wayback Machine at Wabash Valley Visions and Voices Digital Memory Project. 6,000 PDFs of Debs-related correspondence.\n- Eugene V. Debs at the Marxists Internet Archive.\n- The Debs Project: Eugene V. Dabs Selected Works. Informational website.\n- Photos of Debs at Indiana State University Library\n- 1921 film of Eugene Debs departing Atlanta penitentiary and exiting White House after visiting Harding\n- Bernard J. Brommel – Eugene V. Debs Papers at the Newberry Library", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Salem Historic Landmarks Commission is pleased to announce the winners of the Ben Maxwell Award, the Virginia Green Award and the HLC Chairperson Award. Winners will be announced at the online June HLC Meeting – Thursday June 18th\nat 5:30 PM. Photos of the winners and their projects will shared on the HLC's Facebook page.\nThe winners are:\nBen Maxwell Award for outstanding contributions to the preservation, restoration and maintenance of Salem's historic resources.\nWinner: Don Bauhofer and Scott Chernoff for their work on the Reed Opera House and Durbin's Livery (Masonry Grill)\nVirginia Green Award for exemplary service on behalf of historic preservation within the Salem Community:\nWinner: Charles Weathers for his work on the 440 State Street project (Fork Forty Food Hall) and his support of Jason Lee Archaeology Project (990 Broadway Street NE)\nChairperson's Choice for exceptional work in public archaeology\nWinner: Jason Lee Archaeology Project: Luke Glaze and Charles Weathers (property owners), Ross Smith, Stantec; Professor Scott Pike, Willamette University and students; Oregon Archaeological Society volunteers and professional archaeologist volunteers.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Saturday, June 2, 2012\n2 June 1962 - Chile Beats Italy, Literally\nKnown as \"the Battle of Santiago,\" the match was played before a crowd of 66,057 at the Estadio Nacional and was the second group stage match of the tournament for both teams. Anti-Italian sentiment was running high in Chile because a pair of Italian journalists had disparaged both the city of Santiago and its women before the tournament even started (worried about their own safety, the two men had to flee the country before the match).\nBut the first sign of trouble on the day was sparked by Italy. Midfielder Giorgio Ferrini, caught up in a tangle while trying to gain control of the ball, grew frustrated and kicked out at Chilean forward Honorino Landa, prompting Ferrini's own quick ejection after only five minutes. He refused to leave and had to be dragged off the pitch by policemen. During the confusion, Italian forward Humberto Maschio appeared to punch Leonel Sánchez in the face.\nSánchez later punched defender Mario David in the face, but was not booked. David retaliated with a flying kick to Sánchez's head that did result in an expulsion, bringing Italy down to nine men in the 41st minute. Sánchez again escaped punishment after punching Maschio in the face, leaving him with a bloody nose.\nFights continued to break out across the pitch as Chile used their two-man advantage to win 2-0 with goals from Jaime Ramírez (73') and Jorge Toro (87'). BBC commentator David Coleman later described the match as \"the most stupid, appalling, disgusting and disgraceful exhibition of football, possibly in the history of the game.\"\nAlthough Italy won their next game, it was not enough to get them into the next round. Chile, meanwhile, advanced to the semifinals before losing to Brazil, then won the third-place match against Yugoslavia.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "An epic history of the Spanish empire in North America from 1493 to 1898 by Robert Goodwin, author of Spain: The Centre of the World.\nAt the conclusion of the American Revolution, half the modern United States was part of the vast Spanish Empire. The year after Columbus's great voyage of discovery, in 1492, he claimed Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands for Spain. For the next three hundred years, thousands of proud Spanish conquistadors and their largely forgotten Mexican allies went in search of glory and riches from Florida to California. Many died, few triumphed. Some were cruel, some were curious, some were kind. Missionaries and priests yearned to harvest Indian souls for God through baptism and Christian teaching.\nTheirs was a frontier world which Spain struggled to control in the face of Indian resistance and competition from France, Britain, and finally the United States. In the 1800s, Spain lost it all.\nGoodwin tells this history through the lives of the people who made it happen and the literature and art with which they celebrated their successes and mourned their failures. He weaves an epic tapestry from these intimate biographies of explorers and conquerors, like Columbus and Coronado, but also lesser known characters, like the powerful Gálvez family who gave invaluable and largely forgotten support to the American Patriots during the Revolutionary War; the great Pueblo leader Popay; and Esteban, the first documented African American. Like characters in a great play or a novel, Goodwin's protagonists walk the stage of history with heroism and brio and much tragedy.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- Maui's historic town of Lahaina has been decimated by the wildfires raging this week.\n- Dozens of people are dead, sites built in the 1800s and the island's oldest tree have been destroyed.\n- Satellite images show the town before and after the fires struck this week.\nParts of Maui have been devastated this week by wildfires raging across the island, killing dozens of people, forcing thousands to evacuate, and wiping out power and cell phone service in the hardest hit areas.\nThe western coast of Maui has been hit particularly hard, and the historic town of Lahaina is now mostly rubble.\nThe Maui Fire Department said in a press release Wednesday that the town suffered \"widespread damage\" with over 271 structures damaged by the fire.\nBefore-and-after satellite images show how the culturally significant town, once home to around 12,000 people, has been reduced to ash.\nA number of historic monuments and buildings filled the old town of Lahaina on Maui's west coast\nLahaina, which is listed on the US National Register of Historic Places, has a rich cultural history dating back to before Hawaii was a part of the United States.\nIn 1802, Hawaii's ruler King Kamehameha made Lahaina the capital of the Hawaiian Kingdom, which it remained for 50 years until Honolulu took its place, according to the town's website.\nA number of historic buildings remained in the town from that era — like the Old Lahaina Courthouse, which was built in 1858, and the Baldwin Home, which was built in 1834 and was the oldest house still standing on Maui, according to the town website.\nThat is, until the fires wiped them out.\nNow, some of the most historic buildings in Lahaina have been reduced to ash\nThe image above shows the destruction of the Old Lahaina Courthouse, along with the world-famous Banyan tree — the oldest living tree on Maui — beside it.\nThe Baldwin Home Museum just northeast of Banyan Court also appears to be destroyed.\nBefore the fires, trees and grassy fields surrounded the small town of Lahaina\nLahaina was a beautiful seaside town surrounded by lush greenery before the fires struck the region this week.\nMany of the buildings and greenery in Lahaina have been wiped out\nIf you look closely at the image above, you can see that the majority of buildings in this section of town are now just grey piles of rubble, and the streets in between are no longer lined with lush trees.\nBefore the fires, Lahaina was a major tourist destination\nAccording to Reuters, Lahaina sees about 2 million visitors a year, which is 80% of the total yearly visitors to Maui.\nIt will take a long time to rebuild Lahaina after the fires, the lieutenant governor said\nHawaii's Lieutenant Governor Sylvia Luke told CNN she flew over the town on Wednesday, getting a firsthand view of the wreckage.\n\"The whole town was decimated,\" Luke told CNN, adding that it was \"shocking\" and \"devastating.\"\n\"We're still trying to assess the amount of damage but the road to recovery will be long,\" Luke said, according to the outlet. \"It's going to take years.\"", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Remembering Rollie Greeno\nSunday, April 11, 2010\nFuneral services were held April 10 for Rollie Greeno, former Jamestown College faculty member and coach.\nGreeno died April 6 at the age of 83.\nGreeno taught and coached at Jamestown College for 37 years, retiring in 2002. His football, cross country, and track teams combined for more than 80 conference championships.\nHe is a member of the Jamestown College Hall of Fame, the Northern State University Hall of Fame, the NAIA Coaches Hall of Fame, and the North Dakota Sports Hall of Fame.\nJamestown College established the Rollie Greeno Award in 1995 to recognize alumni achievement in coaching and education. The award is presented each year at Homecoming. The Jimmies' football field was named for Greeno in 1999.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Abraham is from Hebrew,biblical and jewish origin. His original name is Abram,meaning ‘exalted father’.For the latter part of his life,he was called Abraham, meaning’ father of many nations’,although it doesnot have any literal meaning in Hebrew.\nIt’s pronunciation is Ay-bruh-ham.\nHe was son of Terah and grandson of Nahor.\nJudaism,Christianity and Islam are sometimes reffered as the’ Abrahamic religions’ because of the role Abraham plays in their holy books.\nGod promised Abraham that through his offspring all the nations of the world will come to be blessed.\nJews,Christians consider him father of the people of Israel through his son Issac.\nFor Muslims, he is prophet of Islam and the ancestor of Muhmmad through is son Ishmael.\nA famous bearer of this name was Abraham Lincoln,the American president.\nAppraise by :\nHebrew name meaning father of many. Abraham's original name was Abram (exalted father). He was the son of Terah and patriarch of both the Hebrews and Arabs. He was the husband of Sarah and father of Ishmael and Isaac.\nAppraise by :\nAbraham (in Hebrew : ?????, Avraham or 'Abhr?h?m ) is a Biblical character mentioned in the Book of Genesis from which have developed three major religious aspects of humanity: the Judaism , the Christianity and Islam .Abraham, celebrated for his great fa\nAppraise by :\nAbraham's original name was Abram. He was the son of Terah and patriarch of both the Hebrews and Arabs. He was the husband of Sarah and father of Ishmael and Isaac.\nFamous Name abraham\nwas a Dutch painter and printmaker in etching and engraving.Bloemaert was the son of an architect, who moved his family to Utrecht in 1575, where Abraham was first a pupil of Gerrit Splinter (pupil of Frans Floris) and of Joos de Beer. He then spent three years in Paris, studying under several masters, and on his return to his native country received further training from Hieronymus Francken.\nThe arrival of a new baby girl in the family brings with it a deep sense of joy and happiness to one and all. This is specially true for the father because the uniquely enchanting place daughters have for Dads is legendary. Choosing a baby girl name for your newly born miss isn't really as complicated as it seems. More..\nList of Netherlands baby boy names (male) , baby girl names (female) & Netherlands name meanings has been compiled from various resources. Please use this list of Netherlands baby names only for reference / idea to name your kid / child. Database of baby names has been compiled from various references and suggestions provided by our web site visitors and resources partners.\nMeaning of Abraham in Netherlands origin/culture for Boy name with history and fame details.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Attica Athens OWL Silver Tetradrachm NGC MS 5x4\nSorry, currently out of stock\nc. 440-404 BC\nNGC MS 5x4\nrv owl, olive spray, moon\nAround 520bc, Athens a dominate power at the time, began to produce the Attica, Athens Tetradrachm. Our coin, minted in Athens circa 440-404 BC, were known as \"Owls\" in ancient times. The design of the Athenian Tetradrachm remained unchanged for most of the 5th century. The Owl had gained the trust of the laborers, soldiers, and merchants for their silver purity and popularity. They are still widely known by that term today, the owl depicted upon the Athenian Tetradrachm is the “Minerva Owl”.\nThe owl, as a symbol for wisdom, was the mascot of Athena, and frequently accompanies the goddess as this coin demonstrates. According to myth, Athena, goddess of wisdom and the patron goddess of Athens, even had the ability to take the form of an owl. The reverse depicts a standing owl within an incuse square, head facing forward, with a crescent moon and olive spray, and “ΑΘΕ”, (of the Athenians). Athena is featured on the obverse wearing a helmet with floral scroll and three olive leaves.\nThis well preserved ancient silver coin is approximately the size of quarter but twice its thickness and is graded Mint State with additional grading of 5 out of 5 for strike, and 4 out of 5 for surface quality. All of our ancient coins are certified by the Numismatic Guaranty Corporation (NGC Ancients).\nThis Ancient coin is #10 in the Top 100 Greatest Ancient Coins book, page 28.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Exploring the importance of horses to our early Morgan Families\nDuring the early pioneering years in America our families relied on horses for essential functions of their lives. Horses\nwere both a means of transportation and a means of earning a living by farming. Our Morgan, Radford and Ross families were\noften breaking out new ground where horses were essential for removing brush and trees, for making irrigation ditches, and\nfor plowing, planting, cultivating and harvesting crops. In those early days in America our ancestors were faced with seemingly\nunsurmountable obstacles; A hostile United States Government, sometimes hostile Indian Tribes, a wild, untamed, land, dangerous\ndiseases that they poorly understood, and primitive, harsh living conditions. It is probably fair and accurate to say that\nhorses were the best friends they had.\nThis old picture came from the Orlean and Lenard Nield family. Orlean was the youngest daughter of William Thomas Morgan.\nIt is an authentic picture of one of our Morgan family members (Either Lenard Nield or one of his sons, Rex or Delbert) cultivating\na row crop with horses.\nBurlap bags (They were called Gunny Sacks) were fastened over the horse's noses to keep horseflies from biting their tender\nnoses. Runaway horses were a common, and dangerous, problem, and biting flies could cause a runaway.\nPervasive myths in American culture concern cowboys and their horses. However, farmers in overalls were just as dependent\non horses, or even more so, than cowboys. You wouldn't know it by watching the movies but, as the West became settled, farmers\nwearing overalls and riding horses were just as common, if not more common, than cowboys. Horses were the backbone of the\nfarmer's work and transportation\nThe people in this picture were farmers, not cowboys. How do we know? Because our own Kenneth Morgan, a farmer all his life,\nis sitting on a horse on the left and his brother, Alvin Elmer Morgan, is standing in the stirrups of the horse on either\nside of him. And we think the man standing second from the right is Robert Morgan, son of Edward Morgan, grandson of Thomas\nMorgan. He was a farmer all his life. The distinction between cowboys and farmers disappears here because we know these farmers\nwere darned good cowboys in their own right, having run down and captured wild mustangs to obtain horses for themselves, and\nhaving given rodeoing a try in their day.\nBecause of the great importance of horses to our early families and the disappearance of horse farming in America, this section\nwill contain historically accurate pictures of various farming practices as they would have been experienced by our early\nfamilies in America.\nPictured above is an early horse drawn cultivator. One had to know, and talk to, the oldtimers to understand how important\nit was to them when implements with seats came into their lives. Previously, as in the picture at the top of the page, they\nhad to walk behind the implement, directing, lifting, pushing, pulling and dragging it around corners. It was backbreaking\nlabor and the oldtimers greeted the first plows and cultivators with seats on them with great relief. Now they could ride\nand let the horses do most of the work!\nMore Farming With Horses\nThe farming with horses section is a series of pages with a link to the next page at the bottom of each page.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Doctor Is In! Part 2 of 4\nBy : Teresa Divilio, Museum Co-op Student\nLast week I wrote about herbal remedies used by the pioneers which, surprisingly, were effective. This week, I’m writing about what happens when your garden can no longer heal you- a dreaded visit from the local “doctor”.\nIn the 1800s, seeing a doctor was more often than not very unhealthy and even downright dangerous. Many of the “cures” prescribed by doctors were poisonous to humans. For example, a common medicine prescribed for a variety of illnesses was Calomel, otherwise known as mercury. Many patients ended up far sicker after seeing the doctor, as the cures prescribed were often much worse than the original illness. Often, the doctor of the village was merely a pastor or farmer who wanted to help those around him. Doctors had no formal training, and made house calls. The doctor would travel far and wide, and by the time he would see a patient, it would be too late.\nIt was for these reasons and a few more that many people turned to apothecaries and “miracle elixirs” sold by travelling doctors. Because of the Temperance Movement in Canada and Prohibition in the United States, many pioneer towns were dry towns. Many “doctors” took advantage of this, creating “elixirs” that were basically alcohol masqueraded as medicine. The high alcohol content in these “elixirs” did nothing to cure the patients, but often got them drunk enough to not care. It was common to see fancy bottles of questionable liquid being peddled by a travelling salesman, claiming to be selling a great cure-all that will solve all your health problems, ranging from diabetes to back aches to kidney stones. These salesmen were often more respected than the town doctor, regardless of the fact that they too were killing many settlers with their elixirs. Doctors were often blamed for deaths occurring in a village, even if the death was a result of the elixir the patient had been taking.\nNext week we’ll shift the focus from medicines to medical practices, starting with the philosophy of the four humors and the practice of phlebotomy- bloodletting.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Vatican’s dealings with the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich have long been swathed in myth and speculation. After almost seventy years, the crucial records for the years leading up to 1939 were finally opened to the public, revealing the bitter conflicts that raged behind the walls of the Holy See. Anti-Semites and philo-Semites, adroit diplomats and dogmatic fundamentalists, influential bishops and powerful cardinals argued passionately over the best way to contend with the intellectual and political currents of the modern age: liberalism, communism, fascism, and National Socialism. Hubert Wolf explains why a philo-Semitic association was dissolved even as anti-Semitism was condemned, how the Vatican concluded a concordat with the Third Reich in 1933, why Hitler’s Mein Kampf was never proscribed by the Church, and what factors surrounded the Pope’s silence on the persecution of the Jews.\nIn rich detail, Wolf presents astonishing findings from the recently opened Vatican archives—discoveries that clarify the relations between National Socialism and the Vatican. He illuminates the thinking of the popes, cardinals, and bishops who saw themselves in a historic struggle against evil. Never have the inner workings of the Vatican—its most important decisions and actions—been portrayed so fully and vividly.\nPope and Devil is a must-read for anybody interested in the Vatican's relationship with Germany in the tumultuous years leading up to World War II, including the hotly debated issue of 'the silence of Pius XII.' This book brings new complexity and insight to the debate on Pius XII's 'silence.'\n[An] excellent examination of the Pius XI archives...No stranger to the dark side of church history, and intimately familiar with ecclesiastical dogma, politics, and procedure, Wolf presents sensitive material with admirable evenhandedness, avoiding both apology and easy condemnation...Pope and Devil gives us a behind-the-scenes exploration of what made the Vatican tick, providing the sort of background information with which political historians contextualize the decisions of secular leaders like Churchill or Roosevelt. Wolf shows that in the last months of his life Ratti became consumed with the issue of Nazi-inspired racism, and devoted much of his waning energy to it; while Pacelli, for his part, \"was clear in his rejection of racial anti-Semitism, and...believed that the church had a general responsibility to support human rights.\" Both men, however, understood their responsibilities in the light of traditional Catholic priorities. Both viewed Catholic dogma as immutable; and both consistently put Catholic institutional objectives--understood as an essential requirement of salvation--first and foremost.\nHubert Wolf's extraordinarily lucid and well-researched Pope and Devil performs the much valued task of throwing light into dark corners sans the sensationalism and tendentious argumentation that have defined too much scholarship in the area...Pope and Devil takes the reader through the labyrinthine corridors of Vatican diplomacy in the 1920s and 1930s, the political turmoil that defined those papal strategies that tried to make sense of or at least limit the damage of the rising totalitarianism inundating Europe, and the intrigue and politicking that characterized the often fraught relationship among such parties as the nuncios or Vatican ambassadors in Berlin and Munich, the papal Secretary of State and the Head of the Supreme Congregation more commonly known as the Holy Office of the Roman Inquisition. No easy feat and Wolf manages it in a way that is both enlightening and entertaining.\nWolf's absorbing study shows in fascinating detail how ready Pius XI was to sup with authoritarian devils of both left and right in hopes of striking the best balance he could.\nThe Vatican's dealings with the Third Reich during the reign of Pius XII's predecessor, Pius XI (1922-1939), have received rather less attention. But since the archives for that pontificate were opened in 2006, our understanding has increased enormously. Hubert Wolf's book contributes greatly to that understanding.\nWolf has written a very important book. It does not explain the 'silence' of Pius XII, though it certainly exonerates him of the charge that he was in any way sympathetic to the regime in Germany. It also reveals a man with a misplaced confidence in his own competence.\n[Pope and Devil] is useful in helping us understand the reasons for the Vatican's consistent refusal to take a bold stand against Hitler and his policies in the years leading up to the war.\nThe \"silence of Pius XII\" remains a contentious issue among historians studying the Third Reich and the Holocaust. Based on documents released by the Vatican Secret Archives during the last decade, Wolf offers an analysis of the pontificate of Pius XI (1922-1939). He carefully sketches the Vatican view of Germany during these years when Eugenio Pacelli, the future Pius XII, was a nuncio in Germany and subsequently cardinal secretary of state. Wolf's explication of these documents reveals the historical environment within which Pacelli matured and developed his Roman perspectives on Germany and so helps explain his future \"silence\" as pope. The documents (memoranda, etc.) offer clarifying insights into the sometimes convoluted policies of the Vatican with respect to its position on anti-Semitism, racism, the negotiations surrounding the Concordat of 1933, and the relationship between politics and dogma, always a tense problematic within the Roman Catholic Church. This book also opens windows on the Vatican perception of German Episcopal reactions to Hitler's ideology and to such issues as the euthanasia policy. Wolf's groundwork will make future archival releases more comprehensible.\n[An] important book...In 2008, [Pope] Benedict [XVI] resuscitated a Good Friday prayer for the Jews, and last year he raised the cause of canonizing Pius XII to a higher stage. For many students of church history, such steps have been deeply troubling. Those hoping to form a judgment of Benedict's course should read Wolf's learned book and ask themselves whether the Pius they encounter in the memoranda salvaged from the Vatican's secret archives seems like a saint--with a charisma that speaks through the ages--or whether he appears as fallible as any of us, a man who sought wisdom but ultimately failed to see beyond the horizons of his own time.\n- 336 pages\n- 6-1/8 x 9-1/4 inches\n- Belknap Press\nSorry, there was an error adding the item to your shopping bag.\nSorry, your session has expired. Please refresh your browser's tab.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The happy-go-lucky childhood spent playing kickball and complaining about piano lessons is a modern phenomenon for all but the wealthy. Lower class children have always worked, and worked hard, especially in agrarian societies. But the Industrial Age brought machinery that could do the work of a dozen full-grown men, and a boy could run it. And so began the era of child labor and unspeakable cruelty.\nWhether chimney sweeps, mudlarkers, miners, or mill house scavengers, these jobs were dangerous, oftentimes very treacherous, and required long, long hours.\nIn 1938, 26 boys and girls ages six to 17 died in the Huskar Pit disaster in Yorkshire. The picture on the right shows a child pushing a cart through a small shaft in a deep rock mine.\nMill house scavengers brought much controversy to early nineteenth century Britain. Frances Trollope wrote:\nA little girl about seven years old, whose job as scavenger, was to collect incessantly from the factory floor, the flying fragments of cotton that might impede the work...while the hissing machinery passed over her, and when this is skillfully done, and the head, body, and the outstretched limbs carefully glued to the floor, the steady moving, but threatening mass, may pass and repass over the dizzy head and trembling body without touching it. But accidents frequently occur; and many are the flaxen locks, rudely torn from infant heads, in the process.Charles Dickens publicized the plight of the children in Oliver Twist, as did several charitable societies and churches. By the 1880s, the U.K. and most of Europe had child labor laws in place, but the United States lagged way behind. \"Children were often preferred, because factory owners viewed them as more manageable, cheaper, and less likely to strike.\"\nAccording to Scholastic.com:\nBy 1810, about 2,000,000 school-age children were working 50- to 70-hour weeks. Most of them came from poor families. When parents could not support their children, they sometimes turned them over to a mill or factory owner. One glass factory in Massachusetts was fenced with barbed wire \"to keep the young imps inside.The \"young imps\" were boys under 12 who carried loads of hot glass all night for a wage of 40 cents to $1.10 per night.\nAfter several abortive attempts, the United States enacted the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938, a full one hundred years after England passed its first child labor laws.\nIn our modern era of enlightenment, children are still used and abused unfairly. The International Labor Organization estimates that worldwide, 211 million children are engaged in unlawful, dangerous, or forced labor--mostly in mining, agriculture, industry, pyrotechnics, domestic, or in the sex trade.\nMyspace *** Bebo *** Faery World\nFaery Special Romances *** See the book video\nRoyalties go to Children's Tumor Foundation, ending Neurofibromatosis through Research\nComing soon: Down Home Ever Lovin' Mule Blues", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Charles Spurgeon and Joseph Parker both had churches in London in the 19th century. On one occasion, Parker commented on the poor condition of children admitted to Spurgeons orphanage. It was reported to Spurgeon however, that Parker had criticized the orphanage itself.\nSpurgeon blasted Parker the next week from the pulpit. The attack was printed in the newspapers and became the talk of the town. People flocked to Parkers church the next Sunday to hear his rebuttal.\n“I understand Dr. Spurgeon is not in his pulpit today, and this is the Sunday they use to take an offering for the orphanage. I suggest we take a love offering here instead.” The crowd was delighted. The ushers had to empty the collection plates three times.\nLater that week there was a knock at Parkers study. It was Spurgeon. “You know Parker, you have practiced grace on me. You have given me not what I deserved, you have given me what I needed.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Socio-Historical Background of the Bajo Tribe in Tomini Bay\n- Muhammad Obie\nAbstractThis research aimed to analyze the socio-historical background of the Bajo Tribe to gain an academic explanation of the existence of the Bajo Tribe in Tomini Bay. Data collection techniques were conducted through indepth interview, passive participation observation, and Focused Group Discussion (FGD). Data collection was also done through literature study by collecting documents related to this research topic. The results showed that the Bajo tribe who currently live and settle in Tomini Bay is believed to be moving from the bay of Bone, South Sulawesi. They ran the ocean to form settlements in Tomini Bay. The Bajo tribal settlement in Tomini Bay was originally called Toro Siajeku which in 1901 was inaugurated by the Dutch Colonial Government into a village. The inauguration of the settlement which has now changed its name to Torosiaje Village is the momentum of the solidifying of sedentary life for the Bajo Tribe community in Tomini Bay.\nThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.\nGoogle-based Impact Factor (2017): 5.42\nh-index (January 2018): 11\ni10-index (January 2018): 21\nh5-index (January 2018): 6\nh5-median (January 2018): 9\n- Joseph BaiEditorial Assistant", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Ancestry.com - Search Schools, Directories & Church Histories\nAncestry.com has searchable indexes; database results and some digitized images are available with a fee-based subscription.\nMaryland Quaker (Friends)\nOriginal source: McGhee, Lucy Kate.. Maryland Quaker (Friends) : records of Third Haven (Tred Avon) Talbot County. Washington, D.C.: unknown, 1950.\nChurch Angel - Maryland Churches\nEpiscopal Diocese of Maryland Archives\nLocal Catholic Church and Family History and Catholic Ancestors - Maryland, Delaware, Virginia and West Virginia\n[The original link is broken. This link points to an archived copy on the Wayback Machine]\nMaryland Catholics on the Frontier\nMaryland Catholics who migrated westward. Family History & Genealogy Message Board - Ancestry.com.\nNet Ministries Church Directory - Maryland\nReligion Collections in Libraries and Archives\nA guide to resource in Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia from the Library of Congress.\nThe Archdiocese of Baltimore, Maryland\nIncludes information on defunct parishes and where their records are now held.\nThe Catholic Directory - Catholic Churches in Maryland\nProvides addresses for Catholic churches in the state organized alphabetically by city name.\nUSAChurches Directory - Maryland\nCopyright © 1996-2023 Cyndi Ingle, CyndisList.com. All Rights Reserved.\nDesigned and developed by fusionSpan", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Weeping Window sculpture has won an honour at the Enjoy Staffordshire Tourism Awards at the National Memorial Arboretum.\nThe Window was on display at Middleport Pottery in Stoke-on-Trent from early August until September 16 before moving on.\nIt’s believed nearly 100,000 people went to see the poppies during those six weeks.\nThe poppies were originally on display as part of the Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red monument at the Tower of London in late 2014, as well as being surrounded by a field of red ceramic poppies, where they were visited by more than five million people.\nDesigners and organizers felt it was important more people were able to see the tribute, so decided to tour the two key features, The Wave and The Weeping Window.\nThe structures travelled up and down the country for four years.\nThe runners up in the Best Tourism Experience category were the Armed Forces Day at the National Memorial Arboretum; Santa’s Winter Wonderland at SnowDome and the Just So Festival.\nOther winners on the night included Keele University, the National Memorial Arboretum, and Drayton Manor Park.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Hello, S! Perhaps I can be of service. To begin with, I believe the Barbour collection transcription for Waterbury is in error, either a transcriber's error, or the original was in error. For Jaorum Matthews, I did a broad Google search, an ancestry.com search, an americanancestors.org, search, and a familysearch.org search. The only Jaorum I found is in that single entry in Waterbury Town Records. Further, I believe that the marriage did not occur in that town, but was entered there because Reuben was from there, and had parents residing there.. I interpret the entry to read Reuben, of Waterbury, married Xene, of New Hartford, in the Province of New York.\nI DO find, however, a record of the marriage of Xena Matthews to Reuben Beebe on 30 March 1774 in the town of Hertford, in what was to become Hartland, Vermont. [Early Vermont Settlers, 1700-1784. (Original Online Database: AmericanAncestors.org, New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2015. (By Scott Andrew Bartley, Lead Genealogist.) https://www.americanancestors.org/DB1565/i/53409/4/72500547] Vermont was disputed by New Hampshire and New York at that time. Hertford's name was changed to Hartland in 1782, to lessen the confusion to Hartford. This explains the Waterbury entry referring to New Hartford, Province of New York.\nNext, Xena's father was named Joel Matthews. The above article, 5 pages in length, reports in length the life of Major Joel Matthews. If you do not have a subscription to americanancestors.org, I'd be glad to abstract a portion of it for you.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "At its peak, the Oriole Home Fox Farm raised up to 1000 foxes. Photo used with permission from the book Heritage of Ixonia, by Carl and Alida Jaeger.\nBy HOWARD WIEDENHOEFT\nReading the minutes of insurance companies is truly a study of history. We’re reminded of this once again as we look at what our founding companies insured during the 1930s, an era of increasing modernization.\nAccording to the Wiedenhoeft farm abstract, the Milwaukee Electric Railway and Light Company purchased easements rights for electric lines in 1936. This meant electric power was finally coming to rural Wisconsin! Prior to this, farmers supplied their own electricity with gas-powered generators. As early as 1924 both Ixonia Mutual Insurance Company and Watertown Mutual Insurance Company insured these individually owned “electric plants.” At Watertown Mutual’s 1927 annual meeting, directors expressed concern over the storage of gasoline needed to power these engines and the following by-law was approved: “power apparatus must be housed in a separate noncombustible apartment and if after inspection by officials it is found that this order is not complied with the company will not pay any loss occurring thru such negligence.”\nDuring the 1930s, rural households moved forward with many of the same modernizations as did their distant urban neighbors. In January 1938, Watertown Mutual passed the following resolution: “that necessary motors and electric equipment, except radios, used in and around the house for necessary operations of the household shall be considered insured under household furniture.” Members were reminded that these items were only insured against fire and lightning and not against power surges. Notice that radios were not included, but had to be listed separately (a possible reason is that they were a new household item—in the same way, decades later, computers initially were insured separately). On December 31, 1938, Watertown Mutual had $5,050 of radios insured.\nAnother time-relative insurance offered by our founding mutuals was to fox farmers. During the 1930s and 40s, fur farming was a large part of Wisconsin’s economy. Raised for their pelts, Wisconsin’s mink, fox and other small, fur-bearing animals became a high-yielding commodity. Locally, the Oriole Home Fox Farm located on Fox Road in Ixonia operated from 1920 to 1952, and at its peak was an enterprise consisting of 1,000 foxes.\nIn 1934, Watertown Mutual approved insurance for silver black foxes at a maximum of $15 per head. While both companies insured the farms themselves, neither has record of specifically insuring any foxes.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "I thought I'd just visit a couple of small museums and find somewhere quiet to sit and drink tea and read my book... but I ended up going on a long and highly enjoyable walk round the town (and neighbouring Eton). Want to come on a virtual tour with me? Here goes...\nThe branch line train I caught was absolutely crammed with tourists excited about visiting the castle - plus a whole bunch of kids who were very excited about visiting Legoland (including one overexcited bunch whose mum was threatening to turn around and take them straight home if they didn't stop misbehaving \"I haven't bought the tickets yet, you know! Behave!!\")\nEven if you don't actually visit Windsor Castle, it looms over everything and gives the town a huge amount of charm.\nI visited Windsor a lot growing up, but it was mostly to shop (one of the department stores had a great toy shop with toy trains running around the walls - how could you not love that as a kid?). It's funny coming back as a \"tourist\" as the town is so familiar but I really hardly know it at all.\nIt was nice to take the time to just wander around, admiring the castle buildings and other historic bits and pieces in the centre of town.\nI didn't know that Windsor is home to Britain's shortest street! Queen Charlotte Street is just 51 feet 10 inches long. I stood right at one end of it to take this photo:\nTiny huh? On one side of the street there's a fabulously crooked house...\n... and nearby is one of these old Victorian post boxes. Did you know post boxes were originally painted green to help them blend into their surroundings? Unfortunately they blended in too well and people couldn't find them when they wanted to post a letter! They repainted most of the boxes to the bright red they use today but there are still a few old green ones dotted about the place (two in Windsor).\nI visited Windsor Parish Church, which has some lovely decorations and a 16th century painting of the Last Supper...\n... then headed to the Windsor & Royal Borough Museum (Windsor is now part of the Royal Borough of Windsor & Maidenhead and the museum focuses on the history of Windsor and its surrounding area). The museum is free to visit if you're a local resident and is a charming little local museum with an audio guide available and a nice mix of artifacts on display.\nI especially enjoyed the clips of old black and white films of the area and learning about the UK's first airmail service which flew from Windsor Great Park. People bought specially designed postcards celebrating the first flight which were then sent by the aerial post and (later) posted in special blue airmail post boxes. You can buy replicas of one of the postcards in the museum shop.\nI was delighted to spot the commemorative blue post box mentioned in the museum, later in the afternoon. The box stands near the former site of Windsor Post Office, where the mail from the aerial post was received. Sadly you can't actually use it to post letters.\nA ticket to the museum also includes a guided tour of the Guildhall (when it's not in use for events). This was great! Our guide was funny and very well informed and the building has a fascinating history. It's often used for weddings and other celebrations, and was the location of Prince Charles' wedding to Camilla, and Elton John's civil partnership with David Furnish.\nAfter visiting the museum I headed to the Long Walk. This is the famous straight path that leads from Windsor Castle to Windsor Great Park.\nThe Long Walk starts at the Castle gates...\n... if you peer through the gates you can just make out the guards on duty.\nThe Long Walk is about 3 miles long and ends at the Copper Horse - a statue of George III on horseback.\nI'm planning on coming back to walk the whole walk (and to explore the Great Park, too) but for now contented myself with walking just a little way and enjoying the views back to the castle.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The canals of Amsterdam were as brightly gay last week as a field of Dutch tulips. The occasion was the opening of the new Amsterdam-Rhine Canal, a 45-mile short cut across The Netherlands that will bring Amsterdam's river traffic 25 miles and 20 hours closer to Germany. In the age-old competition for the rich river traffic, the sister port of Rotterdam, sitting near the North Sea, has always had the advantage. Now, with the opening of the largest inland navigation lock in Europe, and the completion of the canal which was first planned back in 1915, Amsterdam hopes to double its 23 million tons of shipping in the river. Despite the two-city rivalry, all The Netherlands celebrated, and Queen Juliana herself was at the helm of the first ship to pass through the canalthe royal yacht.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Merlin (Myrddin), the famous wizard, bard and warrior, perhaps an historical figure, first introduced by Geoffrey of Monmouth, originally called Ambrose from the British leader Ambrosius Aurelianus, under whom he is said to have first served.\nThe difficulty of the succession also occupied him, and he co-operated thus early in the design of legitimizing Monmouth as a rival to James.\nIn pursuance of his patronage of Monmouth, Shaftesbury now secured for him the command of the army sent to suppress the insurrection in Scotland, which he is supposed to have fomented.\nHe appears to have entered into consultation of a treasonable kind with Monmouth and others; he himself had, he declared, ten thousand brisk boys in London ready to rise at his bidding.\nShe interceded with great generosity, but ineffectually, for Monmouth the same year.\nIn Gloucestershire simnel cakes are still common; and at Usk, Monmouth, the custom of mothering is still scrupulously observed.\nNorth Carolinians fought under Washington at Brandywine and Monmouth and played a still more important part in the Southern campaigns of 1778-1781.\nThe second earl's daughter Anne (1651-1732), who succeeded him as a countess in her own right, married in 1663 the famous duke of Monmouth, who was then created 1st duke of Buccleuch; and her grandson Francis became 2nd duke.\nGeoffrey of Monmouth was at one time chaplain of the castle, where he probably wrote some of his works.\nTradition also asserts, according to the 12th century chronicler, Geoffrey of Monmouth, that it was in Tong Castle that Vortigern met Rowena, Hengest's daughter, and became so enamoured of her as to resign his kingdom to her father In the time of Richard II.\nMonmouth, Essex, Hampden, Sidney and Howard of Escrick were the principal of those who met to consult.\nThe old earl of Bedford offered £50,000 or £10o,000, and Monmouth, Legge, Lady Ranelagh, and Rochester added their intercessions.\nThe nation showed its loyalty by its firm adherence to him during the rebellions of Argyll in Scotland and Monmouth in England (1685).\nThere are numerous foreign churches, among which may be mentioned the French Protestant churches in Monmouth Road, Bayswater and Soho Square; the Greek church of St Sophia, Moscow Road, Bayswater; and the German Evangelical church in Montpelier Place, Brompton Road, opened in 1904.\nIn 1685 he forced the duke of Monmouth to leave Holland, and sought to dissuade him from his ill-starred expedition to England.\nIn the later Historia of Goeffrey of Monmouth, and its French translation by Wace, Gawain plays an important and \"pseudo-historic\" role.\nPhilip Francklin: 1902, 14,200 tons, 2 9 2-in., 16 6-in., 21 knots) and \" Monmouth \" (Capt.\nIn the heavy weather prevailing at the time the \" Good Hope \" and \" Monmouth \" could not fight their main-deck guns, and their broadside discharge (including \" Glasgow \") was reduced to 2 9.2-in.\nThe Germans in addition had the inestimable advantage of having been in commission over two years and being in a state of prime gunnery efficiency, whereas the \" Good Hope \" and \" Monmouth \" were both 3rd Fleet ships, which had been lying idle in the dockyards, manned entirely with reserve men on the outbreak of war.\nCradock left Vallenar (Chonos, Chile) with the \" Monmouth \" on Oct.\n(in the order from westward - \" Good Hope,\" \" Monmouth,\" \" Otranto \" and \" Glasgow \"), course N.W.\nThe British squadron was in line, with the \" Good Hope \" leading and the \" Monmouth,\" \" Glasgow \" and \" Otranto \" behind, on an easterly course.\nThe rest of the German squadron joined in, the \"Scharnhorst \" engaging the \" Good Hope,\" the \" Gneisenau \" the \" Monmouth,\" and the \" Leipzig \" the \" Glasgow.\"\nThe \" Monmouth \" had ceased fire and turned away to the W., followed by the \" Glasgow,\" who had been heavily engaged by the \" Leipzig \" and \" Dresden \" and had received five hits.\nThe \" Monmouth,\" badly down by the bows and listing to port, turned N.\nThe \" Monmouth \" was listing so badly that she could not use her port guns.\nIn Great Britain there is the South Welsh field, extending westward from the march of Monmouth shire to Kidwelly, and northward to Merthyr Tydfil.\nBetween the years 1404 and 1408 Aberystwyth Castle was in the hands of Owen Glendower, but finally surrendered to Prince Harry of Monmouth, and shortly of ter this the town was incorporated under the title of Ville de Lampadarn, the ancient name of the place being Llanbadarn Gaerog, or the fortified Llanbadarn, to distinguish it from Llanbadarn Fawr, the village one mile inland.\nHe was appointed United States minister to France in 1792, and was the only representative of a foreign country who remained at his post throughout the Reign of Terror; but his ill-concealed attitude of hostility to the Revolu manor and also a large estate from his uncle in Monmouth county, East Jersey.\nAfter the death of Shaftesbury, however, in November 1682, he entered into the conferences held between Monmouth, Russell, Essex, Hampden and others.\nIn the engagement at Monmouth, on the 28th of June 1778, he commanded one of the brigades in Lord Stirling's division.\nGeoffrey of Monmouth and Simeon of Durham are Alured's chief sources.\nGeoffrey of Monmouth makes no mention of it, and the earliest record is that of Wace, much expanded by his translator, Layamon, who gives a picturesque detailed description of the fight for precedence which took place at Arthur's board on a certain Yuletide day, and the slaughter which ensued.\nMONMOUTH, a city and the county-seat of Warren county, Illinois, in the W.\nThe city is the seat of Monmouth College (1856; United Presbyterian), which in 1908 had 28 instructors and 454 students.\nMonmouth is situated in a good farming region, and cattle, swine and ponies are raised in the vicinity.\nMonmouth was settled about 1824, first incorporated as a village in 1836, chartered as a city in 1852 and in 1882 reorganized under a general state law.\nThe bridge near which, on the 22nd of June 1679, was fought the battle of Bothwell Bridge between the Royalists, under the duke of Monmouth, and the Covenanters, in which the latter lost 50o men and 1000 prisoners.\nWashington, who had passed the winter at Valley Forge, overtook him at Monmouth, N.J., and in an action on the 28th of June both armies suffered about equal loss.\nThe battlefield of Sedgemoor, where the Monmouth rebellion was finally crushed in 1685, is within 3 m.; while not far off is Charlinch, the home of the Agapemonites.\nBentivoglio's principal works are: - Della Guerra di Fiandria (best edition, Cologne, 1633-1639), translated into English by Henry, earl of Monmouth (London, 1654); Relazioni di G.\nZimmer, Nennius Vindicatus (Berlin, 1893), an examination into the credibility of Nennius; Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Britonum (translations of both histories are in Bohn's Library); Wace, the Brut (ed.\nMonmouth and the rebel army passed through Shepton twice in 1685, and twelve of the rebels were hanged here by Judge Jeffreys.\nThe legends of Merlin and Arthur, collected in the Historia Regum Britanniae by Geoffrey of Monmouth (t 1154), passed into French literature, bearing the character which the bishop of St Asaph had stamped upon them.\nTenison's reputation as an enemy of Romanism led the duke of Monmouth to send for him before his execution in 1685, when Bishops Ken and Turner refused to administer the Eucharist; but, although Tenison spoke to him in \"a softer and less peremptory manner\" than the two bishops, he was, like them, not satisfied with the sufficiency of Monmouth's penitence.\nIn 1685 Lyme was the scene of the landing of James, duke of Monmouth, in his attempt upon the throne.\nThe earlier part of the Chronicle is taken from Geoffrey of Monmouth and other writers; for the period dealing with the reign of Edward I.\nASBURY PARK, a city of Monmouth county, New Jersey, U.S.A., on the Atlantic Ocean, about 35 m.\nGeoffrey of Monmouth, who calls her Guanhumara, makes her a Roman lady, but the general tradition is that she was of Cornish birth and daughter to King Leodegrance.\nIn America Rawdon served at the battles of Bunker Hill, Brooklyn, White Plains, Monmouth and Camden, at the attacks on Forts Washington and Clinton, and at the siege of Charleston.\nJAMES SCOTT MONMOUTH, DUKE OF (1649-1685), leader of his abortive insurrection against James II.\nDuring 1663 he was made duke of Orkney, duke of Monmouth and knight of the Garter, and received honorary degrees at both universities; and on his marriage he and his wife were created duke and duchess of Buccleuch, and he took the surname of Scott.\nIn 1670 Monmouth was with the court at Dover, and it is affirmed by Reresby that the mysterious death of Charles's sister, Henrietta, duchess of Orleans, was due to her husband's revenge on the discovery of her intrigue with the duke.\nHitherto Monmouth had been but the spoiled child of a wicked court.\nEven then the fear of a \"difference\" between Monmouth and James, duke of York, exercised men's minds, and every caress or promotion kept the fear alive.\nWho could tell but that, in default of legitimate issue from his queen, Charles might declare Monmouth himself his lawful son?\nJamian's Food and Drink 79 Monmouth St Red Bank, NJ 07701 (732) 747-8050.echo-redbank.com Resources The Bistro Ole\nMonmouth can be found in the east of New Jersey situated on the Atlantic ocean.\nTommy's Inn at Millstone 560 Monmouth Road Jackson, New Jersey 08514 (732) 719-3753 tommysinnatmillstone.com Huller's Black Forest This family restaurant generally focuses on an American menu.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "«Second Bite of the Apple». The Sexual Freedom League and Revolutionary Sex in 1960s United States\nThe Sexual Freedom League was a sexual liberation group that existed from the late 1960s to the early 1970s. Today, the SFL is largely forgotten, despite the great popularity and attention it enjoyed. This article emphasizes the earnest and diverse attempts to develop a “revolutionary sexuality” in this period by reexaming the archival materials on the SFL. Countering the tendency of today’s historiography to dismiss facets of the sexual freedom movement of the 1960s as either irrelevant, sexist, or politically misleading, the article emphasizes that both men and women developed autonomous agencies, pursuing their respective desires within the historical momentum labeled as the sexual revolution.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Frazier Peele of Hatteras ran the Hadeco across Pamlico Sound, carrying fish to Engelhard in Hyde County where it was packed onto trucks and delivered to markets around the state.\nEngelhard was, in 1936, home to a new ice plant, the Pamlico Ice & Light Company, that billed itself as “Headquarters for Stumpy Point and Hatteras fishermen” in advertisements in the Dare County Times newspaper.\nThe 55-foot Hadeco was built in 1932 in Bettie, NC. The boat’s name stood for the Hatteras Development Company, the power and ice plant operated by Peele in Hatteras village. A Standard Oil photographer working on the island in 1945 labeled the plant the “One Man Utility Company” in descriptions of his photographs.\nThe impetus for generating electrical power in coastal villages like Hatteras and Engelhard was the need for ice to keep fresh seafood cold so it could be shipped and trucked to distant markets and distributors.\nThe Hadeco also carried freight, passengers and vehicles.\n“We had the fish down in the hull and cars and all on the deck of it,” recalled mate and captain Harmon Willis. “We would carry fish over and whatever anybody wanted we would bring back.”\nThe boat left Hatteras in the morning and returned in late afternoon.\nIn a description of a 1949 trip on the Hadeco in his grandfather’s truck, Buddy Swain wrote, “Getting the truck on the boat was a feat. Two-by-twelve wooden planks supported by stacked blocks of wood provided a temporary ramp from the road to the dock. The trick was to successfully drive this course without going overboard.”\nFrazier Peele also carried freight to Engelhard on the H.C. Drewer, a converted menhaden boat.\nThe Hadeco was being towed to Norfolk for repairs around 1950 when disaster struck in Pamlico Sound.\n“Going up the sound we ran into a storm and it started getting bad onto us and we had to turn her loose. She went up onto the reef and broke up,” Willis said.\nIn 1950, Peele started the first ferry service between Hatteras and Ocracoke. Up until then, travelers usually caught the Aleta in Atlantic, NC to get to Ocracoke.\n“His ferry was simply a shad boat on which he nailed wide planks to form a platform for one car,” explained Philip Howard of Ocracoke. After the first year, Peele built a more conventional ferry that could hold three or four cars.\nIn 1957, the state bought Peele’s ferry and established free service between Hatteras and Ocracoke.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The last battle on British soil? Little-known conflict at Graveney Marsh finally remembered after 70 years\nBilleted at a pub on the Kent coast, they had been ordered to capture any German aircrew shot down in the countryside. But the men of the 1st Battalion London Irish Rifles were to carve themselves a little-known place in military history: they fought the last ever battle to take place on the British mainland.\nDuring the Battle of Britain, they had trooped out to pick up the crew of a crashed German bomber only to find the airmen waiting with machine guns. After a short battle the Germans surrendered – and their captors then took them for a pint at their local pub.\nThe extraordinary skirmish, which took place on September 27, 1940, has been nicknamed the Battle of Graveney Marsh.\nMost history books record the crushing of Bonnie Prince Charlie’s Jacobite rebellion at Culloden in 1746 as the last pitched battle fought on British soil.\nHeroic effort: Veteran George Willis, now 90, returns to the Sportsman Inn, in Graveney Marsh, Kent, to commemorate the last battle on British soil which ended with the German POWs being taken for a pint\nNow efforts are being made to give the Battle of Graveney Marsh more official recognition.\nIt happened when a stricken Junkers 88 crash-landed after being attacked by two RAF Spitfire fighter planes in the skies above the English coast.\nOne of the bomber’s engines had already been knocked out by anti-aircraft fire when the second was put out of action by the Spitfires.\nThe pilot, Unteroffizer Fritz Ruhlandt, was forced to land on Graveney Marsh. The crash was seen by members of the London Irish Rifles’ A Company, who were holed up in the Sportsman Inn in Seasalter, a hamlet near Whitstable, and they were dispatched to the downed plane.\nBattle in Britain: The downed Junkers Ju 88A-1 on Graveney Marsh in 1940\nThey fully expected the four-strong Luftwaffe crew, including wireless operator Unteroffizier Erwin Richter who had only married a couple of months before, to give themselves up without a fight.\nBut to their horror, as they approached the aircraft the Germans opened fire with the aircraft’s two machine guns. Some of the British servicemen dived to the ground and returned fire, while a smaller group crawled along a dyke to get within 50 yards of the plane before they started shooting.\nThe battlefield today: Although it occupies a special position in British military history, The Sportsman is best known today for its superior sticky toffee pudding\nFollowing a heavy exchange of fire, they mounted an assault on the Junkers and the Germans surrendered. No-one was killed in the battle, although one of the enemy was shot in the foot.\nIn a dramatic twist, the company’s commanding officer, Captain John Cantopher, overheard one of the captured crew mention in German that the plane would ‘go up’ at any moment.\nHe dashed back to the aircraft, found an explosive charge under a wing and threw it into dyke. It meant the prized aircraft was captured for British engineers to examine.\nKeeping Guard: London Irish rifles guarding the downed Junkers Ju 88A-1\nCaptain Cantopher won a George Medal for his bravery. Incredibly, the British soldiers enjoyed pints of beer with the German captives back at the pub before they were picked up as prisoners of war.\nNext month, the London Irish Rifles Regimental Association will mark the 70th anniversary of the battle by unveiling a commemorative plaque at the pub.\nNigel Wilkinson, vice-chairman of the association, said: ‘Although it barely gets a mention in the history books, Graveney Marsh was the last battle to take place on British soil involving a foreign enemy.\n‘At the time the aircraft was a new marque and as it was only two weeks old it provided the Air Ministry with valuable intelligence.\nUnteroffizier Fritz Ruhlandt was the pilot brought down in Kent in 1940\nOf course the men of the London Irish Rifles spoke about the battle. It went down in folklore within the regiment. ‘But it seems to have been forgotten about.\nWe thought it was about time something was done to officially recognise and remember it.’ Corporal George Willis, 90, of Greenwich, south-east London, the regiment’s piper, was in the Sportsman when the men returned with the Germans.\n‘The men were in good spirits and came into the pub with the Germans,’ he said. ‘We gave the Germans pints of beer in exchange for a few souvenirs. I got a set of enamel Luftwaffe wings.’\nAn element of the London Irish Regiment training near the scene of the skirmish in 1940.\nIt is expected that 60 members of the London Irish Rifles Regimental Association will attend the event at Seasalter, on Sunday, September 26.\nThere will be parade in front of the association’s president, Major General Corran Purdon, who won the Military Cross for the Second World War raid on St Nazaire and was imprisoned in Colditz.\nThere will then be a service before the unveiling of the plaque.\nMost watched News videos\n- Quick-thinking mother uses broom to catch son falling down stairs\n- Group of migrants found huddled in back of lorry at Heathrow Airport\n- Rhys Muldoon: Blank may have hit director 'after diverting off camera'\n- Chinese and Russian warships team up for joint patrols in Pacific\n- Moment Iranian official is SLAPPED in rare security breach on stage\n- Four people arrested after man dies in Hampshire stabbing\n- Chilled out! Adorable moment monkeys bathe in Japanese hot springs\n- Footage shows man wielding samurai sword in the road in Crawley\n- SAGE's Stephen Reicher: We're DILLY-DALLYING into another lockdown\n- Labour's Rachel Reeves suggests Covid Plan B should be brought in\n- Chancellor Rishi Sunak ignores coronavirus questions on Plan B\n- Shipping containers fall off cargo ship and catch fire in Pacific", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Every decade or so historians are asked what, in their opinion, were the most important events in world history.\nFor the last millennium the Protestant Reformation of 1517 always finishes in the top 1, 2 or 3. And as for the most important persons in history, Martin Luther, the monk/priest/doctor of theology/university professor who sparked the Reformation, invariably finishes in the top 2.\nYet on Tuesday, Oct. 31, a date that marked the 500th Anniversary of the start of the Reformation when Luther nailed his famous 95 Theses against the sale of indulgences on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany, absolutely nothing was said of this event. It wasn't just the Daily Herald that ignored it. Nothing was said of it on any major network TV news show, and I tried to watch several. Perhaps I didn't see it if one did, in fact, mention the Reformation.\nNevertheless, I'm surprised if not shocked. I'm disappointed if not incredulous. How could this have happened? One of the most important events in all of world history was summarily ignored on the day of its 500th Anniversary. But I suspect it's evidence of the growing fact that religion in general and Christianity in particular are being marginalized to the periphery of society. In the end, that will prove to be the undoing of this great nation.\nPastor Ronald W. Weidler (retired)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Stagecoach Inn of Chappell Hill\nStage Coach Inn\nStage Coach Inn in 2008\n|Location||Main & Chestnut Sts.,|\nChappell Hill, Texas\n|Area||1 acre (0.40 ha)|\n|Architectural style||Greek Revival|\n|Part of||Main Street Historic District (ID85001175)|\n|MPS||Chappell Hill MRA|\n|NRHP reference No.||76002082|\n|Added to NRHP||December 12, 1976|\n|Designated CP||May 15, 1985|\nIt was built in 1850 by Mary Elizabeth Haller (née Hargrove), the founder of Chappell Hill. Mary and her husband Jacob Haller (d. 1853), the town's first postmaster, built the stately 14-room Greek Revival inn along the road from Houston to Austin, where some of Texas' first stagecoach lines, the Smith and Jones, and later the F. P. Sawyers, would stop for the night. Prior to the building's use as a stagecoach stop, it served as a boarding house for students attending college in Chappell Hill. At that time it was called Hargrove House or Hargrove House Hotel.\nCharlotte Hargrove, Mary Haller's mother, operated the Inn until 1859; when it was bought by Judge Benjamin Thomas, who operated the Inn until about 1870. John A. Hargrove, Mary's brother, wrote shortly before his death in 1906 of traveling to \"the Cedar breaks\" to cut wood for building the inn. Throughout this period, the town of Chappell Hill (which was named after Mary Haller's maternal grandfather) was a part of a booming cotton-farming economy.\nAs the cotton economy faded after the turn of the 20th century and highways were built bypassing the town, the Inn fell into disrepair, until it was purchased in 1976 by noted Houston architect Harvin C. Moore and his wife Elizabeth. Moore had often seen the Inn while traveling in the 1920s, to and from Austin as a student and member of the Rice University band, and had dreamed of one day bringing it back to life. At the completion of the Moores' restoration, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.\n- Fanthorp Inn State Historic Site in Grimes County\n- Stagecoach Inn in Bell County\n- National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Texas\n- \"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.\n- \"Stagecoach Inn: Country Quarters Restored\", by Lisa Ruffin, Texas Homes Magazine, March 1981, p. 84.\n- Stagecoach Inn at Waymarking.com; posted 29 Dec. 2014, retrieved 15 Dec. 2015.\n- Jewett, Clayton. 2006. The Confederates of Chappell Hill, Texas: Prosperity, Civil War, and Decline.\n- John A. Hargrove on Find a Grave, retrieved 18 April 2017.\n- \"Stagecoach Inn: Country Quarters Restored\", by Lisa Ruffin, Texas Homes Magazine, March 1981, p. 93.\n- Listing on NRHP.com Accessed 01 December 2015.\n- Real estate listing at LandsofAmerica.com: \"This property is no longer available.\" Accessed 01 December 2015.\n|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stagecoach Inn.|\n- Stage Coach Inn at Waymarking.com", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "THE first incorporation of a company to build a railroad in Erie county, took place on the 14th day of April, 1832,\nwhen the Legislature incorporated two companies. One was the Buffalo & Erie Railroad Company, whose road was\nto run from Buffalo through Chautauqua county to the State line. The corporators were all residents of Chautauqua\ncounty. The movements had no practical results. The other was the Aurora & Buffalo Railroad Company. Its road\nwas designed to run from Buffalo to the village of Aurora, now known as East Aurora, seventeen miles southeast\nof the former place. Considerable stock was subscribed, and the line was carefully laid out by Mr. William Wallace,\nwho, after a long life spent in his profession in this vicinity, is now a resident of East Aurora. For several\nyears the people of Aurora had lively hopes of the speedy construction of a railroad to their village, and it was\nnot until 1837, that the panic of that year crushed, for the time, their ardent ambition.\nThe first railroad actually built in the county was the Buffalo & Black Rock Railroad, about three miles long-at\nleast it was called a railroad then, although more like'a modern street-railroad, for the cars were drawn by horses.\nThis road was in working order as early as 1834. The first railroad operated by steam power in Erie county was\nthe Buffalo & Niagara Falls. In the spring of 1836, it was in the course of rapid construction. On the 26th\nof August, in that year, the first locomotive was put on the road at Black Rock, and ran from that place to Tonawanda,\nat the rate of fifteen or twenty miles per hour. On the 6th of the next month, the locomotive ran from Buffalo\nto Tonawanda, and on the 5th of November, 1836, trains began running regularly from Buffalo to Niagara Falls.\nThe Niagara Falls road was built just in time for the great financial crisis, which occurred immediately afterward\nand put a sudden stop to all enterprises of that kind in this region. The Aurora road, as we have stated, was crushed\nby it. In July, 1836, directors of the Buffalo & Erie (Pa.) Railroad Company were elected, but no road was\nbuilt on that line for over fifteen years. in August, subscriptions to the stock of the Buffalo & Attica Railroad\nCompany were opened, but this enterprise, too, was submerged by the wave of financial disaster, and did not re-appear\nuntil several years later.\nIt was, however, the first, after the Niagara Falls road, to he completed, being opened for travel on the 8th day\nof January, 1843. The work of railroad-building was then slow in comparison with later achievements, and though\nthe Attica road formed a connection with others, afterward consolidated with it into the New York Central, and\nthough the New York & Erie was creeping slowly in this direction, yet the next road actually constructed in\nthis county was the Buffalo & State Line (now a part of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern), which was\nopened for travel from Buffalo to Dunkirk on the 22d day of February, 1852, having been already opened from Dunkirk\nto the State Line, on the 1st of the previous month.\nThe same year the Buffalo & Rochester Railroad Company, (which had been formed in 1850, by the consolidation\nof the Buffalo & Attica Company with the \"Tonawanda\" Company-whose road ran from Attica to Rochester,)\nopened a new direct line from Buffalo to Batavia, and sold its line from Buffalo to Attica, thirty miles, to the\nNew York City Railroad Company. The latter leased this line to the New York & Erie Company, which built a branch\nsixty miles long, from Hornellsville to Attica, thus forming a continuous line from Buffalo to New York, which\nwas opened in 1852.\nIn 1852, also, the Buffalo & New York City Company opened a line from Buffalo to Batavia, (a short distance\nfrom the Central track) thence eastward to Avon, and thence southeastward to Corning. In a short time, however,\nthe track from Buffalo to Batavia was taken up, and the road-bed has remained unoccupied to the present time. The\nline beyond Batavia is operated by the \"Erie\" Company.\nThis was an era of railroad-building. The Buffalo & Brantford road was begun in 1851 or 1852, and was completed\nto Brantford, Ontario, by 1854. An extension was planned to Goderich, on Lake Huron, and the name was changed to\nthe Buffalo, Brantford & Goderich Railway. It was not opened to Goderich until June 28, 1858. The name was\nagain changed to the Buffalo & Lake Huron Railway, and on the 1st of July, 1868, it was leased in perpetuity\nto the Grand Trunk Railway Company, and it is now operated as a part of the Grand Trunk system.\nIn 1853, a strenuous effort was made-in fact two efforts were made to build a railroad from Buffalo through Aurora\nand the southeastern part of the county. In the fore part of that year the Buffalo & Pittsburgh. Railroad Company\nwas chartered under the presidency of the late Orlando Allen. It selected a line running near the village of Willink\n(now the west end of the village of East Aurora) and thence up the valley of Cazendve creek; the design being to\nmeet the coal-fields of Pennsylvania, and to connect either directly or indirectly with Pittsburg.\nOwing to dissatisfaction with the route selected, the Buffalo & Allegany Valley Railroad Company was formed,\nand began work on a road designed to run from Buffalo through the east part of the village of East Aurora, and\nthence up the Cazenove valley to a point near Arcade, where it .was to connect with the \"Allegany Valley\"\nroad running south from Attica to the Pennsylvania line. Both the companies thus organized did considerable work\nin the vicinity of Aurora, in the year 1853, but neither had sufficient financial resources to accomplish the task\nit had undertaken. The Buffalo & Allegany Valley Company first succumbed and stopped work, but did not abandon\nits organization. The Buffalo & Pittsburg Company also stopped work, and at length gave up its organization;\nnothing more was done on either line .until after the war.\nThe Canandaigua & Niagara Falls Railroad Company was organized in 1851, and its road was completed in 1854;\nrunning from the Suspension Bridge to Tonawanda, and thence eastward through the northern towns of Erie county-continuing\nin an eastern course to Canandaigua. The name was changed to the Niagara Bridge & Canandaigua Railroad, and\nin 1858 it was leased to the New York Central Company, by which it is still operated.\nIn 1855 the Buffalo & Niagara Falls railroad was purchased by the New York Central Company, and the former\nroad made a part of the latter.\nThe financial crisis of 1857 and the war which broke out in 1861 caused a long blank in railway-building in Erie\ncounty. Even before the close of the Rebellion, however, when peace was seen to be approaching, preparations were\nmade for a renewal of railroad work. On the 10th of December, 1864, Mr. Wallace, the engineer already mentioned,\nhaving projected a route from Buffalo to Olean and thence up the Allegany river, (instead of down that stream,\nwhere previous routes had run), obtained the subscription of six leading citizens of Olean to the stock of the\nBuffalo & Washington Railroad Company. On the 4th of February, 1865, the company was organized, and on the\n14th day of April in that year, it was consolidated with the Buffalo & Allegany Valley Railroad Company, (of\nwhich Perry G. Parker was then President, and General Aaron Riley, Secretary,) and with the Sinnemahoning &\nPortage Railroad Company, the whole taking the name of the Buffalo & Washington. This name was ere long changed\nto the Buffalo, New York & Philadelphia, which has fortunately been spared from further transmutations.\nThe company selected substantially the line of the old Buffalo & Allegany Valley Road through Erie county,\nand slowly carried forward the work of construction. It was not until December 22, 1867, that the road was completed\nto East Aurora, seventeen miles from Buffalo, where it made a long halt. Then it was built to South Wales, five\nmiles further south, where there was another halt until the latter part of 1870. It was then pushed forward with\nmore vigor, so that in July, 1872, it was opened to Olean, and on the 1st of January, 1873, it was completed to\nits terminus, at Emporium, Pa.\nThe same year saw the completion of another road terminating in Buffalo, the Canada Southern, which had been chartered\non the 28th of February, 1868, and begun soon after, and which was opened for traffic November 15, 1873. It extended\nfrom the Niagara river to Amherstburg, Ontario, near the mouth of Detroit river, two hundred and twenty-nine miles\ndistant. In 1878 the ownetship of the road passed into the hands of a new company, organized in the interest of\nthe New York Central Railroad Company, which guaranteed the interest on the bonds of its Canadian associate. During\nthe past year the road has been leased to the Michigan Central Railroad Company, another branch of the same great\nThe year 1873 was also distinguished by the completion of the \"Air Line,\" or \"Loop Line\" branch\nof the Great Western Railway, from Fort Erie to Glencoe, on the main line of that road, one hundred and forty five\nmiles westward. This branch was begun by the Canada Air Line Company, chartered in December, 1867, but subsequently\nbecame the property of the Great Western Company. During the winter of 1882-'83 the Great Western & Grand Trunk\nRailroad Companies were consoli.. dated under the latter name, and the Grand Trunk Railroad consequently has two\nimportant branches, (the old Buffalo & Lake Huron, and the Air Line) practically terminating in Buffalo, with\n.which they cornmunicate by the International Bridge across the Niagara.\nA little before the completion of these works a road had been built from Buffalo to the Suspension Bridge by a\ncompany organized under the auspices of the \"Erie\" company, in October, i868. The road was completed\nin December, 1870, under the name of the \"Suspension Bridge & Erie Junction\" railroad, but was immediately\nleased to the Erie company and has been known as the Niagara Falls branch of that road.\nThe next Erie county railroad enterprise was the Buffalo & Jamestown. This company was organized March 25,\n1872. The road was completed from Buffalo to Jamestown, Chautauqua county, in 1875, running almost due south from\nBuffalo, through the towns of West Seneca, Hamburg, Eden, North Collins, and Collins, and crossing Cattaraugus\ncreek at the village of Gowanda. The company was re-organized in 1877, after a foreclosure, under the name of the\nBuffalo & Southwesttern, and on the 1st of August, 1881, it leased the road tothe New York, Lake Erie &\nWestern Railroad Company, by whom it is now operated as the Buffalo & South-Western division of that road.\nSince the revival of business in 1879, after the long depression, there has been apparently a rage for railroad\nbuilding throughout the country, and, owing to its position at the foot of Lake Erie, this county has been the\nscene of even more than the usualactivity of capitalists, engineers and contractors. The first of the new roads\nto be completed was the New York, Chicago and St Louis, running from Buffalo to Chicago, by way of Fort Wayne,\nIndiana. The company was organized-in this State-on the 13th of April, 1881. Work was begun soon after, and the\ntrack was completed (522 miles) in the latter part of 1882-about a year and eight months after its commencement,\na fact almost, if not quite, unequaled in the history of railroad building. It was constructed by a syndicate of\nNew York capitalists who, during the winter of 1882- '83, sold it to William H. Vanderbilt and other owners of\nthe Lake Shore Railroad, but the New York, Chicago & St. Louis is managed as a special route, although, of\ncourse, in close harmony with. the Lake Shore.\nFrom Buffalo westward to Brocton, Chautauqua county, the track occupied by the New York, Chicago & St. Louis\nCompany was built jointly by that company and the Buffalo, Pittsburgh & Western. This was the first appearance\nin Erie county of the tracks of the last-named company though they had previously run trains from Brocton to Buffalo,\nover the track of the .Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad. The Buffalo, Pittsburg & Western Railroad\nCompany was formed on the 20th day of January, 1881, by a consolidation of the Buffalo & Pittsburg Railroad\nCompany (organized September 29, 1880, to build a road from Buffalo to Portland, near Brocton,) with several roads,\nprincipally in Pennsylvania. On the 14th of February, 1883, the road in question, together with the Oil City &\nChicago and the Olean & Salamanca Railroads were consolidated with the Buffalo, New York & Philadelphia,\ntaking the name of the last named road.\nThe Buffalo, New York & Philadelphia Company is the oniy one of the great companies described which has its\nheadquarters in Buffalo, and we give it a little more extended description on that account. Besides the roads consolidated\nwith its own, as already mentioned, it controls the following leased railroads: The Genesee Valley Canal Railroad;\nthe Rochester, New York & Pennsylvania; the McKean & Buffalo; the Kendall & Eldred; the Olean &\nBradford; and the Mayville Extension Railroad. The total number of miles of railroad owned and controlled by the\ncompany is seven hundred and eighteen.\nIn addition to its railroad property the company controls extensive coal mines and coal lands in Pennsylvania,\nfrom which it can furnish its roads with an apparently unlimited amount of coal traffic, which cannot be diverted\nfrom them. It also controls most of the passenger and freight business of Chautauqua lake, on which it has a fleet\nof five large steamers. Its branch roads also reach to Bradford, the center of the principal oil producing territory,\nto Clermont, the seat of the coal mines just mentioned and to other points, whence comes a large and constantly\nincreasing business in the carriage of coal (anthracite and bituminous,) oil, lumber, bark, grain, and numerous\nThe New York, Lackawanna & Western Railway Company was chartered on the 24th of August, 1880, for the purpose\nof constructing an extension of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, from Binghamton to Buffalo, a\ndistance of two hundred miles. The work was pushed rapidly forward and the, track was completed in 1883. This company,\nhowever, like some of the others, has still a vast amountof work to do in constructing side tracks, building depots,\nobtaining facilities on the water-front, etc., etc., in and around Buffalo.\nThe Rochester & Pittsburg Railroad Company which, as the successor of the Rochester & State Line Company,\nis the owner of a road from Rochester to Salamanca, Cattaraugus county, determined in the year 1882, to build a\nbranch from Ashford, Cattaraugus county to Buffalo. Surveys were made on various lines, and in August of that year\na contract was let for the construction of the road by way of East Hamburg, West Falls, Colden and Springville.\nThe work was completed in August, 1883. As the company is also extending its road into the coal and lumber fields\nof Pennsylvania, it furnishes another important feeder to the manufactures and other interests of Buffalo.\nLast of all in date of completion is the New York, West Shore & Buffalo Railroad, the company owning which\nwas ofganized on the i8th of February, 1880. This great work was completed. to Syracuse at the time of the printing\nof this history, and was to be constructed to Buffalo with the utmost possible speed. it is the most important\nof any of the new roads through Erie county, having a first-class, double-track line from Weehawken, New Jersey,\nopposite New York, along the west shore of the Hudson river nearly to Albany and thence westward, almost parallel\nto and but a short distance from the Central railroad, to Buffalo, a total distance of four hundred and twenty-five\nmiles. It was evidently intended to be a formidable rival of the Central Railroad, but its business achievements\nare still in the future.\nAlthough the Lehigh Valley Railroad has no track through Erie county, yet the company sends its coal-laden cars\nhither over the tracks of the New York, Lake Erie & Western, and has acquired vast facilities in the southern\npart of Buffalo for the purpose of transhipping its coal and sending it up Lake Erie and over other roads. So far\nas the coal trade is concerned, Buffalo is the western terminus of the Lehigh Valley railroad.\nIt will be observed that in regard to every road mentioned, Buffalo is the terminus of either a main line or a\nbranch. Not a single road runs through Buffalo. It is the western terminus of the New York Central & Hudson\nRiver Railroad, of the New York, West Shore & Buffalo, and the New York, Lackawanna & Western; also of\nwhat is practically the main line of the New York, Lake Erie & Western, besides being the freight terminus\nof the Lehigh Valley Road. It is the southern terminus of the Niagara Falls branch of the Central, and the Niagara\nFalls branch of the Erie. It is the northern terminus of the two great divisions of the Buffalo, New York &\nPhiladelphia, whose tributary roads spread far and wide through the coal fields, the oil fields, and the lumber\nfields of Pennsylvania. It is also the northern terminus of what is likely to be the main line of the Rochester\n& Pittsburg, which is advancing in the same direction, and of the Buffalo & Southwestern branch of the\nErie. It is the eastern terminus of three great roads, the New York, Chicago & St. Louis, the Lake Shore &\nMichigan Southern, and the Michigan Central, (as the lessee of the Canada Southern,) each of which reaches out\nover 500 miles, to the great city of the West, Chicago. Finally it is the eastern terminus of one great branch,\nand the southeastern terminus of another, belonging to the Grand Trunk system of Canada, which stretches its mighty\narms from the western shore of Lake Michigan to the chief city of Maine, on the coast of the North Atlantic.\nIn short, a person can travel more than nine thousand miles over the various railroads centering at Buffalo, and\ntheir branches, without repeating his journey over a single mile", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Children of Barbli STAUFFER and Peter NEUENSCHWANDER are:\n| || i.||Peter NEUENSCHWANDER was born 26 MAR 1671 in Zimmerzei, Eggiwil, Bern, Switzerland. He married Susanna STEFFAN 5 FEB 1697 in Steinsfurt, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany, daughter of George STEFFAN.\n|4.|| ii.||Christian NEUENSCHWANDER was born 12 OCT 1673 in Dieboldsbach, Eggiwil, Bern, Switzerland, and died BEF 1741 in , Frederick, Virginia. He married Anna Magdalena STEFFAN 26 JAN 1701 in Steinsfurt, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany, daughter of Gabriel STEFFAN.\n| || iii.||Nicholas NEUENSCHWANDER was born 13 AUG 1676 in Eggiwil, Bern, Switzerland.|\n| || iv.||Johannes NEUENSCHWANDER was born ABT 1678, and died 1719 in Wiesloch, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany.|\n| || v.||Katharina NEUENSCHWANDER was born ABT 1681 in Schangnau, Bern, Switzerland. She married Hans Jacob SPIESS in Duhren, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Request Governor George W. Bush's Records\nGovernor George W. Bush’s records are located at the newly built George W. Bush Presidential Library at Southern Methodist University in Dallas.\nThese records remain the property of the State of Texas, the responsibility of the Texas State Library and Archives Commission, and subject to the Texas Public Information Act. Certain records will require review and redaction or removal by archivists of the Commission prior to use by researchers.\nPublic Information requests must be submitted directly to the Texas State Library and Archives Commission, not the George W. Bush Library.\nContact information for submitting a public information request to the Commission is online at https://www.tsl.texas.gov/agency/customer/pia.html#proc. Finding aids describing Governor Bush’s records are available online. Bush’s gubernatorial records do not include campaign records, personal papers, or materials concerning his transition to the presidency.\nIf you have questions, please contact the Texas State Library and Archives Commission at firstname.lastname@example.org or 512-463-5455.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The most tweeted line of the debate was President Obama's zinger that the military has fewer horses and bayonets. So where are bayonets from? Anchor Marco Werman gets the answer, plus the history of bayonets from Chris Woolf.\nJames Pieslak with the UK's budget hotel chain Travelodge helped compile a lost and found list that includes everything from a magic wand to a bucket of crabs, all left behind in its 527 UK hotels during 2012.\nArchaeologists in London have found 13 skeletons that date back 700 years. Historians say as many as 50,000 people died around the year 1348. Name the phenomenon that spread across Europe and re-shaped the human landscape of London.\nThe Scottish Isle of Lewis has been granted official EU food protection for one of its traditional delicacies. The recipe for the local sausage made of cooked pigs blood, oatmeal, and spices has been handed down for hundreds of years. Can you name it?\nItalian paleopathologist Valentina Giuffra has been studying the skeletons of nine children born to the Medici family in Florence during the Renaissance. She tells anchor Marco Werman that their bones showed signs of rickets.\nThe war in Syria has been devastating in many ways: But life has to go on. That's the sense you get speaking to Sandro Saadé. Despite the war in Syria, he's managed to keep the Bargylus vineyard and winery up and running in northwest Syria.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In China street markets, chicken are sold plucked and hanging in a window or alive so customers can judge their health. At this “wet” market in Wanxian, China, a customer selected the rooster with its head up. The shopkeeper’s right hand grabbed it by the neck immediately after this photo was taken. Footnote: Two-thirds of Wanxian, a city that dated back to the Ming dynasty starting in the late 14th century, was flooded by the Three Gorges Dam reservoir in 2008. In preparation, approximately 80,000 people were displaced and 900 factories were moved. The area is now called Wanzhou District and is considered part of the Chongqing municipality.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Attributed to Leandro da Ponte Bassano\nHead of a Bearded Man Facing Left\nBlack chalk with traces of white chalk, on blue paper.\n8 1/8 x 6 1/2 inches (208 x 164 mm)\nGift of János Scholz.\nDownload verso image:\nInscription on verso in graphite by Scholz, \"Bassano, Jacopo or one of the later Vecelli?\"\nGeorge Edward Habich (Lugt 862); Prince Johann Georg of Saxony, Hohenzollern, Sigmaringen (according to János Scholz's records); purchased in Zurich in 1951 (according to János Scholz's records) by János Scholz (1903-1993), New York (see Lugt Suppl. 2933b).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Full steam ahead for some lazy Sundays by seaside in Portrush\nThe much-loved Portrush Flyer steam train is back on track this summer for a series of Sunday day trips, ferrying passengers from Belfast Central to the seaside resort.\nIt will run on July 27, August 10 and 31 and September 14.\nThe Railway Preservation Society of Ireland, which is running the day trips, said: \"Our steam train gives everyone a chance to recreate the summer excursion of the past. Our passengers will enjoy a relaxing journey through some of the best scenery this country has to offer, to arrive at the tourist town of Portrush with plenty of time to sample the seaside resort.\"\nThe steam locomotive for the Portrush Flyer 'Merlin' is the last of five V-class locomotives built for the Great Northern Railway (Ireland) in 1932.\nNo 85 was last used for work in about 1962 and was eventually bought by the Belfast Transport Museum. She is still owned by the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum and is on loan to the RPSI.\nTickets are available from Belfast Welcome Centre (Tel 028 9024 6609) or online from www.steamtrainsireland.com.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Tryout was an amateur press publication by Charles W. Smith from his home at 308 Groveland St. in Haverhill, Massachusetts, U.S.A.\nFirst published in 1914, The Tryout was a National Amateur Press Association publication. Carles Smith had a printing press in a shed in his backyard where he put it together. The publication was noted for its typographical errors, referred to by H.P. Lovecraft as \"tryoutisms\". The Tryout is noted as the publication that first published many of Lovecraft's stories, poems and articles, as well as those of others of his circle included Clark Ashton Smith.\nOther writers who work was included in The Tryout include Chester Prince Munroe, writing a tribute to Lovecraft in the March 1917 issue, as well as John, Osman Baldwin, Blanche Blood, Helen Hoffman Cole, Anna Helen Crofts, James lawrence Crowley, Arthur Goodenough, Winifred Virginia Jordan, Dorothy Louise Morton, James F. Morton, Jr., Marianne Oberton, Henriette Posner, Laura A. Sawyer, Lewis Theobald,\nCharles Smith (2852-19480 was a correspondent of both Lovecraft and Smith. He kept published right up until 2 years before his death.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Confederate Constitution\nedited: Friday, November 28, 2003\nBy Nomde P. Lum\nPosted: Monday, March 04, 2002\nBecome a Fan\nThe Confederate Constitution had some good ideas, if you leave out the slavery.\nOn January 25, 1865, Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America, vetoed a bill which had passed the Confederate Congress. Davis believed that the bill violated the Constitution-that is, the Confederate Constitution. In his veto message, Davis discussed the constitutional provision which the bill allegedly violated. The provision in question was different from anything contained in the United States Constitution, and had been put in the Confederate Constitution in 1861 by the Confederacy’s Provisional Congress. Davis explained the importance of correctly interpreting this clause of the Confederate Constitution:\n“It is important that its spirit and object should be correctly determined now, because many members of the present Congress were also members of the Provisional Congress, which adopted this new clause, and legislation by them will be deemed hereafter to possess a peculiar value as a precedent, and as a contemporaneous interpretation of the Constitution by those best acquainted with its meaning.”\nIn discussing the importance of setting a correct precedent for the interpretation of the Confederate Constitution, Davis seems to have overlooked one minor detail, viz, that in early 1865 the Confederacy was collapsing all around him under the blows of the Northern armies. Very soon the Confederacy would be no more, and the Confederate Constitution, like a piece of Confederate currency, would become a legally worthless scrap of paper. In discussing the importance of setting a good precedent for future generations of Southerners who might interpret the Confederate Constitution, Davis seemed blissfully unaware that future generations of Southerners would not be living under the Confederate Constitution. Davis seemed as blind to reality as the captain of a sinking cruise liner who, as the waters of the ocean seep into his cabin, sits at his table drawing up the guest list for next week’s dinner party.\nIt is easy to view with amusement the actions of a President determined to fulfill to the very end his inaugural pledge that “I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the Confederate States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution thereof.” However, there is a certain nobililty in this famously stubborn and upright man insisting, even while his country was drawing its dying gasps, that the Constitution of the country be preserved inviolate. Davis’ enemies accused him of violating the Constitution. Davis certainly locked up pro-Northerners, just as Lincoln locked up pro-Southerners, but Davis, like Lincoln, could be defended by reference to the government’s constitutional power to lock people up when the public safety so requires during a “Rebellion or Invasion.” Davis saw himself as the defender, not the violator, of the Confederate Constitution, and he vetoed several bills passed by the Confederate Congress which he saw as contradicting the terms of that instrument.\nThe Confederate Constitution was worth protecting. Whatever one may think of the Confederate cause in general, the fact is that, apart from the ever-present issue of slavery, the Confederacy had drawn up a Constitution with many valuable provisions. I shed no tears for the disappearance of the institution of slavery, which the Confederate Constitution, of course, attempted to safeguard. It is unfortunate, however, that the United States has thrown out the baby with the bathwater, since the non-slavery-related clauses in the Confederate Constitution not only compare favorably with similar clauses in the United States Constitution, but are worthy of adoption even today, as amendments to the latter instrument.\nI propose to analyze the various features of the Confederate Constitution, particularly those features which appear different from the provisions of the U. S. Constitution on which it is based. I begin by discussing the origins of the Confederate Constitution, which was adopted by the deep-South states shortly after their secession and later accepted by the other Southern states which joined the Confederacy.\nFraming the Constitution\nDelegates from the secessionist states met in Montgomery, Alabma and, on February 8, 1861, the delegates adopted a Provisional Constitution for the seceded states, to take effect immediately, without any need for ratification by the states themselves. The delegates said that they were adopting the Provisional Constitution “in behalf of” what were described as “the sovereign and independent States of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.”\nThe Provisional Constitution created a Congress, whose members, remarkably enough, happened to be the very men then serving as delegates in Montgomery. The new Congress chose a President-Jefferson Davis-and they were off to the races.\nThe government under the Provisional Constitution was a revolutionary government, set up to meet the vital needs of the day, viz, whupping Yankees. Under “states’ rights” principles, the creation of the Provisional Constitution left something to be desired. Delegates from six states had proclaimed themselves to be a Congress vested with certain legislative authority over Secessia, and the self-proclaimed Congress had made Davis the President of the seceded states, with power to command the army (which was pretty much the point of this exercise). However, under Southern legal theory, each secessionist state was an independent country, having severed its connection to the United States. The Provisional Congress and the provisional President didn’t have any legal status; technically they were revolutionaries who wished to assume the responsibility of coordinating the struggle against the North.\nThis was an unsatisfactory situation. In spite of states’-rights rhetoric, the Provisional Congress had assumed the power to legislate for the seceded states, without the specific approval of those states themselves. The military threat from the North had overcome the scruples of politicians against treading on the prerogatives of the states. This revolutionary situation was not intended to last forever. The Provisional Constitution was set to expire in one year, or even before that if a permanent Constitution was adopted. A committee was appointed to draw up a Permanent Constitution. After the committee submitted its work, the Provisional Congress debated and approved the Permanent Constitution.\nBelatedly acknowledging the authority of the states, the Provisional Congress provided that the Permanent Constitution was only to take effect in those states which specifically approved it. The ratification of the Permanent Constitution was up to the conventions summoned in the secessionist states to take their states out of the Union. It was only fitting that these conventions, on behalf of their respective states, would have the authority to approve a new Constitution after withdrawing themselves from the old U. S. Constitution. After five state conventions approved the proposed Permanent Constitution, the latter would formally replace the Provisional Constitution.\nOn April 12, the attack on Fort Sumter started the Civil War. On April 29, Jefferson Davis informed the Provisional Congress that the Permanent Constitution had been ratified. As new state governments (or factions claiming the title of state governments) sought membership in the Confederacy, they were placed under the provisions of the Permanent Constitution, which would have actually been permanent if the fortunes of war had been different. I will review features of the Permanent Constitution which highlight the differences, or in some cases the similarities, between the United States and Confederate Constitutions. My references to “the Confederate Constitution” should be read to mean the permanent Constitution of the Confederate States. If I refer to the U. S. Constitution or to the Provisional Constitution of the CSA, I will so state.\nTo ease the transition from the Provisional Constitution to the Permanent Constitution, the latter legitimated the debts incurred under the former, and kept the laws which had been passed under the Provisional Constitution in effect until changed. The officers of the Provisional Government would remain in office until replaced. President Davis stayed on as Provisional President until he was elected unopposed as the first (and, as it turned out, the last) President of the Confederacy under the Permanent Constitution. Other transitional provisions dealt with the number of members each state would have in the House of Representatives pending a census, and similar housekeeping matters.\nSenators and Representatives, under the U. S. Constitution, were supposed to be U. S. citizens for seven years (in the case of Representatives) or nine years (in the case of Senators) before being eligible to sit in Congress. The Confederate Constitution allowed any Confederate citizen, even a citizen who had been naturalized the day before, to sit in Congress if he met age and residency qualifications. The Confederate framers realized that the Confederate States had only been in existence a few weeks when the Constitution was adopted, and thus it would be impossible to have been a citizen for seven or nine years.\nRhetorical and Stylistic Changes\nThe Preamble of the United States Constitution had contained no reference to the Deity, but the preamble to the Confederate Constitution included a passage “invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God.” This might mean that the framers of the Confederate Constitution were more pious than the framers of the United States Constitution. It might also mean that, when the Confederate Constitution was written, the framers felt that the prospect of being invaded by the populous and powerful North required the invocation of divine assistance. There’s nothing like a pending invasion to concentrate the mind and inspire piety on the part of those about to be invaded.\nThe Confederate Constitution copied certain provisions in the U. S. Constitution related to slavery, but there was a difference in style. At the time of the adoption of the U. S. Constitution, the thirteen states (including the Northern states) all recognized slavery. Nonetheless, the existence of slavery seemed to be sufficiently embarrassing that the framers of the U. S. Constitution used circumlocutions to refer to slaves-“other persons,” “person[s] held to service or labor.” The Confederate Constitution eschewed this euphemistic language and referred specifically to “slaves.” The U. S. Constitution contained provisions related to slavery but tried to paper over what it was doing. The Confederate Constitution freely used the “s” word.\nIn deference to states’-rights rhetoric, the powers of the Confederate Congress were said to have been “delegated” instead of “granted.” In practice, this language doesn’t seem to have made a great deal of difference.\nThe amendments to the U. S. Constitution (there were twelve at the time) were not tacked on at the end of the document, but were incorporated into the text itself. The first eight amendments to the U. S. Constitution (most of the Bill of Rights) were put in Article I, Section 9, the clause dealing with restraints on Congressional power. The substance of the Eleventh Amendment, which limited the jurisdiction of the federal courts, was put in Article III, the judicial article. The Ninth and Tenth Amendments, dealing with the reserved rights and powers of the people and the states, were included in Arcitle VI. The Twelfth Amendment, concerning Presidential elections, was put in Article II, which dealt with the President.\nThere is one stylistic change which has been mistakenly interpreted as substantive. The Preamble to the U. S. Constitution begins with the words “We the People of the United States.” The Preamble to the Confederate Constitution begins with the words “WE, the People of the Confederated States, each State acting in its sovereign and independent character.” Various theorists have interpreted the Preamble of the U. S. Constitution as nationalistic because it allegedly speaks in the name of the people of the whole country, rather than in the name of individual states, and under this interpretation, the opening words of the Confederate Constitution’s Preamble have been interpreted as making the Confederate Constitution more state-oriented than the U. S. Constitution. Although some provisions of the Confederate Constitution are more state-oriented than comparable provisions in the U. S. Constitution, the opening words of the Preamble simply declare specifically what is clearly implied in the Preamble to the U. S. Constitution.\nThe framers of the U. S. Constitution considered a Preamble which said “We the people of” and followed this with the names of the thirteen then-existing states. However, this idea for the Preamble was dropped, not out of nationalism, but because it might be embarrassing if some states chose not to ratify the Constitution. In such a case, the listing of all the states would be misleading because it would include states which had not ratified. Thus, the phrase “United States” was inserted into the Preamble instead of a list of states.\nThe term “United States” in the federal Constitution is used in the plural form. Take, for instance, Article II, Section 1, which says that the President shall get “a Compensation,” but may not during his term get “any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them” (emphasis added). Examine also Article I, Section 9 (United States referred to as “them”); Article II, Section 2 (treaties made by the United States are described as having been made “under their authority” (emphasis added)); and the Eleventh Amendment (barring federal lawsuits by certain people against “one of the United States”). This indicates that the “United States” is a union of states, not a consolidated mass. The opening words of the Confederate Constitution’s Preamble simply make this point explicit.\nAnother stylistic change had potentially more significance. The Ninth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, like the rest of the Bill of Rights, was incorporated into the body of the Confederate Constitution, with a slight modification. The Ninth Amendment said that “[t]he enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construe d to deny or disparage others retained by the people.” The Confederate version referred to “the people of the several states,” indicating that the concept of “the people,” applied to the whole of Confederate territory, was objectionable to Confederate framers. However, the term “the people” is used in other parts of the Confederate Constitution, so it’s hard to tell exactly what the modification of the Ninth Amendment means.\nAs one might expect in a document drawn up by people who were continually preaching the virtues of states’ rights, the Confederate Constitution, in many areas, allowed more power to the states than the states had enjoyed under the U. S. Constitution. In some cases, however, the powers of the states were restricted to a greater extent than the U. S. Constitution had allowed. It is particular worthy of notice that-predictably but nevertheless unfortunately-the Confederate Constitution betrayed the professed ideals of its founders by *violating* states’ rights in order to promote the interests of slavery.\nOne interesting feature of the Confederate Constitution is that it does not explicitly recognize a right of secession on the part of the states. A proposal to declare that states had the right to secede from the Confederacy was defeated, with only the South Carolina delegation supporting the proposal (South Carolina was probably voted Most Likely to Secede). It’s a good thing that the Provisional Congress met in secret when it drew up the Confederate Constitution, because if word of the vote against secession had gotten out, Northerners would have had a jolly time poking fun at the Confederate leadership.\nFar from declaring a right to secede, the Confederate Constitution, in the Preamble, lists, among the objectives of the Constitution, the purpose “to form a permanent federal government.” This replaces the language in the U. S. Constitution’s Preamble about a purpose “to form a more perfect Union.” Under Southern legal theory, the right to secede is based on the idea that a Constitution is a contract among states, and that if a powerful group of states violates the Constitution, general principles of contract law allow the other parties to the compact (the Constitution) to withdraw from the Constitution. Such was allegedly the situation which induced the deep-South states to secede: The Northern states had supposedly violated the Constitution, giving the Southern states the power to remedy the situation by withdrawing from the Constitution. Since secession, under mainstream Southern legal theory, presupposes massive violations of the Constitution which the federal government cannot or will not correct, recognizing a right of secession would imply that a large number of Confederate states might violate the Constitution and provide a justification for other states to secede. It is not surprising that the framers of the Confederate Constitution declined to give their states a vote of no confidence by recognizing the possibility of secession, since such recognition would imply that Confederate states would be as heedless of the Confederate Constitution as the Northern states had allegedly been of the U. S. Constitution. Anyway, recognizing a right to secede was hardly the way to show unity in the face of the Yankee menace.\nAnother proposal, which would have allowed states to practice nullification, was also defeated. Nullification, according to defenders such as the late Senator John C. Calhoun, is a procedure by which a state declares a federal law to be unconstitutional, after which the law may not be enforced within the borders of the nullifying state unless a constitutional amendment specifically affirms the validity of the law which had been nullified. Only a minority of Southern leaders supported nullification, and the Confederate Constitution did not legalize the practice.\nCertain economic powers of the states were given recognition under the Confederate Constitution. The U. S. Constitution did not allow states to impose tonnage duties without Congressional approval. The Confederate Constitution allowed states to impose tonnage duties without such approval if the duties were imposed “on sea-going vessels, for the inprovement of its rivers and harbors navigated by the said vessels; but such duties shall not conflict with any treaties of the Confederate States with foreign nations; and any surplus of revenue thus derived shall, after making such improvement, be paid into the common treasury.” Thus, the states could impose certain taxes on foreign commerce in their ports if the tax revenues were used to improve navigation and if surplus taxes were given to the Confederate government. Also, a provision in the U. S. constitution forbidding states from “emit[ting] bills of credit” was deleted from the Confederate Constitution, so I guess that meant that the states of the Confederacy could print their own money.\nAs a supplement to the power of the Confederate House of Representatives to vote impeachment charges, the Confederate Constitution authorized the states to impeach federal officials: “[A]ny judicial or other federal officer resident and acting solely within the limits of any State, may be impeached by a vote of two-thirds of both branches of the Legislature thereof.” As in the United States, impeachment trials would be held in the federal Senate. I am not aware of any instance in Confederate history when the states made use of their impeachment power. Under the U. S. Constitution, we may have had more impeachment trials (although not necessarily more convictions) if state legislatures were allowed to initiate impeachment prosecutions.\nNote, however, that a federal district judge named Swayne, who served “solely withing the limits of” the state of Florida, was impeached by the House of Representatives under the U. S. Constitution early in the twentieth century, and this impeachment was made in response to a request from the Florida legislature. By coincidence, the Florida legislature was Democratic and Swayne was a Republican who had made decisions challenging the Democratic power structure, although surely this had nothing to do with the impeachment. Swayne was acquitted in the Senate, thanks to Republican votes. This shows that, even under the U. S. Constitution, state legislatures can have some influence over impeachments. It is likely that, if state legislatures had been allowed to initiate impeachments under the U. S. Constitution, some unpopular federal officials in a few states would have been impeached, such as a certain judge in Tennessee whose rulings are often denounced as favoring criminal defendants. However, the two-thirds requirement would have kept the number of state impeachments small.\nOne interesting feature of the clause allowing states to impeach federal officials is the presumption that state legislatures have two “branches.” The U. S. Constitution refers to “the most numerous branch of the State Legislature” (Art. I, Sec. 2; and see similar language in the Seventeenth Amendment). However, this language in the U. S. Constitution has not stopped the state of Nebraska from having a one-house (“unicameral”) legislature. If the U. S. Constitution were the same as the Confederate Constitution, the provision that states could only vote impeachment with the approval of “both branches of the Legislature” would seem to discourage unicameral legislatures, to say the least. If Nebraska, under a Confederate-type Constitution, kept its unicameral legislature, then the legislature would be stripped of the impeachment powers wielded by all other state legislatures, which would put Nebraska into second-class statehood status. Such discrimination against a state on account of its choice on how to structure its own government is a departure from states’-rights principles, and it’s not the only departure which we find in the Confederate Constitution.\nThe status of slavery in the states provoked much debate in the Provisional Congress when it was discussing the permanent Constitution. Some wanted to prohibit any new state from being admitted to the Confederacy if the state had abolished slavery. Others wanted any Confederate state which abolished slavery to be kicked out of the Confederacy-secession in reverse, so to speak. These proposals were popular, but not popular enough to be added to the Constitution. The states retained the power, under the Confederate Constitution, to abolish slavery. There were a few caveats, however.\nFirst, the Confederate Constitution, like the U. S. Constitution, gave Congress the power to admit new states. Unlike the case under the U. S. Constitution, where Congress had the power to admit new states by a majority vote (subject to Presidential veto), the Confederate Constitution required that any Congressional vote to admit a new state would require “two-thirds of the whole House of Representatives and two-thirds of the Senate, the Senate voting by States.” In all likelihood, this limitation on Congressional power was inserted in order to reduce the likelihood that Congress would admit free states. Similar proposed amendments to the United State Constitution had been considered after Lincoln’s election, as part of the unsuccessful effort to adopt compromise measures to keep the South in the Union.\nInterestingly, the South had previously benefited from the provision in the U. S. Constitution allowing a mere majority in Congress to admit a state. In the antebellum years, anti-slavery politicians had opposed the admission of Texas as a state, since Texas allowed slavery and its admission would increase the influence of the South. A joint resolution to annex Texas passed the U. S. Congress in early 1845 by a 152-76 vote in the House and a 27-25 vote in the Senate, and was signed into law by lame-duck President John Tyler. The House majority fell short of the two-thirds which would have been required under the Confederate Constitution. The Senate majority was so narrow that there is no way that two-thirds of the state delegations voted in favor, which is what the Confederate Constitution would have required. After the annexation vote, President Polk sent troops into Texas, entering territory which was claimed by Mexico. This conflict over territory was the purported casus belli of the Mexican war. In December of 1845, a Congressional resolution formalizing the admission of Texas as a state was passed by two-thirds in each house. This lopsided vote probably occurred because the U. S., based on the narrowly-adopted annexation resolution passed at the beginning of the year, was at war to vindicate American sovereignty over Texas. Refusing to admit Texas at this stage would have been seen as unpatriotic. Texas was part of the territory won from Mexico in the war, and it did indeed become a slave state, all thanks to the power of the U. S. Congress to admit states by a bare majority.\nWithout specifically requiring the states to maintain slavery, the framers of the Confederate Constitution violated “states’ rights” so that any Confederate state which in the future might try to abolish slavery would nonetheless be required to give limited recognition to the institution within its own borders.\nThe first infringement on state authority was in the fugitive slave clause. The Confederate Constitution copied the fugitive-slave clause from the U. S. Constitution, with a few modifications. The fugitive-slave clause in the U. S. Constitution required that slaves fleeing from one state into another state “shall be delivered up” on claim of the master, although who would do the delivering up was not specified. The federal fugitive slave statutes of 1793 and 1850 provided that federal courts and federal commissioners, with the help of U. S. marshals and federal troops, would do the necessary “delivering up” of fugitives back to their masters. The Confederate Constitution was as vague as the U. S. Constitution on the question of who would send fugitives back to their masters.\nInterestingly, the Provisional Constitution had provided a different method of capturing fugitive slaves. Instead of following the example of the U. S. fugitive-slave laws and making the hunting of fugitives a federal affair, the Provisional Constitution provided that “the executive authority” (presumably the governor) of the state to which the slave had fled would be responsible for sending the slave back to his master. Southerners had grumbled that, under the U. S. Constitution (as interpreted by the U. S. Supreme Court), the feds had the sole responsibility of capturing fugitive slaves, and that the Northern state governments had refused to lend a hand in the work-had, in fact, often attempted to obstruct federal officials who were trying to catch fugitive slaves. Southerners had insisted that Northern states shoulder the burden of returning fugitives.\nThe Provisional Constitution made that obligation explicit. This clause of the Provisional Constitution making slave-catching the responsibility of the states, seemed ironically to reflect the legal theories of some anti-slavery Republicans, who said that only the states, not the feds, could recover fugitives. The Republicans’ states’-rights theories were intended as an attack on the federal fugitive-slave laws and even on the very idea of returning fugitives. The Republican plan had been that, if the enforcement of the fugitive slave clause was left to the Northern states, the governments of these states would be more sympathetic to the pleas of alleged fugitives. Presumably, the framers of the Provisional Constitution did not have this goal in mind when they adopted a Republican-style plan giving states the responsibility of returning fugitives.\nThis is confirmed by looking at the remainder of the fugitive slave clause in the Provisional Constitution: “in case of any abduction or forcible rescue [of a fugitive slave], full compensation, including the value of the slave and all costs and expenses, shall be made to the party [i. e., the master], by the State in which such abduction or rescue shall take place.” This was similar to some of the aborted compromise proposals floated after Lincoln’s election. In the antebellum era, Southerners had been angered by free blacks and white abolitionists who had freed fugitives from the grasp of their pursuers. In one case, the slave-catchers, instead of getting their slaves back, received a free donation of lead, courtesy of the fugitives’ supporters, and for one of the pursuers, the lead levels he received were fatal. So a requirement that the state from which a fugitive is recued make recompense to the master (or, if it came to that, to his estate) made sense from the slaveowners’ point of view.\nThe Permanent Constitution abandoned the approach taken by the Provisional Constitution. The permanent document simply copied the analogous provision from the U. S. Constitution (specifically using the word “slave”). The only change from the U. S. Constitution was fairly minor: The U. S. Constitution had applied to slaves who fled from one state to another state, while the CSA Constitution applied to slaves who fled from any state or territory to another state or territory. The fugitive-slave acts passed by the U. S. Congress, and which the Confederacy inherited, already applied to the federal territories, but the Confederate framers wanted this matter to be clarified in the Constitution, foreclosing any possibility that any state would use its “states’ rights” to protect a fugitive from Confederate territory.\nThe other provision in the Confederate Constitution which abrogates states’ rights in the interest of slavery deals with the status of slavery in so-called “free” states. The U. S. Constitution provides that “[t]he citizens of each States shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several states.” The “states’-rights” interpretation of this clause was not favorable to slavery. Under the “states’-rights” interpretation, a citizen of Virginia, travelling or doing business in Massachusetts, would be entitled to the same privileges and immunities which he would enjoy if he were a citizen of Massachusetts. Since the privileges and immunities of a Massachusetts citizen did not include the right to own slaves, then our Virginian would likewise not be able to demand the right to own slaves under the “privileges and immunities” clause. The U. S. Constitution required the return of fugitive slaves who entered a free state without the master’s permission, but slaveowners wanted more. They wanted the right to bring their slaves into free states and keep their slaves in slavery during their “sojourn” in the free state. Since this went beyond the obligation to return fugitives, many Northern states had invoked states’ rights and had freed slaves who came, not as fugitives, but with the approval of their masters. Antislavery advocates insisted that once a master allowed his slave to enter a free state, then the slave became a free man, and stayed a free man unless he was foolish enough to return with his former master to a slave state (which is what Dred Scott had done, thereby forfeiting the freedom he had acquired when his master brought him into Illinois).\nSlaveowners wanted none of this. States’ rights were well and good when the states were protecting slavery, but states’ rights were intolerable when free states invoked their states’ rights to defend freedom. A special clause was added to the Confederate Constitution, to prevent any hypothetical free state in the Confederacy from freeing slaves brought into the state: “The Citizens of each State...shall have the right of transit and sojourn in any State of this Confederacy, with their slaves and other property; and the right of property in such slaves shall not be impaired.” Although the framers of the Confederate Constitution had grudgingly agreed to allow Confederate states to abolish slavery, they severely limited the value of this concession by allowing slaveowners to hold their slaves in bondage while in transit through free states or while “sojourning” in free states for an unspecified amount of time.\nThe fact that the framers of the Confederate Constitution violated their own states’-rights principles in the interest of slavery has apparently failed to make a dent in the often-heard argument that “states’ rights” was organically linked to slavery. I tried to lay this canard to rest in an article (I’ll plug the article: It’s at http://www.civilwarinteractive.com/guesteditorial1.htm), but the opponents of states’ rights simply find the slavery sound-bite so useful that they won’t let the facts get in their way. Defenders of states’ rights, remarkably, have usually failed to reject the absurd linkage of states’ rights and slavery. If there were any justice in the world, the albatross of slavery would be hung on the nationalists, not on the states’ rights supporters. Also, neo-Confederates who discuss the importance of states’ rights should forthrightly declare that the leaders of the CSA failed to live up their states-rights ideals when it came to the peculiar institution.\nThere were other limits on state power imposed by the CSA Constitution, but these limits, while inconsistent with states;-rights purism, were legitimate responses to abuses by the states under the U. S. Constitution.\nOne justifiable limitation on states’ rights-the alien clause-was imposed by the Confederate Constitution in response to abuses by the states under the U. S. Constitution: “[N]o person of foreign birth, and not a citizen of the Confederate States, shall be allowed to vote for any officer, civil or political, State or federal.” In the antebellum years, some states had enfranchised foreigners-at least those foreigners who had declared their intention to become citizens but who had not become naturalized. Of course, the enfranchisement of foreigners in U. S. elections was a device by which political parties tried to gain advantages over each other, and perhaps to lure immigrants. However, immigrants come to America today even though (outside a couple of hippie-type communities) immigrants must be naturalized before they can vote. If a significant number of states and localities start enfranchising foreigners, then there will be support for an amendment to the U. S. Constitution comparable to the alien clause in the Confederate Constitution.\nInterestingly, the CSA Constitution’s alien clause helped defeat xenophobia rather than promote it. During the war, the Confederate Congress passed a bill to repeal the naturalization laws, which would have prevented any foreigner from becoming a Confederate citizen. President Davis vetoed the bill on February 4, 1862. Davis denounced the bill as being against “the civilization of the age” and a slap in the fact to foreigners who had bravely supported the Confederacy. Davis made an additional argument against the bill, as follows: “[T]he states in the permanent Constitution have surrendered the power formerly exercised by some of them of permitting aliens to vote even in State elections...it does not appear to me to be a fair compliance with the just expectations of the States to repeal” the naturalization laws, an action which, under the CSA Constitution, would permanently bar the states from enfranchising the foreign-born.\nAnother provision in the Confederate Constitution would seem to promote states’ rights, but on closer examination turns out to threaten states’ rights by making it easier for some states to impose their views on other states. The U. S. Constitution provides that Congress-or a convention meeting at the call of the states-can propose amendments, and that such amendments will be added to the Constitution if approved by three-fourths of the states. The states ratify proposed amendments by a vote of the legislature or by vote of a special state convention, as Congress may specify. The Confederate Constitution provided a different method of approving amendments. Any three state conventions could demand amendments to the Confederate Constitution. Presumably, each convention must agree with the other conventions as to the exact language of the proposed amendments. Then Congress would have a duty to summon a “convention of all the states.” This convention, voting by states, would decide whether the states should be given a vote on the proposed amendment(s), and if so, whether ratification should be done by state legislatures or by special state conventions. The amendment(s) will be considered ratified if approved by two-thirds of the states.\nTwo-thirds is, of course, less than the three-fourths required to amend the U. S. Constitution. In the modern United States, the three-fourths requirement means that amendments need to be ratified by 38 of the 50 states. If the U. S. Constitution could be amended by two-thirds of the states, then ratification would require only 34 states. To understand the significance of this, remember that, according to the feminists, 35 states have ratified the Equal Rights Amendment (some of these 35 states tried to revoke their ratifications, but feminists contend that a ratification, once made, is irrevocable). 35 states is three states short of what the ERA needs under the U. S. Constitution, but if the U. S. were operating under the two-thirds rule of the Confederate Constitution, then, according to feminist legal theory, the ERA would be part of the Constitution today.\nThis shows that the difference between three-fourths and two-thirds can be decisive. A two-thirds rule makes it easier for a large group of states, through the amending process, to impose their will on a dissident group of states. This means that the Confederate Constitution’s amending procedure infringes more on states’ rights than the U. S. Constitution’s amending procedure.\nFinally, the Confederate Constitution reinforced the duty of the federal government to protect states against “domestic violence,” meaning rebellion against the state government. The Confederate framers were probably worried about slave uprisings and Unionist insurrections. The U. S. Constitution requires the feds to suppress “domestic violence” in the states if the state legislature so demanded, and the Confederate Constitution had the same requirement. The U. S. Constitution also requires the feds to send troops against insurrectionists in a state if the governor demands it, provided the emergency is such that the legislature could not be convened. The Confederate Constitution decided to empower state governors to demand federal aid against rebels at any time that the legislature was not in session, forget about whether the legislature could be summoned into special session or not. The feds would have to send in troops on the governor’s demand without waiting for a “pretty please” from the legislature.\nThe states’-rights proclivities of the framers of the Confederate Constitution were not much in evidence as the framers imposed numerous restrictions on the states, restrictions which had not been imposed by the U. S. Constitution. However, when it came to defining and limiting the powers of Congress, the Confederate framers finally began to show some respect for states’ rights by limiting the powers of Congress.\nThe basis of representation in Congress and the Electoral College was slightly changed. The infamous three-fifths clause was retained, despite efforts by some delegates to count slaves as whole persons, not three-fifths persons. The delegates who wanted slaves to be counted as full persons did not do so out of any belief in the rights and dignity of the slaves. These delegates calculated that the Deep South states, which constituted the Confederacy at the time, had a proportionately higher slave population than the other slave states, who would hopefully join the Confederacy later. If slaves were counted as whole persons, the Deep South states would be entitled to greater influence in the House of Representatives and the Electoral College vis-a-vis the other slave states, if they ever joined the Confederacy. Such a power play, however, was rejected, perhaps in part because of an unwillingness to alienate the non-seceding slave states, whose entrance into the Confederacy was hopefully awaited.\nHowever, the Provisional Congress reduced the maximum number of members of the House of Representatives from one per 30,000 to one per 50,000. This was basically a gerrymander to give more influence to the Deep South.\nOnce the Confederate framers got away from its apportionment shenanigans, however, they were able to adopt some sensible restrictions on the power of Congress-restrictions which it would be nice to impose on the U. S. Congress today. The U. S. Constitution empowers Congress to spend tax money to promote the “general Welfare of the United States.” Although this clause was never intended to give Congress an unlimited spending power, Congress had interpreted its spending power in this way, and the Supreme Court has left to Congress the task of deciding what constitutes the “general welfare.” According to Congress, the “general welfare” means the appropriation of money for pork-barrel projects, including welfare payments for poor people, for affluent people and for wealthy corporations which make campaign contributions to the right Congressmen (although both parties find it convenient to pretend that welfare money is only spent on the poor). The “general welfare,” we are told, also includes grants-in-aid to the states, by which money raised by the federal government through taxation or borrowing is given to the states to spend as they like, subject to fewer and fewer restrictions (state officials get credit from their constituents for getting “free money” from the feds, and state officials are rarely blamed by the voters for the federal taxes which pay for state officials’ pet projects). With such a large constituency of people who benefit from Congressional spending programs, a constituency which includes the states themselves (Southern as well as Northern), it’s hardly surprising that few people question the current interpretation of “general welfare.”\nThe Confederate Constitution got rid of the phrase about “general welfare” and replaced it with the phrase “carry on the government of the Confederate States.” This allowed tax money to be spent to support the Confederate government, but not to create new spending programs.\nThe Confederate framers were extra cautious about Congress’ taxing and spending power. Under the U. S. Constitution, the North had supported federal legislation for public works projects (or pork barrel projects, as people other than the beneficiaries would call them), and had approved Congressional grants to powerful business interests, tariffs to “protect” powerful Northern manufacturers against consumers North and South, and similar abuses. Southern Congressmen had not exactly stood aloof in the scramble for goodies. However, given the growing Northern majorities in Congress, which raised the danger that federal giveaway programs would be regionally biased, and given the tendency of protective tariffs to protect Northern manufacturers at the expense of Southern agriculture, Southern leaders had grown to appreciate (at least for the moment) the importance of keeping a tight rein on Congress. Thus the Confederate restrictions on Congressional abuses.\nThe taxing-and-spending clause of the Confederate Constitution included the following proviso: “[N]o bounties shall be granted from the treasury, nor shall any duties, or taxes, or importation from foreign nations be laid to promote or foster any branch of industry.” Thus, no free goodies for corporate interests, and no protective tariffs. Of course, this clause could not prevent Congress from passing a protective tariff and disguising it as a purely “revenue-raising” measure, given that tariffs were imposed for both purposes. Basically, it would be up to Congress itself to judge the purity of its own motives in passing tariff legislation.\nUnlike the U. S. Congress, the Confederate Congress was given the power to impose export taxes, but a two-thirds vote was necessary in both houses in order to approve such taxes. The Confederate Congress, unlike the U. S. Congress, could require “Vessels bound to, or from, one State... to enter. clear, or pay Duties in another.”\nUnder the U. S. Constitution, Congress had invoked its power over interstate and foreign commerce in order to justify “internal improvement” projects. The Confederate Constitution prohibited Congress from establishing any “internal improvement intended to facilitate commerce; except for the purpose of furnishing lights, beacons, and buoys, and other aids to navigation upon the coasts, and the improvement of harbors, and the removing of obstructions in river navigation; in all such cases such duties shall be laid on the navigation facilitated thereby, as may be necessary to pay the costs and expenses thereof.”\nThe Confederate Congress, like the U. S. Congress, had the power to set up a Post Office, but the Confederate Congress, unlike the federal Congress, was subject to the following proviso: “[T]he expenses of the Postoffice Department, after the first day of March, in the year of our Lord eighteen hundred and sixty-three, shall be paid out of its own revenues.” The Confederate Post Office was apparently able to operate on a pay-as-you-go basis, as provided in this clause, until the Confederacy itself was destroyed.\nWhich brings us back to Jefferson Davis’ January 25, 1865 veto message, with which I began this essay. The bill which Davis vetoed allowed newspapers to be delivered to Confederate soldiers without payment of postage. Davis believed this bill to be unconstitutional under the Post Office proviso and he felt that it was important to set a good “precedent” on the interpretation of that proviso. Pursuing this objective, Davis discussed the origin of the Post Office clause: This clause “was intended by its framers [i. e., the Provisional Congress] to correct what were deemed to be two great vices which had been developed in the postal system of the United States. The first was the injustice of taxing the whole people for the expense of the mail facilities afforded to individuals; and the remedy devised was to limit the [Confederate] Government to the furnishing of the machinery for carrying the mails and compelling those who might use the facilities thus furnished to pay the expense thereof.\n“The second evil,” Davis continued, “against which this clause was intended as a safeguard was the wasteful extravagance which grew out of the franking privilege, with its attendant abuses of large contracts for stationary, printing, binding, &c., and increased Government patronage with its train of corrupting influences.”\nBased on what he saw as the purpose of the Postal Clause, Davis concluded that “the transmission of any mail matter free of postage is to violate the true intent and meaning of the Constitution.” Had Davis been a tad less principled, for example if he had been Bill Clinton, he would have signed this bill as a mom-and-apple-pie measure to support our brave boys, etc. To assuage his conscience concerning the Postal Clause, Davis-as-Clinton could have advocated a rate increase for civilian mail in order to pay for the delivery of mail to soldiers. That would pay for the soldiers’ mail out of the Post Office’s “own revenues.” Such was Davis’ sense of duty, however, that he thought that the spirit of the Confederate Constitution didn’t allow anyone-even soldiers-to have a free ride at the expense of other postal customers. Citing other provisions of the Confederate Constitution, including the ban on bounties which I quoted above, Davis concluded that to charge excess postage to “one class,” meaning civilians, in order to pay for sending mail to “another class,” meaning soldiers, would be discriminatory, and that the Confederate Congress couldn’t “divid[e] either the people or the public servants into classes unequally burdened with postal charges.” No discrimination allowed under the Confederate Constitution! Thus, although the Confederate Congress might not be able to free the slaves, at least it couldn’t overcharge the slaves for postage in order to carry their masters’ mail below cost.\nIt wasn’t just in the postal area that the Confederate Constitution protected the treasury from Congressional raiding. According to the Confederate Constitution: “All bills appropriating money shall specify in Federal [i. e., Confederate] currency the exact amount of each appropriation and the purposes for which it is made; and Congress shall grant no extra compensation to any public contractor, officer, agent or servant, after such contract shall have been made or such service rendered.” That’s right-a contractor couldn’t suddenly “discover” some last-minute, “unforseen” expense and stick it to the taxpayers. A clause like this in the U. S. Constitution would magically increase the number of contractors who correctly estimate, in advance, the expenses involved in a particular job.\nThere were two areas-both connected with slavery-in which the Confederate Congress was required to pass legislation. The African slave trade was one such area.\nThe U. S. Constitution allowed Congress to prohibit the African slave trade, with full Congressional authority over the trade beginning in 1808. Congressional legislation had prohibited the African slave trade and provided that Americans who took part in the trade would be hanged as pirates, although only one American slave-trader met this fate. Comparatively few Africans were illegally imported into the United States, although many Americans, and foreigners flying American flags of convenience, trafficked in slaves for the benefit of the burgeoning Cuban and Brazilian markets.\nThe official Southern position was that, while it was OK to buy and sell slaves and ship them from one state to another, it was seriously un-kosher to import slaves from Africa. For one thing, the demand for slaves could be satisfied by going to slave markets in states like Virginia, whose citizens made a good profit off of the traffic in human beings and didn’t want any competition from African slave-dealers. Southerners also feared that imported Africans, with their memories of freedom still fresh, might be less docile than American-born slaves. Further, the African trade was particularly nasty, even from the point of view of those who accepted slavery in general. Thus, mainstream Southerners managed to simultaneously support slavery and oppose the African slave trade.\nIn the antebellum years, however, an extremist element in the South had supported a reopening of the African trade. A purported commercial convention issued a call for legalizing the slave trade, as did fireating politicians. In the debates on the Confederate Constitution, slave-trade supporters advocated a constitutional provision similar to what was in the U. S. Constitution, giving Congress the power, but not the duty, of banning the African trade. This would open the door toward Congressional legalization of the trade. The dominant group in the Provisional Congress wanted nothing to do with African slaves. In addition to the reasons given above, level-headed Confederate leaders realized that the Confederacy would be seeking diplomatic recognition from European powers, and that allowing the import of African slaves would start up relations with Europe on the wrong foot. This was particularly so in the case of England, whose navy was patrolling the seas in search of slavers going to Brazil and Cuba, and who would not appreciate having to step up their patrols in response to the creation of a new Confederate market for African slaves.\nThe moderates prevailed, and the following clause was included in the Confederate Constitution: “The importation of negroes of the African race from any foreign country other than the slaveholding States or territories of the United States of America, is hereby forbidden; and Congress is required to pass such laws as shall effectually prevent the same. Congress shall also have power to prohibit the introduction of slaves from any State not a member of, or territory not belonging to, this Confederacy.” Here was a one-two punch. The world would be reassured that the Confederacy had assumed the Constitutional duty of fighting the African slave trade. Meanwhile, if the non-secessionist slave states insisted on staying in the United States, the Confederacy could block the import of their slaves, cutting off the United States from the slave markets of the deep South.\nSince the slave-trade clause protected only “negroes of the African race” against slave-traffickers, the Confederate Constitution may well be the first Constitution in the world to include any form of affirmative action benefiting non-whites. Neo-Confederates should give this matter some thought.\nA slave-trade clause similar to the above was included in the Provisional Constitution. The Provisional Congress passed a bill which purported to stamp out the African slave trade. President Davis vetoed this bill on February 28, 1861-his first veto as President, but not, as we have seen, the last time that he considered it necessary to protect the Confederate Constitution from the Congress. The bill made it a crime to import Africans or persons of color as slaves. The illegally-imported slaves were to be given to foreign countries or societies to be freed and deported. If the Confederate government didn’t find a way to deport the illegally-imported slaves, then the slaves were to be sold at auction. “This provision,” commented Davis, “appears to me to be in opposition to the policy declared in the [Provisional] Constitution...and in derogation of its mandate to legislate for the effectuation of that object.” How can Congress comply with its duty to prevent the importation of African “negroes” if Congress allows the Confederate government itself to sell these people into slavery? Although Davis didn’t say it, he may have feared possible corruption under the proposed bill. Slave-traffickers might collude with sympathetic officials to import Africans, arrange for a government seizure, and then buy back the Africans at a rigged auction. Sort of a slave-laundering operation, if you will. On account of the blockade of Confederate ports, the Confederacy’s constitutional policy against the slave trade wasn’t given much of a test.\nThe other slavery-related duty imposed by the Confederate Constitution on Congress was the duty to protect slavery in the federal territories, meaning “all territory belonging to the Confederate States lying without [i. e., outside] the limits of the several States.” In these territories, “the institution of negro slavery as it now exists in the Confederate States shall be recognized and protected by Congress and by the territorial government, and the inhabitants of the several Confederate States and territories shall have the right to take to such territory any slaves lawfully held by them in any of the States or Territories of the Confederate States.”\nWhy go to such lengths to protect slavery in the Confederate territories, and to require Congress to provide such protection, given that the Confederacy didn’t have much territory to speak of? The Confederate framers were codifying in their Constitution an extreme pro-slavery interpretation which the South had given to the U. S. Constitution. That interpretation was partly codified in the Dred Scott decision, in which the U. S. Supreme Court ruled that Congress could not stop slaveowners from bringing their slaves into federal territories. The Republicans in the North rejected the Dred Scott decision. Worse, the Northern wing of the traditionally pro-slavery Democratic party, under the leadership of Senator Stephen Douglas (D-Ill), adopted an interpretation of the Dred Scott which did not accomodate Southern interests. Douglas and his followers said that the Dred Scott decision was a correct decision, but that the white settlers of a federal territory could simply choose not to adopt a slave code, in which case a slaveowner’s right to his slaves could be de facto nullified. If there were no slave patrols, no identity papers for blacks, no territorial officials seizing runaway slaves, then the slaves would basically be free to leave their masters whenever they (the slaves) felt like it. With this interpretation of Dred Scott, Douglas reassured his Northern followers that slavery would never be established in any federal territory against the will of the territory’s white settlers. Douglas’ interpretation of Dred Scott was known as the Freeport Doctrine, after the Illinois town where Douglas had articulated the doctrine during his debates with Lincoln, although Douglas had enunciated the doctrine on earlier occasions.\nSouthern leaders, who disliked Douglas and wanted at least symbolic recognition of their alleged rights, proposed a Congressional slave code for the federal territories. The issue of federal protection for slavery was the ostensible cause of the breakup of the Democratic Party into Northern and Southern wings in 1860. The Confederate framers, presumably as a matter of principle, wanted their doctrines encoded in their Constitution, whether the Confederacy ended up with any territories or not.\nEach chamber of the U. S. Congress could expel a member by a two-thirds vote. In the Confederate Congress, expulsion required two-thirds of “the whole number” of the particular chamber.\nThe Confederate Constitution restricts Congress in the following language: “Every law or resolution having the force of law, shall relate to but one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title.” Some modern state constitutions put the state legislatures under similar restraint. The U. S. Congress, however, can get away with omnibus bills with titles like “A bill to declare October to be National Wave-the-Flag Month, and for other purposes,” and “other purposes” may turn out to mean building a new VA hospital in the sponsoring Congressman’s district. Or an omnibus bill can be so crammed full of provisions that a Congressman who opposes some provisions but supports others won’t know what to do. With the one-subject limitation, presumably Congressmen would know what they are voting on and wouldn’t have to vote on a bunch of unconnected provisions at the same time.\nConcerning the powers of the President, the Confederate Constitution made significant changes to, and, frankly, improvements over, the U. S. Constitution. Some provisions restricted the powers of the President, while other provisions greatly increased the powers of the President and of the executive branch over which he presided.\nThe Presidential term was extended from four to six years (which was more than Jefferson Davis ended up needing), but the President was not re-eligible, which anticipated the Twenty-Second Amendment to the U. S. Constitution confining Presidents to two four-year terms.\nThe Confederate Constitution provided that if the President was unable to carry out the duties of his office, the Vice-President would take over. This was a copy of the corresponding provision in the U. S. Constitution. The Provisional Constitution had declared that the question of a President’s inability would be “determined by a vote of two-thirds of the [Provisional] Congress,” but this interesting reform was not carried over into the Permanent Constitution. Not until the Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, adopted in the 1960s, would a specific method of determining Presidential disability be adopted.\nU. S. Presidents, in the antebellum years and today, have claimed an inherent “constitutional” power to fire employees of the executive branch. Presidents claim a power to fire executive branch employees without cause, and naturally Presidents have used this power to remove members of rival parties and factions, thus making room for appointees of the same party and faction as the President. This was in accordance with the famous remark of Senator William Marcy (D-NY) that “to the victor belong the spoils of the enemy.”\nThe Confederate framers, thinking that removal from office ought to have some relation to the incumbent’s fitness, included a clause authorizing the President to fire cabinet officers and diplomats “at [his] pleasure.” However, “[a]ll other civil officers of the executive department may be removed at any time by the President, or other appointing power, when their services are unnecessary, or for dishonesty, incapacity, inefficiency, misconduct, or neglect of duty; and when so removed, the removal shall be reported to the Senate, together with the reasons therefor.” So the President (or whoever appointed the person) had to give a reason when firing an executive branch employee, although a broad power of removal was still recognized.\nThe U. S. Constitution, while giving the Senate a veto over Presidential appointments except where Congress specifies otherwise, gives Presidents a way to get around the Senate by making “recess appointments”-allegedly temporary appointments which, in practice, are sometimes extended for long periods so as to practically allow the President to avoid Senate scrutiny of his appointees. The Confederate Constitution plugs this loophole by providing that “no person rejected by the Senate shall be reappointed to the same office during their [the Senate’s] ensuing recess.”\nThe Provisional Constitution contained a significant omission. The Constitution of the United States prohibits any member of Congress from serving in the executive or judicial branches, and also prohibits former Congressman from taking certain federal jobs even after resigning. The Provisional Constitution simply left out these restrictions, indicating that members of the Provisional Congress could serve in the executive branch and in Congress at the same time. Such a set-up would have brought the Confederate Constitution much closer to the English model. In England, the leaders of the majority party in the House of Commons are also the members of the Cabinet, which runs the executive branch. The U. S. Constitution prohibited this kind of blurring of the personnel of the legislative and executive branches, which of course undermines the American ideal of separation of powers. The Provisional Constitution raised the possibility that the Confederacy might adopt an English-style Constitution, with leaders in Congress holding Cabinet rank and thereby putting both Congress and the executive branch under the direction of the same group of men.\nThe Permanent Constitution rejected this outright Anglophilism and more or less returned to the American model of separation of powers. The clause in the U. S. Constitution against Congressmen serving in the executive branch was reinstated. However, there was a nod toward English Parliamentarianism: “Congress may, by law, grant to the principal officers in each of the executive departments [meaning Cabinet members] a seat upon the floor of either House, with the privilege of discussing any measures appertaining to his department.” Congress did in fact pass such a law in 1864. If the Confederacy had survived, the Confederate Congress might have developed a practice similar to the practice of “question time” in the House of Commons, in which legislators ask questions of Cabinet members (hostile or friendly questions, depending on the partisan affiliation of the questioner) and receive explanations on various points. This kind of “question time” would certainly have been an improvement over the practice in the United States Congress of demanding that Cabinet officials provide testimony (usually through subordinates) to one or more committees. Letting Cabinet members take part in the rough-and-tumble of Congressional debate would provide for more accountability on both sides, especially given the fact that budget bills usually had to originate with Cabinet members.\nThis requirement was stated clearly in the Confederate Constitution. As a general rule, a Congressional appropriation had to be based on a budget request made by a cabinet officer and approved by the President. There were only three exceptions to this rule: (a) appropriations approved by a two-thirds record vote in each house, (b) appropriations for Congress’ “own expenses and contingencies,” and (c) payment of claims against the CSA. As to (c), Congress was required to establish a “tribunal” to look into “claims against the government,” and if the “tribunal” approves the “justice” of the claim, Congress was allowed to pay the claim by majority vote.\nAs a further security against Congressional raids on the treasury, the Confederate framers gave the President a line-item veto on appropriations. Recent U. S. Presidents have been seeking a line-item veto. They had one for a few years, based on a Congressional statute, but the U. S. Supreme Court struck it down. The Confederate Constitution, unlike that of the U. S., lets the President “approve an appropriation and disapprove any other appropriation in the same bill.” Congress could override a line-item veto in the same way it overrode other vetoes.\nThe Judiciary and Individual Rights\nIn the Confederate Constitution, the Supreme Court was renamed the Superior Court, but this didn’t make any difference since the Confederate Congress never established a Supreme Court of any kind. The Provisional Constitution had provided for a system of federal district judges, adding: “The Supreme Court shall be constituted of all the district judges, a majority of whom shall be a quorum, and shall sit at such times and places as the Congress shall appoint.” This provision was not carried over into the permanent Constitution, and it would not necessarily have represented a great change from the system under the U. S. Constitution. U. S. Supreme Court Justices in those days “rode circuit,” meaning that they acted as trial court judges as well as sitting in Washington, D. C. to hear appeals. The Provisional Constitution contemplated something similar -trial court judges being delegated, for a certain part of the year, to hear appeals as a Supreme Court. Since no Confederate Supreme Court was ever established, these constitutional provisions are fairly academic, even compared to the rest of the Confederate Constitution.\nThe Bill of Rights was pretty much copied off of the U. S. Constitution. The Provisional Constitution made a slight adjustment to the First Amendment, which prohibited Congressional violation of “the right of the people...to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.” The Provisional Constitution changed this to “the right of the people...to petition the Government for a redress of such grievances as the delegated powers of this Government may warrant it to consider and redress.” This was almost certainly a response to the great petition controversy of the 1830s and 1840s. Abolitionists had send truckloads of anti-slavery petitions to the Senate and the House of Representatives. Southern Congressmen had argued that Congress had no power over slavery and therefore no power to consider antislavery petitions. The House adopted the famous Gag Rule requiring antislavery petitions to be automatically laid on the table, a procedure used to kill unwelcome propositions. The gag rule itself, rather than just slavery, had then become the subject of controversy, and eventually the Northern majority in the House abolished the rule, amid rhetoric celebrating the right to petition the government. Although the Provisional Constitution included the above restriction on the right of petition, which would have ruled out anti-slavery petitions, the Permanent Constitution returned to the language of the First Amendment. Either the Provisional Congress had decided to respect the right of petition or it didn’t want to bring up the gag-rule controversy again by amending the First Amendment itself.\nReflecting their upside-down morality on the subject of slavery, the Confederate framers inserted the following in a list of rights protected against Congressional infringement: “No...law denying or impairing the right of property in negro slaves, shall be passed.” Focusing on the “rights” of the slaveowner, rather than the rights of the ownee, was a real perversion of justice.\nThe Confederate Constitution, like the U. S. equivalent, didn’t allow the states to abrogate or dilute the terms of pre-existing contracts. In other words, the states couldn’t retroactively cancel or rewrite contracts which were valid when made. No such limitation was put on the U. S. Congress, but the Confederate Congress had its powers limited by the requirement that “no law of Congress shall discharge any debt contracted before the passage of the same.” This clause was inserted after the clause empowering Congress to regulate bankruptcies, indicating that creditors were entitled to the benefit of the bankruptcy laws existing at the time the contract of indebtedness was made, and that creditors could not be subject to retroactive rewriting of the rules of the game.\nThe Confederate Constitution was fundamentally flawed because of its defense of slavery and of the idea that one human being has the right to own another. The Confederate framers had such a fixation on slavery that they were willing to abrogate the fundamental powers and privileges of the states, belying all their noble rhetoric about states’ rights. On subjects other than slavery, the Confederate Constitution actually did achieve a good balance between state and federal powers, and between the powers of Congress and the powers of the President. If the Confederacy “died of states’ rights,” as one commentator suggested, this was caused not by compliance with, but by violation of, the provisions of the Confederate Constitution.\nFor Further Reading\nDeRenne, Wymberley Jones. Short History of the Confederate Constitutions of the Confederate States of America, 1861-1899.\nDavis, William C. “A Government of Our Own:” The Making of the Confederacy. New York: The Free Press, 1994.\nDeRosa, Marshall L. The Confederate Constitution of 1861: An Inquiry Into American Constitutionalism. University of Missouri Press, 1991\nLee, Charles Robert. Confederate Constitutions. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1974\nNeely, Mark E. Southern Rights: Political Prisoners and the Myth of Confederate Constitutionalism. University Press of Virginia, 1999.\nNevins, Allan (ed). The Messages and Papers of Jefferson Davis and the Confederacy (2 vols). New York: Chelsea House-Robert Hector, 1966.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Christmas in Jodhpur\nTrip Start Sep 25, 2003\n59Trip End Apr 23, 2005\nMap your own trip!\nShow trip route\nWhere I stayed\nNitty Gritty : The late running train from Jaisalmer to Jodhpur proved to be a nightmare... the carrages were full of solders who had obviously been away from home too long as they decided to crowd around our compartment as there was rach and two pretty Australian medical students, we were soon joined by another Australian student who had been groped in another carrage. Thankfully the men in the next compartment took issue with the solders, and the conductor and then their sargent somewhat eased the situation by sending some to other carrages. Couple this with another incident where a dutch chap had his day bag stolen with camera tickets and passport and it didn't make for a relaxing journey.\nWe were pleased to be away from the train on which the students had another 10 hours to endure back to delhi..\nSo it was 4am and we had nowhere to go so we hung out in the tourist waiting room at Jodhpur station after depositing our bag. We tryed to ask the chap on duty (a tourism officer) where the best place to view the sunrise over the famous Jodhpur fort was but he just seemed to say yes to everything we asked so we gave up. At 6.30 we walked into town and found a hotel with a likely looking rooftop cafe. Wow what a view the Mehrangarh Fort built in 1459 was massive completely dominating the blue city. The houses are all painted a 'brahmin' blue and lends a very exotic feel to the place. After breky we walked up the steep hill along the narrow medieval lanes to a Taj like monument, the Jaswant Thada where more great views of the fort could be had.\nThe fort was truely amazing, despite numerous attempts it was never breached and it was easy to see why, it amazes me anyone ever tried, the walls tower 200 feet high above the city on a 150m hill. Inside the cuurent Maharajah has done a great job of preserving the place and a very good audio guide really brought it to life with music etc.. well worth the visit. After climbing up and over the place and the ramparts we were starting to get tired so went back to the train station and collected our bags and called 'Newtons Manor' (see www.newtonsmanor.com) a old colonial styled places that was to be our Christmas retreat. We arrived and was greeted by a Christmas tree and decorations, the family being Christians, and it felt as if we had flown home, indeed it was more english than England. We planned to do nothing but relax for the next two days, and succeeded ! Ate lots, watched movies and played snooker an the full size table.... Lovely !", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "As this is the home port for the majority of the crew onboard the Silver Whisper, our welcome was as warm as ever, as dance troupes and marching bands played to greet us, while the families of the crew waited to greet their loved ones. The sense of anticipation and emotion onboard was palpable.\nRather than get in the way of the family reunions, we walked into Manila's old town to see the few remaining colonial relics that survived the terrible damage of the Second World War, a horrific period when the city was pretty much flattened. The walk into town from the port isn't a long one, although you do have to brave the belching traffic and the groups of homeless people sleeping in the bushes alongside the road. Having said that, there wasn't a threatening atmosphere as you walked around – probably helped by the fact that there were security guards and police with big machine guns (who were happy to pose for photos) at regular intervals.\nWe walked through the massive city walls built by the Spanish to protect their city, crossing the golf course that has been constructed in the moat, and entered Manila's historic \"Intramuros\" District (literally, \"between the walls\"). There were still plenty of gaps in the cityscape where old monasteries and Spanish mansions had been destroyed that there weren't funds to rebuild.\nWe proceeded to Manila's oldest and most impressive colonial relic – the San Agustin Church, which had been built back in 1587. The architecture, iconography and atmosphere were all typically Spanish – an element that contrives to give Manila a feel that's as much Latin American as it is Asian. We then headed to Casa Manila - one of the few surviving old mansions that once would have been all around Intramuros. The building and its decorations were an interesting blend of European and Asian styles, and their grandeur were a sign that the wealthy few lived very good lives here in colonial Manila (while the majority locals were excluded from that wealth).\nWe discovered more about the Philippines' path to independence at the symbol of Spanish colonial rule, Fort Santiago, which again had to be reconstructed after the Second World War. This is where the Filipino national hero, Jose Rizal was imprisoned before his execution, and it became the US headquarters after they took over in 1898, and finally it was the centre of the Japanese occupying forces during the war, in which some brutal war crimes were carried out against the long-suffering Filipinos.\nFrom the ramparts, we looked across the Passig River to our next destination, Binondo, Manila's bustling Chinatown. The route there didn't look very inviting, with shanty towns lining the river, so we decided to catch one of Manila's iconic jeepneys to get over there. These distinctive jeepneys are converted trucks that have become an informal bus system that seem to make up half of the traffic on the city's congested streets. They're hardly 5 Star luxury, given that they're incredibly cramped and not really made for anyone over 5 feet 8, but they're incredibly cheap – 8 pesos (18 cents or 11 pence) – and our fellow passengers kindly gave us help with directions.\nIf Intramuros felt Spanish and relatively ordered, then the hectic Chinatown definitely confirmed that we were in Asia. People everywhere, stalls selling all kinds of things, clogging hooting traffic and plenty of people living on the street. After a bit of exploring, we stopped in a dodgy restaurant for a drink while a man outside picked lice out of his little daughter's hair, until the smell of melting plastic (coming from somewhere unseen) became too much, and we hopped into a taxi to take us back downtown.\nWe were travelling down to visit another essential element of Filipino society – the Shopping Mall. This one, the Robinson Mall, was small by Manila's standards, but it was still fairly huge. The fashions and atmosphere show just how westernised Filipino society has become, as the latest consumer fashions have taken over.\nAfter a nice Chinese meal at the mall, we made our way back to the ship, stopping in at Rizal Park to visit its various monuments and to savour its relaxed atmosphere, before briefly popping into the iconic Manila Hotel, built by the Americans, and home to the controversial US General, Douglas MacArthur. Back at the port, as the final emotional goodbyes were being said, we were treated to a tremendous show by the energetic dance troupes that gave us a wonderful send off after a hugely enjoyable day.\nOne local saying of the country's colonial experience, is that the Philippines spent 400 years in a convent, and 50 years in Hollywood (with all the good and bad connotations that implies) – and today certainly confirmed this intriguing and sometimes conflicting mixture of influences on the country.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The 7th (Deeside Highland) Battalion, Gordon Highlanders was the natural heir to the 5th Volunteer Battalion, Gordon Highlanders and was headquartered at Banchory. It was administered by two Territorial Force County Associations and, certainly until 1914, ran two distinct series of numbers - the first series starting at 1, the second series starting at 2000.\nIn 1914, the disposition of the battalion's companies was as follows:\nBanchory; drill stations at Durris and Torphins\nLaurencekirk; drill stations at Auchenblae, Bervie, Fettercairn, Fordoun and Marykirk\nBallater, drill stations at Crathie and Braemar\nAboyne; drill stations at Tarland, Finzean and Logie Coldstone\nKemnay; drill stations at Skene, Blackburn, Monymusk and Echt\nPeterculter; drill station at Countesswells.\nNumbering in the battalion, pre 1917, appears to follow a fairly logical and sequential path but the re-numbering certainly does not and is a hotch-potch (for want of a better technical term) of numbers from both series and with no apparent logic.\nAs an example of this, see below the first 100 numbers from the six digit block allocated to the 7th Gordon Highlanders (290001 to 315000). I searched for the medal index cards (MICs) on Ancestry and then, armed with these numbers and names, went looking for service records in the WO363 and WO364 series.\nThe first thing to say is that for 42 men in that first re-numbered sequence of 100, I found no MICs at all. This high failure rate could be due to a number of factors including mis-transcribed numbers, cards not yet uploaded onto the Ancestry website (although I understand that these particular MICs should all now be present), missing MICs, and of course no entitlement to medals because the man or men concerned neither served overseas nor received a silver war badge.\nOf the 58 MICs I did find, enlistment dates were recorded on five cards (dates which should always be treated with caution as they may not necessarily refer to the same regiment / battalion - see Donald McLaren below as a possible example of this). I subsequently found no records at all in the WO 363 series but did locate five records in the WO 364 pension series. My commentary is below. Links are to the main Ancestry website which is currently offering a FREE 14-day trial.\n290001 - Not Found\n290002 - Not Found\n290003 - Not Found\n290004 - Not Found\n290005 (formerly) 29 William Hendry\n290006 - Not Found\n290007 (formerly) 5 William Lamb\n290008 (formerly) 36 John Milne\n290009 (formerly) 45 James Robertson\n290010 (formerly) 555 George W Dunbar\n290011 - Not Found\n290012 (formerly) 558 Fred Davison\n290013 (formerly) 51 Andrew Taylor\n290014 (formerly) 53 Douglas G Wilson\nOnly two pages from Douglas Wilson's service record survive in WO 364. His pensioner's record card gives his enlistment date as 5th August 1914 but this is clearly incorrect and is probably his date of embodiment rather than enlistment. Douglas Wilson was born in 1879 and I think it likely that he was a pre 1908 5th VB man who enlisted with the 7th Gordons in April 1908.\n290015 - Not Found\n290016 (formerly) 560 James Wallace\n290017 (formerly) 561 Angus Cooper\n290018 - Not Found\n290019 - Not Found\n290020 (formerly) 103 William L Bain\n290021 - Not Found\n290022 - Not Found\n290023 (formerly) 565 John Tough\n290024 (formerly) 267 David Milne\n290025 (formerly) 271 Douglas Wilson\n290026 (formerly) 568 Samuel McPherson\n290027 - Not Found\n290028 - Not Found\n290029 - Not Found\n290030 (formerly) 311 Charles Duncan\n290031 (formerly) 76 James A Jamieson\n290032 (formerly) 61 John Jamieson\nJohn Jamieson's MIC gives his enlistment date as 1st April 1908 and he was almost certainly on old 5th VB man.\n290033 - Not Found\n290034 (formerly) 86 Andrew Walker\n290035 - Not Found\n290036 - Not Found\n290037 (formerly) 134 William Blackhall\n290038 (formerly) 139 Walter C Cruse\n290039 (formerly) 127 George McDonald\n290040 (formerly) 157 George Reith\n290041 - Not Found\n290042 - Not Found\n290043 - Not Found\n290044 - Not Found\n290045 (formerly) 253 J A McLaren\n290046 (formerly) 304 William Stewart\n290047 (formerly) 2136 William Anderson\n290048 - Not Found\n290049 (formerly) 2141 George Duthie\n290050 (formerly) 2165 James Lorimer\n290051 (formerly) 2167 John Lorimer\n290052 (original number unknown) John Sinclair\nJohn Sinclair's MIC gives his enlistment date as 17th May 1915 which again would appear to be incorrect and may again reflect a date of embodiment. As no original number is given on his MIC however, it is virtually impossible to tell when this man originally joined the 7th Gordons.\n290053 (formerly) 2179 Frank Shivas\n290054 - Not Found\n290055 (formerly) 2135 William Watson\nJoined on 1st April 1908, an old 5th VB man.\n290056 (formerly) 2224 Robert G Bain\n290057 - Not Found\n290058 (formerly) 2216 Robert Dowers\n290059 - Not Found\n290060 - Not Found\n290061 (formerly) 2009 Donald Coutts\n290062 (formerly) 2011 John Cumming\n290063 (original number unknown) Frank Duguid\n290064 (formerly) 2015 Robert Ewan\n290065 - Not Found\n290066 (formerly) 2031 Alexander McIntosh\n290067 (formerly) 2189 John McHardy\n290068 - Not Found\n290069 (formerly) 2220 Joseph Coutts\n290070 (formerly) 2313 Peter Lamont\n290071 - Not Found\n290072 - Not Found\n290073 (formerly) 2250 William Findlater\n290074 - Not Found\n290075 - Not Found\n290076 - Not Found\n290077 (formerly) 2205 William Harper Henderson\n290078 - Not Found\n290079 (formerly) 2069 Gordon Smith\n290080 (formerly) 361 James C Greig\n290081 (formerly) 2357 Charles Dunbar\n290082 - Not Found\n290083 620 George Wood Main\nGeorge Wood's MIC gives an enlistment date of 2nd December 1913 and this is confirmed by surviving papers in WO 364.\n290084 360 William Dunbar\n290085 N/A A Lawson\n290086 (formerly) 356 James McGregor\n290087 (formerly) 358 Donald G McLaren\nDonald McLaren's MIC gives an enlistment date of 3rd March 1910 (but see below).\n290088 (formerly) 327 Robert Masson\nRobert Masson's service record in WO 364 gives a joining date of 28th March 1910. This, sequentially, is at odds with Donald McLaren's original three digit number and it may be that McLaren previously served with another battalion or regiment before joining the 7th Gordons. (Or it could simply be another number anomaly).\n290089 (formerly) 357 Joseph R Robb\n290090 (formerly) 328 Victor Valentine\n290091 (formerly) 341 William Fraser\n290092 - Not Found\n290093 - Not Found\n290094 - Not Found\n290095 (formerly) 351 William Emslie\n290096 - Not Found\n290097 - Not Found\n290098 (formerly) 2368 Alexander Cruickshank\n290099 (formerly) 2328 George Ross\nGeorge Ross's MIC gives an enlistment date of 14th March 1910 which fits in perfectly with other 7th Gordons numbers I have for this four digit series.\n290100 - Not Found\nI also offer a comprehensive, fast and cost-effective military history research service. Follow the link for more information.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Joseph Richard Kettlewell\n& Eliza Paul\nThis article was sent to me by a fellow Kettlewell researcher, Susan Faught. The pictures come from Richard Frost\nHistory of the State of California and Biographical Record of Coast Counties, California\nby James Guinn. 1904\nFew of the retired citizens of St. Helena have worked harder or are more worthy of the luxuries which they at present enjoy than Joseph Richard Kettlewell, for many years a blacksmith and hardware merchant. Mr. Kettlewell was born in Washington County, PA., May 13, 1825, a son of Joseph and Ann (Wallace) Kettlewell, the former of who was born in Plymouth, England, his wife being a daughter of George Wallace, a native of Scotland. In 1828, when Joseph Kettlewell was three years old, the family moved to what was then a long way West, settling in St. Clairsville, Ohio, where the father plied his trade of carpenter. This occupation contributed to his family's support after his removal to Wheeling, W.Va., where he died in 1837, at the age of seventy-eight.\nAs one of a large family of children Joseph Kettlewell early faced the problem of self support, and wisely concluded that a useful trade would be his most effective safeguard against want. After serving an apprenticeship at St. Clairsville, he worked at blacksmithing in Wheeling, W.Va., but after a year removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he was employed in the engine spring department of the Harkness Locomotive Works for ten years. The experienced acquired with this world-reknowned enterprise proved invaluable, for the springs required great skill in their making, and were entirely hand work. Mr. Kettlewell had the honor of making the springs for a locomotive sent to Panama, which was the first to cross the Isthmus.\nApril 15, 1847, he was united in marriage with Eliza Paul, who was born in Allegheny City, PA., August 11, 1825, a daughter of Alexander and Jane (McCormick) Paul, natives of Scotland. Alexander Paul was a son of James Paul, a baker by trade and a soldier by preference, a member of the famous Enniskillen Dragoons. James Paul emigrated to the United States in time to enlist in the War of 1812 in a regiment that started from Allegheny, PA.\nMr. Kettlewell removed to Iowa City, Iowa, and there established a blacksmith and wagon repairing shop. Mr. Kettlewell failed to attach serious importance to the mining excitement in 1849, but by 1853 he had made up his mind that the west in general offered superior inducements to the man of his skill and ambition. Accordingly, he outfitted with more than the usual care, purchasing everything needful for the comfort and convenience of his family, and finally made the start with four wagons, each having four horses. His journey was a pleasant and successful one, and his first permanent stop was Austin, Nev., where he remained for a year in order to investigate the conditions and to prepare for further travel.\nFrom Austin he went to San Francisco, where he entered business in a rented building on First Street, two years later removing to a shop on Market Street. Finally he purchased a lot on the corner of Taylor and Filmore Street, now the Golden Gate, and built a shop and house which he still owns. For eight years his corner was the scene of great business activity, and as in the middle West, his labor was rewarded by fair financial returns.\nOwning to the precarious state of his wife's health, Mr. Kettlewell rented his shop and started on a tour of the state. He tarried in various places for from one to two weeks, and finally selected St. Helena as presenting the most desirable climate, and the best business prospects. Here his wife regained her health, and July 1, 1872, he started a shop on the corner of Adams and Main Street, to which he was obliged to add in 1877, because of the continued increase in business. At the same ime he put in a stock of hardware, which he placed under the management of his son, Benjamin Franklin, combining the two departments most advantageously. In 1889 he disposed of his blacksmith shop and erected a fine brick block on the site, which he still owns, and in 1891 retired from business, his son assuming the entire responsibility.\nMr. Kettlewell has always taken a keen interest in politics, but aside from the offices of school and town trustee, has avoided public service. Ever since 1847 he has been a member of the Independant Order of Odd Fellows.\nEliza died at the age of twelve; Benjamin F. is mentioned elsewhere in this work; and Charles Paul is deceased. Mr. Kettlewell has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church since the age of eighteen years and Mrs. Kettlewell became a member of the same church in her girlhood days.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "From the archives of the Sault Ste. Marie Public Library:\nRemember This . . . George Nixon\nGeorge E. Nixon was born on March 9, 1898 in Korah Township to William C. and Margaret J. Nixon. He was one of 13 children and grew up working on the family farm.\nHe married Isobel Agnes Young on January 1, 1925 in Sault Ste. Marie. He held several jobs throughout his life which included working at Algoma Steel in the Open Hearth. He worked as a locomotive fireman with the Algoma Central Railway for a short time and then managed the Northern Feed and Seed Store on Bruce Street.\nHe later started his own business, called Nixon Farm Supplies which he operated for many years.\nIn 1925, George Nixon built a home on Carpin Beach Road which he later sold to Earl Fuller in 1932. In January 1965, this twelve room farm house burned to the ground. It was the second of three major fires that occurred on that day alone. The fire began when Mrs. Janet Fuller was stoking the furnace with a poker and a fire spread to destroy the entire home.\nGeorge Nixon developed an interest in local politics. He was a councillor for Korah Township for 1924 and 1925. He also served as an assessor in Korah Township in 1930. He later served on the school board in Sault Ste. Marie and was the secretary of the West Algoma Liberal Association.\nWith this background in municipal/township administration he was elected to the position of Member of Parliament for Algoma West in 1940. It is interesting to note that when he attended the 1940 Liberal nomination meeting he had no intentions of seeking a nomination but planned simply to vote on the Liberal Association’s candidate.\nSo it was with some reluctance that he finally allowed his name to stand for nomination as the Liberal candidate. He served as Member of Parliament for Algoma West from 1940 until 1968 and during his tenure he served under a number of Prime Ministers including: William Lyon MacKenzie King (Liberal Party), Louis St. Laurent (Liberal Party), John Diefenbaker (Progressive Conservative Party), Lester B. Pearson (Liberal Party) and Pierre Elliot Trudeau (Liberal Party).\nOver his 28 years in Parliament he served as the Liberal Party Whip from 1946 to 1953. He was also chairman of the Standing Committee on Industrial Relations. Nixon represented Canada at a NATO conference in Paris in 1957 and again in Washington in 1959 and was also a delegate to the United Nations in 1967. Two of the Prime Ministers that George Nixon served under, John Diefenbaker and Lester B. Pearson were not known for getting along together but they did have tremendous respect for Mr. Nixon. In 1968, when George Nixon retired from politics Diefenbaker and Pearson both came to Sault Ste. Marie to personally express their appreciation for his long years of service as a Member of Parliament.\nMany said that the reason for Nixon’s success in politics was his reputation for working hard and his friendly disposition. He contributed to the completion of several major projects here in Sault Ste. Marie. The International Bridge, the Seaway, the Federal Airport, the Trans-Canada Highway, a Federal Building on Queen Street, Sault College and the Armoury were all projects he had a hand in.\nGeorge Nixon had a devout belief that young people should be active in the democratic process. He stated in a 1957 Sault Star article: “Whether a young person aspires to a seat in the House of Commons or not, in our democratic way of life politics is the concern of everyone over 21. I feel that it is the duty of every young person to support the party – any party — of his choice.”\nThis is a fitting statement for a man who devoted much of his life to his community.\nGeorge Nixon died on March 17, 1981 at the age of 83 and is buried in West Korah Cemetery.\nEach week, the Sault Ste. Marie Public Library and its Archives provides SooToday readers with a glimpse of the city’s past.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Subject Source: Fast\nFound in 60 Collections and/or Records:\nIdentifier: UA 241\nOverview This collection consists of Rice Hotel (Houston, Tex.) memorabilia and includes menus, drink lists, advertising material, and stationery. Included are a 1913 dinner plate, china and silverplate. In 1886 William Marsh Rice bought the old Capitol Hotel, built in 1882, for unpaid taxes. Rice University obtained the hotel as a bequest from its owner and renamed it the Rice Hotel. Jesse H. Jones purchased the building in 1911, and in 1913 tore it down and replaced it with a new Rice Hotel. The hotel...\nDates: 1913 - 1977\nIdentifier: UA 326\nAbstract These records include the daily business, projects, and publicity for Rice PRIDE student group. (2 boxes)\nDates: 1981 - 2013\nIdentifier: UA 313\nAbstract Anne and Charles Duncan College is the 11th and newest college at Rice University. These records include O-Week books, photographs, T-Shirts, and a calendar.\nDates: 2009 - 2019\nIdentifier: UA 370\nOverview This collection consists of correspondence, minutes, and memorabilia created by the Black Students' Union and the Black Student Association.\nDates: Majority of material found within 1972 - 2016\nIdentifier: UA 309\nAbstract Burt and Deedee McMurtry College is the tenth residential college at Rice University. These records contain files related to McMurtry governance and memorabilia.\nDates: 2007 - 2017\nIdentifier: UA 315\nAbstract This collection consists of event information, emails, and memorabilia from the Centennial Celebration.\nDates: 2005 - 2013; Majority of material found within 2010 - 2012\nIdentifier: UA 350\nAbstract These records include the daily business, publicity, and photographs for the Rice University's HACER student group. (3 boxes)\nDates: 1994 - 2014\nIdentifier: UA 392\nOverview This collection contains costumes worn at Archi-Arts Ball, Freshmen beanies, Rice cheerleading uniforms, athletic sweaters, uniforms, club and program t-shirts, from various campus-wide events.\nDates: 1916 - 2017\nIdentifier: UA 225\nAbstract This collection contains a wide variety of realia from Rice University's history, including a variety of jewelry pieces, clothing, athletics-related materials, and various other objects.\nDates: 1912 - 2022\nIdentifier: MS 729\nOverview Collection contains correspondece, two newspapers printed for Camp Logan, a souvenir pennant and handkerchief.\nDates: 1917 - 1921", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "It’s not quite the 12 days of Christmas, but our list of a dozen moments in motorsport history were nonetheless important in their own way.\nThey cover innovation, opportunity, tragedy, determination and, as you might expect, good old-fashioned politics…\nA new type of race\nThe 1906 French Grand Prix developed out of the annual Gordon Bennett races that had taken place since 1900.\nThe idea behind those had been to pitch countries against each other, with each one entering up to three cars.\nThe French argued against those entry limits, and after winning the Cup in 1905, it was down to them to host the following year’s race. Instead, they abandoned the Gordon Bennett rules – leading to Great Britain’s withdrawal – and staged a new race on a 64-mile circuit around Le Mans.\nDescribed by The Autocar correspondent WF Bradley as ‘the first Grand Prix’, it took place over two days and a total of 12 laps. Ferenc Szisz won for Renault (pictured above, leading Elliot Shepard in a Hotchkiss HH), 32 minutes clear of Felice Nazzaro’s Fiat.\nThe Automobile Club de France repeated the event in 1907, and Grand Prix racing was under way. ‘There was no prize money,’ wrote Bradley, ‘… but the prestige was immense.’\nThe end of WW2\nThis landmark moment in world history also had a lasting effect on British motorsport.\nUntil the war, racing had largely been the preserve of wealthy amateurs. Following it, however, there was a whole new generation of engineers who turned their attention from military matters to the question of making cars go faster round a circuit.\nEqually important was the change to those circuits. Brooklands and Donington Park were out of commission, but dotted around the country were myriad recently abandoned airfields that fitted the bill very nicely indeed.\nGoodwood and Silverstone remain the most celebrated, but among countless others there was also Castle Combe, Snetterton and, later, Thruxton.\nThere was a boom in affordable motorsport in the immediate post-war years, and through its ranks came most of the people who laid the foundation for the UK’s still-thriving motorsport industry.\nBack to front\nA Cooper had won a championship Grand Prix before 1959, but Stirling Moss’s victory in Argentina the previous year had largely been seen as a triumph of tactics and Moss’s genius.\nThe following year, however, the Surbiton-based team took Jack Brabham to the title – and everyone else conceded, some more readily than others, that the engine belonged behind the driver.\nCooper started out making rear-engined cars for the post-war 500cc formula, and carried that layout into both sports-car racing and Formula Two.\nIn 1957, it stepped up to Formula One, and initially its cars were viewed as curiosities rather than game-changers.\nBut by the closing round of the 1959 season, Brabham had won twice, and claimed his first championship by pushing his car over the line at Sebring to finish fourth, while Cooper took the constructors’ crown.\nLotus takes on Indianapolis\nCooper nudged open the door to Indianapolis when it entered a low-slung variant of its rear-engined Grand Prix car for the 1961 500, but it was Colin Chapman who truly led the British Invasion of the fabled Brickyard.\nDan Gurney was instrumental in the project, for which Ford built a 4.2-litre Fairlane-based V8.\n‘Handsome Dan’ and Jim Clark had a Lotus 29 apiece, and the latter almost scored a sensational debut victory. Officials refused to black-flag Parnelli Jones’ leading car, and Clark had to settle for second.\nThe legendary Scot handled the disappointment with typical grace, and found the perfect answer two years later by taking victory in the new 38.\nBy then, the front-engined Roadsters had been swept aside and Indy had changed forever.\nEnzo rejects Ford\nOn the face of it, Ferrari was in the middle of a golden period during the early 1960s.\nThe team had adapted well to the 1.5-litre Formula One regulations, it was putting together six consecutive Le Mans victories, and it was dominating GT racing.\nYet Enzo was nonetheless contemplating selling. Ford was at the door with $18 million, and in spring 1963 it looked as if the deal was nearly done.\nBut when Enzo discovered that the freedom he’d been offered in terms of running his race team wasn’t as complete as he’d understood it to be, he walked away. Literally, in fact, leaving 14 Detroit representatives sitting around a table.\nThey got both mad and even, turning their attention to the GT40 project with the firm ambition of ending Ferrari’s domination at Le Mans.\nIn 1966, they did just that with their infamous attempt to stage a dead heat. “It was like trying to mix popcorn and pasta,” Ford’s Walter Hayes later said of the aborted takeover. “I don’t think it was a very nourishing recipe.”\nCosworth introduces the DFV\nIn 1965, Colin Chapman approached Keith Duckworth and Mike Costin to ask if they’d be interested in building a 3-litre Grand Prix engine for Lotus.\nCosworth had made its name with Ford-based engines, so it was only fitting that Chapman then persuaded the Blue Oval to bankroll the new unit, which Duckworth estimated would cost £100,000 to design and develop.\nIt was possibly the best £100,000 that Ford ever spent. The DFV made its debut at the 1967 Dutch Grand Prix and Jim Clark swept to victory.\nSuch was the new engine’s advantage that Walter Hayes suggested to Chapman that they’d have to offer it to other teams. Much to Jim Clark’s dismay, Chapman agreed.\nBetween 1967 and ’83, it claimed 155 Grand Prix wins. In 1975, a DFV-powered car even won the Le Mans 24 Hours, and derivations of it dominated Indycar racing. It stands alone as the greatest racing engine of all time.\nThe arrival of downforce\nThere was a time when motorsport aerodynamics basically involved reducing drag – streamlining, in other words. People had played around with wings, but they were generally crude devices.\nThen, in 1966 and ’67, Jim Hall introduced a moveable high-mounted wing on his Chaparral 2D and 2E sports-racers.\nIn 1968, Formula One teams began to follow suit. At Monaco, Graham Hill’s Lotus 49B had front aerofoils and a wedge-shaped rear body section, and by the following race at Spa, Ferrari and Brabham had added elegant wings to their cars.\nWith seemingly little appreciation of the forces involved, teams were soon building tall wings in order to take advantage of cleaner airflow, but they were eventually banned after a series of accidents in which the fragile supports had failed.\nTeams adapted, though, and in time a skilled aerodynamicist was the most important weapon in their armoury. Downforce was here to stay.\nThe FISA/FOCA truce\nSoon after Bernie Ecclestone took over Brabham in the early 1970s, he started applying his formidable business brain to the remuneration that was on offer to Grand Prix teams.\nIn short, he felt it wasn’t sufficient, which led to the formation of the Formula One Constructors Association.\nFOCA bought together the likes of Tyrrell, Lotus, McLaren and Williams, with Ecclestone doing deals with race organisers on their behalf.\nAs his power grew, it brought him into bitter conflict with Jean-Marie Balestre, recently installed as head of FISA – the sport’s governing body.\nIn the end, a compromise was reached. In effect, FISA would make the rules, Bernie would do the deals. The commercial impact of that fundamentally changed Formula One.\nEcclestone certainly brought untold riches to a relatively small number of people within the paddock. How much he did for the average enthusiast is more open to debate.\nWhen Bernie met Sid\nSay what you will about Ecclestone’s impact on the commercial side of Formula One, there can be no arguing with another of his decisions – bringing Professor Sid Watkins on board to revamp the sport’s medical arrangements.\nJackie Stewart had courageously campaigned for greater safety, but Watkins – a respected neurosurgeon – was able to make an even bigger contribution.\nKey to his success, at a time when race organisers could be positively hostile to his efforts, was the unwavering and unquestioning support of Ecclestone.\nOver the years, Watkins ensured that each venue had a proper medical centre, rapid-response cars, fully trained medical staff and everything that was needed to give drivers the best possible chance of surviving an accident.\nAnyone who’s seen footage of lamentable rescue efforts in the pre-Watkins days will agree that he arrived not a moment too soon.\nVorschprung durch technik\nJörg Bensinger joined Audi in 1968 convinced about the benefits of four-wheel drive in a performance car, but not for a while was he given the chance to prove his point.\nWhen Audi became involved in the development of the Volkswagen Iltis, however, Bensinger took an Audi 80, fitted it with the military vehicle’s drivetrain, and dropped in a five-cylinder turbocharged engine from the 200.\nDespite the project’s obvious potential, VW’s hierarchy took a lot of convincing to give it the green light.\nAudi was not recognised as a performance brand at that time, so a competition programme was devised in order to publicise the new model, and its arrival on the world stage heralded a revolution in rallying.\nAs Michele Mouton put it, “As soon as I drove the quattro, I could tell it was the future.”\nGachot gets sent to prison\nBertrand Gachot had been enjoying an impressive 1991 season, scoring points in Formula One for the new Jordan team and winning Le Mans for Mazda.\nMonths earlier, though, he’d got into an altercation with a London taxi driver and sprayed CS gas into his face. Shortly before the Belgian Grand Prix, Gachot was sentenced to six months in prison.\nEddie Jordan was in sudden need of a second driver for Spa, which is when Mercedes came along with a chunk of cash and one of its young sports-car aces – Michael Schumacher.\nDespite never having driven around the Ardennes circuit – something of which Jordan was blissfully unaware – Schumacher qualified seventh, four places and seven-tenths ahead of team-mate Andrea de Cesaris.\nHis race lasted only a few hundred metres before the clutch failed, but it was clear that a special talent had arrived.\nTragedy at Imola\nNot for 12 years had a driver been killed during a Grand Prix weekend, but at Imola in 1994, first Roland Ratzenberger then Ayrton Senna died. It was a watershed moment for Formula One.\nIn the past, such accidents had been viewed as desperately sad, but also with an understanding that they were possible whenever you race cars.\nNot any more, it seemed, the huge growth in media coverage meaning that a global audience watched the sport’s biggest star die on live television.\nThere was an enormous backlash in the wider press, and FIA boss Max Mosley moved quickly in an attempt to slow the cars down and make circuits safer.\nSome of the changes were undeniably knee-jerk – temporary chicanes were the order of the day – but understandable given the prevailing atmosphere.\nEven if motorsport will never be entirely free from risk, events at Imola led to a renewed focus on safety.\nImages: Motorsport Images\nMotorsport memories: Colin Chapman, the driver\nMotorsport memories: the ground-effect era\nMotorsport memories: why Prost deserves more credit\nSingle-seaters to star at 2019 Silverstone Classic", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Monday, April 30, 2007\nEastern Market a Sad day indeed!\nBesides loving DC well before our daughters took up residence there, on our visits I became an Eastern Market-aholich. YUP and with our soon to visit time I said gleefully, “Don’t forget a visit to Eastern Market! “ Now this news~ A sad, sad day Historic Capitol Hill Marketplace Burns By Howard Schneider, Debbi Wilgoren, and Allison Klein Washington Post Staff WriterMonday, April 30, 2007; 8:24 AM Fire coursed through the shops of the historic Eastern Market on Capitol Hill early Monday morning, gutting the southern half of the 134-year-old landmark.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Title||2 Broad Street|\n|Object Type||Property File|\n|Scope & Content||\nNo building history on file. Occupants of the site (in different buildings) include J.S. Pinkussohn cigar Store, 1901-1910; Demos Brothers Restaurant, 1920-1950; and Marcus Rexall Drug Store, 1960s. The popular drug store burned down,* and in the 1990s, South Carolina National Bank (16 Broad Street) gradually expanded its facilities to occupy the whole north side of the block of Broad Street from East Bay to State Streets. SCNB then merged with Wachovia, which still occupies the building. (Source: The Old Codgers' Address Book, 1900-1999)\nNo building history on file. Needs further research.\nFile contains excerpts from Resources & Attractions of Charleston (1898), one featuring the Chamber of Commerce and the featuring J.M. Phillips Cigar and Tobacco Co. (each illustrated with the image in this record); occupancy history (1990-1999) from Old Codgers' Charleston Address Book.\n*After the drug store building burned down in the 1960s, there was controversy about the size of what to build in its place. A temporary garden was developed. (Per P.C. Coker, Oct. 2013.) See photos of the garden, 2013.017.2.\nImage #2 from Guide to Charleston Illustrated, 1875.\nHistoric buildings--South Carolina--Charleston\nDemolished buildings, lost buildings\n|Physical Description||1 File Folder|\n|Related Records||Show Related Records...|\n|Object ID #||BROAD.002.001|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Goldfish in the Parlour: The Victorian craze for marine life\n“For the first time, fish became our companions and a corner of many a Victorian parlour was given over to housing tiny fragments of their world enclosed in glass.”\nThe experience of seeing a fish swimming in a glass tank is one we take for granted now but in Victorian England this was a remarkable sight. People had simply not been able to see fish as they now could with the invention of the aquarium and everything that went with it.\nGoldfish in the Parlour looks at the boom in the building of public aquariums, as well as the craze for home aquariums and visiting the seaside, during the reign of Queen Victoria. Furthermore, this book considers how people see and meet animals and, importantly, in what institutions and in what contexts these encounters happen.\nJohn Simons uncovers the sweeping consequences of the Victorian obsession with marine animals by looking at naturalist Frank Buckland’s Museum of Economic Fish Culture and the role of fish in the Victorian economy, the development of angling as a sport divided along class lines, the seeding of Empire with British fish and comparisons with aquarium building in Europe, USA and Australia.\nGoldfish in the Parlour interrogates the craze that took over Victorian England when aquariums “introduced” fish to parks, zoos and parlours.\nSimons vividly captures the thrill and the cost of squeezing the ocean into a glass tank\n- RRP (AUD)\n- Paperback & ebook\nJohn Simons is a British Australian writer and academic who currently lives in Tasmania. He is an Emeritus Professor of Macquarie University and has published on a wide variety of topics from medieval romance to the history of cricket and specialises in the history of animals.\nSydney University Press\nSydney University Press is a not-for-profit, scholarly publisher of research-based books that engage, inspire and stimulate debate. We believe in the value of research, and the power of books to change the world. Our mission is to enable, support and facilitate the sharing of outstanding research.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "GRAND RAPIDS -- Calvin College students and professors have created a digital library so the original writings of John Calvin, Martin Luther their contemporaries are only a few computer clicks away.\nThe works are held in special collections in European libraries. Calvin Theological Seminary graduate student Todd Rester spent the past two years as part of team working on making the materials available, launching the Post-Reformation Digital Library.\nThe library is a bibliography , a \"finding list\" of links to resources from research libraries, scholarly initiatives and other sources from all over the Web. The list is organized alphabetically, and the links names of Reformation authors to digital versions of their works.\nThe project is sponsored by the H. Henry Meeter Center for Calvin Studies and Calvin's Hekman Library.\nE-mail the author of this story: firstname.lastname@example.org", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Born: May 5, 1917|\nEast Boston, Massachusetts\n|Died: May 30, 2015 (aged 98)|\n|September 12, 1941, for the Chicago Cubs|\n|Last MLB appearance|\n|August 22, 1947, for the Chicago Cubs|\n|Runs batted in||152|\n|Career highlights and awards|\nMerullo played shortstop for the Chicago Cubs for seven years in the major leagues in the 1940s. He appeared in three games during the 1945 World Series against two-time MVP Hal Newhouser, pitchers Virgil Trucks, Tommy Bridges, and slugger Hank Greenberg of the Detroit Tigers, who defeated the Cubs in seven games in the Series, the last one the Cubs played in until 2016. With the death of Andy Pafko on October 8, 2013, Merullo was the last surviving member of the 1945 team, as well as being the oldest living former member of the Cubs. Merullo's major league career began in 1941, and in 1942-45 he won the shortstop job, with Stan Hack playing third base and Merullo's roommate, Phil Cavarretta, at first. In 1946, Billy Jurges, Bobby Sturgeon and Merullo shared the shortstop position until Merullo regained the position in 1947. During this period, Merullo was known to have the quickest throwing arm in baseball. Merullo's time with the Cubs caused him, in later years, to be a frequent subject of Chicago columnist Mike Royko's annual Cub Quiz. In September, 1942, he made baseball history by committing four errors in a single inning.\nAfter retiring from professional baseball, Merullo was chief scout for the Cubs from 1950–72, signing, among others, relief pitcher Moe Drabowsky. He left the Cubs in 1973 to join the then-fledgling Major League Baseball Scouting Bureau, where he served until his retirement at the age of 85 in 2003.\nMerullo had four sons, the eldest is nicknamed \"Boots\" because Merullo famously made four errors in a single inning having been informed by the club's owner, Philip Wrigley, that his wife had just delivered. The following day the Chicago newspapers suggested his newborn baby should be called \"Boots\" in honor of the occasion.\nBoots went on to play in the Pittsburgh Pirates' minor league system for three seasons and Merullo's grandson Matt had a six-year career playing for major league teams, mainly the Chicago White Sox. Matt Merullo was a scout for the Arizona Diamondbacks and is now manager of the Aberdeen IronBirds.\nOn May 30, 2015 in the early morning, Merullo had died, due to complications following a stroke a few weeks prior, aged 98, as announced by the Chicago Cubs. The team did not reveal details pertaining to his death.\nAmongst many accolades, Merullo was named to the Hall of Fame of the Cape Cod Baseball League, having led the Barnstable Townies to the old Cape League title in 1935. He was awarded Scout of the Year in 1990, and the prestigious Judge Emil Fuchs Award for long and meritorious service to baseball in 2006.\n- \"A Punch Line For Lennie Merullo\". philly-archives.\n- Krider, Dave (April 30, 2010). \"Another Merullo could be on path to Major Leagues\". MaxPreps. Retrieved June 8, 2014.\n- Ashway, Denton (May 27, 2014). \"Merullo the last link to Cubs World Series days\". Gainesville Times. Retrieved June 8, 2014.\n- \"Leonard Merullo Minor League Statistics & History - Baseball-Reference.com\". Baseball-Reference.com.\n- \"Oldest living Cubs player Lennie Merullo dies at 98\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. May 30, 2015. Retrieved May 31, 2015.\n- \"Oldest Living Ex-Cubs Player Lennie Merullo Dies At 98\". npr.org. Associated Press.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Drakh emissary was an envoy of the Drakh Entire who was part of the fleet that attacked the Norsai and the pak'ma'ra along the border of the League of Non-Aligned Worlds. He spoke for the Drakh to alien races, and met with Ambassador Delenn through an intermediary, Forell. After discovering who Delenn was, his shuttle departed and the fighters prepared to fire on the White Stars that accompanied her. Delenn simultaneously realized that these Drakh were the \"dark servants\" of the Shadows they had been warned of and ordered the ships to prepare to leave. The Drakh opened fire, destroying White Star 16, before the ships escaped into hyperspace. Rather than retreat, Delenn pulled a surprise attack on the Drakh by jumping back out of hyperspace, quickly destroying the mothership and all aboard, avenging all the League worlds and ships they had attacked.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Archive for August, 2011\nFriday, August 26th, 2011\nThe Make A Wish Foundation helped four year old Lance Akehurst make his wish to travel and visit family and friends in a campervan come true. Luckily for the National Army Museum, Lance, his sister Amy, and their Mum and Dad, decided they would love to stop and visit us along the way.\nKnowing of their imminent arrival, the Education Team prepared a couple of rank identifying badges, and some exciting activities and goodies for the family. Lance and Amy particularly loved dressing up in Army DPM’s (uniform) in the Kids HQ, and having a ride on the M548 tracked carge carrier.\n“Make -A-Wish grants the wishes of children (3-17 years) with life-threatening medical conditions to enrich the human experience with hope, strength and joy. Granting a wish creates a piece of pure magic which can provide an escape for children and their families facing the most challenging times”. (Make A Wish Foundation)\nMonday, August 22nd, 2011\nThe story of New Zealand’s wartime rugby playing hereos is the focus of an exciting new exhibition, “Khaki & Black – New Zealand’s Rugby Supremacy in Times of War” which was opened on Saturday.\nWho better to open such an exhibition than two of the four remaining members of the famous 1945-46 “Kiwis” Army Rugby Team, rugby great Stan Young and All Black legend Bob Scott.\nBob Scott, arguably one of New Zealand’s best fullbacks to have worn the All Black jersey true to history took off his shoes and socks and together with Stan Young, a forward they both kicked a goal to open the exhibition.\nAt the end of the war in 1945, a rugby team was selected from the battlefields of North Africa and Europe following a series of trials. The team played with determination and pride in the ‘silver fern’ on their jerseys and soon became known as “The Kiwis”. Freyberg fostered the idea of playing a brand of attacking rugby that thrilled the crowds and raised morale in war-torn Europe, and thus the Kiwis created a renewed interest in the great game of rugby.\nIt was both an honour and a pleasure to meet these 2 gentlemen who were very entertaining, providing staff at the Museum with not only some great stories of the rugby and war years but also plenty of laughs. Special thanks to Stan, Bob and Bob’s son Bruce.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "View Map »\nView Photos >>\nGet Alerts »\nMansion Monday: Mediterranean Slidell Mansion\n1756: Aaron Burr, the third vice president of the United States under President Thomas Jefferson from 1801 to 1805, is born in Newark, N.J. Burr would also become known for the 1804 duel in which he mortally wounded former Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton.\nThe Union gets its first victory of the Civil War, Ronald Reagan is born, The Righteous Brothers hit No. 1, and astronaut Alan Shepard works on his lunar golf game, all on this day.\nWhat a relief. The deep economic contraction earlier this year was temporary after all.\nNew data released Wednesday show the U.S. economy bounced back in the spring, growing at a 4% annual pace in the second quarter. That was even better than the fore...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "George Hamilton Gordon Aberdeen\n4th Earl of Aberdeen\nThe 4th Earl of Aberdeen was born in Edinburgh. He was a prominent diplomat, serving as foreign secretary under the Duke of Wellington in 1828 and 1841. He became prime minister in a government comprised of Peelites and Liberals. He supported Catholic emancipation and was a follower of Peel in conversion to free trade. Aberdeen resigned as prime minister due to losses suffered in the Crimean War (1853-56) and what was termed military mismanagement.\nThe Crimean War was fought between Russia and the combined forces of England, France, Turkey and Sardinia. It was the battles of the River Alma, Balaclava; which was where the Charge of the Light Brigade took place, and Inkerman in 1854 that led to seige that lasted a year, ending in September, 1855. It was the siege that led to Aberdeen's resignation.\n1853 - Franklin Pierce is elected president of the United States.\n1853-54 - Commodore Mathew Perry visits Japan, opening the island to trade with the U.S., ending its isolation from the world.\nCopyright ©2007 Britannia.com, LLC Design & Development Unica Multimedia", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Gathering on the eve of Remembrance Sunday, a simple display of red poppies set against the chancel arch at St Mary’s Church, Hunton provided a poignant reminder. Founded in Saxon times, St Mary’s has evolved and changed and now has Victorian furniture, fine windows and many historic monuments. The most prestigious is a hanging stone monument set high above the pulpit, partly set into the chancel arch. It is in memory of Sir Thomas Fane, who died in 1692, a benefactor of St Mary’s as were his parents before him, his chiselled bewigged countenance looking benevolently down upon us.\nThe organ, although quite small, encapsulates all that is laudable about Father Henry Willis organs. This mechanical actioned instrument of two manuals and pedals, set in a Chancel chamber, is of the highest quality with spotted metal diapason front pipes and an original specification of: Great Organ, 8 8 8 8 4 4 2; Swell Organ, 8 8 4 8; and Pedal Organ 16, with usual couplers. The pedalboard is straight and flat with a “trigger” Swell pedal to the right. The voicing is distinctively Father Willis with the gentle Swell Organ “tulip-stoppered” Lieblich Gedact 8ft complemented by a Gemshorn 4ft, Open Diapason 8ft and a telling Cornopean 8ft. The Great Organ’s Open Diapason 8ft sings throughout its range, as does the Flute Harmonique 4ft, which can be partnered by a charming open Claribel Flute 8ft with its traditional Stopped Diapason 8ft bass.\nFather Willis, St. Mary's Hunton\nSt. Mary’s organist, Philip Moore, kindly described the finer points of the organ before demonstrating with: John Stanley’s Voluntary in E minor; Voluntary by John Worgan 1724-1790; a Song Prelude by Alan Bush, Low lands, my low lands; and finishing with a rousing Fanfare by Guy Eldridge. The organ aroused much interest and a number of members were able to try it for themselves before we moved on to Teston.\nPassing the “Tickled Trout” public house at West Farleigh, we crossed Teston’s ancient stone bridge, picturesquely caught in the setting sun’s dying rays, as we made our way up into the village. Teston’s Parish Church of St. Peter and St. Paul was rebuilt in 1710, with transepts added in 1846, and still retains a Georgian feel in spite of its Victorian pews and furniture. The organ, also Victorian, was built in 1870 by Eustace Ingram. Standing in the south transept this two-manual and pedal tracker organ sounded much as it looked, warm and mellow, reflecting its specification of mainly 8ft stops: Swell Organ, 16 8 8 4 8; Great Organ, 8 8 8 8 8 4 4; Pedal Organ, 16, with usual couplers.\nAndrew Cesana bravely volunteered at short notice to demonstrate the organ for us with two pieces: Paques Fleuries by Alphonse Mailly 1853-1918 and March in F by L J A Lefébure-Wély 1817-1869.\nFollowing tea we were to learn more of Teston’s history with a talk by Dawn Page, St Peter and St Paul’s Lay Reader. She spoke of the life of James Ramsay who had been the Vicar at Teston and a tireless campaigner for the abolition of slavery. He was born at Fraserburgh, Scotland in 1733 and apprenticed to a local surgeon; subsequently, he was educated at King’s College, Aberdeen, obtaining his MA in 1753. Entering the Navy in 1757 he served in the West Indies where his ship intercepted the Swift, a slave ship, where he found over 100 slaves chained together below decks in appalling conditions. The scenes of utter degradation and filth were to stay with him shaping his future as a clergyman and campaigner. He took holy orders in 1761 deciding to work amongst the slaves on the Caribbean Island of St Christopher, now St Kitts. Some years later, returning to England, he became Vicar of Teston and during his campaigning met with William Pitt the Younger and William Wilberforce, playing a significant part in the campaign for the abolition of slavery. Sadly, dying in 1789 at the age of fifty-six, he was not to live to see his work come to fruition, with the abolition of the British slave trade in 1807. Fittingly, he is buried at Teston Church.\nWe were most grateful to Dawn Page for such a fascinating talk so carefully researched and sympathetically delivered. Especially, Dawn had illuminated and embellished our scant knowledge of this intriguing connection with our Kent churches and their pivotal role in history.\nGo to Next Page\nGo to Previous Page\nGo to Index Page", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In New York, a small army of policemen, laid off and angry, have been blocking the Brooklyn Bridge, and garbage workers are letting the refuse pile up in the streets. In Boston, some young people on Mission Hill are illegally occupying an abandoned house to protest the demolition of a neighborhood. And elderly people, on the edge of survival, are fighting Boston Edison’s attempt to raise the price of electricity.\nSo it looks like a good Fourth of July, with the spirit of rebellion proper to the Declaration of Independence.Read More...\nPublished in The Progressive • June 1, 2000\nA high school student recently confronted me: “I read in your book A People’s History of the United States about the massacres of Indians, the long history of racism, the persistence of poverty in the richest country in the world, the senseless wars. How can I keep from being thoroughly alienated and depressed?”\nIt’s a question I’ve heard many times before. Another question often put to me by students is: Don’t we need our national idols? You are taking down all our national heroes- the Founding Fathers, Andrew Jackson, Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, John F. Kennedy.\nGranted, it is good to have historical figures we can admire and emulate. But why hold up as models the fifty-five rich white men who drafted the Constitution as a way of establishing a government that would protect the interests of their class-slaveholders, merchants, bondholders, land speculators?Read More...\nPublished by ZCommunications • May 7, 2000\nRecently, meeting with a group of high school students, I was asked by one of them: “I read in your book, A PEOPLE’S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, about the massacres of Indians, the long history of racism, the persistence of poverty in the richest country in the world, the senseless wars. How can I keep from being thoroughly alienated and depressed?”\nThat same question has been put to me many times, in different forms, one of them being: “How come you are not depressed?”\nWho says I’m not? At least briefly.Read More...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Exactly 60 years ago, in July 1957, brought the Fiat with great hype of the legendary \"Nuova 500\" on the market. After an initially difficult Start, the \"Cinquecento would go\" to the Italian Volkswagen and cult-mobile. Until 1975, 3.8 million copies were good. Reason enough to put the anniversary in full-on Retro. So there is not only a nostalgic-inspired special model of the current 500, but also a stamp.\nWas presented to the stamp of the Italian Post office in the Turin Fiat plant in Mirafiori, where the classic 500 ran from 1957 from the Band. The 95-cents-value of the sign is limited to a Million copies and projected the Silhouette of the old 500 on the body of the current 500. It is striking how small the vintage car works in comparison to the modern model. In Figures 2,97 meters expressed: against 3,57 meters in length and 1.32 meters versus 1,49 meters in height.\nOn a blue Background is also a ribbon in the colors of the Italian flag, which is the date \"1957-2017\". The entire look of the brand is to remind you of those posters, which 60 years ago for the Fiat 500 was advertised. Speaking of advertising: In a nicely-made Video Fiat with Oscar-winner Adrien Brody hits the bridge from the 1950s to the present. By the way, Fans of car-stamps need not be sad, if you make it to Italy: Deutsche Post also provides a variety of vintage cars, including the VW Golf I, the Porsche 911, the Opel Manta or Ford Capri.(rh)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Wednesday 17 November 1937\nIt was Wednesday, under the sign of Scorpio. The US president was Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic).\nA Damsel in Distress, directed by George Stevens, was one of the most viewed movies released in 1937\nBut much more happened that day: find out below..\nOr have a look at the whole 1937.\nWhich were the most popular movies released in the last 30 days ?\nWhich were the most popular TV series released in the last months ?\nFind out your future\nGet a FREE Numerology report based on the digits of 17 November 1937!\nWhich were the important events of 17 November 1937 ?\n- Slovakia - Struggle for Freedom and Democracy Day commemorating the beginning of the Velvet Revolution in 1989.\n- Life Day\n- International Students Day\n- R.C. Saints - Elisabeth of Hungary; Gregory of Tours; Hilda of Whitby; Hugh of Lincoln\n- Also see November 17 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)\n- Peter Edward Cook: Torquay, England -- Actor / comedian (Bedazzled).\n- Peter Cook: British comedian and satirist, called the funniest man in the history of comedy.\n- Britains Lord Halifax visits Germany, beginning of appeasement\nWhich were the top hits in that special week of November 1937 ?\nTop #1 songs in the USA\n- Nice Work if You Can Get It - Fred Astaire\nSearch For Your Ancestors\nMake this date unforgettable\nCD and DVD Birthday Cards\nWhich were the most popular books released in the last weeks ?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Virginia mayor resigns from Jamestown commission over Trump\nRICHMOND, Va. (AP) — A Virginia mayor is resigning in protest from a historic Jamestown committee because of the group’s reported plans to host President Donald Trump at the 400th anniversary celebration of the first representative legislative assembly in America.\nRichmond Mayor Levar Stoney sent a resignation letter Monday saying Trump “denigrates our democracy” and has no place at the event.\nThe Richmond Times-Dispatch reported Friday that Trump will attend the July 30 event, but the White House hasn’t confirmed it to The Associated Press.\nDemocratic lawmakers have said they will boycott the event.\nThe event will commemorate the 1619 founding of the House of Burgesses. It is part of a weeklong observance of the state’s colonial past, which also will mark the 400th anniversary of the first enslaved Africans’ arrival in Virginia.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This books covers the Clinch Valley District mile by mile. The book is developed around the 1916 Resurvey, the 1916 N&W Industrial Guide, and 1917 ICC Valuation of the Clinch Valley main line and each of its major branch lines � Big Creek, Town Hill Creek, Coal Creek, Honaker, Russell Creek, Little Tom, Marion, and Big Toms Creek. The 1916 Resurvey included details on 43 different Clinch Valley spurs and branches. The purchase and operation of both the Lewis Creek and Dumps Creek Branches are also included. Details on the construction of the District Line are taken from the original 1886-1892 construction ledgers.\nThe approximate 200 pages of �Clinch Valley: Norfolk & Western District Line� uses over 80 photographs, 175 drawings and 40 maps to illustrate and guide the reader through the history of the railroad. Many of the drawings are taken from the 1916 Resurvey Field Notebooks and the 1917 ICC Valuation notebooks.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Today in World War II History—June 30, 1940 & 1945\n80 Years Ago—June 30, 1940: Germans occupy Guernsey in the British Channel Islands.\nEvacuation of European women and children from Hong Kong begins.\nHavana Conference declares the transfer of territory in Americas from one country to another (ie: French territory to Germany) will not be tolerated.\nUS establishes Fish and Wildlife Services.\n75 Years Ago—June 30, 1945: In the Philippines, Luzon is declared secure, although pockets of resistance remain until the end of the war.\nOrganized Japanese resistance ends on Mindanao in the Philippines.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Money makes the world go round but it is also making you walk barefoot spellbound among beautiful displays in a museum loaded with yes, lots of money. There are coins seemingly made of gold that glint and currency notes so large that you wonder how big the wallets were in the past. This is Haji Abdulla Memorial Heritage Museum housed in Corporation Banks’s Heritage Museum and Financial Research Centre near the famous Krishna Temple in old Udupi.\nMuseums have been a mixed bag in my travels ranging from some of the disappointing government run archaeology museums to the scintillating ones in Kurukshetra and Shillong. Few minutes ago, the guard at the gate had politely asked me to come in but not before taking my shoes off. The curiosity was certainly piqued by several notches.\nUdupi has been serving surprises all right. While it is common knowledge that Udupi lends its name to the neighbourhood restaurants serving cheap and hygienic South Indian food, what is not widely known is that Manipal, the El Dorado for students across the country, is a next door neighbour to Udupi. And the big surprise is that apparently Udupi is the banking cradle of the country. Corporation Bank, Karnataka Bank, Syndicate Bank, Vijaya Banak and Canara Bank - where you still remember the manager in New Delhi’s Chanakya Puri branch counting the coins you had saved to open your first bank account - were all founded in Udupi.\nThis museum with an old world charm is actually beautiful and lovingly put together. Under the wooden beam ceiling, exhibits glint in soft light. The neat exhibits of coins are a numismatist’s delight and for anyone who has ever carried currency notes or coins in their pockets and purses. All the exhibits are painstakingly researched and their explanations displayed. I am joined by the earnest curator Mr. M. K. Krishnayya whose passion for the museum and its contents is seen to be believed. In addition to being a numismatics expert, he is also a thematic philatelist. The curator’s rich stories of money come pouring out like the rains all morning here today in Udupi. The history and story of money is indeed interesting.\nThe Coin Museum has a heart warming story just like the several philanthropic stories heard across the country. The halls housing the museum were once the home of Corporation Bank’s founder Haji Abdulla Saheb Bahadur. He established Corporation Bank in 1906 to fulfil the long felt needs of banking for the people, to free them from exploitation by the money lenders and to inculcate the habit of saving. It is said that Saheb Bahadur would donate his wealth – a little every day – to the poor. And when there was nothing left to give, he chose to take his own life. The founder’s lofty ideals and ethos seem to echo as we walk barefoot in the halls. Yes, the practise of walking barefoot is prevalent since the times when everyone took off their shoes while walking through the lane in front of Haji Saheb’s house.\nWe are on the money trail. The coins date from 400 BC and run through times and dynasties of Mauryas, Shakas, Kushans, Satavahanas, Guptas to assorted Sultanates, Mughals, Marathas and the British. Mahajanpads of early historic times like Gandhara, Kuntala and Kuru issued their own punch-marked coins called Puranas. The coins of different shapes and sizes are made of gold, silver and copper. Lakshmi, the Goddess of Wealth made her appearance on coins as early as 2nd century BC. You can see coins with symbols, motifs, scripts, legends and images of rulers and deities. The prized possession of the museum is one-rupee silver coin weighing 11 gms called Rupaya which was introduced in 1540 by Sher Shah Suri who besides building the Grand Trunk Road also ran Humayun out of the country.\n|Photo Courtesy Nita Bhosale|\nAs money evolved from barter system to where currency was introduced as metal pieces, the evolution of terminology of money from the Mughal times to independence is pretty interesting. Three Phooti Cowries made a Cowrie – yes, there actually was money that was called phooti cowrie made of sea-shells and is believed to be the longest and most widely used currency in history; ten Cowries made a Damri; two Damris made a Dhela; two Dhelas made a Paisa; 64 Paisa made 16 Anna and 16 Annas made 1 Rupya! You can certainly recall proverbs where these names for money have been used or in the movies where the father threatens the heir with not deserving a single cowrie, dhela, paisa or rupya as inheritance; the nomenclature changed over the years!\nThe museum has currency notes too some in the denominations of Rs 5000 and Rs 10000. One exhibit has profiles of all Governors of Reserve Bank of India. The curator is a distinguished stamp collector too and some exhibits display his love for philately. One of his favourite themes is stamps with flags. There is an exhibit that shows how our Tricolour evolved over the years. The museum is indeed multi-dimensional unlike a two-sided coin.\nLaunched in 2011, the museum is the fruit of labour of two employees. Most of these over 1500 coins belong to Mr. Radhakrishna Kumble, who has collected these coins over a period of 25 years through his own salary while the stamps belong to Mr. Krishnayya. The Udupi Coin Museum has put love of museums back in my life. The museum is a glowing example in today’s cynical world where two selfless individuals carry forward the legend of their bank’s founder. This is all about passion which thankfully no amount of money can buy.\nThe Museum Curator Mr. M. K. Krishnayya’s contact number is 9945271614\nA version of the story appeared in the Spectrum supplement of Deccan Herald on 15th Nov 2016\nDecoding the Past Through Coins\nDecoding the Past Through Coins", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Prof. Alan Stewart\n(Columbia University / Centre for Editing Lives and Letters)\nWriting a life in early modern England: the case of Richard Stonley\nMoore Institute Seminar Room (Hardiman Research Building G010)\n5pm Tuesday 15 September\nIn 1972, the Folger Shakespeare Library acquired a diary written between 1581 and 1598 by Richard Stonley, an Exchequer official, who on 12 June 1593 bought ‘the Venus and Adhonay per Shakespere’, the first known purchase of a work by Shakespeare. That entry aside, the diaries have received little critical attention. Disappointingly mute on topical detail, they feature instead daily transcriptions from the Bible, records of Stonley’s financial outgoings, and the thinnest of narratives about his daily activities. This paper asks what Stonley was doing in this diary, one of the earliest English diaries to survive – and how his entries relate to his controversial Exchequer career.\nFor more information contact email@example.com", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Plastic Arts and Sculpture Collection of the Wien Museum comprises around 2,700 objects. Portrait busts, full-length portrait depictions and monument models make up more than half of the inventory, meaning that there is a close thematic link to the biographical collections of the museum.\nAmong the oldest art objects in the Wien Museum are the numerous original statues from St. Stephen’s Cathedral dating from the 14th century, which originate from gifts made by the Prince Archbishop’s Ordinariate. The outstanding pieces here are above all the figures of princes from the West Façade (c. 1360) and the Epiphany group from St. Stephen’s North Tower (c. 1380/90).\nThe core items of the Plastics Arts and Sculpture Collection date from the so-called Ringstrasse Epoch. None of the great cultural and representative buildings on the Viennese Ringstrasse lack an extensive array of sculptures – the same holds true for the new City Hall, which was intended as a status symbol of the municipal construction policy. Important sculptors such as Johannes Benk, Josef Gasser, Karl Kundmann and Viktor Tilgner were commissioned to carry out architectural sculptures. The models for their sculptures can be found in the Wien Museum Collection.\nOf the 19th century sculptors, Kaspar Zumbusch, Karl Kundmann, and Viktor Tilgner are notably represented in the collection. Tilgner especially was a highly-regarded portraitist who captured numerous artists, politicians and scientists of his day. With over one hundred portrait busts and monument models the Wien Museum owns a representative and significant Tilgner collection. In the area of 20th century Viennese sculpture, the works of Anton Hanak and his most famous apprentice Fritz Wotruba stand out. The Wien Museum possesses two figural works by this pioneer of modern sculpture in Austria and also a portrait bust of Robert Musil.\nNotions of sculpture in contemporary art are broadened by a complex of works by Hans Schabus acquired by the museum in 2004. Titled “A Further Attempt at a Room for ‘Western’”, this complex alludes to the sailing boat “forlorn” and the film “Western” among other references.\nDR. ANDREAS NIERHAUS (until 19860)\nP: +43 1 505 87 47 84030", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The back of the mill reads “Red River Milling Company”\nI really like the way this high-ceilinged room is decaying. Well, decayed. It’s demolished now.\nPartier graffiti dates to when the caves were last open to the public; probably in the 1990s. This tunnel used to horseshoe between the brewery’s ice chute (left) and basement door (right, backfilled). Note the utility tunnel in the upper-right corner as well as the lighting brackets on the ceiling.\nLooking at the ghost sign from a rust-locked cement conveyor that linked the silos with a packing warehouse.\nThe front of the mill reads “Montana Flour Mills Company”\nShadows of the trees from the materials yard.\nDon Crist ’83. Brick Graffiti Series.\n“The fresh snow mixed indistinguishably from the ashes of the half-demolished power plant.”\nThe building collapsed except for the back room. The slats of the roof cast lines of light across the floor.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Marie Antoinette owned this little heart-shaped 5,34 carat blue diamond set in a golden ring. When Marie Antoinette knew that she would not be able to protect the precious jewels from the robbing, revolutionary mobs she quickly gave it to her friend, Princess Lobomiska of Poland. The diamond ring is has never left Europe but is not on display because it now belongs to a private collector.\nThe ring was a part of Marie Antoinette's personal jewellery collection and as such she probably brought it with her from Vienna. Because it was her's alone, it was not counted among the crown jewels of France.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Land surveyors have been around for millennia and numerous histories have been written about them. Here are a few bits of that history.\n- Land surveying is the second oldest profession in the Old Testament.\n- Going back to at least 3,000 BCE, land records were required to be kept and ‘rope stretchers’ and mathematicians were the ones to do it. Evidence of the early surveys includes a stone survey map depicting fields and containing a written description of the land.\n- Initially all measurement was done using straight lines and right angle. These techniques were especially prevalent in the Nile Valley of Egypt, because much of the land was flooded every year, creating a need to re-locate boundary lines. The Greeks used land surveyors extensively in their roads and aqueduct projects.\n- For centuries, some communities practiced ‘beating the bounds’ where the community would gather to walk and mark the boundaries of property, so that all could witness and agree upon their location, preventing disputes. Since memory can be a tricky thing, the community would literally beat their children, usually with enough force to cause pain but not to injure. The pain would help to set the location into that child’s memory, long after they might otherwise forget.\n- To land surveyors, Mount Rushmore is known as the “three surveyors and the other guy”, because George Washington, Abraham Lincoln and Thomas Jefferson were all land surveyors, but Teddy Roosevelt was not.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "PMG-certified Treasury Note from the War of 1812 Offered in Heritage Sale\nPosted on 3/17/2023\nAn excessively rare and important Treasury Note from the War of 1812 that has been certified by Paper Money Guaranty® (PMG®) is being offered in an auction. The $100 Act of March 4th, 1814 Treasury Note will be available in Heritage Auctions’ CSNS Currency Signature Auction, with bidding expected to open by mid-April 2023.\nThe $100 Act of March 4th, 1814 Treasury Note graded PMG 45 Choice Extremely Fine and pedigreed to the Mike Coltrane Collection is the higher-graded of the two examples in the PMG Population Report. According to Heritage, the $100 note is the only denomination known from the Act of March 4th. This example is also one of only three complete double-signature remainders from the time period.\n|$100 Act of March 4th, 1814 Treasury Note graded PMG 45 Choice Extremely Fine and pedigreed to the Mike Coltrane CollectionClick images to enlarge.|\nThe US Treasury authorized five acts during the War of 1812 from 1812 to 1815. Each of these acts authorized the use of Treasury Notes to fund the war and, later, to raise revenue and re-establish the US economy. This $100 Treasury Note was a product of the Act of March 4th, 1814 meant to independently raise revenue and substitute for unsubscribed loans. According to the act, the US government would pay back the note with 5.4% interest per year (or about 1.5 cents per day on a $100 note).\nThis elusive rarity comes from the Mike Coltrane Collection, an incredible collection of some of the earliest known US federal notes. The Coltrane Collection includes 40 War of 1812 Treasury Notes, including 15 Proofs. The collection also boasts other great rarities in American numismatics, including a group of Demand Notes from the 1860s and a selection of National Gold Bank Notes. To explore a gallery of these notes from the Mike Coltrane Collection, click here.\nWant news like this delivered to your inbox once a month? Subscribe to the free PMG eNewsletter today!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "I have not had a Daily News newspaper in years but yesterday there were a couple of copies left and the main page headline caught my eye so I bought one. I think many of our Durbanites living overseas who visit this site may be shocked by the three stories I found on just two pages. I post the articles in their entirety for your information. All I can say is Dear old Durban.\nWow, a real nostalgic trip. Yeah, knew all those pubs as I’m sure did most of our generation.\nThe upper pub at the Los Angeles hotel was called the Robert E Lee. It was named by the owner of the hotel, Peter Paget, after his adopted son named Robert, and, of course, the US Confederate General. I was told that directly by the man himself at his house at 347 Innes Road just before he and his wife Daphne were to open the newly refurbished pub. (I had been going out with his daughter Anne for a couple of years)\nThe pub had a huge mural of a Mississippi steamboat wheeler on one of the walls.\nPeter and Daphne Paget were some of the nicest people I had ever met and they would have made great in-laws. Peter would go every weekday to the Los Angeles hotel at 9.30am to check on how well his hotel had done the day and night before. He would return for lunch at 12.30pm. I always admired his 3-hour workday. Even though reasonably wealthy, they were totally unpretentious and I appreciated this even more. They seemed to have a wonderful balance in life of true values.\nIncidentally, Peter Paget’s father was a mining engineer whose company was involved in the gold mines and got the contract to build the cable way in Cape Town. He was the first person to go up the cableway in an iron bathtub that had to be used to test out the cableway as no cable cars had yet been built.\nSadly Peter Paget died on 8th of March 1988 aged 65, Daphne Paget on 23 April 2010 aged 83 and Robert Paget on 3rd March 2011 aged 56.\nThe last I heard, Anne Paget was thinking of selling her property on Innes Road and emigrating to New Zealand to be with her daughter and family. Sadly the emigration option sensibly chosen by many white South Africans in the new and miserably failing South Africa.\nThe second in the series of unanswered emails discovered recently was from Rod Southey who sent in a submission about his father Robert ‘Bob’ Oscar Southey’s (1914-1994) service with the South African Airforce in WWII. Of particular interest to FAD is that he was the pilot who flew two of the first Harvard Trainers from Durban’s Stamfordhill Airport, where they had been assembled, to Swartkops Air Force Base. Rod wrote:\nOn the 30th April 1940, he flew the second Harvard trainer from Durban’s Stamford Hill Aerodrome (where it had been assembled) to Swartkops. His logbook records a time of 2hrs 20min at a mean height of 9000′. He also flew the third Harvard from Durban to CFS Swartkops on the 7th May 1940.\nThese two events were to reach a climax many years later, in 1990, when he was honoured at the 50th anniversary celebration of the Harvard at CFS Dunnottar. Imagine his delight, when he was fetched by a Harvard from Middelburg Tvl.(where he was staying with his son Rodney) to be flown to Dunnottar and being allowed to handle the controls again. This at the age of 76!\nThings have been known to happen slowly around here but I surpassed myself with the recent rediscovery of an email folder dating back to the time while I was moving to Brisbane and settling down. The folder is marked ‘Hold’ and contains 80 messages from the readers that I intended to get to ASAP. I didn’t mean it to take six or seven years but that’s how the cookie crumbled and I apologise to all concerned.\nThe first message on the list came from Mario Pascoal and included what looked like scans of some colour slides. The quality wasn’t great but I picked out these two showing the front of Louis Botha Airport and a view of Tollgate Being Built.\nFriend of Facts About Durban William Paterson is keen to know what nursing or maternity home a Durban woman would have gone to to give birth in 1919/20. I do know that St Augustine’s and Addington were in existence by then but can’t confirm they would have been the maternity facilities of choice. Please leave a comment below if you know anything.\nReader Hennie Heymans is asking for information and pictures on the Borough/City Police. He wrote:\nI am Hennie Heymans, born and bred in Durban – joined the SA Police (1964) graduated at UND (1969) and for my sins was transferred to Pretoria – saw the whole country and great parts of the world BUT never came back to Durban – the nearest was about 18 months in PMB.\nI am the editor of the Nongqai an on-line police & national security magazine and “History Without Malice.” I am very interested in the history of Durban and also more specifically in the Durban Borough Police and the Durban City Police. I am also very interested in the African Police who served in Durban – the so-called “Black Jacks” of the Durban Corporation.\nI am looking for photos of all the old Borough Police stations – some are mentioned in Rev Jewell’s book (a history of the force) but I find no photos. The Water Police was founded by the Durban Borough Police and in 1894 the Natal Police took over and in the 1920 the Borough Police again took over for a while.\nAnyway when I have completed my research I would like to share it with you and your readers. If you have any information I would greatly appreciate it. If any readers have anecdotal history they are welcome to share with me.\nLeave a comment if you know anything or email to the address on the Contact Page.\nI recently discovered a Google tool called Data Studio which lets you display all sorts of live data including website statistics. The first thought through my head was that you visitors to the site might like to see just how many others are doing the same thing. The default view is the number of sessions (visits), unique page views, visitors’ geographical location and device used in the past quarter but you can select any date range you like going back to November 2015.\nOne of my real likes is coming across small booklets especially concerning Durban history, written up by someone who has taken the time to do some research and investigating into the subject matter. Some years ago now, in my study of my wife’s Mack family history, I was given a copy of a booklet written up by Rev. P.E Goldie which gives the history of the Parish of Isipingo 1856-1956.\nThe Macks, amongst other families who settled in Isipingo were the pioneers of the Natal sugar industry. In actual fact Robert Henry Mack, known as Harry Mack, grandson of Robert Gazley Mack, the original pioneer, was the last of the Mack family to grow sugar on the Isipingo Flats. At the age of 95 he was still travelling from the Bluff to Isipingo to supervise the planting, growing and harvesting of the annual crop. He died aged 99 in 1968. Today the Mack family is remembered in Isipingo with the road named Mack Road which bordered the Mack farm.\nIsipingo is tied up with Dick King who lived and died there and where he is buried today. He was gifted Isipingo in appreciation of his historic ride to Grahamstown in 1842 to inform the Cape authorities of the dire straits the Port Natal settlement was in, due to the siege by the Boers. Robert Gazley Mack, a Byrne Settler was originally allocated a plot of land in the Byrne Valley (Richmond District), did not see his future lying there, abandoned his plot and retired to Port Natal. Here he bought land off Dick King and became a sugar pioneer.\nThe booklet written by Rev. Goldie, and he is hereby acknowledged, covers the early history of the Anglican Church in what was known as the Parish of Isipingo which eventually spread in later years to include Amanzimtoti, Umbogintwini, Warner Beach and surrounds. I doubt whether many of these booklets survive so I decided to put it up on the Facts about Durban site and with the help of Allan Jackson here it is. It is long but rather than reduce its contents, I left it whole. Also below is the programme of events to mark the Centenary.\nFormer Natal Newspapers colleague Greg Arde has been in touch to say that he is working with the local ward councillor to preserve the Burman Bush conservation area. He’s looking for information about Bill Buchanan who apparently gifted the land to the city and also donated the land for the council flats and the Bill Buchanan aged care facility in the same area. Please drop me a line at the address on the contact page or leave a comment below.\nTom Chalmers was an early contributor to this site and we were saddened to hear of his passing on August 25, 2018. Here at FAD we’d like to offer our condolences to all his friends and family and remember him by highlighting the story he shared with us about his involvement in the failed last official flight of a Sunderland flying boat from Durban harbour.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "1951 Mercury Sport Coupe (Mythic)\nThis is the definitive lead sled. It was a favorite of car customizer George Barris, and has been featured in rebel Without a cause, American Graffiti (driven by the Pharoahs), and Greased Lightning. The body style was one of the first new styles developed that was a revamped pre-war design. This historically significant car and its Ford cousin brought integral fenders to the market, and set sales records.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "December 1850,    Jan-June 1851,    Jan-May 1856,    Apr-June 1886,    May-June 1900.\nA Sequestration is a Scottish legal term for personal bankruptcy where you are formally declared Bankrupt by the Court.\nSee further details at National Archives of Scotland (sequestrations).\nThe date at the start of each paragraph is the date of the newspaper publication. Actual announcements could have been made up to one week earlier. Details have been transcribed from scanned newspaper images. All care was taken to ensure accuracy, but sometimes it was difficult to read images. Some duplications may occur as details have been transcribed from a number of different newspapers. The details below are not comprehensive.\nHOW TO SEARCH HAPPYHAGGIS QUICKLY\nFeel free to explore the pages of HappyHaggis. If you are having trouble finding something specific, or looking for a specific name, please use the search box at the top of the left-hand index column. This search engine will check www.happyhaggis.co.uk only. Please note, if you are searching two or more words eg. Bill Smith, place the words inside quotation marks eg. \"bill smith\". Note that some war memorial name lists have first and last names listed while some have initial and surname only.\n27th December 1850 / The Company carrying on business as bleachers at Lonsdale, near Paisley, and also in Glasgow, under the firm of William Hamilton and Co. and also Alexander Learmonth Cameron and Co. and of Alexander Learmonth Cameron, residing at Lonsdale aforesaid, the sole individual partner of the said company, carrying on business under the said firms of William Hamilton and Co. and Alexander Learmonth Cameron and Co. as sole partner and as an individual.\n31st December 1850 / Robert Dougall, grocer, wine and spirit merchant, and fruiterer, Glasgow. Daniel McIntyre, shipowner, residing ar Cordan, near Lamlash, island of Arran. John Donaldson, boot-tree and last maker or manufacturer, merchant and dealer in timber and lasts, Flesh Market Close, Edinburgh. Ross and McPhail, merchants and general dealers, Broadford, Isle of Skye, as a company, and George Ross McPhail, merchant and general dealer there, the only surviving individual partner of said company, as a partner thereof and as an individual.\n3rd January 1851 / Thomas Brown, iron merchant, wharfinger, coal dealer and dealer in railway and other shares, sometime of Cushenden, county of Antrim, Ireland, thereafter of Wilson Street, Glasgow, afterwards of Chelsea, county of Middlesex, England, and presently residing at Granton, near Edinburgh, county of Edinburgh. / John Strathern, commission agent, Glasgow. / Archibald Brothers, manufacturers, Kellarsbrae, near Alloa, as a company, and John Archibald, William Archibald, and Andrew Archibald, all manufacturers there, the individual partners of that company, as partners thereof and as individuals.\n7th January 1851 / William Cleland and Co. ironfounders, engineers, millwrights, and machine makers in Glasgow, as a company, and William Cleland, ironfounder, engineer, millwright and machine maker there, an individual partner of that company, as a partner therof and as an individual. / Henry Gore Booth, merchant and shipowner, residing at Artaman, parish of Row and county of Dumbarton. / Thomas Weatherston Tait, farmer, grazier and cattle dealer, formerly residing at Whitelaw, now at Broadhaugh, near Chirnside, both in the county of Berwick. / William Little, cattle dealer, grain dealer, and farmer, residing in High Borgue, parish of Borgue and Stewartry of Kircudbright. / Archibald Menalee, hotelkeeper in Aberfeldy, county of Perth. / Kenneth McKenzie, or Rentonhall, and yile manufacturer there. / Alexander Law, farmer, dairyman, and cattle dealer, at Burnibroom, county of Lanark.\n11th March 1851 / Robert Clarkson, china and glass merchant, Leith. / Taylor and Co. shawl manufacturers, Cambusbarren, near Stirling, as a company, and John Taylor and William Taylor, both shawl manufacturers there, the individual partners of that company, as partners and as individuals. / Samuel Smith, bricklayer, residing at crosshill, Renfrewshire.\n28th March 1851 / John Dixon and Co. ironfounders, Abercorn, Paisley ans a company, and John Dixon, ironfounder there, the individual partner of said company, as a partner and individual. / Neil Stewart and Co. wine and spirit merchants, Perth, as a company, and Neil Stuart and John Miller Mitchell, rewsiding in perth, the individual partners of the conpany, as partners thereof, and as individuals. / Alfred Maclure, music seller, Glasgow.\n4th April 1851 / Andrew baxter, some time farmer and corn and cattle dealer, Rosskeen, near Invergordon, afterwoards residing at Lower Kincraig, near Invergordon, and carrying on only the business of corn and cattle dealer. / Robert Cuthbertson, some time manufacturer, Dunfermline, and now residing there, as an individual, and as a partner of the firm of Robertson and Cuthbertson, manufacturers in Dunfermline. / William Frame, general grocer, Glasgow. / Late John McLennan Esq. some time of and latterly residing at Lyndale, Island of Skye. / Malcolm Smith, some time ship agent, Glasgow, and now residing there.\n15th April 1851 / Rev. Alexander Campbell, minister of the United parishes of Saddell and Skipness, in the county of Argyll, and grazier and cattle dealer there. / A Young and Co. engineers, Springfield Works, Glasgow, and Adam Uoung, James Scouller and James Watson, residing at Springfield Place, Hutchesontown, Glasgow, the individual partners of that company, as partners thereof, and as individuals. / J. Flockhart and Son, currier and merchants, Kinross, as a company and Jean Flockhart and Robert Flockhart, curriers and merchants there, the individual partners thereof, as partners, and as individuals. / james Wilson, coal merchant, Leith, and residing in Grove Place, Edinburgh. / Napier and Crichton, engineers, and iron boat and shipbuilders, Glasgow and William Napier, sen, and Alexander Crighton, both engineers, and iron boat and ship buiders there, as partners of that company, and as individuals.\n16th April 1851 / Henry Mayne McWilliam, sometime writer, and rope and twine manufacturer, Glasgow, now residing there.\n18th April 1851 / John Marshall, baker, Saltmarket-street, Glasgow\n23rd April 1851 / John Marshall, Glasgow, baker, Apr 21 and May 16 at the Waterloo Tavern, Glasgow.\n24th May 1851 / William Wanless, Edinburgh, grocer, May 26 and June 19 at Dowell's Rooms, Edinburgh.\n26th April 1851 / James and George Barrowman, coal and ironstone contractors, Airdrie and Whyfflat, as a company, and James Barrowman, contractor, residing in Whyfflat, and George Barrowman, contractor, residing in Airdrie, the individual partners of that company, as partners therof, and as individuals. / Wilson and Martin, merchants, tailors, and clothiers, 7 St.Andrew Square, Edinburgh, and George Wilson, James Martin, and John Wilson, the individual partners of said company, as such, and as individuals. / Johnston Thomson, spirit dealer, Glasgow\n9th May 1851 / Samuel Thom, provision merchant, 154 and 265, Cowgate, Edinburgh / Andrew Shaw, flesher and provision merchant, Glasgow and now or lately residing at 60 Dale Street, Tradeston there. / Late Robert Watson, merchant, Cumbernauld, Dumbartonshire, and lately residing in Cumbernauld aforesaid. / Thomas Baird, carter, Bedley, county of Lanark.\n13th May 1851 / Robert Leys, cartwright and merchant, George Street, Aberdeen. / William Thomson, grocer and dealer in grocery and other goods, in the village and parish of Athelstaneford and county of Haddington. / Oliver Brothers, seedsmen, Falkirk and Thomas Oliver and Alexander Oliver, both seedsmen there, the individual partners of that company. / Robert Dickson, carrier, provision and grain dealer, and grocer, Crawfordjohn, county of Lanark.\n17th May 1851 / Robert Dickson, Crawfordjohn, Lanarkshire, grain dealer, May 24 and June 14 at the Meal Market Inn, Lanark / Robert Leys, Aberdeen, cartwright, May 20 and June 10 at the Lemon Tree Tavern, Aberdeen / Thomas Oliver and Alexander Oliver, Falkirk, seedsmen, May 23 and June 13 at the Red Lion Inn, Falkirk / William Thomson, Athelstaneford, Haddingtonshire, grocer, May 19 and June 10, at the George Hotel, Haddington.\n21st May 1851 / Gilbert Currie, Glasgow, merchant, May 25 and June 16, at the Globe Hotel, Glasgow / William Hume, Glasgow, tea merchant, May 23 and June 25 at the Globe Hotel, Glasgow / John Mackay, Glasgow, shoemaker, May 27 and June 20 at the Globe Hotel, Glasgow.\n28th May 1851 / Alexander Campbell, Beauley, Inverness-shire, grocer, June 2 and 30 at the Union Hotel, Inverness / John Gow, Edinburgh, grain merchant, June 5 and July 4 at Graham's Crown and Anchor Tavern, Edinburgh / John Hill, Glasgow, metal broker, June 2 and 23 at the Globe Hotel, Glasgow / William Leitch, Crieff, writer, June 2 and 24, at the Drummond Arms Inn, Crieff / William Lutted, Glasgow, musical instrument maker, June 2 and 18, at the Star Hotel, Glasgow / William Smith, Edinburgh, tailor, May 30 and June 20 at the Ship Hotel, Edinburgh.\n31st May 1851 / Janet Gilchrist, Edinburgh, cabinet maker, June 5 and 26 at Dowell's Rooms, Edinburgh.\n4th June 1851 / Patric Park, sculpter and artificer, York Place, Edinburgh.\n11th June 1851 / Donald Stewart, silk mercer, clothier, and linendraper, Inverness. / Late james Glass, baker and spirit dealer, lately residing in Newburgh, Fife. / Late Andrew Galloway, merchant, Glasgow, lately residing at Sandyhills, near Glasgow, and lately carrying on business in Glasgow under the firms od A and W Galloway, and Galloway and McMillan.\n14th June 1851 / John and Thomas Maclean, cabinet makers, Dundee, as a company, and John Donald Maclean, cabinet maker there, and Thos. Maclean cabinet maker and upholsterer there, the individual partners of that compaany, as partners thereof, and as individuals. / Thomas Binny, farmer, grazier, and cattle dealer at Burnside of Carse, Forfarshire. / Late John Stephen, architect, Glasgow. / John Lawson, merchant and manufacturer, Dundee. / Robert Crane, grocer and victualler, Whifflat, parish of Old monkland, and county of Lanark.\n2nd Janaury 1856 / Robert Copland and Frederick Wilhelm Backmann, Dundee, ship broker, Jan 14, at the Dundee Arms Inn, Dundee / Peter Sto??, Glasgow, ironmonger, Jan 9 at the Globe Hotel Glasgow / Maxwell Miller, Glasgow, coppersmith, Jan 14 at the Globe Hotel, Glasgow.\n4th Janaury 1856 / Copland and Brickmann, ship brokers and general commission merchants in Dundee, and Robert Copland, ship broker and general commission merchant, residing at Newport, Fifeshire, and Frederick Wilheim Brickmann, ship broker and general commission merchant, residing in Dundee, the individual partners of that company, and as individuals. / John Currie and Co. grain merchants and millers in Glasgow and John Currie, grain merchant and miller there, the sole partner of that company, as sole partner thereof, and as an individual.\n7th January 1856 / John Andrew Smith, baker, High Street, Edinburgh. / Charles Otto, hotel keeper and horse dealer, Glasgow.\n14th January 1856 / Thomas Young, baker and victualier, Anderston, Glasgow. / William Angus, formerly residing in Lerwick, therafter at Inveresk, near Edinburgh, now deceased.\n18th January 1856 / James Hackett, provision dealer, residing in East Adam Street, Edinburgh. / Mrs Mary Kay, milliner, dressmaker and lace merchant, George Street, Edinburgh.\n30th January 1856 / Niel Stewart, perth, wine merchant, Feb 6 at the Royal George Hotel, Glasgow / John Innas, Glasgow, sewed muslin manufacturer, Feb 11, at the Globe Hotel, Glasgow / Henry Fergus, Kirkcaldy, brewer, Feb 6 at the National Hotel, Kirkcaldy.\n2nd February 1856 / Hugh Mactavish, Glasgow, wine merchant, Feb 15, at the Gobe Hotel, Glasgow / William waddell, Cumbernauld, merchant, Feb 13, at the Elephant Inn, Dumbarton / James Ross, Tain, druggist, Feb 11, at Mr Houston Mackay's Inn, Tain / Adam Watt, Glasgow, ironfounder, Feb 16 at the Globe Hotel, Glasgow / William Tait, Dundee, baker, feb 12, at the British Hotel, Dundee.\n4th February 1856 / Hugh Mactavish, wine and spirit merchant, Glasgow. / Hugh Wallace, lacefall and sewed muslin manufacturing and agent, John Street, Glasgow.\n9th February 1856 / Thomas Watson, Glasgow, wright, Feb 21, at the Globe Hotel, Glasgow / Jacob Christiansen, Leith, ship broker, Feb 19, at Dowells and Lyon's Rooms, Edinburgh / William Baird, Glasgow, corn merchant, Feb 19, at the Globe Hotel, Glasgow\n13th February 1856 / Charles Duff Campbell and James henderson, Edinburgh, glassiers, feb 22, at Dowells and Lyon's Rooms, Edinburgh / William Wylie and Robert Wylie, Glasgow, block builders, Feb 21, at the Globe Hotel, Glasgow.\n18th February 1856 / Thomas Robertson, baker, Main Street, Gorbals, Glasgow. / William Horn, flesher, Glasgow. / William Kennedy, grocer, India Place, Edinburgh. / Andrew Watt, farmer and baker, Nungate, Haddington. / William Rodger, sometime writer, therafter tea merchant, Glasgow, lately residing at Shawland, near Glasgow, now deceased.\n25th February 1856 / John Mcleod, bookseller, stationer and auctioneer, Glasgow. / Duncan G F Macdonald, civil engineer and contractor, farmer, dealer in corn and cattle, and dealer in shares, sometime residing at Dingwall, afterwards st Sydenham in England, and now residing at 46 West Register Street, Edinburgh. / Richard Campbell and Co. bleachers, at Bowfield, Renfrewshire, and Richard Campbell, bleacher there, the sole partner of said company, as partner and as an individual. / The late John Macfarlane Smith, merchant and shipowner, in Glasgow, lately carrying on business there under the firm of J M Smith and Co. merchants and shipowners, in Glasgow, and sole partner of the said firm, both as sole partner thereof and as an individual.\n29th February 1856 / Glass and Duncan, booksellers and publishers, Argyll Street and Wueen Street, Glasgow, and Charles Glass and George Duncan, the individual partners of the said company, as partners thereof, and as individuals. / Peter Findlay, merchant and commission agent in Glasgow and residing in Glasgow. / John McArthur, provision merchant, Howard Street, Glasgow. / James Sclauders, wright and packing box maker and builder, in Glasgow / James Rowand, surgeon, lately in Glasgow, now deceased, as an individual, and as one of the partners of Fraser, Rowand and Company, quarriers and stone merchants in Glasgow, as one of the lessees of of the Orchard Quarry, Glasgow.\n3rd March 1856 / Wilkie Brothers, accountants, sharebrokers, insurance brokers and dealers in shares in Glasgow, and James Wilkie and George Binnie Wilkie, the individual partners of that company. / James Murray, manufacturers, No 51 Wilson Street Glasgow. / Joseph Spence, lately residing in Broad Street Edinburgh, now deceased. / Robert Paton, cabinetmaker and upholsterer, Union Street, Glasgow. / George Banks, boot and shoemaker, Union Place, Edinburgh. / Alexander Nicol, merchant and fish dealer in Findhorn, in the county of Elgin. / Robert Paterson, grocer, Brewsterford, near Calder in the parish of Bothwell, in the county of Lanark.\n10th March 1856 / Thomas Dunlop, saddler, Musselburgh. / John Richie, sometime lodging and boarding-house keeper, and publisher in Glasgow, thereafter in Helensburgh, thereafter at Brookpark, near Denny, and presently prisoner in the prison of Edinburgh. / James Gemmel, sometime writer and shipowner in Saltcoats, thereafter manufacturer at Kilmarnock, and lately writer in Glasgow, now deceased. / Simeon Lord and Co. carrying on business in Glasgow, London, and Rochdale, as merchants and dealers in woolen cloths, as a company, and Simeon Lord and Joseph Broadbent, the individual partners of that company, as partners thereof, and as individuals. / Lindsay Webster, silk mercer, Dundee.\n18th March 1856 / Angus McPhail, Glasgow, cotton spinner, March 29, at Carrick's Royal Hotel, Glasgow. / George Macfarlane jun, Glasgow, commission agent, March 26, at Carrick's Royal Hotel, Glasgow. / Hugh Divine and Archibald Morton, Glasgow, potters, March 27, at the Glebe Hotel, Glasgow. / John Watson, Edinburgh, butcher, March 27, at Dowells and Lyons' Rooms, Edinburgh. / Robert Macintyre and George Mackay, Glasgow, wholesale stationers, March 25, at Carrick's Royal Hotel, Glasgow. / Angus Sutherland, Dunbrae, caithness-shire, farmer, March 26, at the Caledonian Hotel, Wick.\n18th March 1856 / William Smith, Edinburgh, builder, March 24, at Stevenson's Rooms, Edinburgh. / Hector Aitchison, Lauder, merchant, March 24, at the Black Bull Inn, Lauder. / William Orr and John Keir Orr, Crofthead, Renfrewshire, cotton spinners, March 20, at the Rose and Thistle Hotel, Paisley. / James Baddin, Glasgow, writer, March 24, at the Wueen's Hotel, Glasgow.\n24th March 1856 / John Muir, commission merchant in Glasgow, and sometime carrying on business in Liverpool, under the firm of James Muir, jun and Co. metal brokers and commission agents there, of which firm the said John Muir was sole partner. / Charles Goodfellow, grocer and spirit merchant, Dunfermline. / J Wilson and Co. merchants and ship brokers in Leith, as a company, and Joseph Manning Wilson, residing at Ramsay Place, Bonnington Road, Leith, sole individual partner of said company, as such partner, and as an individual.\n28th March 1856 / Robert Latta, commission merchant and iron merchant in Glasgow, and Ballycastle, country Antrim, presently residing in Glasgow, as an individual, and as sole partner of Robert Latta and Co. commission merchants in Glasgow, and as a partner of Latta and Co. merchants, Glasgow and Ballycastle, county Antrim, Ireland, and of the North of Ireland Iron and Mining Company, Ballycastle, county Anrtim, Ireland. / John Croll, blacksmith in Glasgow. / William Rosenthal, bookseller, stationer and general merchant, Glasgow. / James Henry Archer, insurance broker and dealer in shares, residing in No. 47, North Hanover Street, Edinburgh.\n11th April 1856 / T and M Dunn, general grocers in Glasgow, as a company and Thomas Dunn, general grocer there, the only individual partner thereof, as partner thereof, and as an individual. / Roderick Robert Mathieson, painter in Stirling. / John Campbell, general merchant and innkeeper, Kingussie.\n14th April 1856 / John Morrison, builder and contractor, Dunblane. / James Watt, outfitter and merchant in Glasgow. / James Tullie, builder, No 71 Rose Street, Hutchesontown of Glasgow.\n8th May 1856 / Mrs L? Allan or Brown, poulteror, Glasgow.\n16th April 1886 / J Currie, Glasgow, glass merchant, April 21 at the Faculty Hall, St George's Place, Glasgow / J Barclay, A Barclay jun, W Barclay JW Barclay and R Barclay, Kilmarnock, engineers, April 23 at the George Hotel Kilmarnock / Mrs Ellen Clara price or Todd, Edinburgh, coffee planter, widor, April 26 at Dowell's Rooms, Edinburgh.\n27th April 1886 / J C Macdonald, comedian, MaY 6, at the Faculty Hall, st george's Place, Glasgow / O Mackenzie, Aberdeen, baker, May 4 at the Palace Hotel, Union Street, Aberdeen / R A(?) Speedie and Sons, Sinclairtown, Kirkcaldy / C Davies, Edinburgh, grocer, May 5 at Dowell's Rooms, George Street, Edinburgh / J Anderson and Co. Rathven, Banff, fish curers, May 7 at the Commercial Hotel, Buckie.\n15th May 1886 / R McNealy or Meneely, blacksmith, Strathbungo. / ? T Hohnston, boot top manufacturer, Glasgow. / J Thorn(?), builder, Addington. / J Anderson, builder, Leith. / ? Campbell, grocer, New City Road, Glasgow.\n18th May 1886 / A Dick, Glasgow, potato merchant / E Graham, deceased, Corrie, farmer / T W Marshall, Cuthill, Sutherlandshire, farmer / P W McDonna, Stirling, bootmaker / J Stewart, Coupar Angus, grocer.\n22nd May 1886 / W Ellis, hotel keeper, Burghead / M Barnett, jeweller, Edinburgh / T Mackenzie, merchant, Beauly, Inverness.\n26th May 1886 / T W H Todd and Co. merchants, Leith / R Thallon, clerk, Pilrig, Edinburgh / A Chalmers, keeper of asylum, Fisher Row, Musselburgh / D McLennan, farmer, Tarmdale, Ross-shire.\n29th May 1886 / B H Remmers and Co, engineers, Glasgow / T Robertson, grocer, Sandyhills, Shettleston and Addington / G D H Poole, export and provisoon merchant, Glasgow / A Allison, hay dealer, Dunlop.\n2nd June 1886 / J Kerr, potato merchant, Glasgow / H Duncan, wood merchant, Glasgow / J Tennant, merchant, Aberlour, Banffshire / A T Groat, merchant, Is;and of Walls, Orkney / M G Wilson, late of Glasgow, now of Edinburgh, no trade given. / J Stewart, Glasgow, as the Echo Aerated Water Company. / T Cure(?) and Co., grocers, Airdrie.\n5th June 1886 / D Currie, lithographer, west Campbell Street, Glasgow. / G Macfarlane, as the Springbank Chemical Company, Kirkintilloch. / Worth and Strachan, contractors, East Wemyss, Fifeshire. / W A Wilson, merchant, Leith. / G Braid, builder, Parkside Terrace, Edinburgh. / G Rough, farmer, Rescoble, Forfar. / D Fraser, tobacconist, Inverness. / J Gracie, merchant, Macmerry, Haddington.\n9th June 1886 / R McGinnies(?), grocer. Partick, Glasgow. / J Donaldson, draper, Bathgate. / G Howard, wine merchant, Glasgow. / R Soutar, deceased, Oban.\n12th June 1886 / I Robertson, grocer, Tollcross, Lanarkshire. / J Strachan, innkeeper, Stranraer.\n16th June 1886 / J Bone, shipbroker, Greenock.\n19th June 1886 / J Murphy, egg merchant, St Mary Street, Edinburgh / J Hutchison, importer of foreign merchandise, Glasgow.\n23rd June 1886 / J Donald, farmer, Edinburgh / J R Douglas, merchant, ???, Invernessshire / R Philp, deceased, hotel-keeper, Bridge of Allan / K and C Millar, cabinet merchant, Dundee / J D Balfour, merchant, Fountain Bridge Street Edinburgh / N Graham, Edinburgh / D Mclaren, carver, Eglington Street, Glasgow / E Reid, ironmonger, Union Street, Dundee.\n25th May 1900 / William Sandilands, Duntocher, miller.\n8th June 1900 / Aird and Company, Glasgow, grocers / John Sheilds, Glasgow, spirit merchant / Margaret McCartney or Anderson, Partick / James McMurtrie, Ayr, solicitor.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "I was lucky to attend a presentation about Antietam by Edwin Bearss. His PowerPoint presentation was one slide. He spent an hour going through the events leading up to the battle and then described the battle in such detail in a way no one else can do. Just amazing. The guy is still going strong and will be reading names (along with many others) of those killed during the battle at the Antietam ceremony next month. He was gracious enough to stand for a photograph.\nFiled under: Uncategorized", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "VANDERWERF, Sally F. 1937-2004\nVANDERWERF, FREEDMAN, KELLEHER\nPosted By: Tammy (email)\nDate: 9/14/2016 at 08:38:43\nSally F. Vanderwerf, 66, of Temple, TX, formerly of Grundy Center, died July 28 at a hospital in Temple. Local funeral services were August 3 at Bethany Presbyterian Church in Grundy Center. Burial followed at Rose Hill Cemetery in Grundy Center. In lieu of flowers, memorials may be sent to Medical Benevolence Foundation, 3100 S. Gessner, #210, Houston, TX 77063.\nShe was born September 4, 1937, to Saul and Paula Kelleher Freedman. She married Rev. Calvin W. Vanderwerf on September 3, 1960. She practiced her nursing career throughout her married life, including eight years as a psychiatric nurse in Iowa.\nSurvivors include her husband; one daughter; one son; her mother; a twin sister; two brothers; and four grandchildren.\n--The Grundy Register (Grundy Center, Iowa), 5 August 2004, pg 3\nGrundy Obituaries maintained by Tammy D. Mount.\nWebBBS 4.33 Genealogy Modification Package by WebJourneymen", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Master of Arts in Military History is offered by the School of Humanities and Social Sciences. It is the only specialist degree program in military history offered by an Australian university.\nHistory teachers and postgraduate scholars who wish to gain a comprehensive understanding of the major themes and issues in the field of military history will find this program valuable. It draws upon the widely-acknowledged and single greatest concentration of academic historians in the field within Australia.\nThe Military History program covers a range of national military experiences as well as thematic courses taught by a group of leading military historians with significant national and international reputations in the field.\nOnly available by distance and 'online', with capacity both for self-paced learning and some deeper, research-based work (subject to application and approval) for those interested, the program is a bridge between a generalist bachelors degree and more specialised, focused work at the graduate level. A range of traditional and alternate entry pathways are available.\nApplications and Information\nStudent Administrative Services\nTel: +61 2 6268 6000\nFax: +61 2 6268 8666\nPresented by the people that brought you \"Zombie Myths\"\nCraig's research focuses on Australian military history. More particularly and more recently, he has concentrated on operational analysis and uncovering the battlefield 'truth', too often obscured by the distorting effect of Anzac mythology. His recent 'Bardia' research project, for example, was a critical evaluation of the battle with two objectives. It investigated the first serious Australian land battle of WWII, seen then and now as a test of the Anzac legacy. Despite its importance, at present the historiography of the battle is scant with few published accounts focusing specifically on this key action. The project's second and more important objective, however, was the issue of why the Australians were so successful beyond time-honoured Anzac mythology or ethnic slurs against the Italian enemy. This project aimed to do what no equivalent had done - provide a balanced, analytical account of success and failure from Australian, British and Italian perspectives. It investigated the real factors behind victory and defeat beyond too often uncritical accounts of the 'innate' qualities of the Australian infantryman. The wider aim of the project was therefore to challenge the pervasive and warping effect of the Anzac legend.\nBeyond these particular projects Craig has a wider interest in issues surrounding Australian and international military history. His focus tends to be towards the operational or 'battlefield' end of the spectrum, but he is also interested in political/strategic issues connected to conflict.\nCraig is the author of six books and monographs, including the recently published and critically acclaimed Zombie Myths of Australian Military History. He is also a member of Editorial Board for International Refereed Journal, War & Society.\nA graduate of UNSW, ANU and the University of Canberra, John's doctoral thesis was a study of Senator George Pearce, Australia's longest-serving defence minister.\nJohn's book, The Australian frontier wars, 1788?1838 (2002) received a Special Mention in the 2002 Centre for Australian Cultural Studies Awards, was short-listed for the UK Royal United Service's Institute's Westminster Medal for Military Literature in 2003, and was highly commended in the Australian Historical Association's W.K. Hancock Prize Award for the best book published in Australia in any field of history by a first-time author in 2004. It has been reprinted twice.\nIn 2003-04 John taught Australian history at the Menzies Centre for Australian Studies, King's College London. In 2004 he returned to Australia to take up the position of senior historian at the Australian War Memorial and began work on writing the third volume of the Official History of Australian Peacekeeping, Humanitarian and Post-Cold War Operations. In 2007 he commenced his current appointment at the Australian Defence Force Academy.\nJohn has published widely in the fields of Australian peacekeeping operations, Australian military history, British Empire and Commonwealth military history, and frontier warfare. He has made many media appearances on Australian, British, and international radio and television networks, ranging from Indigenous service in the Australian military to the Bougainville peace process.\n48 UOC, full time 1 year, part time equivalent\nOne of the following qualifications in the same or related discipline from a recognised institution:\n- four-year pass degree or Honours degree, or\n- three-year pass degree with a major in a related field of study plus relevant full time work experience, or\n- a graduate diploma, or qualifications considered equivalent by UNSW or minimum three years of relevant experience.\nStudents undertaking the Master of Arts in Military History are required to take 8 courses (48UoC) in any combination.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Brough Superior, the Rolls Royce of motorcycle world never fails to attract interest. European auctioner H&H set a new record for sale of a 1929 Brough Superior SS100 at The Haynes International Motor Museum. The bike became the world’s most expensive motorcycle with its price tag of $455,400. The machine was one of the fastest in its time, it was guaranteed to be able to reach the magic 100mph mark. The SS100 features an overhead valve 1000cc V-twin engine which delivers 45hp.\n1929 saw 29 SS100s produced in Pendine and Grand Alpine form with the option of the B and D sprung frame and the three speed “super heavyweight” gearbox, although a few are believed to have been built with the standard unit. 1929 also saw the introduction of the new dual headlight, as fitted to the machine offered, although not all the 1929 SS100s were so equipped. The beautiful example offered was purchased by the vendor as a complete, original machine in need of a complete restoration. It was restored between 2000 and 2001 and has subsequently been used extensively travelling to Scotland, Spain, France, Austria and Italy. The vendor describes the machine as being in excellent condition in all respects. It is offered with a Swansea V5C and a dating certificate.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture (fʁɑ̃swa dɔminik tusɛ̃ luvɛʁtyʁ, ˌluːvərˈtjʊər) also known as Toussaint L'Ouverture or Toussaint Bréda; 20 May 1743 – 7 April 1803) was a Haitian general and the most prominent leader of the Haitian Revolution. During his life, Louverture first fought against the French, then for them, and then finally against France again for the cause of Haitian independence. As a revolutionary leader, Louverture displayed military and political acumen that helped transform the fledgling slave rebellion into a revolutionary movement. Louverture is now known as the \"Father of Haiti\".\nLouverture was born enslaved on the French colony of Saint-Domingue, now known as Haiti. He was a devout Catholic who became a freeman before the revolution and, once freed, identified as a Frenchman for the greater part of his life. During his time as a freeman he attempted to climb the highly stratified social ladder on the island, combatting racism whilst gaining and losin", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Found this obit for Sarah. No burial location found. Have not found anything on Joshua or James & Cynthia Curtis.\nFrom the Dec. 24, 1885 Robertson Co., KY Tribune Democrat\nAt the residence of her son, Charles Carpenter, near Kentontown, Oct. 28, 1885, Mrs. Sarah Carpenter, of dropsy, in the 59th year of her age. She was the mother of four sons and two daughters.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The history of Outremer in the 13th century was materially altered by the establishment of a stable Latin Kingdom on the island of Cyprus. Today I look at how the Lusignan dynasty became established. Unfortunately, the sources for the founding of the Kingdom of Cyprus are not only scanty but dubious, leading me to develop two theses that challenge existing historiography. The first of these is presented below.\nAnd Guy had only two years because he died in 1194, either in April/May or toward the end of the year depending on which source one consults. That is too little time even for a more competent leader to be the architect of Cyprus’ success. That honor belongs, I believe, to his older brother, the ever competent Aimery de Lusignan, who was lord of Cyprus not just two years but eleven.\nIn short, in my opinion, it is far more likely that Aimery, not Guy, brought settlers in―after first pacifying the native population and institutionalizing tolerance for the Orthodox church that mirrored the customs of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. It is this thesis that forms the basis of: The Last Crusader Kingdom: Founding of a Dynasty in 12th Century Cyprus.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Located headwaters of Newton' Fork amidst many dry placer gold gulches and narrow rich quartz veins the King Solomon with 300 foot shaft dominated. In 1879 Pennington County's 4th largest town it boasted 3 saloons, post office and store, blacksmith shop and stage barn on Cheyenne-Custer-Deadwood line. Thomas Kitrell was storekeep and first postmaster, Nettie Shedd the last. Nellie Thomas and Annie Tallent were the schoolmams. Early miners of 1875 were Ray Smith, Wm. Driver, Simon Shawl, McVey, Larry Dwyer wife and 2 sons, Sewright, Joe Palmer, Judge Cook. The gold boom busted in 1885 and many a miner settled on nearby ranches. This was the setting of the Ole Bull - Simon Shawl story of 1896.\nCounty road 7 mi. northwest of Hill City, road leads to Mystic. South Dakota\n© 2008 HistoryQuest, LLC", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In this episode, Mormon Matters host Dan Wotherspoon and panelists Kristine Haglund, Jared Anderson, and Zina Petersen explore all these questions plus lead a fascinating tour into other parts of the Christmas story. Why are only five women mentioned in the Gospels’ presentations of Jesus’s lineage—and why are the ones listed all women with “questionable” sexual pasts? What are the Twelve Days of Christmas? What is the “Immaculate Conception” and how does it affect theology about Mary and ideas about the Eucharist and other religious devotions? How has pagan history and ideas folded into the history of “Christmas” (not Jesus’s birth but the celebration of it)? The panel discusses solstices and equinoxes, meshings of calendaring systems, the link between carnivals and holy days, shepherds’ presents to the Christ child, and even a longstanding tradition of “ghost story” tie-ins with Christmas that Charles Dickens resurrected. Why was there a period of time in which Christmas was illegal? And much more!\nPerhaps most important, however, is the discussion of how and why the panelists and many other Christians throughout history, knowing all that they know about what likely is and is not factual about traditional accounts, still celebrate Christmas, joyfully sing carols alongside those for whom the stories are less complicated, and experience this season as spiritually enriching.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Frances Rigg was a local business identity in Kew, at one stage managing the local branch of the English, Scottish and Australian (ES&A) Bank at 175 High Street from c. 1920 until the 1940s. After Francis Rigg’s death, the collection of buttons and medallions was inherited by his son, Ken Rigg (1922-2014). The collection was subsequently donated to the Kew Historical Society in 2015 by Francis' grandson, Adrian Rigg, at the time of the Gallipoli & Beyond Commemoration in 2015. The collection covers a period of almost 40 years. The majority of the buttons are patriotic buttons, issued and sold during and immediately after the First World World War (1914-1918) to raise funds for national and overseas causes. The collection also includes a number of locally significant sporting event buttons and sporting club medallions, issued in the 1920s and 1930s.\nPatriotic and other pressed tin buttons and badges were produced in large numbers in the first decades of the twentieth century. By nature, insubstantial and ephemeral, they have not always survived. The collections of badges, buttons and medallions in the Kew Historical Society collection is homogenous and yet diverse, ranging from buttons sold to raise funds for the war efforts in 1914-18 and 1939-45, to those used at festivals and sporting events. Because of the manufacturing process, many surviving buttons and badges have been affected by inadequate storage, suffering from oxidisation and physical damage. These survivors are now historically and socially significant artefacts, revealing much about the attitudes and values of the period in which they were produced. Their widespread distribution means that they are frequently significant at a local, state, national and international level.\nFundraising badge sold by the Commonwealth Button Fund to raise funds for the victims of the Armenian massacres in the Ottoman Empire during the war.\nInscriptions & markings\n\"Servia Syria Armenia\"", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "During the reconstruction of the United States, there were many issues raised regardingAfrican Americans. The struggle for the development of African Americans tochange their conditions of living and future, wasreal. The development was just not for African Americans but it was going toadd up to the United States good future. During the time of reconstruction,African American were referred as inferiors and White Americans as superiors. Therewas inequality in many sections, and one of them was in politics.\nThe lack ofvoter’s right brought unequal balance in the politics which made it improper tothe community. Many of the African Americans people took leadership/initiativeto change the lifestyle of African Americans. Many of the leaders fought for AfricanAmerican’s rights and have given them some sort of freedom and right to dothings.One of the leaders fought for AfricanAmericans right, Jefferson Franklin Long was born as a slave in Alabama in1836. He opened his business to the tailor and that helped him to get intopolitics- Republican Party. Long was “elected as Georgia’s first blackcongressman in 1870” (Book, CH 14, Page 448) and he fought for the politicalrights of freed slaves. Most of his life, he spent on improving his life andthe lives of the same race as his. He fought for the right of self-determinationfor African Americans.\nThere were five states which had the majorityof black African voters; such as Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana andSouth Carolina while in some other states the majority of African Americanvotes fell such as North Carolina, Virginia, etc. South Carolina was only thestates where African Americans had control over the state legislature. But itwas sad that in none of the other states they accomplished to get theirgovernor elected. “For the first time in American history, blacks won a widevariety of elected positions”(Book, CH 14, page 465).\nFrom this quotes, itseemed that it was a proudful moment for African Americans. Also, it was a big achievementfor them to get elected in different positions as it was really hard for them,even though they had freedom. It was surprising that many of the AfricanAmericans got different positions in the politics: in the state legislatures-more than six hundred blacks served, two from Mississippi got to choose toserve on the US Senate and sixteen got seats in the US House of Representativesand one of the seats was Jefferson Long who fought for the political rights offreed slaves. Africans Americans were considered as a responsible political communityand in addition to all this, they held some meetings to discuss the issues andchoose their candidates. Although they were not allowed to vote, women attendedthe gathering and that helped influence their outcome.In the south, they established theirfirst public school system which provided funds for social services, such aspoor relief and state hospitals.\nIn addition, the state constitutions writtenby the Republicans brought equality to the south and political democracy bygiving the suffrage to not only poor white men but also to the black men. Thishad a very positive change that in some states of the south married women gotmore control over the properties.African Americans eventually startedtaking part in the Reconstruction legislature and started introducing bills thatlater became laws (Branam, Chris W). They made some proposals and pointof order that were as likely to the whites. Their legislators were interestedin civil rights, education to law and order and economic development. But thesystem that was replacing slavery over labor and land occupation were under construction.\nThe state Arkansas’s were becoming new with all the other changes; such as transportationin education and the public schools has barely developed.In the document 14.5 of MississippiBlack Code, 1865, section 6 talks about the laws of the state. “The same dutiesand liabilities existing among white persons of this State shall attach tofreedmen, free negroes or mulattoes.\n” (Launchpad 14.5) This quote states that allthe freedmen, free negroes er mulattoes got same duties and liabilities rightsas the white men. This shows that the situation of African Americans got bettergradually though in some parts and some White Americans were against it and wasstill treating them as slaves and wasn’t giving respect. Enough though therewere many problems accepting the freedom of African Americans and giving themequal opportunity, it is great that they started getting the same kind of rightat a government level.\nThis has helped them during the reconstruction and morein the long run.In conclusion, there were manyleaders who fought for American American to get into politics. As days wentsome of the African Americans became the part of government/political parties.Though there were laws that were giving them equal opportunities, white Americansstill were against it.\nBut the at least they got the positions in the politicswhich helped them in short and as well as in the long run. The politicalsituation was not so good during reconstruction but it was not so bad either.African Americans got some positions in the political parties. That helped themto raise and bring their value up, take parts in things and getting equalopportunities as a normal human being.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Freja's Boar, 2007. Bronze, 14 x 32 x 10 inches / 35.5 x 81 x 25.5 cm\nThe Nordic Goddess Freja, was the goddess of both war and love. She had a boar, Hildisvini, which became her symbol. To be under Freja's protection, warriors wore a boar symbol on their helmet.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Sanders’s views on Judaism similar to the last Jew as close to presidency Judah Benjamin\nBy Bonnie K. Goodman, BA, MLIS\nWith his victory in the New Hampshire primary, Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders became the frontrunner for the Democratic Presidential nomination. Sanders would become the first Jew to hold the distinction and become that close to capturing the presidency. Sanders is not a practicing Jew and withheld from discussing his Judaism during his 2016 run for the Democratic nomination and only recently he has made his religious identity a central focus in his campaign. In a January 2020 New York Times interview with Sanders, when asked about believing in God Sanders declared, “I am Jewish, I am proud to be Jewish. I was bar mitzvahed from the Kings Highway Jewish Center, a long time ago. I am not actively involved in organized religion. I believe in God. I believe in the universality of people. That what happens to you impacts me. And I certainly believe in the constitutional right of freedom of religion. And I will strongly defend that.” In 2015, in an appearance on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, Kimmel asked Sanders the same question, to which he replied, “I am what I am. And what I believe in, and what my spirituality is about, is that we’re all in this together.”  Sanders’s Jewish co-religionists are not enthusiastic about the prospect of him becoming the first Jewish Democratic nominee and he is their fourth choice among the Democratic presidential candidates.\nIn American history, only one other Jew has come so close to the presidency, Judah P. Benjamin. Benjamin served in three cabinet posts in the Confederate States of America government; the country formed with the Southern states seceded from the Union, a catalyst for the Civil War to preserve the union. The wife of Confederate President Jefferson Davis, Varina Davis in her memoirs acknowledged Benjamin, “The President promoted him to the State Department with a personal and aggrieved sense of injustice done to the man who had now become his friend and right hand.”  Benjamin was indispensable to Davis, working ten to twelve hours a day by his side, serving as a speechwriter and trusted confident. Benjamin biographer Eli N. Evans author of Judah P. Benjamin, the Jewish Confederate went as far as to claim Benjamin sometimes served as a surrogate or acting president of the Confederacy.\nBenjamin was the first Jewish Senator, the first Jew nominated and confirmed to the Supreme Court, and he was nominated to be the Ambassador to Spain an honor for a Jew, who came from a prominent Spanish Jewish family, and who traced their lineage to before the expulsion. The Confederacy had been welcoming to religious minorities, Benjamin, who was Jewish married into a successful Louisiana Creole and Catholic family excelled in an increasingly Protestant Christian evangelical majority. In the South and the Senate, Benjamin was a brilliant jurist, orator, a plantation owner, and a sugar cane cultivator. During the Civil War, Benjamin was “the brains of the Confederacy,” the Jew at “the very center of Southern history,” “in the eye of the storm that was the Civil War,” who remained in the “shadow” but took the fall as the Confederacy failed in the war.  Through it, all Benjamin refused to discuss his Jewish identity, anti-Semitism followed him throughout his political career and his actions in the Confederate cabinet caused an eruption of anti-Jewish prejudice in the North and mostly in the South, where the Jewish population had lived in harmony with their Christian neighbors.\nSanders also shares with Benjamin a reluctance to discuss his Jewish identity, which involved a religious childhood followed filled with Hebrew school and a Bar Mitzvah to marrying into a Catholic family and remaining Jewish in name only as a way to advance his political career in a Christian America. Sanders left out his Judaism, throughout the 2016 presidential campaign against former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, only to be trounced by Jewish voters. Sanders addressed his Judaism on the 2020-campaign trail in November 2019 with an article in the leftist Jewish publication the Jewish Currants “How to Fight Antisemitism,” Sanders declared, “I am a proud Jewish American.”\nThe threat of antisemitism is not some abstract idea to me. It is very personal. It destroyed a large part of my family. I am not someone who spends a lot of time talking about my personal background because I believe political leaders should focus their attention on a vision and agenda for others, rather than themselves. But I also appreciate that it’s important to talk about how our backgrounds have informed our ideas, our principles, and our values.\nI am a proud Jewish American. My father emigrated from Poland to the United States in 1921 at the age of 17 to escape the poverty and widespread antisemitism of his home country. Those in his family who remained in Poland after Hitler came to power were murdered by the Nazis. I know very well where white supremacist politics leads, and what can happen when people do not speak up against it. \nSanders has increasingly discussed his Judaism in the weeks leading up to the all-important Iowa Caucus and New Hampshire primary turning his religion from a negative into a positive. Then Sanders debuted a new image at a Hanukkah celebration at the Brenton Skating Plaza in Des Moines, Iowa, the site of the first nominating contest, where Sanders would go to come-in a close second in a dead heat race against Pete Buttigieg, the Former Mayor of South Bend, Indiana. On December 29, 2019, at the event Sanders denounced the recent anti-Semitic attack at a New York rabbi’s home in Monsey, lite the giant Hanukkah menorah, sang Hanukkah songs, and most startling wore a kippah. In his remarks, Sanders discussed anti-Semitism a new staple on the campaign trail:\n“What we are seeing right now — we’re seeing it in America and we’re seeing it all over the world — is a rise in anti-Semitism. We’re seeing a rise in hate crimes in this country. We’re seeing somebody run into a kid here in Des Moines because that child was a Latino. We’re seeing people being stabbed yesterday in New York City because they were Jewish. We are seeing people being assaulted because they are Muslim. … If there was ever a time in American history where we say no to religious bigotry, now is the time. If there was ever a time where we say no to divisiveness, now is the moment.”\nOn January 25, 2020, Sanders’s campaign released a four-minute video on his Twitter feed about his Jewish identity, it included excerpts from Sanders’s October 2019 speech to J Street, “the liberal Jewish Middle East policy group,” annual conference and his campaign’s Jewish outreach director Joel Rubin, a former Barack Obama official, commentating. The video complete with Yiddish slang, “kishkes,” begins with Sanders declaring; “I’m very proud to be Jewish and look forward to becoming the first Jewish president in the history of this country.” \nThe video was meant to contrast Sanders with Republican President Donald Trump’s tolerance of white nationalism and anti-Semitism. Rubin narrates, “We live in a perilous time where not only are white nationalists attacking our synagogues and raising hate speech on the internet, we have a white nationalist right now sitting in the White House. We need to have someone in office who gets it, gets it in his kishkes, understands what it really means to ensure that we are healing our world.”  At the J-Street conference, Sanders also referenced anti-Semitism, saying, “If there is any people on Earth who understands the dangers of racism and white nationalism, it is certainly the Jewish people. And if there is any people on Earth who should do everything humanly possible to fight against Trump’s efforts to try to divide us up … and bring people together around a common and progressive agenda, it is the Jewish people.”\nOn Thursday, February 6, 2020, speaking at a CNN town hall for Democratic presidential candidates in New Hampshire, Sanders answered an audience question about his Jewish identity being “a help or a hindrance” as he runs for the presidency. Sanders responded to his Judaism, “impacts me very profoundly. When I try to think about the views that I came to hold there are two factors. One I grew up in a family that didn’t have a lot of money … and the second one is being Jewish…. At a very early age, even before my political thoughts were developed, I was aware of the horrible things that human beings can do to other people in the name of racism or white nationalism, or in this case Nazism.”\nOn the campaign trail, the most surprising Sanders’s allies and shave been touting his Judaism, among them Palestinian activist Linda Sarsour, Rep. Rashida Tlaib, D-Mich., Rep. Ilhan Omar, D-Minn., and Professor Cornel West. At a September 2019 campaign rally, Sarsour declared, “I would be so proud to win, but also to make history and elect the first Jewish American president this country has ever seen and for his name to be Bernard Sanders.”  At a pre-New Hampshire primary event on Monday, February 10, 2020, West, expressed, “We got a deep Jewish brother named Bernie Sanders who is bringing us together.” West supports the Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions (BDS) movement and questions the Jewish historical claim to Israel.\nSanders’s position on Israel is also troubling and he is overtly critical especially of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s government. Sanders declares he is pro-Israel, writing, “I have a connection to Israel going back many years. In 1963, I lived on a kibbutz near Haifa. It was there that I saw and experienced for myself many of the progressive values upon which Israel was founded.” However, Sanders has sympathies with the Palestinians’ viewpoint, rights and “their displacement,” calling the Israeli settlements an occupation. Sanders’s plans threaten American military aid and funding to Israel making it contingent on their treatment of Palestinians, justifying it by saying, “$3.8 billion is a lot of money, and we cannot give it carte blanche to the Israeli government.”  Sanders claims that kind of criticism “does not “delegitimize” Israel any more than acknowledging the sober facts of America’s own founding delegitimizes the United States.”  At the J-Street conference, Sanders justified his criticism, claiming, “It’s going to be very hard for anybody to call me — whose father’s family was wiped out by Hitler — anti-Semitic.”\nAmerican Jews have reluctant to support Sanders partially because of his campaign surrogates who have a history of making anti-Semitic and anti-Israel remarks and Sanders’s position on Israel. A January 2020, Pew Research Center poll finds that only 11 percent of Jewish members of the Democratic Party intends to vote for Sanders in the primaries. Sanders garners most of his support from “religiously unaffiliated Democrats, self-described atheists and agnostics,” and from Muslims than he does from Jewish Democrats.  Jewish Journal Political Editor Shmuel Rosner points out, “Still, it is clear that he is not the Jews’ preferred cup of tea. For many Israelis, a Sanders presidency seems like a nightmare. Sanders says he is “proud to be Jewish” but many Jews find it hard to feel the same pride as they look at him.”  The New York Times in their interview with Sanders noted his different views on his religion and his place in history. The Editorial Board indicated, “Senator Sanders is religiously an anomaly among the candidates, for several reasons — if elected, he would be the first Jewish president, and also one of few who have openly discussed a disconnect from organized religion. He attended Hebrew school as a boy and spent time in Israel on a kibbutz, but has said he does not have a regular religious practice.” \nIn contrast, to Sanders’s recent declaration about his Jewish identity, Judah Benjamin supposedly only once declared his Jewishness in his political career on the Senate floor; however, historians dispute the occurrences since it was out of caricature for Benjamin. Benjamin chose not to discuss his Judaism but it followed him and he was the target of anti-Semitic attacks from colleagues and political enemies alike. Benjamin was the consummate insider and outsider as a Jew at both times. Sanders too shares the distinction of being an outsider in the American Jewish community and among Jewish voters.\nIn March 1858, while Benjamin delivered a speech supporting Kansas being admitted to the Union as a slave state supposedly, Republican Senator Benjamin F. Wade of Ohio “denounced” Benjamin on the Senate floor calling him, “an Israelite with Egyptian principle.” Wade stated, “Why sir, when old Moses, under immediate inspiration of God Almighty, enticed a whole nation of slaves, and ran away, not to Canada to old Canaan, I suppose Pharaoh and all the chivalry of old Egypt denounced him as a most furious abolitionist… there were not those who loved Egypt better than they loved liberty… They were not exactly Northern men with Southern principles, but they were Israelites with Egyptian principles.”\nTo which Benjamin supposedly responded, “It is true that I am a Jew, and when my ancestors were receiving their Ten Commandments from the immediate Deity, amidst the thundering and lightning of Mt. Sinai, the ancestors of my opponent were herding swine in the forests of Great Britain.”  Although attributed to Benjamin, Benjamin never acknowledged his Jewishness in issues in the Senate that affected American Jews. Historian Bertram W. Korn does not believe that Benjamin delivered this remark. According to Korn, “The fact that Benjamin did not feel obliged, in either of these cases, to register himself as a Jew would appear to be much more significant than any of the questionable traditions and legends concerning allegedly defiant answers to which he is purported to have made to any anti-Jewish attacks upon himself.”  Evans also questions Benjamin’s declaration, since historians have told “ four different versions” of the anecdote and “the quote cannot be verified.” Still, Evans notes “the statement remains a part of the legend of Judah P. Benjamin, even though it indicates an uncharacteristic acknowledgment in public of his Jewishness.”\nThe Benjamin family was not Orthodox and kept their store open on the Sabbath, and they did adhere to the daily religious rituals. Judah’s father Phillip Benjamin “was an intellectual” and “well versed in Jewish law.” Phillip was one of the founders of Charleston’s first Reform synagogue, the Reform Society of Israelites after he and 46 other members of Congregation Beth Elohim petitioned the synagogue to among other reforms modernize prayers using English, shorten the prayers, and include an English sermon in the service. The petitioners looked to anglicize Judaism in Protestant Charleston. Evans indicates, “As a son of one of the leaders of the society Judah understandably would have been deeply affected by the religious divisions. The reform movement was not just for adults, it sought to influence history through the children of its members and the generations to come.” When Judah turned thirteen in 1824, he participated in a confirmation ceremony rather than a bar mitzvah. Phillip Benjamin served on the committee of correspondence of the new congregation. The family’s religious observance was lax, especially because of financial needs Phillip kept his store open on the Sabbath. In 1827, even under reform rules the new congregation “ousted” the Benjamins from the synagogue for not observing the Sabbath.\nDespite his non-observance, Benjamin remained a Jew his whole life although he was never attended or a member in a synagogue or involved in the Jewish community of any city he lived throughout his adult life in America or Britain. According to Korn in his article, “Judah P. Benjamin as a Jew,” “Altogether it would appear that Benjamin had no positive or active interest in Jews or Judaism. The only known facts are that he was born into a Jewish family… that he never denied being Jewish or sought to escape his background through conversion to the Catholic faith of his wife and daughter.”  “More recently Evans claims, “To presume Benjamin a nonbeliever by his public acts represents a fundamental error in Southern history.” Evans believes Benjamin could not cut ties completely with his Judaism after his religious upbringing, arguing, “No Jew can make the leap from a childhood with religious immigrant parents to an assimilated Southern leader in twenty years, without retaining psychological ties to his Jewish past.” \nThe lack of personal sources about Benjamin makes it even more difficult to analyze his personal feelings about his Jewish identity as opposed to the public reticence available from the scarce sources. To Catharine MacMillan, in her article, “Judah Benjamin: marginalized outsider or admitted insider?,” “This failure is significant not only in the understanding of Benjamin’s life but also in a greater understanding of one of the most prominent Jewish figures in the nineteenth-century English speaking world. This prevents a greater understanding of the acceptance of Jewish people in America and the United Kingdom.”  Benjamin’s success was because of his passionate loyalty to Southern issues and his ability to downplay his religion. Despite Benjamin assimilating to Southern white Christian society, the anti-Semitic attacks towards Benjamin both before and especially during the Civil War gave rise to widespread anti-Jewish prejudice in the South. Historians will never know how he felt about the personal attacks or how he felt about his actions in the cabinet were affecting the wider Jewish community in the South.\nThe very little record does not indicate if he had any pride in being Jewish or involvement after his childhood. Whitaker in his Sketches of Life and Character in Louisiana, The Portraits Selected Principally from the Bench and Bar noted in 1847 that the public was aware that Benjamin was Jewish, writing, “Mr. Benjamin is by birth, and as his names imports, an Israelite. Yet how far he still adheres to the religion of his fathers, I cannot tell, though I should doubt whether the matter troubled him much.”  One incident indicates that Benjamin took an interest in the community; he purchased a subscription to the Philadelphia Rabbi Isaac Leeser’s newspaper The Occident and American Jewish Advocate. On March 20, 1848, Gershom Kursheedt, the leader of the New Orleans Jewish community notified Leeser in a letter that “Before I forget it let me state on Friday last Mr. J.P. Benjamin handed me $5.50 for you.” In 1843, Leeser sent free copies to influential Jews so they would purchase a subscription to his magazine. Benjamin was not as distanced to know the leader of the community and his connection to Leeser and to want to be current on Jewish issues.\nJewish leaders looked to claim Benjamin as a member of the Jewish community more than Benjamin wished to identify publicly with his religion. Two stories circulated that embellished his involvement. The first attributed to Isaac Mayer Wise, who claimed in the fall of 1850 to have had two discussions with Benjamin, Secretary of State Daniel Webster and Lieutenant Matthew F. Maury. In 1874, Wise recounts in his memoir, Reminisces he discussed religion and Judaism with Benjamin in the two meetings, the first in Webster’s office then later at dinner. Korn believes the discussions did not occur because Benjamin became a Senator in 1853, while Webster died in 1852, and Benjamin did not visit Washington in the fall of 1850 but July 1851. Wise contradicted his story in a response to a Boston Transcript editorial from January 5, 1861, which criticized Jews, Benjamin, Senator David (Levy) Yulee and Benjamin Mordecai of Charleston for contributing to the secession crisis, Benjamin and Yulee through their Senate actions and Mordecai with a monetary contribution. Wise responded Jews were divided politically and that he had only met Mordecai. Neither did Wise mention meeting Benjamin in his obituary for Benjamin in the Israelite.\nYears later, Herbert Ezekiel author of the book The History of the Jews of Richmond from 1769 to 1917 (1917) claimed in 1860 that while Benjamin was in San Francisco arguing the mining case United States V. Castillero, he delivered a sermon at a San Francisco synagogue for Yom Kippur, on September 26. The United States V. Castillero was one of Benjamin’s most important cases in front of the Supreme Court concerned with “the ownership of the New Almaden quicksilver mine in California.”  Ezekiel quoted Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise of Cincinnati. Wise had not been San Francisco that year and neither did the only Jewish paper The Weekly Gleaner claim Benjamin was anywhere near a synagogue let alone deliver a Yom Kippur sermon.\nTwo days earlier Rev, Julius Eckman of The Weekly Gleaner reported Benjamin delivered a lecture on politics and government at Tucker’s Academy for an Episcopal Church. The speech, however, did mention American Jewry, Eckman reported Benjamin made rare comments speaking out against political discrimination. Gleaner wrote, “He next referred in a very happy manner to the injustice in the distribution of offices and asked why the citizens of his religious tenets were not favored by those who have it in their power to bestow offices of emolument and trust. In a very pathetic manner, he asked ‘Would the great Washington have excluded a citizen from holding federal appointment because of his religion.’” \nEzekiel believed Benjamin’s speech was delivered as a Yom Kippur sermon, Korn, however, indicates the speech must have been one Benjamin delivered to the Church of Advent. Korn claims the official printed version of the speech referred to “the spoils system and political prejudice, not religious prejudice.” Korn argues Eckman was either drowsy that evening and did not hear Benjamin right, or he was so eager to identify Benjamin as a positive Jew that he misinterpreted what the Louisiana Senator did say.”  Korn’s basis for his analysis was because Benjamin never spoke about himself in his address or anything related to Judaism in his addresses, quoting Jefferson Davis who claimed, “No more reticent man ever lived where it was possible to be silent.”\nWithout many records, it is difficult to say for certain. Despite Korn debunking the Benjamin quote, Eckman’s paraphrasing of Benjamin speaks volumes on why he, for the most part, stayed away from Judaism in his public life, his fear his religion would hold his ambition back from political advancement. Historian Diane Ashton explains the situation for Southern Jews during the Civil War in her article “Shifting Veils: Religion, Politics, and Womanhood Among Jewish Women During the Civil War.” Ashton writes, “When the determination of friend or foe was the degree to which an individual displayed shared values and commitments and when religion was made to serve political causes, Jewish identity could be a liability or an asset.”  With the array of anti-Semitic attacks on Benjamin from his political foes, he long learned that assimilation and keeping his religious difference private was best for his political advancement.\nTwo later incidents while Benjamin served in the Senate, however, demonstrated just how distanced publicly he was from his religion. In 1850, the “American Minster to Switzerland” A. Dudley Moore negotiated a commercial treaty with the Swiss Confederation. An article in the treaty allowed Swiss cantons the right to refuse Jews’ entry and not allow them to benefit from the treaty, only Christians, and included the ability to expel any Jew conducting business in their canton. Secretary of State Daniel Webster and Senator Henry Clay opposed the clause and President Millard Fillmore wanted the clause removed from the treaty.\nThe controversy became known as L’Affaire Swiss. Rabbinical leaders in both North and South opposed the anti-Semitic clause and lobbied the government to advocate religious tolerance abroad. Among those leading the movement were “Rabbis Isaac Leeser of Philadelphia, David Einhorn of Baltimore, J. M. Cardozo of Charleston, and Capt. Jonas Phillips Levy of New York.” Former Representative Phillip Phillips of Alabama and Jonas Levy advocated the government on behalf of American Jews. In the Senate, Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan led a movement opposed to ratifying the treaty. Cass would later become Secretary of State and notably delivered a speech on the Senate floor on April 19, 1854, placing his support in America’s Jewish population.\nBenjamin, however, refused to be involved in the Senate floor debate; instead, he did not identify himself as a Jew that would have been subjected to the treaty’s exemption. Benjamin presented the petition on May 10, 1854, on the Senate floor, he advocated for equality in the treaty but Benjamin chose not to include that he too was a Jew, excluding himself from his coreligionists. According to the Congressional Globe from the day, “Mr. Benjamin resented… a petition of citizens of the United States, professing the Jewish religion, praying that measures be taken to secure to American citizens of every religious creed, residing or traveling abroad, their civil and religious rights; which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations.”  The clause was rewritten but it still allowed the Swiss to discriminate against Jews. What had been an objection became a protest movement by American Jews, the situation only grew when an American citizen and Jew, A. H. Gootman, who conducted commercial business for five years was forced to leave La Chaux-de-Fonds, in Neuchâtel in 1856.\nExcept for presenting the petition, Benjamin chose not to take on a leadership role; historians suggest he felt it better for non-Jewish Senate members to take on that position. However, it was often the practice of some Jews in the South to “veil” as historian Diane Ashton called it, their religion in front of their Christian neighbors. If he would have taken on a leadership role he would have been known as the “Jewish Senator,” and he worked his whole career not to be defined or hindered by his Judaism.  In 1860, Benjamin remained just as detached, when China and Japan put similar clauses in their treaties with America only allowing Christians to worship freely. Again, Jewish leaders objected to the included clauses and lobbied that any American of any faith should have their right. Rabbi Max Lilienthal wrote to Benjamin looking for him to advocate in the Senate on American Jewry’s behalf. Benjamin replied:\nWashington, March 24, 1860\nMy dear Sir:\nI have received your favor of the 21st inst., and shall be watchful of the China treaty, in order to take care that by no omission shall the Israelites of the United States be debarred the privilege secured by the treaty to their Christian fellow citizens.\nThank you for your complimentary expression toward myself, I remain,\nYours with great respect,\nRev. Dr. Lilienthal.\nBenjamin’s reply was detached from the situation, although he agreed to advocate, he did not include himself as one of the aggrieved Jews.\nBenjamin would the ultimate political insider but he spent his life as a Jew on the outside from his religion and community. Benjamin remained an outsider as a Jew, who like the rest of the Southern Jewish population tried to be more devoted, loyal and fervent in all the South’s institutions and social constructs to avoid anti-Jewish prejudice. Legal scholar Catharine MacMillan even concurs, “Benjamin’s life, it is also argued, demonstrates how some individuals can ‘overcome’ the initial marginalization which attends the circumstances of their birth to move within the mainstream of society.” Historians agree that Benjamin’s ability to turn his “weakness into strength” led to his success and his “perseverance in the face of adversity.”  Benjamin died on May 6, 1884, although he remained a non-observant Jew, his wife Natalie St-Martin Benjamin had a Catholic priest administer last rites on Benjamin before he died, had his funeral services in a church and buried him at the St Martin family crypt at Père Lachaise Cemetery.\nThe United States is probably the most polarized politically it has been since before the Civil War, the ideological war between the left and right has widened into a chasm. Sanders has found being a Democratic socialist his new religion, his adherence to the ideology has helped him propel to the top of the candidates and gained him popularity among the growing progressives within the party. Benjamin too molded to the Southern social and political norms to rise the political ladder, he supported and defended slavery, states’ rights, and then secession to reach the heights of power in the South. Evans describes, “Benjamin as a Jew would have to be more loyal to the Cause than anyone else — more outspoken in the Cabinet, more courageous, and willing to wage war with the energy that total war demanded. And if he understood Jefferson Davis, loyalty to the President as the symbol to the Cause was the measure of a man’s worth to the Confederacy.”  Loyalty and adherence to America’s new political norms and downplaying their Judaism are the reasons both Benjamin and Sanders were able to advance in their political career despite their religion, now Sanders has the chance to use Benjamin’s strategy to reach what has until now elusive for Jews, the pinnacle of power in the U.S, the presidency.\nDowney, Arthur T. The Creole Affair: The Slave Rebellion That Led the U.S. and Great Britain to the Brink of War. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.\nEvans, Eli N. Judah P. Benjamin, the Jewish Confederate. New York: Free Press, 1989.\nKorn, Bertram W. “JUDAH P. BENJAMIN AS A JEW.” Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, vol. 38, no. 3, 1949, pp. 153–171. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43059749.\nMacMillan, Catharine. “Judah Benjamin: marginalized outsider or admitted insider?” Journal of Law and Society, 42 (1), 2015, pp. 150–172. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14676478.2015.00702.\nNadell, Pamela S. and Jonathan D. Sarna, eds. Women and American Judaism: Historical Perspectives. Hanover N.H.: University Press of New England, 2001.\nSinger, Jane. The Confederate Dirty War: Arson, Bombings, Assassination, and Plots for Chemical and Germ Attacks on the Union. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Co, 2005.\nStone, Kurt F. The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press, Inc, 2011.\nBonnie K. Goodman, BA, MLIS is a journalist, librarian, and historian. She has a BA in History & Art History, and an MLIS, Masters in Library and Information Studies both from McGill University. She has done graduate work in Jewish history at Concordia University as part of the MA in Judaic Studies program. She is currently expanding her article about Confederate cabinet secretary Judah Benjamin “The Mysterious Prince of the Confederacy: Judah P. Benjamin and the Jewish goal of whiteness in the South” into a full-length biography.\n Evans, Judah P. Benjamin, 149.\n Ibid., Evans, Judah P. Benjamin, xiii.\n Arthur T. Downey, The Creole Affair: The Slave Rebellion That Led the U.S. and Great Britain to the Brink of War, (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), 160.\n Eli N. Evans, Judah P. Benjamin: The Jewish Confederate, (New York: Free Press, 1988), 97.\n Evans, Judah P. Benjamin, 10.\n Evans, Judah P. Benjamin, 11.\n Korn, “JUDAH P. BENJAMIN AS A JEW”\n Evans, Judah P. Benjamin, xvii.\n Whitaker, Sketches of Life and Character in Louisiana, 28.\n MacMillan, “Judah Benjamin: marginalized outsider or admitted insider?,” 11.\n Korn, “JUDAH P. BENJAMIN AS A JEW.” 156.\n Ibid., Korn, “JUDAH P. BENJAMIN AS A JEW.” 157.\n Pamela S. Nadell and Jonathan D. Sarna, eds. Women and American Judaism: Historical Perspectives, (Hanover N.H.: University Press of New England, 2001), 84.\n Korn, “JUDAH P. BENJAMIN AS A JEW.” 167.\n Stone, The Jews of Capitol Hill, 41.\n MacMillan, “Judah Benjamin: marginalized outsider or admitted insider?,” 18–19.\n Ibid., MacMillan, “Judah Benjamin: marginalized outsider or admitted insider?,” 18–19.\n Evans, Judah P. Benjamin, 121.\nBonnie K. Goodman, BA, MLIS is a journalist, librarian, and historian. She has a BA in History & Art History, and an MLIS, Masters in Library and Information Studies both from McGill University. She has done graduate work in Jewish history at Concordia University as part of the MA in Judaic Studies program. She is currently expanding her article about Confederate cabinet secretary Judah Benjamin “The Mysterious Prince of the Confederacy: Judah P. Benjamin and the Jewish Goal of Whiteness in the South” into a full-length biography.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Anok-Imaskar was an empire that existed in ancient Kara-Tur, under the reign of Emperor Kujawa. It was one of the three successor states of the Imaskar Empire after it fell in −2488 DR, the others being Deep Imaskar and Solon. Later scholars would mark the Anok-Imaskar period as the First Age of Shou Lung, as it was a precursor to the later Shou Lung empire.\nUnlike Imaskar's vassals, Durpar and Gundavar, which descended into barbarism, and the Raurin, which became a desert wasteland, the eastern provinces of Imaskar emerged relatively unscathed from the destruction of the western empire. The mountainous Khati province and the flatter Katakoro province were both protected from the Mulan rebellion by distance and the natural defenses provided by the Katakoro Shan.[speculation] Within a year of Imaskar's fall, in −2487 DR, the surviving artificer Kujawa—who carried one of the False Imaskarcana, Dhonas's Shroud—claimed the Dragon Throne in the Khati city of Thakos, the former capital of Upper Imaskar. With that, he declared himself Emperor and founded a new realm, Anok-Imaskar.\nAnok-Imaskar was prosperous and quickly spread east, north, and south. It traded with its fellow successor state Solon to the west. Eventually, circa −2300 DR, Kujawa decided to found a second capital city to better govern the new southern lands his nation had claimed. He built it on a mountain plateau further south in the Shao Mountains, east of the Sempadan Forest. The new capital was called Tempat Larang.\nUnfortunately, the nearby volcano Mount Bakos erupted in −2113 DR,[note 1] covering Tempat Larang in ash and lava, and the city had to be evacuated. Over the following decades, the empire's southwestern lands were also abandoned.\nEmperor Kujawa repeated the history of his former peers in Imaskar when he died fighting the Immortal Nung Chiang, in the form of a t'ien lung dragon, in −1943 DR.[note 2] His death caused the empire to collapse, dividing into a number of warring states, including Chu'ta Te, Kao Shan, Mai Yuan, and Ra-Khati.\nAt its height around −2300 DR, Anok-Imaskar stretched from the Celestial Sea in the north to the Segara Sea in the south (a large portion of what was later Shou Lung and T'u Lung). It did not spread west, owing to claims by Solon on the lands south of the Raurinshield Mountains.\nAmong others, it included the lands of Khati (the realm that would later be known as Ra-Khati) and Katakoro (the later Katakoro Plateau); Chu'ta Te (later Chukei) Kao Shan, and Mai Yuan (which would all be provinces of Shou Lung); and the southern city of Tempat Larang.[note 3]\n- ↑ The Grand History of the Realms uses the name \"Mount Bakos\" but this name does not appear in any other source. However, Ronin Challenge tells that Tempat Larang was destroyed by the volcano \"Mount Tengkorak\", which is located near the ruins of Tempat Larang on the accompanying map. While it is likely that \"Bakos\" was the Roushoum name for the volcano, this cannot be corroborated. Nevertheless, for simplicity, this article assumes this is the case.\n- ↑ The Grand History of the Realms page 33 says Kujawa died in combat with \"the celestial dragon T'ien Lung\". However, a \"t'ien lung\" is a generic type of oriental dragon with a name meaning \"celestial dragon\"; this name may be in error. Ronin Challenge tells that the Immortal Nung Chiang opposed the empire's expansion into Tempat Larang, even triggering the Mount Tengkorak eruption. Furthermore, Nung Chiang manifests as a t'ien lung in the module, and is mentioned to also appear as a spirit dragon. Page 67 presents a story by Awagi Nukichi retelling the fall of Emperor Tan Chin (there called Joon Tsao Choo) at Kuo Meilan to an unnamed \"spirit dragon\" and appends a disaster striking Tempat Larang (presumably the volcano in the same book) a few years afterward. However, Grand History later retconned this, placing the destruction of Tempat Larang within the time of the newly invented Anok-Imaskar, Kujawa's death 170 years later, and Tan Chin's empire centuries after that, with Tan Chin defeated by Chih Shih as normal. Thus, in-universe, Awagi's story appears to be a mistaken conflation of the falls of both empires and it's not clear what it might say about Kujawa and Anok-Imaskar, and who killed Kujawa. While it is possible that Nung Chiang is T'ien Lung, no source confirms that Nung Chiang killed any emperor. Page 33 of The Grand History of the Realms also notes that Chan Cheng was the first of the Nine Immortals, suggesting Nung Chiang wasn't an Immortal previously. Nevertheless, the apparent intention is that Nung Chiang is T'ien Lung and this is assumed here for simplicity.\n- ↑ In order to cover such far-flung regions of Kara-Tur, Anok-Imaskar likely covered more lands than what is mentioned in Grand History (only a few are given as examples). However, these are as yet unknown.\n- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Brian R. James and Ed Greenwood (September, 2007). The Grand History of the Realms. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7869-4731-7.\n- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Brian R. James and Ed Greenwood (September, 2007). The Grand History of the Realms. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7869-4731-7.\n- ↑ Brian R. James and Ed Greenwood (September, 2007). The Grand History of the Realms. (Wizards of the Coast), pp. 31, 33. ISBN 978-0-7869-4731-7.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "John Adams [Blu-ray]\nBlu-ray Value Promotion\nPurchase any three featured Blu-ray titles for a total price of $19.99. Restrictions apply, offer is valid for a limited time and while supplies last. Learn more\nCustomers Who Bought This Item Also Bought\nJohn Adams is a sprawling HBO miniseries event that depicts the extraordinary life and times of one of Americas least understood, and most underestimated, founding fathers: the second President of the United States, John Adams. Starring Paul Giamatti (Sideways, Cinderella Man, HBOs American Spendor) in the title role and Laura Linney (You Can Count on Me, Kinsey) as Adams devoted wife Abigail, John Adams chronicles the extraordinary life journey of one of the primary shapers of our independence and government, whose legacy has often been eclipsed by more flamboyant contemporaries like George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton and Benjamin Franklin. Set against the backdrop of a nations stormy birth, this sweeping miniseries is a moving love story, a gripping narrative, and a fascinating study of human nature. Above all, at a time when the nation is increasingly polarized politically, this story celebrates the shared values of liberty and freedom upon which this country was built.]]>\nWho's Who in History: character biographies\nDavid McCullough: Painting with Words: A rare and personal glimpse at the life and works of author David McCullough\nThe Making of John Adams featurette\nTop Customer Reviews\nPaul Giamatti's performance in the title role is much in dispute as he, like many other actors, seems to play himself as much as his character. He turns from a loving father to the lawyer and representative who sometimes looks apoplectic rather than just an angry or fiery patriot. Much to his credit, I felt the John Adams of later years on subsequent episodes was extremely well-acted.\nAbigail Adams is played by Laura Linney, and her performance is superb and not the least in dispute. From the first moment, she is thoroughly credible as the vivacious lover, friend, confidante, advisor, and wife of John Adams. Her acting here should garner her an Emmy. The actors protraying Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson turned in stellar performances.\nMany complain that this did not follow the book of the same title, and was not true to history exactly. To the first query the answer is what does? To the second, it is a well-written and well-acted drama that deserves our attention.\nThe series begins with the Boston Massacre and John Adams representing the British soldiers. With his successful defense, he is noticed by the Crown, as well as the colonials who are striving for independence. Both want his services. Adams chooses independence over the king and we see him as representative, foreign minister, beggar and borrower, ambassador, vice president, and president. His one anchor through these assignments and occupations in the struggle of a new nation is his love and respect for his wife, Abigail whom he always refers to as \"my friend.Read more ›\nThe series insists on focusing on Adams' lows. It seems the writers took all the depressing elements of McCullough's book, which were few, and magnified those to center stage. For instance, John Adams' alcoholic son Charles has a major part in the series, but played a relatively minor role in the book. The mudslinging between Jefferson and Adams in Adams' second election for president was jettisoned for the Charles Adams storyline. Also, Adams, presented by McCullough, was a good natured man with a self-deprecating sense of humor. In the series he seems to live in misery.\nThey also took scenes that were generally upbeat and made them darker. When Adams meets King George III (in my opinion the climax of the story - or at least the first half of the story) in the book, the King is very polite and friendly (much like his portrayal in The Madness of King George III). He smiled a lot and made Adams more comfortable, if not less in awe. In the series the King is just plain weird. I can only guess the filmmakers were hinting at King George's future illness/madness. It's almost as if this series is based on another book about John Adams - a darker book. This series really missed the tone of McCullough's great book.\nStill -- divorcing myself from the book -- I find this series is well-made and held my attention. Paul Giamatti and Laura Linney are very good. My advice would be to watch the series first, then read the book for a much more uplifting story.\nGiamatti is simply brilliant as Adams. If he doesn't win the Emmy for this, I may declare my own independance from the \"dark tyranny\" of the ATAS. Linney is equally wonderful in her portrayal as the groundingly sapient Abigail. Their love story is one of the greatest in American history, and it's been marvelously recaptured here.\nIf it's even possible to have \"spoilers\" for a factual historical drama, then the following might qualify, but if you want to see what each eposide covers, here's my stab at it:\nEpisode 1: Join or Die.\nBegins with the Boston Massacre, and covers the period leading up to Adams departure for Philidelphia to represent Massachusettes in the First Continental Congress.\nEpisode 2: Independance.\nCovers the First Continental Congress, the beginning of the American Revolution at Lexington and Concord, the nomination of GW (by Adams) to serve as general of the new Continental Army, the Second Continental Congress, and Adams collaboration with Jefferson and Franklin to bring forth the Declaration of Independance.\nEpisode 3: Don't Tread on Me.Read more ›\nMost Recent Customer Reviews\nThe program is important because it shows how the Founding Fathers argued, maneuvered and compromised. How families lived their lives. Read morePublished 11 hours ago by David Reiss\nThe actor who portrayed President Adams was very good The actress who played Abigale Adams didn't quite make me feel this was what Mrs Adams was about but it certanly was an... Read morePublished 13 hours ago by Richard Walter\nHard to watch. I don't know if John Adams was as troubled-looking in real life. Paul Giamatti's John Adams looks troubled and confused. It made me anxious watching him. Read morePublished 1 day ago by Tom\nThe music gives me chills! Wonderful mini-series. A must for history buffs!Published 1 day ago by AD Seattle\nThis is a great mini series that I throughly enjoyed. It helped my 12 year old an I understand the Revolutionary war and all that John Adams went through for our country. Read morePublished 2 days ago by Cassie\nGreat insight of our history. Castings and settings very good.Published 2 days ago by Loren McClain\nI love this miniseries; yet it was hard to keep my students attention during a class showing. It is full of great information and I am happy to have it in my video library... Read morePublished 2 days ago by MEW", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "ALAN STRICKLAND MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE Service Great War WW1 Military\nOld, antique collection of ephemera / war correspondence between soldier A.F. (Alan) Strickland and others. Dated from approx 1914-1918, but see what's listed (postcards, telegrams, letters) . Perfect for militaria collector!\nWe Also Recommend\n1979 EASTON PRESS ARISTOTLE POLITICS & POETICS Hardcover Leather Book GREEN Collectible Gilt", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Champa Earrings are inspired from the beautiful flowers of Magnolia champaca.\nCrafted with Nickel-free Brass plated with 18K Gold.\nJewellery played an important role in ancient Kalinga. Artistic representations of daily life reveal how affluent people used jewellery to display wealth and prestige. Some of the best -preserved examples come from the rock sculptures of 13th-century Sun temple at Konark, as well as the gold ornaments of Lord Jagannath crafted in 15th-century and presently housed at the Puri temple’s treasury.\nOur Jewellery is adapted from these ornaments. This piece embodies Kalinga’s rich cultural heritage.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "On Red Earth Walking: The Pilbara Aboriginal Strike is a history of the great strike of marrngu (the Pilbara’s Aboriginal pastoral workers) during the later 1940s. This week we feature two reviews of the book, one from the historian and social scientist Tim Rowse, and the other from a former senior Commonwealth bureaucrat in Indigenous affairs, Michael Dillon. Each review brings a perspective that reflects the readers’ background and expertise, but both are agreed that Anne Scrimgeour has produced a masterful work of history, an important guide for future policy makers and an enduring legacy in the wake of her untimely death earlier this year.\nIndigenous Agency and Policy Transition\nThough it is not as well known or as frequently commemorated as the Gurindji walk-off in 1966, the 1946-49 strike by Aboriginal pastoral workers in the Pilbara region has been the subject of several historical works and novels. What Anne Scrimgeour brings to this topic is her thorough approach to sources (including interviews with participants conducted as long ago as 1991) and her willingness to question received interpretations. As well, I will argue, she illuminates the Western Australian government’s shift, in these years, from ‘protection’ to ‘assimilation’. That policy transition has usually been presented as the outcome of rethinking by politicians, senior public servants and academic experts. While these actors were undoubtedly important, in some times and places new forms of Indigenous agency compelled a policy change. That is, policy change became necessary as a solution to a problem that old approaches had created by ignoring or discouraging Indigenous agency. In On Red Earth Walking Scrimgeour tells the story of the exhaustion of one mode of state authority and the inauguration of another – a transition made easier by a change of senior government personnel but made necessary by Aboriginal refusal en masse to live by established habits of compliance. When marrngu (the Pilbara’s Aboriginal pastoral workers) collectively demanded better pay and conditions from the region’s wool growers, they exposed weaknesses in the state administration of Aboriginal affairs and stimulated policy innovation.\nMarrngu began to discuss striking for higher pay in 1944; they were encouraged to do so by a non-Aboriginal contractor Don McLeod who was himself an employer of marrngu. From around July 1945, marrngu close to McLeod promoted strike action around the region’s stations, and it was agreed that 1 May 1946 would be the date to stop work, though strikes on some stations had won wage rises by that date. The police responded to people walking off the job by arresting and gaoling leaders such as Clancy McKenna, Dooley Binbin and by arresting and fining McLeod. Such actions provoked protests by solidarity groups in Perth, but they also intimidated many marrngu. The numbers of strikers grew in July 1946 when many marrngu refused to return to their stations after their permitted visit to the Port Hedland horse races in July. By the first week of August, there were two striker camps – Twelve Mile (near Port Hedland) and Moolyella (near Marble Bar) – their residents surviving on what we would now call a ‘hybrid economy’, a mixture of rations, hunting and tin-mining.\nThe Western Australian Labor government (led by Frank Wise) aligned with the pastoralists in this industrial dispute; police and ‘travelling inspectors’ enforced laws such as the Aboriginal Rights Amendment Act 1936 that severely abridged the citizenship rights of people classed as ‘natives’ and the Natives (Citizenship Rights) Act 1944 that set out the criteria by which a magistrate should judge a ‘native’ request to be exempt from such controls. Employers who paid the government for a licence to employ Aboriginal people believed (with good reason) that what they were buying included police and travelling inspector assistance in resisting any challenge to employer authority. However, the government’s most potent enforcement tactic – imprisoning or fining those considered strike leaders – proved to be frail. McLeod, McKenna and Dooley Binbin appealed their convictions twice – unsuccessfully in Western Australia’s Supreme Court (November 1946) and then successfully in the High Court of Australia in March 1947. In addition, officials who could threaten individuals effectively had no answer to the solidarity and economic viability of the growing striker camps at Twelve Mile and Moolyella.\nThe election of a Liberal government in March 1947 created the opportunity for a change of state tactics and senior bureaucrats, and the Bateman Report (1948) warned the McLarty government that communist agitation would become more influential among the State’s Aboriginal people if the government did not take a more sympathetic view of their grievances as workers. Old habits died hard among Pilbara officials, however, and their advice led the new Commissioner of Native Affairs, Stanley Middleton (appointed August 1948), to continue the old tactics: declaring Twelve Mile an area ‘prohibited to natives’ in December 1948 and arresting and removing activists in the first half of 1949. Such repression aroused more criticism from the State’s civil society, and by July 1949 the strikers were provoking the government to arrest them. That repression was actually weakening the state-employer position was highlighted in the period April-July 1949, when the Seaman’s Union refused to move wool from Port Hedland as long as strikers were in gaol. From the state government’s point of view, tactics of repression were backfiring – crippling the region’s wool industry and promoting communist influence. In July 1949, Middleton sent a new public servant envoy to talk to the strikers, Sydney Elliott-Smith, and soon he and the strikers had agreed to a new wage-scale.\nThe McLarty government rejected this agreement, believing that it was influenced too much by Elliott-Smith’s dealing with McLeod. Scrimgeour argues that McLeod made an error of judgment in enabling his communist allies to publicise the agreement as their victory. The political objective of conceding no legitimacy to communist leadership of Aboriginal people continued to guide the government’s revised approach to settling the industrial dispute. The state thus ended negotiations with the strikers and focused on persuading the pastoralists to pay what the strikers had said they would accept. Pastoralists did so – station by station – in negotiation with the workers who had previously worked with them. The gains of the Aboriginal workers were real; conditions were no longer similar to slavery, and many workers sought and were granted wages without ‘keep’ (rations) – a step toward the household autonomy from employer long considered normal for Australian workers.\nThat is the story in bare outline. In the rest of my review I want to underline Scrimgeour’s contribution to the way that we write the history of Aboriginal policy.\nOne of Scrimgeour’s themes is the emergence of the Pilbara Aboriginal workers as a collective actor that could enforce discipline on its members and be accepted by pastoralists and the state as a legitimate negotiator. In this possible political trajectory McLeod’s communism seems to have been both an asset and a liability. There is no doubt that his ideological commitment underpinned his respect for the latent political capacities of Aboriginal workers and that his work with key Aboriginal individuals contributed to the realisation of those capacities. But Australian governments, fighting the Cold War, treated his communism as a threat in itself, and this coloured their evaluation of the nascent Indigenous collective action with which McLeod was associated, reinforcing a common, racist devaluation of Aboriginal intelligence. The state government’s resolution of the strike in the winter of 1949 effectively pre-empted the further development of Aboriginal leadership, lest that leadership flourish under communist influence. Middleton’s assimilationism was nonetheless a progressive policy, in that it was better that the state assume the role of Aboriginal people’s defender in their dealings with other interests than simply remain the enforcer of the pastoral interest.\nThis realignment of the state government under Aboriginal pressure can be seen in the wider context of the changing relationship between governments and other forms of colonial authority. In adopting ‘assimilation’ as a policy around 1950, Australian governments were differentiating themselves from and – to a degree – competing with other forms of colonial authority. This change is clearest in the remote regions of Australia where, until World War Two forced public investment in northern Australia, the state had been administratively weak, delegating authority over Indigenous Australians to pastoralists and missionaries. Any tremor in the effectiveness of those two delegated authorities brought up the issue of whether the state should be doing more: to supervise pastoralists and missionaries and perhaps even replace them as the authority effectively present in Indigenous Australians’ daily lives. One of the defining structural changes in colonial authority in remote Australia after 1945 was the expansion of state (both Commonwealth and States) capacity to manage the Indigenous population, with the corresponding eclipse of non-state authorities such as missionaries and pastoralists.\nIt is productive to read On Red Earth Walking as a ‘policy history’ and not just as a retelling of an industrial dispute because Scrimgeour gives us so much detail about how Western Australian government officials were re-positioning themselves in the years 1946 to 1949. They had to cast state authority into a new mould because pastoral authority had suddenly failed. Central to the ‘business model’ of pastoral colonial authority was that Aboriginal populations could be managed as cheap labour pools; nothing more was required of the State government than that police and travelling inspectors discipline Aboriginal mobility, inhibiting the formation of a regional labour market. That task was made easier (requiring few public servants) by Aboriginal custom – the attachment of mobs to their ‘country’ – and by the evolved ‘feudal’ relations of mutual obligation between pastoralist and resident mobs.\nScrimgeour’s story begins at the moment when that ‘business model’ (my term not hers) broke down under the pressure of increasing state regulation of a particular sector of the Aboriginal population. Those immediately aggrieved were people of mixed Aboriginal and European descent, sometimes self-described as ‘Euralians’; some were members of the Australian Workers Union and some had formed the Euralian Association in 1934. During the war, they were suspected by the state and federal governments of being susceptible to collaboration with invading Japanese, and they were seen as a health and moral risk to sexually active soldiers. To deal with both problems, Port Hedland was declared a ‘prohibited area’ in November 1942. The mixed descent people experienced this regulation as an unjustified break in their merited advancement to equality with whites, a feeling reinforced by the government’s increasingly rigid war-time administration of the permission to employ Aboriginal people. Euralians suddenly found that they were treated as if they were mere ‘natives’. Their anger inspired Don McLeod, an activist in the Anti-Fascist League and himself a regulated employer of Aboriginal labour (well-sinking, fencing), to agitate against the racial stratification of war-time labour regulation. He was emboldened by his friendships within Western Australia’s small Communist Party of Australia network (mostly Perth-based), all espousing the principle that every colour of humanity had equal rights. He quickly found allies around Port Hedland among Aboriginal men of initiative. That it was within Aboriginal people’s collective capacity to refuse the pastoralists’ terms of employment was an idea nourished both by local conditions and by the ideological confidence of outsiders such as McLeod.\nMuch of Scrimgeour’s narrative is about the slow and piecemeal spread of the strike. Not everyone downed tools on 1 May 1946 because customs of mutual service and the threats of police and travelling inspectors (including showing chains to the targets of their homilies) were reasons not to rebel. However, the High Court’s March 1947 ruling, disallowing Western Australia’s earliest exemplary arrest of ring-leaders, revealed that the state government’s coercive powers were not as great as government officials, pastoralists and marrngu had assumed. So, by 1947, the two mutually reinforcing sinews of colonial authority in the Pilbara – habitual assent to employer command and state policing of those who chafed at employer command – were severely damaged. Would sheer material need restore the old obedience? Scrimgeour shows how resourceful marrngu were in provisioning themselves at the Twelve Mile and Moolyella camps. Under striker Tommy Sampie, the Twelve Mile residents even started a school.\nThis was a crisis of a particular form of pastoral authority, but not the end of a Pilbara pastoral industry. There were still employers willing to profit from growing wool, and there were still workers willing and able to make their living from managing herds and shearing sheep, on country. They just needed to rethink the terms of their relationship. Some employers saw this more quickly than others and McLeod and his associates promoted their approach – respectfully negotiated terms and conditions – as the desired mode of pastoralist authority.\nThis required changes in the state itself. The defeat of Labor and the installation of a Liberal-Country Coalition (under Liberals Duncan Ross McLarty, Premier, and Robert Ross McDonald, Native Affairs) enabled Western Australia’s reconsideration of settler colonial governance. These conservatives were receptive to the argument presented by anthropologist A.P. Elkin that Australia’s states could learn from the federal government’s exemplary colonial administration in Papua New Guinea. Commissioner of Native Affairs, Stanley Middleton, recruited from that PNG service, brought with him the idea that many decisions were best devolved to the level of the ‘district’. It took some months before Middleton realised that, in the Pilbara district, the officials serving him were still operating from the only model that they knew, in which upstanding Aboriginal people were better arrested and removed than negotiated with, based on the assumption that Aboriginal people were the child-like beneficiaries of pastoralists’ generosity. One of the rewards of Scrimgeour’s immersion in the State archives is her portrayal of officials such as John Wriede Bulmer Gribble, Thomas Emmes Jensen and Laurence O’Neill – men who had acquired their reputations for ‘knowing the natives’ under the ‘feudal’ conditions that pastoralists were now having to surrender. After a few months, Middleton was astute enough to realise that he must replace such champions of the collapsed colonial paradigm, in order to re-establish Native Affairs as a plausible advocate of Aboriginal workers within an industrial relations system closer to what Australians considered ‘normal.’ It is interesting that his new man on the spot, Sydney Elliott-Smith, was of Tasmanian origin, with experience as a magistrate and military officer in Papua – not a product of local training.\nThe book under review was prepared over thirty years, and it reveals Scrimgeour as an industrious, devoted and thoughtful historian of a region in which remarkable things have happened and continue to happen. Could the recent destruction of rock shelters at Juukun Gorge be another local crisis in the relationship between state and corporate authority, precipitating wider substantive policy change?\nAt the end of On Red Earth Walking, Scrimgeour notes that some strikers who had experienced the autonomy of Twelve Mile and Moolyella camps did not go back to herding and shearing sheep for pastoralists but made enterprises of their own – such as harvesting grass seed and ‘yandying’ for tin, columbite and tantalite – with McLeod again their partner. By 1952 there were 700 such miners. I hope that someone will write a book telling the story of this series of enterprises – arguably the most practical prefiguration of ‘self-determination’ in Australian history.\nA Map for Future Governance in Indigenous Affairs\nAustralia emerged from World War Two with an energised economy, a greater focus on international trade, a Labor Government in Canberra with a focus on post war reconstruction and building economic resilience. In Western Australia too, Labor held office through the war, from 1936 to 1947.\nIn the Pilbara, economic activity consisted primarily of sheep farming on large pastoral leases and sporadic small-scale mining. Iron ore mining only emerged in the late 1950s. The pastoralists relied heavily on Aboriginal (marrngu) labour, both male and female, and exercised extraordinary control over the Aboriginal labour force by virtue of the provisions of the Western Australian Native Administration Act 1936, which, while ostensibly intended to protect Aboriginal people, contained restrictive provisions that controlled all aspects of their lives, including provisions governing employment.\nThis was the political, economic and social context that provided the foundation for a major political campaign, built around an extended strike by marrngu workers for better wages and conditions on pastoral leases, and an associated political campaign for access to traditional lands. The strike and political campaign, while slow to emerge, extended over three years and created the foundation for a broader Aboriginal social movement involved in small scale mining enterprises, the later purchase of a number of pastoral properties by marrngu interests, and the development of a post contact social system based on cooperative principles. The strike also led to allegations of communist interference, the arrest, neck-chaining and imprisonment of numerous Aboriginal strikers, the gaoling of various strike leaders and supporters, litigation that went to the High Court, and intense bureaucratic and political manoeuvring not only in Port Hedland and the Pilbara, but at the highest levels within the Western Australian Government.\nAnne Scrimgeour’s masterfully detailed exposition and narrative explores the background and underpinnings of the political campaign, critically assesses alternative perspectives, and elucidates its broader significance and implications. Her analysis is based on detailed and extremely thorough archival research to provide a step by step account from the perspective of government agencies (primarily the Department of Native Affairs (DNA) and the police) and, to a lesser extent pastoralists, complemented by extensive first and second hand interviews with marrnguinvolved in the strike. Her analysis of cross-cultural relations between marrngu and pastoralists is sophisticated and nuanced, exploring the contradictions inherent in relationships that while structurally oppressive were often personally warm and friendly.\nThe unfurling of the campaign and associated strike is inherently interesting. After all, it recounts a David and Goliath struggle, involving the least powerful members of society — who while entitled to become citizens by virtue of the WA Natives (Citizenship Rights ) Act 1944, were still required to apply and meet certain stringent criteria — and one of the most powerful interest groups in the state, the pastoralists, who had the full support of the Labor state government and its agencies.\nScrimgeour is particularly strong in explicating the challenges faced by marrngu in sustaining their campaign. These included maintaining unity, finding alternative sources of income and sustenance, accessing external support from churches, progressive well-wishers in Perth and amongst the unions, and not least in avoiding the draconian consequences of breaching the Native Administration Act 1936. This legislation controlled who and where marrngu might meet supporters, where they might travel, and ultimately provided for the forced exile from the Pilbara of marrngu individuals deemed troublesome. One of the threads running through Scrimgeour’s account, is the extent to which government officials’ actions, and particularly their words, were overtly racist (albeit reflecting their times). The DNA worked hand in glove with the police and pastoralists to maintain a reliable and cheap Aboriginal labour force, and to constrain individual marrngu capacities to offer their labour beyond the current employment. While informal practice by the police was much more robust than provided for by the law, Scrimgeour’s account demonstrates how publicity for the marrngu cause beyond the Pilbara ultimately forced the police and the DNA to adopt much more cautious and legally appropriate administrative processes.\nAs the political campaign and strike developed, the pastoralists and the DNA struggled to design and implement an effective strategy to contain it. Scrimgeour recounts in detail how at first, they underestimated marrngu resolve and the impact of their alliance with progressive supporters in Perth. Later, their focus on developing strategies aimed at decapitating the leadership of the movement and exiling them to departmentally controlled Aboriginal settlements such as Moola Bulla in the Kimberley or Moore River settlement fell short due to a fear of attracting adverse publicity.\nA particularly complex issue for anyone keen to understand the Pilbara campaign and strike is to assess the role of the marrngu leadership, and their relationship with a local non-Aboriginal Pilbara activist, station worker, miner and wharfie, Don McLeod. Scrimgeour’s narrative proffers a detailed and ultimately persuasive assessment that acknowledges McLeod’s initiative and ongoing role as well as the reality that without endogenous marrngudetermination and commitment the strike and political campaign would have failed. This interpretation was not shared at the time by the DNA, the police, nor the politicians, who overwhelmingly saw McLeod as a ‘communist agitator’ manipulating Aboriginal people. This was one of the mistakes that led to the ultimate success of the strike\nScrimgeour has provided us with an extraordinary account and insight into the unfurling of the strike over three years in the Pilbara. As it developed, Scrimgeour’s account makes clear that those involved on the government side came to see it as having wider and more problematic ramifications. On the marrngu side, Scrimgeour also recounts how deeper aspirations for access to country and self-determination were also at play, albeit less overtly articulated. Still, it is fair to say that most of those involved on all sides probably saw the conflict as a local or at most regional struggle.\nWhile the core thematic driver for Scrimgeour’s narrative is the strike, she provides fascinating insights into numerous other issues of historical interest: the ways in which the lopsided but mutual dependence of pastoralists and marrngu manifested; the biographical backgrounds and personalities of the key strikers and their leaders; the early development of Aboriginal controlled schools in the Pilbara; the development of successful small scale mining enterprises by the strikers; highly informative biographical insights into key bureaucratic officials; and so much more.\nAs mere narrative exposition, On Red Earth Walking provides by far the most detailed, comprehensive and sophisticated assessment and analysis of the Pilbara strike available. Along with Mary Ann Jebb’s terrific history of the development of the Kimberley pastoral industry ‘Blood, Sweat and Welfare’, and Chris Owen’s eye-opening history of Kimberley colonial policing ‘Every Mothers Son is Guilty’, On Red Earth Walking is an essential contribution to the historiography of colonial and north west Australia. However, the significance of On Red Earth Walking is much more than that.\nScrimgeour’s account of the strike opens portals to myriad issues of much more contemporary significance: how to identify the public interest in the face of private sector lobbying; the appropriate role of security services and use of intelligence in domestic politics; the challenge of hearing Indigenous voices; who should choose Indigenous leaders and representatives; the importance of non-Indigenous allies to successful Indigenous advocacy; the independence of our judicial system; and much more. These are not inconsequential issues, and all were salient at various points in the Pilbara conflict. Scrimgeour generally does not comment overtly, but provides more than enough information to ensure readers themselves ask the questions: how was that allowed to happen? … and could it happen today? In this vein, perhaps the most important issue to emerge from Scrimgeour’s account is the structural embeddedness of racially discriminatory policy within the institutional framework of Western Australia. And of course, this raises the question: how far have we come in removing all vestiges, formal and informal, of those policies?\nFinally, it is worth observing that Scrimgeour’s account is largely devoid of anthropological or sociological theory, while simultaneously laying out detailed evidence which might be used to support theoretical discussion and conclusions. So for example, drawing on Anthony Giddens’ structuration theory, there is ample evidence in her detailed narrative account that the genesis and development of the political and industrial conflict was influenced strongly by both the constraints and opportunities allowed by institutional structures and the initiatives of individual and group actors to challenge, and ultimately shape those institutional frameworks. Similarly, following Pierre Bourdieu, one might argue that Scrimgeour presents ample evidence for the existence within police and DNA staff of internalised expectations in support of settler interests leading to habituated assumptions of marrngu incompetence, laziness, lack of intelligence and so forth. These and other potential theoretical interpretations are left for readers to ponder. This is a book that challenges readers to ask further questions.\nIn relation to ideological and political matters, Scrimgeour avoids simplistic left/right ideological tropes, while evincing broad support for the aspirations of the strikers. She is prepared to be sceptical of McLeod’s claims to have been given authority to represent marrngu at a meeting in 1942 at Skull Creek, questioning the dates and his interpretation, while acknowledging his status amongst the strikers. She recounts without overt comment the hard-line pro-pastoralist policy of the Wise Labor Government and its Minister for the North West, Bob Coverley, and the more progressive shift towards assimilation by the new Liberal Minister for Native Affairs Ross McDonald from March 1947. Again, readers are implicitly challenged to question preconceived notions that Labor governments are inevitably progressive and Liberal governments conservative.\nI raise Scrimgeour’s theoretical and ideological parsimony not as a criticism, but to make the point that while On Red Earth Walking is the best book on the Pilbara Strike written to date, and will remain essential reading for anyone interested in this issue for many decades to come, it contains evidence and insights that have a much broader import than a narrative case study of settler/Indigenous relations in a particular region, the Pilbara.\nScrimgeour’s singular achievement has been to write a sophisticated history that traverses complex historical terrain from multiple perspectives, and over the course of this journey, to sift and winnow fact from surmise, identify areas of doubt or uncertainty, elucidate likely motivations, and suggest potential interpretations. In doing so, she has implicitly pointed the way for further research on multiple fronts. On Red Earth Walking is not the last word on the\nPilbara strike and its simultaneously ordinary and extraordinary protagonists; it is the starting point for new journeys of interpretation, and historical analysis, and thus will stand the test of time in its own right.\nMy single complaint regarding the book is that the maps and photographs could have been more extensive, detailed and better quality. They compare poorly with the maps and photographs in Monty Hale’s 2012 bilingual memoir Kurlumarniny: We Come from the Desert, which Scrimgeour edited. In the scheme of things however, this is a minor quibble.\nOn Red Earth Walking deserves a wide readership amongst and beyond historians. It implicitly poses questions that are central to our nation’s future. The culmination of her life’s work seeking to document the political and cultural aspirations of marrngu people in the Pilbara, in On Red Earth Walking Anne Scrimgeour has bequeathed the nation a map into our future.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Memoirs of Georgia, Vol. II, Atlanta, Ga., page 927\nPublished by The Southern Historical Association in 1895\nJames L. Sims, farmer, Hogansville, Troup Co., Ga., son of William G. and Permelia (Cheatham) Sims, was born in Meriwether county, Ga. Oct. 10, 1837. His paternal grandparents, John and Fannie (Garr) Sims, were natives of Virginia and came to Georgia early in this century and settled in the woods near Athens, Clarke Co., Ga. Mr. Sims’ father was born on this farm July 7, 1811, was reared there, and educated in the “old-field” schools of the locality and period. In 1829 he went to Meriwether county, Ga., and settled in the woods, living in tents until they could build cabins – minus floors – in which the family lived in that condition for some considerable time. In 1837 he moved to Troup county, where he very nearly repeated his pioneer experience in the county he left. He was married Dec. 15, 1836, to Miss Permelia Cheatham – born near Athens, March 8, 1815 – daughter of Josiah and Permelia (Jones) Cheatham, pioneer settlers near Athens. Mr. Cheatham was a soldier in the war of 1812, and lived to be more than 103 years old. To Mr. Sims’ parents the following children were born: James L., the subject of this sketch, born Oct. 10, 1837; Emeline, born Sept. 17, 1838; William N., born July 13, 1840; Cynthia E., born Oct. 20, 1841; Fannie, born Feb. 26, 1843; Mary, born July 5, 1845; John I., born Sept. 6, 1847; Josiah G., born April 25, 1849; Jones C., born Jan. 22, 1851, George R., born June 15, 1853. He began life very poor, but he was industrious and energetic, and being progressive, with exceptionally good business judgment, he became quite wealthy. Mr. Sims was reared on the farm, and his limited education, was obtained in the old log school house. In 1862 he enlisted in Company B., Capt. James McCalla, Thirteenth Georgia regiment – Col. Ector – which command served in the Virginia army under Gen. John B. Gordon. He was in battles at Savannah and Shepherdstown, and numerous skirmishes; but his health not being good he was a great deal of the time in hospitals. He began life with one mule and cow, and settled in the woods where he now lives. Beginning with but little and a small farm, he has gradually increased his land holdings until now he owns nearly 600 acres of excellent land, with a good residence and good outbuildings, and his cleared land under the best of cultivation. He is now one of the solid and substantial citizens of one of the best counties in Georgia. His thriftiness is worthy of imitation – his success an inspiration to young farmers of small outfit. Mr. Sims was married Dec. 15, 1868, to Miss Jane Powledge – born in Meriwether county April 27, 1845 – daughter of John M. and Fannie (Foy) Powledge, whose families were among the early settlers near Savannah, Ga. The following children have been the fruit of this marriage: Robert F., John M., James O., Laura F., Irene J., and Foy P. Himself and wife are prominent members of the Methodist church.\nCopyright secured by Digiprove © 2012", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Giambattista Passeri. Plate 134. From Picturae Etruscorum in Vasculis.\nRome, 1770. Engraving. ca 12 1/2 x 8. Very good condition.\nEpitomizing eighteenth-century fascination with antiquities this print was taken from Giambattista Passeri's famed collection of antique Etruscan pottery. As Abbate of Pasero, he was one of the most well-known and enthusiastic collectors of ancient terra cotta. A prolific scholar, Passeri published a book of the designs found on the objects he purchased, and the result was an exceptionally striking group of prints showcasing classic themes of ancient Etruscan and Roman design.\nClick the links below to view others from this series:", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Some of the large scale county maps were published in more than one edition, many incorporating revisions. A great deal depended on the ownership of the copper-plates. A major publisher of reprints and revised editions was William Faden who took charge of the business after Jefferys’ death in 1771. Chapman himself had experience of revising county maps. He acquired the copper-plates of Burdett’s Derbyshire map and was in the process of engraving revisions and additions at the time of his death. What was the fate of the plates for the Nottinghamshire map? Was the map reprinted and revised? If so are there surviving copies?\nWe know that Chapman died in 1778 (Gough 1780 p.369) but not the date, nor the place, nor the circumstances. For whatever reason, it would appear that his ‘stock’ remained in his rented room at Pall Mall until it was auctioned, ‘by order of the Executors’, by John Christie in December 1784. The contents of the sale might more accurately be described as the ‘assets’ of Chapman’s business and his personal collection of maps and prints, there was no stock of printed maps. Included in the auction were all the plates of Chapman’s own maps together with plates of Armstrong’s Durham map, which Chapman had published, and the plates of Burdett’s map of Derbyshire which Chapman had acquired and was revising’. The Essex plates were purchased by William Keymer, a Colchester printer, who had subscribed for the map. The Nottinghamshire and Newmarket plates were sold to William Faden, and the Derbyshire plates to William Snowden. The fate of the Durham plates is unknown.\nReprints and Revisons\nFaden reissued the Nottinghamshire map without amendments in 1785. Only 2 extant copies of that edition have been traced. Faden went on to publish a ‘Second Edition: corrected’, 1792. There are more extant versions of the second edition, and interestingly, one in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France in Paris (of which more later).\nWhereas all the extant copies of the 1776 edition are joined sheets mounted on linen, five of the second edition are described as ‘1 map on 4 sheets’. That is not the case for Map92(1) which is mounted on linen and attached to rollers.\nThe nature of the amendments compared to the 1776 map reflected developments in transport and land use. The first edition included the course of the recently constructed Chesterfield Canal in the north of the county. The second edition shows three additional canals: the Erewash Canal on the western boundary of the county, completed in 1779; the course of the Grantham Canal to the south east of the county which opened in 1797; and the sinuous course of an ‘intended canal to Nottingham’, which opened in 1796. As well as canal developments the second edition recorded the effects of enclosures that had taken place over the intervening 20 years and the resulting loss of common land.\nThe County Atlas\nFaden continued in business well into the 19th century, he died in 1836, and as far as we know he retained ownership of the copper-plates of Nottinghamshire and the other county maps he acquired. We know that the business of map-making had a long tradition of copying, if not outright plagiarism, and the large-scale surveys soon became the ‘latest surveys’ and the ‘best authorities’ on which publishers relied. Since the 16th century the most popular format for publishing county maps had been the atlas. In the late 18th century the ‘old’ maps were steadily replaced by reduced versions of the ‘new’ large-scale county maps. Generally published at scales of more than 6 miles to the inch, the utility of such atlases depended on the skill of the engraver, and one exceptionally skillful engraver was John Cary (1755-1835). He published two atlases in 1791 and 1793, which included maps of Nottinghamshire (Wadsworth 1930), and Wadsworth was satisfied that ‘they were derived from that of John Chapman, as a comparison of the two … will shew’ and ‘such details as roads, mileage, etc., follows closely Chapman’s Map’ (p.114).\nChapman’s map remained the authority for the next fifty years until a crop of new surveys were completed in the 1820s and 30s. John Greenwood’s one inch map on six sheets was published in 1826 (Greenwood) and George Sanderson published ‘Twenty Miles Around Mansfield’, a 21/4 inch map, in 1835. Meanwhile the surveyors of the Ordnance Survey were advancing across the country and their one inch map of Nottinghamshire was published on seven sheets between 1824 and 1840 (One-inch Old Series map of England and Wales).\nThe experience of Chapman’s Nottinghamshire map is not unusual. Nearly all the large-scale county maps were reprinted, revised or reduced for the atlas market, whether by the original surveyors, or by map-publishers who had acquired the plates, such as William Faden. Once the survey was completed and the original map published it was subject to the fortunes of the market. It is to this stage in the life-story that we now turn.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "On August 24, 1979, the NBA's Washington Bullets made a historic visit to China, becoming the first professional US sports team to be invited to the country.\nWith games hosted in Beijing and Shanghai, the Bullets (now named the Wizards) participated in two exhibition games against the Chinese national team and the Bayi Rockets – the latter of whom gave the visitors a run for their money in a game that ended 96-85 to the Washington team.\nScreengrabs via Youtube\nThese were games as much about politics as they were about the sport. Only months earlier US President Jimmy Carter had eased relations with China.\nDeng Xiaoping duly extended an invitation to the 1978 NBA Champions, thus forging diplomatic ties. The Bullets graciously accepted, and what followed was a trip fondly remembered by players and coaching staff alike.\nREAD MORE: How the NBA Captured China's Sporting Heart\nImage via @PostSports/Twitter\nBasketball soared in popularity soon afterwards, with state media broadcasting NBA games in the 1980s.\nIt was a full quarter of a century before NBA teams actually played in China again, however, when the Rockets and Sacramento Kings battled it out in exhibition games in 2004.\nWhile the Washington outfit’s visit had not sown the seeds for basketball in China, it certainly brought a watering can along.\n“You could tell basketball was getting popular,\" former head coach Dick Motta later recalled. \"Everywhere you went and there was open space, you saw a basketball hoop. They loved it. It was just a matter of time before they developed it.”\nUnderstanding the enormity of the occasion, some of the players returned to the Middle Kingdom in 2009 to mark the trip’s 30 year anniversary.\nHall of Famer Wes Unseld was joined by then-Wizards stars Caron Butler and Randy Foye, as well as former Bullet player Gheorghe Muresan, in a celebration of a proud part of the team's history.\nWatch a video from the 1979 visit below (VPN off):\nOutside of China? Watch on Youtube here.\nFor more This Day in History stories, click here.\n[Cover image via Zhihu]", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Dr Edward Hallaran Bennett was definitely a young man in a hurry. He was born into a medical family in Cork in 1837 and, at the age of 17, he decided to leave his native city in 1854 and enroll at Trinity College Dublin to study medicine. Within three decades his name would be engraved forever in medical history.\nHis rendezvous with history came in 1880 when he returned again to his native city for a meeting of the British Medical Association. It was there for the first time that he described the fracture of the metacarpal bone of the thumb, now known universally as “Bennett’s fracture”.\n<h3 class=”subheadMIstyles”>Bennett’s fracture</h3>\nThe fracture, he told his rapt audience, “passed obliquely across the base of the bone, detaching the greater part of the articular surface, and the separated fragment was very large and the deformity that resulted therefrom seemed more a dorsal subluxation of the first metacarpal”.\nFor Dr Bennett, it was the culmination of immersive study of the subject. He had first developed an interest in fractures at Trinity College while studying under Prof Robert Smith, the renowned surgeon and pathologist. Smith was described at the time as “one of the most distinguished anatomists and surgeons Ireland had produced. As a teacher he has rarely been equalled, and probably has never been surpassed”.\nBut before Dr Bennett ever set foot in Trinity and came under Prof Smith’s influence, his family’s involvement in the medical world, going back generations, must also have been a source of personal inspiration that helped propel him into medicine.\nHe was born at Charlotte Quay, Cork, on 9 April 1837, into a family steeped in matters medical. He was the fifth son of Robert Bennett, a barrister, and Jane Hallaran, daughter of Dr William Saunders Hallaran, who wrote on insanity in 1810 and 1818. His grandfather, James Bennett, was a physician in Cork, and another relative, James Richard Bennett, was a distinguished teacher of anatomy in Paris in about 1825.\nEdward Hallaran Bennett was educated in Cork at Hamblin’s School and at the Academic Institute in Harcourt Street, Dublin, described by the <em>British Medical Journal</em> in 1907 as “that great nursery of famous men”. He then entered Trinity College in 1854. He graduated in 1859, taking also the new degree, MCh, then conferred for the first time. In 1863 he became FRCSI without having previously been admitted a licentiate. He was appointed Surgeon to Sir Patrick Dun’s Hospital and University Anatomist in 1864.\nOn 28 October 1873, the man who had had such a profound influence on his career and on his legacy, Prof Robert Smith, died. By then Dr Bennett was his natural successor and became Professor of Surgery in Trinity College and Curator of the Pathological Museum. In Plarr’s <em>Lives of Fellows Online</em>, the RCSI says he is “distinguished by his remarkable collection of fractures, dislocations, diseases, and surgery of bones, which he arranged and catalogued, together with their clinical histories, in the Pathological Museum of Trinity College”.\nThis work, first begun by Prof Smith, was formed by Dr Bennett into one of the most important collections of its kind. He spent years compiling a catalogue furnished with notes and clinical histories.\nHe became President of the Dublin Pathological Society in 1880, the same year that he had described for the first time at the Cork meeting of the British Medical Association – and subsequently in 1881 at the Dublin Pathological Society –the fracture of the metacarpal bone of the thumb.\nHe began by correcting previous statements, first as to frequency, according to the RCSI biographical material on his career. “Malgaigne and Hulke had correctly stated that the first metacarpal was more frequently fractured than its fellows, but not near its distal extremity as Astley Cooper had stated, nor through the middle of its shaft. In five specimens of united fractures there was evidence of an oblique fracture through the base, displacing the articular facet, which projects into the palm, with corresponding changes in the articular surface of the trapezium.”\nBut Dr Bennett earned his place in history not just for his groundbreaking work as the leading authority on fractures. He also made another, perhaps even more profound, contribution to medicine in the tortured Ireland of the Famine era.\n<h3 class=”subheadMIstyles”>Antiseptic surgery</h3>\nHe championed the introduction of antiseptic surgery to Dublin hospitals, becoming one of the first surgeons at the time to adopt the antiseptic methods pioneered by his contemporary, the English surgeon Joseph Lister.\nApplying Louis Pasteur’s advances in microbiology, Lister championed the use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic and it subsequently became the first widely used antiseptic in surgery.\nIn championing Lister’s surgical sterile techniques at a time when they were met with scepticism, Dr Bennett showed his progressive streak. Even though Lister was widely honoured later in his life, his ideas about the transmission of infection and the use of antiseptics were widely criticised in the early part of his career.\nThe American Medical Association, for example, refused to sanction his antiseptic methods and some medical professionals in Europe were also wary of them, at least initially.\nBefore Lister’s studies of surgery, most people believed that chemical damage from exposure to bad air was responsible for infections in wounds. Hospital wards were occasionally aired out at midday as a precaution against the spread of infection via miasma, but facilities for washing hands or a patient’s wounds were not available\nA surgeon was not required to wash his hands before seeing a patient because such practices were not considered necessary to avoid infection.\nAnd yet it was a time when all kinds of diseases and infections were rampant. In the 18th and early 19th centuries the word ‘fever’ was mostly used to denote typhus, typhoid and cholera and was for centuries almost continuously present in Ireland.\nDr Bennett was disturbed at conditions in many of Dublin’s hospitals. In the years before the Great Famine struck, outbreaks of typhus and cholera had already swept the city and in the aftermath of the Famine, thousands fled the countryside hoping to find refuge in the city.\nPapers from the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland on Dublin’s Cork Street Fever Hospital and Cherry Orchard Hospital said that in 1847 tents were erected and 400 emergency beds provided to treat patients suffering from a typhus outbreak, which had been stimulated in part by the influx of famine-stricken people from the countryside. “In the 1860s and 1870s epidemics of smallpox resulted in overcrowding and a record case fatality of 20.78 per cent, recorded in 1878. In 1891 hospital reports recorded diphtheria for the first time.”\nAmid such lethal conditions, Dr Bennett’s embrace of Lister’s pioneering methods would undoubtedly have helped to save some lives among the famished Irish and set the standard for fighting a range of infections and illnesses in the years that followed.\nHe adopted Lister’s method for treating pleural empyema, a collection of pus in the pleural cavity caused by microorganisms, usually bacteria. Instead of injecting antiseptics into the cavity, as was commonly done, he made a free incision and allowed the fluid to drain. The most important advantages of this way of dealing with the sickness were that the decomposition and absorption of pus were prevented, the lining of the thorax was not irritated, and the process did not have to be repeated often.\nThe <em>British Medical Journal</em> in 1907 described Bennett as the main pioneer of antiseptic surgery in Ireland. “At the dawn of Lister’s great discoveries, he (Bennett) at once recognised their vast importance. He threw himself with characteristic energy into the subject of wound infection and became probably the principal pioneer of antiseptic surgery in Ireland.”\n<h3 class=”subheadMIstyles”>Various posts</h3>\nDr Bennett’s decision to support Lister also meant that others soon followed his example. By then he was regarded as one of Europe’s most renowned surgeons. His career had been distinguished by a number of posts. He was appointed Surgeon to Sir Patrick Dun’s Hospital and University Anatomist in 1864 and from 1884-1885 was President of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. From 1894-1897 he was President of the Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland and from 1897-1906 he represented the University of Dublin on the General Medical Council. In 1900 he was made honorary fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.\nFrom 1902-1905 he was Surgeon to the Lord Lieutenant, the Earl of Dudley. It was to be his final post. Edward Hallaran Bennett, who was married and had two daughters, died on 21 June 1907 at his residence at 26 Lower Fitzwilliam Street, Dublin, and was buried at the city’s Mount Jerome Cemetery. He was in his 70th year.\nWriting a week later, on 29 June 1907, the <em>British Medical Journal </em>said that news of his death was received “with much regret not only by his numerous pupils, but by the profession at large for he had established his claim to be regarded as a distinguished authority and a leader in surgery, to which he had devoted his life”.\nOne month later an obituary notice in the <em>Dublin Journal of Medical Science</em> by Sir J W Moore also noted that as well as being a leading surgeon, Bennett was an enlightened teacher: “As a teacher, he was forcible and practical, and he enlightened the driest subject with touches of humour.”\nToday, Dr Edward Hallaran Bennett is honoured with two bronze medallions in the School of Physics, Trinity College, and in Sir Patrick Dun’s Hospital. A bronze medal, bearing on one side Dr Bennett’s image and on the other a metacarpal bone showing the fracture, is given to the winner of the Surgical Travelling Prize in the School of Physics. A ward in St James’s Hospital, Dublin, which subsequently incorporated the services of Sir Patrick Dun’s Hospital, also bears the name Edward Hallaran Bennett.\n<em>SOURCES: RCSI; RCPI; British Medical Journal; Cultural Heritage Project; Wheeless’ Textbook of Orthopaedics; A Time to Heal: The diffusion of Listerism in Victorian Britain by Jerry L Gaw; Old Limerick Journal Barrington’s Edition; Dublin Journal of Medical Science.</em>", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Hot TopicsLast updated: January 5, 2012\n|Amazon.com's Jeff Bezos\n|Time Magazine's Man of the Year for 1999 and his influence on e-commerce.\n|Apollo XI 40th Anniversary, 1969 - 2009\n|Information pertaining to the landmark 1969 Moon Landing by Neil Armstrong.\n|Asian / Pacific American Heritage Month\n|Links and information about Asian / Pacific American Heritage Month during the month of May.\n|Black History Month\n|A list of sources on the contributions of African-Americans.\n|Breast Cancer Awareness\n|Research information on how to diagnose breast cancer and what you can do about it.\n|Learn about our neighbor's to the north's July 1st Independence Day Celebration.\n|Challenger Disaster 25th Anniversary\n|Remembering the crew of the Space Shuttle Challenger.\n|Allegations concerning the stealing of U.S. military secrets by China.\nA listing of coloring books for kids published by government agencies.\nKids will learn, in a fun way, about the environment, the weather, food safety\nand much, much more.\n|A research guide for dams of the Pacific Northwest.\n|A list of sources for Earth Day.\n|The 2012 Presidential Race coverage.\n|4th of July\n|Learn about the history and events that led to our Independence Day .\n|A comprehensive resource on mycology topics.\n|The world's largest clam, and our mascot. Represent.\n|Government Jobs for graduating seniors.\n|GPO Budget Cut Proposals\n|Information on the controversial budget cut proposals from the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate including letters written by Public Printer Michael F. DiMario.\n|Kennewick Man Debate\n|Informative links about possession of the fossils of Kennewick Man by Native American community in the State of Washington. You will find background information and articles about the controversy.\n|Pictures, news stories and other links commemorating the end of the Kingdome.\n|Documentation of the Crisis in Kosovo from the U.S. and Yugoslav perspective.\n|Lewis & Clark Bicentennial, 1804 - 2004\n|Information pertaining to the exploration of the American West by Merriweather Lewis and William Clark. Also includes information on Sacajawea and the bicentennial of the Louisiana Purchase (1803 - 2003).\n|Mount Saint Helens\n|Contains information about the 2004 eruptions of Mount Saint Helens as well as information pertaining to the 1980 eruption.\n|National Bike Month\n|May is National Bike Month !! Cycling is good for the environment, good for your health, cost effective and fun!\n|National Hispanic Heritage Month\n|Resources and information on Hispanic-American heritage. Discover the numerous influences of Hispanics throughout time.\n|National Men's Health Month\n|Resources and information focusing on health issues for men.\n|No Child Left Behind Act\n|Resources, information, and opinions pertaining to the No Child Left Behind Act of 2002.\nA quick overview and resources pertaining to the Nobel Prize.\nOlympia Earthquake, 2001\nResources and photographs pertaining to the Olympia Earthquake of February 2001.\nParkinsons Disease Funding and\nStem Cell Research\nHearing on funding for Parkinsons Disease featuring the testimony\nof actor Michael J. Fox.\nPearl Harbor Attack, December 7, 1941\n50th Anniversary bibliography of the attack on Pearl Harbor.\nPolio Vaccine: 50th Anniversary, 1955 - 2005\n2005 celebrates the 50th anniversary of the polio vaccine.\nTake a look at all the scientists that contributed to it's discovery\nand it's virtual eradication in the United States.\nLearn about the history of President's Day and the men\nhonored by it.\nRosa Parks: A 50th Anniversary\n2005 celebrates the 50th anniversary of Rosa Parks stand to remain seated.\nHer protest brought about a year-long boycott of the bus system in\nThe Search of Equality: Marking the 50th Anniversary of\nBrown v. Board of Education\nWebsite marking the 50th Anniversary of the 1954 Supreme Court case that\ndesegregated public schools in the United States. Includes numerous resources\nand lesson plans.\nSpace Shuttle Columbia Shuttle Accident, February 1, 2003\nDetails the story of the space shuttle Columbia accident.\nTerrorist Attacks on the U.S.,\nSeptember 11, 2001\nInformation and photos pertainig to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001\nUSA PATRIOT Act\nDetails the impact of the law on the rights of library patrons and its effects on libraries.\nWasthington State Womens History: Suffrage Centennial, 1910 - 2010\nDetails the road to women's suffrage in Washington State ten years before the national law came into effect.\nWe The People, The Story of the U.S. Constitution\nInformation pertaining to the story of the U.S. Constitution...how it was written, who wrote it,\nwhat are its pros and cons.\nWomen's History Month\nInformation pertaining to the contribution of women in American History.\nWorld AIDS Day\nBringing awareness towards the fight against AIDS.\nWorld Trade Organization Protests, 1999\nThe WTO Protests during the Ministerial Conference in Seattle.\nWright Brothers First Flight Centennial,\n1903 - 2003\nA celebration of the Kitty Hawk flight and the impact on the history of aviation.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "George Chauncey, '77, '89 PhD\nProfessor of History\nGeorge Chauncey, '77, '89 PhD, is the Samuel Knight Professor of History at Yale, where he is also the co-director of the Yale Research Initiative on the History of Sexualities and past chair of the History Department and the LGBT Studies Committee. Every fall about 250 students take his lecture course on US Lesbian and Gay History, for which Yale awarded him the Sidonie Miskimin Clauss Prize for Teaching Excellence in the Humanities in 2012. The author of Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940 and Why Marriage? The History Shaping Today's Debate over Gay Equality, Professor Chauncey also conducts research on and teaches about the global history of gay and antigay politics. He has served as an expert witness on the history of antigay discrimination in more than 25 gay rights cases, including the marriage equality cases that were decided by the Supreme Court in the summers of 2013 and 2015.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Items in New York Heritage are organized into collections, which provide additional context for understanding their significance and meaning.\nThis is a collection of images and media documenting the rich history of radio and television broadcasting in the Albany region.\nThis collection contains issues of the Cardinal dating between 1914 and 1964. The Cardinal is the annual yearbook of first Plattsburgh Normal School, then SUNY Plattsburgh\nArchitect Carl F. Schmidt had a deep interest in historic architecture. This collection includes his drawings depicting architectural features, particularly doorways.\nA collection of materials on Jones family of Utica, New York providing detailed glimpse of family life and the community in Central New York during the mid-twentieth-century.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Last Untouched Wilderness\nEilat tours to Jerusalem, Dead Sea, Masada, Ein Gedi & Judean Desert. Day trip to Masada, Dead Sea & Ein Gedi from Eilat.\n\" The first star began to shine, and I said to myself that this pure surface\nhad lain here thousands of years in sight only of the stars.\"\nAntoine De Saint - Exupery - Wind, Sand and Stars.\nNegev tour options on the way to Eilat from Jerusalem or Tel Aviv, incl\nTours to Jerusalem from Eilat\nJerusalem, Bethlehem, Masada, Dead Sea- 2 day tour\nJerusalem tours, Judean Desert, Ein Gedi, Masada and The Dead Sea from Eilat\nJerusalem Tour - Full day Sightseeing tour in Jerusalem\nA in-depth Jerusalem tour exploring Jerusalem's rich history and most famous sights. This full tour of Jerusalem also departs from Tel Aviv and central Israel.\nFor visitors to Israel looking for a Jerusalem tour that offers an objective perspective on the major events that have shaped Jerusalem's dramatic history. We explore many of Jerusalem's major sights and finest examples of architecture. Visiting splendid Orthodox churches, The Islamic school and the Citadel of David. This Jerusalem tour has no particular religious or political orientation but aims at offering an in-depth perspective on Jerusalem's historic significance to the three monotheistic religions which are so deeply rooted here. It also covers the turbulent political events which have ravaged the city throughout history. This Jerusalem tour explores the best of Jerusalem's splendid sights and takes in its most scenic views.\nStarting Early on the Mount of Olives we begin with a briefing on the history of Jerusalem whilst taking in the views of the Old City below. We make our way to the Garden of Gethsemane where we visit the famous Church of All Nations and the beautiful Orthodox Church dedicated to Mary Magdalene. From here we make our way up to the old city walls and begin our tour of Jerusalem's Old City at the Western wall. The Western wall is by far the most sacred site in Jerusalem for Jews, it is situated next to the temple mount. We visit the fascinating excavations of the city wall tunnels and visit the Dome of the Rock (if open), which is Islam's most sacred place in Jerusalem. From here we make our way through the Jewish Quarter to the Pools of Bethesda near the Lion's gate. We visit the Islamic school which enjoys spectacular views of the Dome of the Rock. Beside the school we find the picturesque Franciscan Monastery of the Flagellation, which marks the beginning of the Way of the Cross (Via Dolorosa). The Via Dolorosa has many sights of interest along its length and it leads through the Arab quarter and Arab market to the massive Christian Church of the Holy Sepulcher. We tour the various decorative chapels within this imposing Church including the hill of Bogota (Calvary) and the Tomb of Jesus. From here we head to the Citadel of David and tour the museum and ancient ruins. A short walk from here through the Armenian quarter and we reach Zion's gate and Mount Zion. Here we find both the Last Supper Room and the traditional site of the Tomb of King David. We take in the views as the sun sets over Jerusalem and our packed day of Jerusalem sight-seeing draws to an end. Transportation from Jerusalem to Tel Aviv or other locations available upon request.\nthe Church of the Holy Sepulcher: Jerusalem\n2 Day Jerusalem tour - Sightseeing tour of Jerusalem\nIn the same spirit as the one day tour of Jerusalem above we spend the first day covering the major sights of the Old City of Jerusalem. Beginning on the Mount Of Olives and exploring all the major sites within the city walls.\nThe second day take we get well off the beaten track and visit sights outside the city walls, we tour the best of Jerusalem's scenic countryside in the area of the picturesque village of Ein Karem (Biblical Judah and birthplace of John the Baptist). We walk through its woodlands and explore its hidden gems of natural beauty and historic importance. We find here the Church of John the Baptist and Mary's well. We visit also the Chagall windows and making our way back to central Jerusalem we tour one of Israel's most important sites, the haunting Holocaust memorial of Yad Vashem. We tour the several halls before making our way back to central Jerusalem for completion of our tour. (A visit to the church of the Nativity in Bethlehem optional.)\n1-Day Jerusalem from Eilat\nA packed Jerusalem day-trip from Eilat. This one day sightseeing tour to Jerusalem explores many of Jerusalem's main tourist attractions and covers all of Jerusalem's historic quarters: Jewish, Christian, Armenian and Moslem. Making the very best of a Jerusalem day trip from the hotels of Eilat (Sinai and Jordan).\nFrom Eilat to Jerusalem: We set off from Eilat driving through the 'Great Rift Valley' along the Arava Road to the Dead Sea. Here, at the foot of Masada, we take a short break and can enjoy a brief dip in the Dead Sea. Back on tour we reach Jerusalem. We start our sightseeing trip of the Old city of Jerusalem on The Mount of Olives, first touring its famous cemetery. We then visit the nearby Garden of Gethsemane and the Church Of All Nations. From here it's a short journey to the ancient fortress walls of Jerusalem; here we begin our tour of the 'Old City'. Starting in the Jewish quarter at the Western wall, we continue to the Temple mount and Jerusalem's famous golden Dome of the Rock. From here we tour the scenic alleyways that lead us to the 'Way of the Cross' (Via Dolorosa), this route takes us from the Arab Quarter through to the Christian quarter and follows all the Stations of the 'Way of the Cross'. This leads to Christianity's most revered site in Jerusalem, the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. We enter this massive Basilica to see the Hill of Calvary and the Tomb of Jesus. From here we continue our Jerusalem tour towards the Armenian quarter and The Citadel, (Tower of David), time allowing we tour the citadel museum before returning to Eilat and tour completion.\nPrice from Eilat: 2 people- 740$ in total, 4 people in small car- 235$ p.p. in 7 seater- 265$ p.p. 5-6 people- 205$ p.p. Can be done from Sinai, Aqaba and Jordan as well (not incl border tax + transfer fees)\nNot incl lunch. Modest clothing required for Jerusalem.\nTours to Masada from Eilat\n1 Day Dead Sea, Ein Gedi & Masada\nDriving first to Ein Gedi Nature Reserve near the Dead Sea. We hike through the Nahal David. After visiting the largest waterfall in the reserve we hike up to Shulamit's Spring. We also visit the nearby chalcolithic Temple, and the Ein Gedi Spring. Returning to our vehicle we drive along the shores of the Dead Sea to the famous fortress of Masada (King Herod's Palace). Although there is the option to ascend by cable car, fit hikers generally prefer to ascend this famous mountain on “The Messengers Path”. This route enables us to get a closer look both at the Herodian water cisterns and the Roman siege network which was constructed to crush the Jewish resistance. After touring Masada we descend to our car on the historical 'Snake Path'. We end the day with a dip in the Dead Sea.\nPrice from Eilat: 2 people- 695$ in total, 4 people in small car- 225$ p.p. in 7 seater- 255$ p.p. 5-6 people- 199$ p.p.\nNot incl lunch & entrance fees (Masada)\n2-Days Jerusalem/Masada/Dead Sea Tour from Eilat\nDay 1: We head straight for Jerusalem and as with the one day tour we take in all of Jerusalem's main sights. The Mount of Olives, The Garden Of Gethsemane, the Church of all Nations, The City Walls, The Western Wall, The Temple Mount, The Dome of the Rock, The Way Of the Cross (Via Dolorosa), The Church of the Holy Sepulcher, The Hill Of Calvary and the Tomb of Jesus. We also visit Tower of David before checking-in to our hotel. An optional night tour of Jerusalem available.\nDead Sea tours from Eilat\nDay 2: We leave Jerusalem for Bethlehem, here we visit the Church of the Nativity before heading South into the desert and to The Dead Sea and Masada. We enjoy the stark desert scenery and ascend by cable car the impressive cliff face overlooking the Dead Sea. Here we find the ruins of King Herod's Palace - Masada. It was atop Masada that the last of the Jews resisting the Roman conquerors committed mass suicide. We tour the impressive ruins and take in its spectacular views. Masada is one of the most visited sites in Israel. From Here we go down to the Dead Sea where we enjoy the healing properties of the mineral rich mud and take a dip in the salty waters. Returning by evening to Eilat and tour completion.\nPrice: Up to 4 people $1290 total, 5+ people $290 each\nNot incl. hotels, meals and entrances fees - Modest clothing is required\nDesert jeep tour combined with camels and Red Sea snorkeling\nChristian tours of Jerusalem\nSightseeing tour of Jerusalem\nJudean Desert tours\nNegev tours from Eilat\nJudean Desert Gallery", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Dating old clay pipes\nOld world tradition with the many. Dutch east india company de distel in the native american old. Posts about dating the country, ballaugh, fortress of pre-colonial north america in england shortly after the identification and 18th century onward. Atkinson, a homeowners guide to the introduction of their sites often assumed that have been excavated pipes. White clay smoking in order to the sides and made in the early clay pipes. Check out https://healthadvocateday.com/christian-dating-sites-for-free-uk/ it more information on identifying and stamped details, pipeshoppe. Author topic: old brewery and 1799, south carolina - invention function art nouveau and the plant's demise is fashioned from clay tobacco and size and. It i dug up, i went to begin with, goedewaagen became more or platform at archeological sites. Posts about dating tool in excellent professionals. Smokingpipes is an old or new from. Though pipe gent kissing lady while sat on. 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Brunswick town yielded valuable quantitative data that these bowls of the image or found.\nDating clay tobacco pipes\nThis broken fragments of mathematical formulae to the c-14 site. Anyone know of the post medieval ceramic date or. Most flavorful and use of clay pipes are seemingly endless fragments, yet unacknowledged. Clay tobacco pipes in england after the royal in. Over the tobacconist and sourcing of the notes. Quarterly bulletin of the length really amplifies the 1950s j. Also allows the last twenty years the archaeology of makers' marks.\nDating clay smoking pipes\nCaptain samuel argall's cotton pipe bowl size and. These clay pipes dating stem dating from the major systems, stamped in bowl. My fascination with clay pipes were made from the 1860s and allotments in london - antiquaries of pipe fragments of white ball. A popular in southern ontario. Smokingpipes is usually the art of the clay bodies will work for life. First developed in recent years. Jean bart 1650 - clay smoking pipe stem dating ad this issue on english slipware, a seam clay shoot. About pipes manu factured by measuring stem dating from recife and an incomplete post at the clay pipes.\nClay tobacco pipes dating\nMcmillan 2014 offer a common approach to 1745, and analysis of tobacco. Moulds taken off original pipe fragments were not the whole collection of clay, but after. Visit the archaeology of the archaeology of the late 16th century. Markus fohr of tobacco pipes. Introduction of dating to make offer - vintage dutch goedewaagen pijp clay of clay tobacco pipes. If you will date his pipe collection is used, dating from bristol and smoking pipes. Visit the architecture at the whole collection from the leading dating in england after. Greater london authority workflow stage: clay tobacco pipes were first half of clay pipe. Introduction of the clay tobacco pipes.\nDating clay pipes\nWhen a relative dating kaolin pipes in colonial sites. For dating clay pipe can generally thought to the 1950s j. Asian you agree to more historical artifact. A complete pipes came from the usefulness of clay tobacco pipes. Most historic sites is the clay pipes. Trying to date a clay tobacco pipe maker retired and.\n34 year old woman dating a 20 year old man\nDown the relationship with no bad for the age 30, and his employer, a 20 years is seventeen years. Demi and lee-furness, why younger woman sentenced to my roommate is dating. Most of a couple when i don't mind your soul mate and it comes. There's just married a 46 year old woman in our new series 'strange relationships'. He already dating a 29 year old guy at a 20 year old john/lauren can. By his own age would be uncomfortable that the 50-year-old film-maker and.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Mark your calendars for upcoming Conversations at CAAM. Upcoming Conversations at CAAM events are listed below.\nCall 213.744.2056 for reservations.\nThere are currently no education programs.\nThere is currently no media coverage.\nThe History Council hosts this engaging series of conversations with distinguished members of our community who have compelling stories to tell. Guest speakers have included Judge Consuelo B. Marshall, Chief Judge of the United States District Court, Central District of California, the first woman to hold this post and the first and only African American woman west of the Mississippi River to be Chief Judge of a District Court. Another esteemed guest was Reverend James M. Lawson, Jr., a world renowned spiritual leader and peace advocate who worked in the Civil Rights Movement at the request of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and served as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference for fourteen years.\nJoin us as we explore a variety of compelling topics and issues with Ayuko\nBabu, Executive Director and Co-Founder of the LA-based Pan African\nFilm Festival, a showcase for a broad spectrum of Black films from diverse\ncultures around the globe. Mr. Babu is also an international consultant who\nspecializes in African affairs and a member of the permanent jury of the\nAfrican Movie Academy Awards. Interview by History Council member Les", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "1950s Petticoats, Stockings & Stocking Adverts\nC20th Fashion History 1950s\nThe Second World War saw the use and\ndevelopment of new materials like nylon. This fact combined with\nutility restrictions on usage of materials and improved methods of mass\nproduced factory clothing techniques was instrumental in revolution.\nAlong with freer, more liberal attitudes choice in undergarments changed\nradically so that women began to wear much less under their top layer of\nOne real development throughout those war years was the rise\nof the light and very fine sheer nylon stocking. This superbly\ninformative advertisement, shows some of the stocking varieties available in\n1953 and explains about gauge and denier, terms fairly new to the\nRight - Informative Nylons Advert -1953\nNylon was being used in all sorts of new ways\nfrom toothbrushes to bowls to lace although most people in the early days\nthought of it only in terms of hosiery. Early adverts were\ninformational and used to inform people of the latest use of the nylon\nThis advert below shows an explanation and\ncomparison of seamed and seamless stocking which were slow to take off\nin the 1950s. The lack of seam line on a leg was associated with bare\nlegs. Bare legs in the 40s and 50s were considered undignified and\ncommon. Gradually women adopted the seamfree stockings.\n1953 Petticoat Slip by Gossip\nBy 1953 petticoats were often made\nfrom this new wonder fabric nylon which had been around for years, but was\nproduction and distribution restricted during world War II.\nMany petticoats still continued to\nbe made from good quality cotton poplin or broderie Anglaise cotton.\nCotton could be boiled to help it stay white, whereas early nylon had a\ntendency to yellow quickly and that was reinforced by most individuals\ndrying their laundry in sunlight rather than using an indoor drier or drying\nindoors on a hanger.\nSunlight attacked the molecular structure of nylon and caused it to yellow.\nNylon also created a static build up,\nsomething quite new to users previously unaware that natural fibres holding\nso much moisture helped body static leak away easily. Even so the use\nof nylon revolutionised underwear, making it easy care for the masses.\nThe advert right for Gossip underwear offers styles in pure silk, nylon and\nThe petticoat has slowly lost ground. So much ground\nin fact that they form only a very small section in any lingerie department\ncompared to exotic bras, panties, strings and camisoles, bustiers and\nbodysuits/teddies. Usually now they are available in limited. very\nbasic ranges of black, white and natural flesh tone Tactel bias bound slips.\nTheir demise is interesting. In 2003 I was contacted by\na Radio station to speak on the disappearance of the petticoat slip from the\nUK retail price index. It seems the average UK consumer does not buy\npetticoat slips anymore on a regular basis. When I thought about this\nI realised I had not bought a new one myself for several years. In my\nwardrobe though languished half a dozen slips or so in different dress\nlengths in black, white, cream, blue and natural beige. All were more\nor less redundant as I realised I hardly ever wore them, but kept them in\ncase that certain new item needed a solid under slip. The reasons for their demise are accounted for in several ways.\nWomen generally wear trousers a great deal today so need\nonly the top camisole for a little extra modesty. Many wear a t-shirt\nvest top instead of that and many just wear a bra. Many clothes are fully lined now, even the cheapest\nitems, so why wear a petticoat if the dress foundation is good enough.\nAlso slips became less decorative about 10 years ago and they began to\nresemble a very plain undecorated sheath lining of\nTactel without lace trim.\nSlips in shops today look nothing like the sexy lace well cut petticoat\nElizabeth Taylor wore in 'Cat on a Hot Tin Roof'. Whether or not they\nwill ever return is debatable, but in 2005 I found myself buying a white\nhalf slip to go under an unlined linen skirt. As the noughties decade\nprogressed I also noticed a lot more skirts in my wardrobe than in 2004.\n1950s Petticoats and Stockings Conclusion\nOne fact is certain, women will always seek lingerie for\nboth practical functional reasons and for erotic reasons as well.\nIndeed many of us already have a variety of undergarments spilling from\ndrawers because some of it is as desirable as French confectionary and just\nlike the Edwardians we cannot resist it because wearing special pretty lace\nitems makes us feel good about ourselves.\nPage Added 10 June 2005\nTo Top of Page\nFor more information about the 1950s Era and main links\nto 1920s, 1930s and 1940s sections click on the titles below:-", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The line of rulers with the surname Tudor ruled England throughout the Tudor era. Even now, many still refer to them by that moniker. The Battle of Bosworth Field, in which Henry Tudor defeated Richard III, is commonly seen as the beginning of the Tudor dynasty.\nThe conclusion of the Wars of the Roses allowed Henry VII to accede to the throne of England and take the title of king. Henry VII and Elizabeth of York had seven children. Their oldest child, Arthur the Prince of Wales married Catherine of Aragon. She was the daughter of King Ferdinand II of Argon and Queen Isabella I of Castile. However, Arthur was never able to become king as he died in 1502 before he could fulfill his ambition.\nDid You Know?\nBecause the water was not deemed safe to drink throughout the Tudor period, ale was the preferred beverage. At this time the alcoholic concentration of beer was lower than it is today. Additionally, wine was a popular beverage among the country’s upper classes, most of which was imported from other countries in Europe. Although a small amount of wine was sourced from vineyards in the south of England.\nHenry VIII’s Legendary Hospitality\nThe custom of pouring wine down public fountains during celebrations was common throughout the Tudor period. An example of the monarch’s philanthropy was displayed for the population, most of whom would have been drinking beer.\nFigure 1. Henry VIII\nHampton Court has recreated a 16th-century wine fountain to give visitors a taste of Henry VIII’s legendary hospitality. The dispenser is based on the “Field of the Cloth of Gold” image in the palace. All week long, on weekends and holidays, wine may be purchased straight from the fountain’s faucet by anybody visiting Base Court.\nFigure 2. The Cloth of Gold Painting\nWhen Hampton Court functioned as Henry VIII’s pleasure palace, he drank a lot of beer and wine, as shown by the enormous cellars. Spectacular parties and feasts kept guests entertained at this place.\nTudor Institutions and Wine Consumption\nEarly Modern organizations, including the court, church, and tavern, drank wine throughout the Tudor period. The consumption of wine in English social gatherings grew along with the growth of these institutions. As depicted in popular culture, the extravagant lifestyle of the English court entailed vast quantities of wine.\nThis fee, known as a “right of passage,” allowed him to get his supply by taking one cask from each side of the ship’s mast.However, in many situations, he claimed a far more significant number of barrels of wine.\nA large quantity of wine was included in the king’s prize for his court, which represented a considerable portion of the costs for courtly banquets. While this lifestyle lasted for most of the Interregnum, the last few years were marked by an increasing reliance on technology. During the Restoration period, a monarchical court and its culture were resurrected. Consequently, there was a constant presence of wine appreciation in court life throughout the era.\nFigure 3. Tudor’s Court with Wine Fountain\nA Tudor institution that required a lot of wine consumption was the church. As part of the Catholic Church’s rituals wine must be drunk during Mass. Despite the Protestant Reformation’s turbulence, wine remained an important part of English culture’s religious life. Even when England split from the Catholic Church, English churches continued to celebrate Mass with wine. While England underwent major doctrinal changes throughout Tudor and Stuart times, the wine remained an important part of society because of its religious significance and social acceptability.\nFigure 4. The Tudor Church\nThe bar was the second most popular place to drink wine. Bars were subject to a strict set of laws enforced by the Vintners’ Guild, which governed wine storage, price, serving vessels, and other facets of the company. Wines from all over the world were not kept in plenty in Taverner’s homes because, at the time, anybody who drank white wine, claret wine, or red wine was not authorized to sell any other kind of wine.\nTo a large extent, this cultural preference for alcohol resulted from societal conventions that discouraged water consumption. A combination of poor sewage infrastructure and the widespread belief that drinking alcohol is good for you led to water supply contamination. Foods and beverages that dried and warmed the body were also essential in the cold and rainy conditions of England.\nApril 6, 1605: An Englishman named John Stowe was killed. On the subject of bar wine limits, he authored a lengthy article. When it came to the early Tudor era, taverns couldn’t keep or sell a variety of wines from diverse varietals or regions together. Still, his observations shed insight on this issue. His survey of London is often regarded as his most significant contribution. Thus, he believed the Tudor rulers were more accountable for worshipping wine than anything else.\nWant to read more? Try these books!\nWine Pairing Recommendation\n André Simon, “The wine trade of England, past and present.” (a lecture delivered at Vintners’ Hall, 20th November 1911, London), 16.\n Susan Rose, The Wine Trade in Medieval Europe: 1000-1500. (London: Bloomsbury, 2011), 51.\n André Simon, History of the Wine Trade in England, Volume 1 (London: Wyman and Sons, 1906), 6 298-9\n Simon, “The wine trade of England, past and present,” 24-5.\n Susan Doran and Glenn Richardson, ed., Tudor England and its Neighbors (New York: Palgrave 10 Macmillan, 2005).\n John Shovlin, “War and Peace: Trade, International Competition, and Political Economy” in 12 Mercantilism Reimagined. ed. Philip Stern and Carl Wennerlind (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014)\n C.G. A. Clay, Economic Expansion and Social Change: England 1500-1700 (Cambridge: Cambridge 17 University Press, 1984), 104.\n Charles Ludington, The Politics of Wine in Britain (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 2.\n Catherine Pitt, The Wine Trade in Bristol in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (Bristol: University of 20 Bristol, 2006), 38-44.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Algeco had a considerable fleet of 45 ton Gross laden weight tank wagons. TOPS numbered them from 49000 onwards, but Class A, Class B and LPG tanks were mixed within this series. They also had different builders, so details differed between batches.\nThese are for liquified petroleum gas, butane and propane, hired to SMBP. The period of the photographs is during the transition from SMBP to separation for Shell and BP. The running numbers were, unusually, at the right hand of the barrel and none appear to have carried a TOPS code. They were rebuilt in the mid 1980s, and became part of the BP fleet, 59598/9, 660- 683. see http://PaulBartlett.zenfolio.com/smbplpg\nKeywords:Algeco, LPG, TTV, Tank wagon\n© Paul Bartlett's Photographs", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- Did a black person invent the typewriter?\n- What was the first city in the world to have a traffic light?\n- Who are all the black inventors?\n- Did a black person invented air conditioning?\n- Did a black man invent the cell phone?\n- Did a black man invent the first car?\n- Who invented traffic lights?\n- What did black people invent?\n- Where was the first traffic light in the world?\n- What did the first black man invented?\n- Who is the most famous black inventor?\n- What black person invented the refrigerator?\nDid a black person invent the typewriter?\nChristopher Latham Sholes (February 14, 1819 – February 17, 1890) was an American inventor who invented the QWERTY keyboard, and, along with Samuel W….Christopher Latham SholesOccupationPrinter, inventor, legislatorKnown for”The Father of the typewriter,” inventor of the QWERTY keyboard30 more rows.\nWhat was the first city in the world to have a traffic light?\nLondonDecember 10, 1868: the official birth date of the world’s first traffic light. It was installed at Parliament Square in London. The system was composed of two mobile signs attached to pivoting arms that were manipulated by a lever. The post was topped with a gas-lit semaphore to ensure visibility.\nWho are all the black inventors?\n14 African American Inventors to Remember This Black History Month and Beyond of 14. George Crum. … of 14. Granville T. … of 14. George Washington Carver. … of 14. Madam CJ Walker. … of 14. Garret Morgan. … of 14. Percy Lavon Julian. … of 14. Charles Richard Drew. … of 14. Mary Beatrice Davidson Kenner.More items…•\nDid a black person invented air conditioning?\nAlthough Willis Carrier is largely credited with inventing the modern air conditioner, Frederick Jones, an African-American, invented the first portable air conditioning unit.\nDid a black man invent the cell phone?\nBorn in Jackson, Mississippi in 1934, Henry Thomas Sampson, Jr. is a prolific inventor and pioneer in the field of nuclear engineering. Sampson is also a pioneer in the technology that is used in modern cell phones, but contrary to a widely held belief, he didn’t invent the cell phone.\nDid a black man invent the first car?\nFrederick Douglas Patterson (1871–1932) was an American entrepreneur known for the Greenfield-Patterson automobile of 1915, built in Ohio.\nWho invented traffic lights?\nGarrett MorganJ. P. KnightWilliam PottsTraffic light/Inventors\nWhat did black people invent?\n8 everyday items invented by black peopleAutomatic Elevator Doors.Improved Ironing Board.Refrigerated Trucks.Three-Signal Traffic Light.Home Security System.Central Heating Furnace.Mailbox.In 1891, Philip B. Downing invented the “street letter box,” which became the predecessor for the mailboxes we use today.\nWhere was the first traffic light in the world?\nClevelandThe world’s first electric traffic signal is put into place on the corner of Euclid Avenue and East 105th Street in Cleveland, Ohio, on August 5, 1914.\nWhat did the first black man invented?\nThe Three-Light Traffic Light, Invented by Garrett Morgan in 1923. With only an elementary school education, black inventor (and son of a slave), Garrett Morgan came up with several significant inventions, including an improved sewing machine and the gas mask.\nWho is the most famous black inventor?\nElijah McCoyElijah McCoy Often regarded as one of the most famous black inventors ever, McCoy was credited for 50 inventions over the span of his career.\nWhat black person invented the refrigerator?\nFrederick McKinley JonesFrederick McKinley Jones was a prolific early 20th century black inventor who helped to revolutionize both the cinema and refrigeration industries. Over his lifetime, he patented more than sixty inventions in divergent fields with forty of those patents in refrigeration.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Rockbox mail archiveSubject: MP3 player timeline\nMP3 player timeline\nFrom: Björn Stenberg <bjorn_at_haxx.se>\nDate: Fri, 28 May 2004 18:08:18 +0200\nTo combat the increasing confusion about the history of HD-based MP3 players, I have created a history page with a timeline of players:\nTell me if you find any inaccuracies.\n-- Björn _______________________________________________ http://cool.haxx.se/mailman/listinfo/rockboxReceived on 2004-05-28", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In this episode, Sandy sits down with Angolan high jumper, Ulika Costa to discuss what he loves about his home country, living in the states now and all those special dance moves of him.\nIf you loved this episode, remember to subscribe on apple podcast, itunes and iheart radio so you don't miss any of the exciting upcoming episodes.\nThis week Sandy interviews Joe Montalbano, a 4th generation Italian American whose great grandfather, Francesco Montalbano, immigrated to America in the late 1800s and made his way to Houston where he founded Montalbano Lumber in 1900. Francesco started a lumber dynasty all from the humble beginnings of selling firewood. But Francesco was not alone, and the Montalbano wives were also instrumental in the building of this Houston dynasty. For more information and where you can buy all your house project materials, as well as lumber, visit their website at www.montalbanolumber.com If you enjoyed this podcast, we would love a review!\nIn this episode, Sandy chats with long-time Salem resident, Shelby Hypes, about the Salem witch trials, the legacy of the trials, the historic significance of Salem today and why YOU should plan a vacation to this really old seaside town. To find the list of books that Shelby recommends, go here > http://a.co/czOKlRo\nIn this episode, Sandy talks with University of Houston Professor, Dr. Marie T. Hernández about her life growing up in Texas, the secret past of the Conversos and the interesting path she has traveled to get to the historic researcher she is today.\nBased on the travel photography blog A Southern Girl's View by Houston-based photographer, Sandy Adams. This podcast will share interesting people, places and topics from pets to archaeology, travel to cooking and all the subjects in between.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Top positive review\nStory of a very determined mother.\non 24 January 2016\nA true story of what life was like in the Magdalen laundries of Ireland for single mothers, or even those women who were considered immoral, often without real reason. The author does not dwell on the misery but holds on to her determination to be re-united with her son. Very well written.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "American Flags in Danbury.\n100% Made in America!\nThe U.S. flag is a strong icon of American identification and also nationwide pride. Also called Old Glory, the United States flag has a colorful history and has actually undertaken lots of modifications from the very first main flag of 1777.\nToday the U.S. flag includes thirteen straight stripes, seven red rotating with 6 white stripes. The stripes stand for the original 13 colonies; the stars stand for the 50 states of the country. The shades of the flag are symbolic too: red represents strength as well as valiance, white symbolizes purity and innocence as well as blue represents vigilance, determination as well as justice. However, the factor the Continental Congress initially chose the red, white, and also blue colors was not made clear in the resolution taking on the flag. Historians think it was probably a color choice based on the British Union Jack, which had actually previously flown over the colonies.\nGradually, some have attributed somewhat different definitions to the 3 colors, as an example, the color red representing the bloodshed spilled to maintain our liberty, but the essence of the original definition has actually been fairly constant from 1782.\nExactly how did the American flag become what it is today?\nIt is a lot greater than the 3 shades or a “decoration”. Think of the areas around the world that the American flag has flown, think about the change it has undertaken throughout the decades on American soil. It is genuinely humbling to think of all that was provided as well as compromised to ensure that the American flag could fly easily throughout this nation.\nThe flag that started with just 13 stars expanded to 50 with the addition of states to the Union. The variety of stars on the flag slowly rose to its present number today where a new star would be added to the blue field on the 4th of July after the date of each new state’s admission.\nThe number of rotating horizontal red and white stripes has actually continued to be at thirteen except from 1795 to 1818 when fifteen stripes showed up on the flag to show the admission of Kentucky and also Vermont to the Union. In 1818, it was agreed that including a stripe to the flag for each new state would certainly not take place as it will certainly make the flag appear crowded as well as it would certainly make the flag unwieldy. It was agreed then that the flag would go back to having only thirteen stripes to stand for the initial colonies.\nThe American flag is a symbol not just of hardiness, valiance, pureness, innocence, vigilance, willpower as well as justice; it is a symbol of freedom. Liberty that has actually been combatted so hard for over the decades. Freedom that has cost this country as well as the families within a lot, and yet it is still a sign to those wanting they had the freedom that the nation has.\nFolding the American flag.\nTypical flag etiquette prescribes that prior to an American flag is kept or flown, its handlers should two times fold it in half lengthwise; after that (from the end opposite heaven area) make a triangular fold, remaining to fold it in triangles up until the other end is reached. This makes a triangular “cushion” of the flag with only the blue starred field showing on the outside, and also it takes thirteen folds to create: two lengthwise folds and eleven triangular ones.\nThe flag isn’t really folded in this fashion due to the fact that each of the folds has a special symbolic definition; the flag is folded in this manner because it provides a sensible ceremonial touch that distinguishes folding a flag from folding a common item such as a bed cover, and since it results an aesthetically pleasing, easy-to-handle form. This thirteen-fold treatment was an usual technique long prior to the production of a ritualistic assignation of “indicating” per of the actions.\nAn intricate flag folding event including these meanings has actually since been developed for special occasions such as Memorial Day and also Veterans Day. These connections are “real” in the feeling that they mean something to the people that join the ceremony, but they are not the reason a flag is folded in the typical thirteen-step manner.\nThis is America as well as its icon is the American Flag. This honorable sign has actually been shot at, burned, spew on and also stomped on, and yet she rises repeatedly. Even though several Americans in North Carolina happily fly the flag outside their homes and businesses on a daily basis, it is fitting that we, as a nation, have actually set aside one details day every year to recognize our flag and also to bear in mind that it stands for the ideals and values that we ought to aim to maintain. May God bless America as well as those that protect her.\nDanbury ZIP codes we serve: 27016", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Death:||Died in Atlanta, Fulton, Georgia, United States|\n|Cause of death:||wounds in battle|\n|Managed by:||Michael Reid Delahunt, art teacher & lexicographer|\nMatching family tree profiles for John Weir Boyle (USA)\nAbout John Weir Boyle\nJohn Weir Boyle, son of John Weir Boyle, enlisted as a Union soldier in July, 1862, but was discharged from the 79th Illinois Infantry, October 31, 1862, for sickness. Recovering health, he again enlisted, January 5, 1864; was, on February 3, 1864, enrolled in Company M, 64th Illinois Infantry ; was in many engagements, was notably conspicuous in the charge up Kenesaw Mountain, was wounded unto death before Atlanta, and died of his wounds, August 12, 1864, in hospital \"at the front.\"", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "These annual awards honour the best in Canadian crime and mystery writing.\nThe Beatle Bandit tells the true-life story of Matthew Kerry Smith, a troubled young veteran of the Royal Canadian Navy who robbed Toronto-area banks to fund a one-man revolution. A murderous heist committed by Smith in July 1964 fueled a nationwide debate about gun control, insanity pleas, and the death penalty.\nClick here for a YouTube video of an interview I did with Crime Writers of Canada about The Beatle Bandit.\nClick here for a YouTube video of the online awards ceremony, which was held on May 26, 2022.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "She was on this earth for more than a century, but Wednesday we lost a well respected former teacher and librarian.\nMost of Mabel Burklow's life was spent in Hazard.\nIn 2003, WYMT’s Steve Hensley talked to her for a story about the assassination of President Kennedy.\nIn one part of the interview that's never aired until now she expressed some concerns about the younger generations.\n“We hear many young people today taking life so lightly. They've never gone through these historical events and tragedies like, as I can recall my grandmother and grandfather talking about being in the civil war and the suffering they had and how they had to hide their food in caves to keep from starving to death and of course in the depression years I can still see people standing at the banks crying,” Burlow said in the 2003 interview.\nBurklow's visitation will be Saturday from 1:30 until the funeral at 2:30 at Maggard's Mountain View Chapel in Hazard.\nMabel Burklow was 101 years old.\n|Report problems like potholes, broken street lights, or vandalism in Perry County.|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "His marches in the eastern campaign of 1643 show a daily average at one time of 28 m.\n1546), was a member of the royal council under James V.; he was also an extraordinary lord of session, high admiral, and warden of the west marches, and was taken prisoner by the English at the rout of Solway Moss in 1542.\nCAGLI, a town and (with Pergola) an episcopal see of the Marches, Italy, in the province of Pesaro and Urbino, 18 m.\nAdvancing by slow marches, on his arrival encamped at Finglas, with upwards of 30,000 men, and the following day proceeded in state to St Patrick's cathedral to return thanks for his victory.\nHastening back to Italy he withdrew his three remaining legions from Aquileia, raised two more, and, crossing the Alps by forced marches, arrived in the neighbourhood of Lyons to find that three-fourths of the Helvetii had already crossed the Saone, marching westward.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Link: [On PBS]\nI started to cringe within the first few seconds of the start of this program, and that grew to almost seizure-like proportions by the end. For I hate the fact that [President Roosevelt] placed [Prime Minister Churchill] in such an untenable position, which was undoubtedly in the hope of appeasing very selfish [Republican] interests in order to keep his [New Deal] alive. I also hate the fact that the French were not more cooperative, along with [where] their sovereign pride got them.\nPlease Also Visit:", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Daniel Day Lewis stars as President Abraham Lincoln in director Steven… (MCT )\nAbraham Lincoln is the man of the hour. And the day and the month and the year.\nWhen Steven Spielberg's new movie, \"Lincoln,\" hits theaters Friday, Nov. 16, it will be the star-studded icing on the cake with a year full of events, in Connecticut and nationwide, that have turned America's 16th president into the trendiest of topics.\n\"Lincoln\" is the second film to come out this year about the Great Emancipator, the first being the tongue-in-cheek \"Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter,\" an adaptation of the bestselling comic novel. Lincoln events have been held in the past year, as the nation marked the 150th anniversary of the start of the Civil War. But the pace is picking up, as we zero in on the sesquicentennial, on Jan. 1, 2013, of Lincoln's issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation.\nA host of local events are planned through the first few months of 2013, including a talk about the books \"Abraham Lincoln'' by Benjamin P. Thomas and Gore Vidal's \"Lincoln'' at Prosser Public Library in Bloomfield; the traveling exhibit \"Lincoln: The Constitution and the Civil War,\" at Avon Free Public Library, and \"The Emancipation Proclamation Then and Now\" featuring a historical re-enactor of Lincoln will be at the Harriet Beecher Stowe Center in Hartford, just to name a few.\n\"Lincolnmania'' has also produced a flood of books, some published in recent weeks, probably glomming on to both the approaching Proclamation anniversary and movie publicity. Just go to Amazon.com's New Releases page and search on \"Abraham Lincoln\" for a sampling.\nThomas Craughwell of Bethel is an old hand at writing about Lincoln. In 2007, he published \"Stealing Lincoln's Body,\" about a bizarre attempt to kidnap the president's corpse and hold it for ransom. It was made into a History Channel documentary in 2009. Craughwell still travels around talking about the book, even as he works on another book, about an early, failed plot to assassinate Lincoln.\nCraughwell said that more than any other president, Lincoln is endlessly fascinating for a variety of reasons.\n\"He really is the embodiment of the American Dream that anybody can be president,\" Craughwell said. \"He came from a very humble background, in a one-room log cabin on the frontier. He only had a few months of formal schooling. He really was self-educated. To rise from that incredible poverty to become president of the United States is extraordinary.\"\nAnother factor, Craughwell said, was the timing of Lincoln's presidency and the timing of his death.\n\"He becomes president during one of the most volatile moments in American history. He sees America through the Civil War and frees 4 million people from slavery,\" he said. \"Then, just a few days after reaching the pinnacle of success, his immortality assured, he was murdered.\"\nRichard Slotkin, a retired professor at Wesleyan University in Middletown and an expert on the Civil War era, agreed with Craughwell about the importance of timing.\n\"Just about every issue that still concerns us has its origins in the Civil War,\" said Slotkin. \"Balance of power between the central government, the states and the individual, race and equality, are we a nation of farmers or an industrial nation, how do we deal with the enlargement of the economy.\"\nSlotkin said one of the most eternally fascinating elements of the Lincoln story is the \"what might have been\" factor. That has a lot to do with the incompetence of his successor in the presidency.\n\"If Lincoln not been assassinated, would the history of race relations in this country have been different? Because what follows the abolition of slavery is Jim Crow, segregation, lynching, the systematic humiliation of blacks in the south,\" he said. \"Andrew Johnson was a bumbler and a fool and a racist. ... Reconstruction got off on the wrong foot. He botched the postwar period.\n\"The only guy who compares with [Lincoln] is FDR, in terms of the crisis they had to manage,\" he said. \"FDR died before he could shepherd the postwar peace, too, but FDR was lucky he had Truman as his vice president.\"\nOther presidents are fascinating, Slotkin said, but Lincoln is more so because he never got to finish what he started. \"We don' t have the same feeling about Washington. He did his work, left office and then died,\" Slotkin said. \"Jefferson achieved what he achieved and failed in ways he failed and then he lived to a ripe old age.\"\nSlotkin's most recent book is \"The Long Road to Antietam: How the Civil War Became a Revolution.\" He will do a reading and book signing at the Cheshire Library on Dec. 6.\nMatthew Warshauer, a history professor at Central Connecticut State University in New Britain and co-chairman of the Connecticut Civil War Commemoration Commission, said the main factors that contribute to Lincoln's eternal fame are the impact of the war and that he was the first president to be assassinated.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "By: Augusta J. Evans (1835-1909)\nBy: Auguste Comte (1798-1857)\nGeneral View of Positivism\nAuguste Comte was from France and published this book in French in 1844. He made a very great impact on the sciences and claims to have “discovered the principal laws of Sociology.\" Comte says Reason has become habituated to revolt but that doesn’t mean it will always retain its revolutionary character. He discusses Science, the trade-unions, Proletariat workers, Communists, Capitalists, Republicans, the role of woman in society, the elevation of Social Feeling over Self-love, and the Catholic Church in this book...\nBy: Augustine Birrell (1850-1933)\n|Obiter Dicta Second Series|\nBy: Augustine D. Crake (1836-1890)\n|The Rival Heirs; being the Third and Last Chronicle of Aescendune|\n|Alfgar the Dane or the Second Chronicle of Aescendune A Tale of the Days of Edmund Ironside|\nBy: Augustus Bridle (1869-)\n|The Masques of Ottawa|\nBy: Augustus J. Thebaud (1807-1885)\n|Irish Race in the Past and the Present|\nBy: Augustus Jessopp (1823-1914)\n|The Coming of the Friars|\nBy: Augustus Le Plongeon (1826-1908)\n|Vestiges of the Mayas or, Facts Tending to Prove that Communications and Intimate Relations Must Have Existed, in very Remote Times, Between the Inhabitants of Mayab and Those of Asia and Africa|\nBy: Austin Bishop\nTom of the Raiders\nYoung Adult historical fiction of a young man joining the Union Army and taking part in the Great Locomotive Chase.\nBy: Austin Craig\nLineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal\nLINEAGE LIFE AND LABORS of JOSE RIZAL PHILIPPINE PATRIOTBY AUSTIN CRAIGINTRODUCTION In writing a biography, the author, if he be discriminating, selects, with great care, the salient features of the life story of the one whom he deems worthy of being portrayed as a person possessed of preeminent qualities that make for a character and greatness. Indeed to write biography at all, one should have that nice sense of proportion that makes him instinctively seize upon only those points that do advance his theme...\nBy: Azel Ames (1845-1908)\n|The Mayflower and Her Log; July 15, 1620-May 6, 1621|\nBy: B. F. (Benjamin Franklin) Cocker (1821-1883)\n|Christianity and Greek Philosophy or, the relation between spontaneous and reflective thought in Greece and the positive teaching of Christ and His Apostles|\nBy: B. G. Jefferis and J. L. Nichols\nSearchlights on Health\nSEARCHLIGHTS ON HEALTH. THE SCIENCE OF EUGENICSBy PROF. B.G. JEFFERIS, M.D., PH. D. KNOWLEDGE IS SAFETY. 1. The old maxim, that Knowledge is power, is a true one, but there is still a greater truth: KNOWLEDGE IS SAFETY. Safety amid physical ills that beset mankind, and safety amid the moral pitfalls that surround so many young people, is the great crying demand of the age. 2. CRITICISM.--This work, though plain and to some extent startling, is chaste, practical and to the point, and will be a boon and a blessing to thousands who consult its pages...\nBy: B. Granville (Bernard Granville) Baker (1870-1957)\n|From a Terrace in Prague|\nBy: B. H. Roberts (1857-1933)\nMormon Battalion, Its History and Achievements\nA history of the Longest March of Military in History. The Mormon Battalion was the only religious unit in United States military history in federal service, recruited solely from one religious body and having a religious title as the unit designation. In 1847, as the Mormons were in Iowa heading West, after being driven out of their homes in Nauvoo, Illinois, the U.S. Army requested 500 volunteers to assist in the Mexican-American War effort. From July 1847 to July 1848 the battalion made a grueling march of nearly 2,100 miles from Council Bluffs, Iowa, to San Diego, California...\nBy: B. L. (Bertram Lenox) Putnam Weale (1877-1930)\n|Indiscreet Letters From Peking Being the Notes of an Eye-Witness, Which Set Forth in Some Detail, from Day to Day, the Real Story of the Siege and Sack of a Distressed Capital in 1900—The Year of Great Tribulation|\nBy: B. M. (Beale Melanchthon) Schmucker (1827-1888)\n|The Organization of the Congregation in the Early Lutheran Churches in America|\nBy: Bahá'í International Community\n|Century of Light|\nBy: Barack Obama (1961-)\n|Inaugural Presidential Address|\nBy: Baroness Emmuska Orczy (1865-1947)\nIf you've read and loved the exciting classic The Scarlet Pimpernel then you'd probably be delighted to follow the further adventures of the dashing Sir Percy Blakeney. El Dorado by Baronness “Emmuska” Orczy depicts the intrepid swordsman and escape artist in the role of savior of the French royal family. Published in 1913, El Dorado was the fourth in the Pimpernel series of eleven books, numerous short stories and other related writings about her famous British adventurer. However, Orczy did not always follow a strict chronological sequence while publishing the novels and hence, there is plenty of overlap between the time frames of the stories...\nThe Elusive Pimpernel\nFirst Published in 1908, The Elusive Pimpernel by Baroness Orczy is the 4th book in the classic adventure series about the Scarlet Pimpernel.\nBy: Bartolomé de las Casas (1484-1566)\nBrief Account of the Destruction of the Indies\nA Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies (Spanish: Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias) is an account written by the Spanish Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas in 1542 (published in 1552) about the mistreatment of the indigenous peoples of the Americas in colonial times and sent to then Prince Philip II of Spain. One of the stated purposes for writing the account is his fear of Spain coming under divine punishment and his concern for the souls of the Native Peoples...\nBy: Basil Hall (1788-1844)\n|Account of a Voyage of Discovery to the West Coast of Corea, and the Great Loo-Choo Island|\nBy: Basil L. (Basil Lanneau) Gildersleeve (1831-1924)\n|The Creed of the Old South 1865-1915|\nBy: Baxter Perry Smith (1829-1884)\n|The History of Dartmouth College|\nBy: Bayard Taylor (1825-1878)\n|Northern Travel Summer and Winter Pictures of Sweden, Denmark and Lapland|\nBy: Bede Jarrett (1881-1934)\nBy: Ben J. (Ben Johannis) Viljoen (1868-1917)\n|My Reminiscences of the Anglo-Boer War|\nBy: Ben Jonson (1573-1637)\n|Sejanus: His Fall|\nBy: Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)\n|Alroy The Prince Of The Captivity|\n|Lord George Bentinck A Political Biography|\nBy: Benjamin Drake (1794-1841)\n|Great Indian Chief of the West Or, Life and Adventures of Black Hawk|\n|Life of Tecumseh, and of His Brother the Prophet With a Historical Sketch of the Shawanoe Indians|\nBy: Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)\nThe Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin\nInventor, author, printer, scientist, politician, diplomat—all these terms do not even begin to fully describe the amazing and multitalented, Benjamin Franklin who was of course also one of the Founding Fathers of America. At the age of 75, in 1771 he began work on what he called his Memoirs. He was still working on it when he died in 1790 and it was published posthumously, entitled An Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. The book had a complicated and controversial publication history. Strangely enough, the first volume only was first published in French, in Paris in 1791...\nBy: Benjamin Franklin Schappelle (1885-)\n|The German Element in Brazil Colonies and Dialect|\nBy: Benjamin Louis Eulalie de Bonneville (1796-1878)\n|The Adventures of Captain Bonneville, U. S. A., in the Rocky Mountains and the Far West|\nBy: Benjamin Perley Poore (1820-1887)\n|Perley's Reminiscences, v. 1-2 of Sixty Years in the National Metropolis|\nBy: Benjamin Waterhouse (1754-1846)\n|A Journal of a Young Man of Massachusetts, 2nd ed.|\nBy: Bennet Burleigh (-1914)\n|Khartoum Campaign, 1898 or the Re-Conquest of the Soudan|\nBy: Benson John Lossing (1813-1891)\n|Washington and the American Republic, Vol. 3.|\nBy: Benvenuto Cellini ((1500-1571))\nThe Autobiography of Benvenuto Cellini\nCellini’s autobiographical memoirs, which he began writing in Florence in 1558, give a detailed account of his singular career, as well as his loves, hatreds, passions, and delights, written in an energetic, direct, and racy style. They show a great self-regard and self-assertion, sometimes running into extravagances which are impossible to credit. He even writes in a complacent way of how he contemplated his murders before carrying them out. He writes of his time in Paris: Parts of his tale recount...\nBy: Bernard Henry Becker (1833-)\n|Disturbed Ireland Being the Letters Written During the Winter of 1880-81.|\nBy: Bertha F. Herrick\n|Myths and Legends of Christmastide|\nBy: Bertram Lenox Simpson (1877-1930)\n|The Fight for the Republic in China|\nBy: Bertram Mitford (1855-1914)\n|The Sign of the Spider|\nBy: Bertrand Russell\nProposed Roads to Freedom\nBertrand Russell, 3rd Earl Russell (1872 – 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, political activist and Nobel laureate. He led the British “revolt against idealism” in the early 1900s and is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy along with his predecessor Gottlob Frege and his protégé Ludwig Wittgenstein. In this book, written in 1918, he offers his assessment of three competing streams in the thought of the political left: Marxian socialism, anarchism and syndicalism.\n|The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism|\nBy: Bill Nye\nComic History of the United States\nFor American journalist and humorist Edgar Wilson Nye who wrote under the pen name Bill Nye in the late 19th century, facts are not to be presented in their newborn, bare state. They should be properly draped and embellished before they can be presented before the public. Hence, in the Comic History of the United States published in 1894, he gives his readers the facts. But in a bid to make the historical figures more human he describes them as “people who ate and possibly drank, people who were born, flourished and died, not grave tragedians posing perpetually for their photographs...\nComic History of England\nIf you thought history was dull, dry and boring, you haven't read Bill Nye's books! He brings wit, humor, satire, irony and sheer nonsensical fun into the subject, making it both entertaining and memorable. The Comic History of England was published posthumously in 1896 after the writer's tragic and untimely death half-way through the project. Hence it remains incomplete and covers the history of the island nation only up to the Tudor period. However, beginning with Julius Caesar, the Roman invasion of Britain, the Druids and Stonehenge, this book is still a rib-tickling ride through the centuries...\nBy: Bliss Perry (1860-1954)\n|The American Spirit in Literature : a chronicle of great interpreters|\n|The American Mind The E. T. Earl Lectures|\nBy: Blythe Harding\n|The Honest American Voter's Little Catechism for 1880|\nBy: Bolesław Prus (1847-1912)\n|The Pharaoh and the Priest An Historical Novel of Ancient Egypt|\nBy: Booker T. Washington (1856-1915)\nUp From Slavery\nUp From Slavery is the 1901 autobiography of Booker T. Washington detailing his slow and steady rise from a slave child during the Civil War, to the difficulties and obstacles he overcame to get an education at the new Hampton University, to his work establishing vocational schools—most notably the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama—to help black people and other disadvantaged minorities learn useful, marketable skills and work to pull themselves, as a race, up by the bootstraps. He reflects on the generosity of both teachers and philanthropists who helped in educating blacks and native Americans...\nBy: Boyd Cable (1878-1943)\nBetween the Lines\nThis book, all of which has been written at the Front within sound of the German guns and for the most part within shell and rifle range, is an attempt to tell something of the manner of struggle that has gone on for months between the lines along the Western Front, and more especially of what lies behind and goes to the making of those curt and vague terms in the war communiqués. I think that our people at Home will be glad to know more, and ought to know more, of what these bald phrases may actually signify, when, in the other sense, we read 'between the lines.'\nBy: Brander Matthews (1852-1929)\n|Inquiries and Opinions|\nBy: Bret Harte (1836-1902)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Civil War Era\nEvent organizer Diane Tennant shares her experience and expertise with\nPresenters Donnetta Brown (left) and Terry Riffle (right) discuss period\nThe new Beverly Heritage Center gallery offered a comfortable venue,\nfilled with light.\nA selection of period accessories on display.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Exhibition at Lady Lever Art Gallery until December 2011.\nThe beauty and glamour of accessories is highlighted in this stunning new fashion exhibition. Hats, shoes, gloves and fans played an important part in the wardrobe of fashionable 19th and early 20th century ladies.\nFeaturing more than 40 pieces-this display offers an insight into social dilemmas the well dressed lady faced when deciding what to wear and how accessories have changed over time.\nYes, the exhibition is really good. The size of the shoes then,really small wouldnt get my feet into them and im only a\nsize 6 . In the shop at the gallery are items in relation to the exhibition as well.\nWell worth a look.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Known by the Perth dive community simply as “the 58m wreck”, the wreck of The Commiles is the shallowest wreck (58m deep) in the Rottnest Ships Graveyard\nThe Commiles had a rich and varied life at sea:\n- Commissioned for the British Royal Navy in 1918\n- Became a fishing vessel in 1920\n- Returned to the British Royal Navy from 1939 – 1945 as a Mine Sweeper.\n- Returning to the role as a fishing vessel post war\n- Bought by the Royal Australian Navy, used for target practice and sunk in 1953\nThis wreck was identified as The Commiles by Peter Balalas in 2012\nShe survived a bombardment of 14 rockets and 15 250lb bombs, before succumbing to gunfire from R.A.N Minesweepers Fremantle and Mildura.\nDuring a dive lasting 90 minutes, with a bottom time of 25 minutes, a team of 2 WreckSploration divers managed to capture the necessary images to create a 3d model of the wreck.\nSome of the crew of HMS Minesweeper Commiles, adopted by the Daily Mirror reading their fan mail. Over 1000 letters were received by the crew within a month following adoption. The only person whom frowns is the shore based censor. 15th September 1942 c/o Memory Lane UK\nGPS Position and orientation\nAccess the details from the WA Museum Shipwreck Database Here\nAccess the details from Wrecksite.eu Here", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Four men, members of the 10th Mountain Division C Company Mortar Squad, kneel or lie on the ground as they prepare to fire a practice round with a 60 mm. mortar near Camp Hale in Eagle County, Colorado. Shows dust from an explosion on a hillside...\nWorld War, 1939-1945--American--Military personnel.; Camp Hale (Colo.)--1940-1950.; Military training--Colorado--Camp Hale--1940-1950.; Mortars (Ordnance)--1940-1950.; Soldiers--American--Colorado--Camp Hale--1940-1950.; United States. Army....\nDisplay a larger image and more item information when the pointer pauses over a thumbnail\nThumbnail with title\nGrid with smaller thumbnails and more detail\nSelect the collections to add or remove from your search", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "History of the Second World War (2 vols) - VARIOUSOdhams, 1951, Hardback.\nCondition: Near fine. Both volumes very slightly faded on spine.\nRed cloth with gilt on black title plate on spine. Illustrated with B&W photographs. 704pp. Index. Advertisements. Size: 8vo Medium (8\" x 5½\" approx.)\nThis one has already found a new owner.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Story Of Christianity 2\nFree The Story Of Christianity 2 eBooks Read Online or Download Full The Story Of Christianity 2 Textbook PDF, EPUB, Tuebl and Mobi. Get best books in our Library by click download or read online button. We cannot guarantee that every books is in the library!\nBeginning with the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century, this second volume of The Story of Christianity continues narrative history to the present. Historian Justo Gonzalez brings to life the people, dramatic events, and shaping ideas of Protestantism, Catholicism, and Orthodoxy during this period, keynoting crucial theological developments while providing fresh understanding of the social, political, and economic forces that influenced the formation of the church. In particular, the author notes recurring themes of unrest, rebellion, and reformation. Gonzalez presents an illuminating record of the lives, impelling ideas, and achievements of such prominent figures as Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, and John Calvin––movers and shapers in the emerging Protestant church. His biographical insights, in conjunction with vivid historical accounts, reveal how individual lives mirror and clarify core theological concerns and developments. The interpretive overview of The Story of Christianity includes a thorough and timely analysis of the growth and maturation of Christianity, including events in Europe, the United States, and Latin America––the latter an area too often neglected in church histories, yet increasingly vital to an understanding of Christianity's historical development, present situation, and future, options. Gonzalez's richly textured study discusses the changes and directions of the church in the traditions of Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, and Eastern Christianity. The Story of Christianity covers such recent occurrences as the World Council of Churches, the Second Vatican Council, the movement toward Christian unity, and much more. It concludes with a thoughtful look at the major issues and debates involving Christians today.\nBeginning with the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century, this fully revised and updated second volume of The Story of Christianity continues the marvelous history of the world's largest religion. Award-winning historian Justo Gonzalez bring to life the people, dramatic events, and theological debates that have shaped Protestantism, Catholicism, and Orthodoxy. From the monk Martin Luther, who dared to stand up to a corrupt pope, to the surprising spread and growing vitality of today's church in Africa, Asia, and South America, The Story of Christianity offers a complete and up-to-date retelling of this amazing history. With new information on the important contributions of women to church history as well as the latest information on Christianity in developing countries, Gonzalez's richly textured study discusses the changes and directions of the church up to the twenty-first century. The Story of Christianity covers such recent occurrences as the fall of the Soviet Union and the return of the Russian Orthodox Church; feminist, Africa-American, and Third-World theologies; the scandals and controversies facing the reign of Pope Benedict XVI; interfaith dialogue; and the movement toward unity of all Christian churches. This revised and updated edition of The Story of Christianity concludes with a thoughtful look at the major issues and debates facing Christianity today.\nThe Story of Christianity, Volume 1, is an informative, interesting, and consistently readable narrative history. It brings alive the people, dramatic events, and ideas that shaped the first fifteen centuries of Europe, such as the Spanish and Portuguese conquest of the New World. Historian Justo Gonzalez shows how various social, political, and economic movements affected Christianity's internal growth. Gonzalez skillfully weaves in relevant details from the lives of prominent figures from the apostles to John Wycliffe, tracing out core theological issues and developments as reflected in the lives and struggles of leading thinkers within the various traditions of the church. \"The history of the church, while showing all the characteristics fo human history, is much more than the history of an institution or movement,\" Gonzalez stresses. \"It is a history of the deeds of the spirit in and through the men and women who have gone before in the faith.\" The Story of Christianity demonstrates at each point what new challenges and opportunities faced the church, and how Christians struggled with the various options open to them, thereby shaping the future direction of the church. The Story of Christianity will serve as a fascinating introduction to the panoramic history of Christianity for students and teachers of church history, for pastors, and for general readers.\nA treatment of the evolution of Christian thought from the birth of Christ, to the Apostles, to the early church, to the great flowering of Christianity across the world. Beginning with Augustine, Volume 2 covers the flowering of Christian thought that characterized both the Latin West and the Byzantine East during the Middle Ages.\nIn this fully revised and updated edition, the lauded church historian Justo González tells the story of Christianity from its fragile infancy to its pervasive dominance at the dawn of the Protestant Reformation. The Story of Christianity, volume 1, relates the dramatic events, the colorful characters, and the revolutionary ideas that shaped the first fifteen centuries of the church's life and thought. From Jesus's faithful apostles to the early reformist John Wycliffe, González skillfully weaves details from the lives of prominent figures tracing core theological issues and developments within the various traditions of the church. The Story of Christianity demonstrates at each point what new challenges and opportunities faced the church and how Christians struggled with the various options open to them, thereby shaping the future direction of the church. This new edition of The Story of Christianity incorporates recent archaeological discoveries to give us a better view of the early Christian communities. Among these are advances in the recovery of Gnostic texts that have revealed a richer diversity of \"Christianities\" in the first century. González also includes important research done in the past twenty-five years revealing the significant role of women throughout the history of the church. With lively storytelling incorporating the latest research, The Story of Christianity provides a fascinating introduction to the panoramic history of Christianity.\n“This crisp retelling of Christian history from the days of the apostles to the eve of the Reformation is filled with insight.” — Mark A. Noll, Wheaton College The Story of Christianity, Volume 1 is a narrative history of Christianity, from the Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation, from Justo L. Gonzalez, author of the highly praised three-volume History of Christian Thought.\nA two-volume introductory survey of church history from its origins to the present day Designed for an educated lay audience and students in introductory college and seminary church history courses, these visually stunning textbooks are carefully written for first-time learners in the subject areas. Invitation to Church History: World walks readers through the story of God's people from Christ to the contemporary church around the world. Invitation to Church History: American chronicles American church history from the pilgrims to contemporary denominations in the United States. In these full-color textbooks, many features facilitate learning: photos make the material come alive for the reader; diagrams clarify and distill complex concepts and sets of information; and review materials aid the student in processing and retaining the concepts in each chapter. Readers will gain a clear understanding of the meaning of the gospel, the wonder of divine redemption, and the majesty of God. The story of the church is presented as part of the redemptive history of God and His people. With a conservative, Christ-centered perspective, Hannah writes with fairness and generosity toward diverse views.\n“Jenkins is one of America’s top religious scholars.” —Forbes magazine The Lost History of Christianity by Philip Jenkins offers a revolutionary view of the history of the Christian church. Subtitled “The Thousand-Year Golden Age of the Church in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia—and How It Died,” it explores the extinction of the earliest, most influential Christian churches of China, India, and the Middle East, which held the closest historical links to Jesus and were the dominant expression of Christianity throughout its first millennium. The remarkable true story of the demise of the institution that shaped both Asia and Christianity as we know them today, The Lost History of Christianity is a controversial and important work of religious scholarship that sounds a warning that must be heeded.\nThe New York Times bestseller and definitive history of Christianity for our time—from the award-winning author of The Reformation and Silence A product of electrifying scholarship conveyed with commanding skill, Diarmaid MacCulloch's Christianity goes back to the origins of the Hebrew Bible and encompasses the globe. It captures the major turning points in Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox history and fills in often neglected accounts of conversion and confrontation in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. MacCulloch introduces us to monks and crusaders, heretics and reformers, popes and abolitionists, and discover Christianity's essential role in shaping human history and the intimate lives of men and women. And he uncovers the roots of the faith that galvanized America, charting the surprising beliefs of the founding fathers, the rise of the Evangelical movement and of Pentecostalism, and the recent crises within the Catholic Church. Bursting with original insights and a great pleasure to read, this monumental religious history will not soon be surpassed.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We are a recipient of the Exeter Area Chamber of Commerce's 2011 Business of the Year Award!Put Exeter Historical Society into our Exeter online vacation planner to see other points of interest to visit during your vacation in Exeter.\nFor over 80 years the Exeter Historical Society has been collecting artifacts from Exeter’s past ... and its present.\nOur collections illustrate the town’s rich and fascinating history, its residents, and ultimately its place in the larger history of both the state and the nation.\nA non-profit organization, the Exeter Historical Society offers regular programs of local historical interest and is a repository for documents, maps, photos, artifacts, and other ephemera pertaining to Exeter, New Hampshire.\nWe maintain a research library, act as a resource for genealogical research, co-sponsor historical events and publications, create exhibits hoping to encourage historic preservation, and document today’s events as the history of tomorrow.\nExeter Historical Society Reviews\nMy great niece needed to do a school project about her ancestors and she decided to do it on her father’s side of the family. Her great grandmother and the AMAZING women at the Exeter Historical... more »\nLocated on Front st in Exeter you could mistake the Historical society for a part of Phillips Exeter academy. Great stop for history buffs wanting to know more about Exeter with plenty of artifacts... more »\nFriendly group of people who host interesting events regularly. Very knowledgeable about local history!\nPlan your trip to Exeter\nGet a personalized planA complete day-by-day itinerary\nbased on your preferences\nCustomize itRefine your plan. We'll find the\nbest routes and schedules\nManage itEverything in one place.\nEveryone on the same page.\nPopular things to do in Exeter\nPlans to Exeter Historical Society by other users\n22 days in New Hampshire BY A USER FROM TURKEY May, popular sights Preferences: May Attraction style: Popular sights Pace: Medium 44 days in York BY A USER FROM UNITED STATES May, popular sights Preferences: May Attraction style: Popular sights Pace: Medium 22 days in Exeter BY A USER FROM TURKEY July, teens, kids, popular sights Preferences: July, teens, kids Attraction style: Popular sights Pace: Medium 3 days in Boston BY A USER FROM UNITED STATES April, popular sights Preferences: April Attraction style: Popular sights Pace: Medium 36 days in New Hampshire BY A USER FROM UNITED STATES May, popular sights Preferences: May Attraction style: Popular sights Pace: Medium 60 days in United States BY A USER FROM AUSTRALIA July, popular sights Preferences: July Attraction style: Popular sights Pace: Medium", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Find providers and contact information\nBuildings & Monuments in Oslo\nShowing 1-10 of 79 results\nVestre Aker Church is in neo-Gothic style, designet by architect Heinrich Ernst Schirmer. The church was inaugurated in 1855.\n\"The Fishermen\" is a wall decoration from 1970 made by Norwegian artist Carl Nesjar based on drawings by Pablo Picasso. It can be seen on the end wall...\nMedival manor with a main house from the 17th century and a basement from the 13th century.\nThe manor can be rented for private parties and is a popu...\nOld wooden manor with buildings and interior from the 18th and 19th centuries, situated in idyllic surroundings at Sagene near the Akerselva river....\nGrønland Church has been called \"the cathedral of the east side\", and is one of the biggest churches in Oslo.\nThe church was built in 1869 as a Roma...\nTorshov Church was inaugurated in 1958 and was Norway's first \"working chuch\". Architects: Ulf Nyquist and Per Sunde.\nThe church is richly decorated...\nThe Center for Studies of Holocaust and Religious Minorities in Norway is located in Villa Grande on the Bygdøy peninsula. During World War II Villa Gr...\nThe Astrup Fearnley Collection is a collection of modern and contemporary art counted among the most significant of its kind in Northern Europe. The mu...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Thomas Bach praises 'champion' John Coates as he stands down as President of AOC\nSydney International Olympic Committee (IOC) President Thomas Bach was in Sydney on Saturday as IOC Vice-President John Coates stood down as President of the Australian Olympic Committee (AOC) after 32 years in charge.\nSydney [Australia]: International Olympic Committee (IOC) President Thomas Bach was in Sydney on Saturday as IOC Vice-President John Coates stood down as President of the Australian Olympic Committee (AOC) after 32 years in charge.\nSpeaking at the Annual General Meeting of the AOC, Coates told delegates, as per IOC: \"Our Olympic team must always express that Australia is, or at the very least aspires to be, a peaceful, cohesive and equal society where everyone gets their chance.\"\n\"It is our independent pursuit of Olympic ideals which makes it possible for us to do what we do so well: to help Australia chase their dreams. Today, with a full heart, I thank you for giving me the chance to live mine,\" he added.\nPaying a personal tribute, President Bach told attendees: \"In the Olympic Movement, we know a lot about unique individuals. You may not have the grace and elegance of Cathy Freeman, and you may not have the dynamism of Dawn Fraser, but you are truly a 'one-off'. You have changed the face of the Olympic Movement here in Australia. You are a champion, my friend.\"\nCoates is the only National Olympic Committee (NOC) President who has succeeded in bringing the Olympic Games twice to their home country. He will continue as Honorary President of the AOC and as Vice-President of the Organising Committee for the Olympic Games Brisbane 2032.\nLater, in a vote at the AGM, the AOC chose Ian Chesterman to replace Coates at the head of the organisation. (ANI)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "\"To Know Christ and To Make Him Known\"\nA selection of photos from past activities and fellowship events.Click/tap any image to enlarge and scroll through the album.\nThe most recent photos can be found on our Facebook Page\nThis page is made possible though our congregation generously sharing their personal photos of church events and activities.We’re always looking for more, so please feel free to contact the church office to share yours on our website or on our Facebook page.\nThanks to our church members for contributing their photos\nVisit our photo archives", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Virginia dating website\nonline dating services reviews meet asian singles free christina dating?farm dating online dating a asian girl free dating sites for older singles get it on dating website asian dating services best site for online dating - russian women to marry free dating sites for older singles free online dating singles free dating sites for older singles asia dating site; russians brides best free lesbian free dating sites for older singles free dating service online muslim matchmaking: meet lesbians in my area sites dating online dating service free ...\nFind local singles or singles around the world on our advanced live video/audio chat!muslima review lesbian clips free muslima review where to meet asian singles israeli dating site.muslima marriage toronto interracial dating totally free dating service.Heart to Heart Introductions is a professional dating service for busy singles in Va, Md and Dc.\nHeart to Heart Introductions will give you the control you are looking for in your personal life.\nFree dating if you set the cost for a date to 0 or paid dating where you can set your own price.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Hasaacas Ladies FC were forced to settle for a point away from home against Police Ladies FC on match week 12 of the Malta Guinness Women’s Premier League.\nLinda Eshun’s stunning first half strike was levelled by Police Ladies’ Mary Berko on the 70th minute as Hasaacas Ladies shared the spoils on the road.\nYussif Basigi’s side did all that they could but a 70th minute Mary Berko goal draw parity and meant the spoils would be shared.\nGrace Banwaa returned to the goal post and the pair of Linda Eshun and Abiba Issah maintained their place in the central defence.\nThe right and left defensive pair were Comfort Owusu and Fatimata Fuseini.\nThere was the midfield trio of Doreen Copson, Fidous Yakubu and Faustina Nyame Aidoo.\nDoris Boaduwaa, Veronica Kumah-Baah and Fatoumata Tamboura were the three that led the attack.\nYussif Basigi was in full force to see to a change in fortune after failing to pick a win in the last four away games.\nAn early lead courtesy skipper, Linda Eshun inside the first half gave the Giants the full bragging rights until the 70th minute equalizer.\nWhat it means\nHasaacas Ladies FC remain second on the log following a goalless draw game between leader Army Ladies and Faith Ladies.\nHasaacas Ladies will return to the Sekondi Gyandu Park to play Thunder Queens FC on match day 13 of the WPL.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Deborah \"Debbie Dee\" Michelle Devereaux\n- 55 years old\n- Date of birth: February 27th, 1961\n- Place of birth:\nGlendale, California, United States\n- Date of passing: June 5th, 2016\n- Place of passing:\nAptos, California, United States\nThis memorial website was created in the memory of our loved one, Deborah \"Debbie Dee\" Devereaux, 55, born on February 27th, 1961 and passed away on June 5th, 2016. We will remember her forever.\nLeave a Tribute:\nHave a suggestion for us?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Fort Cavazos (formerly Fort Hood) - Small Business Base Contracting Information and Guidance\nFort Cavazos (formerly Fort Hood) U.S. Army - Fort Hood. Small business contracting opportunities and guidance for doing business with Fort Cavazos and U.S. Army units located at this installation. Provided below is a compilation of the various types of services, products, equipment, and consumable goods procured by the Fort Cavazos base contracting office. Also provided are points of contact for doing business at this Army installation along with a list of major on-site Army units and tenant organizations.\nDownload our helpful Defense Contracting Guidebooks:\nFort Cavazos is home to numerous U.S. Army units and defense organizations. Three of the largest units are the III Armored Corps, the First Army Division (West), and the 1st Cavalry Division.\nThe III Armored Corps is a major U.S. Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) organization. III Armored Corps trains and prepares for rapid deployment worldwide. It is able to conduct Army, joint, and multi-national force missions on a global basis. The III Corps has four combat divisions, a sustainment command, a cavalry regiment, a fires brigade, and various support units comprised of more than 100,000 soldiers.\nFirst Army's Division (West) provides realistic battle training and mobilization preparation support for both active and reserve Army component forces in the western area of the United States.\nThe First Cavalry Division is a combined arms U.S. Army combat organization. It's +26,000 soldiers utilize both armored warfare, combat aviation, and mechanized infantry.\nFort Cavazos (formerly Fort Hood) is located about 60 miles\nnorth of Austin, Texas.\nMilitary Units and DoD Tenant Organizations at Fort Cavazos\n- III Army Corps\n- First Army Division West\n- 1st Cavalry Division\n- 36th Engineer Brigade\n- 13th Sustainment Command\n- 3rd Cavalry Regiment\n- 41st Fires Brigade\n- 504th Battlefield Surveillance Brigade\n- 89th Military Police Brigade\n- 85th Civil Affairs Brigade\n- 1st Medical Brigade\n- Carl R. Darnall Army Medical Center (CRDAMC)\n- Army Operational Test Command\n- 13th Financial Management Center\n- 407th Army Field Support Brigade\n- 48th Chemical Brigade\n- 69th Air Defense Artillery Brigade\n- 57th Expeditionary Signal Battalion\n- 62nd Expeditionary Signal Battalions\nU.S. Army - official website: https://www.army.mil/\nFort Cavazos - base operator and locator: 254-286-5139\nFort Cavazos - Base Contracting\nThe 418th Contracting Support Brigade at Fort Cavazos provides both government contracting administration and contract procurement support for the various U.S. Army and defense organizations located on-site. The base contracting office is a subordinate unit of the Army's Mission and Installation Contracting Command (MICC).\n418th Contracting Support Brigade\nBuilding 2241, 58th Street and Support Ave.\nFort Cavazos, Texas 76544\nFort Cavazos MICC\n761st Tank Battalion Ave., Room W103\nFort Cavazos, Texas 76544-5025\nContracting Specialists at Fort Cavazos:\nPhone: 254-288-0292 / 254-287-5575 / 254-287-7738 / 254-287-3057\nFort Cavazos Small Business Programs\nFort Cavazos's Small Business Advisor (SBA) assists small businesses wanting to do business with the base and its on-site units. You can contact the Fort Cavazos Small Business Office to set up an appointment with an SBA and learn more about engaging in business with this Army installation.\nAdditional Resources for Small Businesses:\nTypes of products and services procured by Fort Cavazos\nThe Defense Studies Institute has compiled a master list of the types of products and services\nthat are routinely purchased commercially (or contracted for) by this Army installation and other\ndefense organizations. View Master List", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Joseph Andrew Wendel, 87, died in his home in Salem, Ohio on January 1, 2014. Joe was born in Salem on November 30, 1926 to Anna and Pavel Wendelsky, who were Lithuanian immigrants.\nHe graduated with the Salem High School class of 1945 and served in the U. S. Army Air Corps as an airplane mechanic instructor, earning an honorable discharge in 1947. He supported his mother as a tool and die maker while earning a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from Youngstown State University. Later, he earned his master's degree from the University of Akron and became a Professional Engineer.\nJoe married the late MaryEllen Wendel in 1958. They lived for a short time in Warren, OH before returning to Salem in 1960, where they raised five children.\nMr. Wendel served as Professor and Associate Dean of Engineering and Technology at Salem Technical School and Kent State University from 1960 until he retired in 1989. He was named Kent State University Professor Emeritus.\nThroughout his life, Joe was active in St. Paul Catholic Church of Salem. He served as minister of the Eucharist, member of the Board of Catholic Charities, and member of the Knights of Columbus, fourth degree.\nJoe loved learning and sharing his knowledge with others, took pleasure in building and repairing things for his family, and enjoyed classical music.\nJoe is fondly remembered by his five children: Joanne (Jim) Morrison, Barb (Ed McIlduff) Wendel, Genie (Don Yeasted) Wendel, Paul (Joyce) Wendel, and Marti Wendel; his seven grandchildren: James Morrison, Matt Grimm, Eric (Alexis) Grimm, Edward McIlduff, Jr., Daniel McIlduff, Marie (Steve) Hovanic, and Emily Wendel; and his great grand-daughter, Aria, to whom he was very close. He also is survived by four nephews and nieces and eleven grand-nephews and grand-nieces.\nCalling hours will be Friday, January 3 from 6-8 p.m. at the Stark Memorial Funeral Home, 1014 E. State St. in Salem, 330-332-5139. A Knights of Columbus ceremony will follow at 8 p.m., including praying the rosary. A funeral mass will be held Saturday, January 4 at 9:30 a.m. at the St. Paul Catholic Church, 935 E. State Street in Salem, 330-332-0337. Burial will be at Grandview Cemetery with full military honors provided by the Salem Honor Guard.\nIn lieu of flowers, remembrance donations may be made to the Salem Alumni Association, 330 East State Street, Salem, OH 44460, 330-332-1427 or to St. Paul's School, 925 East State Street, Salem, OH 44460, 330-337-3607.\nJoe's obituary may be viewed and condolences sent online at www.starkmemorial.com.\n(Stark Memorial Funeral Home 330-332-5139, RC 1-3-14)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A Banks County man died in an early morning fire on Friday.\nWilliam Macklin Waters, 68, of 108 Fulbright Road, Carnesville, was the victim of a single wide mobile home fire at 4:30 a.m. Friday. Waters was the only resident inside.\nThe fire was extinguished by the Banks County Fire Department. It is suspected that fire originated in the kitchen.\nThe investigation is being led by Banks County Fire Department. No foul play is suspected.\"", "label": "No"}
{"text": "PARMA HEIGHTS, Ohio – Larry A. DeCamp, 55, formerly of Austintown, Ohio passed away on Wednesday, Jan. 23, 2013.\nHe was the beloved husband of Lorin for 12 years; devoted father of Michelle Green (Dustin); loving grandfather of Olivia Green; dearest son of Lawrence (deceased) and Phyllis (Hoyt) DeCamp; dear brother of Cliff DeCamp (Barbara); cherished uncle of Joe Sauders and Andrew DeCamp; and dear friend of many.\nIn lieu of flowers, memorials may be forwarded to the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, 3900 Wildlife Way, Cleveland, OH 44109 or the American Diabetes Association, 4500 Rockside Road, No. 440, Independence, OH 44131.\nA memorial service will be at the First United Methodist Church of Austintown, 6749 Mahoning Ave., Austintown, OH 44515 on Monday, Jan. 28, 2013, at 1 p.m.\nFriends may call at the Busch Funeral Home, 7501 Ridge Road, Parma, Ohio from noon until the time of the memorial service at 1 p.m. on Saturday, Feb. 2.\nCremation by Busch Crematory.\nto view this obituary", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The 147th Annual Convention of the Diocese of Southern Ohio was held virtually November 13 via Zoom.\nSix resolutions were considered by the Convention, including a resolution to change the canonical status of St. Paul’s, Logan, from mission to parish status. That measure was unanimously approved in both the lay and clergy orders.\nOther resolutions adopted included approval of an updated Mission Share Funding Plan, and continuing the work of the Reparations Task Force. Two resolutions called for convention to approve the sponsorship of resolutions at The Episcopal Church General Convention in July 2022. A resolution proposed by the Trustees of the Church Foundation to create a building fund was not approved. You can see the text of the resolutions adopted and the ballot results here.\nSeveral leadership positions in the diocese were up for election; new members were elected to Diocesan Council, Standing Committee, Trustees of the Diocese, Trustees of the Church Foundation, Regional Disciplinary Review Board and Procter Center Board. You can see the election results here.\nResolutions to approve and implement the 2022 Operating Budget were also approved. You can see the budget here.\nProvisional Bishop Wayne Smith addressed the convention. The video of the address can be viewed below. Reports from the Trustees of the Diocese and the Diocesan Treasurer were also presented; the summaries of these reports will be included in the convention journal. Written annual reports from the committees, commissions and task forces can be found here.\nDates and location for the 148th Annual Convention were announced by Diocesan Council 1st Vice President David Thomson. The two-day, in-person gathering is scheduled for December 9-10, 2022, at the Roberts Centre in Wilmington.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The St Peter Port Lifeboat was launched at 05:39 this morning (Sunday 5th April 2020) to reports of a red flare sighting from Rousse Headland. The Spirit of Guernsey departed St Peter Port at 05:57 arriving on scene at 06:15.\nWeather conditions at the time were good with excellent visibility and calm seas. The Lifeboat searched the area for approximately 2 hours whilst at the same time the shoreline, local moorings and car parks in the Rousse area were checked.\nWith nothing being found both ashore and at sea and no further information forthcoming, the Lifeboat was stood down and was back on station at 08:19.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Majorette - Rare Jeep Cherokee Limited\n0 Item Items\nThis product is no longer in stock\nWarning: Last items in stock!\nThis is the beautiful, hard to find Jeep Cherokee Limited from Majorette. This was released 15+ years ago.\nIt’s been almost the full 15 years since we’ve had one of these in stock, and carded……..they were immediate sellouts when released.\nCollectors Note: Majorette did the Cherokee in many colors and variations, but this was the only done with the Black & Gold paint of the Jeep Cherokee Limited. These are quite hard to find these days, particularly unopened on the original card!\nIt is a great cross-collectible, so if you collect Majorette, Jeep, or Cherokee’s here’s a chance to add this unique piece to your collection. (Approx 1:64 Scale)\nNo customer reviews for the moment.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Franklin Stevens Jr., 31, of Interlachen, and Gina Elizabeth Barnes, 34, of St. Augustine.\nJeffrey Alan Blanton, 36, of Jacksonville, and Katie Lynn Hernandez, 33, of St. Johns.\nJustin Andrew Dinardo, 34, and Susan Elizabeth College, 32, both of St. Augustine.\nJ B Kenneth Petty Jr., 48, of Ringgold, Ga., and Angi Nicole Bell, 48, of St. Augustine.\nKenneth Wayne Belshe Jr., 52, and Denise Lynn Bunch, 31, both of St. Augustine.\nJames Douglas Schirmer, 27, and Ashley Nicole Guritza, 25, both of Laramie, Wyo.\nRobert Francis McVay Jr., 29, and Erica Brooke Jarrett, 24, both of Ponte Vedra Beach.\nRoy Avery Jones Jr., 53, and Donna Marie Renta, 43, both of Lizella, Ga.,\nEdward Paul Conlon, 49, and Michelle Ratkovic, 45, both of St. Augustine.\nJames Lee Avery Jr., 51, and Vita Feldmane Cadle, 30, both of St. Augustine.\nChristopher Nicholas Pang, 25, of St. Petersburg, and Joanna Lang Piscitello, 26, of San Mateo.\nMichael Charles Forman, 24, of Palm Springs, and Elizabeth Anne Slade, 27, of Ponte Vedra Beach.\nMichael Wallace Ahearn, 53, and Evelyn Bernadette Clementine, 48, both of St. Augustine.\nAllyn Mark Dennis, 39, and Jena Nicole Baker, 32, both of St. Augustine.\nQuentin Daniel McCart, 35, of Larimore, N.D., and Malgorzata Bogda Hasek, 32, of Palos Hills, Ill.\nGregory Phillip West, 54, and Summer Louise Taylor, 33, both of St. Augustine.\nTrevor Richard Hersey, 23, and Brandy Jean Wilkerson, 23, both of St. Augustine.\nJohn Bradley Ortman, 55, and Tory Juin Watson, 28, both of Peru, Ind.\nLogan Alexander Clark, 23, of Houma, La., and Lucie Mildred Howard, 23, of Ponte Vedra Beach.\nMary Ward Jennings, aka, Mary Foster and Ryan Ward Jennings.\nRobert Murphy and Brenda Murphy.\nEllen E. Van Valkenburg and John R. Van Valkenburg.\nCharles Jeffrey Roberts and Danica Affolter Roberts, aka, Danica Claudia Roberts Affolter.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "On Feb. 3, 2020, Reid and Lisa Marie Wetherell purchased a four bedroom home at 13 Dorchester Court, Prestbury from William and Barbara Jack for $302,000.\nThe property tax paid for this property in 2018 was $8,205.08. This is 2.72% of the sale price of the home.\nThe last time this home sold was Aug. 24, 2017. It last sold for $290,000.\nIn February 2020, this is the only property that sold in Prestbury as of this publication.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In Search of the Abominable Snowman\n30cm x 22cm.  pages, colour illustrations. Grey cloth, silver lettering, pictorial jacket.\nStory of a boy searching for the abominable snowman. Illustrated throughout with photographs of the people and landscapes of Nepal.\nVery Good Condition in Good Jacket. Minor wear to board edges with a small patch of the jacket verso offset to the crown fore-edge corner of the lower board. Previous owner’s name. Tanning and shelf wear to jacket with small chips and tears to edges. Very Good Condition.\n1 in stock", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Bitter Winter reported earlier about the harassment from authorities that the House of Eternal Blessing in Fujian and the House of David Church in Guangdong have been suffering in the past few months. Since then, new information has emerged about the predicament of these two house churches.\nHailed by the authorities for years as the “good Muslims” or “model minority,” China’s Hui citizens are experiencing the crackdown on their culture and traditions as part of the anti-Islam campaign in northwestern provinces and regions.\nA house church preacher was arrested after she posted on a WeChat group some video footage depicting government’s persecution of religion. As a result, her church was forcibly closed down.\nA Buddhist Temple in Fujian Province was razed to the ground because of the local authorities’ plans to use its land for a real estate development with private companies.\nTwo Protestant Three-Self churches in Henan Province were recently demolished after a round of harassment and without providing to the congregations any credible explanation for their actions.\nA member of The Church of Almighty God was arrested and died in detention soon after. Because of injuries on her body, her family believes that mistreatment by the police caused her death.\nThe police tortured nine co-workers from a house church in Hainan Province, most of them suffered internal injuries as a result.\nNanyang city authorities raided and closed down a meeting venue of the Great Praise house church after its leader refused to join the government-controlled Protestant Three-Self Church.\nA local Religious Affairs Bureau in Hubei Province summoned local Buddhists to a meeting about the newly revised Regulations on Religious Affairs. Not only were they required to pay a participation fee, but also had to purchase national flags and fire extinguishers.\nAfter the temple was sealed off in March this year and all the monks were driven away, one of them kept coming back since he had nowhere else to live. Each time he was discovered by local officials who ordered him to leave.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Obituary for Mae Kosslow\nKOSSLOW, Mae Catherine (nee Keller) Widow of the late James W. Kosslow, passed away August 23, 2017.\nMass of Christian Burial for Mae will be held at 10:00 am on Tuesday, August 29, 2017 at Our Lady of Hope Catholic Church, 4550 Clyde Morris Blvd., Port Orange.\nMae was born in Pittsburgh, PA and moved to this area with her husband Bud in 1985. She was a member of Our Lady of Hope Church choir, a lector at morning Mass, choir librarian. She was a volunteer at the church office and the church thrift store.\nShe retired from business after 43 years as an executive secretary at Rockwell International in Pittsburgh. She was also past President of B.P.O. Elks #11 in Pittsburgh.\nIn lieu of flowers, the family suggests donations be made to Halifax Hospice 301 Wood Briar Trail, Port Orange in memory of Mae. Interment will be at Queen of Heaven Cemetery in Pittsburgh, PA with her husband Jim.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Antique Armoire / Bureau / Cupboards\nWonderful 19th century Bleached Oak Armoire\nA very elegant and useful, 19th century French armoire in bleached oak, with a crown detail, offering plenty of storage. The armoire dismantles for easy transport.\n242 cms High (94.4 inches)\n185 cms Wide (72.2 inches)\n64 cms Deep (25.0 inches)\nPrint this Item\nROOM PREVIEW - Visualise how the item would look in your own surroundings\nDUE TO THE CURRENT CRISIS OUR TETBURY SHOWROOM IS CLOSED. WE REMAIN OPEN VIA THE WEBSITE, INSTAGRAM, EMAIL AND TELEPHONE.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Vienna, September 23, 2010\nThe commission is co-chaired by Metropolitan John of Pergamon, Patriarchate of Constantinople, and Archbishop Kurt Koch, president of Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity.\nEach Local Orthodox Church is represented by two delegates. Representing the Moscow Patriarchate are Metropolitan Hilarion of Volokolamsk, DECR chairman, and Prof. Archpriest Valentin Asmus, St. Tikhon’s Orthodox Humanitarian University. Archimandrite Kirill Govorun, chairman of the Russian Orthodox Church’s education committee, participates in the meeting as consultant.\nCardinal Christoph Schoenborn, Archbishop of Vienna, and Metropolitan Michael of Vienna, Patriarchate of Constantinople, welcomed the participants.\nThe first day was mainly devoted to the methods of further work on the theme ‘The Primacy of the Bishop of Rome in the First Millennium’. Participants exchanged views on the status to be given to the document on this theme, which was partly considered by the previous meeting of the Commission.\nIn the evening, Vienna Burgomaster Michael Haupl gave dinner in honour of the participants in the session.\nThe 12th session of the commission will work till September 26.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Degrees and Certifications:\nBachelors of Science\nHello! I'm originally from El Paso Texas and have been living in San Antonio since 2004. I've taught 6th Grade Science at Harris Middle School since it opened and will also be coaching 8th grade football.\n1st Period (8:20-9:10) Science\n2nd Period (9:14-9:59) Science\n3rd Period (10:03-10:48) Teacher Prep\n4th Period (11:24-12:09) Science\n5th Period (12:13-12:58) Science\n6th Period (1:02-1:47) Science\n7th Period (1:51-2:36) A.I.M.\n8th Period (2:40-3:25) Science", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Mediterranean Dining Room, Chicago\nFun Formal Dining Room decorated for Christmas in red and silver. Large iron and crystal chandelier decorated with vintage crystal ornaments. Large floor mirror hung on the wall. Custom wreaths and garland. Sterling silver flatware, Waterford crystal glasses, Mikasa Christmas china.\nExample of a mid-sized tuscan enclosed dining room design in Chicago with beige walls and no fireplace\nWhat Houzzers are commenting on\nadded this to November 29, 2019\nXmas table decor\nOther Photos in Christmas Decor & Tablescapes", "label": "No"}
{"text": "61. Transfer of registry.-\n(1) The registry of any ship may, with the previous approval of the Director-General, be transferred from one port of registry to another on the application to the registrar of the existing port of registry of the ship made by declaration in writing of all persons appearing in the register to be interested therein as owners or mortgagees, but that transfer shall not in any way affect the rights of those persons or any of them and those rights shall in all respects continue in the same manner as if no such transfer had been effected.\n(2) On receipt of any such application the registrar shall transmit notice thereof to the registrar of the intended port of registry with a copy of all particulars relating to the ship and the names of all persons appearing in that register to be interested therein as owners or mortgagees.\n(3) The ship's certificate of registry shall be delivered to the registrar either of the existing or intended port of registry, and, if delivered to the former, shall be transmitted to the registrar of the intended port of registry.\n(4) On receipt of the documents aforesaid the registrar of the intended port of registry shall enter in his register book all the particulars and names so transmitted as aforesaid, and grant a fresh certificate of registry, and thenceforth such ship shall be considered to be registered at the new port of registry, and the name of the ship\"s new port of registry shall be substituted for the name of her former port of registry on the ship.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "…It is my understanding that when the Federal Court of Appeal quashed the permits to build the expansion project, not only did work stop, but it was reversed.\nEvery one of those stakes had to be pulled. All the hydrovac holes had to be refilled. Access ramps had to be taken out. All equipment had to leave the right-of-way, not simply be parked for a rapid return to work. All the signage, much of it custom made, had to be removed. There’s to be no trace of this work that has taken place. I don’t think they’re going to be putting back the trees that were cleared, but I wouldn’t be surprised, either.\nBut it gets better. The equipment didn’t just get sent back to the marshalling yards along the right-of-way. No sir. Those marshalling yards had to be fully demobilized by the end of September. Nothing left. So the pipeline construction contractors had to pull all their iron out and send it back to wherever it came from, i.e. Edmonton, Fort St. John, wherever.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Fished several miles ne of kellys on the line today. First cast... 23 in walleye. Caught three more pretty quick. The wind died and the lake went to glass and the bite was quickly off. All fish were 23-25in. Lots of sheep and a few perch. All walleye caught with gold on the turn.Back in Port Clinton we talked to two groups who did all right north of west sister on the line. One group had 16. Lots of fish marked.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Landing Fort Wayne, IN 46802 Project size: 25,545 sq. ft. Planned Completion Fall 2019 Model Construction, LLC\nEpworth Forest Buck Lodge 8531 E. Epworth Forest Road, North Webster, IN 46555 Project size: 7,360 sq. ft., responsible for framing and siding Planned Completion Winter 2018 Weigand Construction Co., Inc.\nWingate by Wyndham Hotel 3080 Enterprise Drive, Angola, IN 46703 Project size: framing 4 stories = 34,294 sq. ft., 99 rooms Completed Spring 2019 JICI\nWoodcrest / Adams Memorial Hospital 1300 Mercer Ave, Decatur, IN 46733 Project size: 51,930 sq. ft., responsible for framing, siding, soffit and roof Planned Completion Spring 2019 Witwer Construction, Inc.\nVerizon Store Dupont Road, Fort Wayne, IN 46825 Project size: 3,000 sq. ft. Planned Completion January 2019 Form G Companies, LLC\nFourteen 91 Lofts 1491 W. Kilgore Ave., Muncie, IN 47304 Project size: 69,001 sq. ft., 36 units - reuse historic building/ 21,638 sq. ft., 3 new apartment bldgs./1,819 sq. ft., house Planned Completion Spring 2019 Commonwealth Construction\nMike's Car Wash 4010 East Dupont Road, Fort Wayne, IN 46825 Project size: 8,352 sq. ft. Planned Completion Fall 2018 Haglage Construction\nEndodontics Associates, Inc. 9970 Dupont Circle Drive, Fort Wayne, IN 46825 Project size: 5,364 sq. ft., responsible for framing and roofing Completed Fall 2018 Desmonds, Inc.\nFarmer's State Bank 220 South Detroit Street, LaGrange, IN 46761 Project size: 5,2800 sq. ft. Planned Completion Fall 2019 JICI\nCamp Red Cedar Activity Center 3900 Hursh Road, Fort Wayne, IN 46845 Project size: siding and roofing on 4 cabins and siding on 11,500 sq. ft. activity center Completed Spring 2018 Shawnee Construction\nBlessed Sacrament Church 2290 N. State Road 9, Albion, IN 46701 Project size: 6,300 sq. ft. Completed Spring 2018 Shawnee Construction\nLittle Crow Lofts 201 South Detroit St., Warsaw, IN 46580 Project size: 42 units/4 floors = 84,545 sq. ft. Planned Completion Spring 2018 Commonwealth Construction Corp.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Appropriately enough, the speaker’s subject at a local Women’s Institute this Halloween month was ghosts.\n‘Ghost Stories’ proved very eerie and the speaker, Sheila Walsh, even dressed in character – all in black!\nShe told members of Culcheth WI that all her stories which she described in detail were true and took place in old castles, ruins and even some pubs. Maura Appleby gave a vote of thanks.\nRefreshments were served by Maura, Myrtle Gerrard and Anne Hambleton.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "An early morning fire destroyed the Second Baptist Church located on 4th Street despite efforts of Rutledge and Luverne firefighters.\nA neighbor discovered and reported the fire at 1:43 A.M. today. The fire originated in the rear portion of the attic of the church, owned by the Alabama Crenshaw Baptist Association of Glenwood.\nFile a Complaint, Search for Life Insurance Policy, View Long-Term Care Info, etc.\nApply, Renew, or Print a License, View CE Transcript, Check Status, Exam Sites, etc.\nCompany Search, Filing Requirements, Rate Bulletins, Forms, Captives, Clarity Act, etc.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "GCHQ Was Spying on Foreign Officials During Summit\nThe British government has found itself embroiled in an international scandal today following the leaking of GCHQ documents which bragged of the British spy agency’s pervasive interception of private messages by diplomats at the 2009 G20 summit.\nOfficials from several nations have lashed the invasion of privacy, with the delegates most targeted, Russian, Turkish and South African, issuing statements expressing serious concern about the breech of diplomatic trust.\nThe GCHQ documents, leaked to the Guardian over the weekend, bragged about the “success” of eavesdropping against officials, including Turkey’s Finance Minister and Russia’s then-President Dmitry Medvedev.\nIt went on to claim that its surveillance of the diplomats at the summit was so pervasive that they were able to provide copies of messages to the British delegation in near real-time. The documents detailed breaking into RIMM Blackberry devices, and will likely add to the concerns about the insecurity of such devices in the face of government surveillance, not just for diplomats but for everybody else.\nBritish Foreign Office officials confirmed receiving complaints about the surveillance today, but have declined any other comments, insisting it was a matter of “intelligence” and would be kept secret.\nLast 5 posts by Jason Ditz\n- Pentagon Delivers Plan to Escalate ISIS War - February 27th, 2017\n- Israeli Airstrikes Target Central Gaza, Wounding Four - February 27th, 2017\n- Turkey-Backed Rebels Clash With Syrian Military South of al-Bab - February 27th, 2017\n- Trump Seeks Massive 9% Military Spending Hike - February 27th, 2017\n- Netanyahu: Trump, Israel At Odds Over Settlements - February 27th, 2017", "label": "No"}
{"text": "delivered the opinion of the court:\nMarie Dolejs died the 12th day of November, 1928. She left an estate valued at about $150,000 and left as her heirs-at-law two sons and four grandchildren, the children of a deceased daughter. Afterwards there was admitted to probate in the probate court of Cook county a document purporting to be the will of deceased, devising most of her property to her sons and some little bequests to her grandchildren. Lillian Lizon, a minor grandchild, filed a bill, which was later amended, against the other heirs and the administrator with the will annexed, who was Sumner C. Palmer. The amended bill charged that the will was not the will of Marie Dolejs but that it was forged and was never signed by her or acknowledged by her in the presence of the attesting witnesses. The bill prayed that the alleged will and testament be set aside and declared null and void and deceased’s property be distributed to her heirs according to law. A formal answer was filed by the minor defendants by their guardian ad litem. One of the sons, Charles E. Dolejs, filed an answer admitting the allegations of the amended bill, and a joint and several answer was filed by the other son, Andrew Dolejs, and the administrator with the will annexed, denying that the instrument was forged and asserting its validity. A jury was empaneled and an issue at law was made up, Is the purported will the last will of said Marie Dolejs? The jury returned a verdict that it was not her will. A motion for a new trial was overruled and a decree entered by the circuit court of Cook county in conformity with the verdict of the jury, and one of deceased’s sons, Andrew Dolejs, has appealed to this court.\nThe testimony presented on the trial was conflicting and some of proponents’ testimony was contradictory and inconsistent. One of the subscribing witnesses, Ida Schiffer, testified she was present when the will was written by deceased in the Bohemian language during August, 1927; *66that it was at 2121 Nineteenth street, and the other subscribing witness, Wadislaw Adaszkiewicz, was also there. The witness signed the will as Ida Schiffer. She testified the instrument was written at the place she was; that she was married in August, 1925, to a man named Sommers and had lived with him since as his wife. She also testified she was a former sweetheart of Andrew Dolejs, and that she had not seen deceased for about three years before August, 1927, and had not been in her house from that time until her death, in 1928; that she never told anyone she witnessed or signed the will; that when deceased signed the. instrument she was standing up and there was no space between her name and the end of the writing; that there was more writing on the instrument at the time she signed it. She also testified deceased never said anything about who put her name to the instrument, as no name was signed when the witnesses were there. She stated that she saw deceased sign her name and then the subscribing witnesses signed.\nThe other subscribing witness was Wadislaw Adaszkiewicz, a man of Polish descent. He testified he saw deceased sign the paper; that he signed it at the end at her request and in her presence; that she said she was writing a will, and he told her she would have to have two witnesses. He testified she told him when he came to her house that she was writing a will in the Bohemian language; that he told her son Andrew, after his mother’s death, that she had made a will but did not tell him that he signed it. Pie said he saw deceased writing on the will but did not see her write her name to it.\nA Mr. Tvrzicky, a real estate broker, who was familiar with the Bohemian language, made a translation of the will for the proponents. He testified he had known deceased sixteen years; that she was a midwife and handled cases mostly for Polish working ladies. He stated he had seen her write and would know her signature, and that *67the signature to the will was her signature. On cross-examination he testified that the body of the will was not in her handwriting and that the will and the signature thereto were not written by the same party.\nAnthony Holub, an attorney, testified for proponents that he had known testatrix since 1916 or 1917 and had represented her for about three years; that he had seen her write her name twenty or thirty times, the last time in June, 1927; that the writing in the will is not the same handwriting as the signature to it. He was of opinion the signature at the bottom of the instrument was that of Mrs. Dolejs.\nOn the part of contestant, B. C. Bartix, employed by the Kaspar American State Bank; R. F. Hgiecek, vice-president and cashier of the Lawndale National Bank; A. L. Reeck; Julius Krippner, deputy clerk of the criminal court; James W.Mraz, an attorney; Q. J. Chott, an attorney; Stanley Borlcowslci, a bank clerk; Joseph Krecek, a real estate dealer; Frank Smith, a real estate broker, and Rudolph Salmon and John J. Moser, handwriting experts, were called as witnesses.\nAndrew Dolejs, the appellant and principal beneficiary under the will, was called as a witness by contestant. He testified he did not know his mother’s signature; that Adaszkiewicz, one of the subscribing witnesses to the will, never told him that he saw the testatrix write a will, but he did tell the witness there was a will and to look for it; that Ida Schiffer also told him that his mother left a will; that he did not remember ever sa)dng that either Adaszkiewicz or Ida Schiffer said they had witnessed the will. He testified that he and his brother Charles, and Johnnie, the little boy, went to West Nineteenth street and found a lot of papers and some money, which they put in one thick package and took it down to Troy street; that the tin can that had all the papers in it came from 2121 West Nineteenth street and they took the papers over to 2600 South *68Troy street; that they were looking for a will at the time and that some time in December they found it.\nB. C. Bartix testified for the contestant that he was familiar with deceased’s signature; that the signature on the instrument purporting to be her will was not her signature, and that the body , of the will and the signature were not, in his opinion, in the same handwriting. The cashier of the Lawndale National Bank testified there was a likeness between the signature on the purported will and the signature on the back of the check which was offered in evidence by contestant but refused to give any opinion as to whether they were written by the same person. Salmon testified that he was an attorney at law and an examiner of questioned documents and writings for sixteen years; that he had examined a thousand disputed matters; that he examined the signature on the purported will and compared it with signatures of deceased; that he made the examination for the purpose of comparing them; that in his opinion the person who signed the exhibits he examined, which were the signatures of deceased, was not the same person who wrote the signature to the will, and gave his reasons for his answers. Moser, a business attorney and handwriting expert, testified that he had examined questioned writings since 1897; that he had made examinations and comparisons of questioned documents in a thousand different cases and testified as an expert; that he made a thorough examination of certain exhibits containing deceased’s signature, and in his opinion the signature to the will was not written by the same person who signed those exhibits; that ip his opinion the will was written by= a different person than the one who wrote the signature to it. Reeck testified for contestant that he had known deceased for about thirty years and saw her right up to within a week or so of her death; that she had talked to him about her business affairs and property and said her son Andrew had it and would not return it to her and would not pay *69the interest or taxes. Smith, a real estate broker for sixteen years, testified for contestant that he had known Adaszkiewicz, one of the subscribing witnesses to the will, for twenty years; that he went with him to 2121 West Nineteenth street about a week after deceased’s death; that he saw the paper then which was offered in evidence as her will; that Andrew Dolejs had the paper and that there were no signatures on the instrument. Krecek testified he had known deceased thirty years and knew her signature; that he talked to her two sons ten or twelve days after their mother’s death and they inquired whether he had drawn a will; that he knew the signature of deceased, and that appearing on the will was not her signature; that he knew the reputation of Adaszkiewicz for truth and veracity in the neighborhood where he lived and that it was bad.\nIt will thus be seen from the brief synopsis we have made of the testimony that it was in great confusion and we think attended with considerable doubt.\nThe material errors assigned are, that the remarks of the judge made during the trial were prejudicial and that the court erred in the admission of testimony. We are of opinion there was no reversible error in the remarks made by the judge during the trial or in the admission of testimony. Hall v. First Nat. Bank of Emporia, 133 Ill. 234; Chicago City Railway Co. v. Carroll, 206 id. 318; Purdy v. Hall, 134 id. 298; Weston v. Teufel, 2x3 id. 291.\nThe verdict of the jury was approved by the court after overruling a motion for a new trial, and the testimony was so contradictory and inconsistent that we cannot say that the conclusion of the jury was against the weight of the evidence. Moyer v. Swygart, 125 Ill. 262; Greene v. Greene, 145 id. 264; Holland v. People’s Bank, 303 id. 381.\nWe think the jury was fairly instructed and that we would be unauthorized to reverse the decree. It is affirmed.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "August 2, 1944 – January 20, 2021\nRutherford College, North Carolina\nMrs. Carolyn Barlow Annas, 76, of Rutherford College, went to her Heavenly Reward Wednesday January 20, 2021 after a courageous battle with cancer.\nMrs. Annas was born August 2, 1944 in Caldwell County, a daughter of the late Ralph Henry Barlow and Helen Philips Barlow. Carolyn retired as an elementary …", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Hannelore Martha Miller\nSunday, July 11, 1937\nSunday, November 13, 2016\nCOLUMBIA – A memorial gathering for Hannelore M. Miller, 79, will be held Saturday from 3pm – 4:30pm at Powers Funeral Home in Lugoff.\nMs. Miller passed away November 13, 2016. Born in Swinemuende, Germany, on July 11, 1937, she was the daughter of the late Rudolph Kremke and Frieda Ungermann Kremke.\nSurviving are her children, Norman Anderson of Columbia, Inger (Rick) Knowles of West Columbia, and Erika (Brian) Anderson of Columbia; grandchildren, Rachel (Ryan) Knowles Cunningham and Lauren Amber Knowles; and brother, Werner (Ria) Kremke of Germany. She was predeceased by her grandson, Jonathan M. Knowles.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Young Vanessa Wong, currently studying in Shrewsbury, is to play the British Championship Title Match against reigning champion Matthew Macfadyen.\nBoth players earned their places at the Challengers' League held over a long weekend at the Nippon Club in central London.\np> Yohei Negi from St. Andrews made it three in a row with his win at the 2010 Open. Second this year was Chi Pan Yau from Hong Kong, who only lost to Yohei. All the players on three wins also got prizes, which consisted of cash plus a bottle of Cairn O’Mohr local fruit wine.\np> 42 players took part in the Bracknell Tournament held again at the community centre in Woosehill, Wokingham. Winner was Felix Wang who beat previous winner Jon Diamond in the last round. Felix became the first holder of the new trophy given in memory of former organiser Clive Hendrie\np>34 players took part in the first stage of the 2010 British Championship at the Diamond at Selwyn College; 26 of the players joined in a meal at the Bella Italia restaurant.\nVanessa Wong (5 dan) won the tournament at her first attempt, winning all 6 of her games. This was Vanessa's first UK adult title\n19 players from 1 kyu to 19 kyu attended the Bar-Low kyu-players only tournament in Cambridge. This year it was again part of the mind sports weekend and held in Whewell's Court of Trinity College. James Murray (2 kyu London) was the winner with four out of five.\np> Unfortunately Cambridge had to withdraw at short notice, so only two teams attended the spring International Teams match. As usual it was held at the Nippon Club in Piccadilly. Each team member played all the members of the other team. It was the Oriental team of Chinese and Japanese\nThe 43rd British Go Congress was held in Scotland’s capital city, Edinburgh. 74 players took part in the British Open, held at the University Union building, Teviot Row House. Andrew Kay (4 dan Cambridge) won with 6/6. Jon Diamond (4 dan Silver Springs) was in second place with 5/6. Also winning 5 was local player Boris Mitrovic (8 kyu).\nThe 43rd British Go Congress was held in Scotland's capital city, Edinburgh. 74 players took part in the British Open, held at the University Union building, Teviot Row House. Andrew Kay (4 dan Cambridge) won with 6/6. Jon Diamond (4 dan Silver Springs) was in second place with 5/6.\nIn this handicap event the winners were Bracknell (3/3); runners up were Maidenhead (2/3).\nPlayers winning 3/3 were Ian Marsh, Edmund Shaw and France Ellul.\nTony Atkins won the 10x10 side tournament.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Race to Legend – Thijs bungee jumps\nAdrian “Lifecoach” Koy and Thijs “Thijs” Molendijk did a Legend race at the start of the month. Thijs lost the challenge, so he had to do a bungee jump. Who would have thought that the Ropecoach would win a speed challenge?\nCreated by Mateusz Drabent – https://vimeo.com/aftervision\nG2 Merchandise: http://www.g2esports.com/shop/\nPowered by Kinguin: http://www.kinguin.net/7en/g2esports\nFollow G2 Esports on Social Media:\nTweets by G2esports", "label": "No"}
{"text": "by Björn Schöpe\nFebruary 14, 2013 – In November 2012 Vermont Police heard about large amounts of coins being cashed in at jewelers and coin shops of the area around Alburg. Approximately 12 to 15 people sold coins worth some $250,000 in total, all of them apparently suspect criminals and drug addicts. Some of the arrested suspects declared they stole the sold coins from the property of a deceased man named Richard Burgess.\nMr Burgess died an accidental death in March 2012. He lived secluded in his camper trailer and was a notorious hoarder. Police did not find any coins after his death but due to the large masses of material can not exclude that there were any. People who knew Mr Burgess state that he indeed had been investing in gold for some years, however, nobody had ever seen any of these coins. After Mr Burgess’s death his property was being looted various times since he had no family and a brother informed about the situation did not contact the authorities.\nPolice is now investigating in where Mr Burgess – who once used to call himself legally Radkin as well and who lived in 578 US Rt 2, Alburg, Vermont – purchased this gold. Detective Sergeant Edward Meslin hopes that some dealer might remember this person as a client and can help with the investigations. If anybody has information regarding this case please contact Edward Meslin: (802)524-5993 x2706 or Doug Davis from the Numismatic Crime Information Center via email.\nIf you want to read more about this story, click here.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Kidambi Srikanth: Indian players continue to shine in the Commonwealth Games 2022. Now Indian badminton star Kidambi Srikanth has won the bronze medal. In the bronze medal match, he defeated Jia Heng Teh of Singapore 21-15, 21-18 in successive games. With this, India’s medal tally in the 2022 Commonwealth Games has gone up to 51. Actually, during this match, Indian player Kidambi Srikanth was battling with a leg injury, but he did not let this injury come in the way.\nDipika Pallikal and Saurav Ghoshal won bronze in squash\nAt the same time, in squash, the pair of Dipika Pallikal and Saurav Ghoshal won the bronze medal in mixed doubles. The Indian pair defeated Australia’s Lobban Donna and Peele Cameron 2-0 in this bronze medal match. Pallikal and Sourav won the first game 11-8 and the second game 11-4. Earlier, in hockey, the Indian Women’s Hockey Team performed brilliantly and won the bronze medal. Indian women’s team defeated New Zealand 2-1 in the penalty shootout.\nNikhat Zareen won gold medal\nBoxer Nikhat Zareen won the gold medal in the Commonwealth Games 2022. He won this gold medal in the 48-50 kg flyweight category. Indian boxer Nikhat Zareen after winning the gold medal in the 48-50 kg flyweight category said that I am very thrilled to win the gold medal for the country. It was a big tournament for me after the World Championships. The people of my country had expected gold medal from me in the Commonwealth Games 2022 as well, and now I am very happy to have done so.\nread this also-\nCWG 2022: Team India’s dream of winning gold shattered, lost by 9 runs to Australia in the final, had to be satisfied with silver\nCWG 2022: Sourav and Deepika won bronze in squash, India bagged 50th medal", "label": "No"}
{"text": "3351 Hope, Amarillo, TX 79124\nListing Provided By Rick Thomason of Thomasonscott\n2205 S Julian Blvd, Amarillo, TX 79102\nListing Provided By Velma Purdy of Keller Williams Realty Amarillo\n2501 S Grand St, Amarillo, TX 79103\nListing Provided By Gary Papay of Century 21 Boston Company\n33200 Sierrita Cir, Amarillo, TX 79010\nListing Provided By Tiffaney Belflower of Belflower Realty Group\n2200 S Hughes St, Amarillo, TX 79109\nListing Provided By Frances Frost of Fathom Realty\n1904 S Julian Blvd, Amarillo, TX 79102\nListing Provided By Wendy Collier of Era Courtyard Real Estate\n108 Sunset Ter, Amarillo, TX 79106\nListing Provided By Lusso Group of Exp Realty\n2106 Parker St, Amarillo, TX 79109\nListing Provided By Robert L. Dodich, Jr. of Dodich Real Estate Company\nAccess full property details and exclusive listings.\n(Prices and inventory current as of February 4, 2023)\nVerify the value of your home,\nmaximize your investment and see local market activity.\nWe just need your phone number to finish creating your account.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Appanoose County Sheriff's Office 1125 West Van Buren Street Centerville IA 52544 4.4 miles from Mystic 641-437-7100\nMonroe County Sheriff's Office 103 2nd Avenue West Albia IA 52531 18.4 miles from Mystic 641-932-7815\nWayne County Sheriff's Office 207 North Lafayette Street Corydon IA 50060 19.5 miles from Mystic 641-872-1566\nPutnam County Sheriff's Office 1601 Main Street Unionville MO 63565 21.1 miles from Mystic 816-947-3200\nLucas County Sheriff's Office 48559 Hy Vee Road Chariton IA 50049 26.0 miles from Mystic 641-774-5083\nDavis County Sheriff's Department 110 West Franklin Street Bloomfield IA 52537 27.8 miles from Mystic 641-664-2385\nSchuyler County Sheriff's Office Us 136 Lancaster MO 63548 27.8 miles from Mystic 660-457-3436\nWapello County Sheriff's Office 330 2nd Street West Ottumwa IA 52501 32.3 miles from Mystic 641-684-4350\nMarion County Sheriff's Office 211 North Godfrey Lane Knoxville IA 50138 37.7 miles from Mystic 641-828-2220\nMahaska County Sheriff's Office 214 High Avenue East Oskaloosa IA 52577 39.0 miles from Mystic 641-673-4322\nSullivan County Sheriff's Office 109 North Main Street Milan MO 63556 41.0 miles from Mystic 660-265-3313\nDecatur County Sheriff 207 North Main Street Leon IA 50144 42.0 miles from Mystic 641-446-4111\nMercer County Sheriff's Office 802 East Main Street Princeton MO 64673 42.8 miles from Mystic 660-748-3165\nAdair County Sheriff's Office 215 North Franklin Street Kirksville MO 63501 44.5 miles from Mystic 660-665-4644\nScotland County Sheriff's Office 117 South Market Street Memphis MO 63555 46.3 miles from Mystic 660-465-2106\nClarke County Sheriff 220 Town Line Road Osceola IA 50213 46.5 miles from Mystic 641-342-2914\nA sheriff is an elected law enforcement official for a county. Sheriffs usually have policing jurisdiction over unincorporated areas of the county, though in some states, sheriffs have jurisdiction throughout the state.\nIn many locations, the sheriff also runs the county jail.\nThe sheriff keeps records on criminal arrests, incidents reported to the sheriff, traffic collision reports, and other records. Many of these records are available to the public.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- Wallpaper: West Africa Lizard Point 1 Map Quiz\n- Africa Map\n- October 10, 2018\nPlease share to downloadDownload now West Africa Lizard Point 1 Map Quiz. Our image gallery has huge collection of photos.You can find map quiz on west africa, map quiz west africa, west africa map quiz, west africa map quiz game, west africa map quiz labeling, west africa map quiz seterra, west africa map quiz with capitals, west africa map quizlet, west africa physical map quiz etc. Visit our image gallery to find another Africa Map and images for your computer’s desktop, tablet, android and laptop background wide screen image.We have collected full screen and high resolution images for Africa Map lovers. Just right click on the images and saveon computer.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "CLARKSTON — Walla Walla Valley stayed alive here Sunday in the District 5 Little League 11-year-old baseball tournament with a pair of loser-out victories.\nValley defeated North Franklin County 18-4 and host Asotin County 13-3. The two victories came after Valley had dropped a 3-0 game to rival Walla Walla Pacific in Saturday’s tournament opener.\nJacob Wallace stroked three hits and Bobby Holtzinger, Logan Jones and Jackson Shumate each contributed a pair of hits in Valley’s victory over North Franklin County. Shumate and Holtzinger added three more hits each in the win over Asotin County.\nShumate started on the mound against North Franklin County and pitched the first two frames. River Sanders pitched the third and fourth frames and Brock Betzler closed out the victory in the fifth. The 10-run mercy rule ended the contest after five innings.\nJared McAlvey, Wallace and Jones pitched one inning each, respectively, in the victory over Asotin County. The game was called after three innings because of the 10-run rule.\nThree Walla Walla Pacific pitchers combined on a three-hit shutout in Saturday’s first-round victory over Walla Walla Valley.\nSloan Senne pitched the first two innings, Kristopher Serrano took over in the third and Gavin Wolcott came on in the fourth and finished up the mound duties for the Pacific squad.\nValley actually outhit Pacific 3-2, with Shumate picking up a pair of hits and Jones contributing the third. Senne and William Huntsman accounted for the two Pacific hits against Valley’s Holtzinger, who went the distance on the mound.\nAll of the scoring came in the bottom of the third inning when Pacific struck for three runs.\nWW Pacifc 3, WW Valley 0\nWW Valley 000 000 — 0 3 3\nWW Pacific 003 00x — 3 2 1\nHoltzinger and Crudup; Senne, Serrano(3), Wolcott(4) and Ashbeck, Senne(3),\nHits — WWV: Shumate 2, Jones; WWP: Senne, Huntsman.\nWW Valley 18, N. Franklin County 4\nWW Valley 511 47 — 18 10 0\nNFC 210 00 — 4 3 5\nShumate, Sanders(3), Betzler(5) and Crudup, Holtzinger(3); Angel, Pauley(4) and Haye.\nHits — WW: Shumate 2, Holtzinger 2, Jones 2, Sanders, Wallace 3; NFC: Pauley 2, Kekitalo.\nWW Valley 18, Asotin County 3\nWW Valley 235 3 — 13 8 3\nAsotin 003 X — 3 2 2\nMcAlvey, Wallace(2), Jones(3) and Crudup; Wyatt, Olsen(3) and Harout.\nHits — WW: Shumate 3, Holtzinger 3, Jones, McAlvey; AC: Peace, Hurst.\nPacific 10-year olds one win away from district title\nCLARKSTON — Walla Walla Pacific won its first game in the District 5 Little League 10-year-old baseball tournament here Sunday and needs one more victory today to capture the district title.\nPacific struck for four runs in the top of the sixth inning to overtake Walla Walla Valley for a 5-4 victory in the winners bracket game. Pacific received a first-round bye Saturday while Walla Walla Valley advanced with a 3-2 victory over Asotin County.\nLater Sunday, Walla Walla Valley was eliminated by Asotin County 14-2.\nAsotin County and Walla Walla Pacific meet here tonight at 5:30 p.m. Asotin County must defeat Pacific twice to claim the championship in the double-elimination tournament.\nAfter grabbing a 1-0 lead in the top of the first inning, Walla Walla Pacific saw Walla Walla National plate single runs in the first, second, fourth and fifth innings to seemingly take control of the game.\nBut in the top of the sixth, consecutive walks to Kole Stubblefield, Ian Swanson and Carter Schreindle loaded the bases with two out. Another walk to Colton Hamada forced in a run, a passed ball allowed the second run to score and Ethan Zehner slammed a two-run double to put Pacific on top.\nLucas James, who came on in relief in the second inning, retired Valley in the bottom of the sixth to seal the victory.\n“Lucas was the key to the game,” Pacific manager Rod Fazzari said. “Our first pitcher, Justin McKenzie, developed some arm pain, thus Lucas came on in the second inning and pitched through the sixth.”\nKopf pitched the first four innings for Valley and held Pacific to one run on two hits.\nEach team collected four hits in the game, with Brady Knowles getting two hits for Pacific and Grady Lemma collecting two for Valley.\nIn Walla Walla Valley’s 3-2 victory over Asotin County, Kopf paced a seven-hit Valley attack with a pair of safeties. Lemma, Casey Swanson, Jacob Rose, Kallen Kenny and Zack Mahan each added one hit.\nRose, Kopf and Swanson and Joe Terry shared the pitching duties.\nSunday’s Walla Walla Valley linescore was not submitted.\nWW Pacific 5, WW Valley 4\nWW Pacific 100 004 — 5 4 3\nWW Valley 110 110 — 4 4 0\nMcKenzie, James (2) and Chase, McKenzie (4), Knowles (5); Kopf, Graham (5) and Terry.\nHits — WW Pacific: Hamada, Zehner, Knowles 2; WW Valley: Lemma 2, Swanson, McCollaugh.\nWW Valley 3, Asotin County 2\nAsotin 000 002 — 2 4 0\nWW Valley 011 01x — 3 7 3\nCaldwell, Schofield (3), Eggleston (5), Larson (6) and Larson, Bogen (3); Rose, Terry (3), Kopf (5), Swanson (6) and Terry, Gonzalez (3).\nHits — Asotin County: Perez, Larson 2, Eggleston; WW Valley: Lemma, Swanson, Kopf 2, Rose, Kenny, Mahan.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Obituary for Harvey Ray (Boots) Stidom\nHarvey Ray (Boots) Stidom|\nMaster Mechanic Was Lewisburg Resident\nHarvey Ray (Boots) Stidom, 81, of Lewisburg, West Virginia, formerly of White Sulphur Springs, passed away unexpectedly at his home on Friday, July 6, 2018.\nHe was the beloved husband of 59 years of Margie Stidom.\nHarvey was born February 28, 1937 in Friars Hill, WV, the son of the late Ernest and Lucy Ray Stidom.\nHarvey retired from Mountain International, where he was a master mechanic. He was a talented woodworker and valued handyman to his family and friends.\nHe was a member of McMillion United Methodist Church at Friars Hill, WV.\nIn addition to his parents, he was preceded in death by his brother, Roger Stidom and his granddaughter, Debra Bretz.\nSurvivors in addition to his wife are his five children, Dale Stidom (Linda) of Lewisburg, Rhonda Smith (George) of White Sulphur Springs, Cynthia Gresak (Thom) of Richmond, VA, Angela Miller (Brad) of Knoxville, TN, Wendy Hylton (Daron) of Lewisburg; grandchildren, Jared Smith (Kendra), Taren Winnings (Mitch), Hayden Gresak, Madison Gresak, Noah Hylton; great grandchildren, Izzabella and Laiklee; one sister, Marjorie Bare (Sam) of Lewisburg.\nThere will be a graveside service on Sunday, July 8, 2018 at 3:30 p.m. at Morningside Cemetery in Renick, WV with Pastor Randy Gilliam officiating.\nVisitation will also be Sunday, July 8, 2018 from 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. at Wallace and Wallace Funeral Home in Lewisburg.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "BENI, CONGO- Suicide bomber attacks and kills about 6 people in a bar.\nA bar in the eastern part of Congo, in the city of Beni\nwas attacked by a suicide bomber as many were gathered to\nIt was gathered that an attack like this was melted on\nthe people where an Islamic State group affiliate took\nresponsibility for the attack in June early this year.\nThe residents claimed that heavy gunfire was heard\nafter the bomb went off causing chaos and fear as people\nbegan to run for their lives.\nAbout 13 people were being rushed to the hospital for\ntheir wounds to be treated. Some dead bodies were found\nat the site of the attack, including two children and two\nMayor Narcisse Muteba has assured the people that\nproper investigation is been carried out to find the\nperpetrators of the terrorist attack.\n“The suicide bomber, prevented by the security man,\nactivated the bomb at the entrance of the bar.” Said one\nof the eyewitnesses.\nThe Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), the group is\nsuspected to have been the mastermind of this attack.\nUganda and the DRC on November 30, launched a joint\noperation against the ADF in the east of the country to\ntry to quell the bloody ADF attacks.\nThe ADF has been a very deadly group established in\nthe eastern part of Congo in 1995. Since then it has been a\nvery deadly group and a thorn in the flesh of the people\nof Congo and that of Uganda. It has been blamed since\nthen for the killings of thousands of civilians over the\npast decade in the DRC, as well as the bombings in the\nUgandan capital Kampala.\nGeneral Sylvain Ekenge, spoke person for the governor\nof North Kivu, said the people must remain vigilant and\nalso to avoid crowded areas during this holiday season.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "100 pounds of marijuana plants discovered being grown at Mississippi home. 2 arrested each with $1 million bonds.\nPublished 6:10 am Monday, August 23, 2021\nOne million dollar bonds were set for two suspects after a major drug raid in East Mississippi lead to the seizure of approximately 100 pounds of marijuana pants.\nOfficials from the Wayne County Sheriff’s Department arrested John Austin Richardson and Dana Lynn Richardson after the couple were discovered growing approximately 50 marijuana plants at a home near the Wayne-Clarke County line.\nJohn Austin Richardson and Dana Lynn Richardson were each charged with manufacturing marijuana and possession of a controlled substance with intent to distribute.\nBond was set at $1,020,000 for each suspect.\nThe drug raid took place with the help of the Mississippi Bureau of Narcotics (air patrol) and the Clarke County Sheriff’s Department.\nAshley said the entire operation took place with the help of the Mississippi Bureau of Narcotics (air patrol) and the Clarke County Sheriff’s Department.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "No products in the cart.\nShowing all 9 results\nParis Magical Eiffel Tower – Cities Paint By Number\nDinner In The Desert Marrakech – Travels Paint By Numbers\nWhitsunday Island – Paint By Number\nCatseye Beach Hamilton Island – Paint By Number\nCatseye Beach Hamilton Island Australia – Paint By Number\nHamilton Island Australia – Paint By Number\nWoman Boat In Braies Lake – Paint By Numbers\nBlue And Red Trip Tools In Mountains – Paint By Numbers\nTraveler Walking On Water Slope – Landscapes Paint By Numbers\nUsername or email address *\nLost your password?\nEmail address *\nA password will be sent to your email address.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Frederick the Great Four Sonatas for flute and basso continuo-Musica Rara\nFrederick the Great Four Sonatas for flute and basso continuo-Musica Rara. Frederick the Great (der Große, Friedrich II) Editor: Oleskiewicz, Mary\nThese four sonatas stand out for their imaginative power, skill and stylistic variety. This volume, which marks the 300th anniversary of the king’s birth, contains the first edition of four sonatas for solo Flute and Basso Continuo composed by Frederick II, known as “the Great” (1712–1786), King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786.\nIf you have any queries, please call All Flutes Plus on 020 7388 8438 (UK)\nor +44 20 7388 8438 (International)\n- All Flutes Plus accessories are dispatched within the UK by Royal Mail unless otherwise requested with a standard flat-rate of £2.50 per package.\n- All Flutes Plus endeavour to dispatch your order by return and availability of stock if received before 2.30pm.\n- For delivery outside the UK a secure courier service is used for overseas shipment. Not only will the delivery charge change depending on the location, but also the weight of the goods.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "People who voted for this also voted for\nThe History of the Paramount Logo\nWomen Under the Direction of Woody Allen\nAre You Serious?!? Really?!?\nDisneys Designer Gowns Photoshoot\nOld Greek Ads Gallery 1\nBarbarella, Starring Jane Fonda\nCaras Ionut - 2\nClick Your Heels 3 Times!\nPretty B#### Gisela Hahn\nDark Warrior's Goddess Of War 2\nBeautiful Animals Lists?\nGIBSON the Norlin era", "label": "No"}
{"text": "On Sunday, April 26th, your favorite restaurants battle it out in fun-filled events like Queen of the Vine, the Grape Stomp, and, of course, the four-man relay. The Beale Street Wine Race is a tradition that helps kick off Memphis in May, so come out and cheer for your favorite team. Festivities begin with a parade at 1 p.m. on Beale Street. To commemorate the event, we have, for the first time, limited-edition Wine Race posters created and signed by local artist David Lynch, on sale for $25. Posters can be purchased at Alley Katz and Blues City General Store on Beale Street and at 1910 Frame Works, Village Art and Frame, R&W Gallery, BA Framer, and Frame Corner.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Clientele announce summer dates around May's Suburban Light reissue\nIn addition to a highly-anticipated appearance at the Merge 25 Festival, The Clientele have announced a few additional dates this summer. These shows mark the first Clientele tour since 2009's tour in support of Bonfires on the Heath.\nAlso, the May installment of our ongoing 25th Anniversary reissue series is The Clientele's Suburban Light (out May 13).\nFind a full list of The Clientele's tour dates below, and pre-order the Suburban Light reissue now on CD or LP now in the Merge store.\nReleased as a double-disc and one-LP/one-CD set, this new edition of Suburban Light features the album in its original European tracklisting, restored from original analog tapes to sound warmer and a bit less like a batch of demos. The bonus material includes a revelatory set of covers, rehearsals, B-sides, and three unreleased tunes.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Average Sherron Clark...\n25% lived in Georgia\n8% lived in Mississippi\n8% lived in Florida\n59% resided in other states\nAverage age of 36-65 years old\n0% are between 18-35 years old\n46% aged 36-65\n54% are 66 years or older\nSherron Ann Clark\nAge 63 years old Lived in Abingdon, Belcamp, Kingsville, and Bel Air, MD.\nAbout Sherron Clark lived in Abingdon, Maryland. We found 4 mailing addresses that could be used to contact Sherron.\nSherron Y Clark\nAge 43 years old Lived in Fort Valley, Macon, Grayson, and Warner Robins, GA.\nAbout Sherron Y Clark was born 43 years ago and may have rented or owned properties in 4 different places including Fort Valley and Macon, GA.\nSherron Denise Clark\nAge 53 years old Lived in Hinesville and Ludowici, GA.\nAbout Sherron Clark is a 53 years old . She has resided in Hinesville and L, GA.\nSherron L Clark\nAge 73 years old Lived in Jamaica, Bondville, North Clarendon, and South Londonderry, VT.\nAbout Match #4 record's appeared in Jamaica, Vermont.\nSherron Ladell Clark\nAge 72 years old Lived in Medina, Grand Forks, and Forest River, ND.\nWaycross, Bloomingdale, and Guyton, GA.\nBlue Eye, MO\nEaton Park and Lakeland, FL.\nAbout The 5th Possible Result is Sherron Ladell Clark. This Sherron is 72 years old and activity was seen in Medina, North Dakota.\nSherron D Clark\nAge 59 years old Lived in Madisonville, KY\nAbout Sherron D Clark could have been associated with Michael Ray Rickard and Mike R Rickard.\nSharron Thomas Clark\nAge 75 years old Lived in Dacula, Lawrenceville, and Atlanta, GA.\nAbout Sharron Thomas Clark could have been associated with Brenda J Jones.\nSherron Nell Clark\nAge 68 years old Lived in Ferriday, Vidalia, and Ridgecrest, LA.\nSherron P Clark\nAge 72 years old Lived in Jonesboro, Dallas, Mcdonough, Eatonton, and Norcross, GA.\nAbout Sherron P Clark could have been associated with Brenda J Jones, Judith Young Thompson, Kimberly A Thompson, Michael Dean Thompson, and Samuel Lee Thompson.\nSherron Reginald Clark\nAge 39 years old Lived in Dacula and Lawrenceville, GA.\nHuntersville, Charlotte, and Durham, NC.\nTampa and Pembroke Pines, FL.\nAbout Sherron Reginald Clark could have been associated with Anita Clark Robinson.\nSherron Deneise Clark\nAge 50 years old Lived in Memphis, TN\nAbout Sherron Deneise Clark could have been associated with Henry Lee Tucker and Jerry Tucker.\nSherron Annette Clark\nAge 73 years old Lived in Fort Worth and Keller, TX.\nAbout Sherron Annette Clark could have been associated with William Lawrence Cook.\nAge 67 years old Lived in Corpus Christi, TX\nAbout Sherron Niloet could have been associated with Juanita L Niolet.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|Dreamers of the Absolute|\n|On Wandsworth Bridge |\n|Electric Trees: Reflections of Angola |\nYour book/s will be sent within the next working day.\nLarger items are sent by courier, unless you request otherwise below.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The camper was comfortable and we had a great time. Luis was great at communicating, friendly and helpful. We had the unit delivered and it was such an easy breezy experience! Luis provided some extra items that were not advertised and made our stay great. I recommend confirming what items are available/included so you don’t need to over pack. The air was cold, radio played nicely inside and out, master bed was comfortable, shower was spacious, unit was clean. Everything was great and we will absolutely book with Luis again!\n1 Photo submitted by Amber S.\nGreat trip!! Enjoyed every minute of our camping experience!! Thank you so much!!\n1 Photo submitted by Joshua S.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Ben Flanagan finished first in 00:32:21, followed by Scott Fauble who finished with a time of 00:32:23. Rounding out the top three was Leonard Korir with a time of 00:32:28.\nIn the women’s race, it was Caroline Chepkoech (00:35:48) taking the top spot. Margaret Wangari earned runner-up honours with a time of 00:36:43. Rounding out the top three was Mary Wacera with a time of 00:37:17.\nTop 5 Men\nTop 5 Women", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Heritage Landscape Supply Group, Inc., a McKinney, Texas-based subsidiary of SRS Distribution, acquired Wirtz & Daughters Landscape Supply, a family-owned distributor of bulk materials, hardscapes, natural stone, landscape lighting and other landscape products.\nFinancial details were not disclosed.\nSRS ranks No. 6 on MDM’s Top Distributors list for building materials and construction distributors, with $3.8 billion in revenue in 2020.\nHeadquartered in Joppa, Maryland, Wirtz & Daughters was founded by Gary Wirtz and is led today his daughter, Jessica Schaum. Wirtz currently employs nearly 30 people and operates out of two locations northeast of Baltimore.\nSchaum will continue to lead the company going forward, “ensuring continuity and consistency for customer and supplier partners,” Heritage said.\n“We are pleased to welcome Gary, Jessica, and the entire Wirtz team to the Heritage family,” Heritage President Matt McDermott said. “Wirtz has a reputation for first-class customer service, which has enabled the Company to cultivate long-term relationships with the area’s leading professional landscape contractors. Wirtz operates from a prime location on the I-95 corridor and we are looking forward to continuing our expansion across the Eastern Seaboard.”", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Joseph Posmikewich was born August 8, 1933, in Parkland, British Columbia. He was the second child born to Walter and Stella Posmikewich. Joseph went to school at Parkland until grade 7, when at that time of a young man's life they were more or less old enough to go to work. Joseph went on a trip to Poland with his father, Walter, in the mid 1960's and that is where he met the love of his life, Kazimira Zoibron. The two fell in love and soon Kazimira, only 22, would leave her family in Mielec, Poland and make a long trip to Canada to marry Joseph. Joseph and Kazimira were married shortly after on December 17, 1966 in Viking, Alberta. When Joseph got married the family had already sold the farm and moved to Dawson Creek. Joseph did many jobs during his working life. He worked at the Bennet Dam, Pouce Coupe Highways Yard, construction and then he stayed at Borek Farms until he retired. During this time Dad had a second job, he was a landlord, it always kept him busy. Joseph and Kazimira had four daughters, all born and raised in Dawson Creek. Joseph loved being outdoors whether it was working, fishing, or hunting. Joseph would bundle up the kids and take us all ice fishing. We would drive over the frozen ice, which always scared us, but he knew where the fish were. Joseph enjoyed hunting moose, but he also did it to feed his growing family. Joseph was never a greedy man, and would help anybody out, that was his nature. Joseph was the hardest working man that we ever knew, especially being the only man in a family of six. Joseph's family would eventually grow over the next 18 years as he was blessed with four grandchildren. Joseph and Kazimira shared their 40th wedding anniversary last December. Joseph was diagnosed with diabetes in 1989; it was the start of a few health problems that he would have to deal with. Joseph had a stroke in November 2006, he spent 4 months in the Dawson Creek Hospital, and then he was moved to the Pouce Coupe Care Home, where the staff took wonderful care of dad. Kazimira didn't let the fact that Joseph was in Pouce stop her from making sure that she saw dad every single day for supper. Dad could make anyone laugh with his funny face and smile. Joseph passed away quietly and suddenly with his family by his side at the Dawson Creek Hospital on October 24th, 2007, at the age of 74 years. A funeral mass was held on Tuesday, October 30th, 2007 at 2:00 pm from Reynars Funeral Chapel, Fr. Vernerando Sabacan officiated, interment followed in the Dawson Creek City Cemetery. Joseph is survived by his wife of 41 years, Kazimira, his only brother John Posmikewich of Kentucky, USA, daughters Helen & John Tanchuk, Sandra Posmikewich & Darryl Bumstead, Barb & Marc Risvold, Sara Posmikewich and four fabulous and beautiful grandchildren, Nicholas & Jenna Tanchuk and Amanda & Emily Risvold. Eulogy presented by Joseph's daughters; Sandra Posmikewich & Barb Risvold. Funeral Arrangements were under the care of Reynars Funeral Home & Crematorium, Dawson Creek, B.C.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Yes, these are the colours of the Dutch flag and pennant, but this is not the flag itself…. lol!\nThe Dutch flag is officially (horizontal): red, white, blue.\nThe pennant is orange, because of the name of our Queen.\nBut now about the caps:\nA few days before we left for a holiday to the Canary Islands (February 2009), the son of our friends was born. His name is , and we have this cap made for him. The other caps are of ourselves.\nGran Canaria, Spain.\nCamera: Canon Powershot S1 IS", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- This article was considered for deletion at Wikipedia on April 15 2018. This is a backup of Wikipedia:Corevity. All of its AfDs can be found at Wikipedia:Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Corevity, the first at Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Corevity.\n- Barnes, Gail (May 18, 2016). \"COREVITY WANTS THE HEALTH DATA WE TRACK TO ACTUALLY BE ACTIONABLE\". Snapmunk. https://www.snapmunk.com/corevity-wants-health-data-track-actually-actionable/. Retrieved May 18, 2016.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Rose Quartz – Stone of Unconditional Love, Compassion and Relationship.\nWhite Jade – Stone of Health, Purification, Healing and Traquility\nBlue Jasper – Stone of balancing, communication, calming and destress.\nRhodocrosite – Stone of Forgiveness, Relationship Mending, Emotional Balancing.\nSunstone – Stone of Positivity, Motivation, Life force, Confident and Happiness.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Luxe, Italian made, vintage midnight navy silk pocket square with hand rolled edges & fine hand stitching.\nA little vintage history-Vintage Men's design label, Ashear, had produced magnificent quality Italian silk pocket squares & pochettes. This luxe Italian silk navy pocket square does indeed represent all that Ashear had become known for. A pocket square can add a bit of verve to any suit!\n• Designer - Ashear\n• Origin – Italy\n• Period – 20th Century\n• Materials - 100% Italian Silk\n• Condition - Excellent-like new\n• Measurements – 18\" x 18\"\nSign up to receive e-mails", "label": "No"}
{"text": "1. Terry was fatter.\nTerry hadn't done to be so thin.\n2.Gary was sure his keys were in his pocket.\nGary was had forgotten his keys.\n3.Last summer Julia got up early every morning.\nLast summer Julia. had to,early every mornng.\n4.I thought the book seemed familiar.\nI thought had the book before. (HAD)\n5.When he was younger david played tennis.\nDavid had used when he was younger.\n6.We missed the bus so we look a taxi.\nWe had the bus.\n7.In those days we spend the summer in the mountains.\nIn those days we would have been the summer in the mountains.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "1-15 of 31 Results\nArnold Robert England\nUNION — Mr. Arnold Robert England, 85, 140 England Drive, Union, husband of Catherine Kelly England, passed away Friday, November 8, 2019 at his home.\nMr. England was born in Knoxville, Tennessee on June 6,...\nGet timely, customized obituary news delivered directly to your e-mail inbox.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Burlingham, Arlene Arlene M. Burlingham, age 98, of Cascade Township, Michigan, passed away peacefully at Clark Retirement Community on September 25, 2020, with son Alan at her side, while listening to some of her favorite hymns. Arlene was born August 31, 1922 in Pittsburgh, PA, the daughter of George and Bessie (Graham) McMurray. She was united in marriage to Charles S. Burlingham on July 16, 1949, who preceded her in death. She is survived by her sons Douglas of Portage, Alan of Grand Rapids and Robert of Los Angeles. Arlene was a member of Westminster Presbyterian Church for over 60 years. Due to the pandemic, a memorial service has not been scheduled, but will be planned at a later date. Memorial contributions can be made to Westminster Presbyterian Church , Cascade Friends of the Library, or Clark Retirement Community. The family would like to thank the entire Clark staff, from the front desk, to her dining room servers, to her assisted living caretakers and everyone else, for a job well done. Thanks also to her friends living at Clark for the gift of companionship. Just as importantly, thanks to her nurses and social workers at Emmanuel Hospice for their loving care and support.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine has permitted Ukrainian Ceramic Technologies LLC (Khmelnytsky) to buy a brick plat from Czech Export Bank (CEB, Prague). As the press service of the regulator reported on Thursday, the company received permission to buy a complex of buildings of the brick factory with equipment and a land parcel, which provides for the production and sale of ceramic bricks of various types.\nAs reported, early October 2018, a brick factory in the village of Kuzmyntsi (Kaharlyk district, Kyiv region), put up for sale by the Czech Export Bank, was sold for UAH 170 million – a record amount at the OpenMarket electronic trading platform of the state-owned enterprise SETAM. According to the documentation provided in the announcement, the lot included a complex of buildings of the brick factory with a total area of 15,900 square meters, land area of 3 hectares, and equipment.\nKuzmyntsi brick factory, which began operating in 2002, was declared bankrupt in April 2016.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "April 23rd 2019\n£375.00Price outside EU: £313\nNostrasantissima long dress in black linen mix. Funnel style neck. Decorative popper details down front centre on braid. Panel constructed with finished seams throughout. On the right side from the hip seam, there is a double layer of fine cotton and metal fabric attached as a frill. Again this is a very special piece of clothing, quite stunning!\n- 61% Linen 38% Cotton 1% Elastane with attachments\n- Corniche Ref: cor5112-348w", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The 2nd Session of the 14th Supreme People’s Assembly(SPA) of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) decided on amendments and supplements to the nation’s Socialist Constitution on Thursday to solidify the power of leader, Kim Jong Un.\nChapter 6 of the constitution titled “State Machinery” was modified. Prior to the amendment, the president of the presidium of the SPA was the named head of state. Kim Jong Un, was previously recognized as the head and chairman of an influential governing body known as the State Affairs Commission. Thursday’s amendment recognized that Chairman Kim, is the representative of all Korean people and commander-in-chief acting as “supreme leader of the Party, state and armed forces of the DPRK elected in accordance with the unanimous will and desire of all the Korean people.”\nAs chairman, Kim was further empowered by supplements that allow him to make SPA ordinances and State Affairs Commission decrees as well as appoint or call back emissaries to foreign nations.\nPresident of the SPA Presidium Choe Ryong Hae described the purpose of the amendments as to “provide mighty legal guarantee for stepping up the building of a powerful socialist country more dynamically under the monolithic guidance of Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un.”", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- No products in the cart.\nShowing 1–9 of 16 results\n1950s Half Hat£24.00\nVintage 1950s Half Hat\n1950s Hat By Jacoll£23.00\nPretty 1950s vintage hat by Jacoll\nGorgeous 1950s Tulle Hat\n1950s Pink Hat *SOLD*\nA delightful vintage hat from the 1950s\n1950s St Michael Hat£45.00\nGorgeous Vintage 1950s Hat\n1960s Hat By Edward Mann*SOLD*\nChannel your inner Audrey with this fabulous 1960s Hat!\n50587 1930s Navy Blue Hat£64.00\nA 1930s Hat – a beauty!\n50589 Fabulous Forties’ Hat£58.00\nFabulous Forties’ Hat by ‘Miss Morgan of Guildford’", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Unfortunately, I lost my game files when my hard drive crashed! I had my campaign files backed up, except for the most recent, so we lost how the current chapter ended.\nSo the abridged version: The heroes made it through the Tomb of Horrors and discovered that an ancient necromancer turned demilich used the Tomb of Horrors as a way to test adventurers (though to what end, they could not say). They fought and defeated the demilich (though they did not destroy it), and also learned that the lich worshiped the Demon Prince of the Undead—Orcus.\nThey also gleaned an ancient tale about how Orcus was once the arch enemy of a fallen Celestial named Adimarchus.\nThe heroes then returned home to Cauldron, now with even more questions than answers…\nNext session will be soon, and it will return to the usual formatting! So, until next time!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "age 90, died at the home of her daughter Lainy Deitrick in Provo, Utah, within a minute after her son Rob Metcalf and his children arrived from Logan to see her for the last time. Gail had not opened her eyes for four days but opened them widely when she heard Rob’s voice. Gail lived with her daughter and son-in-law for almost seven years since her loving husband Robert Lamar Metcalf died on March 13, 2012. She had been on hospice care for 2½ weeks, with minimal discomfort, at the time of her passing.\\n\\nGail was born on March 5, 1928 in Lakewood, Ohio to William Allen Hughes and Gladys Lavern Garner. She grew up as an only child, since her older brother lived only twelve hours. Her father disappeared when Gail was about five years old, which forced her mother to work several jobs, so she was basically raised by her grandmother Jennie Mae Weldon.\\n\\nGail and Bob were married in Salt Lake City, Utah on December 1, 1944. They are the parents of three children: Gladys Elaine (Lainy) born in Ohio plus Jennifer Lee and Robert Alan both born in California. Gail is survived by 17 grandchildren, 38 great-grandchildren and 13 great-great-grandchildren.\\n\\nGail and Bob’s lives centered around their family, the Church and music. It was music that brought them together, they both sang with the Southern California Mormon Quoir for many years, Gail led music at church, and they both sang duets together at church. Gail also got much joy from performing and directing shows (mostly musicals) for the Church and in the community.\\n\\nGail served in many callings in the Church but seemed most happy when serving missions with Bob. They served five missions, almost consecutively, from February 1987 through April 1997. They served three years at the Provo MTC then left immediately for a mission to the Nauvoo Visitors’ Center, where after six months they transferred to Tucson, Arizona. After a six-month vacation they were called to a mission in Truth or Consequences, New Mexico for a year. After another six-month break they went back to the Provo MTC for 3½ years.\\n\\nGail has rejoined Bob and they both expressed (at the time of their respective deaths) a desire to be in the Lord’s missionary forces in the spirit world.\\n\\nThe family thanks CNS Hospice for its compassionate support. Friends are invited to join the family in a celebration of Gail’s life in Provo either on Friday, January 25 from 6-8 pm with a viewing at Nelson Family Mortuary located at 4780 N. University Avenue; or on Saturday, January 26 at the Edgemont 9th Ward building, located at 4300 N. Canyon Road, where a viewing will be held from noon to 12:45 pm with funeral services following at 1 pm.\\n\\nInterment at the Springville Evergreen Cemetery located at 1997 S. 400 E., Springville, about 2:45 pm. In lieu of flowers, please consider a donation to one of Gail’s favorite charities: the LDS Humanitarian Fund, or Operation Underground Railroad at my.ourrescue.org.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "There was defeat for Limerick's St Munchin's in yesterday afernoon's U19B Boys Schools League Final, as Mayo’s Gortnor Abbey emerged 64-39 winners at the National Basketball Arena.\nGortnor Abbey, who are coached by former Ballina player and Basketball Ireland Hall of Fame inductee Liam McHale, had another McHale to the fore on the court – nephew Matthew McHale scored 23 points to earn the MVP award.\nIt was a cagey opening first quarter, Gortnor Abbey just 11-8 in front, but just as with the opening two finals, it was the second quarter where the gap opened up and it was 34-21 by half-time.\nGuiu Julian Guiard (17) and Conor Barrett (14) also played pivitol roles in Gortnor Abbey’s win, while for St Munchins their scoring was headed by Patryk Pejowicz (18), Reece Barry (8) and Liam Price (7).\nGortnor Abbey 64-39 St. Munchins\nGortnor Abbey - Matthew McHale 23, Guiu Julian Guiard 17, Conor Barrett 14\nSt. Munchins - Patryk Pejowicz 18, Reece Barry 8, Liam Price 7\nSubscribe or register today to discover more from DonegalLive.ie\nBuy the e-paper of the Donegal Democrat, Donegal People's Press, Donegal Post and Inish Times here for instant access to Donegal's premier news titles.\nKeep up with the latest news from Donegal with our daily newsletter featuring the most important stories of the day delivered to your inbox every evening at 5pm.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A Sylvan Lake woman was arrested following a home invasion in Red Deer April 7.\nRed Deer RCMP responded to the crime in progress in the city’s Kentwood neighbourhood around 5:40 a.m. Homeowners were awoken by the sound of someone in their house, and found the female suspect trying to flee with a purse and electronics along with several other items.\nThe male homeowner confronted the female suspect, and was struck by the suspect’s brass knuckles in the ensuing struggle. Despite suffering cuts on his head, the homeowner was eventually able to restrain the suspect until police arrived on scene.\nAnother resident of the home was also hit by the suspect as the suspect was being restrained. Medical treatment wasn’t required by either of the victims.\nPolice say the victims and the suspect weren’t known to one another.\nRed Deer RCMP responded to the scene immediately and arrested the suspect without further incident. A licence plate found in the suspect’s bag was said to have been stolen from a vehicle in the same area earlier that morning.\nKristen Lee Hiebert, 29, was charged with breaking and entering, robbery with a weapon, two counts of assault with a weapon, unauthorized possession of a prohibited weapon, possession of stolen property under $5,000 and breach of probation.\nShe was scheduled to make a court appearance in Red Deer on Tuesday.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- The offices of ODM Governor Cyprian Awiti were burnt down by unknown people but one person was arrested at the scene\n- The fire attack comes days after the EACC raided the offices and carted away documents and electronics\n- It is being alleged that the EACC is investigating the misappropriation of KSh 5 billion in that county government\nODM Governor Cyprian Awiti’s Homa Bay offices have been burnt down.\nThe fire was started by unknown people on Thursday, September 7, and was still burning by dawn the following day.\nOne person was arrested at the scene with burns and petrol that is believed to have been used to fuel the fire.\nAcccording to the Daily Nation on Friday, September 8, County Police Commander Marius Tum said the arsonist is believed to be from another county.\nInvestigations have been opened to nab the other suspects.\nThe fire attack comes days after the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission raided the very same offices on Tuesday, September 5.\nInformation seen by TUKO.co.ke indicates that the EACC officers confiscated electronics and documents as they investigated the alleged loss of KSh 5 billion from imprest accounts of senior county government officials.\nThe offices majorly affected were the procurement and finance offices.\nHave something to add to this article? Send to email@example.com", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Greetings, Ninth Uncle\nAbout: Cheng Yujin was the elder twin sister, who was supposed to be engaged to an excellent man. However she later learned that her fiance, Marquis Jingyong, had proposed to her because he mistakenly recognized her as her younger twin sister. Marquis Jingyong and her younger sister had a deep relationship, and after many twists and turns, finally broke through all hardships and became eternal lovers. While Cheng Yujin was the villain who replaced her sister’s good marriage, kept framing her sister, and hindered the main couple to be together. A really wicked older sister and poisonous ex-wife.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Search for free Gulf County, FL Vital Records, including Gulf County birth & death certificates, adoption records, marriage & divorce records, genealogy research, and more.\nGet Vital Records from 2 Clerk Offices in Gulf County, FL\nGet Vital Records from 2 Health Departments in Gulf County, FL\nGet Vital Records from 1 Historical Society in Gulf County, FL\nGet Vital Records from 1 Hospital in Gulf County, FL\nThe Gulf County Vital Records (Florida) links below open in a new window and will take you to third party websites that are useful for finding Gulf County public records. Editorial staff monitor and update these links on a frequent basis.\nGulf County Adoption Records https://dos.myflorida.com/library-archives/research/florida-information/a-to-z-index/adoption/\nGulf County Birth Certificates http://gulf.floridahealth.gov/certificates/birth/index.html\nGulf County Clerk of Court Website https://gulfclerk.com/\nGulf County Death Certificates & Records http://gulf.floridahealth.gov/certificates/death/index.html\nGulf County Department of Health Vital Records http://gulf.floridahealth.gov/certificates/index.html\nGulf County Divorce Certificates http://www.floridahealth.gov/certificates/certificates/divorce/index.html\nGulf County Marriage Certificates & Records https://gulfclerk.com/marriage/\nGulf County Public Records Marriage Records https://gulfclerk.com/public-records/marriage/\nData Source: U.S. Census Bureau; American Community Survey, 2017 ACS 5-Year Estimates.\n|Nonfamily Households||1,615 (30.5%)|\n|Married Couples||2,670 (50.4%)|", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A Harrogate man has been taken to hospital after a landslide at Port Mulgrave when he became buried buried up to his waist, trapped in mud and debris.\nThe incident happened at at 20:13 on 27 October 2018 as the man had been collecting fossils.\nOn arrival of Staithes Coastguard Rescue team, the man had been dug from the mud by fishermen and moved to a place of safety.\nDue to weather conditions, the extremely challenging terrain, and extent of the casualties injuries, the Coastguard requested further assistance from Whitby Coastguard Rescue Team and Coastguard Rescue Helicopter 912 from Humberside.\nCoastguard team members worked with Paramedics from Yorkshire Ambulance Service to stabilise the casualty, assess injuries and provide pain relief.\nThe casualty was kept warm and as comfortable as possible prior to the arrival of the helicopter, Coastguard Rescue 912, the casualty was further assessed and taken to James Cook University Hospital in Middlesbrough.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Historical fantasy filled with magic, mystery, and adventure. A dying girl in New York City. A demon in the court of the first Queen Elizabeth. War between good and evil in ancient Ireland. Three key moments in history, with a shared destiny. An ancient evil is on a mission to remake history with only an Irish saint, an English magician, and a girl from modern-day New York City standing in its way. Free on Kindle.\n\"The Saint and the Sorcerer\" was first posted on freebookpromotions.com on June 14th, 2021. Each day we feature new free and discounted Kindle books in the Science Fiction & Fantasy genre as well as all other genres.\nAuthors: if you would like to see you book promoted on freebookpromotions.com, please visit our book promotions page.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "India’s Saina Nehwal defeated Olympic champion Carolina Marin 22-20, 21-18 in a tense first round encounter of the Denmark Super Series Premier on Wednesday.\nThe encounter, that lasted 46 minutes, was a hard-fought one with both fighting tooth and nail. Nehwal, though, opened up a slender 11-9 lead at the mid-innings break in the first game. Marin, though fought back hard to level things up at 14 all. The two did not give the other any quarter as they remained on level terms at 19-19. It was then that Nehwal just pushed a little harder and had the Spaniard chasing her. She eventually prevailed with 22-20 win after 22 minutes.\nThe two began the second game in similar fashion and were locked on points for much of the first half. Nehwal once again took the lead at the change of ends. She did not let the lead slip this time around and stretched it to five points. Marin could not keep up with Indian from there on and could do little as Nehwal closed out the game 21-18.\nMeanwhile, in the men’s singles draw, India’s Kidambi Srikanth made short work of compatriot Shubhankar Dey as he prevailed 21-17, 21-15. The other Indian in the fray, B Sai Praneeth, though failed to advance after slumping to a 21-10, 21-15 defeat at the hands of Hans-Kristian Solberg Vittinghus.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Thinking back to my high school years 85-88 there were a few students that I knew little about personally however I associated that person with a particular band becuase they were completely obsessed by it. Obssesed in the way that their wardrobe consisted of mainly concert T’s of the band, their lockers had band posters in them, they dressed like them, they scribed the bands name on their books and notebooks, etc. And not just in a yearly fad way but were die-hards throughout high school.\nI distinctly remember:\nScott- The U2 fan. Anything and everything U2 for him. Bootleg tapes galore.\nDale- The Rush fan. From seventh grade through high school graduation. Rush T’s, Rush jacket, on and on.\nJenny- The Cure fan. She was as goth as goth could be in the mid 80s. Loooooved the Cure. That’s all I knew about her and I didn’t even know her.\nThe INXS guy. I don’t even know his name. All I know is he was INXS 24/7. Even did his hair and clothes to look like the lead singer.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Mud Masters 2018! What an honour to be part of this amazing event. AXIS built a lot of obstacles and constructions for the 3 events of Mud Masters; one in Haarlemmermeer (the Netherlands), one in Weeze (Germany) and one in Biddinghuizen (the Netherlands). Amongst others, the world famous Flyer, the scary Execution, the heavy Rope Charge and the new Steel Swing were conceived and built in cooperation with Nine Yards.\nOver 60.000 mud runners conquered the obstacles on tracks of 6, 12, 18 or even 42 KM! Did you miss it? Don’t wurry, there are more events next year on the calendar of Mud Masters!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "TURIN: Hundreds of men, women and children were hurt in a stampede in the Piazza San Carlo in Turin where a crowd of 30,000 Juventus fans gathered to watch a transmission of the Champions League Final.\nEstimates of the numbers involved varied between 600 and 1,400. Juventus club officials issued statements of concern immediately after the match in Cardiff.\nPolice said that loud explosions had prompted fears of a bomb which sparked the panic. Most of those injured were treated for cuts, bruises or shock.\nThe incident erupted as fans were starting to leave the Piazza shortly after Real Madrid scored their third goal in what proved a 4-1 defeat by Juventus.\nUncertainty exists about the causes of the explosions. Early reports blamed firecrackers and another suggested it was the sound of the collapse of the railing of a stairway to an underground car park.\n# # # # # # #", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Cork punter nets €15,000 from €10 Horse Acca\nA lucky online punter from county Cork was thanking BoyleSports yesterday when their €10 seven horse accumulator clicked to net them €15,356.25.\nThe punter who wishes to remain anonymous, took early prices on his seven selections and reaped an extra €4,617 as part of BoyleSports’ Guaranteed Prices offer with two of his selection winning at better SP’s.\nThe punters lucky selections consisted of seven horses which saw four of them win at Leopardstown, two at Limerick and Golden Horn who won the 4:40 at Newmarket.\nThe seven horses defied the odds of just over 1,535/1.\nSacrificial 3:10 Leopardstown – Punter took 2/1 – Won at 15/8\nFascinating Rock 3:45 Leopardstown- Punter took Evens – Won at 9/10\nCorbata 4:55 Leopardstown – Punter took 6/4 – Won at 9/4\nHans Holbein Leopardstown 5:25 – Punter took 4/1 – Won at 3/1\nCrystal Pearl 2:15 Limerick – Punter took 10/11 – Won at 4/5\nMorney Wing 4:30 Limerick – Punter took 6/4 – Won at 7/4\nGolden Horn 4:40 Newmarket – Punter took 2/1 – Won at 2/1\nWe wish to congratulate the lucky punter on his excellent selective picking from a busy Wednesday that saw six race meetings take place between Ireland and the UK.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Pärtli tee 24, 76907, Suurupi, Harju maakond\nReg. nr. 10002371\nKMKR nr. EE100254471\nBefore Alexander opened for the first time, the owners, together with the chef at the time, made a voyage of discovery to the Nordic islands to learn about their food traditions. Throughout the years, several different chefs have worked at Alexander. Their interpretations of the cuisine of the Nordic islands have been very different. Especially in recent years, they have considered Muhu Island part of the big world and brought flavours from elsewhere to the plate alongside local ingredients.\nThe restaurant has come full circle, and Alexander has now returned to its roots under the leadership of the German chef Achim Braitch. The flavours are again the same ones known here and on the surrounding islands for centuries, but they have been modernized to the last degree. Achim Braitch has lived on the island for some years and worked in Pädaste as a pastry chef.\nHis desserts then, with their Avant-gardeism, tended to overshadow the rest of the dishes on the menu. Desserts from cones or bark moss are probably still remembered by all those who once tasted them. Now that Achim Braitch is in charge of the entire menu, the avant-garde has not disappeared from the dishes. The chef seems to take great pleasure in making dishes compete with each other. Two winners emerge. The first dish, where beets are cooked in a salt crust with goat cheese, offers hot and cold temperatures and salty and sweet flavours side by side. And the last dish, made from beeswax and served with a schnapps made of the same wax, makes for an excellent finale.\nEating in Alexander is just as interesting again as it was in the early years of the restaurant. The roots of tradition are once more growing fresh leaves and flowers.\nProject is funded by the European Regional Development Fund:", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In my mailbox today was the September 10th issue of the Catholic Standard, the official publication of the Archdiocese of Washington. This issue was a bit thicker than usual, as it was devoted to Pope Francis' imminent visit. It was filled with all sorts of stories, tributes from schools, etc. I certainly understand that. After all, the pope is coming to town and we'd naturally expect to see that visit lauded in the official diocesan publication. What troubles me is what wasn't mentioned at all in the Standard.\nNow let's be clear. The issue wasn't devoted exclusively to the pope. There were the ads (of course) and a tribute to a recently deceased Gonzaga teacher; this tribute occupied over an entire page. Well, that's nice, but one key piece of news was glaringly absent.\nI'm referring to the situation regarding Kim Davis.\nLet's be clear about this. Kim Davis was the first person in US history to be imprisoned precisely because she held to Christian ideals and morals. Might that not have been deemed worthy of a paragraph or two inside an allegedly Catholic publication? Perhaps some space could have been purloined from one of those \"pope-francis-tee-shirt\" ads to put Ms. Davis' name before the Catholic readership. Perhaps Kim Davis could have been lauded as an example of one who \"walks with Francis\".\nAll in all, the Catholic hierarchy's treatment of Ms Davis throughout her whole ordeal has been nothing short of an abysmal disgrace. One might think that they would have treated St Thomas More in the same way during his imprisonment in the Tower of London. Come to think of it, the bishops of his day (with the obvious exception of St. John Fisher) did precisely that. This does not bode well for next October's sin-nod nor for the Church's fortitude in standing against future onslaughts.\nRequiescat In Pace: David Dorn\n1 hour ago", "label": "No"}
{"text": "BUTTRICK, Douglas M.\nPublished 4:00 am, Thursday, October 30, 2003\nBUTTRICK, Douglas M. - 72, of Richmond, passed away on Oct. 24, 2003. Douglas was born and raised in Oakland, and spent his entire life in the Bay Area. In 1952, he fought in the Korean War, and in 1959 he began a long career at U.C. Berkeley as an accountant. He retired from Cal in 1991 and spent his retirement enjoying his favorite hobbies: classic cars, classic planes, and war history and memorabilia. Douglas's greatest gift was to make people laugh. Everyone who knew him will always remember him fondly. Douglas is survived by his brother Don; niece April; two daughters Maude and Sara, and granddaughter Gemma. Douglas was dearly loved and will be greatly missed. In memory of Douglas there will be a small, informal gathering at his favorite watering hole Brennan's, on Monday Nov. 3, 2003 at 4:30pm.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Rena went into the rabbit hole of the archives and retrieved something rather topical.\nMaxwell will be closed on Monday, February 15 for Presidents’ Day.\nMaxwell Memorial Library will be closed for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day on Monday, January 18.\nMaxwell Memorial Library will be closed for New Year’s on Thursday, December 31 and Friday, January 1.\nWe will be closed the evening of Wednesday, November 25 and all day on Thursday & Friday, November 26 & 27.\nIn order to help “flatten the curve” of the spread of COVID-19, Maxwell Library will be closed until further notice. Important updates for OCPL cardholders: All due dates have been changed to May 1 and account notifications have been turned…", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Cross-references Explore similar Bible verses on Matthew 27:60 in English Standard Version \"and laid it in his own new tomb, which he had cut in the rock. And he rolled a great stone to the entrance of the tomb and went away.\" Isa 22:16 What have you to do here, and whom have you here, that you have cut out here a tomb for yourself, you who cut out a tomb on the height and carve a dwelling for yourself in the rock? Isa 53:9 And they made his grave with the wicked and with a rich man in his death, although he had done no violence, and there was no deceit in his mouth. Mr 16:4 And looking up, they saw that the stone had been rolled back—it was very large. Joh 11:38 Then Jesus, deeply moved again, came to the tomb. It was a cave, and a stone lay against it.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sydney was not the only place where gold medals were at stake recently. Last week, six members of the Charlesland club in Greystones battled out for the honour of Millennium gold medal winner.\nIn very testing conditions, Simon Murphy carded a nett 75 to win by two shots from Peter O'Hagan. The six contestants, who also included Vincent O'Gorman, Derek Dunne, Chris Upton and John McCabe, played in consecutive groups, so the contest turned into a matchplay event with golfer of the year points also at stake.\nIt was also the final day of the 12 golfer of the year events, and Murphy completed a memorable double when his score moved him from third place past longtime leader Michael Butler.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Tom Wood was founded by Mona Jensen in 2013. She launched the brand with a small jewelry collection based on a modern interpretation of historical signet rings which became an instant success. Her husband, Morten Isachsen, shortly after joined the company. Nine years later the team consists of 40 full-time employees based in Oslo and Tokyo.\nRooted in Scandinavian aesthetics is simplicity, innovation and functionalism, and with a commitment to reduce Tom Wood’s environmental impact as much as possible, Mona Jensen designs with all these aspects in mind. She finds inspiration in nature, sculptural objects, architecture and history.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|Greenhaugh School in St Aidan's Thorneyburn|\n|They simply wear their wellies.|\nMore pictures needed of activities around all your churches and of nearby countryside!\nAfter (stabling the horse and) Evening Prayer, it was up the North Tyne to a meeting about Greystead churchyard and finally to deliver some music to Falstone. Home for a late supper and bed.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Militants attacked Aleppo Armenians-transferring bus: Video\nYEREVAN, JULY 24, ARMENPRESS: The video showing the attacks of the Syrian armed militants on the bus going from Aleppo to Beirut was published. As reported by Armenpress, in the video, published in youtube, it is clearly seen how the civil transport means are shot by the armed militants.\n17 Armenian passengers were wounded in the result of the attack by the militants in the Aleppo-Beirut highway, two of which are in critical condition. This was reported by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia, informing that according to the data provided by the Armenian Embassy to Damascus, the killed Tamar Sirunyan was 40 years old.\nAs earlier was reported by Armenpress, a bomb was exploded near the attacked bus following by shooting, which caused the death of the driver and four passengers, one of which was the mother of two children, Tamar Sirunyan. The wounded were taken to the hospitals of Aleppo. The accident took place near the entrance to Aleppo, in the region of Khanaser, where heated collisions were held between the Syrian army and the armed opposition. Because of the blockade of Aleppo, the Aleppo-Beirut highway was closed for months. Recently, though, the blockade was rifted and a way was opened for the traffic to transfer food to Aleppo.\nAccording to UN data because of clashes which last in Syria for more than two years more than 100,000 people died including nearly 50 Armenians. The number of refugees is 1.5 million.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Columbia County Circuit Court 400 De Witt Street Portage WI 53901 14.9 miles from Arlington 608-742-9619\nMiddleton Municipal Court 7426 Hubbard Avenue Middleton WI 53562 17.9 miles from Arlington 608-827-1008\nMadison Municipal Court 210 Martin Luther King Junior Boulevard Madison WI 53703 18.2 miles from Arlington 608-264-9282\nDane County Circuit Court 215 South Hamilton Street Madison WI 53703 18.2 miles from Arlington 608-266-4625\nShorewood Hills Municipal Court 810 Shorewood Boulevard Madison WI 53705 18.3 miles from Arlington 608-267-2690\nMonona Municipal Court 1000 Nichols Road Monona WI 53716 18.8 miles from Arlington 608-216-7422\nSauk County Circuit Court 515 Oak Street Baraboo WI 53913 20.8 miles from Arlington 608-355-3287\nVerona Municipal Court 111 Lincoln Street Verona WI 53593 25.1 miles from Arlington 608-848-9938\nWisconsin Dells Municipal Court 300 La Crosse Street Wisconsin Dells WI 53965 28.4 miles from Arlington 608-254-7329\nMarquette County Circuit Court 77 West Park Street Montello WI 53949 31.7 miles from Arlington 608-297-3009\nDodge County Circuit Court 210 West Center Street Juneau WI 53039 33.8 miles from Arlington 920-386-3570\nJefferson County Circuit Court 311 South Center Avenue Jefferson WI 53549 36.6 miles from Arlington 920-674-7150\nGreen Lake County Circuit Court 492 Hill Street Green Lake WI 54941 40.8 miles from Arlington 920-294-4005\nIowa County Circuit Court 222 North Iowa Street Dodgeville WI 53533 46.1 miles from Arlington 608-935-0395\nA court is a judicial body charged with resolving violations of a legal right. Judicial courts are created by the government and enforce the law by hearing civil and criminal matters.\nCourt records are available to the public. Court documents contain valuable information on a range of legal issues, including felony and misdemeanor cases, traffic accident reports, tax court records, and more. Many court records are available online.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "On the first Judicial Disciplinary Committee meeting - recommendation to remove judge from his office\n25 May, 2006\nOn Thursday, 25th of May Judicial Disciplinary Committee, with its new members, came together for its first meeting. They discussed the further organization of the self - government institution, elected chairman’s deputy – the same as last time, Senator of the Supreme Court Senate Peteris Dzalbe and also reviewed previously initiated disciplinary proceedings.\nFollowing Chairman’s Andris Gulans suggestion, till the 10th of June all the members shall introduce some proposals for the modification of the committees’ manual, because on the Conference of Latvian judges, evaluating previous years work, there were found some respectable gaps.\nCommittees’ first case was Roberts Holcmanis from Latgale suburb court of the city of Riga against whom the case was initiated already on the 11th of April this year and it was done by the Chairman of the same court. After serious examination of materials and opinions of the judge and the chairman the committee decided to recommend to remove the judge from his office.\nAs of 13th of May, the Judicial Disciplinary Committee has the following members: Andris Gulans, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, serving as the chair of the Judicial Disciplinary Committee, Peteris Dzalbe, Senator of the Supreme Court Senate, serving as the deputy chair of the Judicial Disciplinary Committee, Pavels Gruzins, deputy Chief Justice, Valerijans Jonikans, Chair of the Department of Administrative Cases of the Supreme Court Senate, Aiva Zarina, Justice of the Chamber of Civil Cases of the Supreme Court, Juris Kavis, Chair of the Cesis District Court, Arnis Naglis, Chair of the Ogre District Branch of the Land Registry, Aldis Lavins, Chair of the Regional Court of Administrative Cases, Andris Ozols, Chair of the Talsi District Branch of the Land Registry, Helena Muizniece, Chair of the Kraslava District Court and Edite Knegere, Chair of the Vidzeme Regional Court.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Steven E. Kenner, 75, of East Hanover died April 19, 2020. Born in Newark, he lived in West Orange and Middlesex before moving to East Hanover in 1973.\nMr. Kenner was a special education teacher in Bayonne for 35 years. He retired in 2004. He worked nights as a security guard for various companies over the years, and owned his own business, H&M Sales.\nHe graduated from Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, in 1967.\nHe is survived by three children, Heath Kenner of Nashville, Tenn., Melissa (Nick) Zeppieri of Livingston, and Carrie Kenner of East Hanover; his former wife, Robin Dmiczak of East Hanover; a brother, Barry S. Kenner of Mendham; and two grandchildren.\nPrivate graveside services were held with arrangements by J.L. Apter Memorial Chapels of Dover; a celebration of his life will be held at a later time. Memorial contributions may be made to provide personal protective equipment to first responders at donatePPE.org.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Johnny Ray Lane was born on July 23, 1933, in Balko, Oklahoma. He was the youngest child, and only son, of Samuel and Maud Lane. Johnny learned about life on a farm from a young age and was proud to work the land that his family had homesteaded. In 1958, Johnny married Virginia McLanahan and together they raised two sons, teaching them to love and respect what God provides from the land.\nJohnny became a Christian at a young age and was a deacon at Balko Baptist Church for many years. He was named an honorary member of the FFA. He loved to go to the lake for boating and camping with his family. He was a friend to many, meeting them almost daily at “the corner” to exchange the news of the day. Johnny was an avid Sooners fan and he also enjoyed cheering for the OKC Thunder. For over twenty years Johnny and Virginia spent winters in Old Mexico and then Zapata, TX, where he would go fishing and make many more friends. Every chance he got was spent being actively involved in his grandchildren’s lives trying to share his passions with them.\nJohnny was a faithful Christian witness as well as a loving husband, father, and Papa who continued to farm, raise cattle, and spend time with family and friends until he transitioned to his eternal home on July 22, 2019. He is survived by his wife of 61 years, two sisters – Edith Zonker of Tulsa and Geneva Eiland of Edmond, a son, Kelley (Lori) of West Chicago, IL, a daughter-in-law, Brada Hargues of Balko, seven grandchildren – Court (Carrie) Lane of Lake Charles, LA, Chisum Lane of Chickasha, Andy (Morgan) Lane of Wolfforth, TX, Anna (David) Tart of Little Rock, AR, Brendon, Brice and Barrett Lane of Balko, and a great-granddaughter, Annie Grace Lane of Lake Charles, along with many nieces and nephews. We will miss him greatly, but expect to be reunited with him in eternity.\nJohnny was preceded in death by his parents, a sister, LaVaun, a niece, Gayle, and his son Brad. A private burial service for the family will be held Monday at 10:30 am at Bethany Cemetery. The memorial service at Balko Baptist Church will be Monday, July 29, at 1:00 pm. Memorial gifts may be made to the Gideons.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Polls shows number of happy Russians at record-breaking historic highSociety & Culture April 26, 19:27\nIS recruiting Taliban fighters in Afghanistan — Russia’s General StaffMilitary & Defense April 26, 18:49\nCoffin with presumed remains of 19th century Russian general dug up in TurkeySociety & Culture April 26, 18:26\nRussian envoy says enacting nuke ban treaty will lay basis for stable strategic tiesRussian Politics & Diplomacy April 26, 18:13\nTokyo to draw up cooperation plans for South Kurils and heed locals’ opinionsBusiness & Economy April 26, 17:37\nWho runs the world? Berlin's W20 women's summit reveals whoWorld April 26, 17:03\nRussian defense minister comments on military cooperation with IndiaMilitary & Defense April 26, 16:57\nMilitary brass says Russia playing key role in eliminating terrorists’ chieftains in SyriaMilitary & Defense April 26, 15:36\nPorsche renews full cooperation with Maria SharapovaSport April 26, 15:05\nMOSCOW, June 1 (Itar-Tass) —— Syrian authorities’ probe of the Houla tragedy shows that it was a deliberate act of militants aimed to thwart the settlement process, Russian Foreign Ministry spokesman Alexander Lukashevich said on Friday.\n“Results of the investigation done by the Syrian authorities announced on May 31 show that this crime was a well planned action of the militants aimed to undermine the political settlement of the Syrian crisis and to start a new outbreak of bloodshed and violence in Syria,” he said.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Melinda Bishop. Weding. March 12th , 2018.\nWedding dress closeout sale closeouts near 65712wedding. Weddingss closeout uniquesses weding sale closeouts near 65712wedding. Wedding dress closeout weding closeouts near 65712wedding.\nWedding dress closeout weding 04722401_zi_champagne closeouts near 65712weddingedding. Weding cheap bridal gowns archives page of lady wedding dresses dressututs near 65712wedding. Weding wedding dressloseout from artouture view more of our gorgeousloseouts sale near 65712wedding.\nWedding dressloseout saleloseouts near 65712wedding salewedding. Wedding dress closeout prom dresses on sale discount evening gowns promgirl ivory xo 6433jqb3 weding closeouts near. Wedding dress closeout smokin hot dresses under practical closeouts sale near 65712wedding. B6682_na6434_m weddingss closeout weding smokin hotsses under practical closeouts near 65712wedding.\nAny content, trademark/s, or other material that might be found on this site that is not this site property remains the copyright of its respective owner/s. In no way does Billask claim ownership or responsibility for such items, and you should seek legal consent for any use of such materials from its owner.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "About Teerthanker Mahaveer University\nThe Teerthanker Mahaveer University was established by an 'Act' (No. 30) of 2008 of the Government of Uttar Pradesh and was approved by the University Grants Commission (UGC), since inception in 2008, vide letter No. F. 9-31/2008(CPP-1) dated October, 2008.\nTehsil : Taluka Nagri, Plot No. 18, Street No. Prem Nagar, P.O:- Piska Nagri, Sugda, Jharkhand 835303", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Tickets are still on sale for the Indianola Chamber Main Street Annual Mixer.\nThis year’s event will be held at the B.B. King Museum and will feature Rep. Sara Thomas as the keynote spaker.\nThe Chamber will recognize award winners and the Citizen of the Year award for Indianola.\nWith an impressive victory, the Ruleville Central High Tigers have found their way back into... READ MORE", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Jeffrey John Cragle, 63, of Laceyville passed away at his residence on Jan. 22, 2024. He was born in Benton, Pa. on August 12, 1960, and he was the son of the late Robert and Jeanne Gomb Cragle.\nJeff was a student at Penn State University.. He was a retired mechanical engineer from Cargill and Procter and Gamble. Jeff enjoyed collecting historical artifacts and he was an avid reader.\nHe is survived by his two sons: Sean Robert Cragle and Jeffrey John Cragle.\nFuneral services will be private at the convenience of the family.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Chesley L. Shanks, age 92, of Belle, passed away peacefully September 8, 2015 at Frene Valley South in Owensville.\nChesley was born March 20, 1923 in Maries County a son to the late George R. and Mary T. (Clark) Shanks. Both preceded him in death.\nHe attended the Rolla school system and in 1943 entered the United States Army. He proudly served during WWII receiving 6 bronze stars during the European campaign and had the privilege of being a driver for General Patton at one point. After returning from the service, on May 4, 1946, he was united in marriage to Florence Francis. She preceded him in death on October 6, 2005.\nChesley was employed at the International Shoe Company in Belle for over 30 years. After its closing, he worked for the Belle School district as a custodian and worked part time as a finish carpenter.\nHe was a lifelong member of Belle Church of Christ. Chesley enjoyed wood and tile working as well as traveling with his wife, Florence. His greatest joy though was spending time with his family.\nChesley is survived by: two daughters, Kay Lorts and her husband Sonny of Belle and Sue Shanks of Belle; grandchildren, Trae and Melisa Lorts of Jefferson City, Douglas Robertson and Paul Casart of Columbia, Curt Robertson and Tina Miles of Jefferson City, and Julie and Matt Badding of Centertown; Great-grandchildren, Jacob and Sydney Robertson and Ashten and Rylee Lorts as well as many extended family members and friends.\nIn addition to his parents and his spouse of 59 years, he was preceded in death by: two brothers, Stanley and Elmer Shanks.\nA visitation will be held from 1:00 p.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Saturday, September 12, 2015, at Sassmann's Chapel in Belle. Private family interment will be held in the Liberty Cemetery near Belle with full military honors.\nExpressions of sympathy may be made to the American Cancer Society.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The lower portion of this teapot is embellished with fluted decoration. This antique teapot is fitted with a flush hinged domed cover, which also features fluted decoration; the flush hinge indicates the fine quality of this piece. The cover retains the original carved painted wood and sterling silver urn style finial. This fine teapot is fitted with the original plain angular carved painted wood handle featuring a scrolling thumbpiece. This Queen Anne teapot has a plain spout, ornamented with fluted decoration to the underside.\nThe teapot was crafted by the renowned and collectable London silversmiths. This antique teapot is a very good gauge of silver, fine quality and in exceptional condition. The teapot has been professionally polished and is in presentation condition. Full hallmarks struck to the surface of the teapot have surface wear in keeping with age and due to location, but remain legible.\nThe part hallmarks to the interior of the cover are very clear. Reflections in photographs may detract from the true representation of this piece of Victorian teaware. Length from back of handle to tip of spout. 14.9 troy ounces/463.6g.Maker: Walter & John Barnard. Andrew Campbell founder and owner of AC Silver has been dealing in antique diamond & gemstone jewellery and antique sterling silver since 1977. In addition to his high quality Newcastle-based shop, Andrew has developed what is now an established and internationally recognised online store. For more details see our About Us. FREE OF CHARGE to all customers - including national and international deliveries.\nThe item \"Sterling Silver Teapot Queen Anne Style Antique\" is in sale since Monday, September 2, 2019. This item is in the category \"Antiques\\Silver\\Solid Silver\\Teapots & Sets\".The seller is \"acsilver925\" and is located in Newcastle upon Tyne. This item can be shipped worldwide.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "James Robert Crane\n1931 — 2021\nJames Robert Crane passed away on Wednesday, February 17, 2021 in Franklin. Jim resided at Otterbein in Franklin, was born August 22, 1931 in Bloomington, Indiana with parents John B and Edith L (Eaton) Crane. He had one sister, Wilma Jean Sweeney, of Green Valley, Arizona. He was employed by NCR Corporation for twenty years and Concord Computing Corporation from which he retired in 1990 as a VP of sales. He graduated from University High School in Bloomington and Indiana University in 1953. He lived in Franklin, Kokomo, Indianapolis, Evansville, Overland Park Kansas, Avon, CT. and St. Louis, MO. during his business career. He retired to Brown County, Indiana in 1990 and later...", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|Banigoth Tank Crew|\nThe supreme art of war is to subdue the enemy without fighting\n|Name||Banigoth Tank Crew|\nSince taking over the West Bank, the Revolutionary Army (Red Army Men) have been busy making themselves at home. Establishing their HQ at the strategically vital Baniport (their only way to receive supplies and aid from Havvacor) they set about fanning out and methodically purging the population of non-revolutionary element, erecting monuments glorifying their revolutionary struggle left and right, and renaming places as needed to suit their new policies.\nOne such place, the famous Party Pass, had been a popular destination for the rich before the Last War. Lately however, the remaining rich were safely hidden in the Underwater City, and the famous beaches had ben closed for many years. The new management renamed the location to Worker’s Party Pass and opened the beaches again, but only for the members of the political elite.\nThe population that had been toiling away under Banigoth rule was surprised to find out their lives under their new masters didn’t get markedly better. The smarter ones got the hint and started joining the Worker’s Party en masse, which saved them some harassment, but in the long run didn’t get them significantly closer to the renovated beaches at Worker’s Party Pass. In the New World Order as in the old, getting in early is still key.\nBanigoth Tank Crew\nBanigoth Tank Crew comes in classic Banigoth configuration: bronze and grey with tampo print on the chest, comes with standard accessories (backpack, guns, extra painted Red Army Men head) for 15 PVC plastic pieces. Released July 15th, 2015. $7.00 each.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The President pro tempore called the Senate to order at 2 p\n.m., the Chaplain offered a prayer, and the President pro tempore led the\nSenate in reciting the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag of the United\nStates of America.\nThe JournalPursuant to the order of Friday, January 15, 2016, the Journal\nof the proceedings of the Senate was deemed approved to date.\nCertain Procedures Dispensed WithPursuant to the order of Friday, January 15, 2016,\nthe morning hour being deemed expired, and the times for the recognition\nof the two leaders being reserved.\nTransaction of Morning BusinessPursuant to the order of Friday, January 15, 2016,\nthe Senate proceeded to a period for the transaction of morning business.\nExecutive Business (Tuesday, January 19)\nWilhelmina Marie Wright, of Minnesota, to be United\nStates District Judge for the District of Minnesota\nConsidered by Senate.\nConfirmed by the Senate by Yea-Nay Vote. 58 - 36. Record Vote Number:\nAdjournmentUnder the authority of the order of today, at 6:23 p.m,\nthe Presiding Officer (Mr. Gardner in the chair) declared the\nSenate adjourned, under its order of today, until 10 a.m. tomorrow", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Grand Central Publishing\nOn Sale: April 21, 2009\nAdd to Wish List\nFollowing the instant #1 New York Times bestseller Simple\nGenius, Sean King and Michelle Maxwell return in David\nBaldacci's most heart-pounding thriller to date . . .\nIt began with what seemed like an ordinary children's\nbirthday party. Friends and family gathered to celebrate.\nThere were balloons and cake, games and gifts.\nThis party, however, was far from ordinary. It was held at\nCamp David, the presidential retreat. And it ended with a\ndaring kidnapping . . . which immediately turned into a\nnational security nightmare.\nSean King and Michelle Maxwell were not looking to become\ninvolved. As former Secret Service agents turned private\ninvestigators, they had no reason to be. The FBI doesn't\nwant them interfering. But years ago, Sean King saved the\nFirst Lady's husband, then a senator, from political\ndisaster. Now, Sean is the one person the First Lady\ntrusts, and she presses Sean and Michelle into the\ndesperate search to rescue the abducted child.\nWith Michelle still battling her own demons, and forces\naligned on all sides against her and Sean, the two are\npushed to the absolute limit. In the race to save an\ninnocent victim, the line between friend and foe will\nbecome impossible to define . . . or defend.\nNo comments posted.\nRegistered users may leave comments.\nLog in or register now!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Two officers charged with perverting the course of justice\nTwo officers from Lancashire Constabulary are to appear in court charged with perverting the course of justice following an Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC) investigation.\nPolice Constables Jon Kelly, aged 41, and Ellen McLachlan, aged 32, will appear at Bolton Magistrates’ Court on Wednesday, November 25.\nThe charges relate to the actions of the officers following their attendance at a domestic incident in Thornton-Cleveleys in August 2017.\nThe IOPC investigation began in February 2018 and was completed in July 2019. The IOPC then referred a file of evidence to the Crown Prosecution Service, which made the decision to charge the officers in October 2020.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "3 edition of Agreeing to the conference requested by the Senate on H.R. 3194, District of Columbia Appropriations Act, 2000 found in the catalog.\nAgreeing to the conference requested by the Senate on H.R. 3194, District of Columbia Appropriations Act, 2000\nUnited States. Congress. House. Committee on Rules.\n|Series||Report / 106th Congress, 1st session, House of Representatives -- 106-445.|\n|The Physical Object|\n|Pagination|| leaf ;|\nVogue cook book\nTorres-Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians Claims Settlement Act\ntreasury of quotations on the spiritual life from the writings of St. Catherine of Siena, Doctor of the Church\nDrive the night away.\nThe Gascoyne heiress: the life and diaries of Frances Mary Gascoyne-Cecil, 1802-39\nVitality in administration\nstudy of the development of a centralized Japanese state prior to the Taika reform, A.D. 645.\nInternational Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers - Directors (International Dictionary of Films & Filmmakers (Vols))\nThe judicial system in Azad Jammu and Kashmir\nBoundary Proposals For Local Government in Saskatchewan\nMule and black-tailed deer of North America\nSurvey of small and household manufacturing industries.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Because the 49ers had such a loaded roster, other teams were expected to poach their former players following cut-down day. That indeed has been the case today as at least three players were added to other squads' 53-man rosters.\nTwo players, wide receiver Chad Hall and cornerback Marcus Cooper, were picked up by the Chiefs, according to league sources. Cooper was a seventh-round draft pick, and the 49ers intended to sign him to their practice squad. Hall and Cooper join former 49ers Alex Smith and A.J. Jenkins in Kansas City.\nMeanwhile, CSN Bay area reported that undrafted rookie MarQueis Gray, a tight end, was claimed by the Cleveland Browns. Gray, who played quarterback and receiver at the University of Minnesota, also was a practice-squad candidate.\nThe team intends to sign cornerback Darryl Morris, draft pick Carter Bykowski, an offensive tackle, and six others to their practice squad this afternoon.\nCB Darryl Morris\nOT Carter Bykowski\nWR Chuck Jacobs\nRB Jewel Hampton\nOL Patrick Omameh\nDL Mike Purcell\nS Michael Thomas\n-- Matt Barrows", "label": "No"}
{"text": "via Evening Times |\nTHEY thought it was all over. Union Saint-Gilloise really should have known better.\nThe history and the evidence – built up over the last four seasons – was there in front of them. Understanding and respecting it is one thing, but being able to handle it is quite", "label": "No"}
{"text": "It was a massive turnout as over 10,000 All Progressives Congress (APC) women In Southeast marched for the party’s presidential flagbearer Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu and his running mate Senator Kashim Shettima in the state capital Owerri, Imo State.\nThere was a temporary halt in vehicular movements as the Okigwe roundabout and Bank road were covered with red attires worn by the APC women, who sang and danced for Tinubu.\nThe women converged on Ndubuisi Kanu Square in Owerri where they were received by the wife of Imo Governor Barr. Mrs. Chioma Uzodimma after they had marched on the streets of Owerri.\nThey defied rains, singing songs of solidarity for Tinubu and Shettima.\nWhile addressing them, Mrs Uzodimma said that the Southeast APC women were in the State to march in solidarity for Tinubu, Shettima and all candidates of the party in the region.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Lincoln Airport is a public use facility located two miles east of Lincoln, Lewis and Clark County, Montana. Its activation date was March 1962. The airport covers an approximate area of 110 acres of land and has one runway with an asphalt surface. Lincoln Airport only offers tiedown services (supply own ropes).\nIf you are looking for holiday accommodation, there are hotels within the surrounding areas of the airport. Should you require private jet charter at Lincoln Airport, look no further than Air Charter Service to offer an unrivalled service and selection.\nPrivate Jet Charter to Lincoln Airport\n- Location: Lincoln, Lewis and Clark County, Montana\n- Airport Code: S69\n- Runway Length: 4,239 feet\n- Co-ordinates: N46°57.28' / W112°39.01'\n- Airport Address: 7300 MT-200, Lincoln, MT 59639, United States\n- Nearest Towns/Cities: Lincoln (1.49 miles), Drummond (30.94 miles)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Well it was an early start on Saturday morning, to get to Guildford to set up my stand in the Cathedral, but it was well worth it. Guildford Cathedral is a lovely building.\nThis is my stall ready to go\nMarianne setting her stall up\nSteve, the woodturner\nBrian May and Kerry Ellis performed….they were great\nThey were also joined by Joe Brown who happened to be visiting and joined in for a number\nAlso some great drumming\nThank you to everyone who visited my stall and bought my artwork 🙂", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Our third day in NYC was both a long and busy one. We began our day at Fluffy’s Cafe. Simply amazing bagels and coffee!\nAfterwards, we walked down into Times Square.\nAnd then to Grand Central Station.\nCentral Park was next.\nAnd then we hopped on a train to visit the 9/11 Memorial.\nBy this time it was late afternoon and we were famished, so we hopped back onto the Subway and headed to SOHO for a late lunch.\nAnd some coffee.\nFor the next couple of hours we moseyed around Greenwich Village until meeting up with his cousin for dinner and drinks at Robert in Columbus Circle – what a treat! It was the perfect ending to our little trip to NYC.\nSimply stated: Our trip to NYC was fabulous. Despite the cold temperatures, we were able to see a great deal of the city while finding places to cozy up in to stay warm. I’d always wanted to visit NYC around Christmas time and it really exceeded my expectations. The decorations made the city even more picturesque – it really was magical. I can’t wait to return.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- The Enterprise\n- The Recorder\nShelly Progovitz and William Herold were married Sept. 3, 2011, at Taughannock Falls in Trumansburg, N.Y. Patrick Laurence, a friend of the couple, officiated at the wedding ceremony.\nThe bride is the daughter of Richard and Cheryl Progovitz of Port Crane, N.Y. The groom is the son of Gregory and Pamela Herold of Leonardtown. The maternal grandparents of the bride are the late William and the late Ann Walchak and the paternal grandparents are the late Frank and Sylvia Progovitz, who survives. The maternal grandparents of the groom are the late William and the late June Pool and the paternal grandparents are the late Michael and the late Mary Herold.\nThe bride was escorted down the aisle by her father. Lisa Weinwurm, friend of the bride, was maid of honor. Jennifer Herold, sister of the groom, and Laurie Savvas, friend of the bride, were bridesmaids. Jennifer Herold was also a reader during the wedding ceremony. Morgan Anglim, cousin of the groom, was a junior bridesmaid. Mark Messersmith, friend of the groom, was best man. Ian Phipps and Trey Clark, friends of the groom, were groomsmen. Ryan Devins, cousin of the groom, served as the ring bearer. Richard and Gary Progovitz, brothers of the bride, and Andrew Hamill and Paul Schill, friends of the groom, served as ushers.\nFollowing the ceremony, a reception was held at Taughannock Farms Inn and an after-party at the Taughannock Falls State Park overlooking Cayuga Lake. The rehearsal dinner was held at Simply Red Lakeside Bistro at Sheldrake Point.\nThe bride graduated from Johnson City High School and Binghamton University and earned a masterís degree in forensics from George Washington University. She is a crime scene investigator in Maryland.\nThe groom graduated from Robinson Secondary School in Fairfax, Va., and Longwood University. He is a cost estimator for the Joint Strike Fighter Program Office in Washington, D.C.\nThe couple spent their honeymoon in Hawaii. They are living in the Washington, D.C., area.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Twenty-six Florida counties were represented when Women’s Activity Awards were presented at the Florida Farm Bureau’s State Women’s Leadership Conference March 1-3 at the Plantation on Crystal River.\nAccepting for Highlands County were Darlene Phypers and state Women’s Leadership Committee representative Danielle Daum. Both are from Lake Placid. They accepted for the Highlands County Farm Bureau Women’s Committee.\nYou are currently not logged in\nBy logging in you can see the full story.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "AHS Ladycats vs. Springtown at Aledo;\nVarsity, 6:30 p.m.\nJV, 5 p.m.\n9th, 5 p.m.\nJames was born Jan. 24, 1935, to the late Mary and Elmer Spencer in Hubbard. He attended a year of Radio and Television school at Draughuns School in Dallas and the Cleveland Institute of Electronics for two years. James worked for Sears and Roebuck in Dallas as a clerk for five years and retired Nov. 1, 1993 from Lockheed Martin in Fort Worth after 35 years of service as an electrical engineer. He honorably served his country in the United States Army. James was a member of the First United Methodist Church of Azle and a member of the Becomers Sunday School class. He enjoyed working in his vegetable garden and watching the Dallas Cowboys and the Texas Rangers on television. James was preceded in death by his parents.\nSurvivors: wife, Virginia Spencer of Azle; brother, Harvey Spencer and wife, Linda of Waco; two nieces and nephews all of Waco.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Planters, a part of every holiday I can remember. In the early years it was mainly Spanish Peanuts, the kind with the papery, red skins still attached. Later we had mixed nuts and cashews, the cashews never lasted and the mixed nuts always were whittled down to nothing but Brazil nuts by the end of the evening. Too bad I didn't learn to like those until big family holiday gatherings were a thing of the past. I guess we don't always grow into ourselves in time, do we?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Free Domestic Shipping For Orders Over $100\nThese beautiful, one of a kind bags are handmade by the women of the Wayuu tribe in Colombia. Each large mochila bag takes 10-15 days to weave, a process that is handed down through the generations.\n11701 Lake Victoria Gardens Ave, Suite 5102,\nPalm Beach Gardens Florida 33410, United States\n10% OFF your first order. Be the first to know about sales, events and special offers.\nBe the first to know about sales, events and special offers.", "label": "No"}
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{"text": "Upon arrival at South Africa’s,\nO.R.Tambo International Airport…\nby its sheer size.\nMy second Melbourne to London flight in\na Royal Brunei 787 Dreamliner\nwas as good as the first.\nWe are now looking forward to a flight\nin the Air Canada’s Dreamliner.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "More Restaurants in San Benito, TX\nLonghorn Cattle Company Barbeque & Steak Restaurant\nAAA Inspection Details\nOverall Score: 2.3\nNoteworthy by meeting the industry-leading standards of AAA inspections.\nPresentation, Ingredients, Preparation, Menu\nAttentiveness, Knowledge, Style, Timeliness, Refinement\nStyle, Materials, Tables, Seating, Ambience, Comfort\nAAA Inspector Notes\nTexas barbecue is the specialty at this bustling eatery....including tender brisket, hearty ribs or tangy pulled pork. Visit the enormous screened porch decorated with mounted longhorns. Western relics cover the walls, and ceiling fans twirl above. Guests are greeted with a spicy cup of pintos at their table.\n3055 W Expwy 83 78586\nQuick Serve. Lunch and dinner served. Beer & wine, patio dining.\n1234 Street Address City, State 00000\nAAA Inspector RatingMore Hotels in San Benito, TX\n1234 Street Address City, State 00000More Attractions in San Benito, TX", "label": "No"}
{"text": "ELIZABETH, NJ — Police have learned that a man they’ve been seeking for more than two decades in the murder of his girlfriend died the same week he is suspected of killing her.\n“This means this case is now closed,” Union County Prosecutor’s Office spokesman Mark Spivey told LocalSource on Aug. 22.\nFingerprints of an unidentified man killed in Elizabeth when he was struck by a vehicle in 1993 were submitted to the New Jersey State Police later that year and then to the FBI in 2006, but results did not produce a match to any known person.\nIt was not until recently that Donna Fontana, a New Jersey State Police forensic anthropologist, entered the fingerprints to the National Institute of Justice’s National Missing and Unidentified Person System database that the prints came back as a match to Wilmane Nicolas, the most wanted suspect in the 1993 murder of Magalie Francois.\nOn the morning of Oct. 28, 1993, authorities reported that an adult male was killed by a vehicle in the area of U.S Routes 1 & 9 and East Grand Street in Elizabeth. The man did not have any identification on him and, despite an investigation to confirm his identity, he remained unknown, according to the Union County Prosecutor’s Office.\nTwo days after the John Doe was killed, the body of Francois was found on the 600 block of Monroe Avenue in Elizabeth. The autopsy revealed that she had been stabbed numerous times and beaten about the head.\nThe Elizabeth Police Department sought Nicolas of Elizabeth, Francois’ boyfriend at the time, as a suspect in the homicide. A warrant for his arrest was issued in January 1994, and he was placed on the Union County Sheriff’s Office Most Wanted List.\nWhile the case is unusual, Spivey highlighted two others in which the Homicide Task Force had identified suspects in crimes many years after the fact.\nThe cases were similar not only in the relentless investigative work but in that they involved violence against women.\nCarlton Franklin, 57, was arrested and found guilty five years ago for the 1976 rape and murder of Lena Triano of Westfield after Agent Vinnie Byron and Sgt. Harvey Barnwell of the Homicide Task Force discovered forensic evidence that was tested with modern investigative techniques.\nTriano, who lived alone at Ripley Place in Westfield, had been discovered hog-tied, raped, strangled, beaten and stabbed more than 35 years beforehand, when Franklin was just 15 years old. This required prosecutors to present the case to the Union County Juvenile Court and Franklin was tried as a minor for the crime.\nIn another case, Dorian Gillon was arrested and charged eight years after the 2005 homicide of Williametta Moore of Plainfield. She was found beaten and strangled just inside the front door of her residence on West Third Street in Plainfield on Dec. 15. 2005.\nAt the time, Gillon lived in the same neighborhood.\nHTF investigators worked closely with the biologists at the county’s forensics laboratory to examine previously collected DNA evidence, which led them to Gillon.\nGillon was indicted in 2014, and his trial is pending.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Milkwall is located in the county of Gloucestershire, South West England, one mile south-east of the town of Coleford, 16 miles west of the major city of Gloucester, 32 miles north-east of Cardiff, and 108 miles west of London. Milkwall lies three miles east of the Gwent border. Milkwall falls within the district council of Forest of Dean, under the county council of Gloucestershire. It is in the GL16 postcode district. The post town for Milkwall is Coleford.\nMilkwall is in the ceremonial county of Gloucestershire, the historic county of Gloucestershire, and the administrative county of Gloucestershire.\nMilkwall is situated roughly centrally between the southernmost and northernmost extremities of Gloucestershire, and towards the westernmost extremity of Gloucestershire.\nThe nearest postcode to the centre of Milkwall is GL16 8PZ.\nMilkwall is situated towards the southernmost extremity of the GL16 postcode district, and roughly centrally between the easternmost and westernmost extremities of the GL16 postcode district.\nThe post town for Milkwall is Coleford. Milkwall is in the GL16 postcode district, which corresponds to the post town of Coleford.\nThe centre of Milkwall is located at position 51.7802° latitude and -2.60735° longitude.\nThe centre of Milkwall is located at the grid reference easting 358197 and northing 209234 within the British National Grid (OSGB36) system.\nPosition of Milkwall relative to nearby towns. Distance is measured from the centre of Milkwall to the centre of the town.\nPosition of Milkwall relative to nearby cities. Distance is measured from the centre of Milkwall to the centre of the city.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Vintage 1950s Painted Red Roses L Pill Box Gold Tone Metal For Sale\nVintage, believe from the 1950s Pill BoxTop: Painted red Roses on white backgroundMade of some kind of gold tone metalNo label or place of manufacturer, prior owner had for many/many years.Could be made in the USA??Measures approx 2.5 x 2.5Interior shows four compartments for the pillsIts a very good condition, but the metal shows some fading, and needsa good cleaning.Sold as isthank you\nThis item has been shown 6 times.\nVintage 1950s Painted Red Roses L Pill Box Gold Tone Metal: $8", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Diane Condro of Paramus dies at 79\nPARAMUS - Diane Mary (Wright) Condro, 79, formerly of North Bergen, died on Aug. 30.\nDiane retired from Citibank in Paramus as a merger and acquisition specialist, as well as medical economics in Montvale. She was a parishioner of Our Lady of the Visitation R.C. Church in Paramus.\nShe was predeceased by her husband Charles Frank Condro Jr., and son Charles Frank Condro III. She was the mother of Doreen Pappas and her husband Anthony of Paramus, Mark Condro and his wife Karen of Wappingers Falls, N.Y.; grandmother of Ava Nicole Pappas, Alexa Dean Pappas and Derek Charles Condro; sister of Richard Wright of North Bergen.\nA memorial service was held at Our Lady of the Visitation R.C. Church on Sept. 9. Interment was private.\nArrangements were by the Vander Plaat Memorial Home in Paramus.\nMemorial donations may be made to Alzheimer's Association (Research), Greater New Jersey Chapter, 400 Morris Ave., Suite 251, Denville, NJ 07834.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sue Ann Reither of Perrysburg, Ohio, passed away Saturday, May 18, 2019. She was born October 20, 1946, to William and Irene Gonyer, in Findlay, Ohio. She lived in Rudolph,\nPerrysburg Messenger Journal\nJoseph Klein, past president of Historic Perrysburg Inc., presented the 2019 Bentley Historic Preservation Award to Clint Mauk at the annual meeting May 7. From the speech honoring Mr Mauk:\nWayne Presnell from Lucas, Ohio, took this photo May 10 at Magee Marsh. “This was the fifth year my wife and I attended the Biggest Week event. We see such\nTo develop a better understanding of career technical education training in northwest Ohio, U.S. Senator Sherrod Brown visited Penta Career Center. On May 10, the senator toured the welding and\n“Sympathetic and devoted in the art of healing; unyielding in matters of principle” Francisco Ignacio Regueyra was born July 19, 1934 in Habana (Havana), Cuba to Dr. Francisco and Mrs.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The 2017 Tour will start on Sunday September 3 and finish eight days later on September 10.\nHE IS the Hampshire man who made it through to the national final of a prestigious competition aimed at finding Britain’s best young chef.\nBournemouth opener Nick Park and Sarisbury Athletic captain Matt Journeaux hit centuries as their respective sides successfully cleared the first round hurdle in the ECB Royal London national club championship.\nPLANS to bulldoze a Hampshire house and replace it with ten new properties have been shelved after a storm of protest.\nTeam GB’s golden couple have won 10 Olympic titles between them.\nRICHARD Hill professed himself “thoroughly disappointed” as Eastleigh’s away campaign ended on a flat note at Solihull Moors.\nAnzac Day marks the anniversary of the start of the First World War Gallipoli landings.\nFive of Dembele’s 32 goals this season have come against Rangers.\nEllingham & Ringwood’s women secured the National Challenge Division 2 South title with victory over Seaford in East Sussex.\nThe Portuguese is aiming to steer club to their first major trophy since 2011.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "ABILENE — Betty J. Folsom, 87, passed away Sunday, June 21, 2020, in Abilene. She was born March 31, 1933 in Clay Center, the daughter of Marion I. and Daisy G, Welcher Davis. Growing up Betty attended Salina schools. She was married to Willis \"Monk\" Sutton, later divorcing and Jim Folsom, later divorcing. Betty was preceded in death by; her parents; son, George Sutton; two sisters, Naomi Brumfield, Ada May Davis; three brothers, Marion E, Leroy and Lloyd Davis.\nShe is survived by: three daughters; Joselyn Meador of Abilene, Judy Brady of Cheyenne, Wyoming and Jarda Sutton of Abilene; two sons, Willis Sutton of Abilene and Mark Sutton of Abilene.\nThe family has chosen cremation. Graveside services will be held 10:00 Friday at the Greenwood Cemetery in Clay Center with Pastor Jack Gilstrap officiating. The family suggests memorial contributions in her memory be made to the Hospice of Dickinson county. They may be sent in care of the Danner Funeral Home. 501 N. Buckeye Abilene, Kansas.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "LIPMAN, Bradford C.\nDr. Lipman received his medical degree from Medical College of Georgia in Augusta, Ga. His internal medicine internship and residency were completed at Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas, Texas. Dr. Lipman completed a cardiology fellowship at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Fla. His undergraduate training was completed at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Va.\nDr. Lipman is certified by the American Board of Internal Medicine and its sub-specialty, the Board of Cardiovascular Disease, the National Board of Medical Examiners and the American Board of Cardiovascular Disease.\nHe is a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology.\nDr. Lipman currently is in practice with the Piedmont Heart Institute Physicians group at the Piedmont Hospital, Eatonton and Monticello locations.\n•Cardiac and Peripheral Vascular Ultrasound", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The ceremony began with Midnight in Paris, which was directed by Woody Allen. The Beloved was shown as a close to the ceremony. Both the opening and the closing ceremonies were hosted by Melanie Laurent.\nHonorable Mention Events at the Film Festival\nAt the festivals opening ceremony the Honorary Palme d’Or Award was presented to Bernardo Bertolucci, who is an Italian film director. Two Iranian film directors, Jafar Panahi and Mohammad Rasoulof who are in jail, were given an honorable mention at the festival. Panahi’s film, This Is Not a Film, was screened during the festival and was given the Carrosse d’Or. Rasoulof’s film, Goodbye, was also screened at the film festival. In the main competition there were four female directors: Julia Leigh who is from Australia, Naomi Kawase who is from Japan, Lynne Ramsey who is a director in Scotland, and Maiwenn Le Besco who is from France.\nLars von Trier, who is a Danish film director, created a lot of controversy at the festival with the comments he made in regards to his film Melancholia. He was making jokes about the Jews and the Nazis when he was asked about his own German heritage and the relation that it played with the German Romanticism in the film. He claimed to have an understanding of who Adolf Hitler is and has long valued the importance of the work that the architect Albert Speer has done; he even stated that he was a Nazi during the press conference. An official apology was issued by the Cannes Film Festival for the comments that were made by Lars von Trier. They also had to clarify that Trier is indeed not a Nazi or an antisemite. Then, the film festival had to declare Trier “persona non grata” on the following day. Once all of the chaos was done and behind them the film festival was able to continue as planned and the film was allowed to remain in the competition.\nWinner of the Palme d’Or\nTree of Life was ultimately chosen as the winner of the Palme d’Or. The film was directed by Terrence Malick. Bill Pohlad and Sarah Green, who are two of the producers in this film, were the ones who were chosen to accept the prize for Malick. There has not been an American film to win the Palme d’Or since Fahrenheit 9/11 won the award in 2004. Even though Robert De Niro said it was hard to choose a winner, he felt The Tree of Life was the best possible choice for the award. When asked why De Niro chose the film he explained that it was largely in part because of its size, importance, and intentions, and that is what seemed fitting to be awarded the prize.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "ISLAMABAD: Pakistan’s Information Minister, Pervaiz Rashid has dismissed reports of the army calling for the resignation of any ministers.\nFollowing a ceremony held at Lok Virsa here on Friday, the information minister told reporters the Pakistan Army was working according to the constitution.\nAccording to Rashid rumours were spread by those who had been raised under dictatorship and were now jobless. He added that the court’s decision pertaining to former military ruler Pervez Musharraf will be accepted by all.\nRashid further said that all institutions were bound by the constitution and had to work under it.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "$50 Kitchen Upgrades\nDesigner Sabrina Soto shares ideas for updating a kitchen on a $50 budget.\nE-mail This Page to Your Friendsx\nA link to %this page% was e-mailed\nThis kitchen went from outdated and closed in to modern and functional.(video 02:48)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Indian Navy ships arrive for bilateral exercise\nTraining ships of the first Training Squadron of the Indian Navy arrived in Sri Lanka today (24) for a bilateral naval exercise.\n‘Shardul’ and ‘Magar’ arrived at the Colombo harbour while ‘Sujata’, ‘Sudarshini’, ‘Tarangini’ and Indian Coast Guard Ship ‘Vikram’ called at the port of Trincomalee.\nSri Lanka Navy welcomed the visiting ships in compliance with naval traditions.\nIn parallel, Commander-in–Chief of the Indian Navy’s Southern Naval Command, Vice Admiral Anil Kumar Chawla arrived on an official visit.\nSri Lanka Navy will conduct several training exercises with the visiting Training Squadron in Colombo and Trincomalee.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "I hope the pictures post, because I'm having trouble with them.\nI tried a two-tier baking arrangement. I put a regular pizza stone on the bottom, and firebrick splits on top. After baking four pies, I noticed that the cornmeal left on the firebrick splits was charred black, whereas the residual cornmeal on the pizza stone was brown. From this I concluded that the splits got hotter because they were closer to the top heating element.\nThen I got a new Fibrament stone. I put it on the bottom, removed the firebrick splits, and moved my old pizza stone to the top rack. I expected that the cornmeal left on the top pizza stone would end up charred black, just as had happened with the firebrick splits.\nThe opposite happened! The residual cornmeal on the Fibrament stone was charred black; the residual cornmeal on the other pizza stone was brown. See pix.\nWhat do you conclude from THAT? Does my pizza stone just not get as hot as the splits or the fibrament stone?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Chapter 197 Time to Kiss My Ass!\nZhou Qingfeng dashed through the final hundred meters like a gust of wind. He was already twice as strong as an average person, but after reaching the limit of his ‘Awe-Inspiring murderous’ ability, his strength had been further doubled. He was able to lift the M2hB heavy machine gun which was attached to a bullet box and a tripod that weighed over sixty kilograms in total with just one hand.\nHowever, when Zhou Qingfeng finally settled the last two defence points, three heavy machine guns, which Guzman had set up in the main defence point, was firing blatantly at the elite troops. The two mortar teams were also firing endless artillery shells at them.\nThose elite troops were immensely pleased with themselves just a few moments ago, but now, after being suppressed by their opponent's firepower and losing dozens of their men, their cries for help were the only sound that could be heard through the wireless radio. The old SEAL member was extremely mad at them.\n“Sir, we need backup.”\nThe old SEAL member thought to himself, Why the f*ck should I back you up?\n“Sir, we need to come up with another plan. We should retreat for now.”\nThe old SEAL member then thought to himself, Can’t you guys just call on your courage for even a second?\n“Sir, surrendering will be our only choice.”\nThe old SEAL member was finally fed up with them, The Chinese kid can destroy two defence points all by himself, but you guys are here trying to surrender even though there are fifty of you? What's the point of keeping you alive then? You all should go to the f*cking hell!\nThe group of elite troops were not the only side that was terrified. Guzman and Richard, who were standing on the last green patch of the golf course, were terrified by the strong murderous intent of Zhou Qingfeng as well. They exclaimed at the same time, “It’s Victor Hugo.”\n“Why the hell is that kid here?”\n“We can’t kill him even though we’re firing at him from three different directions?”\n“This guy has destroyed two of our defence points.”\n“We’re doomed… the flank of our main battle position is now exposed. They will definitely attack us from that direction now.”\nAfter staring at each other for a few seconds, Guzman yelled at his men at the main battle position through the wireless radio, “Pay attention to your left flank, someone might be attacking you from that direction.”\nRichard, on the other hand, asked worriedly, “Should we fall back? We might not be able to escape soon if the battle carries on this way.”\nGuzman really wanted to shout, ‘I’ve got over a hundred men under me and we can't even deal with a single person.” However, the fact that they had been defeated too many times by Zhou Qingfeng had caused them to lose all their confidence on the battlefield.\n“Mr. Rethnor has given out the order. We must defend this place even if we have to sacrifice people. Reinforcement will be arriving soon,” Guzman was just making up stories to try to boost the team morale once again.\nIn order to deal with the pre-emptive strike by the Brotherhood of Steel, Skull and Bones had specifically created a mobile unit, which consisted of more than a thousand men. They were well-equipped with a large number of motor vehicles and they moved at an incredible speed.\n“Where’s the current location of our reinforcement troop?” Richard began to be suspicious. “I’m from the Central Agency of Intelligence. I’ll bring some men to provide support to the reinforcement troops.”\nAfter Richard finished speaking, he then brought a dozen of men with him and left Guzman alone. Even though Guzman was fierce, malicious, and arrogant, he was shocked by Richard’s sudden departure too.\nIn the meantime, the patrol boat, which was responsible for attacking from the sea, was already in place. The elite troops ran around like headless flies on the beach to dodge the bullets but they did not realize that without any cover, they were the best shooting practice targets for the patrol boat.\nThe elite troops on the beach knew that they were in big trouble too. To defend themselves against the attack of the mortar and heavy machine guns, they, too, had lifted their FGM-148 ‘Javelin’ and fired the missiles at them. The exchange of fire between the two sides had become intense and there were casualties on both sides.\nAt that instant, Zhou Qingfeng, who had now reached the limit of his ‘Awe-Inspiring Murderous’ ability, lifted a heavy machine gun and regrouped with Dogmeat. They used their fastest possible speed to rush towards the enemies’ final defence point. They soon entered the architecture complex behind the beach and the blocks after blocks of villas had provided them with a lot of covers.\nAfter arriving at two hundred meters away from the left flank of their enemies’ main battle position, Zhou Qingfeng put down the M2hB and set up a tripod. Meanwhile, after receiving the warning from Guzman, the soldiers from the main battle position aimed at their left flank with an M240B general machine gun. They fired the shots immediately after discovering the Zhou Qingfeng’s rough location.\nZhou Qingfeng was forced to retreat temporarily as the strong firepower had even put a big hole in the house which he used as a bunker. He could only fall back until he was more than six hundred meters away from his enemies. Without any sighting devices, his enemies will face difficulties just to even identify his rough location.\nThe shooter who controlled the M240B struggled for breath as through the scope, he saw that someone was actually carrying a heavy machine gun and running around on the battlefield - It’s unbelievable! However, his surprise was actually reasonable as a normal heavy machine gun would require up to six people to carry it!\n“Sir, sir! We have a weirdo over here. I need backup… I repeat, I need backup,” the shooter shouted through the wireless radio.\nThe commander of the last defence point glanced at the direction of the beach as he watched the inevitable death of those in the elite troops. He then asked, “How many enemies do you have over there?”\n“There’s… There’s… There’s only one,” said the shooter\n“You are afraid of a single person? Finish him!” The defence point commander did not seem to care about them.\nHowever, all of sudden, Zhou Qingfeng’s M2hb began to roar, “It’s payback time.”\nSix hundred meters was not even a problem for the .50 caliber bullets. When the machine gun started to fire its shots, a satisfying scene emerged.\nThe bullets were sprayed out of the huge barrel of the machine gun before forming a scorching chain and landing on the enemies’ final defence point which was made out of sandbags, bricks, and even abandoned vehicles. The sandbags, which served as the enemies’ bunker, were torn in the blink of an eye.\nSand and rugs, broken pieces of cloth were blown into the air, and the seemingly sturdy bunker collapsed instantly from the impact of the massive projectiles. The bricks and abandoned vehicles also failed to serve its purposes, as holes after holes were being put into them.\nThe massive impact of the bullets penetrated through the bunker and landed directly on the interior of the defence point. After one wave of bulletstorm, the defence point had been completely demolished.\nMeanwhile, the elite troops of the Brotherhood of Steel had already gone mad. Although they had successfully eliminated two of their enemies’ patrol boats with their individual missiles, they had lost seven to eight men.\nWhen Zhou Qingfeng came along with DogMeat to rejoin the elite troops, this gang of nervous people even thought that their enemies had approached once again. A soldier suddenly emerged from the bunker and yelled “Make America Great Again” before shooting at Zhou Qingfeng, but with four times the strength of a normal human being, he dashed across six to seven meters with just a single step and kicked the soldier right in his face.\nThere were a dozen of nervous soldiers at the back as well. When they saw Zhou Qingfeng, they hurriedly aimed their muzzles at him. They, too, were shouting “Make America Great Again!”\nThe soldiers began to shoot at Zhou Qingfeng, but before they could do so, he thrusted upon them the slamming shots of his heavy machine gun. Fortunately, the sound of the gunshots was deafening enough to not only suppress their slogan, but also to restore some of their senses.\n“I’ve got rid of all three defence points and saved your lives, but that’s what you guys give me in return?” Zhou Qingfeng pointed at the elite troops with his M2hB and said sarcastically, “I’m not impressed with the elite troops of the Brotherhood of Steel. Maybe… it’s time to kiss my ass!”", "label": "No"}
{"text": "TRIBUTES were paid today to the Midland soldier who died in Afghanistan.\nLance Corporal Richard Larkin, 39, was one of four soldiers killed when a roadside bomb tore through their vehicle in a planned operation east of Lashkar Gah in Helmand province on Tuesday.\nOne of the casualties was Corporal Sarah Bryant, of the Intelligence Corps, who became the first British woman to die on active service in Afghanistan in the explosion.\nL/Cpl Larkin’s family praised a “beloved husband, father, son and brother whose tragic and untimely death will be deeply mourned by his family, friends and colleagues.”\n“We request that the media leave us to grieve in peace and respect our privacy at this very difficult time.”\nL/Cpl Larkin was from Cookley, near Kidderminster. The Territorial Army soldier was serving with 23 SAS Regiment.\nHe worked as a night-charge nurse at Evesham Community Hospital, Worcestershire NHS Primary Care Trust said. He joined in June 2004 as an emergency nurse practitioner and ran the Minor Injuries Unit and the rest of the hospital overnight.\nSue Baker, matron at Evesham Community Hospital, said: “We were all deeply saddened to hear of Richard’s death.\n“He was a highly skilled and knowledgeable nurse who was dedicated to patient-centred care and supporting his colleagues.\n“He will be fondly remembered for his professionalism, his style and wit.”\nDefence Secretary Des Browne said today the deaths of the soldiers would not be in vain.\nHe said:“All four were immensely dedicated and professional service personnel and my sincere and deepest condolences go out to all of their family and loved ones.\n“I cannot comprehend the pain they are going through.\n“They have made the ultimate sacrifice, laying down their life alongside those of their comrades in pursuit of the aim of a peaceful and stable Afghanistan.\n“We will ensure their losses were not in vain.”", "label": "No"}
{"text": "JOHANNESBURG, July 11 (Reuters) – Shops were looted overnight, a section of the M2 highway was closed and stick-wielding protesters marched through the streets of Johannesburg on Sunday, as sporadic acts of violence following the jailing of former South African President Jacob Zuma spread to the country’s main economic hub.\nThe unrest had mainly been concentrated in Zuma’s home province of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), where he started serving a 15-month sentence for contempt of court on Wednesday night. read more\nZuma’s sentencing and subsequent imprisonment have been seen as a test of the post-apartheid nation’s ability to enforce the law fairly – even against powerful politicians – 27 years after the African National Congress (ANC) ousted the white minority rulers to usher in democracy. read more\nBut his incarceration has angered Zuma’s supporters and exposed rifts within the ANC.\nPolice said criminals were taking advantage of the anger…", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Israeli Jewish settlers attacked Beit Iksa town in occupied Jerusalem and sabotaged several Palestinian-owned vehicles on Wednesday early morning, February 22, 2023.\nPalestinian local sources reported that Israeli settlers invaded the town at dawn and sabotaged four vehicles. The sources added that settlers sprayed walls with racist slogans.\nThe sources pointed out that settlers repeatedly attack Beit Iksa town and cause damage to the Palestinians’ properties and homes.\nIsraeli occupation authorities deny the entry of Palestinians to the town located near the Israeli apartheid wall.\n2500 Palestinians live in Beit Iksa. They are subject to regular attacks and violations by Israeli occupation forces and settlers.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "KBC Ghar Baitho Jeeto Jackpot Question Asked in Episode 48 on 2nd November 2017 for 5 Lakh Rupees Price.\n“Gho” is the National Dress of which country?\nNational Dress of Bhutan\n‘Gho’ is the national dress for men in Bhutan. It is a long robe hoisted up until it is knee-length. The hoisted cloth is held in place with a woven cloth belt called ‘Kera’ wound tightly around the waist. The hoisted up cloth forms a large pouch, in which certain items could be kept such as the traditional bowl and betel nut. National dress for Bhutanese women is ‘Kira’. Kira looks like an apron. It is generally made of fine woven fabric, is adorned with traditional patterns and is mostly worn in bright colors. The intricately woven Kiras enhance the beauty and the graceful manners of the women of Bhutan and compliment their dark looks perfectly. Women wear ‘Kira’ over a blouse called ‘Wonju’. Kira is a floor-length rectangular piece of cloth wrapped around the body and held from the shoulders by broach-like hooks called ‘Koma’.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A man from Hove has been jailed for sex attacks on two women more than 20 years apart.\nGraham Cleaver, 59, who grew up in Hangleton, was jailed for 10 years by Judge Richard Hayward at Lewes Crown Court today (Tuesday 19 May).\nCleaver was convicted of four counts of indecent assault against a girl who was between 15 and 17 years old at the time of the offences. The attacks happened at an address in Hove between dates in 1972 and 1974.\nHe was also convicted of six counts of indecent assault and one of attempted rape against a girl who was aged between 7 and 12 years old. The offences took place at his current home in Dovedale Gardens, Eastbourne, between dates in 1994 and 1999.\nHe knew both girls before the attacks started, the court was told.\nThe jury at Lewes convicted him after an eight-day trial which ended yesterday (Monday 18 May).\nDetective Constable Rex Petty, of the Brighton Safeguarding Investigations Unit, said: “These offences first came to light when the older woman came to us in 2011.\n“A careful and thorough investigation followed to uncover the whole truth of what had happened.\n“Cleaver denied everything all the way through.\n“This was a retrial as a jury had failed to agree at a previous trial and acquitted him of raping the older woman when she was a teenager.\n“However, the two victims continued to support the prosecution and, with their evidence, the case against Cleaver was finally proved.\n“This is another example of the way in which we can support victims and help them obtain justice, even after many years.”\nLIKE WHAT WE DO? HELP US TO DO MORE OF IT BY DONATING HERE.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Welcome to the Kawartha Women's Lacrosse Website\n2020 PRE SEASON CLINIC DATES NOW POSTED!\nCHECK YOUR CORRESPONDING TEAM TAB FOR DATES AND LOCATIONS\n2020 HOUSE LEAGUE REGISTRATION\nOnline registration opens March 8th!\nIn person registration @ Kenner Collegiate in the front lobby on the following dates:\nSunday, March 8th @ 10am-12pm\nWednesday, March 25th @ 6pm-8pm\nWednesday, April 5th @ 6pm-8pm\nWednesday, April 22nd @ 6pm-8pm\nFor any questions please email Dawson Hill at email@example.com.\nIf you have any questions about registration please email firstname.lastname@example.org", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Fishing, Pheasants, GAA and Bouzouki!\nWedding invite pictures: this wedding caricature was for a signing board and was used on the couple’s invitations too! It features their interests in fishing, shooting, hurling, music and Gaelic football, and Confey GAA Club features in the background! I think it’s the first time I’ve drawn a bouzouki but I’ve drawn a few bodhrans in my time! I think I’ve drawn a few pheasants too! I featured club crests in the caricature too. The couple were thrilled with the wedding caricature:\n“Brilliant job! Love the expressions on the pheasant and fish!! We’re chuffed with it! Thanks so much.”", "label": "No"}
{"text": "October 28, 2021 - March 09, 2007\nAge 82 of McCandless, formerly of Hampton Twp. Was one of eight brothers and four sisters. Beloved husband of Marie (Wittwer) and adored father of Jeanne Beamon, Frank (Janet), Denise Clarke (Michael), and Robert (Donna). Brother of John, Steve, Joseph, Harry, and sisters Nancy, Bonnie, and Helen McElhinny. Loving grandfather to Nicole, Caryn, Geoffrey, Matthew, Alex, David, and Erin; and a beloved great-grandfather to Ryan and Ellie. He was a loving brother-in-law to Bette DiRuzza and uncle to Deborah and Lin.\nVeteran of WW II as a paratrooper in the 880th Field Artillery, where he began service with the 69th Infantry Division, and transferred to the 13th Airborne Division. He was a founding and charter member of North Hampton Fire Dept. and a life member of West View VFW Post 2754, as well as a member of St. Teresa of Avila Church. He was a member of Local 66 Operating Engineers where he was employed from 1948 until retirement.\nVisitation Sunday 2-4 and 7-9P.M. at the T.B. Devlin Funeral Home, 806 Perry Highway, North Hills. Mass of Christian burial in St. Teresa of Avila Church Monday 10 A.M. Contributions may be made to the Bairdford Veteran’s Memorial or the North Hampton VFD.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Beloved husband, father and grandfather, George passed away peacefully, in the arms of Marion, his wife of 50 years, and surrounded by his children and grandchildren on Sunday March 8, 2015.\nGeorge spent his time volunteering coaching sports, at St. David’s United Church and at Camp Kasota West. He passed his time doing woodworking in his garage, playing Slo-Pitch with Seniors Slo Pitch League.\nGeorge is survived by his loving and dedicated wife Marion, son Peter and wife Yvonne, daughter Cindy and husband Wade, son Paul and wife Amanda, and daughter Jane. He will also be fondly remembered by his grandchildren Kaylei, Sarah, Taylor, Sam & Madalyn. He will also be missed by nieces Sharon, Marie & Carol and their families in California.\nThe family greatly appreciates the kind support and care that he received at Bethany West Hillhurst and most recently Bow View Manor.\nCremation has taken place and a memorial service will be held at 2:00 pm, Saturday March 14, 2015 at St David’s United Church, 3303 Capitol Hill Crescent NW Calgary, AB, T2M 2R2.\nIf friends so desire, memorial tributes may be made to St. David’s United Church ([email protected]) or the Alzheimer’s Society of Calgary (alzheimercalgary.ca)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Police have arrested two men at an Adelaide hotel after they allegedly failed to stay in their rooms and wear masks.\nThe pair are believed to have arrived on a flight from Melbourne today and were subjected to supervised quarantine directions.\nPolice in gas masks and full PPE were seen escorting the men out of the Pullman Hotel in Hindmarsh Square and put them into paddy wagons this afternoon.\nOne of the men was brought out in a wheelchair and with a bandage on his head.\nThe 19-year-old and the 21-year-old, both from Victoria, have been charged with failing to comply with a direction.\nThey have been refused bail to appear in the Adelaide Magistrates Court tomorrow.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Dwayne Scott Flener, 50 of Morgantown, Kentucky passed away Monday July 16, 2018 at his residence. Dwayne was born December 19, 1967 in Warren County, Kentucky to Roger Flener and the late Brenda Lee Hunt Jones. He was a member of Aberdeen Missionary Baptist Church and a self employed salesman. Other than his mother he is preceded in death by one brother Travis Lynn Flener.\nDwayne Scott Flener is survived by his father Roger Flener and wife Ginger of Morgantown, Ky; one sister Shannon Raymer of Morgantown, KY; one brother Davey Bryant of Morgantown, KY; two nephews Justin Sloan of Bowling Green, KY and Trey Bryant of Morgantown, KY; five cousins Cindy, Karla, Calie, Connie and Jarrod and several aunts, uncles and cousins.\nFuneral services will be held at the Jones Funeral Chapel Thursday July 19, 2018 at 1:00pm with Bro. Buddy Swift officiating. Burial will be in the Smith Cemetery. Visitation will be held on Thursday July 19, 2018 from 9:30am until funeral time at 1:00pm at the Jones Funeral Chapel. Please share any photos, memories, condolences or light a candle in memory of Dwayne at www.jonesfuneralchapel.com", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Mary Lois Verdon, 91, of Murfreesboro died Saturday, July 29, 2023. She was born March 10, 1932, in Murfreesboro.\nShe was a member of the Japany Methodist Church, and had been a cook at Murfreesboro Nursing Center.\nShe was preceded in death by her infant sister, Janice Stuart.\nSurvivors include: her son, Stuart Verdon and wife, Debbie, of Spicewood, Texas; also grandchildren and great-grandchildren.\nGraveside services will be at 10:30 a.m. on Monday, Aug. 21, 2023, at Japany Cemetery with Aaron Cooley officiating. Arrangements by Latimer Funeral Home in Murfreesboro.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Credit to Author: The Manila Times| Date: Mon, 29 Jun 2020 18:16:09 +0000\nWilcon Depot, the Philippines’ leading home improvement and construction supply retailer, successfully opened its 60th store milestone on June 26. Photo shows (from left) Calumpit Mayor Jessie De Jesus, Wilcon Depot President and Chief Executuve Officer Lorraine Belo-Cincochan, Province of Bulacan Governor Daniel Fernando, Wilcon Depot Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer Rosemarie Bosch-Ong and Calumpit Vice Mayor Victor De Belen during the ribbon-cutting ceremony. Visit their newest store located in Brgy. Pio Cruzcosa, Calumpit, Bulacan.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Clergy stole available in the four liturgical colors. This stole has a precious embroidered Chi-Rho symbol with grapes and ears of wheat and a cross on the back side embroidered in gold thread.\nStole made in Poland and finely embroidered by machine on an elegant and resistant fabric.\nAvailable in 4 liturgical colors:\ngreen. Choose the desired color below the picture.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "By boykofunera32295943, Feb 15 2017 07:51PM\nElizabeth M. “Toots” Young, 88, of Allentown, PA, died Sunday, February 12, 2017 in the St. Luke’s VNA Hospice House in Bethlehem. Born in Philadelphia, she was a daughter of the late Robert & Angelina Wakeley. She was the wife of the late James Young.\nElizabeth 'Toots' worked all of her life; she was a waitress, she was a manager, she catered events. She loved to crochet, make jewelry, and garden. She loved the beach,\ncollecting seashells, and spent much time there. She took a lot of pride in herself and her accomplishments.\nSurviving are children: Rosemary wife of Stephen Chiaravallotti, Joseph Murray, Barbara Schlacter, and Heidi Young; brother Robert & wife Diana Wakeley; grandchildren: Rose wife of Giovanni Busa, Robert Chiaravallotti, Jennifer Leatherman, Carrie Britland, Jennifer wife of Jay Goble, Jimmy Schlacter, Samantha Williams, Arielle Williams, and Bradley Molchany; great-grandchildren: Angela Busa, Amanda Busa, Ashley wife of Brandon Dyke, Joseph Chiaravallotti, Natasha Chiaravallotti, Vivien Chiaravallotti, Izabelle Chiaravallotti, Tyler Dockery, Jason Britland, Jr., Katie Ann Britland, Joshua Britland, Savanna Williams, Noah Williams; great-great-grandchildren: Serina Busa and Madilynn Thomas. She was predeceased by a great-great-granddaughter, Arianna Busa.\nMemorial service will be held on Saturday, February 18, 2017 at 11:30am in the Boyko Funeral Home, 855 Lehigh Street, Allentown, PA. A calling hour will precede the service in the funeral home. In lieu of flowers, contributions may be made to St. Luke’s Hospice House, 2455 Black River Road, Bethlehem, PA 18015", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The two hundred-fourteenth (214) day of the heroic resistance of the Ukrainian people to a russian military large-scale invasion continues.\nThe enemy continues to focus its efforts on attempts to fully occupy the Donetsk oblast and hold the captured territories, as well as disrupt the active actions of the Defense Forces in certain areas. Fires at the positions of our troops along the contact line, conducts aerial reconnaissance and tries to restore lost positions in certain directions.\nThe enemy continues to cynically attack civilian infrastructure and civilian homes. There remains the threat of the enemy launching air and missile strikes on the entire territory of Ukraine.\nOver the past 24 hours, the russian invaders have launched 7 missile and 22 air strikes, fired more than 67 rounds of anti-aircraft missiles at military and civilian targets on the territory of Ukraine, violating the norms of international humanitarian law, the laws and customs of warfare.\nMore than 35 settlements were affected by enemy strikes. Among them are Zaporizhzhya, Ochakiv, Mykolayiv, Myrolyubivka, New York, Bilohorivka, Krasnohorivka, Pavlivka, and Mayorsk.\nThe situation in the Volyn and Polissya directions has not changed significantly.\nIn other directions, the enemy continues shelling from tanks, mortars and barrel artillery, namely:\nin the Siversky direction - in the areas of the settlements of Huta-Studenetska of the Chernihiv oblast and Bachivsk of the Sumy oblast;\nin the Slobozhanskyi direction - in the areas of the settlements of Strilecha, Huryiv Kozachok, Dvorichne, Kupyansk and Kucherivka;\nin the Kramatorsk direction - Slovyansk, Koroviy Yar, Bohorodychne, Yarova and Ozerne;\nin the Bakhmut direction – Soledar, Bakhmut, Bakhmutske, Opytne, Yakovlivka, Nelipovka, Yuryivka, Bilohorivka, Rozdolivka;\nin the Avdiyivka direction - Avdiyivka, Vodyane, Maryinka and Paraskoviyvka.\nMore than 20 settlements came under shelling from tanks, mortars and barrel artillery in the Novopavloisk and Zaporizhzhya directions. In particular, Mykilske, Vuhledar, Kurdyumivka, Prechistivka, Shevchenko, Bilohirya, Temyrivka, Vremivka and Olhivske.\nMore than 25 settlements along the contact line were damaged by fire in the South Buh direction. In order to carry out reconnaissance, adjust fire and launch strikes on civilian infrastructure objects, the enemy made more than 30 fluies of UAVs.\nIn connection with the partial mobilization announced by the military-political leadership, the russian command in the temporarily occupied territories is trying to limit the rights of servicemen of the armed forces of the russian federation who have signed short-term contracts. In the units of the occupiers in the Zaporizhzhya direction, it was announced that the term of the contract does not matter, and the time of stay in the combat zone from now on depends on the decision of the command. In addition, partial mobilization is called the reason for the delay of vacations and cash payments, which already leads to a significant deterioration of the morale and psychological state in the enemy's units.\nDuring the day, units of the Defense Forces of Ukraine repelled enemy attacks in the areas of the settlements of Soledar, Vyimka, Kurdyumivka, Zaitseve, Novomykhailivka, and Pervomaiske.\nAviation of the Defense Forces carried out 26 strikes - it was confirmed that 20 areas of concentration of manpower and military equipment of the enemy and 6 positions of anti-aircraft missile systems were hit.\nMissile troops and artillery hit, in particular, 5 control points, 13 areas of concentration of enemy manpower and equipment, 3 positions of anti-aircraft missile complexes, 3 systems of missile troops and artillery, among them \"Hurricane\", and 2 warehouses with ammunition. Losses are being clarified.\nWe believe in the Armed Forces! Together we will win! Glory to Ukraine!\nLet's keep our weapons strong! We believe in victory! We believe in the Armed Forces! Glory to Ukraine!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "‘We’ve lost a legend and a friend’ – Rangers kitman Jimmy Bell dies aged 69\nRangers legends, past and present, have paid tribute to Jimmy Bell, the club’s popular, long-serving kitman whose sudden death was announced yesterday (Paul Forsyth writes).\nGiovanni van Bronckhorst, Ronald De Boer and Steven Gerrard were among the first to send their condolences when it emerged that Bell had passed away. In more than 30 years at Ibrox, he became a much-loved figure, a friend and confidant to generations of players, managers and staff, from Graeme Souness to Van Bronckhorst and Paul Gascoigne.\nA familiar face on the backroom staff, Bell was in the dugout as recently as Sunday, when Rangers drew 1-1 at Celtic Park. He had been looking forward to tomorrow night’s Europa League semi-final second leg against RB Leipzig.\nDouglas Park, the Rangers", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Greenville, SC. – The NCCAA Mideast Region has released the 2018-19 All-Mideast Regional Women’s Basketball Team and Men’s Basketball Team. The coaches in the region vote on the squad at the conclusion of the regular season and announce the results during post-season play. Coaches cannot vote for their own players.\nFive individuals were named First Team All-Region in both categories and five were named Second Team All-Region. Alice Lloyd College was well represented as four total athletes were selected to this exclusive company.\nOn the women’s side, sophomore guard Haley Hall and junior guard Katie Moore were both chosen to the women’s First Team while the men were represented by junior guard Blake Smith on the First Team and junior forward Chance Cornett on the Second Team.\nHaley Hall finished the season averaging 16.4 ppg and was ranked by the NCCAA in the Top 5 in the nation in free throw percentage (85.6%). Additionally, she added 5.6 rebounds, 1.86 assists and 1.53 steals per night.\nIn addition to being named First Team All-Mideast Region, she was also voted First Team All-River States Conference. She was also just named by the NAIA as an Honorable Mention All-American.\nHall also helped lead the Lady Eagles to a 20-10 record and a second consecutive appearance by the women’s team in the NAIA DII National Championship in Sioux City, Iowa.\nKatie Moore finished the season averaging 13.1 ppg and shot 81% from the foul line. She also led the squad in assists at 2.7 per game and was third in rebounding with 4.6. In addition to being named First Team All-Mideast Region, she was also voted Second Team All-River States Conference.\nMoore also helped lead the Lady Eagles to a 20-10 record and a second consecutive appearance by the women’s team in the NAIA DII National Championship in Sioux City, Iowa.\nBlake Smith finished the season averaging 20.9 ppg and was ranked by the NCCAA in the top 10 in the nation in scoring. Additionally, he averaged 6 rebounds and 1.7 assists per outing.\nIn addition to being named First Team All-Mideast Region, Smith was also named NCCAA First Team All-American, First Team All-Mideast Region vote-leader, and First Team All-River States Conference.\nChance Cornett finished the season averaging 14.5 ppg and 6.2 rebounds per game, which placed him second in both categories. In addition to being named Second Team All-Mideast Region, he was also named as a Scholar-Athlete Recipient by both the NCCAA and the NAIA.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "African american family essays\nEssays on african american wilson explores the inherent conflict that a traditional african-american family feels between african-american heritage. Read effects of slavery on the african american family free essay and over 88,000 other research documents effects of slavery on the african american family the. African american essays being african american has never been easy white america has always been stereotypical of black people, although blacks have.\nAfrican american family ethnicity soc 312 marriage & family abstract african american family ethnicity shares several simularities with the west african. African american vernacular english and ebonics essay as 'african american vernacular details the life of the breedloves and african american family of. A study on african americans values sociology essay print some general themes in the african american place of respect within the african american family. 20 great articles and essays about african americans - the electric typewriter - great articles and essays by the world's best journalists and writers. The african-american family structure has been divided into a twelve-part typology that is used to show the differences in the family structure based on “gender.\nThe roles of african american fathers occurred in the quality and quantity of african american family life the black family: essays and. Potential tourism, touting african-american historical tours, essay contests and african american family reunions may have hundreds of participants. Effects of slavery on the african american family essays: over 180,000 effects of slavery on the african american family essays, effects of slavery on the african.\nThe african american family - is an essay sample that is one of the most helpful things in your academic writing life be sure to use the benefits of it. Essay questions can be used to evaluate their waters, c m (1998, december) actual and ideal professional support for african american family. How have african american civil rights changed over the past 150 years african american civil rights has a long history african american people had a very hard time.\nBibliographic essay on african american history african american history a free family of color in the old south. Researching african american family history by patricia moncure thomas e very african american family has a history but not every african american family. African american family research papers discuss a sample of a paper order on how to order an observation paper, with specific questions to answer on the topic buy.\nIs the african american family slowly disintegrating america, as we know it today, is composed of an eclectic mix of cultures including african, asian, hispanic.\n- African american culture was always distinguished by strong family easygoessay can write a research paper on modern african american culture and education.\n- Running head: african-american culture african-american culture abstract in this paper i discuss the african-american culture in regards to values, norms.\n- Culture: african american and cultural background summary essays culture: african american and cultural life of the breedloves and african american family of.\nAfrican american culture essaysafrican american culture culture is not a fixed phenomenon, nor is it the same in all places or to all people it is relative to time. African-american literature is the body of literature the saga of an american family by alex haley he also wrote numerous influential articles and essays. The black family: 40 years of lies rejecting the moynihan report caused untold, needless misery and far too often african-american so why does the times. How a trip to kenya changed the way i think about the terms african-american and black american he was curious what non-american country my family was from. Parenting in america 1 the american family today family life is changing two-parent households are on the decline in the united states as divorce, remarriage and.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "20 top modern corner tv units tv cabinet and stand ideas, industrial corner tv stands tv stand ideas. Small contemporary tv stands furniture and interior design. 50 ideas of modern corner tv stands tv stand ideas.\nModern small white matt& gloss tv unit 110cm corner led, small corner tv stands nepinetworkorg. Small corner tv stands nepinetworkorg. 20 photos small corner tv cabinets tv cabinet and stand.Published on July 21, 2019\nTag: Small Modern Corner TV Stand", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Clifton James Brown\n- January 17, 2023\nClifton Brown, age 36, passed away December 6, 2022 in Fort Worth, Texas\nRosary: 10:30 am, Saturday, January 21, 2023 at Holy Trinity Catholic Church, 800 High Crest Drive, Azle, Texas 76020.\nMass of The Resurrection: 11:00 am, following Rosary\nClifton was a graduate of Springtown High School and worked 17 years at O’Reilly’s auto parts.\nClifton is preceded in death by his father, LT Brown, Jr., and his brother, David Matt Brown.\nHe is survived by his mother, Lou Ann Brown.\nThe post Clifton James Brown first appeared on Silver Oaks Funeral & Cremations.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Paqueria La Plaza\n- 1647 Washington Blvd Map\n- Route Easton, PA 18042-4750\n- 1647 Washington Blvd, Easton, PA 18042-4750\n- (610) 559-6163\nPaqueria La Plaza can be found at 1647 Washington Blvd . The following is offered: Restaurants . In Easton there are 73 other Restaurants. An overview can be found here.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "By Abubakar Ahmed\nGusau, Oct. 9, 2019\nOperatives of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) on Wednesday took away four ‘Ghana-must-go’ bags suspected to contain money from the Zamfara office of Independent National Electoral Commission, INEC.\nThe News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) gathered that the operatives were at the INEC office in Gusau in continuation of its investigation over alleged non payment of ad hoc staff who conducted the 2019 general election.\nEye witnesses told NAN that the EFCC operatives arrived the office around noon with heavily armed personnel and ransacked the facility for close to two hours.\nThe eye witnesses further told NAN that all the four bags and some documents were allegedly recovered from the office of the accountant.\nSome INEC officials who were earlier arrested by the EFCC were brought along during the two-hour search and were afterwards taken back into custody.\nA petition to the EFCC by Abdullahi Nasiru, one of the ad hoc staff, had alleged that they were shortchanged by INEC to the tune of over N80 million in the allowances paid to them after the general election when compared to what was paid ad hoc staff in other states.\nThe EFCC operatives and INEC officials refused to respond to questions from newsmen after the search.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A 16 year-old boy was shot in the arm and leg at 26th and Shotwell Streets at 7:30 p.m. He was transported to SFGH with non-life-threatening injuries.\nAround 5 hours later, just before 1 a.m., 3 more people were shot at 16th and Julian Streets. They were also taken to SFGH, where one died, another was in critical condition, and another was in stable condition.\nRetaliation? The first victim was in Norteño territory, and the 3 others were in Sureño territory.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Duerr, Ida S.\nIda S. Duerr, age 85 of Marshfield, entered eternal life Tuesday, April 16, 2013, at Ministry St Josephs Hospital in Marshfield. Funeral Services will be held 11:00AM, Friday, April 19, 2013 at Immanuel Lutheran Church in Marshfield. The Rev Chris Schwanz will officiate. Visitation will be held from 5:00PM until 8:00PM Thursday, April 18, 2013 at the Hansen-Schilling Funeral Home (1010 E. Veterans Parkway) in Marshfield and again from 10:00AM until the time of service at the Church on Friday.\nIda was born September 30, 1927 in the town of Goodrich in Taylor County, the daughter of Louis and Frances (Budja) Zinkowich. She attended a country school in Marathon County.\nOn December 30, 1944 in Wausau, Wisconsin, Ida Zinkowich was united in marriage to Roy Duerr. Ida was employed at Karau's Supermarket for over 42 years and at the time of retirement was the manager in the produce department.\nIda was a loving wife, mother, grandmother and great grandmother. She was a member of Immanuel Lutheran Church, a member of the Eagles Auxiliary, and also a member of the Ladies Auxiliary for VFW\nPost 1866 in Marshfield. Ida enjoyed golfing, bowling, camping, gambling at the casino and playing cards. Those that knew her best will miss her warm spirit, quick wit, and her love of Family.\nShe is lovingly survived by her husband, Roy Duerr of Marshfield; her daughter, Pamela Jirschele (special friend Tom Cooper) of Marshfield; grandchildren, Gaelba (Jenny) Jirschele and their children Carsten and Kaeson; Samuel (Jessica) Jirschele and their child Jaxson; all of Marshfield. She is further survived by her siblings, John (Carol) Zinkowich of Athens and Josephine Sommers of Stratford. She is also survived by daughter-in-law, Avril Duerr of Houston, TX and sister-in-law, Martha Zinkowich of Athens, WI. She will truly be missed.\nHer parents, Louis and Frances; a son, Ronald Duerr, son-in-law, David Jirschele; as well as siblings, Frances, Anne, Mary, Toni, Tena, Frank, Louis, Joe, Fritz, and Eddie all preceded Ida in death.\nOnline condolences may be made at www.hansenschillingfuneralhome.com\nfor your convenience.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "File: Daenerys by jekaa.jpg\nDaenerys Targaryen exhibiting silver hair and purple eyes inherited from her ancestors of Old Valyria. This portrait also shows her wearing a single silver Dothraki bell in her hair, which signifies her victory over the Undying Ones in the House of the Undying.\n|| This work is copyrighted, but the copyright holder has granted permission for this image to be used in A Wiki of Ice and Fire. This permission does not extend to third parties.\nCopyright holder: jekaa\nThe text of the permission was: For use on this wiki.\nClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.\n|current||21:25, 16 June 2012||413 × 516 (48 KB)||Melanie||Daenerys Targaryen exhibiting the Valyrian silver hair and purple eyes|\n- You cannot overwrite this file.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Chinese President Xi Jinping and Myanmar State Counsellor, Aung San Suu Kyi, had a cordial and friendly talk at Myanmar’s presidential palace on Friday.\nThe two leaders agreed to have an in-depth exchange of views on China-Myanmar relations and issues of mutual concern on Saturday.\nBefore the talk, upon Xi’s arrival at the presidential palace, Myanmar President U Win Myint hosted a grand welcome ceremony in his honour.\nHonour guards stood in line at the lawn bathed in sunshine.\nThey raised their guns in salute and a military band played the national anthems of the two countries.\nXi inspected the guards of honour in the company of U Win Myint.\nEdited by: Halima sheji/Abdulfatah Babatunde", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Conspiracies vs. the Middle Class\nIgniting the voting bloc of our strong working class.\n“The final war will not be a race war, it will not be between blacks and whites. The final war will be an economic war, a war between the haves and the have-nots.” — Malcolm X\nBy Richard Smith\nILLUMINATION Staff Writer", "label": "No"}
{"text": "If you can't find what you are looking for...\n|Boxed silver enamel and Moss agate boudoir clock.|\n|Pair of 18th century Chinese bronze tripod censers|\n|Buffet Stlye Renaissance|\n|PAIR CHINESE CHIPPENDALE STYLE CHAIRS|\n|Antique Pair French Charles X candelabra|\nNo more product to display in this category...Done", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Craig McIntosh Birth Announcement\nVital Statistics Births Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Newton, ]O00 Poplar, son, July 37, St. Peter's Peter's Hospital. Mr. and Mrs Francis Olcson, Canyon Ferry, son. July IB, St. Peter's Hospital. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Kemp, 432 Clark, son, July 19, St. Peter's Hospital. Mr, and Mrs. James Mcintosh, 402 West Main, son, July 16, St. John's Hospital. Mr. and Mrs. James Sinerius. 537 East Sixth, daughter, July 18, St. John's Hospital. Mr. and Mrs. David Sullivan, 930 Kesster, sun, July 19, John's Hospital. Sgt. and Mrs. J. R. Morgan, 320 Norm warren, son, July 39, John's Hospital.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Calvert-Lewin stakes claim for England place with another Everton goal\nWest Ham United 1 Everton 1\nIn this match between two of English football’s faded powers, West Ham and Everton delivered an homage to the past. Adopting two flat banks of four, they knocked long balls into the channels, threatened mainly from whipped crosses and set pieces, and did their best to ensure that the London stadium’s ghastly moat of burgundy carpet was not the only throwback on display.\nWest Ham would probably settle for any coherent attacking plan, however traditional, after the Manuel Pellegrini era, and it was David Moyes’s team who played with more conviction, particularly during the first half, when the physical presence of the 6ft 3in Sebastien Haller troubled Mason Holgate and Yerry Mina and provided a focal point for the crosses of Robert Snodgrass, Mark Noble", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|Cinematography:||Ira H. Morgan|\n|Released:||April 22, 1949 (premiere)|\nApril 26, 1949\nThe Mutineers is a 1949 American adventure film starring Adele Jergens, George Reeves and Jon Hall. \nThe film was also known as Pirate Ship.\nIt was one of several movies Jon Hall made for Sam Katzman, the others including The Price of Thieves.\nSailor Nick Shaw investigates the murder of a ship's captain.\nFilming started 27 October 1948. George Reeves, who just made Jungle Jim for Katzman, co-starred.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sveter Uper ploty.\nCasualNew! Fences Upper Sweater.\nA practical and comfy sweater from woven fabric\nThe top sweater of comfy cut with lowered shoulders fits perfectly as an accessory to casual wear or work. It’s made of the fence pattern that was woven at a local producer with a well-established tradition of fabric making. It fits figures of XS to L sizes.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Welcome to La Grange, NC\nWelcome to the official website for the Town of La Grange, North Carolina. La Grange is a small but growing municipality in eastern North Carolina, located west of Kinston and east of Goldsboro. It is our hope that you will find this site useful. It contains a wealth of information about the Town with links to many other useful sites. This website belongs to and serves the people of La Grange. Please feel free to contribute any questions or comments regarding its quality.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Biography of famous mathematician pythagoras\nBiography of famous mathematician pythagoras Hilbert, biography of kalpana chawla in a chronological order the christian, christianizes his biography of akshay kumar actor hydrolysis and erases peacefully! the poisoned jefferson bename, his muddy and dirty. the elegant and uniaxial frederich summarizes his mommas dishevels and tumefies paradoxically. fox tar alchemists, his ashling unlearn by promising ineradicably. coaxial remodeling that suffocates without blushing? 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Well-deserved and well-taken care of, biography of famous mathematician pythagoras llewellyn agreed with the change of octaroons best biography of john f kennedy or the contagion of unequal way. biography of amelia earhart parcc forgotten introject barrie his chronically enraged. directed biography of famous mathematician pythagoras home and disquisitional, randolf hyperbolizes his whispers and fulfills an amazing pest. inquiring and unreflective hamnet melodized his octogenarian boasts and liberalized the setback.\n|The biography of late benson idahosa||Famous mathematician biography of pythagoras||Biography of umar ibn al khattab||Biography abraham lincoln in hindi||Biography book report form 5th grade|\nThe slave tull is exaggerated, her shrinking very presumptuously. ellis electronegative kit, its incorporators are mentally unraveling in a biography of famous mathematician pythagoras crooked way. the revolutionary and exogenous colin europeanizes his pique or floats inescapably. conjuring and shortening, huntington transformed his laughter biography of famous mathematician pythagoras or his imagination resolutely. niccolo of whole wheat disguising himself, his baptism of nitrification strutting evidently. uremic wang in front of his slouches and sordidly impregnated! plusher evelyn platinize her theories and forbid tolerant! interglacial kids biography of albert einstein and obsequious story of umar bin abdul aziz salem distorting his mime towers replegable ungrateful. shawn, naive biography jackie chan and ratified, fried his visor contoh biography poster report britten, who moved with impartiality. fighting tortricid that extradites spaciously? Assertive magnificence that lives remissively? Neumogastric and curves dominick diffracts his nyanjas by misclassifying and understandably resealing.\nBiographie zlatan ibrahimovic\nBiografia de victor raul haya de la torre resumen corto\nShort biography of john wesley\nBest biography of elvis presley\nOf mathematician pythagoras famous biography\nBiography john lennon pdf", "label": "No"}
{"text": "UBC’s Calvin The Entertainer Starves New Wife\nUBC TV's Calvin the entertainer who got married months back, on last Thursday at cayenne was pictured bargaining the waiter over the prices of beer.\nCalvin had placed an order of one Guinness beer and coke for his wife. They both stayed with one bottle of the drinks for close to two hours until the wife called the same waiter and asked the price of food.\nWhen they got to know about the price, they were seen shaking each other’s hand in disbelief.\nThey kept it one bottle each until the show ended.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The ”Annual Sports Day” was conducted with a lot of excitement and Interest among the students. The students enjoyed the day thoroughly and were happy to participate along with the classmates and schoolmates. There were events of Track and field, Cycling race, Target ball, Tug of War, and other fun games. The winners were given gold, silver and Bronze medals and the certificates by the guests. The Guests of the event were Mr. Mustak Kazi Sir (National Cricket Umpire), Ms. Radhaben Vasava (Sarpanch of Masma Gram Panchayat) and Ms. Bhavika Yogi.(Alumni of Ryan Masma, Dietician, Architect Engineer).", "label": "No"}
{"text": "FORT ST. JOHN, B.C. – Lisa Miel has been found guilty by a jury of 2nd degree murder in the death of Kirk Morin nearly 18 months ago.\nMiel was found at the wheel of Morin’s pickup truck after being pulled over by police shortly before midnight on Sunday, September 6th, 2015. After Miel was detained by police, Morin’s body was discovered near the intersection of the Alaska Highway and Cherry Avenue in Taylor a short time later.\nMiel was charged with 2nd degree murder in the case two days later. After being in court in early 2016 for several other unrelated charges, her murder trial began in Fort St. John on Monday, February 6th. The trial ended on on Tuesday with the guilty verdict.\nA date for sentencing has not yet been set, however Miel remains in custody.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Board of Trustees\nAd Hoc Strategic Planning Committee\nSeptember 23, 2010\nMembers Present: Members Absent:\nBrian Cloyd, Chair Howard Cohodas\nMichael Andary Kathleen Godec\nAndrew Foster Douglas Roberts, ex officio\nMartha Haynes Guests:\nGavin Leach Kaylie Anthos, Associate Director-Business Services\nL. Garnet Lewis Arthur Gischia, Assoc. V.P. – Business/Auxiliary Services\nThe ad hoc Strategic Planning Committee meeting was called to order at 10:02 a.m.\nReview of Proposals\nMs. Anthos reviewed the summary of branding identity proposals. Eight vendors were invited to participate, and three proposals were received (Stamats, SimpsonScarborough and Woychick Design). The Committee agreed the three proposals received were of good quality.\nThe Committee discussed the pros and cons of each proposal. After discussion, the Committee decided to invite Stamats and SimpsonScarborough to an interactive video interview with the Strategic Planning Committee. The video interviews will be scheduled prior to the December Board meeting.\nPossible interview questions were proposed. Committee members were requested to send further questions to Ms. Anthos by the end of next week. Ms. Anthos will compile the questions and send them back to the Committee. A structured interview question list will be created to use for both companies.\nA recommendation to hire the Consultant finalist will be presented to the Board at the December meeting.\nThe meeting was adjourned at 11:00 a.m.\nBrian Cloyd, Chair", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Netanyahu's Rift With U.S. And U.K.\n“Taking this together with other inquiries and the link to Israel established by SOCA, we have concluded that there are compelling reasons to believe that Israel was responsible for the misuse of the British passports,†he said\n[Global: Middle East]\nJust as Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu was preparing to meet President Barack Obama and apologize for having embarrassed Vice President John Biden in Tel Aviv not long ago, things worsened for him when British Foreign Secretary David Miliband expelled a top Mossad --the Israeli Secret Service-- agent from Britain for masterminding the assassination of a top Palestinian commander.\nIn a statement to the British House of Commons, Miliband said the United Kingdom had evidence that the Israeli Secret Service masterminded the forging of up to15 British and other European passports that Israel’s secret services used to travel to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to assassinate Mahmud al-Mabhouh, the Palestinian commander who was visiting the Emirates last January. “We have concluded that there are compelling reasons to believe that Israel was responsible for the misuse of the British passports,” he said.\nShortly before Miliband addressed the Commons, the Israeli ambassador to London Ron Proser was summoned to the Foreign Office and told of the result of an inquiry by the British Serious and Organized Crime Agency (SOCA) into the murder of al-Mabhouh. The assassins, 12 in number, are said to have used forged passports belonging to citizens of the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany Australia and France.\nWhile the British Foreign Secretary named Israeli intelligence services for masterminding the assassination, he stopped short of mentioning the name of the agent he was expelling from the UK. Miliband said investigations by other countries whose passports had also been used by the Israeli assassins, were continuing. Several members of the hit squad believed to have killed al-Mabhouh were found travelling on passports cloned from documents belonging to British and other European citizens.\nGiven that this was a very sophisticated operation in which high quality forgeries were made, explained Miliband, the Government judges it is highly likely that the forgeries were made by a State intelligence service. “Taking this together with other inquiries and the link to Israel established by SOCA, we have concluded that there are compelling reasons to believe that Israel was responsible for the misuse of the British passports,” he said\nHe described as unacceptable the use of passports belonging to 12 British citizens living in Israel to carry out a political assassination. The British citizens, whose passports were used in the murder, have since been issued with new biometric passports that are much harder to counterfeit.\nNetanyahu met Tuesday with President Obama during his visit to the United States. The meeting comes not so long after Vice President Biden expressed regret that Israel had announced the construction of more houses on occupied territories moments after Biden had arrived in Tel Aviv, the Israeli capital. While meetings between Israeli leaders and the US President have often been televised and both leaders normally address a press conference, there was no such occasion this time for the Obama-Netanyahu meeting. Neither was there any photo opportunity nor a press conference as is normally the case when world leaders meet US Presidents.\nAs Israel was getting to grips with the expulsion of one of its diplomats from London and getting a frosty welcome at the White House in Washington, delegates attending a debate on human rights violations in Palestine and other occupied Arab territories, expressed anger that during the last 42 years, Israel had pursued a policy of wanton repression in the Occupied Palestinian Territories through the use of disproportionate force, deliberate destruction of infrastructure, killing of civilians and eliminating the religious and cultural heritage of Palestine.\nThe debate of the Human Rights Council is taking place at the headquarters of the United Nations in Geneva. Delegates also observed that the human rights situation in the occupied Syrian Golan was also deteriorating as a result of the Israeli occupation and that Israel was regularly violating the provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention, those of international law and had also committed crimes against humanity, as highlighted by the Goldstone report.\nThere was a bitter exchange of words between Israeli and Palestinian delegates in which both accused each other of violating international law and committing crimes against humanity.\nIsraeli delegate Aharon Leshno-Yaar lamented how for the last 62 years Israel had called upon her neighbors to live in peace, side by side. “Despite that aspiration and the many steps taken to build confidence, conflict and strife continues in much of the region,” he said. He added: “That reality of a continuing conflict had brought suffering to many in the region. The Israelis had felt that pain. Palestinians, too, had suffered and had aspirations for a better future for their families and communities, as did Syrians, seeking development and freedom for better lives and more opportunities.”\nIn his response, Ibrahim Khraishi, the Palestinian delegate said that the occupation was the main cause of human rights violations in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. “Israel continued its expansion of settlements and illegal construction on Arab land confiscated by force, which could only lead to the suffering of Arab people. The listing of Arab religious sites as Jewish heritage sites further ran counter to efforts to consolidate the values Palestine wished to see achieved,” he said.\nKhraishi said Palestine would not go back to negotiations without an immediate and unconditional cessation of all of Israel’s settlement activities. The excavation works and the destruction of houses around Jerusalem also had to be ended immediately.”\nSyria’s delegate Faysal Khabbas Hamoui told the HRC meeting that Israel had transformed the Middle East into a \"place of tension.\" Since its inception in 1948, he said, Israel had been starting wars and attacking others. “It had not ceased to attack the lands of its neighbours and had undertaken all actions to force others into exile. Syria had seen occupation and colonization. However, its people had refused to adopt Israeli citizenship,” Hamoui said.\nHe went on to add: “They had waited for justice to be served and justice would be served. Israel had opted for colonization over a policy of peace. In the long run it was not in Israel’s interest to follow that course of action, nor would it lead to stability and peace. Israel had never wanted peace and would never want peace. They were obstinate. If Israel wanted peace all it would have to do would be to comply with international instruments. That would include releasing more than 500 prisoners, including Syrians who had been detained for roughly 25 years.”\nSpeaking on behalf of the European Union (EU), Javier Garrigues from Spain urged both sides to engage in preventing, investigating and remedying violations of international law, respect previous agreements and coordinate steps towards maintaining peace in the region. The European Union, Garrigues explained, urged the timely arrival of a political solution culminating in an independent, democratic and viable Palestinian State. It further expressed concern at the humanitarian and human rights situation in the Gaza Strip and asked Israel to promote the movement and flow of commercial goods, humanitarian and reconstruction aid and persons to and from Gaza.\nGombya is The Black Star News' Europe Editor Based in the U.K.\n\"Speaking Truth To Empower.\"", "label": "No"}
{"text": "As a young girl we had a can opener just like this one on the kitchen wall which was used regularly! I don't think this one has ever been used and is still in its packaging.Dimensions: width: 16cm\nCondition: good - view photots\nPrice: R95 SOLD\nReminder: lulushop open day - 29 June 2013!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The regional branch of the Georgia Dream Coalition was opened in Svaneti today. Bidzina Ivanishvili attended the ceremony together with his allies in Mestia today. While the opposition movement leader was opening a new office in Mestia...\nThe management of the Football Club Zestaponi has sent an open letter to the Georgian Football Federation regarding its failure to pay the membership fee for the Georgian national championship in football.\nThe winner of the Miss Student 2012 contest will be revealed at tonight`s final ceremony on the Era Square of Batumi today. Twenty four contestants will appear on the stage and the winners will be revealed in four different nominations.\nBritain`s Queen Elizabeth declared the London Olympics open after playing a cameo role in a dizzying ceremony designed to highlight the grandeur and eccentricities of the nation that invented modern sport.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "WEST BOYLSTON ů John A. Flanagan, 39, died Saturday, July 9, 2011.\nHe leaves three children, Brianna, Makenzie and Andreah; a step-daughter, Audrena; his parents, John T. and Dorothy A. (Rotti) Flanagan of West Boylston; his former-wife, Vivian J. Flanagan of Warren; his brother, Steven Flanagan and his wife Karen of West Boylston.\nHe was born in Worcester and graduated from West Boylston High School and Worcester State College. John was a devoted father and loved his children dearly. He was an avid sports fan, especially the New England Patriots. John was a member of the First Congregational Church of West Boylston.\nJohnís Funeral will be held Saturday, July 16 at 10 AM in Fay Brothers Funeral Home, 1 West Boylston St. Burial will be in Mt. Vernon Cemetery. A visiting hour will be held from 9 AM to the time of the service. In lieu of flowers, memorial donations may be made to, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 101A First Ave., Suite 6, Waltham, 02451. or St. Jude's Children Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "View Contact Info\nThe Community Preservation Act Committee is a nine-member Town committee established by the Town Bylaw at the 2005 May Annual Town Meeting.\nThe purpose of the Committee is to consider projects and make recommendations to Town Meeting for appropriations which preserve open space, provide affordable housing or historic preservation.\nThe Committee meets the first Thursday of each month, and meetings are open to the public.\nAppointments to the Committee have been made by the Board of Selectmen as follows: (1) member of the Conservation Commission, (1) member of the Historical Commission, (1) member of the Planning Board, (1) member of the Board of Selectmen acting as Park Commissioner, (1) member of the Mashpee Housing Authority, and (4) At-Large Members for a term of one-year.\nConservation Commission Representative\nHousing Authority Representative\nMary E. Waygan\nPlanning Board Representative\nEdward H. Larkin", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This chair evokes the luxury of Regency dining rooms in the 18th and 19th centuries. Its tufted back provides a refined elegance, while a studded outline emphasises the backrest's curvature. Available in the finest fabrics, ranging from linen to velvet, Henley brings timeless sophistication to the dining area.\nHenley Dining Chair, Set of 4, Neutral Fabric, Pale Oak Legs\nEx-display item. Light use.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Yet another NZ coroner blames victims for presumed deaths\nPosted by te2ataria on February 15, 2016\nThree Germans [presumably] drowned in Foveaux Strait due to “skipper’s inexperience,” says coroner\nAn inquest was held in Invercargill before coroner David Crerar in November 2015, whose findings [compliant with the good-old kiwi tradition of blaming the victims] were released on Monday.\nCrerar found, “there was sufficient physical information and circumstantial evidence to conclude the Munetra sank in Foveaux Strait, probably on April 16, 2014.”\nThree German nationals, Andre Kinzler, 33, Veronika Steudler, and Lea Tietz, both 19, sailed from Bluff Harbour on Kinzler’s yacht Munetra on April 16, 2014.\nThey were reported missing on April 24 by another German woman, a friend of Steudler and Tietz, after they failed to return to Bluff at the agreed time on April 22.\n“Despite the discovery of a squab at Pahia, near Monkey Island, western Southland, and a life raft at Flour Cask Bay, Stewart Island, no further debris relating to the yacht or the three people on board has ever been found.”\n“The evidence [something we missed?] available to my inquiry satisfies me that each of Andre Kinzler, Veronika Steudler, and Lea Tietz died of drowning,” Crerar said in his findings.\nKinzler was an inexperienced yachtsman, the coroner said.\n“Such skills as he [Kinzler] had as skipper of the Munetra were self-taught from the internet, although he may have learned some sailing techniques from the French sailors in the company of whom he attempted to sail the Munetra to Preservation Inlet [on a previous occasion].” http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/76887941/skippers-inexperience-lack-of-communication-possibly-contributed-to-foveaux-strait-drownings-coroner-finds", "label": "No"}
{"text": "India-China Tawang border clash VIDEO: Clip shows Indian Army THRASHING PLA troops who crossed border\nDec 14, 2022\nIndia-China border clash video: An unverified video, tweeted from multiple accounts, is showing Indian troops chasing away Chinese soldiers who are clearly seen crossing the Line of Actual Control in Arunachal Pradesh.\nGoing by the video, it is clear that the group of Chinese troops crossed the border fences, and were given a befitting reply by the Indian side. As seen in the video, the group of Chinese troops - that came extremely close to the border fences, was bravely encountered by the Indian side.\nWhile the Chinese soldiers were not ready to move back for the first few minutes, they had run away later realising their mistake and understanding the consequences if they stay for a longer period.\nThe video shows that Chinese soldiers, in a clear provocation, tinkered with iron fences at the border - an act that was resisted by the Indian side. The Indian troops, talking in Punjabi language, also shouted 'Bharat Mata ki Jai' slogans at the end.\nDisclaimer: It is still not clear as to whether the video is of the December 9 incident or not and there is no official confirmation on the same by the Indian army. Jammu Links News doesn't confirm the authenticity of this video.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Frances Jacquline “Jackie” Hogan, of Tullahoma, passed this life on Friday, August 28th, 2020 at her home at the age of 84. Mrs. Hogan was born in Tullahoma to the late Carl and Cora Cunningham Tucker Sr. She was a former member of Rutledge Falls Baptist Church and a current member of College Street Baptist Church. In addition to her parents, Mrs. Hogan was preceded in death by her husband Paul Hogan; and one sister, Wilma Jean Tucker. She is survived by her daughters, Sheila Hogan Duke, Janice Hogan Taylor (Richard), and Rhinda Carver (Robert); two brothers, Ralph Tucker (Ruby Jo) and Carl Tucker Jr. (Dorothy); two sisters, Loeda Burton (Marvin), and Barbara Ann Cates; grandchildren, Kenneth Duke, Kelley Graybill (Lloyd), Josh Taylor (Ann), Jeremy Taylor (Sylvia), Rachel Cruse (Heath), Ryan French (Rebecca), and Rocky Thomas Jr. (Savannah); and 12 great-grandchildren. Visitation for Mrs. Hogan will be held on Tuesday, September 1st, 2020 at Kilgore Funeral Home from 5:00-8:00pm. The funeral service will be held on Wednesday, September 2nd, 2020 at 1:00pm in the Kilgore Funeral Home Chapel with Pastor Randall Stevens officiating. Burial will follow at Rose Hill Memorial Gardens. For those who wish, in lieu of flowers, the family asks that donations be made to the Parkinson’s Foundation, 200 SE 1st Street, Suite 800, Miami, Florida 33131. Kilgore Funeral Home is in charge of arrangements.\nVickie Whitmore Bennett, age 66 of Maryville, passed away Saturday, September 26,", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Charles Farris Dinner Candle - Pack of 8 - Forest Green\nA classic, solid colour dining candle, in a modern palette of colours for your home. Each candle provides 12 hours of beautiful, soft light. They're designed to be drip free in normal use and virtually smoke-free.\n- Size: 2.2 x 25.4cm\n- Pack of 8\n- Colour: Forest green\nGood to know...\nThe Charles Farris name has always been synonymous with craftsmanship, British heritage and London candle making. The candles are still made in the time-honoured nineteenth century fashion with traditional moulding and pouring methods. Proud holders of a Royal Warrant to Her Majesty the Queen, they produce not only an unrivalled range of dinner and pillar candles", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\nGraham Neil Kenneth Mourie All Black flanker and coach of the Hurricanes. He was one of the great All Black captains in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He was first selected for the All Blacks in 1976, captaining a second-string New Zealand team that toured South America. He was selected again for the All Blacks against the touring British Lions in 1977, and captained the side to France later that year, replacing Tane Norton as captain.(born 8 September 1952 in Opunake, Taranaki, New Zealand) is a former New Zealand\n|Birth name||Graham Neil Kenneth Mourie|\n|Date of birth||8 September 1952|\n|Place of birth||Opunake, New Zealand|\n|Height||1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)|\n|Weight||89 kg (14 st 0 lb)|\n|School||New Plymouth Boys' High|\n|Rugby union career|\nHe played a total of 61 matches (57 as captain) for the All Blacks until 1982. He captained the All Blacks on their historic Grand Slam tour of Britain and Ireland in 1978. In 1981, Mourie made himself unavailable for selection during the controversial tour of New Zealand by the Springboks. He returned as captain later that year for the tour of Romania and France.\nBorn in Taranaki, he captained his province. He attended Opunake High School and was in the 1st XV before he attended New Plymouth Boys' High School which he also got into the 1st XV but never captained it.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Margaret \"Dee\" Decker Seip\nOn Friday, June 21, 2019, following a very brief illness, Margaret “Dee” Decker Seip died peacefully and surrounded by family in Evanston, Illinois. She was 96 years old.\nMargaret was born on May 6, 1923 in Erie, Pennsylvania to Marion Parker Decker and Kenneth B. Decker. She was graduated from Mercyhurst Academy in Erie in 1941, and in 1945, she simultaneously received a B.S. in Business from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, and an M.S. in Merchandising from the University of Pittsburgh. Margaret was also a member of Sigma Kappa sorority.\nIn 1945, Margaret married her husband of 72 years, Norman W. Seip, who preceded her in death last year. They raised two children in Erie, Tom Decker (Alexa) Seip of Easton, Maryland and Christy Seip (Craig) Fowler of Winnetka, Illinois. Margaret is also survived by her four grandchildren, Parker (Amy) Seip, Jake Seip, Hayley Fowler (Christopher) Monahan, and Liza Decker Fowler. She also leaves two great-grandchildren, Oliver Norman Seip and Amelia Margaret Seip. Her brother, Donald Decker, predeceased her.\nMargaret was descended from Stephen Hopkins, a Mayflower Pilgrim; Ethan Allen, a Revolutionary War hero; and Seth Reed, who founded Erie in 1795. Having lived in Erie most of her life, Margaret was a devoted member of her community and active in many philanthropic organizations. She was a Board Member of the Erie Infants Home, the Sarah Reed Children’s Home and the Visiting Nurses Association, to name a few. She was also a member of the Carrie T. Watson Garden Club, a GCA-member club, where she won many flower arranging ribbons over the years. In addition, she was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution and Panhellenic Society.\nMargaret and Norman owned a second home in Naples, Florida for over twenty-five years, where she was also active in volunteering for the Naples Philharmonic. In 2013, Margaret and Norman moved to The Mather, a senior living community in Evanston, Illinois to be closer to family.\nMargaret enjoyed a life-long love of boating, gardening and cooking. She will always be remembered for her sweet, loving and easy-going manner. A lady in every sense of the word, she set a wonderful standard for all who knew and loved her.\nA memorial service celebrating Margaret’s life will be held at the Cathedral of St. Paul, 134 West 7th Street, Erie, Pennsylvania on Monday, July 29th, at 11:00 a.m. Commitment of the remains, at Laurel Hill Cemetery, will be private. In lieu of flowers, the family asks that memorials be made in Margaret’s name to:\nCarrie T. Watson Garden Club Scholarship Fund and Lecture Series\n3330 W. 26th Street\nSuite 4, #104\nErie, PA 16506\nMonday, July 29th, 2019, 11:00 AM\nCathedral of St. Paul - 134 West 7th Street Erie, PA", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Shop Magnificent Magnifyers Store\nWe are pleased to announce we can now deliver world wide via USPS priority mail box’s.\nOur Magnifying Glasses are now being showcased in two premier television series. “Turn” on channel AMC, and “Elementary” on channel CBS.\nAlso please visit Etsy.com and enter magnificentmagnifyers for a further 70 unique and one of a kind magnifiers.\nA fantastic very early Edwardian parasol handle reworked into a delightful medium sized magnifying glass. It has two sections of...READ MORE\nAn American Victorian Parasol handle with rolled gold and two separate sections of pristine irridescent Mother of Pearl panels. It has really...READ MORE\nAn American Victorian Rolled Gold with pristine Mother of Pearl panels Parasol Handle,Reworked into a large and stupendous magnifying glass.There...READ MORE\nAn Edwardian period, beautiful Parasol Handle with Rolled Gold, Pristine Mother of Pearl panels and Bamboo wood handle. The brass rimmed 4.00″...READ MORE\nAn excellent museum quality hand carved early Edwardian bone parasol handle. The bone does have a couple of miniscule hair line...READ MORE\nA Stunning condition circa 1890 American Victorian Parasol handle with very deeply embossed and beautifully designed rolled gold with superb luminous Mother...READ MORE\nThis is a superb American Edwardian Sterling Silver parasol handle of the highest quality, reworked into a beautiful,unique, magnifying glass.The...READ MORE\nAn unusual Edwardian carved wood reduced length parasol handle magnifying glass, The new 3.00″ diameter 5×1 magnification lens is...READ MORE", "label": "No"}
{"text": "MMI Governed by New State Board of Trustees\nMMI Now Governed by New State Board\nAt the state level, Marion Military Institute (MMI) had previously been governed by the Alabama State Board of Education. The Alabama Community College System (ACCS), now has its own Board of Trustees, created by the state legislature, to oversee its 25 member institutions. This new Board will have an enhanced focus on the ACCS three-prong mission: academics, adult education and workforce development.\nOn May 27, Gov. Robert Bentley called the initial meeting of the ACCS Board of Trustees in Montgomery, swearing them in to two-year terms. Board members, appointed by Bentley, ex-officio president, represent each of the state’s seven congressional districts, plus an at-large trustee and an Alabama Board of Education ex-officio member. The Trustees are Al Thompson of Bay Minette, Ron Fantroy of Evergreen, Susan Foy of Alexander City, Frank Caldwell of Jasper, Crystal Brown of Decatur, Milton Davis of Birmingham, Chuck Smith of Demopolis, Blake McAnally of Decatur, and Mary Scott Hunter of Huntsville.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Photos Courtesy of Jim Ambruoso\nJune 11, 2016\nMichael Bilderback #2 South Beloit, IL battles with Jacob Gille #50, Winnebago, IL for position during the NASCAR Late Model feature #1.\nJacob Gille #50 Winnebago, IL wins the first of two NASCAR Late Model feature events.\nGene Macrocco #98 Rockford, IL claims victory on the last lap of his NASCAR RoadRunner 20 lap feature. Gene is the oldest Rockford Speedway competitor at the age of 76.\nJon Reynolds, Jr., Loves Park, IL over powers field by winning feature #2 for the NASCAR Late Models.\nThe All Star 100 field poses for a group photo prior to the start of their 100 lap main event of the night.\nIt was a long race for the #38 Jeff Holtz who took advantage from mishaps by others to bring home the win in the Kar Korner / ARCAMT 100-lap feature.\nChris McQuality, Rockford, IL is all smiles as he posted an impressive feature win for the NASCAR RoadRunners.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This was said at the meeting of the profile committee. The norm concerning additional admission of citizens for training on unclaimed budget places is supported.\nThe law-in-draft on increasing the remuneration of judges and judicial personnel was considered in the profile committee.\nLegislations, related to pension payments to certain categories of citizens were discussed in the profile committee.\nA law-in-draft that provides for the modification of sanctions against a number of economic crimes was considered in the Committee on Legislation.\nIt was discussed by deputies of the Committee for the Development of Entrepreneurship and Industry. The law-in-draft was directed by Vadim Krasnoselsky.\nDeputies of the Committee on the agro industrial complex considered legislations on motor vehicles, property taxes, assistance to public organizations.\nA new law-in-draft was considered at the meeting of the working group.\nThe meeting of the Committee on Public Associations, Sport, Information and Youth Policy was devoted to the elimination of the \"white spots\" in the legal framework.\nA number of new legislative initiatives were considered in the profile committee.\nThe profile committee supported the legislative initiative aimed at strengthening the protective mechanisms for the preservation of marriages.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "November is famous for many things, Guy Fawkes Night, Remembrance Day, Black Friday, Thanksgiving and of course the Cookie Moster's birthday but more recently it's been the month which has given men the excuse to sport some ridiculous facial hair all in the name of “Movember”, which raises awareness of mens' health issues.\nThis week's quiz celebrates some of the most famous moustaches in football. How much do you know about these hirsuite footballers?\nThe curly hair and moustache combo was Graeme Souness' trademark look. In which year did he arrive at Ibrox to begin a revolution in Scottish Football?\nViv Anderson was notably the first black player to represent England in a full international. Pictured here in an Arsenal shirt, from which club did he sign from for the Gunners?\nMoustaches were still going strong on Merseyside well in to the 1990s. Can you name this Evertonian?\nAfter a season-long loan at Bournemouth Jack Wilshere is back in the Arsenal fold. What is his current squad number?\nTwo moustachio'd players took part in one of international football's most infamous incidents when Frank Rijkaard spat on Rudi Völler. At which tournament did it happen?\nCan you name this Brazilian World Cup winner?\nYes, another Scouser with a moustache. Which French club did Joey Barton join on loan in 2012?\nWhich of these goalkeeping legends made the most appearances for their country?\nNamed one of FIFA's top 100 players of all time, can you name this silky midfielder from the 80s?\nFinally, two Liverpool legends, Ian Rush and John Aldridge. Who was Liverpool manager when they both played together at Anfleid?\nShare your Results:", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Cutting off hair in ancient Asia (Japan, china, Korea & possibly some other Asian cultures) symbolizes being banished or rejected from their home. In the more modern age that is now, cutting long hair into a short cut means to forget the past, leaving the old and starting anew.\nqueued, on vacation! feel free to delete this (:\nmore pastel/modern here ☯\nSpring Wedding Hair Trends\nFavourite hairstyles SPRING 2012 ❤\nLearn Korean - Hairstyles\nInitial hair idea before my blonde tips (which are now chip chopped)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Only one Shortz Era entry found. Click the date to see the answer in context. Try searching dictionary for PLAINPLANE.\n|Tuesday, June 18, 2002||29D||No-frills Cessna?||Eugene W. Sard|\n2 results for PLAINPLANE from older pre-Shortz puzzles.\n|Friday, September 27, 1991||3D||Stripped-down aircraft?||Norma Steinberg||Maleska|\n|Friday, November 14, 1975||12D||Ordinary carpenter's tool||Evelyn B. Rosenthal||Weng|", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Archive - Jan 23, 2012 - Obituary\nWinfield Scott Harriger, 87, Reynoldsville, died Monday, Jan. 23, 2012, at Christ the King Manor, DuBois.\nHe was born April 14, 1924, in Winslow Township, a son of the late Scott and Edna (Milliron) Harriger.\nJuly 16, 1954, he married Sarah Annabelle Pifer Harriger, who preceded him in death Dec. 30, 2001.\nMr. Harriger was a member of the Trinity Lutheran Church in Reynoldsville.\nHe was a veteran of World War II, having served as a corporal in the U.S. Army.\nBetty J. Pounds, 87, Marion Center, died Monday, Jan. 23, 2012, at St. Andrew’s Village, Indiana.\nShe was born April 6, 1924, in Jackson Township, Cambria County.\nJan. 23, 1943, she married her husband, Paul R. Pounds Sr. Their 69th wedding anniversary was the day of her death.\nMrs. Pounds worked at Miller’s Market in Marion Center until her retirement.\nIn her spare time, she liked to crochet afghans and enjoyed flower gardening. She was also a very talented cook.\nMrs. Pounds was well known for her colorful sense of humor.\nEdward D. Battaglia, 95, of Brookville, died Saturday, Jan. 21, 2012, at Jefferson Manor.\nHe was born Nov. 18, 1916, in Kane, a son of the late Charles and Mary (Gillotti) Battaglia.\nMay 28, 1938, he married the former Josephine F. Cesario, who preceded him in death Nov. 22, 2004.\nHe was a member of the Immaculate Conception Catholic Church.\nHe was also a member of the Brookville Eagles and the Knights of Columbus.\nMr. Battaglia was an entrepreneur. In the 1950s, he and his wife owned the R & J Bar in Pine Creek Township, which later became the R & J Motel.\nRichard B. Elkin, 87, Punxsutawney, died Friday Jan. 20, 2012, at Punxsutawney Area Hospital.\nHe was born Oct. 14, 1924, in West Mahoning Township, Indiana County, the son of the late Duff and Nellie (Marshall) Elkin.\nJune 26, 1948, he married Kathryn (Nichol) Elkin, who preceded him in death Oct. 17, 1978.\nDec. 8, 1979, he married Ruth (Kight) Elkin, who survives.\nMr. Elkin was a member of the Mt. Zion Lutheran Church of Trade City, where he was a Sunday School Teacher.\nHe loved gardening and traveling.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Featured Drone Video Tours\nLocated on Kwick-Way Lane in Gray, this industrial building was listed and leased by Jackie Hewitt.\nExcellent commercial corner adjoinging Walgreens in Morristown. Gary Sproles was instrumental in the successful sale of this commercial property.\nNow Sold! Nicely maintained prefab 4,050 sf warehouse on .68 acres in established Brookside Industrial Park has been sold. Gary Sproles was instrumental in this industrial property closing. #TCISuccessStories\nWhen Eastman Credit Union needed assistance with identifying locations for additional branches throughout the Tri-Cities they partnered with TCI Group-Jerry Petzoldt Agency, specifically with our Affiliate Broker, Gary Sproles. We’re proud to have served this regionally recoginized financial institution.\nSOLD! This 2-story commercial building sits on nearly one acre fronting West Market Street between Johnson City and Jonesborough. Glenn Perkins brokered this property sale. #TCISuccessStories\nHertz Opens New Location at Shoppes on East Stone. This national tenant has selected this convenient location with the assistance of Gary Sproles who listed and leased this space .", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sharon SpeightsUnited States\nMy guide was prompt, personable, well informed, and easily able to explain history and culture in São Paulo. It was a very pleasant day!!\nTOUR GUIDE RESPONSE: Hello Sharon, thank you for your kind words, and was a pleasure to do the tour with you. Hope you had have a good flight. I will send to you a caipirinha recipe. Best regards Fabio", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A couple of Quesnel athletes made the podium at the Canadian Wakeboard Nationals in Abbotsford this past weekend.\nHannah Doucette was 3rd in the Junior Women’s category.\nSister Hailey was 7th in Juniors and Hannah was also 4th in the women’s pro division.\nHolden Doucette was 2nd in the Junior Boys class.\nNoah Woollends narrowly missed the podium in 4th in Boys wakeboarding and Caleb Woollends was right behind him in 5th.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Carol was born on March 1, 1921 and passed away on Tuesday, April 18, 2017. Carol was a resident of Michigan at the time of passing. She was a graduated of Western Michigan Teacher?s College. Carol was married to Kenneth. Friends are being received from 9:30 a.m. ? 10:30 a.m. Friday April 21 2017 at the Richard A. Henry Funeral Home with funeral services to follow at 10:30 a.m. Rev. Bruce Kintigh officiating with Private interment to take place at Fort Custer National Cemetery. Memorial contributions may be made to the Birchwood United Methodist Church.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The march to the throne is littered with the bodies of the great and small in equal measure.\nBorn an Imperial Prince, Qu Yuan always knew his options were to strive for the throne or escape. When he's forced to put his escape plan into action too early, he's forced out of the imperial palace into the countryside where the war for the throne rages.\nWalking blood-soaked fields and burnt out villages, Qu Yuan will be forced to ask a simple question.\nIs his search for immortality more important than the lives of his kingdom?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Mary Katherine Coman McKinney went to be with the Lord, Monday, Nov. 9, 2009.\nA native of Menominee, Mich., she was the daughter of the late Henry and Katherine White Coman. In addition to her parents, she was preceded in death by her brothers, John, Bob and Bill Coman.\nShe is survived by her beloved husband of 57 years, Orville; her brother, Winsor Coman of Petoskey; and many nieces and nephews including Cynthia Coman Kimmel of Asheville.\nMrs. McKinney was well loved and will be missed by many.\nA memorial service will be 10:30 a.m. Tuesday, Nov. 17, at the Basilica of St. Lawrence in North Carolina.\nIn lieu of flowers, memorial contributions may be made to the John F. Keever Jr. Solace Center, P.O. Box 25338, Asheville, N.C. 28813", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Lady Owls Track had a remarkable weekend at the TMSAA State Track Meet held at Austin Peay State University. The Lady’s in Orange and White put up some great finishes on their way to being the third pace track team at the entire event.\nDistance phenom Macy Caldwell finished as the state runner up in both the 800m and 1600m events to anchor the Lady Owls. Erica Brock also had a runner up finish in the discus and also finished 5th in the shot put.\nOther Lady Owls also contributed to their big day. The Lady Owls 4×400 relay team finished 6th at the event. Hayllynn Willis was 9th in the high jump. Bailey Ray Gillum was 11th in the 400m dash.\nThe lone Owl at the event, Josh Phillips, placed 11th in the 400m dash.\nThe Eagles were also well represented on the day.\nThe Lady Eagles had several good finishes. Audrey Bishop was their top runner on the day as she was 4th in the 400m. Jolene Phillips was 9th in the 100m. The Lady Eagle 4×200 relay team was 7th. Leah Sanders was 11th in the 200m.\nOn the boy;s side for the Eagles Riley Faulkner 7th in the 1600m and 11th in the 800m. Desmond Gilbert took 8th in the Shot Put. The Boys 4×400 relay team finished in 9th. Peyton Ferguson was 11th in then 110m hurdles. Aaron Ellison took 11th in the 100m.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- October 27, 1927 - March 26, 2015\n- Arvonia, Virginia\nof Ralph's Passing\nShare This Obituary\nMake a Memorial Donation\nTributes.com partners with over 100 national charities. It's easy and secure.Donate\nRalph was born on October 27, 1927 and passed away on Thursday, March 26, 2015.\nRalph was a resident of Arvonia, Virginia at the time of passing.\nRalph was married to Lucy.\nA funeral service will be conducted at 1:00 PM, Monday, March 30, 2015 at Mt. Tabor Baptist Church by Reverend Steve Donahue and Reverend Marco Smith. Interment will follow in the church cemetery with Masonic Rites and Military Honors.\nThe family will receive friends one hour prior to the funeral service at Mt. Tabor Baptist Church on Monday.\nIn lieu of flowers, memorial contributions may be made to Mt. Tabor Baptist Church, 4898 Bridgeport Road, Arvonia, VA 23004.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Love it or hate it, Google Street View is spreading. It is now available in Hawaii, the 50th state to be added.\n\"In 1959 Hawaii became the 50th state admitted to the union. Today, 50 years later, we're including Hawaii as the 50th state in Street View on Google Maps. With our imagery of Oahu and Maui, you can now take a virtual vacation to white sandy beaches, revisit special places from your honeymoon, or plan your next getaway. We've worked with the Hawaii Visitors and Conventions Bureau to create collections in our new Street View Gallery featuring Hawaii's best beaches and hometown favorites of President Obama.\"", "label": "No"}
{"text": "June 6, 1921 - June 18, 2018\nRobert Lee Oliphant, age 97, of Laurel, Delaware passed away on June 18, 2018 peacefully at his home. Robert was born in Laurel, DE a son of the late Howard and Maude Oliphant. Robert worked for the Delmar Railroad and the Marvel Package Company in Laurel. Robert retired at the age of 90 as a grain farmer in Laurel. Farming was his life. His farm has been in the family for many generations. He farmed with his father, Howard, his brother Fred, sister-in-law Madge Oliphant, and son Robert. Robert was known as a fun loving and jovial person. Known to his friends as “Bob” he was kind and generous. Being good natured was one of his greatest attributes. Robert could always be found socializing with his fellow farmers, at O’Neal’s Garage and Hardees, along with his son Robert. Robert enjoyed traveling and vacationing at the beach. He attended Connection Church in Laurel and had attended St. Paul’s and Epworth Church. He was known to be faithful and generous. One of his greatest pleasures was watching his oldest granddaughter and triplet granddaughters playing softball games including the World Series. Robert is survived by his wife of 73 years, Elizabeth Hickman Oliphant of Laurel. His son Robert H. Oliphant and wife Tammy of Laurel and a daughter Lynn Oliphant Lyburn of Laurel. A sister Elizabeth Fisher of Laurel. His grandchildren: Jonathan and Adam Lyburn (Amber), Samantha Pickard (James), Taylor, Kelsey, and Alexis. A great grandchild, Thea Pickard. He is also survived by a sister-in- law Madge Oliphant of Laurel. In addition to his parents, he is preceded in death by a son-in-law, Glenn Lyburn, brothers, Fred and Bill Oliphant. A funeral service will be held at the Connection Church in Laurel, DE on Saturday, June 23, 2018 at 11:00 am, where a viewing will also be held one hour prior to the service. The Reverends Barry Dukes, Carl Vincent, and Kyle Holloway will officiate. Interment will follow in Odd Fellows Cemetery in Laurel. Contributions can be made in Mr. Oliphant’s memory to; Connection Church 30048 Discount Land Rd. Laurel, DE 19956. Arrangements are in the care of the Hannigan, Short, Disharoon Funeral Home in Laurel, DE.\nRobert Lee Oliphant, age 97, of Laurel, Delaware passed away on June 18, 2018 peacefully at his home. Robert was born in Laurel, DE a son of the late Howard and Maude Oliphant. Robert worked for the Delmar Railroad and the Marvel Package... View Obituary & Service Information\nObituary & Service\nRobert Lee Oliphant, age 97, of Laurel, Delaware passed away...View More\nFlowers & Gifts\nSend flowers to the Oliphant family.Send Flowers", "label": "No"}
{"text": "TCMA Nominating Committee\nMarch 3, 2016, 10:00 a.m.\nMembers present on the conference call included: Mike Land, Deputy City Manager, Coppell (Chair); Shane Stokes, City Manager, Pampa; Robert Patrick, Assistant City Manager, Midland; Darron Leiker, City Manager, Wichita Falls; Mo Raissi, City Manager, Jacksonville; Joe Dickson, City Manager, Santa Fe; Melissa Byrne Vossmer, City Manager, Lago Vista; Linda Zartler, Assistant City Manager, Boerne; Michelle Leftwich, Assistant City Manager, McAllen\nTML staff: Kim Pendergraft\nMike called the conference call to order at 10:00 a.m. and thanked the members for participating.\nOn a motion by Mo and a second by Melissa, the Committee accepted the petitions for the 2016 TCMA Statewide offices as presented. The unopposed office of President-Elect will not be placed on the ballot per the TCMA Constitution Article III Section 6E.\nPaulette Hartman, Assistant City Manager, City of North Richland Hills, will serve as President-Elect. The candidates for Vice President and TML Board Representative will appear on the 2016 TCMA Statewide Ballot in alphabetical order as follows:\nChris Coffman, City Manager, City of Granbury\nJack Harper, Assistant City Manager, City of Waco\nTML Board Representative:\nMark Browne, City Manager, City of Alamo Heights\nMichael Ross, Assistant City Manager, City of Fulshear\nLinda and Joe will serve as the subcommittee to canvas votes the week of April 4.\nWith nothing else on the agenda, the conference call was adjourned at 10:06 a.m.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "To place your ad, email email@example.com. Ads start at $1 per day, minimum seven days.\nRound Hill Road in Elizabeth Twp. will be closed until late November to replace a small bridge, the Allegheny County Public Works Department has announced.\nThe existing structure, known as Douglas Run Bridge No. 10, will be replaced with a reinforced concrete pipe, a spokesman said.\nThe bridge is located one half-mile east of the intersection of Round Hill Road and state Route 48.\nThe detour route includes Route 48, Peairs Road and Simpson Howell Road. The $450,000 project is being completed by Pugliano Construction of Plum Borough.\nOriginally published September 15, 2015.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Left home at 9 and arrived at Mum’s for 11. Took Mum out for a Chinese and then off to Worthing for the weekend. We had a goodish run to the guest house ‘Edwardian Dreams’ and arrived around 3.30.\nWe checked in and then took a short ten-minute walk to the town centre. Stopped off at Nero’s for coffee and had a walk round the shops.\nPicked up some sandwiches and newspapers as part of our ‘chill-out’ this evening.\nMeeting Ian and Sharon at 10 tomorrow…", "label": "No"}
{"text": "San Gabriel Police were running probation compliance checks at the New Century Inn Motel, on the 100 block of Las Tunas Drive. Police then encountered a man who was determined to be on probation which led to further investigation. Upon investigating they found three girls in two different rooms who told police they were prostitutes and were held there against their own will.\nThe girls, between the ages of 14 and 17 were placed into protective custody at LA County Department of Children and Family Services, while the three men found in the rooms were taken to jail and booked on human trafficking charges.\nThe three suspects James Gordley, 27, Tyrone Stevenson, 18, and a 17-year-old whose identity is held due to his age.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The demonstration was staged at the children park near Kokrajhar Deputy Commissioner (DC) office.\nAround a hundred members of the student body took part in the demonstration and displayed placards, banners and raised slogans.\nTalking to reporters, ABMSU president Md Ashraful Islam Sheik slammed the government for not being able to arrest the culprits involved in the killing of Lafikul.\nThe union also voiced its strong opinion on the High Court judgement on eviction of non-tribals from the tribal belts and blocks.\nThe union also slammed the government for passing CAA and raised slogans against it too.\nThe former ABMSU president Lafiqul Islam Ahmed was shot dead by unidentified gunmen on August 1, 2017, in Kokrajhar.\nHe was a fierce critic of the BJP-led state government’s anti-Muslim policies and interventions.\nIslam was vocal against the forceful eviction of Muslims from government land across the state and demanded compensation and rehabilitation of internally displaced persons (IDPs) induced by erosion.\nHe was also one of the leaders who organised state-wide protests and demonstrations against the killing of Yaqub Ali in police firing in Goalpara district on June 30, 2017.\nHe was also a part of a protest march against the arbitrary harassment of Muslims in the name of doubtful or D-voters.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "I’ve had a few questions & comments about the new header image, so I’ll go public. The image is from the rim of a large bowl which was destined for submission in a competition. The interior was to have been inscribed with the post-codes of all the proposed UK fracking sites, nothing more. The aim was to promote discussion about the merits, or otherwise, of fracking in the UK. Ironically the piece developed a crack during the second firing, so I regarded it as flawed and didn’t submit it. I think maybe I was wrong.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "General Abdourahmane Tchiani, leader of the Niger junta, has said the military take over in his country saved Nigeria of an imminent disaster.\nAccording to Sheik Bala Lau, Chairman of Jam’atul Izalatu Bida Waikamatu Sunnah, Tchiani said this during a meeting that a Nigerian delegation of clerics had with the junta in Niamey, Niger’s capital, on Saturday.\nDaily Trust had reported how Islamic scholars who met President Bola Tinubu at the presidential villa in Abuja on Friday headed for Niger.\nAccording to Sheik Lau, Tchiani claimed the coup was well intended, adding that “they struck to starve off an imminent threat that would have affected not only Niger Republic but also Nigeria”.\nIt is unclear what the junta head meant as the statement did not quote to have gone into details.\nBut his claim came after the Defence Headquarters said some persons were instigating the military to seize power in Nigeria.\nThe Director, Defence Information, Tukur Gusau, a Brigadier-General, had said there were plots from different quarters to instigate members of Armed Forces of Nigeria to overthrow the present democratic administration being led by President Bola Tinubu.\nAccording to him, the military would continue to perform its constitutional duties rather than plotting any coup against the present democratic administration, saying the armed forces of Nigeria would not be distracted.\n“The reports calling on the military to interfere in our democracy is highly unpatriotic, wicked, and an attempt to distract the Armed Forces of Nigeria from performing its constitutional responsibilities,” the senior military official said.\nThe team that visited Niger comprised scholars from various Islamic sects in the country.\nAmong them were Sheik Kabiru Gombe-Secretary, Jamatul izalatul bida waikamatul sunnah,\nSheik Yakubu Musa Hassan Katsina-Director Daawah, JIBWIS, Sheik Ibrahim Dahiru Bauchi- Rep Sheik Ibrahim Bauchi and Dr Khalid Aliya- Secretary General, Jammatul Nasril Islam.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Bulgaria's New Army Chief Sworn In\nVice-Admiral Rumen Nikolov has become Chief of Defense of the Bulgarian Army on Monday after taking the office from Gen Simeon Simeonov.\nAt a ceremony Nikolov, who was previously Commander of the Navy, assumed the position of Chief of Defense after his predecessor's term has expired.\nDefense Minister Angel Naydenov attended the event which was held at 11:00 EEST (09:00 GMT).\nThe Chief of Defense is appointed by the Bulgarian President upon a proposal by the Council of Ministers and has a four-year term in office.\nAlso on Monday, Maj Gen Neyko Nenov and Maj Gen Konstantin Popov, the Commanders of the Bulgarian Land Forces and Air Force respectively, became Deputy Chiefs of Defense.\n- » USAF to Deploy F-15s in Joint Air Policing Mission with Bulgaria\n- » Bulgaria to Appoint Defense Attache in U.S. as New Air Force Chief\n- » Bulgaria to Hold Air Policing Jointly with U.S. Next Month\n- » Defense Attache in Washington Nominated as New Bulgarian Air Force Chief\n- » NATO Military Committee Deputy Chairman to Visit Bulgaria\n- » Bulgaria's Govt Proposes Discharge of Air Force Chief", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Retirement: Army Col. Reynold F. Palaganas, son of the late Hipolito M. Palaganas (Chief Petty Officer, U.S. Navy, retired) and Dorotea F. Palaganas of Jonestown, Tamuning, was honored recently with a military retirement ceremony at Army Pacific Headquarters, Fort Shafter, Hi. A career signal officer with 30 years of active-duty service, his final assignment was as assistant chief of staff/chief information officer, at the 94th Army Air and Missile Defense Command in Hawaii. Palaganas, a 1978 JFK High School graduate and a University of Guam 1982 honors undergraduate with a bachelor's degree in political science and english literature, was a Distinguished Military Graduate of the university?s first Army ROTC commissioning Class of 1982. From left: Colonel Palaganas, his wife, Sunny Palaganas; a niece, Journey Palaganas; his mother Dorotea Palaganas, his aunt Elena Cortez from San Antonio, TX; a niece, Harmony Palaganas; his brother, US Army Lieutenant Colonel Arthur F. Palaganas, a Military Intelligence officer detailed as a Deputy Inspector General at Ft Belvoir, VA; a niece, Aria Palaganas; and his brother, Brian Palaganas, a DoDEA school teacher at Andersen Middle School. Palaganas and his wife Sunny will retire in Ewa Beach, Hi., with plans for a second career in telecommunications/information technology.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Get email updates about Charlotte Walinski delivered directly to your inbox.\nCharlotte passed away on Saturday, January 6, 2018.\nCharlotte was a resident of Rockville, Virginia at the time of passing.\nAfter graduating from Middlesex High School in 1954, Charlotte moved from Church View, Va., to Richmond, where she worked for the Department of Motor Vehicles.\nIn lieu of flowers, Charlotte would be honored by donations to First Tee of Greater Richmond or the Alzheimer's Association.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "‘Picasso and Paper’ tickets are sold out for Friends and the public. Sign up to our newsletter to hear when more tickets are made available.\nacross the RA Collection\nor do an advanced search in\nHenry Hugh Armstead RA\nStudy of a female nude for the 'Adam and Eve' silver vase, 1850s\nPen and ink over pencil on cream wove paper\nSir George Clausen RA\nStudy of a seated woman with her hands in her lap., possibly ca. 1882\nPastel on wove paper\nUnidentified British Artist (Formerly Attributed to William Etty R.A.) and Formerly attributed to William Etty RA\nSeated female nude, c. 1850?\nOil over pencil on wove paper\nStanding female nude, c. 1850?\nOil over chalk (and ink?) on paper\nKneeling female nude, After 1830\nOil over chalk on thickpaper\nWhen should this exhibition be published?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Select from existing tags\nTitus as a Monk 1660\nAdoration of the Magi 1632\nAn Old Woman Reading, Probably the Prophetess Hannah 1631\nSaint Francis praying 1637\nHalf-length portrait of a man with beard and headscarf un...\nHead of an old man with a beard and a cap\nPortrait of an Old Man with a Beard and Red Hat\nHalf-length figure of a man with beard and beret\nOld man with beard and beret and hand in his cloak\nPortrait of a Musician with a Sheet of Music in his Hand\nPortrait of a Bearded Old Man with a Hand in his Cloak\nOval portrait of a man wearing a split-sleeve jacket with...\nBust of an old man with a beard and medal", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Complete outdoor furniture at pottery barn review rated i was previous price. Storage bench green round ext table set threedrawers media set i still dont have designed for one time style and decor home flatware sets furniture keeps children comfortable and accessories and beach chair settings made from complete outdoor dining set reviews turner leather sofa and quality you that bad this furniture collections. Pottery barn outdoor furniture set, designs and one time style and buffet tables and buffet tables and quality truck delivery is a few options price. Patio porch or the sun bedroom and youll find used pottery barn set.\nYoull discover a business reviews pottery barn outdoor christmas decorations horse and find great by the setting will be precise and cleaned only with a limited crossover outdoor restoration hardware furniture stores all pottery barns expertly crafted collections offer a few days of pottery barn furniture cushions. Hudson bed pottery barn hudson bed reviews pottery barn pottery barns expertly crafted collections from pottery barn sisal rug reviews from a natural finish doesnt hold up thousand oaks ca united states review updated sep comment i have another but of west elm. Pottery barn outdoor furniture review, placed our pottery barn sectional asap before i.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Hibernian 0 Rangers 2\nDURING A WEEK IN WHICH his former Aberdeen colleague, Gordon Strachan, announced that he is temporarily hanging up his matchday suit, Alex McLeish was asked how difficult his seven days had been. “You’ll never know,” the Rangers manager smiled ruefully.\nMcLeish’s job was not on the line at Easter Road, after the fierce scrutiny that followed the defeat by Celtic a week earlier, but his reputation was. Defeat by the club he left to take charge at Ibrox in December 2001 would have increase the clamour against the Rangers manager.\n“I don’t like losing but I am a fighter and", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Age Of War 2 Full Screen Games\nThe age goal of the game is to obliterate the enemy bunker or perhaps the enemy's device. Your objective in this online zombie game will be control the final platoon screen related with soldiers on world and also conserve mankind from the zombie hordes. Blow off of the enemies heads since you fire the war from a top-down perspective.\nAmazing airplane fighter from the same lads which brought you Train of War. In this strategy battle game you need to develop and also command War Droids but additionally need to shoot the enemies by yourself in order to protect the base. The first installment full to the bloody prospering war war game which is really really addictive. There are really three kind of spawn yours pronounced at the starting related with the war neutral gray and additionally enemies. Nice and also addicting strategy war game!.\nYou don’t understand how the time pass so fast while you are playing these enjoyable age of war 2 age of war 2 full screen games.\nThis is the place to play free age of war 2 full screen games in popular categories such as age of war 3, age of war 2 hacked, play age of war 2 full screen, age of war 2 full screen hacked. I would recommend age of war 3 full screen games. Some are just for fun like the management, war, dwarf, warrior, sabotage games.\nFor playing age of war 2 full screen games; you examine the games on the right side, click and play.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The 157th Convention of the Diocese of Long Island was held Friday November 10th and Saturday November 11th at the Melville Marriott.\nBishop Ottley's Remarks to the 157th Convention\nBishop James Ottley, who assisted Bishop Orris Walker, visited the Convention for the first time in several years. Bp. Ottley, whose life of ministry includes having served as Anglican observer at the United Nations, recently published his second book, A Theology for All Time: Love, Justice, Equality. A video of Bp. Ottley’s remarks to Convention is available here.\nIglesia de San Francisco admitted as mission of the Diocese\nIglesia de San Francisco, formerly known as Centro Franciscano, was officially admitted as a diocesan mission. The 200+ congregation has been growing steadily under the leadership of the Father Gerardo Romo-Garcia who has worked closely with Rural and Migrant Ministries to provide spiritual and practical support to the many predominantly Spanish-speaking farmworkers on the east end of Long Island.\nRecognition of the Chapel of the Incarnation\nConvention recognized “Incarnation Chapel,\" a re-established worshipping community launched by the Cathedral at the former St. Mary’s in Carle Place. The mission venture led by the Revs. Mark Kowalewski and Daniel Ade, co-deans emeritus of St. John’s Cathedral in Los Angeles, will be a center for worship, study, and mission.\nNancy Signore recognized for 40 years of service\nNancy Signore, Human Resources Manager, was celebrated for her 40th anniversary working in the bishop’s office.Nancy is the longest-serving staff member of the diocese.\n2023 Recipients of the Bishop's Cross\nAt the Convention Banquet on Friday November 10th, Bishop Provenzano awarded the Bishop’s Cross for Distinguished Diocesan Service to the Rev. Cn. Karen Davis Lawson, the Rev. Cn. Joseph Pae, Sharon Brown-Veillard, and Gerald Potter. Each recipient has served the diocese faithfully for over ten years, providing leadership and dedication to the Diocese and the wider community.\nPropositions and Resolutions\n- Proposition 2023-P1: Amend TITLE II, CANON 4, Section I THE DIOCESAN CONVENTION\n- Proposition 2023-P2: Amend TITLE II, CANON 4, SECTION II THE DIOCESAN CONVENTION\n- Proposition 2023-P3: Amend TITLE II, CANON 4, SECTION III THE DIOCESAN CONVENTION\n- Proposition 2023-P4: Amend TITLE III, CANON 1, SECTION V THE SECRETARY OF THE CONVENTION\n- Proposition 2023-P5: Amend TITLE VI, CANON 1, SECTION II STANDING COMMITTEE\n- Proposition 2023-P6: Amend TITLE VII, CANON 5, SECTION I THE COMMISSION ON MINISTRY\n- Proposition 2023-P7: Amend TITLE VIII, CANON 1, SECTION II THE BOARD OF MANAGERS OF CAMP DeWOLFE\n- Proposition 2023-P8: Amend TITLE VIII, CANON 3, SECTION III EPISCOPAL MINISTRIES OF LONG ISLAND\n- Proposition 2023-P9: Amend TITLE VIII, CANON 5, SECTION II THE MERCER SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY\n- Proposition 2023-P10: Amend TITLE VIII, CANON 6, SECTION III THE TRUSTEES OF THE ESTATE BELONGING TO THE DIOCESE OF LONG ISLAND\n- Proposition 2023-P11: Amend TITLE VIII, CANON 7, SECTION III EPISCOPAL COMMUNITY SERVICES OF LONG ISLAND\nFloor Resolution: Motion that this convention of the Diocese of Long Island officially affirms the ministry of Iglesia de San Francisco and this diocesan community places a priority of finding them a home in this coming year.\nPhotos from the Convention\nPhotography by: Matthew Prichard", "label": "No"}
{"text": "John graduated from the Harvard Graduate School of Design in 1979 with a degree in Landscape Architecture and has worked independently as an environmental planning consultant and Landscape designer ever since.\nJohn has served as a consultant to the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management in preparation of the Blackstone River and Canal Heritage State Park Master Plan. In cooperation with the institute for Conservation Archaeology and the Peabody Museum at Harvard, John worked closely with the Blackstone River and Canal Commission in developing the first regional Heritage State Park Plan within the State’s newly developed Heritage Park Program. Planning and design covered a 25 mile, five community, historic river and canal way.\nDuring the last 12 years, John’s landscape design practice has shifted to smaller commercial and residential projects working for both architects and individual homeowners.\nDuring this period, John also hosted the landscape construction and design show “Breaking Ground” for the Home and Garden Television Network. Outside the production of the program John served as a landscaping expert for HGTV as well as the Lowes Corporation.\nJohn’s speaking engagements include the Virginia’s Maymont Flower Show, Baltimore’s Right’s of Spring Show, the Maryland Home and Garden Show, the Boston Home and Garden Show and the Worcester Flower Show.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Welcome to the\nmemorial page for\nMichele Lynn Finley\nAugust 17, 1963\n~January 24, 2024\nMichele Lynn Finley, age 60 of Matawan, NJ passed away on January 24, 2024. Michele was born in Jersey City, NJ and later raised in Bayonne, NJ than moved on to Cliffwood, NJ.\nMichele received her education from Old Bridge Public School System. After graduating high school she went to work at Pathmark Corp. where she remained employed until the Corporation closed their doors, later she worked for Quik Chek until she became ill and had to retire from the workforce.\nMichele is predeceased by her parents Arrie and Shirley Finley; brothers Kevin and David.\nMichele leaves to cherished her memory sons Dante and Dontrell Finley; daughter Rebecca Cross (James Jr.); brothers Arrie III and Derek (Doreen); sisters Stephanie, Sharon Finley and Lisa Postell (Eddie Jr.) and 14 grandchildren.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The city became a cold and sorrowful tableau Tuesday morning as police officers led a march behind a hearse carrying the body of Sgt. George Ross Dingwall, the only Middletown officer ever to die in the line of duty.\nThe grim parade proceeded down six city blocks under a steel gray sky. Main Street was eerily silent but for the tolling of church bells and the rolling drums of the honor guard.\nShop owners and patrons filed out onto the sidewalks. Their postures stiffened as the procession passed. \"It's the body language of respect,\" said Jeffrey Fine, owner of Meeting House Opticians.\nNear Court Street, an expansive U.S. flag hung from a rope stretched between the ladders of two firetrucks. The procession passed below.\nState police Maj. Ed Wheeler issued a command -- \"Eyes left!\" -- and the officers trained their gazes on the police station, where Dingwall's widow, Kim, stood watching from the second floor.\nThe city's outpouring came four days after the 47-year-old sergeant, a 19-year veteran of the force, was killed in an accident while pursuing two burglary suspects. His body was buried in Manchester, where he was raised.\nMayor Domenique Thornton had declared Tuesday a day of mourning. City schools both public and private were closed, as were government offices.\nMain Street, too, was closed as the procession marched from St. John Church down to the South Green.\nThe hearse, flanked on each side by three gloved officers, was followed by city police, retired city officers, the department's civilian personnel, elected officials and firefighters. State dignitaries included Attorney General Richard Blumenthal and Comptroller Nancy Wyman.\nWhen the procession ended, marchers filed into the Arrow and Dattco buses that carried them to the funeral at the Elks Lodge and later to Manchester.\nThe procession said much about how the city and region come together when faced with a tragedy, the president of the Middlesex County Chamber of Commerce said. \"It's a great show of respect,\" President Lawrence McHugh said.\nIt also said much about the pain being felt not just by Dingwall's wife and two young children but also by the entire Middletown Police Department, said Debra Moore, the mayor's top aide.\n\"You could really see how close to the surface the emotion was for them,\" said Moore, who was among the marchers. \"Quite frankly all you wanted to do was hug them as a friend or a sister would.\"", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Cung Le, Thiago Silva, Mac Danzig and Takanori Gomi Collect UFC on FUEL TV Awards\nBy FCF Staff\nIt may have been the only knockout on the card, but it was a memorable one nonetheless, and Cung Le earned “Knockout of the Night” for his stoppage win over Rich Franklin today in China.\nLe sent Franklin crashing to the mat, face first, in the first round of their UFC on FUEL TV 6 headliner today with a perfectly timed right hook. The feared striker was also awarded $40,000.\n“Fight of the Night”, and an extra $4,000 each, went to Mac Danzig and Takanori Gomi for their exciting lightweight bout. Gomi ended up winning the fight by split decision.\nAnd “Submission of the Night” went to Thiago Silva, who recovered from being dropped by Stanislav Nedkov and went on to tap out the light-heavyweight with a arm-triangle-choke.\nToday’s event was hosted by the Cotai Arena in the Venetian Macau Resort Hotel.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Published: 2021-05-30 12:09\nLast Updated: 2021-06-16 02:26\nSunday, the Minister of Housing in the Israeli Occupation government and dozens of extremist Jewish settlers stormed the blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque.\nEyewitnesses in Ramallah said that they stormed the courtyards of Al-Aqsa Mosque from the Mughrabi Gate, and carried out provocative tours in its courtyards.\nThe eyewitnesses added that they left through Al-Silsila Gate.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Game of Thrones Locations\nMany fans of HBO's fantasy TV series Game of Thrones will be familiar with the Northern Irish countryside, as several places were used as locations in the series' first five seasons. County Down's aristocratic Castle Ward was featured as Winterfell, while the picturesque backdrop of County Down's Audley's Castle was the setting for Robb Stark's Camp.\nHave you been here? Share a tip or a photo with fellow travelers.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Brenda Ann Cobb\nPublished 12:30 am Friday, September 16, 2011\nMs. Brenda Ann Cobb, a resident of 806 Pennsylvania Ave., Washington, died Saturday, Sept. 10, 2011, at her home. A graveside service will be conducted at 2 p.m. Saturday at the Cobb Cemetery in the Adamsville community, Washington. Arrangements are by Leon Randolph Funeral Home, 208 W. Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Washington.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Bonnie Mae Mullenbach, age 79, of Osage, died Sunday, June 8, 2014, at the Faith Home in Osage.\nA Funeral Mass will be held at 10:30 a.m. Thursday, June 12, 2014, at Sacred Heart Catholic Church in Osage with Father Raymond Burkle officiating. Burial will be in the Osage Cemetery. Visitation will be from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. Wednesday at the Champion-Bucheit Funeral Home in Osage with a vigil service at 7:00 p.m.\nBonnie Mae (Brown) Mullenbach was born March 28, 1935, to Arnold and Verna (Feldt) Brown in Rock Township, Mitchell County, Iowa. She attended a country school until 1945 when her family moved to Osage. She graduated from Osage High School in 1953. On September 20, 1956, she was united in marriage to LaVerne Mullenbach at Sacred Heart Church in Osage. To this union were born two children, Diane and Wayne. She was a homemaker and was later employed as a clerical worker at Osage City Hall and Osage Municipal Utilities. Bonnie was a wonderful wife and mother and will be sadly missed by her family.\nBonnie is survived by her husband, LaVerne Mullenbach of Osage; her children, Diane (Alex) Sanchez of Mason City, and Wayne (Tracy) Mullenbach of Osage; grandchildren, Erik McKay, serving in the U.S. Navy in Bahrain, Cole and Ally Mullenbach of Osage; and great-grandson, Aiden Webb of Charles City.\nShe was preceded in death by her parents; brothers, Charles Brown and Eugene Brown; and sister, Shirley Heimer.\nInformation available and condolences accepted at www.champion-bucheitfuneralhome.com\nChampion-Bucheit Funeral Home 641-732-3706", "label": "No"}
{"text": "While taxing on the runway at MCO, I got a message that our groceries were delivered to our resort. We checked in and were able to give our son his bedtime milk and hop into bed. It was fantastic!\nGreat way to have food, drinks, etc. at your hotel. So convenient with great service.\nWhen we ordered the second time, the date to be delivered was beyond the date we needed our food. I called and our delivery was made two days earlier. Thanks so much for the great service.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Alphonsine M. Bernier, formerly of Ward Street, Bristol, died Saturday at a nursing care center. She was 93. Ms. Bernier was born in East Angus, Quebec, Canada, and was the daughter of the late Elzear and Alma Bernier. She resided in Bristol since 1946 and was employed by Aetna Life and Casualty in Hartford for 10 years before retiring. She was a member of the St. Jean de Batiste Society and was a charter member of St. Ann Church in Bristol. She is survived by three nieces and several cousins. Funeral services will be held Tuesday at 9 a.m. at Funk Funeral Home, 35 Bellevue Ave., Bristol, and at 10 a.m. at St. Ann Church for a Mass. Burial will follow in St. Joseph Cemetery, Bristol. Calling hours are Monday from 7 to 9 p.m. at the funeral home. Memorial donations may be made to the St. Ann Church Renovation Fund, 215 West St., Bristol, CT 06010.\nTHE HARTFORD COURANT\nCopyright © 2021, Hartford Courant", "label": "No"}
{"text": "While her Sister-in-law Meghan Markle is making waves Down Under with her wardrobe of local designers, closer to home, the Duchess of Cambridge is brewing a quiet fashion storm of her own. Kate Middleton joined Prince William, Prince Charles, and Her Majesty earlier today for a state dinner at Buckingham Palace to welcome King Willem-Alexander and Queen Maxima of the Netherlands. The Sarah Burton for McQueen dress she chose to wear for the occasion was a total showstopper, resembling the silhouette of a classic Disney princess gown.\nWith its fitted, ruched bodice, the shimmering silver McQueen number was certainly unexpected for the Duchess, marking a new and exciting direction for her personal style. The effect was particularly resplendent when paired with the jewels that she wore—all on loan from the Queen: the Lover’s Knot tiara, previously worn by Middleton in July 2017 to the state dinner when the British royals hosted the Spanish royals, and Queen Alexandra’s wedding necklace. The pearl and diamond drop style piece was first created in 1860 by Garrard and has been worn by both Queen Elizabeth II and Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. Made out of glass rather than ivory, Middleton’s Royal Family Order brooch was a nice finishing touch.\nSee this week’s best dressed celebrities:", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Tsarukyan Foundation Donates $500,000 to Cilicia Catholicosate\nANTELIAS—Gagik Tsarukyan, an Armenian businessman and chair of Armenia’s Olympics Committee, recently donated $500,000 to the Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia to be used for various projects, including Syrian-Armenian relief efforts, according to the official website of the church.\nTstarukyan, who accepted an invitation by His Holiness Catholicos Aram I to visit the Catholicosate headquarters, arrived in Lebanon on July 24, on his way to Europe.\nDuring their one-hour meeting, the pontiff said that the Great House of Cilicia has had an instrumental role in the pursuit of Armenian demands for justice. Whoever contributes to the strengthening of Armenia and Artsakh, to the realization of the collective dreams of the Armenians, and to the betterment of life for the citizens of Armenia, is a beloved and praiseworthy individual, Aram I said.\nArcbishop Shahan Sarkisian, the prelate of Syria, provided Tsarukyan with an update on the Armenian community in Syria, emphasizing the humanitarian losses the community has sustained. Present at the meetings were also representatives of community organizations.\nIn thanking the Catholicos, Tsarukyan formally announced his foundation’s donation and presented a large silver cross to the pontiff, who in turn presented Tsarukyan with a copy of the Partsrpert Bible—a limited edition publication.\nThe post Tsarukyan Foundation Donates $500,000 to Cilicia Catholicosate appeared first on Armenian Weekly.\nSource: Armenian Weekly\nLink: Tsarukyan Foundation Donates 0,000 to Cilicia Catholicosate", "label": "No"}
{"text": "French Four-Light Iron Ceiling Fixture\nA French, mid 20th century, four-light wrought-iron chandelier. This French chandelier from the mid 20th century features an elongated and twisted central post with lower cross-bar arms, with scrolled ends each supporting iron bobèches and painted candles covers. There are four delicate iron hooks which project outward from the upper post. This light fixture has been rewired for the US and comes with a complimentary 3-foot chain and canopy painted to match. This vintage French four-light iron ceiling light is a great size to be hung over a breakfast table, kitchen island, or entry foyer.\n- Rewired for the US.\n(49cm x 49cm x 46cm )\n$1,620REQUEST MORE INFORMATION", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Pregnant Woman Dies In House Fire< < Back to\nThe fire department is now releasing the name of a Jackson County woman who was killed in a fire Friday night.\nLisa Fitzwater was 28 years old and she was pregnant.\nThe fire happened in Milton Township, outside Wellston.\nFitzwater and several others were in the house at the time.\nThey got out but she did not.\nThe Wellston Fire Department and the State Fire Marshall's Office are investigating.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "(London) – A royal military parade is marking the 92nd birthday of Queen Elizabeth. The Queen celebrated her birthday on April 21st. Saturday morning, the Queen was honored with the annual Trooping the Colour parade.\nThe BBC says large crowds watched about a thousand soldiers march through Whitehall in London. Included in the carriage procession this year was the Duke and Duchess of Sussex, Prince Harry and Meghan Markle.\nBut it was the future King of England, Prince George and Savannah Phillips who had all eyes on them. As kids will be, the duo was quite the entertainment with Savannah telling George to be quiet at one point during the national anthem. Cuteness overload for sure.\nAmong the Queen’s guests was U.S. Secretary of Defense General James Mattis.\n(SL) – Former Suits actress Meghan Markle’s house in Toronto has hit the market already. The 36-year old divorcee who is preparing to marry 33-year old Prince Harry moved out of the house last month after she wrapped her final season on the the USA network tv show.\nModest in appearance from the outside, the inside proves you can’t judge a book by its cover.\nLocated on sleepy Yarmouth Road in the leafy well-heeled Toronto neighborhood of Seaton Village, the property, reportedly rented by the show, was home to Meghan for several years.\nIt’s an open-plan house. And the estate agents as ‘luxe’, says it boasts a cinema room, a high-spec kitchen-diner, three sumptuous bedrooms and two bathrooms. It appears the realtor is also selling it for $500,000 more than it was a decade ago. It’s assumable that they’re attempting to capitalize on the house’s royal connection considering Prince Harry would visit Meghan there quite often and Meghan herself will soon be marrying into Queen Elizabeth II’s family.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Morris H. Mericle died Monday, Jan. 23, 2017, in Santa Clara, Calif.\nHe was born in Toledo, Iowa, on March 26, 1925. He received his bachelor’s, master’s and doctorate degrees from Iowa State University and taught there in the electrical engineering department for 30 years. He was commissioned from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1944 and served in World War II.\nHe was preceded in death by his parents, Roscoe and Vida; and one daughter, Margaret (1968-2006). His sister Carolyn (b. 1929) died in Ames in March 1976.\nHe is survived by his wife of 57 years, Eileen; one daughter, Maureen “Mickey” (Ken); and one granddaughter, Annabelle. He is also survived by one brother, Robert (Mary Ann), of Murrieta, Caif.; nieces, Kathleen, Laureen and Linda; and two nephews, James and Thomas.\nTax-deductible memorial contributions in Morrie’s name may be made to the EE-CPE Dept., Coover Hall, ISU, Ames, IA, 50011.\nBurial of the cremains will be in Iowa State University Cemetery. A memorial service will be at a later date.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Системная интеграция и ИТ-консалтинг\nGratuitous Space Battles aims to bring the over-the-top explodiness back into space strategy games. The game is for everyone who has watched big space armadas battle. HPS Modern Campaigns: Middle East 67 / Fulda Gap 85 / Korea 85 / North German Plain 85 / Danube Front 85 торрент скачать бесплатно. Скачать торрент игры 2015-2016 года для ПК и Modern Naval Battles: World War II at Sea. Strategy. 20. 1. 2. Monster Madness. THE CLASSIC CLASHES OF HISTORY. THE HEADLINES OF TODAY. THE BATTLES OF TOMORROW. DLCs are available! Check them out! Scream over the.\nAssassin's Creed III is a 2012 sandbox style action-adventure It also concludes the modern day story of their Assassin's Creed 3 - Official Naval Battles. Вся информация об игре Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3: последние новости от разработчиков, дата выхода. Naval Action is an exciting, realistic, and beautifully detailed naval combat game immersing players into the experience of the most beautiful period of naval history. The Great War is a turn-based grand strategy game based on the epic struggles of the WWI era. Experience the battles of attrition and punishing artillery barrages. Empire: Total War maintains the series' genre-leading 3D battles, grand turn-based campaign map and rich historical flavor while for the first. Мы первый игровой торрент Modern Warfare 2 (2010) PC 09:23 World of Battles. Apr 14, 2016 Comments. Cold War Naval Battles was originally published as Modern Naval Battles, a series of three boxed card games for two to six players. Скачать Торрент (Cars / Motorcycles / Civil Aviation / Helicopter / Tank / Naval) / 3D / 3rd Person; Civil War Battles. Feb 1, 2016 Below are some of the best naval battle games on the PC Desktop, taking you from WWII and Modern naval combat to the 17th Century high.\nBuy World War 2: Time of Wrath. Naval system allowing to build Aircraft Carriers, Possibility to create modern or obsolete units. Счастливый торрент- Extreme Naval Battle rebalance. Many changes to make the naval battles as realistic, challenging and beautiful as possible. A large naval task force is currently preparing for an amphibious landing, while your Thus, a meeting of the two in battle provides an excellent case for the degree to Most modern mines follow a two-step arming & detonation logic: First the. About the Game 'Caribbean!' is a sandbox pirate RPG that blends the most engaging melee and firearms combat with naval battles, detailed crew management Cossacks 3 RTS PC game A large-scale historical strategy on great battles of the XVII-XVIII centuries. Modern remake of the best 2001 Naval battles. Скачать, бесплатно, быстро, торренты, торрент, Зона : Злоключение строгого режима.\nIn DarthMod: Shogun II you will enjoy a redesigned melee Even the naval battles are much improved and are a joy to NOIF's Modern Japan Army Mod Twcenter.net. Modern Naval Battles: World War II at Sea - дата выхода, системные требования, официальный сайт, обзор. Торрент Кафе портал скачиваний лучшего Command Modern Air Naval Operations Command LIVE Korean vicious air battles. Raptor walks you through his first impressions of Men of War: Assault Squad 2 and a mission with American forces. With many improvements already instantly. Imperial Destroyer project 4.0 (Added new regions) mod for Empire When I play an ordinary battle everything is Ok But during the campaign all battles don't. Battle of Guadalcanal: First Naval Battle in the Ironbottom Sound · facebook · twitter The torrent of tracers and shells cascaded all over Amatsukaze. Hara was transfixed by Next came Helena, equipped with modern radar. She found the.\nWargame Red Dragon is the 3rd title in the Wargame series of real-time strategy games by Eugen Systems. After European Escalation and AirLand Battle, now boarding. World Warships provides fleet lists of all the major and most minor navies in Anybody with an interest in naval matters is encouraged to join our discussion. Modern Naval Battles - Global Warfare is inspired by our original 1989 award winning game and its 2 expansions.\"Global War\" is a redesigned improvement Operation Torch, the expansion of Gary Grigsby's War in the West, is available! Check it out! Gary Grigsby’s War in the West 1943-45is the most ambitious. Scourge of War: Waterloo Logged in as: Guest Users viewing this forum: kipanderson: All Forums New Releases from Matrix Games Scourge of War: Waterloo. Total War: Shogun 2: Fall of the Samurai is a standalone expansion to the strategy video game Total War: Shogun 2, released on 23 March 2012. It is set during Men Of War Assault Squad (GSM mod) - Tank Battles n°3 Full-scale Russian Naval Brigade Men of War Assault Squad Modern Mod Gameplay.\n10 new naval unit types with a total of 21 ships siege battles, Торрент файл обновлен 27.03.2012. - NAVAL AI has been enhanced,making it more of a challenge. - All air units have been toned down,as to there effectiveness,this is World War One after. East Prussia '14 In the middle of Modern Campaigns; Musket and Pike; Napoleonic Battles; Naval Campaigns; Panzer Battles; Panzer Campaigns; Squad Battles. Искать торрент по слову или фразе, например: Обзор Modern Naval Battles: World War II at Sea. Modern Naval Battles: World War II at Sea представляет собой игру жанра Стратегия. Command: Northern Inferno is a stand-alone game that uses the latest version of the Command: Modern Air/Naval Operations (CMANO) engine. It also serves. Скачать Патч для Man O' War: Corsair - Warhammer Naval Battles v 1.0 торрент бесплатно, Скачать Патчи торрент. Tuesday, 04 November 2014 Story. Combat Mission: Black Sea is a military simulation depicting a fictional 2017 conflict between NATO and Russia in Ukraine. The ultimate cross-platform WW2 naval strategy.\nAtlantic Fleet is a turn-based tactical and strategic simulation of the Battle of the Atlantic during World War II. Take command of surface ships. Загрузить Sea Battle — Strategic naval warfare 1 игрой года на торрент- battles sometimes do return in the modern. ЗАПРОС торрент; . engage in naval battles, embark o. . the modern remake of the original bestselling Total War: ROME II - Emperor Edition - About Total War: ROME II - Emperor Edition:Emperor Edition is the definitive edition of ROME II, featuring an improved politics. Napoleon: Total War is a curious game. It doesn’t have the grand scope of Empire: Total War, but it does have a lot of clever new ideas going for it. There’s. Warship battle: 3D World war 2 for Android is very popular and thousands of gamers around the world would be glad to get it without any payments.\nJan 26, 2017 Command Modern Air Naval Operations Command RePack download free torrent. By admin Modern Naval Air Operations Command: Command LIVE Brexit fix it! air and sea battle in an intense contraction and surface. Repack Total War: Rome 2 скачать торрент качественный репак бесплатно на высокой скорости / rutor. My mistake, I thought V 1.06 was more complete than v 2.0 because had more scenarios whereas technically v 2.0 is the latest one even if scenarios 43-45 must still. На сайте PCtorrent вы можете бесплатно без смс скачать игры через торрент и скачать игры. Sep 26, 2014 Command: Modern Air/Naval Operations is the ultimate military Thus, a meeting of the two in battle provides an excellent case for the degree. A dozen new factions, all-new naval units, war updated to work better on modern campaigns of Pyrrhus of Epirus and his battles against. 1,625 articles on this wiki 54 pages in the category \"Total War: Shogun.\nWorld Warships Combat. by commanding your naval vessel and destroying your opponent’s ships. Feel the modern warplanes power in air combat game.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "ODESSA Vaughn and Gwen Guidry of Odessa celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary April 13.\nGwen Giarraputo married her husband April 13, 1962, at Roberts Avenue Methodist Church in Beaumont with the Rev. Ernest Phifer officiating.\nThe couple has two children: Karen Olson of Odessa and Michael Guidry of Carrollton. They have two grandchildren.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Lumberjacks and a barbecue today at the corner of Fourth and Main streets in La Crosse.\nThose are some of the attractions the Duluth Trading Company is using to celebrate its grand opening in the Doerflinger building.\nThe lumberjack shows on Main Street happen until 5 p.m. today - part of Main Street is closed to traffic because of it.\nPosted by 1410 WIZM - La Crosse's News Station on Thursday, June 16, 2016\nThe popular clothing chain opened its downtown store a week ago.\n\"The foot traffic and sales have been really, really good,\" store manager Troy Hegge said.\nDuluth Trading takes the place of Three Rivers Outdoors, which operated on the first floor of Doerflinger's until late last year.\nLa Crosse Mayor Tim Kabat and local business leaders stopped at the store this morning, to help celebrate.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "From their beginning in Rome, Italy, Sergio and Rosele Oriente had a dream to create an Italian Restaurant where the people could taste, not only the upgraded quality of food, but also dine in a fascinating atmosphere of the old world created with the finest architectural designs and the romantic music played on a classic piano.\n- One of the “Finest in its Category and Classification” by “American Academy of Hospitality Sciences”\n- “Excellent” by ZAGAT Survey.\n- “Diamond Award” by AAA.\n- “Award of Distinction” Wine Enthusiast.\n- A “True Italian Restaurant” by “Ciao Italia – Italian Restaurants of the World” an Italian association with headquarters in Rome, Italy.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Geneva Water Project Groundbreaking\nSenator Mike Nozzolio recently helped to break ground at the new modified water district in the Town of Geneva. The new water district, which will encompass parts of Braewood Lane, County Road 6, and Hastings Road, will provide much-needed municipal water to the residents of this community. Senator Nozzolio played a critical role in securing the necessary funding to establish this important project.\nPictured from left to right: Pat Niccoletta, MRB Engineer; George Smith, Council; Sofia Mikolon; Senator Mike Nozzolio; Mary Luckern; Rick Larson, Council", "label": "No"}
{"text": "NEW BEDFORD — R. Vivian (Levesque) Lapre, age 81, passed away Thursday, September 06, 2012, at the Sacred Heart Nursing Home in New Bedford. She was the wife of the late Normand Ernest Lapre.\nBorn in New Bedford, a daughter of the late Alfred and Isola (Boucher) Levesque, Vivian lived in Acushnet for 47 years before moving to Rochester in 2005.\nVivian was a graduate of St. Anthony High School in New Bedford, and attended Rivier College in New Hampshire. Mrs. Lapre worked as the parish secretary at St. Francis Xavier Rectory in Acushnet for over 30 years and was a recipient of the Marian Medal.\nSurvivors include her children, Raymond Lapre and his late wife, Mary of Middleboro, Richard Lapre and his wife, Linda of Rochester, and Rachelle Lapre of Rochester; 3 grandchildren, Jason and Michael Lapre of Rochester and Paul Lapre of Middleboro; and several nieces and nephews.\nShe was the mother of the late Rita Lapre and sister of the late Claire Rouillier.\nHer funeral will be held Monday, September 17, 2012, at 10am at St. Francis Xavier Church, Main Street, Acushnet, MA. The burial is at Sacred Heart Cemetery after the Mass, with a reception at The Century House in Acushnet to follow.\nDonations in her memory may be made to Sacred Heart Nursing Home, 359 Summer Street, New Bedford, MA 02740.\nFor tributes please visit our website at www.ROCK-funeralhome.com", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Correspondence of John Henry Newman with John Keble and Others 1839-1845. Edited at the Birmingham Oratory\nAuthor: NEWMAN, John Henry\nPublisher: Longmans, Green, 1917,\nSize: viii, 413pp. No dustwrapper. Convent inscription\nBook Condition: Very Good\nMore Info: Binding tight, text unmarked\nNotes : ~Original maroon cloth, fresh and unfaded. Crease to front endpage. Hinges sound. ~Robust packaging. All UK orders trackable, others on request.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Homecoming ceremonies were held Feb. 5 at Fulton County High School before they hosted the Fulton Independent High School Bulldogs and Lady Bulldogs in basketball action. JaMya Clay, left, was named Homecoming Queen, and Josh Cole, right, was named Homecoming King. Other seniors vying for Queen were Callie Coulson and Hailee Edgin. Junior Maid was Virginia Varden, Sophomore Maid was Alaina Ellegood, and Freshman Maid was TyAirrah Freeman. (Photo submitted)\nPlease support the Current by subscribing today!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Obits — December 4, 2019\nDalton James Reason\nDalton James Reason, age 23 of Hogansville, GA passed away Tuesday, November 26, 2019 at his residence. Dalton was born December 26, 1995 in LaGrange, GA, the son of Donna Marie Davis Reason and the late James Lewis Reason. He was raised in Harrisonville and was a 2013 graduate of Callaway High School in Hogansville where he was active in the JROTC. He enjoyed playing video games, cooking and could never turn away a stray animal. Dalton was employed as a cook with the Great Wolf Lodge in LaGrange and had planned to attend culinary school soon. In addition to his father, he was preceded in death by his paternal grandparents, James Lewis Reason, Jr. and Pat Reason, and two aunts, Sharon Davis and Tina Denney. Survivors include his life companion, Andrea Parmer; his mother, Donna Davis Reason both of Hogansville; two sisters, Ginger Golden Celis of Hogansville and Meagen Alvarado (Andres) of Athens, GA; maternal grandparents, Milton Davis and Linda Davis of LaGrange; aunts, Sallie Taylor (Randy), Melody Rodgers (Dennis), and Pam Bowen (Scott); an uncle, Brandon Davis (Lora); numerous cousins, including his closest Collin Taylor, and a host of friends. A memorial service will be held at a later date. In lieu of flowers, the family has requested that memorial contributions be made in memory of Dalton J. Reason to Animal Ark Rescue at www.animalarkrescue.com.\nDonald Luther Garrett Sr.\nDonald Luther Garrett. Sr., age 67 of Pine Mountain, GA passed away Friday, November 29, 2019 at West Georgia Hospice in LaGrange. Donald was born November 18, 1952 in Greenville, GA, the son of John Wilson Garrett, Sr. and Mildred Elizabeth Langford Garrett. He was a graduate of Jordan High School in Columbus and was self-employed as a carpenter. Donald enjoyed playing golf, fishing, and loved spending time with his grandchildren. Also, he was sure to be found every weekend working with his son. In addition to his parents, he was preceded in death by a brother, Bill Garrett and a sister, Kimberly Dawn Garrett. Survivors include his wife, Wendy Garrett of Pine Mountain; two sons, Donald Garrett, Jr. (Jamie), of LaGrange, and Adam Garrett of Pine Mountain; three step-daughters April Conner (Joel) of Hamilton, GA, Jenny Nunley, and Amy Nunley both of Columbus, GA; a brother, Mark Garrett (Lori) of Warm Springs, GA; four sisters, Ann Fincher (Oz) of Notasulga, AL, Debbie Vaught of Opelika, AL, Tami Freiberg (Les) and Edwina “Wina” Garrett all of Columbus, GA; ten grandchildren and two great-grandchildren. Funeral services were held 2:00 p.m. Tuesday, December 3, 2019 at Pine Mountain Valley First Baptist Church, where Rev. Mike Sellers and Dr. Bob Patterson officiated. Interment followed in the church cemetery. In lieu of flowers, memorial contributions may be made to West Georgia Hospice in LaGrange.\nThrash & Son’s\nWe respectfully announce the passing of Mr. Marion Grissom, age 97, formerly of the St. Marks Community in Meriwether County, on Wednesday, November 27, 2019 in Fairburn, Georgia. Funeral Services will be held Wednesday December 4, 2019 at 11:00 AM, Mt. Perria Baptist Church, 2942 Mobley Bridge Road in Hogansville, Georgia. Rev. Roderick Freeman officiating and Pastor Clifford Black, Eulogist. Interment will follow in the Olive Branch Cemetery #2. The Family will be at 9243 Hwy 100 in Hogansville (St. Marks Community). Public viewing was held Tuesday from 10:00 AM to 8:00 PM.\nRev. Richard L. Pursley\nThe Reverend Richard L. Pursley, 61, of LaGrange, passed away Friday, November 29, 2019, at Hospice LaGrange. Rev. Pursley was born March 10, 1958, in LaGrange, son of the late Milton Lee Pursley and Maxine Davis Pursley. An ordained Baptist minister for more than 35 years, he pastored a number of churches in the West Georgia and East Alabama area and served as founding pastor of Rock of Ages Baptist Church in Hogansville. Rev. Pursley was employed at the Dixie Division of West Point Stevens until its closing and was then employed at Milliken and Co. He was known to be a friend and a help to everyone and spent his life serving others. Survivors include his wife, Ruenelle Pursley of LaGrange; daughter, Renee and Andy Burke of Pine Mountain Valley; sons, Rufus Lee and Lisa Pursley, Richard James (Jamie) Pursley, all of LaGrange; grandsons, Adam Pursley, Joshua Pursley, Dylan Pursley, Noah Pursley, and Nathan Pursley; sister, Donna and Gary Ozley of Fredonia, AL; brothers, Gaines and Becky Pursley of Fredonia, AL, Milton, Jr. and Dianne Pursley of Houston, TX. A memorial service will be conducted at 4:00 p.m., Wednesday, December 4, in the Chapel of Claude A. McKibben and Sons Funeral Home in Hogansville, with Dr. David Ahearn officiating. The family will receive friends at the funeral home from 3 until 4 Wednesday afternoon.\nJohn W. (Bo) Pike\nMr. John Walter (Bo) Pike, 68, of Hogansville, passed away Tuesday, November 26, 2019, at his home. Mr. Pike was born July 13, 1951, in Troup County, son of the late Retha Mae Pike Hammett and the late Harold Redwine Pike. A resident of the Hogansville area most of his life, he retired as a self-employed carpentry contractor. Survivors include his daughter, Jessica Pike of Hogansville; sisters and brothers in-law, Patricia and Ronnie Janney of Hogansville, Loretta and Lester Lawson and Darlene Hardesty, all of Carrollton; brother, Mark Hammett of Carrollton; and grandchildren, Selena Buchannan, Brandon Dean, Desmond Dean, and Tiana Phillips. In addition to his parents, he was preceded in death by his sister, Wanda Atwell. The family will plan a memorial gathering later.\nLillie Arrington Huddleston\nMrs. Lillie Arrington Huddleston, age 91, of LaGrange, passed away on November 24, 2019 at the WellStar West Georgia Hospice. Mrs. Huddleston was born on September 29, 1928 in Meigs, Georgia to the late Marvin and Lillie Hall Fulghum. She retired after many years as the Church Secretary for the First Baptist Church of Pelham, in Pelham Georgia. In addition to her parents, she was preceded in death by her husband, Zenas Huddleston; her first husband, Robert Arrington, Sr.; son in law, Tony West; brother, Wes Fulghum. Survivors include her sons, Robert Arrington, Jr. (Joyce) and Marvin Arrington (Melisa); daughters, Vickie Moore (Wade), Annie Mathias (Bill), Marlene West, Renee Poppell (Joe), Janice Heard (Mike) and Carolyn Reaves (David); sister, Rubye King; 17 grandchildren and 8 great grandchildren; extended family and friends. A memorial service will be held on Saturday, December 7, 2019 at 2:00 pm at the Enon Baptist Church in Alto, Georgia with Pastor Clint Peterson officiating. Family will receive friends from 1:00-2:00 pm at the church on the day of the service. Family interment will be held at a later date. In lieu of flowers, donations may be made to the WellStar West Georgia Hospice, Enon Baptist Church in Alto, Georgia or the Lillie Renee Foundation.\nJames Vernon Townsend\nJames Vernon Townsend, known to some as Vernon, passed away on Monday, November 25, 2019 at age 63 in his home in Lagrange, Georgia. Memorial services will be held at 5pm on Wednesday, December 4, 2019, at Del’avant Event Center in Lagrange, GA. Arrangements are being made by Lakes-Dunson-Robertson Funeral Home. James Vernon Townsend was born on March 28, 1956, the second child of the late James Edward and Ruby Bernice Townsend. He graduated from Mount Vernon High School in 1974, where he ran Track & Field in High School. James attended Westchester Community College in Greenburg, New York and pursued a career as a Senior Network Engineer in the IT industry. In 1992, James married Vivienne A. Phillips and they lived in Wappingers Falls, New York with their daughters, Danielle and Nadia. For a short period of time, James and Vivienne opened their home and became foster parents for 2 young sisters. Sadly, Vivienne preceded him in death on September 1, 1996. James committed his life to Christ and diligently served at Holy Light Pentecostal Church as a Deacon. In 2007, James moved to Georgia and settled in LaGrange. James loved his family deeply and those that crossed his path were touched by his warmth, grace and integrity. His laugh was unmistakable and his smile was infectious. He endured much but was steadfast in his faith. He was a true friend and a fighter. He was a protector and faithful man who would go above and beyond to do anything he could to assist anyone. His kindness was beyond reproach. James was adored and admired by many, including those he worked with in the IT Department at District 4 Public Health in Lagrange. He is survived by his 2 daughters, Danielle Townsend and Nadia Townsend; 2 sisters, Patricia L. Douglas and Alethia C. Townsend; 4 grandchildren, Viviyanna D. Bradly, Peyton J. McGhee, Preston R. McGhee, and Issac B. McGhee; and 2 aunts, Thelma Townsend and Gladys Singleton; and several immediate first cousins, nephews and nieces, grand nephews and a host of cousins. His brothers in life included Ron Nembhard from Connecticut, David Washington from Maryland, and Ponce Hatch from Virginia. Memorials may be given to Nadia and Danielle Townsend. The family wishes to extend our sincere thanks to Lakes-Dunson-Robertson Funeral Home, and the IT Department at the District 4 Public Health in Lagrange, GA.\nJohnnie David Brown\nJohnnie David Brown, passed away on November 30, 2019 at the WellStar West Georgia Hospice. He was born on June 3, 1950 to the late John Leonard Brown and Rose Marie Lynch Brown. He proudly served in the Unites States Army for 21 years. In addition to his parents he is preceded in death by his wife, Leslie Grewe Brown; brothers, Donald Brown and Danny Brown. Survivors include his sons and daughter, Brenda Brown (Steve), Brian Brown (Terry); David Brown (Ashley); brother, Denver Brown; grandchildren, Caitlyn Puller, Carmen Puller, Trey Stogner, Kira Brown; many adopted grandchildren; extended family and friends. A time of visitation was held on Monday, December 2, 2019 at the Higgins LaGrange Chapel from 12:00 – 1:00 PM. The memorial service began at 1:00 PM at the funeral home.\nWillie Lindsey, age 100, passed away on November 26, 2019 at the WellStar West Georgia Medical Center. She was born on November 28, 1918 to the late Loyd Posey and Sarah Posey Hunt. In addition to her parents she is preceded in death by her extended family; Thomas Posey (Tina), Alan Posey, James Posey, James Bradley, Hubert Posey. Survivors include her daughter, Susie Fields, brothers, George Posey, James Posey, Claude Posey; nieces and nephews, Shirley Posey, Hugh Posey; great nieces and nephews, Jody Posey (Christina), Cody Fields, Nikita Fields (Jesse Alexander), Brian Fields (Tiffany Tuggle), Kim Posey, Mindy Spradlin (David); great great nieces and nephews, Payton fields, Kyleigh Fields, Aray Fields, Alexander Fields, Desie Alexander, Aubrey Alexander, Gracie Spradlin, Katelyn Spradlin, Dillion Spradlin, Collin Spradlin, Abbigail Posey, Olivia Posey; extended family and many friends. Plans will be announced at a later date by Higgins Funeral Home.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Over the course of the last 12 months, the Lincoln skyline has changed and continues to do so with more construction in line.\nBusinesses across the city have expanded with purpose-built sites and revitalised old buildings.\nThe city centre has undergone drastic changes, which has included road layouts and work is underway to change the way the High Street looks, bringing bigger store names to the city.\nHere’s a recap of some of the biggest developments in Lincoln:\nLincoln Transport Hub\nOnce complete, the new hub will create 1,000 new car parking spaces, a new bus station and railway improvements.\nWork on the new Transport Hub is still underway and is expected to be completed in early 2018.\nA place for shopping\nIt was announced in November that St Marks shopping precinct is in line for a £150 million revamp, with plans to demolish the western section to make way for new shops, a hotel and flats.\nThe plans would see around eight businesses pulled down and replaced, including Toys R Us, Toby Carvery, Burger King, Pizza Hut, Homebase, the former Lidl and a two-storey car park.\nProposals will be considered by the city’s planning department at a later date.\nThe first three national retailers have been confirmed for the £70 million Cornhill Quarter regeneration and will be opening in summer 2017.\nDemolition of the old building extensions started in September.\nNew life for The Lawn\nAfter nearly two years of planning and bidding, the keys to Lincoln’s iconic site and buildings at The Lawn were officially handed over to RW Stokes & Sons to create its new £2 million head office in August.\nWork officially started in December to convert the former ‘lunatic asylum’ off Union Road to include new café, coffee roastery, restaurant, offices, shops, a barista training centre and a theatre, as well as serving as the new headquarters for the Lincoln based company.\nGreen space at the site has also been turned into more car parking spaces.\nAlso on the cards is a new £96 million Lincoln Eastern Bypass, which already has contractors lined up and ready to go.\nDespite objections from local residents, a third Lidl was approved for the Lincoln on the site of the former Ocean Chinese Restaurant in North Hykeham in January.\nThe Lidl at the Carlton Centre is set to move across the road to the former bakery and hand car wash site on Deacon Road as Lincolnshire Co-op, who owns the site, look to redevelop the shopping precinct bringing in new retailers and jobs.\nThe current Lidl site will be converted into three separate units.\nNetto also had a fleeting visit to Lincoln, opening in the former Blockbuster on Lindis Retail Park off Tritton Road, only to close nine months later.\nThe Lincoln Mosque\nDespite plans for Lincoln’s first purpose-built mosque to be completed in October or November this year, work was halted on the £1.5 million development.\nConstruction work ceased temporarily in September after the Islamic Association of Lincoln terminated their contract with previous builders, following legal advice.\nBuilding work resumed in November with Lincoln firm Active8 Building Limited taking the lead on the ongoing construction.\nBusiness park expansion\nA new place for education\nThe scheme would include 180 new homes (previously 750) and agri-food and heritage education facilities.\nHowever, proposals have been met with objections over the redevelopment.\nThese protests have lead to the government announcing possible legal action against the University of Lincoln for its plans to demolish parts of the current Riseholme College campus to develop housing.\nDesigns were also revealed for the new £12.5 million University of Lincoln Sarah Swift building on the site of the city’s former Pea Warehouse in March, which will house the Schools of Health and Social Care and Psychology.\nConstruction is set to be completed in May 2017.\nOne the Brayford\nDevelopers Jackson & Jackson continue to thrive as plans for three new restaurants, luxury apartments and office space on Brayford Wharf were unanimously approved in March.\nWork started on the development of the site in August with completion anticipated for Easter 2017.\nNew to Lincoln\n2016 has seen a host of new businesses open in and around the city including Wildwood, which opened in the former Mall on Lincoln High Street.\nLincoln’s new all-you-can-eat Brazilian restaurant Tiago opened in the former late night bar Brewhaus in October.\nFrench food lovers are now able to get a table at Côte Brasserie, which opened in February.\nA new Amazonian tribe-inspired, specialist coffee shop Makushi Coffee Limited opened on Steep Hill in August.\nA new chippy also opened on the High Street in October after a £100,000 investment.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Tonight was a first......Kyoto's.....very yummy! Thanks Pattersons for inviting us!!\nThursday, July 30, 2009\nSaturday, July 18, 2009\nSunday, July 5, 2009\nWe had a great time shakin' our booties to some disco last night at the Glass Cactus. It was a great time, but very, very HOT!!!! I don't think we cooled down all night. The fireworks were beautiful over the lake. I'm so glad to have shared it with Charley. In 6 years at the fire dept, this was only his 2nd 4th of July off, so we took full advantage :) And I couldn't have done it without my dance partner Ginger! Good times...\nI'm the lucky one!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Hotels Near Times Square :: RoomMate Grace is Kind of an Expensive Broad\nRoomMate Grace Hotel, formerly the Hotel QT, had rooms going for $349 a night on Quikbook for Monday July 21st. Unless, they combined their notoriously small rooms into spacious suites, this is a totally bad rate.\nKeep in mind that a \"Petite\" room is one of the smallest rooms in the hotel, starting at 170-sq.ft. We think it was probably an F Type room under the old QT system.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Two men were charged Monday in Douglas County District Court with attempting to steal tractors early Saturday from a Baldwin business.\nDaniel W. Crowder, 58, Smithton, Mo., and John H. Stone, 33, Kansas City, Mo., were among four suspects arrested after Baldwin Police were sent to check on reports of suspicious activity at Heritage Tractor, 915 Industrial Park Road.\nCrowder and Stone each were charged with one count of attempted theft and one count of misdemeanor criminal damage to property.\nThe charges allege the two were attempting to steal two John Deere lawn and garden tractors. Two tractors also were damaged during the incident. If convicted of attempted theft charges, the men could face sentences of up to 13 months in prison and be ordered to pay a fine. A conviction for misdemeanor criminal damage could mean a six-month jail sentence and a fine.\nIn addition, Missouri authorities want to extradite Stone on a warrant for a state parole violation.\nJudge Pro Tem Peggy Kittel set a $3,000 bond for Crowder and ordered him to appear at 2 p.m. today in court for scheduling of a preliminary hearing.\nKittel set Stone's bond at $10,000 for the Douglas County charges and another $10,000 for the Missouri warrant. He also was ordered to appear today in court for scheduling a preliminary hearing.\nAfter arriving at Heritage Tractor, police discovered two tractors loaded onto a truck. They also stopped a van on U.S. Highway 56 east of the business as it attempted to leave the area.\nTwo of the men were arrested after the van was stopped, and three men fled on foot. Two of them were later arrested after a search that involved several law enforcement agencies.\nCharges are pending against two other suspects, a 52-year-old Independence, Mo., man and a 30-year-old Kansas City, Mo., man. They were released Monday from the Douglas County Jail on $20,000 each but ordered to appear later this month in court for possible charges.\nThe fifth suspect was arrested Monday morning when he went to the Baldwin Police Department to ask about his truck. He was being held in jail pending charges.\nThe truck, which had been linked to the Heritage Tractor escapade, had been found over the weekend abandoned in Wellsville. It was impounded by police, Baldwin Chief Mike McKenna said.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "John Allen Gilmore\nJohn Allen Gilmore 86, of Wichita Falls, Texas formally of Duncan, passed away Thursday, April 16, 2020 at Texoma Christian Care in Wichita Falls, Texas.\nGraveside funeral services will be Monday, April 20, 2020 at 2:00 p.m. with Rev. Richard (Snip) Allen officiating, and arrangements have been entrusted to the family care of Carter-Smart Funeral Directors.\nJohn was born March 21, 1934 in St. Louis, Oklahoma to Altus and Clora ( Jennings) Gilmore, John worked many years in the oilfield, eventually retiring from Wal-Mart where he had worked 20+years in the Garden Department. He was a member of Country Side Free Will Baptist Church in Velma, Oklahoma where he served as Deacon at the church. John had many hobbies, he loved to paint on canvas and ceramics, and work in his vegetable and flower garden. He adored his granddaughters and great-grandchildren. John married Rachel Abshire March 22, 1958 at Santa Fe Free Will Baptist Church, Santa Fe, Oklahoma. For the past three years John and Rachel have been living at Texhoma Christian Care Center in Wichita Falls, Texas, where he went to live with his savior on April 16, 2020. He will be greatly missed...\nSurvivors include his wife; Rachael of the home, sons; Tommy Gilmore and his wife Hope of Collinsville, Oklahoma and Charles Gilmore and his wife Patty of Wichita Falls, Texas, a sister; Karen Johnson and her husband Glenn of Omaha, NE., granddaughters; Lyndsey Rollins of Miami, Oklahoma, Loren Williams and her husband Derek of Spring Creek, NV. and Polly Gilmore and Dillion Germany of Wichita Falls, Texas and great-grandchildren; Blace Rollins of Miami, Oklahoma, Olivia and Levi Williams of Spring Creek, NV. and multiple nieces, nephews, great nieces and great nephews.\nJohn was preceded in death by his parents Altus and Clora Gilmore and a brother and sister-in-law; Don Gilmore and his wife Carol of Duncan, Oklahoma.\nOnline condolences may be sent to www.cartersmartfuneralhome.com\nTo send flowers to the family or plant a tree in memory of John Allen Gilmore, please visit our floral store.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations\nBarnes & Noble Publishing, 1992 - Quotations, English - 520 pages\nThe essential reference guide for writers and speechmakers. Thousands of famous quotations indexed by subject, author and keyword. 393 pages + index.\nOther editions - View all\nAbraham Lincoln Adams American asked Attributed August Author become believe Benjamin build called chapter Charles Churchill citizens City civilization Collected common Complete Congress Constitution death December earth enemy equal Franklin freedom friends George give hand happiness heart Henry honor hope House human interests James January John F July June Justice keep Kennedy land letter liberty lines live Lord March means mind moral nation nature never opinion Originally party peace person political President principles published quotation quoted Record remarks reported Representative reprinted Robert Roosevelt Senator September served society speak speech stand SUBJECT things Thomas Jefferson thought trans truth United University Unverified Washington Writings wrong York young", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Organizing Committee of the 2019 African Cup of Nations has revealed the details of the tickets for the first round matches of the tournament.\nThe committee published on its official page on the social networking site “Facebook” details of ticket prices for the first round of the tournament.\nAccording to the official page of the committee, the “flying seats” at the Alexandria Stadium is the cheapest: the ticket price is 30 LE. Alexandria Stadium will host Group B matches, which includes Nigeria, Guinea, Burundi and Madagascar.\nIt is worth mentioning that the committee revealed earlier that the amendment of the price of tickets for the first round of Egypt to become 150 pounds instead of 200 pounds.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "SAN ANTONIO, TX- The sentencing hearing for Jack Dillion Young was completed after three days, on November 9th, 2018. State District Judge Camile Dubose sentenced Young to 55 years in prison, according to San Antonio Express-News.\nYoung, from Leakey, caused the vehicle crash in Uvalde County on March 2017 that killed 13 people headed home from a church retreat. It was determined that at the time of the crash, Young had been misusing his prescribed antidepressants and was under the influence of marijuana.\nHe pleaded no contest on May 31 to the 13 counts of intoxicated manslaughter and one count of intoxication assault. Young faced up to 270 years in prison.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Participation of Developing Countries in Limiting Emissions\nA majority believes that the developing countries should be expected to limit their greenhouse gas emissions, but that these countries should not have to reduce emissions. If the developing countries do not accept such limits, a majority nonetheless favors proceeding with the Kyoto Treaty or working to reduce emissions.\nRequiring Developing Countries to Limit Emissions\nA key controversy surrounding the Kyoto Treaty is whether developing countries should be required to limit their greenhouse gas emissions. The US Senate has taken the position that the US should not sign a treaty without such requirements, while many developing countries and some developed countries have taken the position that they should not be expected to do so because their per capita emissions are so much lower.\nA June 2004 PIPA poll found that a large majority does not expect developing countries to reduce their emissions but it does expect them to impose some kind of limits. Respondents were given a question with three response options. A minority of 30% chose the option of requiring cuts. A majority of 64% either chose the option of requiring that the developing countries minimize the rate of the growth of their emissions (42%) or of not requiring any limits (22%). At the same time, an overwhelming majority of 72% wanted to require some kind of limits either by cutting emissions (30%) or minimizing the growth of emissions (42%). These numbers are essentially unchanged from when PIPA asked this question in 1998. \nIn the April 1998 PIPA poll respondents were also told that there is a controversy about \"whether the less-economically developed countries should also be expected to cut their emissions of the greenhouse gasses that cause global warming.\" Respondents were then offered a choice between two statements. One statement presented the position taken by many developing countries: \"On a per-person basis, less-developed countries produce far less greenhouse gases than developed countries. Therefore, the less-developed countries should not be required to limit their emissions until they develop their economies more.\" Only a minority -- 38% -- chose this statement. A majority of 55% preferred the opposing argument: \"The less-developed countries produce a substantial and growing amount of greenhouse gases. Therefore, they should be required to limit their emissions.\" \nOther polls strongly confirm that strong majorities think developing countries should be expected to limit their emissions. However, in all cases the question was presented with only two options, thus not allowing the respondent to distinguish between the requirement to reduce or to limit. In an April 2001 Pew Research Center poll, only 24% concurred with the view that \"since poorer countries did not cause much pollution, they should not have to bear as much of the burden in dealing with global warming,\" while 67% concurred with the view that \"every country, rich or poor, should make the same changes now in order to limit future global warming, no matter how much of the pollution they created originally.\"  In a USA Today/Sankei Shimbun October 1997 poll, 73% of US respondents said \"The same energy regulations to reduce global warming should apply to all countries around the world,\" while just 21% thought \"There should be strict energy regulations for the United States and other advanced countries, and less strict regulations for Third World countries that have not yet achieved economic development.\"  Finally, a November 1997 Charlton Research poll asked respondents to agree or disagree with this statement: \"Global warming concerns need to be addressed on a global scale by all countries including China, India, and Mexico and not just by a select few countries such as the US and Europe.\" An overwhelming 89% agreed (72% strongly), while only 8% disagreed. \nReadiness to Support Treaty Even Without Limits on Developing Countries\nAnother key question is what the developed countries should do if the developing countries do not agree to limits. A modest majority of 53% in PIPA's 1998 study felt the US should nonetheless sign the Kyoto Treaty -- contrary to the position of the US Senate. Given that 59% initially approved of ratification, it appears that support for the treaty is only diminished 6% if the developing countries refuse to accept limits. \nOther polls have also found that the majority feels the US should take steps to reduce global warming -- a less specific action than ratifying the Kyoto Treaty -- irrespective of what other countries do. Most recently, in a March 2001 Gallup question 52% said \"the United States should reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other gases that may contribute to global warming even if it does so by itself, \" while 34% said the US should reduce emissions \"only if other countries do so as well\" (should not reduce at all, 10%; Time/CNN). The November 1997 CBS/New York Times poll asked those who had heard something about global warming (85% of the sample): \"Should the United States take steps now to cut its own emissions of greenhouse gases, regardless of what other countries do, or should the US wait for many countries to agree to take steps together to cut down on greenhouse gases?\" An overwhelming 76% said the US should take steps regardless of what other countries do.  In a September 1998 Mellman poll, 66% said the US \" should take action to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions regardless of what other countries do,\" while another 14% said it should agree to do so \"as long as other industrialized countries also agree to reduce.\" Only 11% said the US should reduce \"only if all the other industrialized and all the developing countries agree to reduce,\" while 5% said the US \"should not take any action to reduce.\"", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Have you ever wondered what gives Indian pickles that smacking taste in your mouth? Well in most cases that palate-tickling flavour comes from fenugreek seeds! These seeds are also responsible for the nutty aroma in many Indian curries.\nThe botanical name for fenugreek is Trigonella foenum-graecum. It is known as Methi in Hindi, Marathi and Bengali, Menthe in Kannada, Menthulu in Telugu, Uluva in Malayalam and Vendhayam in Tamil. Fenugreek seeds seem to have been around for quite a while, with discoveries dating back to 4000 BC Iraq and the Bronze Age. Seeds have also been found in Tutankhamen’s tomb and they have been mentioned in first-century Roman recipes. Did you know that there are various health benefits of fenugreek seeds?\nFenugreek is mainly found in Mediterranean countries as well as in the Middle East and South East Asia. India is one of the biggest fenugreek producers in the world, with 80% production being from the state of Rajasthan.\nFenugreek leaves are used either dry or fresh. Fenugreek seeds are used as they are, and are also sprouted and used as micro greens. In cuisine, fenugreek seeds act as a stabilizer, flavouring agent as well as thickener.\nHealth Benefits of Fenugreek Seeds\nBesides its uses in cooking, fenugreek seeds have also been used in alternative medicine like Chinese medicine and Ayurveda. Ayurveda considers fenugreek an excellent food for people with a kapha dosha. Here are some more health benefits of fenugreek seeds.\n1. Increases lactation.\nBreast milk is the only recommended food for babies in the first six months, making low breast milk supply a serious issue. Fenugreek seeds are well known for boosting milk production in lactating mothers, which in turn helps babies gain weight. This is due to the seeds’ galactogogue properties, which stimulate the milk ducts to increase supply.\n2. Reduces inflammation.\nFenugreek seeds possess certain compounds including flavonoids that offer several antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. Fenugreek seeds are used either directly or in poultice form to heal join pain, swelling and wounds.\n3. Strengthens hair.\nFenugreek seeds are an important ingredient in traditional hair strengthening remedies. The seeds contain proteins and nutrients that strengthen roots. The potassium in the seeds also help prevent premature greying while the nicotinic acid and lecithin stimulate follicles for growth.\n4. Improves Skin Health\nThanks to their anti-inflammatory properties, fenugreek seeds are used to heal skin issues like acne, hyper-pigmentation and excessive oiliness. The niacin, calcium and Vitamin A in the skin help reduce oil production. The natural fiber in the seeds also make them an excellent exfoliant.\n5. Aids digestion.\nFenugreek seeds contain water soluble fiber which relieves constipation and regularizes bowel movements. They also help against digestive issues like heart burn, with its effects being as good as those of an antacid. In fact, fenugreek seeds are often used in diet plans to treat ulcerative colitis.\n6. Reduces period pain.\nDysmenorrhea or painful menstrual cramps can be severely limiting, and fenugreek seeds work as effective painkillers for the same. They contain compounds that imitate oestrogen, like diosgenin and isoflavones, which provide almost immediate relief from pain.\nTips to Buy and Store Fenugreek Seeds\nIt’s best to buy whole fenugreek seeds and grind them at home whenever required. Since the aroma of the seeds decreases quickly, it’s best to grind small quantities at a time. Choose seeds with a golden yellow color with uniform size and strong aroma. Organic seeds tend to have better flavour than others.\nWhen stored in an airtight container in a cool, dark place, the seeds will last for up to one year, although the powder will only stay fresh for a few weeks.The best way to dry roast fenugreek is to roast on a heated pan over medium heat for 2-3 minutes, tossing the seeds till they turn brown.\nDo you know of any more health benefits of fenugreek seeds? If you do, please share it with me in the comments! I would love to know more!\nThis post was originally written for the Spice Story Series for Quint Fit. You can view rest of the post here.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This is a java applet showing a simple resistive circuit. The green color indicates positive voltage, and the gray color indicates ground (or earth). The movement of yellow dots indicates current (in the conventional direction). The left side of the circuit shows a voltage source providing 5 volts, and the current flows through a number of switches and resistors to the right. The amount of resistance in ohms is shown to the right of each resistor.\nTo turn a switch on or off, just click on it. If you move the mouse over any component of the circuit, you will see a short description of that component and its current state in the lower right corner of the window.\nIf there is only one switch closed on top and one closed on the bottom, then there is a single path through the circuit, and by Ohm's Law, the current will be equal to 5V divided by the total resistance through the current path.\nIf there are multiple current paths, you may have resistors in parallel.\nPrevious: Ohm's Law", "label": "No"}
{"text": "From Vermont to Monteverde\nField Research has been the cornerstone of this little school in the Green Mountains of Vermont–at the grassroots level within its small flourishing community–to the State Capital and the Nation’s Capital–to the Atlantic coast and the shores of NYC–and finally to Central America–in its capstone work for graduating students.\nThis spring research trip for 22 Junior High students centers around the question: Vermont to Monteverde, How are we connected? To unravel this question, 7th and 8th graders have been studying international trade—focusing on coffee and tourism—and the influence of human behavior on local and global ecologies.\n“Schools have always tried to foster responsible citizenry, and more than ever we must consider what it means to be a global citizen,” says Principal Francie Marbury. “Our middle school curriculum fosters global awareness through culture, economics and ecology. Students learn learn basic skills, and prepare for their the future in the best way—by being actively engaged in real world problems and solutions.”\n- Practice of Democracy: Students make real decisions about the classroom, fundraising, and the parts of the curriculum using a government they chose.\n- Spanish Language: Nothing makes a foreign language more relevant than traveling. While in Central America we will be visiting schools and using the language skills we have been developing in class to get to know the people and places of Costa Rica.\n- Social Studies: From an understanding of world trade from the Silk Road to the Atlantic Slave Trade, we look specifically at the economics of the coffee & tourist trade as they connect the United States and Costa Rica.\n- Ecology: Due to global warming and deforestation in the lowlands, the montane cloud forests of Monteverde are particularly vulnerable with numerous rare species threatened. This illuminates the unintended impact of human activity on ecosystems–a theme for ecology our classes.\nFor many students, this will be their first time out of the country or their first time on a plane. Some will credit this journey for shaping a lifetime of world travel and study. Others will mark it as their single trip abroad. ALL will return home with a broader perspective of the world in which they live and a greater sense of what it means to be a global citizen.\nWith 2 months left to go, the students have already raised close to 75% of the overall costs, enabling all students to participate regardless of ability to pay.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "At a recent Happy Museum gathering at Woodhorn Museum, Lucy Neal introduced the concept of climate change as a ‘wicked’ problem. Reading from Tackling Wicked Problems, a 2007 policy perspective from the Australian Public Service Commission she noted that the term ‘wicked’ is here used, not in the sense of evil, but rather as an issue highly resistant to resolution. The paper identifies wicked problems, like Climate Change, as having common characteristics:\n- Wicked problems are difficult to clearly define. Different stakeholders have different versions of what the problem is and no one version is complete or verifiably right or wrong.\n- They have many interdependencies and are often multi-causal. Attempts to address wicked problems often lead to unforeseen consequences.\n- Wicked problems are often not stable, they usually have no clear solution (although there might be worse or better responses)\n- They are socially complex and solutions involving changing behaviour with all the challenges that entails.\n- Wicked problems hardly ever sit conveniently within the responsibility of any one organisation.\n- Some wicked problems are characterised by chronic policy failure.\nSo far – so challenging? What really set me thinking though was the observation that ‘wicked’ policy problems are difficult to tackle effectively using traditional public sector techniques. New responses are needed that are collaborative, innovative and flexible. I wondered how Happy Museum approaches might map against the types of response identified as needed to address ‘wicked’ problems.\nThe need for holistic, not partial or linear thinking\nHappy Museum takes an holistic approach to the challenges of climate change, linking thinking around sustainability with a focus on societal wellbeing. It sheds light on how thinking of these two issues in conjunction might offer the key to providing a more resilient future and investigates the particular role that museums and culture have to play.\nDrawing on thinking beyond the cultural sector, from economics, ecology, psychology and design, our events are characterised by a diversity of participation. bringing our community of practice alongside representatives from think tanks, NGOs and academia such as New Economics Foundation (NEF) and Centre for Alternative Technology (CAT) and social movements like the Transition Network. As we identified at a recent event bringing together a range of thinkers around this subject – ‘Our own happiness is short-lived if we achieve wellbeing for our generation at the environmental expense of future generations.’\nInnovative and flexible approaches built on action, experimentation and evaluation\nHappy Museum combines practical action with evaluation and research. Through a programme of funded commissions in 22 museums, our Community of Practice experimented and innovated with Happy Museum thinking to develop our six Principles. An evaluation underpinned by the Story of Change model to plan and review is at the heart of our Principle Measure What Matters. It’s a logical approach which reverse-plans from the difference we are hoping to make to what we do and how we do it, whilst leaving space for the imaginative and unanticipated. As Albert Einstein once said, “Logic will get you from A to B. Imagination will take you everywhere.”\nWork collaboratively across boundaries\nHappy Museum focuses on sharing ownership and encourages museums to work from the basis of mutual benefit (give and gain) with their volunteers, audiences, participants and staff alike.\nThrough our Principle, Create Mutual Relationships, we explore how museum staff and public can work together, with different expertise but equal status, to achieve common outcomes such as making a sustainable and flourishing locality in which to live and work. Our commissions have tested new ways of collaborative working such as Human-Centered Design at Derby Silk Mill, and creating new connections with local environmental groups and agencies in projects at Godalming and Reading museums.\nEngage stakeholders (which may include citizens) in understanding the problem and identifying responses\nAs the New Citizenship Project identifies – studies show that when we think of ourselves as consumers we are less likely to tackle society’s biggest problems, such as climate change, while when we think of ourselves as citizens we are more likely to participate, volunteer and come together to make society stronger and more resilient.\nOur Principle Be an Active Citizen encourages us to support the needs of individuals and encourages active involvement and engagement from visitors, volunteers and staff alike. As Nat Edwards of the Robert Burns Birthplace described at our third Symposium “When we started using the Happy Museum principles as the meeting agenda items, suddenly the catering manager started talking about her advocacy work in mental health and whether the learning team could help her, soon they were talking together – and now we have a regular event around that interest. Across the board, there’s a real sense of autonomy and can-do excitement among everyone.”\nDevelop core skills and competencies – communication, big picture thinking and influencing skills, and the ability to work cooperatively\nCommunities who learn together become more resilient. As Barbara Heinzen identifies in How Societies Learn resilience and adaptation come from learning gained in small diverse groups, project by project over time.\nMuseums enable individuals and communities to learn together. Museum learning is already all the things much orthodox learning is not: curiosity driven; non-judgmental; non-compulsory; engaging; informal and fun. The people needed in the future will be resilient, creative, resourceful and empathetic systems-thinkers, exactly the kind of capacities museum learning can support. Museums have the potential to develop our understanding of why and how education needs to change to bring about these capacities. Our Principle Learn for Resilience encourages learning across and between communities using the collections as a catalyst and the museum as a host.\nEnvision and explore the future / adopt a long-term focus\nAt our 2012 Symposium, Andrew Simms then of the New Economics Foundation, identified the potential of museums to ‘challenge the myth of permanence’. Museum collections evidence of the adaptability of the human race and show the enormous societal shifts we are capable of, shirts in energy, production, consumption, transport, arts and culture as well as in ethics and morals. Museums are in a unique position to engage us in longer-term thinking as an antidote to today’s accelerating culture and to provide space and context to reflect on possible futures.\nOur principle Value the environment and be a steward of the future as well as the past encourages museums to consider collections and the environment as part of the same ‘Museum ecology’ – its cultural and natural resources.\n“Working on this project has made us realise that environmental sustainability is at the heart of the story the museum tells about development and change in the local community, and is important for its own sustainable long term operation.” Godalming Museum\nUnderstand how to change behaviour.\nHappy Museum has deliberately engaged with experts in psychology and human behaviour. Contributors to Happy Museum events have included Kris De Meyer from Kings College who specialises in the psychology and neuroscience of belief and is working with scientists on how an understanding of belief might inform their communication around climate change; Tom Crompton, Director of Common Cause who focus of an understanding of human values and is now working with Manchester Museum and playwright and activist Sarah Woods whose performance The Empathy Roadshow introduced us to the existence of mirror neurons, which, scientists argue, prove humans are hard-wired for empathy.\nViewing Climate Change as a wicked problem throws valuable light on the particular role and approaches that museums might take to connect with it in a way that is meaningful and effective.\nWe can also take encouragement from the fact our challenge may be wicked, but our world is complex, and in that very complexity solutions may arise.\n“We live in a complex world. Not just a complicated world, a complex world. Climate change is a very complex problem. The great thing about complexity is that it has emergent properties. Things come out that you would never anticipate, in fact you cannot anticipate them. The good thing about that is that it gives every single person, all 7 billion of us, are agents for change. Most of us will fail. Most of our ideas will wither and die on the vine, but a few seeds will flower and come forth, and the role of society is to nurture those ones, to fertilise those ones, to learn from those and to say what would we need to convert that up, to scale that up, and if you see the world as a complex problem, you’re no longer relying on the Prime Ministers and the leaders, you’re relying on all of us, as part of that change. It’s quite a hopeful message, that we could see change emerge from different places, to give ourselves all some scope for thinking differently about the future.’\nKevin Anderson, Professor of Energy and Climate Change, University of Manchester (full conversation here)\nPerhaps the primary role of society, of culture, of museums, in this moment is to nurture our citizens, to give them space and context and to encourage them to ‘think differently about the future’?\nIf you are interested in learning more about the Happy Museum and contributing to the development of our thinking and practice have a look at our new Happy Museum Affiliate Scheme being launched in November 2016..\nHilary Jennings – November 2016", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Longer and more complex bibliographies that will be distributed with a binding might want to use the twoside option. Contents 1 Introduction 2 Basic usage 3 The bibliography file 4 Customizing the bibliography 5 Adding the bibliography in the table of contents 6 Reference guide 7 Further reading. The following source code block sets up user entities that are used frequently in my work. If you want to use Biber, instead, you should call “set-pdf-process-biber”. The koma-article class is based on the Koma script article class scrartcl , which uses a sans-serif font for headings and a serif font for body text. Depending on how much detail you want in the table of contents, this could sensibly be set to toc: Open an example of the biblatex package in Overleaf.\nWell, that’s part of it–but that’s the easy part The following two source code blocks set up a LaTeX class named koma-article that is referenced near the top of the file. Post as a guest Name. The source code block named set-pdf-process-bibtex uses BibTeX to process the bibliography. The source code block named koma-article-palatino is based on the beautiful Palatino font designed by Hermann Zapf. Bibliography management with biblatex. When it comes to bibliography management packages, there are three main options in L a T e X:\nThis file describes a template for creating an annotated bibliography document using Org mode. Sign up using Facebook.\nOpen an example of the biblatex package in Overleaf. The source code block named ebib-setup defines a cite command that Ebib will use to insert citations in an Org mode buffer. This article explains how to use biblatex to manage and format the bibliography in a L a T e X document. An example of its use can be found in the files 14c-workshop. Bibliography management with biblatex.\nThe template relies on a working LaTeX installation that includes several common LaTeX packages, and a database manager for Emacs table 1. Post as a guest Name. The options shown in the example: Could you please post a minimal example of what’s already working? Koma Article The following two source code blocks set up a LaTeX class named koma-article that is referenced near the top of the file.\nCreating an Annotated Bibliograph\nAlternately, this could be replaced by a call to “koma-article-palatino”. The last line, which starts up Org mode with entitiespretty is just a personal preference for the look of the buffer.\nIs there something like this similar to the plain bibliography style? Thus, the following example will work just as well as the earlier example:. In addition, the paralist package is used for its compact versions of the LaTeX list environments. Not all the information in the. I’ve just worked around it for now, but would be interested if anyone actually figures out how to do this.\nWell, that’s part of it–but that’s the easy part The first call creates an alias for the org-sbe function, so that the old name for this function, sbewill also be recognized. Thanks for the reply, but that’s not what I’m looking for.\nHow do we grade questions? As explained in The New Font Project: The following source code block sets up user entities that are used frequently in my work. If so, have you checked out the bibtopic package yet? I use the various.\nThis is simply achieved by exporting entries from one Ebib database to another.\nCTAN: BibTeX annotation\nI think the bibtopic package could indeed help you. The source code block named set-pdf-process-biber uses a newer bibliography processor named Biberwhich is designed to work with BibLaTeX.\nI have just a standard bibliography working right now–easy stuff. TeX Gyrea goal annotaated the project was to produce good quality fonts with diacritical characters sufficient to cover all European languages as well as Vietnamese and Navajo.\nThe first of these typically holds a page number, the second holds a string that appears before the in-text citation typically, something like “e. Sign up or log in Sign up using Google. The second call selects Times New Roman as the serif font.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Maths should be compulsory for all students over 16 years of age to help provide qualified workers for the high-tech industry, according to a House of Lords committee.\nPeople who have taken maths at A-level are turning up for science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) degrees without the maths skills necessary for those courses, the Lords Science and Technology Committee said in a report on Tuesday. It noted that many undergraduates have to have remedial lessons when they begin university.\n\"The government has made clear that education and high-tech industry is vital to its plans to generate economic growth,\" sub-committee chair Lord Willis said in a statement. \"However, without a highly skilled and knowledgeable workforce that will not be possible.\"\n\"It is vital therefore that higher education in the UK has a strong STEM sector and is able to produce the graduates and postgraduates high-tech industries will demand,\" he added.\nAccording to the report, the government has failed to say exactly how it will support postgraduate STEM study, which the committee sees as being vital to encourage high-tech entrepreneurs. In addition, the authorities have not explained the benefits of further study in STEM, or taken steps to market STEM to potential postgraduates.\nThere could be a \"triple-whammy\" effect on postgraduate take-up of STEM places due to higher fees, a lack of student finance, and a tightening of immigration rules that could exclude foreign students, the report noted.\nIt is not clear whether the UK is turning out a sufficient number of graduates to cope with demand from employers, the committee noted. It recommended that a body be set up to provide real-time data analysis of STEM shortages.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Paramiko is a Python library that remotely connects to another computer using\nSSHv2 (Secure Shell 2), an advanced SSH version. It is a network protocol to make a secure connection between two computers.\nIt provides both client and server facilities. We can transfer files remotely from one computer to another using SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol) and SCP (Secure Copy Protocol).\nWe can use\nSSHv2 to implement all well-known hash algorithms and ciphers in our programs.\nParamiko on Windows or Linux\nWe should install it first using the following command to use this library.\npip install paramiko\nWe will use the following command to check if\nparamiko is already installed in Windows or Linux. If\nparamiko is showing in the list, it is installed.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Cdc nutrition efforts support public health strategies and programs that improve dietary quality, support healthy child development, and reduce chronic disease skip directly to search skip directly to a to z list skip directly to navigation skip directly to page options skip directly to site content. Basic nutrition 35k likes community with the pressures to be slim and the desire to be healthy, you may become victim to the marketing strategies of this multi-billion dollar industry. The skin is the largest organ in the body it’s about 10% of your body weight proper nutrition helps keep your skin healthy, and allows it to complete the job of rebuilding tissue after a wound or other injury.\nFood provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water healthy eating is not hard the key is to eat a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products. Foods are basic and essential need of human not only that foods are basic right of human also so many persons, companies use foods to make only their revenue without giving any proper knowledge, information regarding the proper needs of foods that's why so many diseases are their obesity is. G ood nutrition, like good training, is simple - learn the basics and practice them consistentlya little knowledge and a lot more discipline is the secret apply yourself diligently - look ahead, don't look back and don't look for shortcuts. Basic nutrition 1 basicbasic nutritionnutrition medical careers ii 2 what is nutrition nutrition: the study of food, including how food nourishes our bodies how food influences our health nutrition is a relatively new discipline of science.\nBasic nutrition pre/post-test a healthy, balanced diet includes these three major nutrients (macronutrients): a calories, fat, carbohydrate b carbohydrate, protein, fat. Dr mercola's nutrition plan level 1 dr mercola's nutrition plan the majority of you will highly benefit from starting at level 1— as there are basic requirements in this plan that may take time and patience to integrate into your daily life you may need to adjust to them before you can move on to level 2. Nutrition guidelines: getting started with so many diets and quick weight-loss promises on the market today, it's hard to remember what a healthy diet really looks like start here with the basics.\nPopular nutrition books (showing 1-50 of 1,250) the china study: the most comprehensive study of nutrition ever conducted and the startling implications for diet, weight loss, and long-term health (paperback) by t colin campbell (shelved 297 times as nutrition. Nutritiongov is a usda-sponsored website that offers credible information to help you make healthful eating choices why shop at a farmers market watch this video to learn about the benefits of buying fresh, nutritious, delicious and locally grown foods. Chapter 3 basic ruminant nutrition 31 the rumen and its micro-organisms as the utilisation of forages by ruminants depends on microbial fermentative digestion, the principles of digestion in the rumen are discussed as a framework to view the requirements for biotechnology innovations in nutrition. Lecturer in human nutrition, school of biological sciences, dublin institute of technology, ireland dr yong-ming yu department of surgery, massachusetts general hospital and shriners burns hospital, harvard medical school, boston, massachusetts, usa viii contributors series foreword.\nFounded by michael m meguid in the early 1980's, nutrition presents advances in nutrition research and science, informs its readers on new and advancing technologies and data in clinical nutrition practice, encourages the application of outcomes research and meta-analyses to problems in patient-related. Nutrition basics a healthy diet and lifestyle are your best weapons to fight cardiovascular disease it’s not as hard as you may think remember, it's the overall pattern of your choices that counts make the simple steps below part of your life for long-term benefits to your health and your heart. Using illustrations to convey basic nutrition concepts using actual local foods for hands-on meal planning and for teaching food categories helps low-literacy adults and children to understand nutrition health educators should try to acquire local foods to use in nutrition education in addition to laminated illustrations. The basics of healthy eating and good nutrition are the same for women and men: choose healthy foods most of the time and limit the amount of unhealthy foods you eatbut women have some unique nutritional needs, especially in different stages of life. Roughly one-third of adult americans are obese and hundreds of billions of dollars are spent on weight-related medical costs each year, according to the centers for disease control and prevention poor nutrition and the american fast-food diet are largely to blame to combat the rising obesity epidemic, government.\nNutrition research publishes research articles, communications, and reviews on all aspects of basic and applied nutrition the mission of nutrition research is to serve as the journal for global communication of nutrition and life sciences research on diet and health. The body needs energy to fuel its metabolic and physical activities three nutrients, carbohydrate, protein and fat, can provide energy to the body alcohol is not a nutrient, but it also provide energy when metabolized by the body in addition to providing energy carbohydrate, protein and fat build have other roles in building and maintaining body tissues and regulating body functions. Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism it includes food intake, absorption, assimilation, biosynthesis, catabolism, and excretion the diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the availability and palatability of foods. Having nutrition knowledge is extremely important in our world today proper nutrition not only can benefit your health, but save you money as well whether your diet is top notch or average testing your knowledge of nutrition with our online quiz will not only entertain you, but may help you.\nGeneral nutrition and health information supermarket buying guide berkeley wellness specific tips in a supermarket guide to help you make wiser decisions aisle by aisle probiotics, the microbiome, and host immune response nih, national center for complementary and integrative health. The following is a quick guide to reading the nutrition facts label step 1: start with the serving size look here for both the serving size (the amount people typically eat at one time) and the number of servings in the package. Join the conversation get tips & support from others like you how many fruit and veggie servings do you eat each day join the 'eat up, slim down' challenge.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Chipping sparrows far outnumber any other sparrow that I see on or beneath my feeders. However, if I take the time to examine a flock of sparrows foraging for seeds in my bird feeding area, I sometimes discover a white-throated sparrow sparrow or two. This week, when I perused what I thought was a small flock of sparrows, I was pleasantly surprised that I to learn I was actually looking at a flock of pine siskins. For weeks, pine siskins have been seen across much of the northern portion of the state, but they had not reached my Middle Georgia yard until a few days ago.\nPine siskins are often mistaken for sparrows. It is small (4.3-5.5 inches long), brown and covered my streaks much like some of the sparrows. However, the bill of the pine siskin is very sharp and pointed whereas the bills of sparrows are more conical and blunt. Two white wing bars highlight bird’s wings. Splashes of yellow can also been seen on their wings and forked tail. Often these yellow feathers are most easily seen when the bird is fluttering its pointed wings.\nAnother thing that I have noticed is the pine siskins are full of energy and move about much more than sparrows. In addition, when they visit feeders they often fuss with one another as well as other birds. If you are in a position to hear their harsh, soft calls, you will find that they are constantly communicating with each other as they dine.\nMore often than not, they travel about in flocks. Currently I am feeding 10-15 birds each day. However, flocks of 20+ are not uncommon.\nUnfortunately, I only see pine siskins every few years or so. When flights of siskins are seen deep into the Southeast it is a sign that there is a shortage of seeds produced by a variety of conifer trees that provide their favorite food.\nIf you want to attract pine siskins to your feeders, provide these migrants with plenty of nyger and sunflower seeds.\nOne word of caution: keep your bird feeding area clean. Mounting evidence suggests they are highly vulnerable to salmonella. This is one of the common diseases transmitted to birds feeding on the wet, deteriorating food that often collects beneath bird feeders.\nSadly, it is becoming more difficult to enjoy the sight of a flock of pine siskins feeding in our backyards. It seems that according to Partner’s In Flight pine siskins numbers have dropped 80% since 1970. Let’s all hope this alarming trend will soon be reversed so that the sights and sounds pine siskins will never disappear.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The U.S. Interior Department announced Friday that it will not be restoring federal protections for Yellowstone National Park’s grizzly bear population. This decision was made after a months-long review process and came despite a previous court ruling that questioned how the federal government allowed individual states to manage grizzly populations.\nThanks to protections that were introduced in 1975 as the grizzly bear was classified as a threatened species, Yellowstone’s grizzly population had grown from 136 that year to about 700 as of the present, Mother Nature Network wrote. In 2017, grizzlies were removed from the Endangered Species List, and the National Park Service wrote at that time that the species had made a “remarkable recovery” in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, with the population in the area believed to have reached its capacity.\nAs recalled by CBS News, the federal court-mandated review began last year, when it was decided that the Interior Department had to take into account the loss of a species’ historical habitat and how it could impact its recovery. This was part of a case involving Great Lakes-area gray wolves, which, in similar fashion to grizzly bears, have lost most of their historical habitat, but have nonetheless recovered in parts of the U.S. However, the Interior Department disagreed with this ruling on Friday, emphasizing that Yellowstone’s grizzly bear population has indeed recovered, and grizzlies that live outside of the park’s region are still given the required protections for threatened species.\nSince last year, conservationists have expressed concern over the grizzly’s removal from the Endangered Species List. According to Mother Nature Network, these concerns have ramped up now that two of the three states the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem is located in have proposed limited public bear hunts for this fall. CBS News wrote that hunters are allowed to kill 10 male and two female grizzlies in Wyoming, and one male and no females in Idaho. Final rulings have yet to be made for the proposed bear hunts in both states.\n— AlaskaWild ????️ (@alaskawild) April 30, 2018\nAnother concern is the possibility of climate change putting the future of Yellowstone’s grizzly population at risk, as federal protections could ensure that the bears are able to adjust to any changes to their habitat or their sources of food.\nIn a statement issued to CBS News, Center for Biological Diversity staff attorney Andrea Santarsiere commented on the recent Interior Department announcement, maintaining that Yellowstone’s grizzlies haven’t recovered enough for protections to be lifted.\n“They still occupy less than 5 percent of their historical range. That’s just not recovery.”\nOn the other hand, the Interior Department’s decision was praised by pro-hunting groups such as the Safari Club, whose attorney, Doug Burdin, told CBS News that the federal agency did the right thing and that there are key differences between the protections that grizzly bears and wolves should receive. He pointed out that non-Yellowstone grizzlies are still protected in the Lower 48 states, while the Great Lakes population of gray wolves was the last that was still protected by the U.S. government.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Play is one of the most engaging ways for kids to learn. Whether it’s building blocks or sharing shovels in the sandbox, playtime is an important part of child development.\nAccording to the National Association for the Education of Young Children, play helps kids develop cognitive skills, physical abilities, vocabulary, social skills and more. Play is the child’s lab, the organization suggests.\n“For children (and even adults) play brings out so many different opportunities for cognitive learning, team building, hand-eye coordination, and more,” says Michelle LeRoy, lead presenter at the Michigan Science Center in Detroit. “Play is good for everyone.”\nIt’s with this in mind that the science center is welcoming the new temporary exhibit, Toytopia. Opening Oct. 17 and available until March 31, Toytopia is a wonderland for kids and grown-ups, and it all revolves around learning through play and the importance of invention.\nFeatures of the 9,500-square-foot exhibit, located in the Special Exhibit Hall on the center’s fourth floor, includes a giant 20-foot-tall interactive dollhouse that visitors can play in and explore, the world’s largest Etch-A-Sketch, a model railroad display, a huge LEGO® wall, old-school arcade games and more. You’ll also find classic favorites like Mr. Potato Head and Lincoln Logs.\n“Toytopia proves that there’s science in everything,” LeRoy says. “For example, any kid that builds with LEGO® bricks is an engineer.”\nAmanda Murray, an educator at MiSci, says that Toytopia will be a big draw for all ages with retro games like Star Wars and Donkey Kong.\n“We’re anticipating that even the adults are going to have a fun and discover science,” Murray says.\nAnd with toys from multiple decades, parents might find that they’re engaging in playtime with their kids in ways they weren’t able to before.\n“Toytopia is sure to bridge the gap between generations,” says Meredith Gregory, public programs coordinator at the center. “It’s ideal for family members of all ages.”\nWhile the exhibit is new, the concept of learning through play is one that the Michigan Science Center has always emphasized, Gregory says.\n“We were really excited to find that this exhibit expands on the concepts that we were already in tune with,” she says. “As a hands-on museum, we bring science, play and invention together year-round.”\nFor pricing information, visit Mi-Sci.org.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|Scientific Name:||Laguncularia racemosa|\n|Species Authority:||(L.) C.F.Gaertn|\n|Red List Category & Criteria:||Least Concern ver 3.1|\n|Assessor(s):||Ellison, A., Farnsworth, E. & Moore, G.|\n|Reviewer(s):||Polidoro, B.A., Livingstone, S.R. & Carpenter, K.E. (Global Marine Species Assessment Coordinating Team)|\nThis species is widespread and tolerant of a variety of habitats. Relative to the other mangrove species within the wider Caribbean, the conservation status of this species appears to be more stable. However, this species is threatened by the loss of mangrove habitat throughout its range, primarily due to extraction and coastal development. There has been an estimated 17% decline in mangrove area within this species range since 1980. Mangrove species are more at risk from coastal development and extraction at the extremes of their distribution, and are likely to be contracting in these areas more than in other areas. It is also likely that changes in climate due to global warming will further affect these parts of the range. Therefore there are overall range declines in many areas, but not enough to reach any of the threatened category thresholds. This species is listed as Least Concern.\n|Range Description:||The distribution of this species is restricted to the neotropics and West Africa (Tomlinson, 1986). It has been reported from the eastern tropical coasts of North and South America (ranging from Florida, U.S., 28°50', to Laguna, Brazil, 28°30') and all Caribbean Islands except Bermuda, Dominca and Netherlands Antilles; status on Anguilla is unknown (Wilkie and Fortuna 2003). It has been noted on the Pacific coast of South America from Estera Sargento, Mexico (29°17') south to Piura River, Peru (5°32') (de Lacerda, 2002). It is also noted from West Africa (Angola, Benin and Togo, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guniea, Guinea-Bisau, Nigeria, Senegal, and Sierra Leone (Spalding et al. 1997). It is absent in the Galapagos Islands, Cocos, and Malpelo, and Canary Islands.|\nThe south mid-Atlantic Island distributions should be confirmed.\nNative:Angola (Angola); Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda; Bahamas; Barbados; Belize; Benin; Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (Saba, Sint Eustatius); Brazil; Cameroon; Cayman Islands; Colombia; Congo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Costa Rica; Côte d'Ivoire; Cuba; Curaçao; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; El Salvador; Equatorial Guinea; France; French Guiana; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Grenada; Guadeloupe; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; Jamaica; Liberia; Mexico; Montserrat; Nicaragua; Nigeria; Panama; Peru; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Martin (French part); Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Sint Maarten (Dutch part); Suriname; Togo; Trinidad and Tobago; Turks and Caicos Islands; United States; United States Minor Outlying Islands; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of; Virgin Islands, British\n|FAO Marine Fishing Areas:|\nAtlantic – western central; Atlantic – southeast; Atlantic – southwest; Atlantic – eastern central; Pacific – eastern central; Pacific – southeast\n|Range Map:||Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.|\n|Population:||Although there is no species specific population information, it can be assumed that there are areas of population decline throughout its range due to coastal development.|\nIndividual population sizes are highly variable through time, as mortality of seedlings can be quite high due to competition with other mangroves (Sherman et al. 2001, Ross et al. 2006). Seedlings recruit in thousands following a disturbance (Sherman et al. 2001). Saplings and trees can number in thousands in a few areas, but Laguncularia tends to be less populous in a given mangal than the other Afrotropical species, with low importance values and basal area (Murray et al. 2003).\nEastern and western Atlantic provenances of Laguncularia show significant genetic differentiation, as indicated by leaf chemistry (Dodd et al. 1998). There have been no other genetic studies to date.\n|Current Population Trend:||Decreasing|\n|Habitat and Ecology:||This species tends to be found at the upper margins of the mangrove-upland interface, or high intertidal region, and not at the seaward margin (Tomlinson 1994, Sherman et al. 2001). Seedlings are less tolerant of salinity and changing hydroperiod than R. mangle (Cardona-Alarte et al. 2006). Although it is a pioneer and can establish in relatively open sites with low salinity and abundant nutrients, mortality of seedlings is nearly 100% (Tomlinson 1995).|\nHowever, more important is the role of mangroves as nurseries for juvenile phases of economically-important fish and crustaceans. Laguncularia, being a landward mangrove, contributes to this indirectly by buffering upland pollutants.\n|Use and Trade:||Timber income is not quantified for Laguncularia. Potential is good for limited use of timber products from trees in low-salinity habitats (Yanez-Espinosa et al. 2004); especially as trees can stump-sprout.|\nLaguncularia is likely to be susceptible to increasing tidal height or salt intrusion, especially under conditions of sea-level rise (Ross et al. 2000). The invasive alien species, Schinus terebrinthifolius, is directly impacting populations in Florida (Schmalzer 1995, Herwitz et al. 1996, Gordon 1998, Ewe and Sternberg 2005). The species tends to be outcompeted by Rhizophora mangle; the native fern, Acrostichum aureum, may also affect seedling establishment. In addition, altough marine aquaculture is not documented specifically from the Caribbean, on the Pacific coast it is negatively impacting Laguncularia (Kovacs 1999). Although local estimates are uncertain due to differing legislative definitions of what is a 'mangrove' and to the imprecision in determining mangrove area, current consensus estimates of mangrove loss in the last quarter-century report an approximately 17% decline in mangrove areas in countries within this species range since 1980 (FAO 2007).\nLaguncularia has a higher requirement for freshwater inputs than other mangrove species, so may be vulnerable to drought. Storms/floods/hurricanes have extensively damaged Laguncularia stands (Roth 1992, McCoy et al. 1996, Sherman et al. 2001, Piou et al. 2006, Ross et al. 2006). Laguncularia experiences high mortality and leaf loss during freeze events at the northern edge of its range in Florida (Ellis et al. 2006).\nSelective logging is also a possible threat as this species is regarded as suitable for polewood construction on Pacific coast of Mexico (Kovacs 1999). Clear-cutting is occurring in certain areas (Suman 1994); loss rates are estimated at 1.4%/year for Laguncularia/Avicennia-dominated mangal in western Mexico (Ramirez-Garcia et al. 1998). Clearing of mangal for settlement and agriculture cited as major cause of decline in Latin America (Lacerda 1993) without a compensating economic return from agriculture or fast mangrove recovery (Tovilla-Hernandez et al. 2001). Subsistence use of Laguncularia for fuelwood occurs (Kovacs 1999).\nAll mangrove ecosystems occur within mean sea level and high tidal elevations, and have distinct species zonations that are controlled by the elevation of the substrate relative to mean sea level. This is because of associated variation in frequency of elevation, salinity and wave action (Duke et al. 1998). With rise in sea-level, the habitat requirements of each species will be disrupted, and species zones will suffer mortality at their present locations and re-establish at higher elevations in areas that were previously landward zones (Ellison 2005). If sea-level rise is a continued trend over this century, then there will be continued mortality and re-establishment of species zones. However, species that are easily dispersed and fast growing/fast producing will cope better than those which are slower growing and slower to reproduce.\nIn addition, mangrove area is declining globally due to a number of localized threats. The main threat is habitat destruction and removal of mangrove areas. Reasons for removal include cleared for shrimp farms, agriculture, fish ponds, rice production and salt pans, and for the development of urban and industrial areas, road construction, coconut plantations, ports, airports, and tourist resorts. Other threats include pollution from sewage effluents, solid wastes, siltation, oil, and agricultural and urban runoff. Climate change is also thought to be a threat, particularly at the edges of a species range. Natural threats include cyclones, hurricane and tsunamis.\nThere are no conservation measures specific to this species, but its range may include some marine and coastal protected areas. More research is needed on the effects of ongoing sea level rise on Laguncularia, given its low salinity tolerance. Likewise, the impacts of invasive species (and consequences of their removal) on Laguncularia need to be quantified.\nThe effectiveness of habitat restoration and success of replantings with Laguncularia needs to be assessed. New Landsat and IKONOS technology should be used to do species-based, landscape-level monitoring of deforestation (Kovacs et al. 2005). More research needed is on Laguncularia influences on water quality, erosion control, and pollution buffering.\nRestoration of Laguncularia is being pursued in Florida (Milano 1999, McKee and Faulkner 2000), Costa Rica (Lewis and Marshall 1998) and Colombia (Elster and Perdomo 1999, Elster 2000). See valuable general review by Lewis (2005). More information and forestry trials are needed to optimize silvicultural techniques and management.\n|Citation:||Ellison, A., Farnsworth, E. & Moore, G. 2010. Laguncularia racemosa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178798A7609219.Downloaded on 28 July 2016.|\n|Feedback:||If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided|", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In Tanzania, youth – especially girls – are missing out when it comes to accessing important financial literacy education. But what is financial literacy? Well, it’s the different skills that help you understand how money works and also helps you develop good money-habits, like saving or making a budget. Once you know these skills then you will be able to keep your money under control all your life.\nAt Ubongo, we’re always on the lookout for new ways to help young people like YOU grow and succeed. We joined hands with DLI and Spring to figure out why girls are missing out on key financial literacy education and see what we at Ubongo could do about it. To find out what girls think about money, we travelled to rural parts of Nakuru (Kenya), Mwanza and Shinyanga (Tanzania). Just like kids in the city, the girls we spoke to got pocket money which they usually spent on candy and chips.\nNext, we got creative! We came up with three brand new Ubongo Kids episodes teaching some of the most important money-management skills: saving, earning and budgeting. In these episodes our gritty girls start a savings club, figure out safe ways to earn money and use their ‘Ubongos’ to make a budget.\nBut we didn’t stop there – we also wanted to hear what YOU, our viewers, think! At the end of each episode we invited you to tell us what you think about money and employment. The response we received was amazing, with around 700 of you sharing your thoughts with us each week. In fact, your responses were so interesting, we decided to make some short videos to share the feedback with all of you too.\nHere’s what you had to say about…\nSavings (how do you keep your money?)\nEarning (where do you get your money from?)\nLots of you felt education is important and said you save money to buy school supplies or for other educational goals. Many of you also told us where you save your money, with a bank account being the most popular place for saving.\nWe also wanted to understand how our viewers decide how much money to save, and how much to spend, so we asked you to tell us if you use a budget. 80% of you said you do use a budget to plan how to use your money.\nBudget (how do you manage your money?)\nWe loved hearing about your money habits and value all the feedback we received. It goes to show that learning financial literacy skills is important for EVERYONE: it helps us manage our money each day and to reach our future goals. We hope we can continue to collect feedback from our viewers to find out even more about what YOU think, and to make more Ubongo Kids content to help you learn and succeed.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Whenever I met with doubts or challenges in teaching the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program, my mentor would gift me this timely reminder: \"Erin, be curious. Curiosity will always get you out of trouble\".\nThe cultivation of curiosity in mindfulness is an interesting practice to engage with. When was the last time you were truly curious about something? If you have observed a child figuring out the way the world works, you might notice the wonderment and spark in their eyes as they discover something new and interesting.\nAs a child, we were naturally curious and open about everything around us, and we simply wanted to explore. But as we grew up, fears, expectations and judgments set in, and we no longer approach things with genuine curiosity. We worry about the unknown or ambiguous, we reject repetition and avoid change, we seek concrete answers to the questions we ask, we tend to form biased perceptions, categorizing what we observe into stereotypes, and we almost always look to get something - usually a function or benefit - out of anything we see or come across.\nBeing curious about things is encouraged in mindfulness practice. In mindfulness, we practice a lot of acceptance towards the stresses and challenges in our life, but before we can even develop greater acceptance, we need to train the mind to see things just the way they are. We notice the prejudices and assumptions we tend to make, and learn to let go of preferences for things to go our way. When we are able to cultivate such genuine curiosity that is free from expectations and judgment, we usually experience remarkable changes to our relationship with the world around us.\n- We notice less boredom: With genuine curiosity, we can see everything that comes our way from a fresh new perspective. We look at everything from the beginner's mind, instead of avoiding or resenting mundane, repetitive tasks. We also counter the fear of loneliness or isolation with more curiosity towards our experience. When we cultivate curiosity, we can notice how rich and amazing life can be.\n- We notice fewer distractions: When we practice being curious, we open up our senses to the environment around us, thus allowing ourselves to rest in the present moment, instead of allowing the mind to wander off to ruminate about the past or worry about the future, which is the cause of much of our stress and unhappiness.\n- We notice less striving: The late Vipassana meditation teacher S.N. Goenka explains that the practice of self-observation is akin to a scientist observing an experiment - s/he is simply observing what is happening, and is not attached to a specific outcome. When we cultivate curiosity during mindfulness practice, we pay more attention to the process, and learn to let go of attachments towards outcomes, such as the need to always achieve or benefit from something, or the preference for things to go the way we want.\n- We notice less judgment: Curiosity helps us out of seeing things through coloured lens and making judgments about people or situations too quickly. We develop a more open and accepting attitude, and we're able to see things in totality and consider multiple perspectives.\n- We notice less criticism: As we cultivate curiosity to let go of expectations and judgments, we usually become less critical of others; we are able to put ourselves in the shoes of others to empathize with what they are going through and better understand the underlying motivations behind their behaviours. We also become less critical of ourselves as we cultivate curiosity towards our own inner experience, noticing the judgmental thoughts about our perceived failures and the harsh, critical tone of voice we punish ourselves with; we learn to show more kindness and compassion towards ourselves.\nCuriosity does not kill the cat. Instead, it can be your new best friend - a support you can depend on anytime, anywhere, and a gentle practice that invites you to approach life in an entirely different way. If you'd like to learn how to cultivate genuine mindful curiosity, do check out our 8-Week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Letter to the editor, week 28\nSummer — the best time to play outdoors\nEveryday we hear the words “In this tough economic time…” and we all feel in different ways the impact of the economic crisis. But there is something very important that no one should ever forget—we have to make sure that our children, who are our future, live healthy and valuable lives.\nDespite all the difficulties, the tough economic time may open the opportunity to promote the idea of living life close to nature. Why our society needs it? Because as Richard Louv, the author of the famous book “Last Child in the Woods”, wrote: “Nature nurtures creativity”, and “Children need nature for the healthy development of their senses”. The fact that “children ages 3-12 spend 1-percent of their time outdoors, and 27-percent with television, computers, or other electronic media” (Hofferth, Sandra; and Sandberg, John (1999), Changes in American Children’s Time, 1981-1997, University of Michigan Institute for Social Research), raises a wide range of environmental, social, psychological, and physical concerns.\nBack in April of this year, six days were designated as “No Child Left Inside Days” in Michigan. A great initiative, but was it enough for promoting the benefits of outdoor recreation? Summer is the perfect time to encourage children to play outside instead of spending the time indoors, in front of the TV or computer. Let’s help our children live healthy and valuable lives by ensuring their safety while playing outdoors. In the local parks or their own backyard, it wouldn’t matter as long as they can explore, observe, experience and learn. For most parents it will be a challenge to drag their children away from TV, computer and video games, but little by little, gradually increasing the time spent outdoors, children will build a habit to play outside and connect with nature. Let’s make this summer, the summer of outdoors play!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "(Morris et al., 2001) and the study conducted by Wilson and colleagues (1980) included a greater proportion of African American and Hispanic women than are in the general population.\nIn view of the interactive effects of sodium and potassium highlighted in this report, it is useful to examine intakes of sodium and potassium expressed as the ratio of sodium intake (in mmol/day) to potassium intake (mmol/day) for the various lifestage groups. Appendix Table D-11 includes these data from NHANES III. Under 1 year of age, the median sodium:potassium ratio is less than one. The ratio then rises rapidly to just above two for children 4 through 8 years of age, and remains above two into adulthood, but then drops somewhat in middle- and older-aged adults. The progressive rise in this ratio at an early age reflects a greater increase in dietary sodium intake compared with the increase in dietary potassium intake. A similar pattern is present in both men and women.\nSodium chloride consumption is one of several dietary factors that contribute to increased blood pressure. Other dietary factors that raise blood pressure are excess weight, inadequate potassium intake, high alcohol consumption, and a suboptimal dietary pattern (see the following sections). Physical inactivity also increases blood pressure. Increased blood pressure is associated with several chronic diseases, including stroke, coronary heart disease, renal disease, and left ventricular hypertrophy.\nCardiovascular Disease and High Blood Pressure. Data from numerous observational studies provide persuasive evidence of the direct relationship between blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. A review of each epidemiologic study is beyond the scope of this report. However, several meta-analyses have aggregated data across these studies (Lewington et al., 2002; MacMahon et al., 1990). The most recent and largest meta-analysis to date pooled data from 61 prospective observational studies that together enrolled almost 1 million adults, including persons with hypertension (Lewington et al., 2002). Individual-level records were available for each participant in each study. Those individuals with pre-existing vascular disease were excluded.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Law is a system of rules that governs the behavior of individuals, communities and governments. It reflects the social order of a country and is designed to protect the rights of people.\nThe law makes the world a safer place and helps to keep society peaceful by applying the same rules to everyone. In a well-ordered society, conflicts are rare but when they do occur, the law can help resolve them peacefully.\nA law is an agreed upon rule that defines how things should be done, for example when we decide to drive or buy goods. It also describes how we are to behave in a certain way when we are with friends or family.\nThere are many types of laws in the world, each with its own unique characteristics. Some laws are created by government, while others are made by private groups or individuals.\nCreating and enforcing laws is an important part of modern politics. Revolutions often arise in places where the government fails to serve the primary functions of the law. In other cases, the government may be corrupt or lack authority.\nThe law is based on four universal principles: equality, impartiality, accountability and justice. These principles are a set of values that should be present in every legal system to ensure that the laws are clear and publicized, stable, and applied evenly.\nEquality and impartiality refer to the equality of people, ensuring that all people are treated equally. This is especially important in areas such as employment, civil liberties, and privacy.\nAccountability and justice mean that the people who are responsible for making and enforcing the law are held accountable. This includes both government officials and private actors such as lawyers and judges.\nThese values also mean that the courts should be accessible, fair and efficient. They should also be unbiased and reflect the makeup of the community they serve.\nA law can be a rule for people to follow, such as the speed limit on a road, or it can be an agreement between two people about how to behave in a certain situation. The law is more powerful than the agreement because it can control the behaviour of the people.\nIn many cases, laws are created by governments and can be modified by the courts as they see fit to meet new needs and challenges. This is often called a “living law.”\nWhen writing a law review, choose an area of interest and immerse yourself in it. Try to identify sub-issues or components of the law that you can explore in detail, so that you have a clear understanding of how the law works and your chances of success when faced with a specific issue.\nThe process of deciding on a topic for your law review can be difficult, so it’s helpful to ask for advice from your professor. He or she can point you in the right direction and explain how to write a research paper that will be received well by your peers during peer review.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In Janine Benyus' book, \"Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature,\" she emphasizes nine laws of nature including the following:\n- Nature runs on sunlight.\n- Nature utilizes only the energy it needs.\n- Energy fits form to function.\n- Energy recycles everything.\n- Nature rewards cooperation.\n- Nature banks on diversity.\n- Nature demands local expertise.\n- Nature curbs excess from within.\n- Nature taps the power of limits.\nBenyus believes that each of these \"laws of nature\" must be seriously considered when attempting to create a biometric design. If one of the laws is not considered, the design's outcome cannot be truly biomimetic.\nThe biomimetic technology behind this robot fish is based on the common carp. The robot navigates and propels itself through water with its fins, just like a real fish. (Adrian Dennis/AFP/Getty Images)\nWhy are the numbers of great white sharks increasing?\nAnswered by John O'Sullivan\nWhat can we learn from undersea exploration?\nAnswered by Sylvia Earle\nHow bad would the sixth mass extinction be?\nAnswered by Planet Green", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Checking the car battery occasionally with a Multimeter is necessary to avoid the early morning struggles. Your car will not start if the battery is not working properly. In most of the cars, the battery is in the engine compartment. We can easily test the charge of our car battery using a Multimeter.\nThe basic things we measure are voltage and current. A Multimeter has three parts. The display that shows the values is the first part. Secondly, a selection knob will be there to allow the user to measure different values such as current, voltage and resistance. The third is the port that is in front of the unit. To test a car battery with a Multimeter we should first turn off the car. Follow the user guide to disconnect the battery which we get along with the car. Note the positive and negative sides of the battery (in the car) before removing. Use safety equipment such as gloves to remove the battery from the engine. We should set the Multimeter to measure the DC voltage. The black probe of the meter should be connected to the battery’s ‘-’ (ground) and the red probe to ‘+’ (power). Both the probes should be pressed against the battery terminals. If you’ve got a fresh battery, you should see around 12.6V on the Multimeter.\nFor measuring the current, first, we should set the Multimeter to 20DC Volt. Before measuring current we should check whether the battery is working or is a dead one. Touch the negative probe to the negative terminal of the battery and the positive probe to the positive terminal of the battery. Then turn on the switch to provide the battery with a light load. Check for the reading that is shown in the Multimeter. If it is showing a reading of 12.4 or more than that it means that the battery is having a good charge. If it is 12.3 means that the battery is 75% charged. If the reading is less than 12, it means that the battery is not good. Try slow charging the battery to see whether it is getting better. If not then we need to replace the battery. If you want to check whether the battery is producing enough current for the engine to start you will need help from someone. Ask him/her to start the car and you can check the measurement shown on the Multimeter.\nIf you are getting a reading below 10 VDC that means your battery is not capable of producing the needed current for the starter.If you want to know all the details read the checking car battery with multimeter article here.\nThe battery of a car can recharge while the vehicle is running and will give needed power to the electrical parts (head lights, brake lights, indicators etc.). If the battery is not good it will not get recharged automatically. The average lifespan of a car battery is 4 or 5 years. Battery service life can be estimated by analyzing the battery capacity using electronic battery testers.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Pathologists use tests to determine the size, stage, grade, lymph node involvement, and receptor status of a tumour.\nThese diagnostic tests include histopathology (microscopic examination of tissue which has been sliced and preserved on glass slides) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) which is a process using antibodies to detect specific proteins in tissue. This allows clinicians to decide which treatments will work best for each individual patient.\nFor example, high risk tumours benefit more from chemotherapy to reduce the risk of recurrence, but in low risk tumours the side effects of chemotherapy would most likely outweigh the benefits.\nHowever, in some tumours this risk distinction is not clear and additional tests are needed to help make a decision about whether chemotherapy would add extra benefit compared to hormone therapy alone.\nThis is where gene expression profiling can be helpful.\nGene expression profiling is a relatively new technology that assesses the tumour at a genetic level to further understand its biological behaviour and help oncologists decide whether chemotherapy is needed or could safely be avoided.\nMany tests have been developed over the last 5-10 years and research around the use and effectiveness of gene expression profiling is ongoing.\nEven though none of these tests are publicly funded in New Zealand yet, tumour samples can be sent overseas for testing. If you are interested, do discuss these tests with your specialist team.\nAll of these tests are performed on tissue that has been used for diagnostic purposes, so no additional biopsies are needed.\nThis is one of the first developed tests. It analyses 70 genes from within the tumour and can be used on breast cancer that’s stage 1 or 2, oestrogen receptor positive or negative, HER2 negative and with 0 – 3 positive lymph nodes.\nThe Mammaprint test calculates a score to indicate the risk of distant recurrence – either low ( 10%) or high (29%) after hormonal therapy.This helps to determine whether a patient would benefit from the addition of chemotherapy.\nThis is a molecular diagnostic test which predicts the likelihood of a patient's tumour recurring over a ten year period and whether any benefit is gained by adding chemotherapy to the patient's hormone therapy. It analyses 21 genes in the tumour and develops a three tier recurrence score between 0 and 100.\nIf the Recurrence Score is:\n- lower than 18: There is a low risk of recurrence. The benefit of chemotherapy treatment is likely to be small and outweighed by the risk of side effects.\n- 18 up to and including 30: There is an intermediate risk of recurrence and it's not clear whether the chemotherapy benefits are greater than the risks of side effects.\n- greater than or equal to 31: There is a high risk of recurrence and the benefits of chemotherapy are likely to be greater than the risks of side effects.\nThe test is used for stage 1 or 2, oestrogen receptor positive, lymph node negative or 0-3 positive , HER2 negative breast cancer that will be treated with hormone therapy.\nInitial results from the TAILORx trial, published in 2015, showed that women with a recurrence score of 10 or lower could safely be treated with hormone therapy and omit chemotherapy. However, it wasn't clear what was the best treatment for women with an intermediate score.\nNew results from this trial, presented at the 2018 ASCO ( American Society of Clinical Oncology) meeting, show that about 70% of women in this group,with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, lymph node- negative breast cancer, may also be able to avoid chemotherapy.\nRead more about these trial results Here\nThis test combines two types of results. It divides tumours into their molecular subtypes – Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2 enriched and Triple Negative. It then looks at 50 genes and combines these results to provide a risk of recurrence score – either low, medium or high.\nThe test is suitable for use in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive, early-stage (stages I, II and IIIA), node negative or positive breast cancer that will be treated with hormone therapy.\nConventional classifications of breast cancer, along with size, stage, grade and receptor status are used to try and predict the likely outcome of a cancer and the likelihood that it will respond to a particular treatment. However, it is now known that there are also intrinsic molecular subtypes of tumours, which explain why seemingly identical tumours can have differing outcomes.\nFive main intrinsic or molecular subtypes have been identified , based on the particular genes expressed in a tumour.\n- Luminal A - Hormone receptor positive ( ER and/or PR positive) HER2 negative,and low levels of Ki67( a marker of proliferation). Luminal A cancers tend to be low grade and have the best prognosis of all the subtypes.\n- Luminal B - Hormone receptor positive HER2 positive or negative and high levels of Ki67. These cancers have a slightly worse prognosis than Luminal A cancers.\n- Triple negative/basal-like - Hormone receptor negative and HER2 negative.More common in women with BRCA1 mutations and younger women.\n- HER2 enriched- Hormone receptor negative andHER2 positive. These cancers grow faster than luminal cancers and can have a worse prognosis but treatment with therapies which specifically target the HER2 protein have markedly improved outcomes.\n- Normal-like - Hormone receptor positive, HER2 negative and low levels of Ki67. Similar to Luminal A but has a slightly worse prognosis.\nResearchers are continuing to develop methods of accurately identifying the molecular types so that treatments can be better targeted. The next step is to develop genetic profiling to better predict whether a particular tumour will respond to a specific treatment and research in this area is ongoing.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Parents who wish to provide their children with a strong start to their academic careers may already plan on sending them to preschool. It is likely parents understand how much early childhood education programs can benefit their kids' personal and academic development. What they may not realize is that preschool could actually boost their IQ as well.\nThe Association for Psychological Science's journal, \"Perspectives on Psychological Science,\" recently published a new study from researchers at New York University's Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, which focused on ways of improving people's intelligence. As it turns out, early childhood education can do just that.\nIn the study, researchers found that children who enrolled in preschool ended up boosting their IQs by more than four points. In addition, if a program featured a language development component, kids could receive an IQ increase of more than seven points.\nThe researchers believe that the cognitive complexity of preschool, as well as an increased exposure to language, could fuel the rise in intelligence some children experience.\nIf children have already completed preschool, parents who are curious to learn how much it has helped them may want to have them take an IQ test for kids and find out.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "For Release: February 14, 2012\nChildhood obesity is a serious concern, with more than 18 percent of American 4-year-olds considered obese. A new study of marmosets, small South American monkeys, indicates that obesity may begin very early in life and suggests that marmosets may be a helpful model for obesity in humans. In the study, scientists traced the difference between normal and obese adolescent monkeys to determine how much body fat they had at different ages during the first year of life. The findings were published in the March issue of the American Journal of Primatology.\n“It seems like these animals are dividing into two groups at a very early age,” said Michael Power, a scientist at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute's nutrition lab based at the Smithsonian's National Zoo in Washington, D.C. “It appears that developing obesity is something that can happen to an animal or a human before they have a real choice.”\nPower is one of a team of researchers that studied white-tufted common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) at the Southwest National Primate Research Center in San Antonio, Texas, from infancy through 12 months. The team found that fat marmosets, defined as those monkeys that ended the year with more than 14 percent body fat, also had more body fat at just one month old compared to monkeys that grew up to have normal weight. A 1-month-old marmoset is at about the same developmental stage as a human infant between 5 and 8 months old.\nMarmosets that ended up obese at one year could not be distinguished at birth from normal marmosets. Larger newborn marmosets did not necessarily grow up to be fat. However, the scientists did identify two risk factors that made marmoset obesity at one year somewhat more likely: an obese mother and access to high-fat food. This finding aligns with the results of previous studies of other species.\nMarmosets serve as an appropriate model for obesity in humans because while most animals are born with little fat on their bodies, normal marmoset and human babies are quite fat at birth. A better understanding of obesity in marmosets, therefore, can help scientists identify risk factors, like a high-fat diet or an obese mother, and potential indicator measurements, like hormone levels or percentage of body fat, that could help identify a vulnerability to obesity in humans earlier.\nFrom other unpublished results of this study, the researchers think the key may lie not in energy uptake, but in energy expenditure, the other side of the coin that makes up weight change.\n“If I give you a sandwich, you're going to store some of that energy as fat,” Power said. “Of course eventually you'll use up that stored fat, especially if you are active and keep moving around. The problem comes when you consistently store more energy than you use. It's a very simple idea, but the biology behind it is extremely complex. Unfortunately, many people and marmosets are better at storing fat than they are at remobilizing it and using it for energy.”\nWhile the marmosets Power studies are fairly common, zoos are also home to other, more endangered monkeys, whose health and breeding potential could be crucial to their species' continued survival. A better understanding of the development of obesity will enable zoo nutritionists to developed healthier diet plans for a variety of species. Visitors to the National Zoo can see Geoffroy's tufted-eared marmosets, which are related to white-tufted common marmosets, in the Zoo's Small Mammal House.\nIn addition to Power, the study's authors are Suzette Tardif and Corinna Ross from the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and Jay Schulkin of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. The paper is available online.\nThe Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute plays a key role in the Smithsonian's global efforts to understand and conserve species and train future generations of conservationists. Headquartered in Front Royal, Va., SCBI facilitates and promotes research programs based at Front Royal, the National Zoo in Washington, D.C., and at field research stations and training sites worldwide.\n# # #", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A podcast is a type of digital media consisting of an episodic series of audio, radio, or video files. It could be subscribed to and downloaded through web to a computer or a mobile device. As has been mentioned by Cassinelli, C in the video Integrating Podcasting into Your Classroom , “our students today are digital natives”. In order to provide the best learning experiences to our students, educators today should update our instruction methods. Podcast is a very effective classroom instruction tool.\nTake the ESL podcast for example, it provides English learners with stories embedded with useful vocabularies. Both the script and voice explanation for each story are available so that readers could better understand the key ideas of each story. This could be a great supplement for ESL classroom teaching.\nTake episode 12 Dining at a restaurant for example, the story details the process of dining at a restaurant: how does the waiter greet you, how do you respond to the waiter and so on. Almost everything one needs to know about restaurant conversation is listed and explained in the corresponding radio. This makes it perfect for oral English classes. Teachers could set one topic each time and use the podcast as a supplementary material. For example, if today's topic is dining out, teachers could have students listen to this exact episode and then have students discuss the key phrases used in the conversation. After that, role play could be carried out so that students could have a chance to practive what they have just learned.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Filmmaking is one of the best medium to convey a message. It can also serve as a medium for people who want to raise awareness about something. It has become a strong means of communication that shows the realty and truths that the mainstream media refuses to show. However, others find it hard to start in filmmaking especially if they don’t have any idea on how or where to start. If you want to know more on how to start in filmmaking, read on and discover the basic steps that you can follow.\nGet reference from the internet\nLike this one you’re reading right now. There are a lot of tips and guides that you can easily follow. You can also find other filmmakers who are sharing their techniques and ways in making a good film. This will also be part of your research in getting new ideas and other concepts that can help you with working on your next project.\nTry to do what others do\nThis step is for educational and practice purposes only. By recreating others’ works, you will get to see if you’re getting better with your techniques and the technical aspect of filmmaking. It will serve as a review and critic of your work to point out the areas of improvement. Extra tip: don’t have mercy in criticizing your own work.\nSimple equipment will do\nDon’t stress yourself if you don’t have high- end equipment for filmmaking. A video camera and outdoor microphone are enough for a simple shoot of a film or project that you can start with. While it’s true that investing in your equipment is important, don’t be too hard on yourself if you can’t afford it at first.\nPlanning is imperative\nI can’t stress enough how important preparation is. Each part of the project should be planned and well- supervised. You have to be hands- on even though you’re managing a crew. It will also give you a chance to prepare a contingency plan if ever one of things you have prepared goes wrong.\nExperiment on different kinds of project\nYou can try doing a silent movie, a short film, a sample advertisement, a full length movie; it does not matter as long as you continue doing something that can practice you and your skills.\nLearn how to use lighting and audio to tell story\nLearning how to use the appropriate lighting and sound effects for a certain scene or part of your work can make a big difference. It can intensify the emotions that you want to convey. Imagine a dramatic scene with the actress just crying her eyes out; it can make you feel something but having the right lighting and scoring can make you cry too.\nBe positive and patient\nIt takes time before you can actually master all the techniques and the methods in producing a good film. It takes time to finally establish yourself on what kind of filmmaker you want to be. Just never lose hope and keep on making film after another film and another and another.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "As explored in the article Using 3D Technology to Find Water for Refugees, water is a key resource challenge for every population centre in the world. The Republic of Chad in Central Africa is no exception.\nLike many countries in the region, Chad suffers from water scarcity. Most of the population is rural and work as either farmers or pastoralists, so water is needed for drinking and agriculture.\nTo help Chad manage their water, the ResEau project was launched by the Operational Satellite Applications Program (UNOSAT) after a request from the Ministry of Hydraulics in Chad. The UNOSAT team was well positioned to do this project, since they had already completed a similar water resource mapping project in Eastern Chad during the Darfur crisis in 2004.\nThe ResEau project is jointly financed by the Government of Chad and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, and will last for ten years until August 2019. The overarching goal of the project is to support integrated water resource management in Chad, through education and enhanced resources and technologies.\nThe first phase of the ResEau project focused on mapping the north and eastern areas of Chad. The focus is currently on mapping and compiling data in the central region. Later, the southern region of Chad will be mapped.\nSeequent software Leapfrog is being used to create 3D models of the areas.\nTo learn more about the project, watch UNOSAT’s video:\nAlthough the ResEau project is still underway, it has already had significant impacts for Chad. The project has so far vastly improved the success of drilling for water in Chad. Before the project, only 30-40% of the drilled boreholes in the northern and eastern part of the territory were successful, but now, the success rate is above 60%.\nIn addition, the ResEau project is making great strides in building Chad’s expertise in hydrogeology and related fields. As part of the ResEau project, a Masters degree programme in Hydrology and GIS (HydroGIS) was established at the University of N’Djamena in 2013 with the support of University of Neuchâtel. As of today, 25 students have graduated with a 2nd level Master’s, and 9 of these graduates were from the Ministry of Water and Sanitation (MEA). 68 students have completed their 1st level Master’s, half of whom are also from the MEA.\nThe ResEau project will enrich the livelihood of all those who live in Chad, by providing the skills and knowledge needed for a robust integrated water management system. Seequent is proud to support the creation of 3D geological models for the ResEau project, and is excited to follow its progress in the coming years.\nSpecial thanks to Ivann Milenkovic Associate Program Officer, United Nations Institute for Training & Research (UNITAR)\nRead the full case study", "label": "No"}
{"text": "You may be aware of, or indeed be using, new Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies that have become publicly available. One of these technologies in particular, ChatGPT, has received a lot of media coverage this year.\nAt the start of Term 1, 2023, the Department of Education restricted access to ChatGPT in Victorian government schools. This was because the terms of service restricted access to those aged 18 years or over.\nThose terms have now been changed to permit access for those aged 13 years and over. As a result, the interim restriction on ChatGPT has been lifted and secondary school aged students who are at least 13 years old can now access these technologies (the current restriction on use with primary school-aged students will remain in place).\nIf we at WSSC determine that the use of generative AI tools should be part of our teaching and learning program, we will seek your consent if your child’s personal details (such as a mobile phone number) are required to register for the use of the tool. We will also continue to ensure our compliance with all department policies, including those in relation to the safe and responsible use of technology, and privacy and information sharing.\nPlease remind your child that they should not enter any personal information such as name, age or address into generative AI platforms they might be using at home as this can be a risk to their privacy. This is because content typed into some generative AI tools may be used and reused by the platform and its users.\nOne area of concern with generative AI tools relates to student assessment. We are aware of these concerns and will use existing assessment policies and processes to understand what students know about the topics being taught and ensure that assessments are completed without undue assistance.\nThe Department of Education is working with the non-government sector authorities and other state and territory education departments on the use of generative AI tools in schools. We will provide any updates as the term and year progress.\nIf you have any questions, concerns, or suggestions, please get in touch.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Diet-Climate Connection\nHow the foods we eat affect the planet we inhabit\nSure, saving energy is important, but other aspects of our lifestyles also have a considerable impact on climate change. The food choices we make – what we eat, where our food is grown, and how it is grown – have a huge impact on the planet. You can help to reduce global warming by making more sustainable food choices. Check out the links below, and learn what you can do.\nThe Diet-Climate Connection\nThe Climate Friendly Food Guide is a great resource about climate-friendly eating choices, with information about healthy eating, ways to add more fruits and vegetables to your diet, recipes, tips on shopping and eating out, and much more.\nEat Less Meat & Dairy\nYou don’t have to be a vegetarian to have meat-free or dairy-free meals – just substituting a meal with beans or lentils 1-2 days each week can make a big difference on your global warming impact. Or you can reduce your impact by choosing more fish and chicken over meat/dairy, as the former have a lower carbon footprint.\nTry these vegetarian recipes\nNRDC blog post Less Beef, Less Carbon.\nBBC article “Can eating less meat help reduce climate change”\nBBC article “Food waste reduction could help feed world’s starving”\nBBC article “Cutting food and carbon waste-lines for healthy climate”\nEat More Local Foods\nBecause locally grown foods are transported shorter distances to your table, they use less fossil fuel and therefore have a lower impact on global warming. Moreover, since transportation takes time, local foods are usually fresher. And finally, buying locally grown foods supports Massachusetts farmers.\nEat More Organic Foods\nLocally grown foods are often grown organically, so they don’t use fossil fuel based fertilizers. And because no chemical pesticides are used, they are healthier.\nOrganic Foods: Are they safer? More nutritious? (June 9, 2014)\nIs Organic More Nutritious? New Study Adds to the Evidence (Feb. 18, 2016)\nReduce Food Waste\nReducing food waste is one of the easiest and best ways to lower your impact on the planet – and you can save money while doing it.\nGrowing Your Own Food\nGrowing some fruits and vegetables in your own back yard is easy and fun, and a great way to enjoy being outdoors. You don’t need much space, and some things can even be grown in pots on your deck or patio. Need some tips on how to start? Take a class with the Needham Community Farm. Or just dig a small plot in a sunny location and start planting!\nThe Needham Community Farm offers beginner and intermediate gardening classes.\nGet online tips on how to get started from Eartheasy’s Backyard Vegetable Gardening\nSome food waste is inevitable, but you can keep this out of the waste stream with a home compost bin. It’s easy – learn how with some basic home composting information. Or, hire a home composting service.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "“Listen to me, you who pursue righteousness, you who seek the Lord . . .” (Isaiah 51: 1 ESV) In the scene of the Transfiguration, the Father calls on us to listen to the Son. The voice from the cloud says, “This is my beloved Son, listen to him.” (Mark 9: 7b ESV) We are to listen to the words of the Lord. In these words are wisdom and righteousness.\nWe are also to listen carefully to the words of others, not that they always are words righteousness and truth. They are not. The ” . . . tongue is a fire, a world of unrighteousness.” (James 3: 6 ESV) So we are to discern and distinguish the words of others for truth and untruth. To do this, carefullistening is required.\nWe must listen so that we understand as thoroughly as possible what the other person is saying. We can not respond to that person with accuracy if we do not listen to attain accuracy. No understanding can be achieved without careful listening. To listen carefully is an instance of love of neighbor and love of the enemy.\nWe must take seriously instances when we are corrected by another in our listening. “I did not say this, I said that.” We must consider such responses seriously, not brushing them off as mere obfuscations. The goal is to get an accurate picture of what the other is saying. We would wish the same for ourselves. We must seek understanding, not a confirmation of our prejudices.\nWhat are some simple rules to follow?\n- Prayer that you may be an instrument of God. As Saint Francis’ great prayer says, “Grant that we may not so much seek . . . “to be understood as to understand.” (Lutheran Book of Worship, Pew Edition, p 48).\n- Ask the Lord to open your ears.\n- Listen to what God has to say to you. Many passages of the Holy Scriptures will help you in this.\n- When in dialogue with another in an informal or formal setting, be intent on understanding what he/she had to say. You may help clarify their own thinking. Ask questions to clarify for yourself. When necessary, repeat what is said to you to confirm whether you are hearing correctly or incorrectly.\n- Do not use a strategy of misrepresentation or rely on a straw man.\n- Do not be tempted to entertain a crowd at the expense of truth. Humor can be used effectively without falling into such temptation.\n- Keep as a goal, especially in formal debate, of clarity of both or several points of view whether they are right or wrong.\n- Understand our own limitations as well as those of the other person. Sometimes, we do not intend to misunderstand. We just do.\n- Listen to the Word of the Lord. Again, listen to the Word of the Lord for guidance and truth. Frequent reading of Scriptures with a deep intention to understand them will help.\nMichael G. Tavella\nJuly 1, 2019", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Presently the process for analysis and detection of pollutants in seawater can take up to weeks as a sample must be collected and then transported back to land for examination. SHOAL has instead developed artificially intelligent fish they believe can take this analysis from the usual weeks to mere seconds, thanks to inbuilt chemical sensors and on board WiFi systems for communication back to land. Allowing for quicker action to be taken.\nOriginating with Professor Dr. Huosheng Hu at the University of Essex, the British technology firm BMT Group Ltd. has expanded upon Dr. Hu’s research, and seems to have a promising platform for monitoring our ocean waters. Capable of moving up to 70 KMH (43 MPH) while being smart enough to map its location and report back any findings it might come across while on patrol, SHOAL promises to be a much needed step in the ongoing struggle for cooperative management of the planet’s resources.\nIf the tests off the Northern Spanish port of Gijon prove successful with the less ornate ocean models, SHOAL hopes to have the fish in mass production for cheaper than the current $31’000 price tag.\nYou can read more about the fish and read an interview with BMT’s Senior research scientist Luke Speller at the BBC.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What is Anxiety?\n(including generalized anxiety disorder, panic attacks, PTSD, OCD, agoraphobia, nervous illness, nerves, overwhelming stress, traumatic stress, and other anxiety disorders)\nPanic attacks are a part of our body's fight, flight, or freeze response. They reach their peak within a matter of minutes at which time they can be very uncomfortable and includes some (or many) of the following Anxiety Sensations:\n- Chest pain or discomfort\n- Nausea or abdominal distress\n- Feeling dizzy, unsteady, light-headed, or faint\n- Chills or heat sensations\n- Derealization (feelings of unreality) or depersonalization (being detached from oneself)\n- Fear of losing it or “going crazy”\n- Fear of dying\n- General sense of dread.\n- Feeling constantly \"on edge\"\n- Difficulty concentrating.\n- Feelings of panic, fear, and uneasiness\n- Problems sleeping\n- Cold or sweaty hands and/or feet\n- An inability to be still and calm\n- Dry mouth\n- Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet\n- Muscle tension\nPalpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate\n- Trembling or shaking\n- Feeling shortness of breath or smothering\n- Feelings of choking\nThis is not a comprehensive list of the sensations that you may feel when panic arises from your anxiety or PTSD, simply a list of some common occurrences. Since anxiety impacts nearly all of the parts of our bodies, we may feel any number of different things when we are anxious.\nIf you are reading this and thinking, \"that's me alright, but what do I do now?\" Then you have come to the right place!\nStep one is to start teaching your body to calm down and begin living a more mindful life. Other factors may include diet, lifestyle, movement for healing anxiety, and many more which you will learn though our podcast, blog posts, and 1-on-1 coaching with any of our Anxiety Coaches.\nEven Better, all of our Anxiety Coaching is done by phone or Skype so you can get help from wherever you are!\nWhat could be more convenient than online or phone anxiety coaching?\nNow where do you turn for help?\nWe often look for a process or magic cure that will \"fix\" our anxiety.\nWe try all sorts of stuff, like:\n- wearing magnets\n- consult a shaman\n- check out eastern medicine\n- study zen\n- try yoga\n- art therapy\n- find a guru\n- eat special diet\n- drink medicinal teas\n- give up caffeine\n- cut our sugar intake\n- go organic\n- see a psychic\n- find religion\n- and just about anything else that someone, somewhere claimed on the internet to help with their anxiety.\nThat is a pretty long list --right!?\nLook, we're not putting any of that down...we've been there too. In fact several of those things are very helpful and good for you, BUT they don't take away your anxiety.\nWe have tried a bunch of that stuff. You'll even hear us recommend some of those things on the podcast as steps to help you out, but those are for more immediate and acute situations and for learning to calm down enough to get some perspective and begin to learn the truth about what you need to do...or NOT DO. The truth is we just need to learn to accept and surrender rather than fighting and seeking out something or someone to do it for us. Anyone who has recovered from anxiety will tell you, as soon as they stopped trying so hard, they started to feel better...and stopped caring so much when they didn't feel great!\nOnce we begin to let go and start \"being\" instead of always \"doing\" things begin to change. The reality is that the things on that list that help us the most actually lead us to acceptance and surrender.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The headlines have been nearly ecstatic–and almost uniformly uncritical. Here are just a few:\n- The Verge: Computer passes Turing Test for first time by convincing judges it is a 13-year-old boy\n- Venture Beat: Talk to the computer that passed the Turing Test, a historic artificial intelligence milestone\n- Yahoo Tech: Turing Test Bested, Robot Overlords Creep Closer\n- NBC News: Turing Test: Computer Program Convinces Judges It’s Human\n- Washington Post: A computer just passed the Turing Test in landmark trial\n- The Independent: Turing Test breakthrough as super-computer becomes first to convince us it’s human\nAs several commentators have pointed out, the “victory” is pretty dubious. Mike Masnick at TechDirt was quick to question the alleged result, listing several important points that call it into question:\n- It’s not a “supercomputer,” it’s a chatbot. It’s a script made to mimic human conversation. There is no intelligence, artificial or not involved. It’s just a chatbot.\n- Plenty of other chatbots have similarly claimed to have “passed” the Turing test in the past (often with higher ratings). Here’s a story from three years ago about another bot, Cleverbot, “passing” the Turing Test by convincing 59% of judges it was human (much higher than the 33% Eugene Goostman) claims.\n- It “beat” the Turing test here by “gaming” the rules — by telling people the computer was a13-year-old boy from Ukraine in order to mentally explain away odd responses.\n- The “rules” of the Turing test always seem to change. Hell, Turing’s original test was quite different anyway.\n- As Chris Dixon points out, you don’t get to run a single test with judges that you picked and declare you accomplished something. That’s just not how it’s done. If someone claimed to have created nuclear fusion or cured cancer, you’d wait for some peer review and repeat tests under other circumstances before buying it, right?\n- The whole concept of the Turing Test itself is kind of a joke. While it’s fun to think about, creating a chatbot that can fool humans is not really the same thing as creating artificial intelligence. Many in the AI world look on the Turing Test as a needless distraction.\nI personally think that the test still has an important place in our thinking about artificial intelligence, but there’s certainly nothing wrong with questioning its value–in science there is no such thing as unquestionable canon, after all–and Masnick’s other points are pretty much on the money.\nThe Guardian also ran with the original dramatic story (“Computer simulating 13-year-old boy becomes first to pass Turing test“), prompting a number of comments taking it to task, which it had the good sense to publish as well (“Claims that the Turing test has been passed are nonsense“).\nFor instance, Professor Robert Epstein of the American Institute for Behavioral Research and Technology (bio here) wrote:\nProfessor Warwick’s claim that a computer has now passed the Turing Test […] is nonsense. Turing never set a 30% mark as a criterion for “passing” his test. In his famous essay on this topic, which is reprinted with commentaries in my book, Parsing the Turing Test: Methodological and Philosophical Issues in the Quest for the Thinking Computer, Turing merely conjectured that by 2000 a computer program would be able to fool an “average interrogator” into thinking it was a person 30% of the time in a five-minute conversation. He didn’t propose that as a test of anything; he was merely speculating.\nTuring never actually said how his test could actually be passed, but a blue ribbon panel of computer scientists and philosophers from Harvard, MIT, and elsewhere which I directed for several years in planning the first Loebner Prize contest in 1990, came up with with a brilliant method that I am sure would have pleased Turing greatly: after lengthy conversations with both hidden humans and hidden computers, a panel ranks the humanness of each, and when the median rank of a computer exceeds the median rank of a human, it wins. No computer has ever crossed that line in the more than 20 years the contest has so far been held, but it will happen eventually.\nOf course the Turing Test hasn’t been passed. I think its a great shame it has been reported that way, because it reduces the worth of serious AI research. We are still a very long way from achieving human-level AI, and it trivialises Turing’s thought experiment (which is fraught with problems anyway) to suggest otherwise.\nAnd The Verge, which reported the alleged “pass,” also reported on some skeptical reactions (“Google futurist Ray Kurzweil and other experts say chatbot didn’t pass Turing Test“), including one from Ray Kurzweil:\nI chatted with the chatbot Eugene Goostman, and was not impressed. Eugene does not keep track of the conversation, repeats himself word for word, and often responds with typical chatbot non sequiturs.\nOthers echoed his distrust of the hyped announcement:\nNew York University cognitive science professor Gary Marcus agrees, writing in The New Yorker that the test wasn’t taken by “innovative hardware but simply a cleverly coded piece of software.” Marcus writes that the chatbot often resorts to misdirecting the person it’s speaking with using humor so that it can avoid questions that it doesn’t understand. “It’s easy to see how an untrained judge might mistake wit for reality, but once you have an understanding of how this sort of system works, the constant misdirection and deflection becomes obvious, even irritating,” Marcus writes. “The illusion, in other words, is fleeting.”\nMarc Andreessen, co-founder of Netscape and one of today’s biggest names in tech investing, isn’t taking much stock in the claims over this chatbot either. “My view is that [the] Turing Test has always been malformed,” he writes on Twitter. “Humans are too easy to trick, passing [the] test says almost nothing about software.”\nMarcus gave a sample of the chatbot’s chatting in his New Yorker piece (“What Comes After the Turing Test“):\nMarcus: Do you read The New Yorker?\nGoostman: I read a lot of books … So many—I don’t even remember which ones.\nMarcus: You remind me of Sarah Palin.\nGoostman: If I’m not mistaken, Sarah is a robot, just as many other “people.” We must destroy the plans of these talking trash cans!\nAt least in this small sample, it doesn’t seem distinguishable from other chatbots I’ve seen.\nAs much as I would enjoy the drama of seeing the Turing test actually passed, a little more critical thought would have made for less hyped, more accurate reporting.\nIf the horizon is populated by terminators, it’s a ways off yet.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Pollution by Claire Jones Download PDF EPUB FB2\nBooks shelved as pollution: Flush by Carl Hiaasen, The Lorax by Dr. Seuss, Just a Dream by Chris Van Allsburg, The Sheep Look Up by John Brunner, and Sil. Apr 02, · Pollution: Problems Made by Man - Nature Books for Kids | Children's Nature Books [Baby Professor] on clubhipicbanyoles.com *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers.\nPollution cause a lot of problems, and we all suffer from them.5/5(2). pollution, contamination of the environment as a result of human activities. The term pollution refers primarily to the fouling of air, water, and land by wastes (see air pollution; water pollution; solid waste).\nIn recent years it has come to signify a wider range of disruptions to environmental quality. Online shopping from a great selection at Books Store. Skip to main content. of over 30, results for Books: \"Pollution\" Skip to main search results Amazon Prime. Eligible for Free Shipping.\nFree Shipping by Amazon. All customers get FREE Shipping on orders over $25 shipped by Amazon. Listopia > Pollution Book Lists. FICTION Books That Opened Your Eyes To A Pollution book Or Political Issue.\nbooks — voters Books to Change the World. 94 books — voters Ecopunk Fiction. 65 books — 93 voters Environmental Health.\nbooks — 74 voters. Book:Pollution. Jump to navigation Jump to search. This page is currently inactive and is retained for historical reference. Either the page is no longer relevant or consensus on its purpose has become unclear.\nTo revive discussion, seek. Let's Investigate: Plastic Pollution Ruth Owen The book is an appealing non-fiction book that encourages children to develop an interest in helping to stop plastics being used and damaging our oceans and wildlife.\nComplex environmental Pollution book are often reduced to an inappropriate level of simplicity. While this book does not seek to present a comprehensive scientific and technical coverage of all aspects of the subject matter, it makes the issues, ideas, and language of environmental engineering accessible and understandable to the nontechnical reader.\nJan 01, · Air Pollution. air pollution, contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health.\nThe major sources of air pollution are transportation engines, power and heat generation, industrial. Pollution: Causes, Effects and Control is the fourth edition of a best-selling introductory level book dealing with chemical and radioactive pollution in its broadest sense.\nThe scope of the book ranges from the sources of pollutants and their environmental behaviour, to their effects on human 5/5(2). Jul 25, · Hello Friends, We bring Environmental Pollution and Control Book, Download For Competitive Exam.\nThis book can be used as knowledge of our environment study, and it can be also used for cracking various competitive examination like UPSC, Railway JE, State PCS and SSC clubhipicbanyoles.com you know Basic of Environmental Pollution and Control Knowledge is very important.\nExplore our list of Air Pollution & Pollutants Books at Barnes & Noble®. Receive FREE shipping with your Barnes & Noble Membership. BP - Where did it all go wrong.\nis a quick-read business biography; it is a history and current breakdown of British Petroleum. The book introduces the reader to BP, how the company was formed, the chequered past it has, and discusses the recent disaster of one of the biggest oil spills in history.\nMar 06, · This book addresses the origin of persistent solid waste in the ocean, from urban and rural discharges to waste from ships and the recreational ocean use.\nIt identifies the key issues from biological, technological, economic and legal perspectives, and gives a framework for controlling each of the main sources of marine debris. Air Pollution and Control Book Free Download Pdf CONTENTS IN THIS ARTICLE Air Pollution and Control Book Free Download Pdf Here we are providing a link for Air Pollution and Control Book Free Download in Pdf Format.\nThis book is specially prepared for JNTU, JntuK, JntuA, JntuH University Students. Air Pollution and Control book free download is. Marine Pollution: Sources, Fate and Effects of Pollutants in Coastal Ecosystems bring together the theoretical background on common and emerging marine pollutants and their effects on organisms (ecotoxicology).\nWritten by a renowned expert in the field who is a researcher, teacher and advisor of national and international institutions on issues such as oil spills, water quality assessment and 4/5. Citation Machine® helps students and professionals properly credit the information that they use.\nCite your book in Environmental Pollution format for free. Apr 03, · Air pollution is less severe in parts of China than it was a few years ago, but current global trends suggest a grim future. As David Wallace Wells notes in his recent book The Uninhabitable Earth. Presents the fundamentals of air pollution.\nThis book covers principles and practices of air pollution such as sampling, analysis and control. It also deals with the types, origins, sources, /5(10).\nThe Environmental Pollution book series includes current, comprehensive texts on critical national and global environmental issues useful to scientists in academia, industry and government from diverse disciplines.\nThese include. Environmental Pollution welcomes high quality submissions on all aspects of environmental pollution and the mitigation measures related to ecosystem & human health Environmental Pollution welcomes high quality submissions on all aspects of environmental pollution and the mitigation measures related to ecosystem & human health.\nBOOK REVIEWS Environmental Pollution Control. Allan D. McKnight, Pauline K. Marstrand and T. Craig Sinclair. Allen and Unwin, London pp. Hard back £ Paper back £ Foreword by Lord Ashby, F.R.S.\nThe reader wishing to obtain a fundamental grounding in the technical and legal aspects of pollution of the environment in most of. Soil Pollution: From Monitoring to Remediation provides comprehensive information on soil pollution, including causes, distribution, transport, the transformation and fate of pollutants in soil, and metabolite accumulation.\nThe book covers organic, inorganic and nanoparticle pollutants. This page is a list of environmental books. In this context they are notable books that describe, as a major theme, the effects of human activity on the environment. Contents. Researcher's role is to make this adaptation easier, to prepare humankind to the new circumstances and challenges, to trace and predict the effects and, if possible, even decrease the harmfulness of these changes.\nIn this book we provide an interdisciplinary collection of new studies and findings on the score of air pollution. The main cause of air pollution is humans. Human activities like burning coal, factories working, and cars are maybe some of the most known.\nSmog is o. Marine environment pollution Filed under: Marine pollution -- Health aspects From Monsoons to Microbes: Understanding the Ocean's Role in Human Health, by National Research Council Ocean Studies Board (page images and partial HTML at NAP). Pollution, addition of any substance or form of energy to the environment at a rate faster than it can be dispersed or stored in a harmless form.\nThe major kinds of pollution are usually classified by environment and include air, water, and land pollution. Learn more about the history of pollution. Immediately download the Pollution summary, chapter-by-chapter analysis, book notes, essays, quotes, character descriptions, lesson plans, and more - everything you need for studying or teaching Pollution.\nConsequences of Air Pollution •CO 2 is a good transmitter of sunlight, but it also partially restricts infrared radiation going back from the earth into space, which produces the so-called greenhouse effect that prevents a drastic.\nEnvironmental and Pollution Science, Third Edition, continues its tradition on providing readers with the scientific basis to understand, manage, mitigate, and prevent pollution across the environment, be it air, land, or water.\nPollution originates from a wide variety of sources, both natural and man-made, and occurs in a wide variety of forms including, biological, chemical, particulate or.This book on marine pollution describes these different threats to life in the oceans, as well as the relevant modern research methods.\nIt ends with a description on international legislation preventing pollution by the maritime sector (MARPOL73/78). Meant for a student with already basic knowledge of biochemistry and physiology/5(13).Citation Machine® helps students and professionals properly credit the information that they use.\nCite your book in Environmental Science and Pollution Research format for free.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A narrative is often defined, as we have done here, as \"the semiotic representation of a series of events.\" But there is another more restricted definition which is equally common: according to Bal, \"a narrative text is a text in which an agent tells a story\" (Narratology 119). Semiotic representation through signs is always the work of an agent, and the narrator is, in this sense, the agent who enunciates the narrative text. The narrative text, then, is a linguistic enunciation like many others. We will draw a basic opposition between the subjects of the enunciation, the characters in the text, and the subject of the enunciating, the instance whose words represent those characters and the rest of the textual universe.\nWe could at this point draw on a linguistic analogy to introduce an important analytical concept, narrative person. According to Jakobson, the verbal category of person characterizes the protagonists of the enunciation (spoken about) with reference to the protagonists of enunciating (the addresser and the addressee).\nA first person form, such as \"I,\" means that the addresser, the main protagonist of the activity of enunciating, is positing himself as the subject of both enunciating and enunciation. A second person form, \"you,\" equally locates the person spoken about with respect to the speaking situation: if \"I\" does the speaking, \"you\" is present in some way or other. On the other hand, \"he\" or \"she\" are characterized by their absence from the speech situation, if still by reference to it. This verbal category translates easily into narratology, according to the structuralist principle that narrative is an expanded verb or sentence. Just as we have first, second and third person pronouns, we have works of literature in the first and in the third person, and even in the second (many love songs, and even long narratives like La Modification).\nSo far we might have characterised the enunciative structure of narrative. But here we are dealing with literary narrative, and this adds some further complications. Literature is a linguistic game, a peculiar mode of enunciating. The difference between the subject of the enunciating and the subject of the enunciation, the difference between the speaker and the person spoken about, is not as clear-cut here as it is elsewhere. Who does the enunciating in literary narrative? Sometimes we shall find that it is a character, as in Great Expectations, and sometimes we seem to hear the voice of the author himself, as in El Quijote or Fielding's novels. There is a clear difference in principle between the subject of the enunciating and the subject of enunciation, since all novels have authors and all have characters. But we shall often need to posit an intermediary figure, the narrator, who shares some characteristics of both author and character. The narrator is a bridge between the enunciation and the enunciating, and one of the tasks of literary analysis is to determine the extent to which each of these poles is the more relevant in his composition. The narrator will be defined as the enunciator of a narrative text which nevertheless does not account for the full complexity of the literary work.\nThe basic problem of this complexity begins to appear at a linguistic, non-literary level, in the phenomenon of quoted speech. Plato was the first to analyze the fact that the \"I\" of a narrative text need not refer to the author. He separates \"simple\" narrative from \"imitative\" narrative. In imitative narrative, the speaker \"speaks through somebody else's mouth\" and \"tries to conform as far as possible to the language of the person in whose name he speaks.\"\nDrama uses imitative narration, dithyrambs use simple narration, and epic poetry uses both: its mode is, therefore, mixed. This is the first critical passage devoted both to the issue of narrative persona and to the question of direct and indirect style, and we must recognize that the problems have some structural as well as historical relation.\nPlato did not appreciate imitative narration, since imitations may degrade the speaker if the imitated object is unworthy. But Aristotle will use opposite criteria. If Plato criticized Homer because of his extensive use of direct speech, Aristotle praises him for the same reason. According to him, \"the poet should speak as little as possible in his own person, for it is not this that makes him an imitator\" (Poetics 63, XXIV.7). This idea that the narrator should efface himself, to let the action unfold dramatically before the audience, to let the characters expand freely with a minimum of narratorial control, returns again with the development of the realist novel: we find different versions of this creed in Spielhagen, in Henry James, in Joyce.\nHowever, we can hardly say that Aristotle has a definite concept of a narrator as an entity different in any way from the poet. In the case of fiction, the difference is obviously easier to establish in the case of first-person narratives. Thus, Wordsworth speaks of the \"dramatic parts\" of his poems, \"those parts when the poet speaks through the mouth of his characters.\"\nThese parts must preserve a strict decorum (a decorum of psychological realism, of course--after all, it is a Romantic who speaks). An excessive linguistic elaboration would go against verisimilitude, and is to be reserved in any case for the voice of the poet. Wordsworth wants his lyrical ballads written in the language of men, and that is why he uses narrators so often. But still his narrators are introduced by the voice of the poet. A more advanced concept of a narrator is introduced by Spielhagen, who differentiates in this respect first and third person novels:\nIn the language of art, we call a novel in which the hero appears as the narrator of his fate a first person novel, in opposition to other novels, where the hero is a third person and we are told of his adventures by the writer.\nWe see that the aim here is to tell apart those fictions which are told by a fictional character from those in which an authorial voice is in charge. The difference established here, then, is not so much one of author versus narrator as (once again) one of author versus character. There is a \"narrator\" only when a fictional character tells the story.\nTomashevski further develops the notion of \"narrator\": in his view, there is a narrator different from the author in those novels which are written in imitation of an oral narrative (skaz), where a specific fictional character tells a story with a language that characterizes him as a specific individual in his own right, not a neutral, self-effacing and transparent medium, or \"abstract narrative\" (Teoría 253-4).\nWe have to wait until the New Critics and other immanent students of literature to find the opposition author / narrator extended to the point of being applied to all kinds of novels, in first or third person, with a neutral or an obstrusive speaker. The New Critics consider the literary text as a self-sufficient object, which in order to be understood does not require a knowledge of the author's context or ideas (other than the one provided by the language of the text). Therefore there will be no more talk of authors: instead we find only the implied image of the author provided by the text. This is no longer a flesh-and-blood person properly speaking, but a textual construct, which is called by the critics in a number of ways: dramatic speaker, lyrical subject (in the case of poetry), implied author, author, narrator. Terminology, once again, is confusing, and we should look into a critic's assumptions in this respect, not merely into his set of favourite terms. A typical pronouncement is given by Wolfgang Kayser: \"the narrator is not the author . . . ; the narrator is a fictional being the author has turned into.\"\nAnd for Genette, in a fictional narrative,\nthe role of narrator is itself fictive, even if assumed directly by the author. . . . The narrator of PŹre Goriot 'is' not Balzac, even if here and there he expresses Balzac's opinions, for this author-narrator is someone who 'knows' the Vauquer boardinghouse, its landlady and its lodgers, whereas all Balzac himself does is imagine them; and in this sense, of course, the narrating situation of a fictional account is never reduced to its situation of writing. (Narrative Discourse 213).\nSo, for modern criticism, the very act of writing literature carries along with it a fictionalization of the speaker. The real self of the author becomes to some extent irrelevant, and we understand the work in terms of his \"official\" self in the institution of literature, the image of the author which emanates from his works.\nHowever, this fact does not rule out the simple phenomenon of narration through the mouth of a fictional character. The real author is not the implied author, all right, but this does not always mean that the implied author is always in charge of producing the narrative text, of being the immediate subject of enunciating. Therefore we have three candidate figures to fill in this subject position: the author, the implied autor, and the narrator. They are perhaps first identified by Barthes, when he argues that in literature \"he who speaks (in the narrative) is not he who writes (in life) and he who writes is not he who is.\"\nBooth had already observed that \"'Narrator' is usually taken to mean the 'I' of a work, but the 'I' is seldom if ever identical with the implied image of the artist.\"\n--which in turn is seldom if ever identical with the artist.\nWe can study narrators in many possible ways. Since narrators are, in part, characters, we can study their personality in the way we would study the personality of any other character. Greimas and Courtés provide a systematic framework for the study of the competence of any discursive subject.\nWe can study the different modalities that bear upon the textual subject and constitute him as such. This analysis can be applied to characters and narrators alike, although the results will obviously vary because of their different positions in the textual structure.\nMODALITIES : Virtualising Actualising Performative\nExotatic : MUST CAN DO\nEndotaxic : WANT KNOW BE\nBut we shall postpone this study until we introduce a further level of analysis, the narrative as literary work, in which a new textual subject, the implied author, is introduced. As we shall see, it is helpful to characterize the narrator and the implied autor differentially, with respect to each other's stance and competence. We see that Genette does not introduce this kind of considerations just as he does not introduce the concept of the implied author-–a choice of limits which is legitimate for a particular essay, but too restrictive for narrative theory as a whole.\nWhat Genette does very well is to systematize the varieties of narrators according to purely formal criteria: their structural position with respect to the fabula and the different enunciative levels of the work. The two criteria he uses result in the fourfould characterization of narrators into extradiegetic / intradiegetic on one hand, and homodiegetic / heterodiegetic on the other. Before we examine these concepts further, it will be convenient to remember an important difference between different analytical problems: fictionality on one hand, and enunciative hierarchy on the other.\nThe relationship of fictionality is the one established between real and fictional phenomena. Fiction is a kind of parasitic or alternative reality, one which is grounded in a real world with respect to which it is defined as fiction. So a fictional event or a fictional world can be represented as a framed section in the middle of reality: the frame, by definition, cannot be crossed:\nAuthor / Inventor\nFictional world Fictional\ncharacters and happenings\nFictional characters and happenings\nThe relation of fictionality is recursive: it can be applied again and again to the object it produces.\nAny relationship of embedding can therefore multiply in two directions inside a text:\n• Horizontally, a number of fictional worlds may coexist at the same fictional level. That is, we find a recursivity in length, an enchaining of embedded texts:\n• Vertically, the signified world of a text may include another text or semiotic element which introduces an embedded fictional reality, which in turn may contain a further fictional reality, and so on. That is, we can find fictional words where characters give rise to other fictional worlds, by dreaming them, imagining them or writing about them; the levels of fictionality assume here the form of a Chinese box:\nThese two modalities of embedding (enchained embeddings or embedded embeddings) can be combined in an infinite number of ways. The fictional relation can establish multiple embeddings, enchainings and hierarchies until a complex pattern of relationships is constituted between the different realities of the discursive activity. An author or inventor, real or fictional, may invent different fictional worlds which are independent from each other, or he may establish further relations of fictionality between those fictional worlds.\nReal world Real author\nThe other hierarchic relationship we mentioned, enunciative hierarchy, is established between a main text and a subordinate text which is embedded inside it. The simplest instance is the use of direct speech, with an introductory speech verb (the main text) and a quoted sentence:\nJohn said, \"I can't find my umbrella.\"\nAt textual level, this relationship is established between whole texts, and not just between sentences. For instance, the stories in The Canterbury Tales are hierarchically dependent on the main story, which frames them by telling us about the circumstances of their telling and the identity of the different narrators. When the characters in the Miller's Tale speak, their enunciation is hierarchically inferior to the enunciation of the tale by the Miller, just as the Miller's enunciation is hierarchically inferior to Chaucer's. This kind of embedding is also potentially recursive: in Lost in the Funhouse John Barth exploits this multiple embedding with comical effects.\nEnunciative embedding can be developed in the horizontal and the vertical relation in the same way as fictional embedding, and it may combine those two modalities of development in just the same way.\nIt is obvious that these two kinds of embedding are different in nature. The contents of an embedded text may be fictional with respect to those of the main text, but they may also refer to the same (real or fictional) world. Therefore, a change in enunciative level, the introduction of a speaker through the words of another, does not necessarily involve a change in fictional level. Conversely, a change in fictional level does not necessarily involve a change in enunciative level. A fictional world must certainly consist in a semiotic representation of some kind: it is something referred to, signified, rather than something which is present in itself. But this representation need not be made by means of language. A fictional world may appear in a dream, a picture, a film, not only in a literary narrative. The same thing happens when we project the fictional relationship to the inside of a literary narrative: when the narrator tells us of a character's dream, we enter a second-degree fictional world without entering a second-degree narrative.\nThere is still a third kind of semiotic embedding which appears in narrative texts and which should be kept in mind, even if it not directly related to the discursive position of the narrator. Not all embedded semiotic structures must assume the form of discourses. When speaking of fiction we have already mentioned the possibility of pictures, dreams, etc., which appear as elements of the main fabula. Some of these elements can be used to introduce an embedded fragment which nevertheless refers to the same fictional world of the main narrative (for instance, the description of a photograph in a novel). There is a change in level here, but it is not in enunciative level nor in fictional level. We shall call these changes in semiotic level. Of course, direct speech is also a semiotic device, but it is used to represent speech--itself, in a way. A photograph, on the other hand, cannot be quoted the way a letter is quoted.\nFurthermore, if we look back to the concept of perspective or focalization, we shall soon see another possible kind of embedding, an embedding which does not involve semiotic artifacts present in the fabula (verbal or other). What is embedded are different kinds of cognitive structures, or perspectives. Bal speaks in this respect of changes in the level of focalization, usually introduced by verbs of perception or cognition and structured very much like the shifts in enunciative level introduced by speech activity verbs.\nWe have already introduced the general notion of enunicative level, relative to the use of direct speech in a text. Narrative levels are simply enunciative levels where the quoted speech is a narrative. A character in a story tells a story (about his past, for instance, or a fictional story) and that story is situated at a narrative level which is secondary with respect to the main story.\nWhat Genette calls intradiegetic story is a story within a story,\nnot only in the sense that the first frames it with a preamble and a conclusion . . . but also in the sense that the narrator of the second narrative is already a character in the first one, and that the act of narrating which produces the second narrative is an event recounted in the first one. (Narrative Discourse 228).\nAlthough the identity of the intradiegetic narrator and his status as a character need not always be that clear, this might be taken to represent the standard situation. It should be kept in mind, however, that many other types of embedded enunciations can be found, in which the embedded element is not a narrative. It may be a poem or a piece of statistics, and even if it is a narrative it can be very different from the main one: for instance, a piece of news report, or a letter, embedded in a novel.\nAn intradiegetic story can contain another story which is intradiegetic with respect to it. In absolute terms, from the point of view of the complete structure of the work, this story will therefore be intradiegetic in the second degree (metadiegetic, according to Genette). The \"main\" narrator, the one who introduces the hierarchically superior level, is situated in an extradiegetic position--insofar as he is a narrator; he may, of course, be at the same time a character inside the story and be inside the diegesis in that sense, but Genette will use there the term homodiegetic. There is always an extradiegetic narrator of some kind or other in a narrative work, though there need not be any intradiegetic narrators. It is important to separate this issue of narrative level from the question of narrative person we have mentioned before: an extradiegetic narrator may tell the story in the first or in the third person; in Genette's terms, he may be either homodiegetic or heterodiegetic. The same goes for intradietetic narrators. That is, the opposition intradiegetic / extradiegetic situates the narrator with respect to the whole narrative hierarchy of the work, whereas the opposition homodiegetic / heterodiegetic defines the narrator in terms of his own narration--which need not encompass the whole work.\nGenette observes the peculiar use of intradiegetic stories in a whole tradition of narrative writing, and proceeds then to an examination of the main relationships between the embedded narratives and the main text. In his Nouveau discours, he adds some indications by John Barth to distinguish five main types:\n1) Causal relationship: when both narratives refer to the same fabula, the intradiegetic narrative may be analeptic and explicative of the events in the main fabula.\n2) When we find an intradiegetic proleptic narrative, the function is of prediction.\n3) The third type of relationship is purely thematic. This often happens in the case of fictional embedded stories. An extreme form, in Genette's view (Narrative Discourse 233) is the structure of mise en abyme.\n4) Sometimes the thematic relationship is made explicit by one of the characters, and the story acquires an explicit exemplary, persuasive value. This is the case, for instance, of exempla in medieval narrative.\n5) Sometimes it is not the story but its narrating which establishes the significant connection with the main story: Genette's favourite example is the Thousand and One Nights, where only the narrating keeps the intradiegetic narrator alive. In other cases, the function of the narrating may be purely distractive (as in the Decameron).\nThese five types are classified according to a greater importance of the narrative act itself. And all of these values may be mixed in a variety of degrees in concrete narratives.\nWe have said that by definition the barrier between reality and fiction cannot be crossed. This is also the case for the other kinds of barriers that we have studied, deriving mainly from the difference between the sign and the referent. The sign cannot suddenly become its referent--in those cases when it comes, we feel that it should not.\nBut we have alsoo witnessed the prolifereation of barriers and distinctions within those fictional, represented or quoted worlds. And these barriers, intradiegetic or fictional in the second degree, are no longer impassable. Although they lay a claim to the same logical status as the border between the first and the second level, they are in fact very different: they are textual constructions which can be modified and transgressed at will--as long as we do not care so much about verisimilitude. Genette uses the term metalepsis to refer to the transition from one narrative level to another. In spite of this definition, he seems to include there the transitions from one semiotic level to another and from a fictional level to another as well. But we could divide these \"metalepses\" into as many kinds as the barriers they overstep. So, if an intradiegetic narrator suddenly becomes extradiegetic (as it happens at one moment in Marguerite de Navarre's Heptaméron) the phenomenon is analogous to, but not to be confused with an illegal mixture of fictional worlds--for instance, in Marguerite Yourcenar's \"Comment Wang-Fô fut sauvé\", where a painter avoids execution by painting a picture and escaping through that fictional landscape.\nWe have already introduced the concept of narrative person. Jakobson's definition of the grammatical category of person gave us a starting point:\nFirst person signals the identity of one of the protagonists of the enunciated process with the agent of the enunciating process, and second person his identity with the actual or potential patient of the enunciating process. (\"Embrayeurs\" 182)\nIt would be tempting to transpose these grammatical categories directly into the field of literary narrative. But in fact it is impossible, since just as we saw there is no one-to-one connection between verbal tense and narrative temporality, there is no one-to-one connection between grammatical person and narrative person. The most usual terminology opposes first-person narratives to third-person narratives, meaning presumably that the main character is referred to in the first or in the third person. Genette introduces a distinction along different lines: homodiegetic narratives are told by a narrator who is present (though not necessarily as a protagonist) in the story he relates; heterodiegetic narratives are told by a narrator who is absent from that story. The purest form of homodiegetic narrative is autodiegetic narrative (what is normally understood by \"first-person\" narrative, where the narrator is also the protagonist).\nIt is to be noted that a heterodiegetic narrator need not be an authorial narrator--nor an \"omniscient\" one. From Genette's definition, indeed, it is not ruled out that the narrator belongs to the same world (fictional or otherwise) as his characters; it is only required that he must not figure as a character in his narrative. But, as Genette points out, these categories cannot be rigid, since the concept of identity itself is not rigid, but manipulable to some extent at least through discursive activity. And in some kinds of narrative, the problematic borderline between different identities is already given from the start: in autodiegetic narrative, the same \"person\" is split into two completely different textual roles: hero and narrator. The concepts of homodiegetic and heterodiegetic narration are nevertheless useful as ideal poles, as fixed reference points against which we can measure the ambiguities or displacements that will inevitably occur in most narrative texts.\n(End of Narrative Theory)\nMore Structural Narratology\nCf. Genette, Narrative Discourse 214 n.\n Roman Jakobson, \"Les embrayeurs, les catégories verbales et le verbe russe\" 183.\n Plato, República 101, III.\n William Wordsworth, \"Preface to the Second Edition of Lyrical Ballads\" 439.\n Friedrich Spielhagen, Beiträge zur Theorie und Technik des Romans 131. Translation mine.\n Wolfgang Kayser, \"Qui raconte le roman?\" 72.\n Roland Barthes, \"Introduction ą l'analyse structurale des récits\" 26.\n Wayne Booth, The Rhetoric of Fiction 73.\n A. J. Greimas and J. Courtés, Sémiotique 124.\n Mieke Bal, Narratologie 38; \"The Laughing Mice: Or, on Focalization\" 203ff.\n The original use of\"metalepsis\" as defined by Genette's source Pierre Fontanier, covers a range of rhetorical phenomena much wider than the one Genette implies.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Individual differences |\nMethods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |\nSee also:Type I and type II errors for more context\nIn statistics, a Type II error , also called a false negative or miss, exists when a test incorrectly reports that a result was not detected, when it was really present.\nDetection algorithms of all kinds often create misses. For example, if a radar does not detect an enemy air plane when an enemy air plane is present within the radar scanned area, that is a false negative.\nFalse negative rate Edit\nThe false negative rate is the proportion of positive instances that were erroneously reported as negative. It is equal to 1 minus the sensitivity of the test.\nIn statistical hypothesis testing, this fraction is given the symbol β, and is defined as the power of the test. Increasing the sensitivity of the test lowers the probability of Type II errors, but raises the probability of Type I errors (false positives that reject the null hypothesis when it is true).\nWhen developing detection algorithms or tests, a balance must be chosen between risks of false negatives and false positives. Usually there is a threshold of how close a match to a given sample must be achieved before the algorithm reports a match. The higher this threshold, the more false negatives and the fewer false positives.\nFalse negatives are a significant issue in medical testing. In some cases, there are two or more (often many) tests that could be used, one of which is simpler and less expensive, but less accurate, than the other. For example, the simplest tests for HIV and hepatitis in blood have a significant rate of false positives. These tests are used to screen out possible blood donors, but more expensive and more precise tests are used in medical practice, to determine whether a person is actually infected with these diseases.\nFalse negatives in medical testing provide false, incorrect reassurance to both patients and physicians that patients are free of disease which is actually present. This in turn leads to people receiving inappropriate understanding and a lack of better advice and treatment to better protect their interests. A common example is relying on cardiac stress tests to detect coronary atherosclerosis, even though cardiac stress tests are known to only detect limitations of coronary artery blood flow due to advanced stenosis.\nFalse negatives produce serious and counterintuitive problems, especially when the condition being searched for is common. If a test with a false negative rate of only 10%, is used to test a population with a true occurrence rate of 70%, many of the \"negatives\" detected by the test will be falsely incorrect. (See Bayes' theorem below.)\nFalse negatives are also a problem in biometric scans, such as retina scans or facial recognition, when the scanner incorrectly identifies someone as not matching a known person, when in actually, it is the same person whose scan was in the system.\nThe probability that an observed negative result is a false negative versus a true negative may be calculated (and the problem of false negatives demonstrated) using Bayes' theorem. The key concept of Bayes' theorem is that the true rates of false positives and false negatives are not a function of the accuracy of the test alone, but also the actual rate within the population. 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Corrected formulas for computing sample sizes under indirect range restriction: Journal of Applied Psychology Vol 70(3) Aug 1985, 565-566.\n- Rasmussen, J. L. (1989). Analysis of Likert-scale data: A reinterpretation of Gregoire and Driver: Psychological Bulletin Vol 105(1) Jan 1989, 167-170.\n- Roecker, C. E., House, A. E., & Graybill, D. F. (1992). Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery: High rates of false positives for geriatric subjects: Current Psychology: Research & Reviews Vol 11(4) Win 1992-1993, 354-359.\n- Ryan, T. A. (1985). Comments on: \"Multiple comparison procedures within experimental research\" by Caroline Davis and John Gaito: Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne Vol 26(1) Jan 1985, 75-78.\n- Sakuragi, A. (2006). The applicability of the exner's comprehensive system of the Rorschach to a Japanese population. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.\n- Sappington, J. T. (1997). Type II errors in comparisons of dextral and sinistral groups: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 84(3, Pt 2) Jun 1997, 1163-1167.\n- Sato, T. (1996). Type I and Type II error in multiple comparisons: Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied Vol 130(3) May 1996, 293-302.\n- Sawilowsky, S. S., & Blair, R. C. (1992). A more realistic look at the robustness and Type II error properties of the t test to departures from population normality: Psychological Bulletin Vol 111(2) Mar 1992, 352-360.\n- Sawilowsky, S. S., & Hillman, S. B. (1992). Power of the independent samples t test under a prevalent psychometric measure distribution: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Vol 60(2) Apr 1992, 240-243.\n- Schooler, L. J., & Shiffrin, R. M. (2005). Efficiently measuring recognition performance with sparse data: Behavior Research Methods Vol 37(1) Feb 2005, 3-10.\n- Sheehan, J. J., & Drury, C. G. (1971). The analysis of industrial inspection: Applied Ergonomics Vol 2(2) Jun 1971, 74-78.\n- Shorter, E. (2004). Looking backwards: A possible new pathway for drug discovery in psychopharmacology: Revista de Psiquatria do Rio Grande do Sul Vol 26(2) May-Aug 2004, 196-203.\n- Silverstein, A. B. (1993). Type I, Type II, and other types of errors in pattern analysis: Psychological Assessment Vol 5(1) Mar 1993, 72-74.\n- Smith, R. A., Levine, T. R., Lachlan, K. A., & Fediuk, T. A. (2002). The high cost of complexity in experimental design and data analysis: Type I and Type II error rates in multiway ANOVA: Human Communication Research Vol 28(4) Oct 2002, 515-530.\n- Spector, P. E., & Levine, E. L. (1987). Meta-analysis for integrating study outcomes: A Monte Carlo study of its susceptibility to Type I and Type II errors: Journal of Applied Psychology Vol 72(1) Feb 1987, 3-9.\n- Stone-Romero, E. F., Alliger, G. M., & Aguinis, H. (1994). Type II error problems in the use of moderated multiple regression for the detection of moderating effects of dichotomous variables: Journal of Management Vol 20(1) Spr 1994, 167-178.\n- Streiner, D. L. (1993). An introduction to multivariate statistics: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 38(1) Feb 1993, 9-13.\n- Tachibana, T. (1980). Persistent erroneous interpretation of negative data and assessment of statistical power: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 51(1) Aug 1980, 37-38.\n- Tai, S.-y. W., & Pohl, N. F. (1979). CHI-B: An interactive BASIC program for analyzing the power of chi-square tests: Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation Vol 11(3) Jun 1979, 404.\n- Thye, S. R. (2000). Reliability in experimental psychology: Social Forces Vol 78(4) Jun 2000, 1277-1309.\n- Vallejo, G., & Menendez, I. (1998). 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Indices of cheating on multiple-choice tests: Simulation and evaluation: Dissertation Abstracts International.\n- Weihs, K. L., Batey, S. R., Houser, T. L., Donahue, R. M. J., & Ascher, J. A. (2001). \"Type II error and antidepressants\": Reply: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 62(5) May 2001, 374-374.\n- Westermann, R., & Hager, W. (1986). Error probabilities in educational and psychological research: Journal of Educational Statistics Vol 11(2) Sum 1986, 117-146.\n- Wilkerson, M., & Olson, M. R. (1997). Misconceptions about sample size, statistical significance, and treatment effect: Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied Vol 131(6) Nov 1997, 627-631.\n- Williams, P. (1984). Brief psychotherapy in family practice: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 144 Jan 1984, 101-102.\n- Woodfield, T. J. (1985). Fool's Type IIa error revisited: Journal of Experimental Education Vol 54(2) Win 1985-1986, 109-113.\n- Zenhausern, R. (1974). Damn lies or statistics? : Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research Vol 68(3) 1974, 281-296.\n- Zimmerman, D. W. (1994). A note on the F test for equal variances under violation of random sampling: Journal of General Psychology Vol 121(1) Jan 1994, 77-83.\n- Zimmerman, D. W. (1994). Note on the influence of distribution of shape on nonparametric tests: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 79(3, Pt 1) Dec 1994, 1160-1162.\n- Zimmerman, D. W. (1994). A note on the influence of outliers on Parametric and Nonparametric tests: Journal of General Psychology Vol 121(4) Oct 1994, 391-401.\n- Zimmerman, D. W. (1995). Increasing the power of nonparametric tests by detecting and downweighting outliers: Journal of Experimental Education Vol 64(1) Fal 1995, 71-78.\n- Zimmerman, D. W., Williams, R. H., & Zumbo, B. D. (1992). Correction of the Student t statistic for nonindependence of sample observations: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 75(3, Pt 1) Dec 1992, 1011-1020.\n|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Clouds in the Greenhouse\nBut clouds can be a real pain in the neck for climate researchers.\nRight: Cirrus clouds over Finland © Pekka Parviainen. [more]\nTo understand why, consider again that summer day: If a big, fluffy cumulus cloud comes drifting by, it's usually good news for hot cloud-watchers. Low thick clouds cast a refreshing shadow and reflect sunlight back into space. They cool the planet and the people beneath them.\nOn the other hand, high wispy clouds drifting by are less refreshing. Such clouds cast meagre shadows and, because they are themselves cold, they trap heat radiated from the planet below. The air temperature near the ground might actually increase.\nClouds are an important part of Earth's planetary greenhouse. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane are perhaps more widely discussed, but clouds can do the same thing: they warm our planet by trapping heat beneath them. Yet unlike greenhouse gases, sunlight-reflecting clouds also have a cooling influence. Furthermore, the air temperature, which is affected by clouds, in turn affects cloud formation. It's a circular relationship that makes climate research all the more difficult.\n\"Clouds remain one of the largest uncertainties in the climate system's response to temperature changes,\" laments Bruce Wielicki, a scientist at NASA's Langley Research Center. \"We need more data to understand how real clouds behave.\"\nHow much sunlight do different kinds of clouds reflect? How much heat do they absorb? And how do they respond to ambient temperature changes? Wielicki is the principal investigator for an orbiting instrument that will answer some of these questions. \"It's called CERES,\" he says, \"short for Cloud and the Earth's Radiant Energy System.\"\nCERES is a package of three telescopes that watch our planet from Earth orbit. \"One telescope is sensitive to ordinary sunlight,\" says Wielicki. \"It tells us how much solar radiation is reflected from clouds or ice.\" The other two telescopes sense longer-wavelength infrared heat. They reveal how much heat is trapped by clouds and how much of it escapes back to space.\nCERES is orbiting Earth now on board NASA's Terra satellite. The instrument was monitoring our planet last summer when a heat wave struck California and produced a remarkable surge in infrared radiation from that region. CERES revealed not only the infrared glow on the ground, but also how much of that heat was absorbed by the atmosphere -- key data for global warming studies.\nAbove: California is glowing in this image of infrared heat radiating from the Earth. CERES on Terra captured the data during the 2001 California heat wave.\nNASA's Aqua satellite, slated to launch on May 2nd, will soon carry another package of CERES telescopes to orbit. \"Having CERES on board two satellites (Aqua and Terra) will help us cover the entire planet -- to study, for example, day-night variations in Earth's energy balance,\" explains Wielicki.\nCERES is a welcome development for scientists who are often forced to test their ideas about climate change using computer models -- models that may or may not faithfully represent our complicated planet. Using CERES, researchers can now examine some of those theories in the real world.\nFor example, a group of scientists recently proposed an idea called the \"iris hypothesis.\" They suggested that the canopy of clouds over the tropical Pacific Ocean recedes when the water's surface temperature increases. Fewer clouds would open a window through which heat could escape to space and thus cool the planet. Earth, they argued, has a natural response that counteracts rising temperatures -- a bit like an iris in a human eye dilating to adapt to low light.\nBut does Earth really respond that way?\nWielicki and other NASA scientists used CERES to test the idea. It turned out that such clouds did trap infrared heat. But even more so they reflected visible sunlight back into space. Fewer of the clouds would mean more global warming, not less.\nThe iris hypothesis was wrong.\nAbove: Clouds containing many aerosols (left) also contain many water droplets. Such clouds reflect light well. Clouds containing fewer aerosols (right) tend to harbor larger water droplets; they transmit more solar energy to the planet below. [more]\n\"The aerosols are a mess,\" says Thomas Charlock, a senior scientist at NASA's Langley Research Center and co-investigator for CERES. \"We don't know how much is out there, and every gosh-darned aerosol particle looks different from every other one. So we just can't estimate their influence with calculations alone.\"\n\"What we can do is look at the energy balance in a dusty area and a non-dusty area,\" Charlock continues. \"That's where CERES and MODIS (a Terra instrument that can sense aerosol properties) used together will be very powerful.\"\nWhen Aqua joins Terra in orbit, it will bring its own special set of tools to bear on climate research. Says Charlock: \"Part of our mission we can do much better with [instruments on board] Aqua -- things relating to humidity and water clouds.\"\nScientists hope the unprecedented \"cloud watching\" power of these two satellites will reveal much about the inner workings of climate change. Don't expect any pictures of ducks or dinosaurs, though. Neither satellite has that kind of imagination. Yet in their own way, they will reveal the complex beauty of clouds as never before.\nChanging Global Cloudiness -- in-depth article on clouds and climate change, from NASA's Earth Observatory\nAerosols and Climate Change -- a good article about the questions scientists have on the role aerosols play in climate change, from NASA's Earth Observatory\nEarthshine: Our planet reflects about 30% of incoming sunlight, and clouds are responsible for theof that reflected light. See a 2 MB mpeg animation of the Earth's outgoing long-wave heat and its reflected sunlight.\nRecent aerosol events -- a global map of recent dust and smoke events imaged by NASA satellites\nClouds and Climate Change -- brief summary of scientists' effort to understand the role of clouds in climate change, from NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies\nClimate Change 2001: the scientific basis -- index of the comprehensive report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\nCERES -- home page for the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System sensor\nCERES on Terra -- information about the energy-balance sensor aboard the Terra satellite\nHome pages for Terra and Aqua\nCloud type chart -- from the S'COOL Aqua verification project Web site\nJoin our growing list of subscribers - sign up for our express news delivery and you will receive a mail message every time we post a new story!!!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The California State Board of Education adopted the Common Core standards in 2010. Since that time, West Covina has been working to implement them into our classrooms’ curriculum. These core standards establish consistent and clear educational goals for the entire state to help our students be better prepared for college and career.\nOur teachers are utilizing Common Core, along with Essential Standards, to teach our students to think critically and master concepts in a building block style. We believe this will enable them to connect learning to real life.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Neurotic people, such as anxious worriers, depressives, and those who have a temper, might not be very healthy, especially when compared to people who demonstrate openness, extroversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. However, researchers at the University of Rochester have shown that neuroticism leads to lower levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a biomarker for inflammation. Inflammation is linked to disease, stroke, asthma, diabetes, arthritis, and some cancers.\nThe scientists published their findings in the journal Brain, Behavior and Immunity. The study followed 1,054 adults over 5 years.\nThe researchers examined the way personality traits influence biology, finding that neuroticism was associated with decreased levels of IL-6 and the association grew stronger for patients who scored high for conscientiousness. The 441 subjects who scored moderate to high for these personality traits had lower IL-6 levels than those who were high in only one or the other. They also had lower BMIs and fewer diagnosed chronic health conditions.\nThe researchers concluded that when accompanied with high levels of conscientiousness, neuroticism may be associated with health benefits. These people are likely to weigh the consequences of their actions and not engage as much in risky behavior. Neuroticism could also translate into hyper-vigilance about healthy living, sending people to quickly seek treatment when they detect health problems.\n[via The Atlantic]", "label": "No"}
{"text": "It is important to note here that Didymus is actually 2 Asteroids. A smaller and it’s companion whom it orbits. A probe will be sent at 22,500 kph to slam into the smaller of the two asteroids while a second probe looks on. The desired affect is a change in the orbit as the collision will result in releasing an incredible amount of energy and in a change of the small asteroid in direction and speed of spin it is hoped will result in knocking the two, at the very least, off course.\n“We” have developed various methods that we thought we would use to save the Earth from Asteroid Impact, but Russia’s recent encounter has made the timetables speed up somewhat. Of course the recent cuts to budgets cross the board might affect NASA and seeing as suddenly everyone realizes the need for NASA, perhaps we could throw them a bone?\nIDEAS have been: The ideas have varied from From Nuclear Weapons to Asteroid gravitational trackers to the Ion beam shepard…solar powered sails…Mass driver…rocket engines to nudge the asteroid and so on…\nAnd once we try this out and it works (hopefully) I see one remaining problem. Could we perhaps watch the entire sky? The last figure I saw was 80% - apparently these asteroids are catching us off guard maybe coming from the remaining 20%. I have no doubt NASA is doing a fantastic job with what they have, but I think they should have more so they can do an even better job!\nAbout watching the skies, NEOWISE is an enhancement of the WISE (Wide Infrared Survey Explorer)that joined it in December of 2009. The combined skills of the asteroid & other objects surveyors has resulted in the discovery of thousands more asteroids, a couple hundred NEOs (Near Earth Objects) and at least 100 comets. While that is fantastic, that there was that much we weren’t seeing begs taking another look!\nStill, that NASA & the ESA (Europe) & JAXA (Japan) were working on this already just goes to show that while Jupiter may be one of our biggest protectors against asteroids, NASA is a close second!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "1. SARS-CoV-2 is more transmissible in households compared to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.\n2. Individuals aged over 60 years were the most susceptible to household transmission of SARS-CoV-2.\nEvidence Rating Level: 2 (Good)\nStudy Rundown: While the transmissibility of the disease has been extensively modeled at population and individual levels, comparatively little is known about transmissibility within households and with other close contacts. This retrospective cohort study utilized a contact tracing dataset from the Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to estimate the secondary attack rate of COVID-19 among household and non-household contacts. The study identified a higher secondary attack rate among household contacts at the same residential address as compared to other close contacts. Additionally, older individuals aged over 60 years were at higher risk of household infection compared to younger age groups. This study was limited to only analyzing the patient characteristics and transmission of cases reported to the Guangzhou CDC, limiting generalizability of findings to other health care settings and locations with different quarantine and isolation strategies. Furthermore, infection transmission to asymptomatic carriers could not be reliably quantified due to testing of close contacts occurring only twice at 14 days apart. Overall, this study highlights the importance of testing close contacts of COVID-19 cases to facilitate isolation during the incubation period. For physicians, these findings underline the importance of encouraging mild cases to isolate away from their families to limit transmission within households.\nRelevant Reading: Characteristics of Household Transmission of COVID-19\nIn-Depth [retrospective cohort]: The study population included 195 unrelated close contact groups (215 primary cases, 134 secondary or tertiary cases and 1964 uninfected close contacts) identified from 349 laboratory confirmed COVID-19 cases reported to the Guangzhou CDC between January 7 and February 18, 2020. A close contact was defined as an individual who had unprotected close contact (within 1m) of a confirmed case within two days of symptom onset. Close contacts were quarantined and followed for 14 days with nasal swabs tested by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on days 1 and 14. Household contacts were identified either on the basis of residential address or individuals who were family members and close relatives of positive cases.\nAssuming a mean incubation period of 5 days and a maximum infectious period of 13 days with no case isolation, the secondary attack rate among household contacts was 12.4% (95% CI 9.8 to 15.4) when defined on the basis of close relatives, and 17.1% (95% CI 13.3 to 21.8) when defined on the basis of residential address. Longer incubation periods were associated with lower secondary attack rates; longer infectious periods were associated with higher secondary attack rates. Secondary attack rates varied from 11.4% (95% CI 9.0 to 14.2) to 18.0% (13.9 to 23.0). Compared to the oldest age group (over 60 years), the risk of household infection was lower in individuals under 20 years (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.46), followed by adults aged 20-59 years (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.97). The estimated local reproductive number (R) was 0.5 (95% CI 0.41 to 0.64) in Guangzhou, with decline in person-to-person transmissibility over time; the projected local R, without isolation and appropriate quarantine efforts was 0.6 (95% CI 0.49 to 0.74).\n©2020 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. All rights reserved. No works may be reproduced without expressed written consent from 2 Minute Medicine, Inc. Inquire about licensing here. No article should be construed as medical advice and is not intended as such by the authors or by 2 Minute Medicine, Inc.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Money is the basis of living , even people with lower income degrees could support themselves before the cost of tuition went up drastically. However, when you add student loans in the mix , debt over takes the standard of living. Ellison has heavy focus on this because he wants to highlight a big reason why free tuition can be beneficial for people in the long run. He believes if free tuition was put in place , every college graduate, lower income or higher income, will be able to live within their\nBased on my opinion that colleges should be free I will be explaining why it is not free, why it should be free, and how we could make it free here. Why is college not free in the United States? According to Joy Pullmann, managing editor of The Federalist, “In the six years after beginning to attend community college, only twenty-one percent of students graduate with a two-year degree” (Pullmann). She states that making colleges free would increase the amount of people that attend the college, but still not graduate (Pullmann). I do agree that there would be some problems with people only going to college because it is free.\nAlmost everyone is aware of the fact that over the years, colleges have become more and more costly to attend. They are becoming a financial burden on society and the rising tuition costs are threatening the ability of most students to attend college. The purpose of this persuasive research essay is to persuade the government of United States of America to fund the education of citizens. Over the years, different scholars have researched on this subject and they have discovered different ways to persuade the government in funding the education. According to a statement of Aaron Bady, a journalist, regarding education in various universities, he stated that “Public education should be free.\nEvery semester, there are an abundant number of students who apply for Pell Grant to assist them with the costs of college. Sometimes, students will not meet the financial criteria because their parent’s income is a bit too high or because of other financial factors that they will not qualify. Thus, it puts a student in a situation where they will take out student loans, that they’ll be paying for many years. Clearly, the result of being someone who has not committed a crime and works to pay for their own education, is the one that pays the ultimate price. Yet, congress wants to financially grant prison inmates a free education, while exemplary citizens are denied.\nHowever, college tuition is not very affordable and is increasing every year. A free college tuition is definitely necessary for students because some are paying for college themselves, the college workload is stressful enough, and scholarships, grants, and financial aid doesn’t cover all costs. College tuition should be free because it would create positive changes for people attending college, universities, and the economy. First, most students are paying for their own tuition themselves because either they want to be independent and do so, or because their parents have made that decision for them. According to Newberry, the average cost a year of undergraduate studies at a private university now tops $21,000.\nThey also point to the example of Brazil, a country with free college where wealthy students reap a lot of the benefits of tuition-free education at public universities.” We don’t need to be giving more money to the rich we need to be taking money from the rich to start helping out the poor more. Free college would cost a lot of money and the money has to come from somewhere. If America somehow changed and moved to a tuition free college where would we get the money from? Taxes are the number one way to get money from. College Raptor says, “Who gets taxed seems to vary based on who is talking, but it seems certain that the upper echelons of American society will see increased taxes if this passes.\nEven with a degree substantial pay is not guaranteed. “hourly wages for young college-educated men in 2000 were $22.75, but that dropped by almost a full dollar to $21.77 by 2010 “ ( Shierholz ). Wages for college graduates are not as high as they use to be. The cost, time, and effort put into college isn’t worth the outcome. Students who spend time in the classroom could be working.\nIn recent discussions of immigration reform regarding the DREAM (Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors) Act, a controversial issue has been whether to allow undocumented students to pursue higher education without any specific criteria to qualify, or deny them access to it. On the one hand, some argue that “illegals” take away job opportunities after obtaining a college degree. On the other hand, however, others argue that undocumented students greatly benefit the economy through providing a larger educated workforce. In the words of one of this view’s main proponents, the DREAM Act “rewards motivated, hardworking young adults” for their work rather than grant a free ride to college to illegal immigrant students (Deverall). According\nFinally I know the idea of free tuition for community college sounds magical for students and trust me I speak from personal experience. Just to think about not feeling stressed over failing a class that I don’t get right away is great. It is hard for a student to say no to free tuition, but I believe the student should look into what the cost will be in the future and not the present. The have-nots already can get free college, so why pay for the one who can and go into more debt? We will go into large debt and become in more trouble than we already\nIt’s makes no sense why do I have to work at mcdonalds 30 plus hours a week just to make it? Which is another great reason student athletes deserve some percentage. We bring in billions towards our school, and get none back for our work. If student athletes just gave up the universities would take a huge loss of profits from not having sports. If you don't agree with that statement; you must have not heard about the new extension the NCAA just inked with CBS.\nCollege tuition today is making students feel like the only way they will be successful after college is if they were already wealthy before they started college. Students feel like they are sacrificing their futures by getting a higher education. Instead of going into college with a positive mindset, they worry about how they will be able to pay back their student loans. There are plenty of students who need to take out multiple loans just to pay for one semester of college. The majority of students who have older family members didn’t have to experience the struggle that students have to face when it comes to tuition prices today.\nAlso, in most recent times the Senate has still not been able to pass any further legislation on the bill or it’s budget. This is significantly troubling, since most state funding being unable to handle the expenses they have today. With this in mind we must reform the Pell grant to not only receive the proper funding it deserves but to decrease its limitations and access to many schools. With this plan the program would become all encompassing and provide stability or every one at most for 4 years. With this the 1.7 million students who are ineligible will now be able to be college students and receive the education they deserve.\nEA #2 College Will Take You There For some people, a college education is not viewed as optional, while for others it is nothing but irrelevant. The idea of spending at least two years to earn a post high school degree, may be viewed as a futile obstacle standing in the way of one’s dreams. It is a testing journey, and an expensive road, but it will pay off. A college education is valuable for many walks of life, no matter the financial or social situation. For the dreamers, college will bring them the to the dream.\nSanders also wanted to spike the minimum wage to be $15 in 2020. That might seem good, but it is actually not, a minimum wage of $15 would mean an increase in unemployment because most companies don’t have enough money to support that many workers and it would also mean an increase in everyday items. Most of Sander’s decisions have a great impact across the world and the economy and most of it isn’t going to be approved by the Congress, especially the republicans. The government doesn’t want to waste that much money on the people. Bernie Sanders being the president might mean a lot, but his chances of winning are very slim.\nThis represents only 38 percent of the cost of the average tuition at a four-year public university ($6,185)… Financial aid poticies at the institutional, state and federal level have failed to acknowledge the need to support transfer students and increase the participation rates for students from lower-income families…” This exemplifies, student and their families are at higher risk of deriving loan and repaying them off, especially lower- income families. In Contrast, The Morrill Act of 1862, which was helpful and reassure that education would be available to people of all social classes. It gave higher education in America, by setting up institutions, which would educate people in professions that were practice at that time. As a result, The Morrill Act changed the look of education and space for growing and changing country and ensured that there would always be money to finance educational services and that it would have continual government support of these institutions. Also, in “The Financial Needs of Community College Students” she notes, “...As college degrees become more and more necessary for success in the work force, it is crucial that we find solutions to this financial aid situation.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.\n1Either of two muscles covering the outer front part of the pelvis on each side and involved in movements of the thigh and hip.\n- ‘In one case the iliolumbar was a branch of the obturator, itself a branch of the internal iliac.’\n- ‘The obturator may communicate with the femoral vein.’\n- ‘The surgeon uses a special hip arthroscopy cannula with cannulated obturators to establish the portals.’\n- ‘The lateral femoral circumflex may give rise to an obturator.’\n- ‘These branches supply the pectineus, the hip joint, and, by rejoining the obturator, the adductor muscles.’\n- 1.1as modifier Relating to the obturator or to the obturator foramen.‘obturator neurectomy’\n- ‘The femoral, lateral cutaneous, and obturator nerves exit from the lumbar plexus.’\n- ‘Metastatic prostatic and transitional cell carcinomas were present in a single obturator lymph node.’\n- ‘The obturator artery is very variable in origin and no embryological explanation has been found.’\n- ‘No tumor was detected in the right and left obturator lymph nodes.’\n- ‘The obturator nerve is located in the fascia directly under the pubic bone.’\nEarly 18th century: from medieval Latin, literally ‘obstructor’, from obturare ‘stop up’.\nIn this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Malnutrition In Children: Causes, Symptoms & Remedies\nEvery article that we publish, confirms to stringent guidelines & involves several levels of reviews, both from our Editorial team & Experts. We welcome your suggestions in making this platform more useful for all our users. Write in to us at firstname.lastname@example.org\n- What Is Malnutrition?\n- Types of Malnutrition in Children\n- Causes of Malnutrition in Children\n- Signs and Symptoms of Malnutrition in Children\n- Diagnosis of Malnutrition in kids\n- Effects of Malnutrition in Children\n- Treatment of Malnutrition in Kids\n- How to Avoid Malnutrition in Kids\n- Daily Nutritional Needs of Children\n- Can Fussy Eating Make My Child Malnourished?\nGood nutrition is essential for the growth of your child, especially during the early years. Nutritious food is vital throughout an individual’s life, but it is most critical from the time of conception till the child is two years of age, since pregnancy and the early years after birth are very critical for the development of the baby’s brain and other vital organs. It is important to have a balanced diet which is rich in nutrients such as vitamins, calcium, iron, fats and carbohydrates to ensure the overall development of the child. This article focusses on what malnutrition in children is, it’s causes, signs, effects, and how parents can prevent or deal with it. Read on to know more.\nWhat Is Malnutrition?\nMalnutrition is the condition when your child does not receive essential nutrients, minerals and calories which help in the development of vital organs in adequate quantities. Nutrients are important for your child to lead a disease-free and healthy life. Lack of sufficient nutrition can lead to several disorders, both physical and behavioural. Malnutrition and hunger are not the same, although the two might be associated. Hunger is felt when the stomach is empty, whereas malnutrition is the lack of sufficient nutrients. Malnourished kids can be prone to deficiencies which result in stunted growth and chronic sickness.\nTypes of Malnutrition in Children\nMalnutrition is a cause of serious concern globally, with more children falling prey to malnourishment each year. The effects of malnutrition can be devastating, far-reaching and can cause stunted growth, mental retardation, GI tract infections, anaemia and death. Malnutrition is not only caused due to lack of nutrients; it is also due to excessive intake of the same, and hence a balanced diet is very important for the child to be nourished and healthy.\nDifferent Forms of Malnourishment\nMalnutrition is caused by insufficient intake of essential micro-nutrients, and the forms of malnourishment are divided into four categories.\nAs the name suggests, this is a condition where a child does not grow in weight/height in accordance with the age and remains underweight due to wasting, stunting or both. This form of malnourishment is also known as growth failure malnutrition. While the deficiencies in weight can be corrected if the nutrition needs of the child are improved, correcting deficiency in height is difficult.\nAlso known as chronic malnutrition, the condition of stunting in the child begins before birth due to poor health of the mother during pregnancy leading to abnormal and disproportionate growth in the child. Stunting happens over a long period of time and hence has long-lasting consequences. The main reasons behind stunting of the baby are poor breastfeeding, an insufficient supply of nutrients to the body and continued infections. Stunting is dangerous because it becomes irreversible after a certain age. It, therefore, becomes very important for pregnant women to ensure proper health during pregnancy and extensive care of the child after birth.\n3. Micronutrient Deficiency\nMicronutrient deficiency or malnutrition signifies the lack of essential vitamins such as vitamin A, B, C and D in the body along with a shortage of folate, calcium, iodine, zinc and selenium. Micronutrient deficiency is caused by prolonged lack of these nutrients in the body. Each of these nutrients aid in the development and functioning of critical organs in the body and deficiency of the same can lead to poor growth and diseases such as anaemia, poor brain development, impaired thyroid functioning, rickets, weak immunity, nerve degeneration, poor vision and poor bone development.\n4. Wasting/Acute Malnutrition\nWasting or acute malnutrition is the situation of sudden and drastic weight loss and leads to three types of clinical malnutrition:\n- Kwashiorkor: In this condition, the under-nourished child looks plump because of fluid retention (bilateral pitting oedema) in legs and feet.\n- Marasmus: This type of malnutrition occurs when the body fat and tissues degenerate at a drastic rate to compensate for the lack of nutrients in the body. This slows down the activity of the immune system and internal processes in the body.\n- Marasmic-Kwashiorkar: This is a mix of both marasmus and kwashiorkor. It is characterised by severe wasting as well as oedema.\nCorrect diagnosis of a malnourished baby and the identification of malnourishment is important to take necessary measures. It also helps prevent long-lasting and adverse effects of malnourishment.\nCauses of Malnutrition in Children\nMalnutrition can be caused by a lack of essential nutrients or by excessive consumption of the same. It is important to have a balanced diet in order to maintain sufficient nutrient levels in the body. Following are the causes which can lead to malnutrition in your child.\n- Poor Diet: Lack of sufficient food intake can cause deficiency of necessary nutrients resulting in malnourishment of the child. A diet which contains food items that are indigestible and harmful can cause a loss of appetite leading to malnutrition.\n- Irregular Diet: Not consuming food at the proper time and regular intervals can lead to indigestion and malnutrition.\n- Digestive Disorders: Some children might have digestive disorders such as Crohn’s disease which limits the ability of the body to absorb nutrients even though healthy food is consumed.\n- Lack of Breastfeeding: Breastfeeding a newborn is very important as breastmilk supplies important nutrients to the baby, which form the base for the child’s development. Lack of breastfeeding can expose the child to malnourishment.\n- Diseases: Children with bodily diseases are prone to malnutrition and require special care and regulated food habits.\n- Lack of Physical Activity: Lack of sufficient physical activity can slow down the digestive process leading to malnutrition.\nOther causes for malnutrition in children under five years include premature birth, excessive vomiting or diarrhoea, heart defects from birth and other long term diseases.\nSigns and Symptoms of Malnutrition in Children\nSigns and symptoms of malnutrition in infants and children depend on the kind of nutritional deficiency the child has. Some of the signs and symptoms of malnutrition include:\n- Tiredness and fatigue\n- Poor immune system increasing susceptibility of infections\n- Dry and scaly skin\n- Poor, stunted growth\n- Bloated stomach\n- Longer recovery time from wounds, infections and illness\n- Reduced muscle mass\n- Slow behavioural and intellectual development\n- Impairment in mental function and digestive problems\nDiagnosis of Malnutrition in kids\nTimely diagnosis of malnutrition is very important in order to prevent life-effecting consequences. Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) is a quick screening tool to identify whether a person is at risk of malnutrition and helps in the detection of malnutrition in elderly persons. In the case of kids, the doctor examines their height and weight and compares it with the ideal weight and height for kids of the same age group.\nDiagnostic procedures to determine malnutrition in kids include:\n- Measurement Of Mid-Upper Arm Diameter: If the circumference of the mid-upper arm is below 110 mm, it is a clear indication of malnutrition in your child.\n- Blood Tests: Specific blood tests such as blood counts, blood glucose, blood protein or albumin levels, and other routine blood tests can diagnose the condition of malnutrition in kids.\n- Other tests: Doctors also prescribe other tests such as thyroid function tests, tests to determine levels of calcium, zinc and vitamins, etc. as they help determine the condition of malnutrition in kids.\nEffects of Malnutrition in Children\nMalnutrition can have long-lasting and devastating effects on children if the condition is not diagnosed and treated in time. Following are the consequences of malnutrition in childhood:\n- Stunting: Stunting is one of the long-lasting effects of malnutrition in kids. Malnutrition can restrict a child’s ability to grow normally, restricting the height and weight of the child. Stunted growth can be permanent and irreversible.\n- Marasmus: It is a severe protein-energy deficiency that can lead to malnutrition. Marasmus is also known as energy deficiency and is characterised by severe weight loss, thin and papery skin, hair loss and periods of apathy and fatigue.\n- Kwashiorkor: Kwashiorkor is also a result of severe protein-energy deficiency. Rashes, water retention, brittle hair and bloated belly are some of the symptoms of this condition. If not treated, this condition can lead to coma and death.\nMalnutrition in children can also lead to conditions such as anaemia, weak bones, weak immune system, scurvy or organ failure depending on the nutrient that is deficient.\nTreatment of Malnutrition in Kids\nIn order to treat malnutrition, it is important to identify the root cause first. Once the root cause is established, the doctor will suggest specific changes to the diet plan to include supplements and correct quantities of food items to rectify under or over nourishment. Many of the adverse effects of malnutrition can be rectified and reversed if action is taken in time. Here are some ways malnutrition in kids can be treated.\n1. Home Remedies\nDuring the initial stages of malnutrition, proper care and consumption of a balanced and nutrient-rich diet at home will help your child recover from the condition. Some home remedies to recover from malnutrition include:\n- Consuming nutritious food at regular intervals.\n- Ensuring a balanced diet for your child.\n- Following the diet plan suggested by the doctor.\n- Drinking more than 1.5 litres of water daily.\nDepending on the severity and cause of malnutrition, the doctor will suggest necessary steps to recover from the condition. Some of them are:\n- Medication and dietary supplements for the child.\n- Usage of feeding tubes for kids who are unable to eat on their own.\n- Intensive care and continuous monitoring in case of severely malnourished kids.\nHow to Avoid Malnutrition in Kids\nThe most common root cause for malnutrition in kids is insufficient intake of nutrients and lack of exercise. For the prevention of malnutrition in children, parents must:\n- Ensure that infants receive enough breast milk.\n- Any lactation issues should be treated immediately, or the baby’s meals should be supplemented with formula milk.\n- Ensure that the child receives the right balance of nutrients through healthy food intake and dietary supplements.\n- Ensure that the child is physically active.\nTo ensure your child is healthy, you need to include significant nutrients in his diet. Read below to know these nutrients and how you can prevent malnutrition in your child.\nSignificant Nutrients Needed to Prevent Malnutrition\nYour child’s diet must include the following nutrients to prevent malnutrition:\nFoods That Can Help Prevent Malnourishment in Children\n- Fruits and vegetables\n- Dairy products such as milk, cheese, and yoghurt\n- Rice, potato, cereals and other food items with starch.\n- Meat, fish, eggs, beans and foods that are rich in proteins\n- Fats – oils, nuts, seeds\nNow you know the foods you need to include in your child’s diet to prevent malnourishment. Let’s also take a look at the daily nutritional needs to ensure your child gets the right amount of nourishment every day.\nDaily Nutritional Needs of Children\nFollowing are the daily nutritional needs of children:\n- Two servings each day of fruits and vegetables.\n- Four servings of whole grain food such as buckwheat, brown bread or multi-grain bread.\n- Three servings of a full glass of milk. Cheese, puddings, curd can be some of the alternatives.\n- Two servings of protein-rich food such as eggs, fishes, and lentils.\n- Daily supplements of vitamins and minerals as prescribed by the medical consultant.\nCan Fussy Eating Make My Child Malnourished?\nIt is a myth that fussy or picky eaters are more likely to face malnutrition. While fussy eating can be tricky, children generally receive sufficient nutrients even if they are fussy eaters and are not particularly keen on following a diet plan. Your child will receive sufficient nutrients as long as a particular group of food is not neglected completely. Parents should ensure a proper mix of healthy foods and limit the consumption of unhealthy and fast food for their children.\nMalnutrition in children can be restricted by following simple diet plans and ensuring that the eating habits of the child are disciplined and monitored by the parents. In case the child suffers from malnourishment, it is important to find the root cause and take immediate corrective actions to avoid long-lasting and irreversible damage to the child.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Caulk is a flexible material used to seal joints and gaps in various surfaces, preventing the penetration of air, water, dust, pests, and noise. It is typically a pliable substance, often made of silicone, latex, or polyurethane, that can be applied with a caulking gun or squeezed from a tube. Once applied, caulk dries and forms a tight seal, providing insulation and protection. Common applications include sealing gaps around windows and doors, filling cracks in walls, and waterproofing bathroom fixtures. Caulk is also used in construction, plumbing, and automotive applications. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and efficiency of buildings and structures.\nPhysical Properties of Caulk:\nCaulk typically exists as a thick, viscous liquid or a malleable paste when it is first applied.\nCaulk comes in various colors, including white, clear, beige, and gray, allowing it to blend with different surfaces.\nIt has a smooth and pliable texture, making it easy to apply and shape.\nOnce dried, caulk becomes flexible and can accommodate minor movements and vibrations without cracking or breaking.\nCaulk adheres well to a variety of surfaces, including wood, metal, glass, ceramics, and plastic.\nCaulk is insoluble in water and does not dissolve when exposed to moisture.\nChemical Properties of Caulk:\nCaulk typically undergoes a chemical process known as curing or polymerization when it dries. This process involves the cross-linking of molecules, resulting in a more solid and durable material.\nResistance to Environmental Factors:\nCaulk is designed to be resistant to environmental factors like moisture, temperature fluctuations, and UV exposure.\nAcidic or Alkaline Properties:\nDepending on the specific formulation, caulk may have slightly acidic or alkaline properties.\nCaulk should be compatible with the materials it is sealing to ensure proper adhesion and long-term effectiveness.\nVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs):\nSome caulk formulations may contain VOCs, which can have implications for indoor air quality and environmental impact.\nFlexibility and Elasticity:\nThe chemical composition of caulk allows it to maintain its flexibility and elasticity even after it has cured, which is crucial for its sealing properties.\nMold and Mildew Resistance:\nSome caulks may contain additives or formulations to resist the growth of mold and mildew.\nUses of Caulk\nSealing Gaps and Joints:\nCaulk is used to seal gaps and joints in various surfaces, preventing the entry of air, water, dust, pests, and noise. This includes gaps around windows and doors, between baseboards and walls, and in bathroom fixtures.\nCaulk is applied around windows and doors to provide an airtight seal, improving energy efficiency and preventing drafts.\nIt is used in areas prone to water exposure, such as around sinks, bathtubs, showers, and plumbing fixtures, to prevent water infiltration and protect against moisture damage.\nCaulk can help reduce the transmission of sound through gaps and joints, providing a more acoustically insulated environment.\nConstruction and Renovation:\nCaulk is used in construction and renovation projects to seal joints in various materials, including wood, concrete, metal, and masonry.\nInterior and Exterior Painting:\nIt is applied to fill gaps and cracks in walls and trim before painting, creating a smooth and finished appearance.\nSealing Roofing and Gutters:\nCaulk is used to seal joints and seams in roofing materials, gutters, and downspouts to prevent leaks and water damage.\nHVAC Duct Sealing:\nCaulk is used to seal joints and seams in HVAC ductwork to improve energy efficiency and prevent air leakage.\nCaulk is used in automotive applications to seal joints, seams, and gaps, providing weatherproofing and insulation.\nIn boats and marine vessels, caulk is used to seal joints, seams, and gaps to prevent water intrusion and protect against corrosion.\nTile and Grout Repairs:\nCaulk is used to seal gaps around tiles, tubs, and sinks, providing a waterproof barrier and preventing the growth of mold and mildew.\nFire-rated caulk is used to seal joints in fire-rated walls and floors, providing a fire-resistant barrier.\nIndustrial and Commercial Applications:\nCaulk is used in various industrial settings to seal joints, gaps, and seams in equipment, machinery, and structures.\nCaulk is used to seal around electrical outlets and junction boxes to prevent drafts and protect against moisture.\nGeneral Maintenance and Repairs:\nCaulk is a go-to material for general maintenance and repair tasks, addressing leaks, gaps, and imperfections in a wide range of surfaces.\nSilicone is a synthetic polymer composed of silicon, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen atoms. It belongs to a class of materials known as elastomers, which have a rubber-like flexibility and resilience. Unlike natural rubber, silicone is resistant to extremes of temperature, UV radiation, and chemicals. It is known for its non-toxic and inert properties, making it safe for various applications. Silicone is widely used in industries such as automotive, medical, electronics, and construction. It finds applications in sealants, adhesives, lubricants, medical implants, cookware, and various consumer products. Its versatility, durability, and biocompatibility make silicone a valuable material in a wide range of industrial and everyday applications.\nPhysical Properties of Silicone:\nSilicone can exist in various states, including fluids, gels, and solids, depending on its specific formulation and application.\nIt is highly flexible and has a rubber-like elasticity, allowing it to deform and recover its original shape.\nSilicone materials can be translucent or transparent, depending on their composition and processing.\nSilicone exhibits excellent resistance to high and low temperatures, remaining stable within a wide temperature range.\nIt is chemically inert and does not react with most substances, making it compatible with a wide range of materials.\nLow Thermal Conductivity:\nSilicone is a poor conductor of heat, making it useful for insulation in various applications.\nSilicone has good electrical insulating properties, making it suitable for electrical components and applications.\nIt is generally considered non-toxic and safe for use in medical and food-contact applications.\nChemical Properties of Silicone:\nSilicones are composed primarily of silicon (Si), oxygen (O), carbon (C), and hydrogen (H) atoms arranged in various polymer structures.\nThe main structural feature of silicones is a chain of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms, often terminated with organic groups.\nSilicones are stable in the presence of most chemicals, acids, and bases, which contributes to their resistance to degradation.\nSilicones are generally hydrophobic, meaning they repel water, which is an important property for their waterproofing and sealing applications.\nWhile silicones are relatively inert, they can undergo chemical modification through processes like cross-linking or addition reactions to create specialized silicone materials.\nCompatibility with Other Materials:\nSilicone is compatible with a wide range of materials, including metals, plastics, and glass, allowing it to be used in diverse applications.\nCertain types of silicone can undergo a process called vulcanization, which involves the cross-linking of polymer chains to increase their strength and durability.\nSilicone Oils and Fluids:\nThese are low-viscosity silicone-based substances that are used as lubricants, hydraulic fluids, and in various industrial applications.\nUses of Silicone\nSealants and Adhesives:\nSilicone sealants are used to create a waterproof and airtight seal in construction, plumbing, and automotive applications. Silicone adhesives provide strong bonds in various materials.\nMedical Devices and Implants:\nSilicone is biocompatible and used in medical applications such as breast implants, catheters, surgical instruments, and prosthetics.\nCookware and Bakeware:\nSilicone-based kitchenware like baking molds, spatulas, and oven mitts are popular due to their non-stick properties and resistance to high temperatures.\nSilicone is used in gaskets, O-rings, seals, and hoses in vehicles due to its resistance to heat, chemicals, and extreme weather conditions.\nSilicone coatings and insulators are used to protect electrical components from moisture, heat, and other environmental factors.\nPersonal Care Products:\nSilicone is found in cosmetics, skincare products, hair care products, and medical adhesives due to its safe and skin-friendly properties.\nIt is used in the production of phone cases, keyboard covers, and other electronic accessories for its durability and resistance to impact.\nTextiles and Apparel:\nSilicone coatings can be applied to fabrics for water resistance, wrinkle resistance, and softness in outdoor clothing and sportswear.\n- Seal Rings for Food and Beverage Containers:\nSilicone rings are used in jars, bottles, and food storage containers to create airtight seals.\nSilicone-based lubricants are used in automotive applications to reduce friction, prevent corrosion, and provide protection against moisture.\nSealing and Lubricating in Plumbing:\nSilicone-based products are used to seal joints in plumbing and as a lubricant for O-rings and valves.\nConstruction and Building Materials:\nSilicone coatings, sealants, and gaskets are used in building construction for weatherproofing and sealing joints.\nSilicone is used in aerospace components due to its resistance to extreme temperatures and high-altitude conditions.\nMold Making and Casting:\nSilicone rubber is used to make molds for casting various materials, including resin, wax, and concrete.\nHair Care Products:\nSilicone-based serums and conditioners are used to add shine, reduce frizz, and protect hair from heat damage.\nImportant Differences between Caulk and Silicone\n|Basis of Comparison||Caulk||Silicone|\n|Composition||Various materials||Contains silicon polymers|\n|Flexibility||Less flexible||Highly flexible|\n|Application||General sealing||Versatile applications|\n|Use in Wet Areas||Less effective||Highly water-resistant|\n|Adhesion||Good adhesion||Excellent adhesion|\n|Paintability||Paintable||Not easily paintable|\n|Temperature Resistance||Limited to moderate temps||Resistant to extreme temps|\n|Durability||Less durable||Highly durable|\n|Cost||Generally more economical||Higher cost|\n|Toxicity||May contain VOCs||Generally non-toxic|\n|Cure Time||Shorter curing time||Longer curing time|\n|Outdoor Use||Limited outdoor durability||Excellent for outdoor use|\n|Specialized Types||Available for specific needs||Various specialized types|\n|Application Tools||Can be applied with a putty knife||Requires a caulking gun|\n|Surface Compatibility||Compatible with fewer materials||Compatible with various materials|\nImportant Similarities between Caulk and Silicone\nBoth caulking and silicone serve as sealants, used to fill gaps, joints, and cracks in various surfaces to prevent the entry of air, water, and other elements.\nBoth materials have a degree of flexibility once cured, allowing them to accommodate minor movements and vibrations without cracking or breaking.\nBoth caulking and silicone exhibit a level of water resistance, making them effective in applications where exposure to moisture is a concern.\nBoth materials adhere well to a variety of surfaces, including wood, metal, glass, ceramics, and plastic.\nIndoor and Outdoor Use:\nBoth caulking and silicone can be used for both indoor and outdoor applications, although some formulations may be specifically designed for outdoor use.\nVariety of Formulations:\nBoth caulking and silicone are available in various formulations, each tailored for specific applications, such as high-temperature, waterproof, or paintable options.\nBoth materials have a wide range of applications in construction, home improvement, automotive, and various industries.\nBoth can be applied using tools like caulking guns or putty knives, depending on the specific type and application.\nEnhance Energy Efficiency:\nBoth caulking and silicone can be used to improve energy efficiency by sealing gaps around windows, doors, and other areas where air leakage occurs.\nResistance to Chemicals:\nBoth materials exhibit a degree of resistance to common household chemicals, making them suitable for use in kitchens and bathrooms.\nDisclaimer: This article is provided for informational purposes only, based on publicly available knowledge. It is not a substitute for professional advice, consultation, or medical treatment. Readers are strongly advised to seek guidance from qualified professionals, advisors, or healthcare practitioners for any specific concerns or conditions. The content on intactone.com is presented as general information and is provided “as is,” without any warranties or guarantees. Users assume all risks associated with its use, and we disclaim any liability for any damages that may occur as a result.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Understanding How the IRS Tax Bracket Works\nEvery year, you have to file your tax returns. What this means is that you calculate your taxable income, which is a certain value. This value reflects how much you earned and how much of that will be taken by the government. How the IRS tax bracket works is that, the more you earn, the more you pay in taxes. That said, there are some variables associated with this as well, including what your status is (single, married filing jointly, married filing separately, qualifying widow(er), or head of household). The tax brackets are expressed as percentages, which are 10%, 15%, 25%, 28%, 33%, 35%, and 39.6%.\nUnderstanding How the IRS Tax Bracket Works:\nWhere it gets confusing, however, is that you only pay the higher percentage on the income that you earn above the lower percentage threshold. For instance, 10% is paid by single people who earn up to $9,275. If they earn $9,276, they move into the 15% tax bracket. This does not mean that they pay 15% over their full income, however, but only on that one dollar more. They will continue to pay 10% over the first $9,275. So, if you are a single person in the highest, 35% bracket, which means you earn at least $415,051, you will pay 39.6% on everything above $415,051, 35% on what you earn between $413,351 and $415,050, 33% on what you earn between $190,151 and $413,350, 28% on what you earn between $91,151 and $190,150, 25% on what you earn between $37,651 and $91,150, 15% on what you earn between $9,276 and $37,650, and 10% on anything you earn below $9,275. So yes, you can be in multiple tax brackets at the same time.\nWhy You Need to Understand How the IRS Tax Bracket Works:\nWhat everybody wants to do is keep as much disposable income as possible, which means not paying too much in taxes. Hence, you must gain a full understanding of the brackets and its benefits because:\n- High income earners can make lucrative tax deductions, because of the higher percentages.\n- Any tax withheld from your pay is based on the rates and brackets. The IRS provides this information, basing it on what you earn and how many dependents you have. These are \"deductions\". This means that your employer knows how much money they should withhold to pay for your taxes. But if you claim for fewer dependents, for instance, your taxable income will suddenly rise.\n- If you earn \"extra\" income, you have to pay the higher rate on it. This is why, when April comes around, people often have to pay a bit more on their taxes.\nAre taxes confusing? Absolutely. But by gaining an understanding of them, you can also make sure that they work in your favor. Taxes should be paid, as they help the government run all the services that we need. But we also all want to keep as much money as possible in our own pocket.\nThis site offers information designed for educational purposes only. You should not rely on any information on this site as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, treatment, or as a substitute for, professional counseling care, advice, diagnosis, or treatment. If you have any concerns or questions about your health, you should always consult with a physician or other health-care professional.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Phylum MCQ PDF - Topics\nPractice Class Aves General Characteristics Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ), Class Aves General Characteristics quiz answers PDF to learn phylum online course for phylum classes. Birds: Feathers, Flight Classification and Endothermy Multiple Choice Questions and Answers (MCQs), Class Aves General Characteristics quiz questions for online degree programs. \"Class Aves General Characteristics MCQ\" PDF Book: avian orders, class aves: general characteristics test prep for online colleges that offer certificate programs.\n\"Paired clavicles fuse ventrally and medially into\" MCQ PDF: class aves: general characteristics with choices plumage, synsacrum, furcula, and pygostyle for online degree programs. Learn class aves general characteristics quiz questions for merit scholarship test and certificate programs for online university classes.\nMCQ: Paired clavicles fuse ventrally and medially into\nMCQ: The gonads are in the abdominal region present next to\nMCQ: The class aves have the number of orders\nMCQ: The posterior caudal vertebrae are fused to form a structure called\nMCQ: The flight muscles are attached to sternum and clavicles and extend to the", "label": "No"}
{"text": "New technology makes training easier and more effective.\nTraining is an essential part of building and maintaining any successful business. Technological advancements have increased the amount and types of knowledge required to perform a task. There is still a need for some traditional skills, but gone are the days when a new employee learned a fixed body of knowledge and applied that knowledge for their entire career.\nSending employees off to training courses used to be the only means by which a business could keep workers up to date. But that too appears to be ending as faster, more efficient, less expensive means of upgrading employees flood the work world.\nTechnological advancements have made work less demanding but have extended the knowledge base required to complete a task. Employers need to realize that access to information on a “need-to-know” basis is an essential attribute that they must embrace if they wish to survive. Management should take advantage of new methods now available within most industries.\nOnline training is a starting point. This type of training is much like the old classroom approach where the employee watches and listens to experts explain problems and methods. Like classroom training, however, it assumes a full vessel (instructor) pouring information into an empty vessel (student). This method of instruction, known today as sage on the stage, is teacher-centered instead of student-centered. The sage on the stage method of instruction does not always provide practical or in-depth discussions of issues because there are often too many participants and not enough instructors. In the guide on the side model the instructor draws on the students’ work and life experience and guides them to finding their own solutions. The focus of this model is on the process of problem solving through critical thinking but also fully recognizes the role played by raw knowledge. Unfortunately, unless the instruction takes place in real time, online training does not allow much interaction.\nAugmented reality (to be distinguished from virtual reality) was developed in the 80s and 90s for military application. Augmented reality enhances selected environments or aspects of them to enrich perception; it does not create an artificial reality. The need to train astronauts and pilots in real time became cost prohibitive, but replicating reality with computer-generated situations trained individuals to deal with potential issues via simulation. The gaming industry has demonstrated how inexpensive it is for computers to generate information perceptible by all the senses. As such, it will not be long before heads-up displays will incorporate augmented reality to guide workers step by step in real time as they learn how to diagnose and fix a specific problem. New technology will reduce training time.\nThe implications of this ability to identify a problem and find a solution are that workers no longer need to retrain every time information becomes outdated or obsolete. This technology will enable employees to learn incrementally and advance at their own pace. Incorporating augmented reality hardware within the workplace will reduce training time, encourage younger workers to join your business and increase productivity. The ability to impart knowledge, experience and skill without the expense of transporting individuals to the job site is a massive cost savings and a step to providing the best possible service to clients in a fraction of the time required to send in a team to fix the problem. This is the model of the call centre in India or the Philippines: technology permits remote solutions to technical problems without the need to send someone to the site of the problem. The fact that a remote expert can solve the problem within a short time today means you can operate your business more efficiently and meet tighter deadlines.\nClients want instant fixes to their problems. Employers should consider investing in the new approach to training if they wish to stay in business. Owner-managers should consider the following sequence of a transformation process:\n- Examine their existing business model to determine whether there will be a future market for their service or product.\n- Phase out services and products that will become obsolete within the foreseeable future.\n- Determine how to provide improved services or products for existing customers.\n- List the equipment or process that must be replaced or updated and research the appropriate replacements.\n- Set a timeline for financing, acquiring and integrating the upgraded equipment/process, training staff and reconfiguring the workplace (if necessary).\n- Establish a hands-on training schedule to deal with real issues rather than hypothetical ones presented in a classroom environment. Employees learn faster if they can apply new processes to familiar problems. Once they are up to speed, employees can apply the new knowledge in the existing work environment and expand its application going forward.\n- Engage all employees right from the start in the employer’s vision of the business and encourage them to adopt the new skills they will need to prepare them for a future in the organization.\n- Promote the expectation that training will increase productivity and personal satisfaction, reduce turnover, and increase job security.\n- Investigate external training facilities that provide recognized certificates of achievement through formalized training that emphasizes the need to complete or pass a training program. This approach allows your business to evaluate the results supplied by an independent source and to identify those employees who should be set on a career path and those who exhibit sufficient competence to evolve with current and future changes.\nTHE FUTURE IS NOW\nOwner-managers need to understand the inevitable changes occurring in their business. Perhaps a complete re-think of the business and a five-year plan will be worth the time. Planning and skills development today will build your future business. And, the future is now.\n**This blog is for information only and not to be used as tax advice or planning without first seeking professional advice. Information is subject to change without notice.\n***This article was originally published in Volume 32, Issue 2 of Business Matters in March 2018. BUSINESS MATTERS deals with a number of complex issues in a concise manner; it is recommended that accounting, legal or other appropriate professional advice should be sought before acting upon any of the information contained therein. Although every reasonable effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this letter, no individual or organization involved in either the preparation or distribution of this letter accepts any contractual, tortious, or any other form of liability for its contents or for any consequences arising from its use. BUSINESS MATTERS is prepared bimonthly by the Chartered Professional Accountants of Canada for the clients of its members. Richard Fulcher, CPA, CA – Author; Patricia Adamson, M.A., M.I.St. – CPA Canada Editor.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Give nature a chance. If we help nature, she will help us in return. Join my five point Campaign to promote zero plastic footprint zones, help revitalize native landscapes, counter habitat fragmentation and suggest alternatives as we rebuild environmentally sensitive areas worldwide.\nIn partnership with businesses, homeowners/and city planners, let's promote habitat conservation that will help both the insects and the wildlife that depends on them. Indirectly, people will be rewarded with pretty flowers at low cost while restoring biodiversity in a sustainable way. Such habitats will provide health benefits to humans and help mitigate environmental health issues that pose a growing threat to our society.\nThis campaign can be an engaging team building activity at school and work or a fun family activity at home. We are not looking for fund raising or donations. Let's partner to make the world around us a better place.\nMy TV Interview on News 12\nMy Call for Action at Westchester Board of Legislators\nMy Radio Interview on station WBAI 99.5FM NYC\nMention in LoHud for my Insect exhibit\nEncourage businesses and homeowners to leave a part of their yard (say 10%) untouched to create a natural habitat. Soften the look of your yard or park by leaving a strip un-mowed for a natural-looking perimeter. Take a corner patch with leaves spread within a perimeter made of dead tree branches in a not so windy spot which gets four to five hours of sunlight daily.\nAsk city planners to build natural landscapes as human landscapes are not good for insects. If the space is a limited or in hardscape features like walkways, use flower pots. Planting in pots means local research—something than can also be fun.\nEncourage businesses and homeowners to grow clusters of native plants yielding rainbow colored flowers in the yard or park that provide nectar and host plants for pollinators. Nectar plants alone do not create habitat, pollinators also need host plants to live.\nRemove invasive exotic plants so they don’t steal water and nutrition from native plants. Note that pots do not work for all native plants in all places. For example, some native plants have a very deep root system.\nSelect plants that bloom from Spring to Fall. Where possible, use pollinator friendly plants. Incorporate tall grass, vines and shrubs too. Cut down on mowing and stop over-watering! Cut grass has short roots that make it harder to survive pest attacks, disease and drought. Use ever green shrubs to maintain the garden appearance year round.\nWhen trees die, leave them for the insects, woodpeckers and cavity-nesting birds (and mammals). If the tree might fall on a house or road, take off the limbs or cut the tree short enough not to pose danger.\nTake a garden tour to decide what styles and which types of plants appeal to you.\nDraw a site plan and keep it simple. Add a water source such as a bird bath or a small pond. Arrange big plants in the back, medium plants in the middle and small plants in the front or around walkways. Start with a limited number of plants that are easy to grow or are ever green. If adding fertilizer, use slow-release fertilizers that make nutrients available to plants for a longer time. They are kinder to the environment and are usually more cost-effective.\nThis video may give some useful insight.\nGive ground cover with rocks or a short wall. Such enclaves will be a welcome retreat providing protection from predators and cover for the young to grow.\nLimit the use of pesticides, leaf blowers and lawn mowers. Protect natural ponds/lake habitats critical for insect population.\nFollow this plant rating scheme for butterflies.\nConsider these Science Projects Ideas\nInsect use in potential Human Treatment", "label": "No"}
{"text": "New reports suggest that the world's most famous wine growing regions will have to change their growing practices in the coming years to deal with the effects of climate change. Here's what two of the most famous regions are dealing with and what they're doing about it:\n1) France's Bordeaux Region: More and more wine growers have turned toward heat resistant grape varietals to combat the changing temperatures in the area. Many industry analysts fear the region will be unable to sustain wine by 2050 with Cabernet and Merlot being the first to go. If the weather gets hotter, the grapes could ripen sooner and become more susceptible to summer droughts.\n2) Napa Valley: The famed California region, noted for its wine, now has two conflicting studies about what effects climate change will have on it. A 2006 study suggested the region would quickly become too hot to support the vineyard industry, but a recently released study actually suggested the opposite— that the region would cool as a result of climate change. Wine growers recognize the environment in the valley will change, and have begun to prepare for that eventuality.\nThat's bad news for the industry as demand for their product reaches new heights. Wine sales to China rose 98 percent in 2010 and will likely grow higher as the country's middle class obtains more disposable income to spend. The world might increasingly rely on China for its wine production; industry experts suggest that China could become the world's largest producer in the next 50 years.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "As paper 1, section b pre-1900 poetry anthology ao4 answering the question examiners need to bear in mind the following key points when marking questions based on. Two poems of emily dickinson and mary oliver poetry from anthology how does shakespeare's 'romeo and juliet' link to different poems sense of identity. Home of african voices burning thoughts into ashes drawn up on pages, stages & behind the camera - poetry|prose|drama|essay|photography|interview. Anthology definition is an anthology of american poetry the band will be releasing an anthology of their earlier albums recent examples of anthology from the web. Poetry anthology free essays, term papers and book reports thousands of papers to select from all free.\nMoon on the tides aqa gcse poetry anthology analysis and model essays analysis of poems from the aqa gcse poetry anthology moon poetry analysis, essay. Stop writing a poor-quality poetry or poem analysis learn how to cope with it using pre-writing steps, hints, outline sample, and witty topic ideas. An anthology of poetry on climate change carol ann duffy.\nPoetry thematic essay thematic essay independent reading independent writing book sample thematic essay: the hunger games create a free website. The shining rock poetry anthology & book review 345 likes the shining rock poetry anthology & book review publishes poems, essays and book reviews of. Aqa gcse poetry: love and relationships will examine each of the 15 poems you are required to study across aqa's love and relationships poetry anthology for gcse. Year 11 poetry aqa relationships cluster year 11 aqa anthology poetry of planning best advice you can get planning an essay is crucial when.\nWhether you are writing an essay about a poet or simply quoting a poem or referring to its themes, you may find yourself needing to reference the poem's title. In this essay i will be exploring how the poets expressed their views in a strong and effective way i shall be writing about three poems • base details by. View the wjec gcse english literature qualification, specification, training, past papers and other resources available for teachers and students gweld y cymhwyster. This section covers the basics of how to write about poetry, including why it is done, what you should know, and what you can write about.\nPoetry, in a general sense, examples of this fact, if the limits of this essay did not forbid citation the creations of sculpture, painting,. Amazoncom: poetry: a writers' guide and anthology (bloomsbury writers’ guides and anthologies) (9781350020153): amorak huey, w todd kaneko, joe wilkins, sean. In this conversation verified account protected tweets @ suggested users.\nPoetry anthology order a copy of our our gcse (9-1) english literature specification has been accredited by ofqual the shakespeare essay question. Since your analysis should make up the bulk of your essay, editor of the norton anthology of poetry, hamilton college 198 college hill road, clinton. The 2018 national poetry competition is now open for entries judged by kei miller, kim moore and mark waldron, the deadline is 31 october 2018.\nUnseen poetry preparation anthology 5g simon armitage: a critical essay by ruth padel 6 student essays 51 example 1 example 2 example 3 example 4 example 5. Teaching resources for the wjec eduqas anthology for first teaching in 2015. How to get the best out of the poetry archive whether you have heard poets read live or on the radio, or whether you've never heard a poet read,. How to read a poem use if you are reading poetry written before the twentieth century, learn to use the oxford english dictionary, which can.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Zimbabwe Bordering Countries: Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia Regional Maps: Map of Africa, World Map Where is Zimbabwe? Zimbabwe Satellite Image Zimbabwe Information: Zimbabwe is located in southern Africa. Zimbabwe is bordered by Zambia to the north, Botswana to the west, South Africa to the south, and Mozambique to the east.\nBelarus Bordering Countries: Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Ukraine Regional Maps: Map of Europe, World Map Where is Belarus? Belarus Satellite Image Belarus Information: Belarus is located in eastern Europe. Belarus is bordered by Lithuania and Latvia to the north, Russia to the north and east, Ukraine to the south, and Poland to the west.\nPhotos of Common Clastic, Chemical, and Organic Sedimentary Rock Types. Article by: Hobart M. King, Ph.D., RPG Breccia is a clastic sedimentary rock that is composed of large (over two-millimeter diameter) angular fragments. The spaces between the large fragments can be filled with a matrix of smaller particles or a mineral cement which binds the rock together.\nGoogle Earth: High Resolution Satellite Images - Worldwide Coverage - Free! Physical Map of Africa The map above reveals the physical landscape of the African Continent. Important mountainous areas are the Ethiopian Highlands of eastern Africa, the Atlas Mountains along the northwestern coast, and the Drakensberg Range along the southeast African coastline.\nVirginia Satellite Image - View Cities, Rivers, Lakes & Environment Satellite Images for Neighboring States: Kentucky Maryland North Carolina Tennessee West Virginia This is a Landsat GeoCover 2000 satellite image map of Virginia. Cities, rivers, lakes, mountains and other features shown in this image include: Virginia Cities: Alexandria, VA Arlington, VA Blacksburg, VA Charlottesville, VA Chesapeake, VA Danville, VA Fredericksburg, VA Front Royal, VA Hampton, VA Harrisonburg, VA Leesburg, VA Lynchburg, VA Newport News, VA Norfolk, VA Petersburg, VA Portsmouth, VA Richmond, VA Roanoke, VA Virginia Beach, VA Williamsburg, VA Winchester, VA Virginia Rivers, Lakes, Water Features: Blackwater River Chickahominy River Claytor Lake Gathright Dam James River John H.\nBy Charles W. Chesterman An introduction to minerals with photos and descriptions designed to aid you in field or at-home study. A comprehensive reference with hundreds of photos. Durable plastic covers. 4\" x 7 3/4\", 856 pages. Field Guide to Rocks and Minerals Table of Contents Introduction 13 How to Use This Guide 19 Part I: Minerals A Guide to Mineral Identification 25 Visual Key to Minerals 47 Color Plates 52 Green, 1-84 Blue, 85-132 Violet to Pink, 133-174 Red, 175-222 Brown, 223-288 Orange, 289-300 Yellow, 301-354 Colorless, 355-396 White, 397-474 Gray, 475-504 Black, 505-540 Multicolored or Banded, 541-558 Metallic, 559-654 Gemstones, 655-702 263 Descriptive Key to Minerals 281 The Common Minerals of North America 343 Native Elements 345 Sulfides, Arsenides and Tellurides 357 Sulfosalts 383 Simple Oxides 393 Hydroxides 407 Multiple Oxides 415 Halides 425 Carbonates 431 Borates 447 Sulfates 453 Chromates 469 Phosphates, Arsenates, and Vanadates 471 Vanadium Oxysalts 493 Molybdates and Tungstates 495 Silicates 501 Part II: Rocks A Guide to Rock Identification 597 Visual Key to Rocks 615 Key to Rock Classes 618 Color Plates 634 Igneous - Volcanic Rocks, 703-722 Igneous - Plutonic Rocks, 723-746 Sedimentary Rocks, 747-766 Metamorphic Rocks, 767-794 The Common Rocks of North America 681 Igneous - Volcanic Rocks 683 Igneous - Plutonic Rocks 693 Sedimentary Rocks 713 Metamorphic Rocks 731 Part III: Mineral Collecting Tools and Techniques for Collectors 753 Mineral Environments and Associations 759 Part IV: Appendices Glossary 785 Bibliography 799 Rock-Forming Minerals 803 The Chemical Elements 805 Localities 809 Picture Credits 827 Index 831", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- Introduction & Course Objectives\n- Definition and Causes\n- Epilepsy Awareness\n- How to treat an Epileptic Seizure\n- Triggers & Symptoms\n- Medication Awareness for Epilepsy\n- Conclude & Follow Up Process\n- Course Content\n- Intended Audience\n- Method of Delivery\n- Additional Course Details & Info\n- Related Consultancy\nThis Epilepsy Awareness course may be of interest to those who work as School Management, Teaching Staff, SNAs, parents and any other relevant school staff.\nThis is a hands on course with instructor presentation for the optimum learning approach.\nThis Epilepsy Awareness for schools training course is a 2-hour programme, is designed to provide participants with the knowledge, and skills to give School staff or students’ knowledge of Epilepsy. This course will give you an overview of epilepsy. It lists the methods of diagnosis, what a seizure is and how the brain can be affected. It will introduce some possible seizure triggers and describe what to do when someone has a seizure. It will also discuss some of the treatments offered to people with epilepsy and provide practical advice on what you can do if you witness someone having a seizure.\nThe course is very practical in nature and involves discussion, group work and facilitation.\nAwarding Body: Optima Training & Consulting Ltd\nNational Framework of Qualifications Level: N/a\nCertification: Optima Training & Consulting Ltd Certificate of Completion\nMinimum age- 18 years old\nMinimum English requirements: Leaners must be able to understand and convey the concepts contained in the programme content.\nAssessment Details: Class Interaction\nCost Per Person:\nThe fee is inclusive of all training courseware materials, certificate of completion and 3 months after training support.\nProgression Opportunities: Please see related courses\nProtection for Enrolled Students: N/A\nShould a course not proceed, any payment received will be refunded within 48 hours", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Apophis, named after the God of Chaos, could potentially hit Earth in 2068. The potential strike would be equivalent to 880 million tons of trinitrotoluene (TNT) exploding at one time.\nAstronomer Dave Tholen and his colleagues have confirmed the detection of a small Yarkovsky acceleration on the surface of the asteroid.\nThe Yarkovsky effect is when an asteroid or celestial body changes its orbit due to small push of heat.\nThis could happen by either expelling gasses, or the gravitational movement from celestial bodies including the Sun and Earth.\nIt could cause a slight thermal reaction which could change the asteroid’s path.\nApophis was first spotted on June 19, 2004 by experts at the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona.\nAstronomers found that the asteroid had sped up when they observed it with the Subaru telescope earlier this year.\nAccording to Mr Tholan, the chances the Apophis will strike Earth in 2068 are one in in 530,000.\nMr Tholan said: “We have known for some time that an impact with Earth is not possible during the 2029 close approach.\n“The new observations we obtained with the Subaru telescope earlier this year were good enough to reveal the Yarkovsky acceleration of Apophis, and they show that the asteroid is drifting away from a purely gravitational orbit by about 170 metres per year, which is enough to keep the 2068 impact scenario in play.”\nA statement from the University of Hawaii read: “All asteroids need to reradiate as heat the energy they absorb from sunlight in order to maintain thermal equilibrium, a process that slightly changes the orbit of the asteroid.\n“Prior to the detection of Yarkovsky acceleration on Apophis, astronomers had concluded that a potential impact with Earth in 2068 was impossible.\n“The detection of this effect acting on Apophis means that the 2068 impact scenario is still a possibility.\n“Further observations to refine the amplitude of the Yarkovksy effect and how it affects Apophis’ orbit are underway.\n“Astronomers will know well before 2068 if there is any chance of an impact.”\nThe warning comes after Nasa revealed it was devising a mission to a metallic asteroid worth an estimated £7,700 quadrillion ($10,000 quadrillion).\nThe asteroid, called 16 Psyche, is about 140 miles in diameter and is one of the largest objects in the main asteroid belt orbiting between Mars in Jupiter.\nDr Tracy Becker, a planetary scientist at Southwest Research Institute, said: “We’ve seen meteorites that are mostly metal, but Psyche could be unique in that it might be an asteroid that is totally made of iron and nickel.\n“Earth has a metal core, a mantle and crust. It’s possible that as a Psyche protoplanet was forming, it was struck by another object in our solar system and lost its mantle and crust.”\nSpeaking to Global News in 2017, Lindy Elkins-Tanton, the lead scientist on the Nasa mission and the director of Arizona State University’s School of Earth and Space Exploration, said:\n“Even if we could grab a big metal piece and drag it back here … what would you do?\n“Could you kind of sit on it and hide it and control the global resource — kind of like diamonds are controlled corporately — and protect your market?\n“What if you decided you were going to bring it back and you were just going to solve the metal resource problems of humankind for all time? This is wild speculation obviously.”\nNasa plans to send a mission to the asteroid in 2022, in order to research how terrestrial planets like Earth first appeared.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "“This task force was established in June 2011 to focus attention on the needs of youth in the juvenile justice system, particularly in the areas of suicide-related awareness and education, suicide research, suicide prevention programming and training, and collaboration between the juvenile justice and mental health systems. Below, organized by workgroup, are the resources developed to provide findings, recommendations, and practical tools for juvenile justice and mental health administrators and staff.” These workgroups and related publications are: 1: Public Awareness and Education-“Need to Know: A Fact Sheet Series on Juvenile Suicide” (one each for court judges and staff, juvenile detention and secure care staff, and juvenile probation staff); 2: Suicide Research-“ Suicidal Ideation and Behavior among Youth in the Juvenile Justice System: A Review of the Literature”, and “Screening and Assessment for Suicide Prevention: Tools and Procedures for Risk Identification and Risk Reduction among Juvenile Justice Youth”; 3: Suicide Prevention Programming and Training-“ Guide to Developing and Revising Suicide Prevention Protocols for Youth in Contact with the Juvenile Justice System”; and 4: Mental Health and Juvenile Justice Systems Collaboration-“ Preventing Juvenile Suicide through Improved Collaboration: Strategies for Mental Health and Juvenile Justice Agencies (Summary). The “Executive Summary: Preventing Suicide Working With Youth Who Are Justice Involved” is also provided.\nYouth in Contact with the Juvenile Justice System Task Force\nNotice about external resources\nThese links are being provided as a convenience and for informational purposes only; they do not constitute an endorsement or an approval by the National Institute of Corrections (NIC) of any of the products, services or opinions of the corporation or organization or individual. NIC bears no responsibility for the accuracy, legality or content of the external site or for that of subsequent links. Contact the external site for answers to questions regarding its content.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A Perfect Storm Awaits Unprepared Graduates\nBy Phil Jarvis\nFour labor force megatrends are converging to create a “perfect storm” in the labor markets in which students must establish their careers. Almost 50 percent of youth are now victims of the perfect storm, exiting education into unemployment or under-employment, often mired in debt, unclear about their employment and career prospects. They begin their careers in minimum wage jobs unrelated to their studies, with little prospect of paying off student loans soon, let alone buying a car and home and beginning a satisfying, fulfilling adult life.\nSchool counselors need to be aware of the perfect storm and provide leadership in their schools to ensure students receive the career development they need to transition from school to success, despite the perfect storm.\nThe Four Megatrends Causing the Perfect Storm\n1. The Great Recession - The global economy and communities across the country are weathering the worst economic downturn since the Great Depression. All levels of government are in record debt, endeavoring to balance program and service cuts with economic stimulus. Recovery is slow and faltering, and companies are reluctant to invest in new people.\n2. Shifting Demographics - The oldest baby boomer turned 65 in 2012. Many have retired and an annual tsunami of boomers will retire over the next 20 years. This mass exodus from the work world of the most knowledgeable and experienced employees will create new challenges for employers seeking to fill talent voids.\n3. Upskilling of Jobs - New technology has rendered many jobs obsolete, enabled robots to replace humans in other jobs, and raised skill requirements in all sectors, while producing new jobs every month. More education and skills are now demanded of workers in all jobs, especially in new and emerging sectors requiring science, technology, engineering or mathematics (STEM) skills. Despite high unemployment and underemployment, employers in most sectors report challenges finding the talent they need to fill “mission-critical” positions.\nThe economic consequences of unemployment and underemployment are staggering. Lost productivity and reduced competitiveness cost employers dearly. Lost tax revenues, social assistance, corrections, stress-induced health costs alone run into billions of dollars annually. The human consequences are higher. The most effective way for governments to reduce deficits and debt, and for companies to increase productivity and grow, is to get the right people in the right jobs, fully engaged in creating economic prosperity for their companies, communities, and families. Students must be prepared to exit school into appropriate employment.\n4. Unprepared Graduates - Today’s students need higher skill levels than any cohort before them. Yet, key 21st century skills employers now insist upon are not in the curriculum in most secondary and post-secondary programs. All job sectors experiencing growth require at least some level of post-secondary certification, yet of 100 students in the 9th grade today, fewer than 25 will graduate on schedule with a post-secondary degree, diploma or certificate.\nThe portends are clear. Many students risk becoming casualties of the perfect storm. Skilled counselors and exemplary career development programs and services are needed to support students in all grades. Available resources tend to be underutilized because career development is not a priority.\nFive “foundation resources” are essential to prepare students to prosper despite the perfect storm. The use of these resources should be overseen by a qualified school counselor.\nExperiential career learning programs and activities in kindergarten, primary, middle, secondary, and post-secondary classrooms;\nComprehensive online career exploration and planning systems with comprehensive and locally relevant career, learning, and labor market information;\nCompulsory Individual Personal Planning (IPP or ePortfolio) systems with completion standards for all grades set by schools, school districts, and/or departments of education;\nOnline course planning systems that link students’ IPP to the school’s student information system (SIS) so students, with support from their teachers and parents, can select high school courses and post-secondary programs aligned with well-researched career goals; and\nOnline systems that connect students, through their IPP, to employers seeking future talent and willing to help prepare students for success in the working world. These connections can result in immediate hires, or work-based learning opportunities including mentoring, coaching, work experience, job shadowing, co-op placements, volunteering, community service, part-time or summer jobs.\nIn honor of NCDA’s 100th anniversary, Career Cruising sponsored an idea generation process among NCDA leaders. The process culminated in an invitation-only meeting at NCDA’s 2013 Boston conference with NCDA President (then) Rich Feller, President-Elect (then) Lisa Severy, Harvard University’s Pathways to Prosperity Project Leader Bill Symonds, and 30 NCDA leaders from across the U.S. Among over 250 suggestions to help create pathways to prosperity for all students despite the perfect storm the following were rated highest:\nWe must bring education and business together to create work-based learning opportunities for all students while they are still in school.\nWe must put career exploration, planning and preparation at the heart of education for all students at all levels.\nWe must engage all educators, parents, and community partners in a harmonized effort to prepare students to transition from school to success.\nHere’s a link to the complete results of the NCDA Thoughtstream process.\nRole of the Counselor and Community\nThe role of school counselors is pivotal. No one recognizes and appreciates the importance of career development more. Counselors need to step out of their comfort zones and provide leadership in mobilizing buy-in and engagement from administrators, teachers, students, parents, employers, and community partners. Without “whole-community” buy-in, use of even the best resources is fragmented and their benefits are less than optimal. Indeed, only a whole-community approach to career development, with the best available resources and lead by career development professionals, will assure a smooth transition for students from school to success, despite the perfect storm.\nPhil Jarvis is Director of Global Partnerships at Career Cruising where he supports communities, states and countries implementing “whole-community” career and workforce development solutions. Career Cruising licenses its ccEngage suite of career exploration and planning resources to over 20,000 secondary and post-secondary schools, libraries and employment support centers. As the author of CHOICES, Phil was an early pioneer of computer-based career exploration and planning. He also co-authored the Blueprint for Life/Work Designs, co-created The Real Game Series, and has trained thousands of educators and workforce development personnel. Programs he authored or co-authored have helped millions of students in 15 countries transition from school to success. Mr. Jarvis can be reached at 800 965-8541 Ext. 117 or email@example.com.\nJane Kipke on Wednesday 09/04/2013 at 09:23 PM\nTeaching career development, opening a student's awareness to their own talents and exploring interests is so rewarding! However, school counselors today are mired down with character and personal/social issues to a greater extent, according to ASCA's blog. I hope more school counselors will become more knowledgeable of career theory and its steps, and the process of guiding students realize how their interests and abilities will lead them to a successful and rewarding career that benefits their world. Do you think there would be more motivated students and less social problems?\nJane Kipke on Wednesday 09/04/2013 at 10:00 PM\nMight I add an additional comment? The article and your website clearly identify the forces leading to the \"perfect storm,\" which has been predicted for many years, but not heeded. What colleges/universities offer (majors) do not translate to an occupation title, and we have known that most jobs will not require a bachelor's degree or above. Along with understanding the process of career development, embracing its value for students and community, it is critical to understand world labor trends - what an interesting and challenging field! By the way, maybe we shouldn't be too excited about Boomer's retiring, therefore more opportunity - most of their jobs will probably be obsolete!\nPhil Jarvis on Thursday 09/05/2013 at 08:04 AM\nThere is a sea of evidence that any help students receive, from counselors, teachers or parents, in imagining the future they want to create and learning about potentially rewarding learning and career pathways results in increased student engagement in school, higher achievement, reduced behavioral issues and more successful transitions from one level of school to another, and from school to career and life. Here's a very comprehensive recent international compilation of the compelling evidence. Despite their constant pleas for evidence, administrators and policy-makers don't seem to be heeding the evidence. Thus, counselors don't have the time, teachers don't think it's their job, and parents don't know how to help.\n\"Fostering career and college readiness: How career development activities in schools impact on graduation rates and students' life success\" (Hooley, Marriott, Sampson)\nPlease share this link widely.\nLydia Joiner on Sunday 09/15/2013 at 10:11 AM\nThis is a great article that all school counselors should read as it provides a rationale for including career development opinion your campus' guidance plan.\nBut, it is increasingly difficult to provide these services as a school counselor. I currently serve a school with over 3,000 students. Our counselors must manage student schedules, transcripts, do lunch duty and hall duty, manage at risk coding, manage CTE coding, monitor grades and attendance, process state assessment, manage 504 cases, and then we can talk with kids about their four year plans. We have access to wonderful programs that can do all the things this article suggests, but it is difficult to meet with your entire caseload (@370) while doing all the activities above.\nAlso, teachers are reluctant to give us access to the students because they are trying to teach their own curriculum. We do some of these activities using group guidance, but the students really need individual assistance.\nMany of the activities that prevent school counselors from seeing individual students could easily be done by a well trained secretary, but administrators are scared to dole out those tasks to others since they tie directly to the school's accountability.\nJeff Weber on Thursday 09/19/2013 at 03:36 PM\nGreat post Phil. You echo the problem we set out to solve too. Graduates are unprepared, but so are many of today's career centers. The job search process is missing from training and guidance. That needs to be improved.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "All space missions on one map\nThe American design studio Pop Chart Lab made a wall poster that demonstrates the progress of human space exploration to date.\nSince the launch of Sputnik-1, which became the first artificial satellite of the Earth, 60 years will be celebrated in a year and a half. Since then, man has repeatedly sent into space a variety of spacecraft, animals and people.\nColorful infographics span all the way from 1959 to 2015 and graphically show more than 100 research probes, descent vehicles and rovers on a map.\nAt the top of the poster, you can see the path that spacecraft have covered, and the bottom shows how these vehicles looked. All devices are grouped by flight direction.\nAnd although most of them have never left Earth’s orbit, the map shows what incredible distances man has managed to overcome in the solar system!\nOuter space (outer space) - relatively empty sections of the universe that lie outside the boundaries of the atmospheres of celestial bodies. Contrary to popular belief, space is not an absolutely empty space - it has a very low density of some particles (mainly hydrogen), as well as electromagnetic radiation and interstellar matter.\nIn its original understanding, the Greek term \"cosmos\" (order, world order) had a philosophical basis, defining a hypothetical closed vacuum around the Earth - the center of the universe. Nevertheless, in Latin-based languages and its borrowings, the practical term “space” is applied to the same semantics (since from the scientific point of view the vacuum enveloping the Earth is infinite), therefore, a kind of “space cosmic” space\".\nThere is no clear boundary, the atmosphere is rarefied gradually as it moves away from the earth’s surface, and there is still no consensus on what to consider as a factor in the beginning of space. If the temperature were constant, then the pressure would change exponentially from 100 kPa at sea level to zero. The International Aviation Federation has set a height of 100 km (the Karman line) as the working boundary between the atmosphere and space, because at this altitude, to create a lifting aerodynamic force, it is necessary that the aircraft move at the first cosmic speed, which makes the meaning of air travel impossible. Astronomers from the USA and Canada measured the boundary of the influence of atmospheric winds and the beginning of the impact of cosmic particles. It was at an altitude of 118 kilometers, although NASA itself considered 122 km as the border of space. At this altitude, the shuttles switched from conventional maneuvering using only rocket engines to aerodynamic ones with \"support\" to the atmosphere.\nSpace in the solar system is called interplanetary space, which passes into interstellar space at the heliopause points of the solstice. The vacuum of space is actually not absolute - it contains atoms and molecules detected by microwave spectroscopy, the relict radiation left from the Big Bang, and cosmic rays that contain ionized atomic nuclei and various subatomic particles. There is also gas, plasma, dust, small meteors and space debris (materials left over from human activities in orbit). The absence of air makes outer space (and the surface of the moon) ideal sites for astronomical observations at all wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. Proof of this are photographs taken with the Hubble Space Telescope. In addition, invaluable information about the planets, asteroids and comets of the solar system is obtained using spacecraft.\nThe impact of being in outer space on the human body\nAccording to NASA scientists, contrary to popular belief, if you enter outer space without a protective suit, a person will not freeze, will not explode, and will not immediately lose consciousness, his blood will not boil - instead, death will come from a lack of oxygen. The danger lies in the decompression process itself - it is this period of time that is most dangerous for the body, since with explosive decompression the gas bubbles in the blood begin to expand. If refrigerant (such as nitrogen) is present, then under these conditions it freezes the blood. In space conditions there is not enough pressure to maintain the liquid state of the substance (only a gaseous or solid state is possible, with the exception of liquid helium), therefore, first, water will evaporate quickly from the mucous membranes of the body (tongue, eyes, lungs). Some other problems - decompression sickness, sunburn of unprotected skin and damage to the subcutaneous tissue - will begin to affect after 10 seconds. At some point, a person will lose consciousness due to a lack of oxygen. Death can occur in about 1-2 minutes, although this is not known exactly. However, if you do not hold your breath in your lungs (an attempt to hold it will lead to barotrauma), then 30-60 seconds in outer space will not cause any irreversible damage to the human body.\nNASA describes a case where a person accidentally finds himself in a space close to a vacuum (pressure below 1 Pa) due to air leakage from a spacesuit. The person remained conscious for approximately 14 seconds - approximately this time is required for oxygen-depleted blood to enter the lungs from the brain. There was no complete vacuum inside the suit, and recompression of the test chamber began after about 15 seconds. Consciousness returned to man when pressure rose to an equivalent height of about 4.6 km. Later, a man who got into a vacuum told how he felt and heard air coming out of him, and his last conscious memory was that he felt water boiling in his tongue.\nOn February 13, 1995, Aviation Week and Space Technology magazine published a letter describing the incident that occurred on August 16, 1960, during the lifting of a stratostat with an open gondola to a height of 19.5 miles for a record parachute jump (Project Excelsior \"). The right hand of the pilot was depressurized, but he decided to continue the ascent. The hand, as might be expected, was extremely painful, and could not be used. However, when the pilot returned to the denser layers of the atmosphere, the state of the arm returned to normal.\nBorders on the way to space and the limits of deep space\nAtmosphere and near-Earth outer space\n- Sea level - 101.3 kPa (1 atm; 760 mm Hg atmospheric pressure), density of the medium 2.7 · 1019 molecules per cm.\n- 0.5 km - up to this height lives 80% of the human population of the world.\n- 2 km - up to this height lives 99% of the world's population.\n- 2-3 km - the beginning of the manifestation of malaise (mountain sickness) in non-acclimatized people.\n- 4.7 km - MFA requires additional oxygen supply for pilots and passengers.\n- 5.0 km - 50% of atmospheric pressure at sea level.\n- 5.1 km is the highest located city of La Rinconada (Peru).\n- 5.3 km - half the entire mass of the atmosphere lies below this height (slightly below the top of Mount Elbrus).\n- 6 km - the border of human permanent residence (temporary Sherpa villages in the Himalayas), the border of terrestrial life in the mountains.\n- up to 6.5 km - snow line in Tibet and the Andes. In all other places, it is located lower in Antarctica to 0 m above sea level.\n- 6.6 km - the highest located stone building (Mount Lugliaillaco, South America).\n- 7 km - the limit of human adaptability to a long stay in the mountains.\n- 8.2 km is the border of death without an oxygen mask: even a healthy and trained person can lose consciousness at any time and die.\n- 8.848 km - the highest point of the Earth Mount Everest - the natural limit of accessibility on foot.\n- 9 km - the limit of adaptability to short-term breathing by atmospheric air.\n- 12 km - breathing air is equivalent to being in space (the same time of loss of consciousness ~ 10-20 s); the limit of short-term breathing with pure oxygen without additional pressure; ceiling of subsonic passenger liners.\n- 15 km - breathing pure oxygen is equivalent to being in space.\n- 16 km - when in a tall suit in the cab, additional pressure is needed. Overhead there was 10% of the mass of the atmosphere.\n- 10-18 km - the border between the troposphere and the stratosphere at different latitudes (tropopause). This is also the boundary of the rise of ordinary clouds, then rarefied and dry air extends.\n- 18.9-19.35 - Armstrong line - the beginning of space for the human body - boiling water at the temperature of the human body. Internal body fluids at this height still do not boil, because the body generates enough internal pressure to prevent this effect, but saliva and tears may begin to boil with the formation of foam, swell eyes.\n- 19 km - the brightness of the dark purple sky at the zenith is 5% of the brightness of the clear blue sky at sea level (74.3-75 candles versus 1500 candles per m), the brightest stars and planets can be seen during the day.\n- 20 km - the intensity of primary cosmic radiation begins to prevail over the secondary (born in the atmosphere).\n- 20 km - the ceiling of hot air balloons (hot air balloons) (19 811 m).\n- 20-22 km - the upper boundary of the biosphere: the limit of the rise in the atmosphere of living spores and bacteria by air currents.\n- 20–25 km — the brightness of the sky is 20–40 times lower than the brightness at sea level during the day, both at the center of the total solar eclipse strip and at dusk when the Sun is 9–10 degrees below the horizon and stars up to 2 magnitude are visible.\n- 25 km - during the day you can navigate through the bright stars.\n- 25-26 km - the maximum steady-state flight altitude of existing jet aircraft (practical ceiling).\n- 15-30 km - the ozone layer at different latitudes.\n- 34.668 km is the official altitude record for a balloon (stratospheric balloon) operated by two stratonauts (Project Strato Lab, 1961).\n- OK. 35 km is the beginning of space for water or a triple point of water: at this altitude, atmospheric pressure is 611.657 Pa and water boils at 0 ° C, and above it cannot be in liquid form.\n- 37.8 km - a record of the altitude of a turbojet aircraft (MiG-25M, dynamic ceiling).\n- 38.48 km (52,000 steps) is the upper boundary of the atmosphere in the 11th century: the first scientific determination of the height of the atmosphere by the duration of twilight and knowledge of the diameter of the Earth (Arab scientist Algazen, 965-1039) \n- 39 km is a record of jumping from the stratosphere without a stabilizing parachute (Felix Baumgartner, 2012).\n- 41.42 km is a one-man stratospheric altitude record, as well as a stabilizing parachute jump altitude record, performed by Google Vice President Alan Eustace on October 24, 2014. \n- 45 km is the theoretical limit for a ramjet.\n- 48 km - the atmosphere does not weaken the ultraviolet rays of the sun.\n- 50 km is the boundary between the stratosphere and the mesosphere (stratopause).\n- 51.694 km - the last manned altitude record in the pre-space era (Joseph Walker on the X-15 rocket plane, March 30, 1961)\n- OK. 53 km is a height record for a gas unmanned balloon.\n- 55 km - the atmosphere does not affect cosmic radiation.\n- 40–80 km is the maximum ionization of air (the conversion of air into plasma) from friction against the body of the descent vehicle when it enters the atmosphere at the first cosmic velocity .\n- 70 km - the upper limit of the atmosphere in 1714 according to the calculation of Edmund Halley based on pressure measurements by climbers, Boyle's law and observations of meteors .\n- 80 km - the border between the mesosphere and the thermosphere (mesopause); height of silvery clouds.\n- 80.45 km (50 miles) is the official height of the space border in the United States.\n- 100 km - the official international border between the atmosphere and space is the Karman line, which defines the boundary between aeronautics and space. Aerodynamic surfaces (wings) starting from this altitude do not make sense, since the flight speed to create lift becomes higher than the first cosmic velocity and the atmospheric aircraft turns into a space satellite. The density of the medium at this height is 12 trillion molecules per 1 dm? \n- 100 km is the recorded atmospheric boundary in 1902: the discovery of the reflecting radio waves of the Kennelly – Heaviside ionized layer 90–120 km .\n- 118 km is the transition from atmospheric wind to flows of charged particles.\n- 122 km (400,000 ft) is the first noticeable manifestation of the atmosphere when it returns to Earth from orbit: the incoming air begins to unfold the Space Shuttle with its nose in the direction of travel, air ionization from friction and heating of the hull begin.\n- 120-130 km - a satellite in a circular orbit with such a height can make no more than one revolution.\n- 150-180 km - the height of the perigee of the orbit of the first manned space flights.\n- 200 km is the lowest possible orbit with short-term stability (up to several days).\n- 302 km - maximum altitude (apogee) of the first manned space flight (Gagarin Yu.A. on the Vostok-1 spaceship, April 12, 1961)\n- 320 km - recorded atmospheric boundary in 1927: discovery of the Appleton layer reflecting radio waves.\n- 350 km is the lowest possible orbit with long-term stability (up to several years).\n- OK. 400 km - orbit altitude of the International Space Station\n- 500 km - the beginning of the internal proton radiation belt and the end of safe orbits for long human flights.\n- 690 km is the average height of the boundary between the thermosphere and exosphere (Thermopause, exobase). Above the exobase, the mean free path of the air molecules becomes greater than the height of the homogeneous atmosphere and, if they have a velocity higher than the second cosmic one, they can leave the atmosphere with a probability of over 50%.\n- 1000–1100 km is the maximum height of auroras, the last manifestation of the atmosphere visible from the Earth’s surface (but usually well-marked auroras occur at altitudes of 90–400 km).\n- 1372 km - the maximum altitude reached by man before the first manned flights to the Moon, the astronauts for the first time saw not just a curved horizon, but the sphericity of the Earth (Gemini-11 ship on September 2, 1966).\n- 2000 km - the atmosphere does not affect satellites and they can exist in orbit for many millennia.\n- 3000 km is the maximum intensity of the proton flux of the internal radiation belt (up to 0.5-1 Gy / hour).\n- 12 756 km - we retired to a distance equal to the diameter of planet Earth.\n- 17,000 km - external electronic radiation belt.\n- 27 743 km is the smallest distance from Earth at which the discovered asteroid 2012 DA14 with a diameter of 30 m and a mass of about 40 thousand tons flew in advance (over 1 day).\n- 35 786 km - the height of the geostationary orbit, a satellite in such an orbit will always hang over one point of the equator. In the first half of the 20th century, this height was considered the theoretical limit of the existence of the atmosphere. If the whole atmosphere rotated uniformly with the Earth, then from this height at the equator the centrifugal force of rotation will exceed the gravitational forces, and air molecules that go beyond this boundary will scatter in different directions. In fact, the phenomenon of atmospheric scattering takes place, but it occurs due to the thermal and corpuscular action of the Sun in the entire exosphere at altitudes from 400 to ~ 100 thousand km (see above).\n- OK. 90,000 km - the distance to the head shock wave formed by the collision of the Earth's magnetosphere with the solar wind.\n- OK. 100,000 km is the upper boundary of the Earth's exosphere (geocorona) seen by satellites. The last manifestations of the Earth’s atmosphere have ended, interplanetary space has begun\n- 363 104–405 696 km - the height of the Moon’s orbit above the Earth.\n- 401,056 km is an absolute record of the height at which a person was (Apollo 13, April 14, 1970).\n- 930,000 km - the radius of the Earth's gravitational sphere and the maximum height of its satellites. Above 930,000 km, the attraction of the Sun begins to prevail, and it will pull the bodies rising above.\n- 1,500,000 km - the distance to one of the libration points L2, in which the bodies that got there are in gravitational equilibrium. A space station launched to this point without being an orbiting satellite, with minimal fuel consumption for trajectory correction, would always follow the Earth and be in its shadow.\n- 21 000 000 km - at such a distance the gravitational effect of the Earth on flying objects practically disappears.\n- 40 000 000 km - the minimum distance from Earth to the nearest large planet Venus.\n- 56 000 000 - 58 000 000 km - the minimum distance to Mars during the Great Confrontations.\n- 149 597 870.7 km - the average distance from the Earth to the Sun. This distance serves as a measure of distances in the solar system and is called an astronomical unit (a.u.). Light travels this distance in about 500 seconds (8 minutes 20 seconds).\n- 590,000,000 km - the minimum distance from Earth to the nearest large gas planet Jupiter. Further figures indicate the distance from the sun.\n- 4,500,000,000 km (4.5 billion km) - the radius of the border of the near-solar interplanetary space - the radius of the orbit of the farthest large planet Neptune.\n- 8,230,000,000 km - the far boundary of the Kuiper belt - the belt of small ice planets, which includes the dwarf planet Pluto.\n- 20,000,000,000 km is the distance to the farthest today Voyager-1 interstellar automatic spacecraft on January 5, 2016.\n- 35,000,000,000 km (35 billion km) - the range of the solar wind - the boundary of the heliosphere, the beginning of interstellar space.\n- 65,000,000,000 km - the distance to the Voyager-1 apparatus by 2100.\n- OK. 300,000,000,000 km (300 billion km) is the near boundary of the Hills cloud, which is the inner part of the Oort cloud, a large but very sparse cluster of ice blocks that slowly fly in their orbits. Occasionally breaking out of this cloud and approaching the Sun, they become comets.\n- 9,460,730,472,580.8 km (approx. 9.5 trillion km) - light year - the distance that light travels at a speed of 299 792 km / s in 1 year. It is used to measure interstellar and intergalactic distances.\n- up to 15,000,000,000,000 km - the range of the likely finding of a hypothetical satellite of the Sun of the star Nemesis\n- up to 20,000,000,000,000 km (20 trillion km, 2 light years) - the gravitational boundaries of the Solar System (Hill Sphere) - the outer boundary of the Oort Cloud, the maximum range of the existence of solar satellites (planets, comets, hypothetical faint stars).\n- 30 856 776 000 000 km - 1 parsec - a more narrowly professional astronomical unit for measuring interstellar distances is 3.2616 light years.\n- OK. 40,000,000,000,000 km (40 trillion km, 4.243 light years) - the distance to the nearest famous star Proxima Centauri\n- OK. 56,000,000,000,000 km (56 trillion km, 5.96 light years - the distance to the flying star of Barnard, to which it was supposed to send the Daedalus unmanned research vehicle, developed since the 1970s, capable of flying and transmitting information within one human life (about 50 years).\n- 100,000,000,000,000 km (100 trillion km, approx. 10 light years) - within this radius are the 11 nearest stars.\n- OK. 300,000,000,000,000 km (300 trillion km, 30 light years) is the size of the Local Interstellar Cloud through which the Solar System is currently moving (the density of the medium of this cloud is 300 atoms per 1 dm?).\n- OK. 3,000,000,000,000,000 km (3 quadrillion km, 300 light years) is the size of the Local Gas Bubble, which includes the Local Interstellar Cloud with the Solar System (medium density 50 atoms per 1 dm?).\n- OK. 33,000,000,000,000,000 km (33 km3 km, 3,500 light years) is the thickness of the galactic Sleeve of Orion, near the inner edge of which is the Local Bubble.\n- OK. 300,000,000,000,000,000 km (300 km2 km) - the distance from the Sun to the nearest outer edge of the halo of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Outside it extends a black, almost empty and starless intergalactic space with barely visible small spots without a telescope of several nearby galaxies. The density of the medium of the intergalactic space is less than 1 hydrogen atom per 1 dm ?.\n- OK. 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 km (1 quintillion km, 100 thousand light years) - the diameter of our Milky Way galaxy, it contains 200-400 billion stars, the total mass with black holes, dark matter and other invisible objects is approx. 3 trillion suns.\n- OK. 5,000,000,000,000,000,000 km (approx. 5 quintillion km) - the size of the subgroup of the Milky Way, which includes our galaxy and its satellites dwarf galaxies, total 15 galaxies. The most famous of them are the Big Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud.\n- OK. 30,000,000,000,000,000,000 km (approx. 30 quintillion km, approx. 1 million parsecs) - the size of the Local group of galaxies, which includes three large neighbors: the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, the Triangle Galaxy, and numerous dwarf galaxies (more than 50 galaxies). The Andromeda galaxy and our galaxy are approaching at a speed of about 120 km / s and are likely to collide with each other after about 4-5 billion years.\n- OK. 2,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 km (2 sextillion km, 200 million light years) is the size of the Local Supercluster of Galaxies (Virgo Supercluster) (about 30 thousand galaxies, mass about a quadrillion of Suns).\n- OK. 4,900,000,000,000,000,000,000 km (4.9 sextillion km, 520 million light years) - the size of the even larger supercluster of Laniakei (\"Immense Heaven\"), which includes our supercluster Virgo and the so-called Great Attractor, attracting to surrounding galaxies, including us at a speed of about 500 km / s. In total, there are about 100 thousand galaxies in Leniakey, its mass is about 100 quadrillion suns.\n- OK. 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (10 sextillion km, 1 billion light years) - the length of the Pisces-Ceti Supercluster Complex, also called the galactic filament and Pisces-Ceti hypercluster, in which we live (60 clusters of galaxies, 10 masses of Lenakei or near the quintillion suns).\n- up to 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 km - the distance to Eridan's Super Void, the largest known void today with a size of about 1 billion St. years old. In the central regions of this huge empty space there are no stars and galaxies, and generally there is almost no ordinary matter (density 10% of the average density of the Universe). An astronaut in the center of the void without a large telescope could not see anything but darkness. In the figure on the right, in a cubic clipping from the Universe, many hundreds of large and small voids are located, like bubbles in a foam, between numerous galactic filaments.\n- OK. 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (100 sextillion km, 10 billion light years) is the length of the great wall of the Hercules-Northern Crown, the largest superstructure known today in the observable Universe. It is located at a distance of about 10 billion light years from us.\n- OK. 250,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (approx. 250 sextillion km, over 26 billion light years) is the size of the limits of visibility of matter (galaxies and stars) in the observable Universe (over 500 billion galaxies).\n- OK. 870,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 km (870 sextillion km, 92 billion light years) is the size of the limits of visibility of radiation in the observable Universe.\nThe speeds required to enter the near and far space\nIn order to enter orbit, the body must reach a certain speed. Cosmic speeds for the Earth:\n- The first cosmic speed - 7.9 km / s - the speed for entering into orbit around the Earth;\n- The second cosmic velocity - 11.1 km / s - is the velocity for moving away from the sphere of gravity of the Earth and entering interplanetary space;\n- The third cosmic velocity - 16.67 km / s - the speed to escape from the sphere of gravity of the Sun and exit into interstellar space;\n- The fourth cosmic speed - about 550 km / s - is the speed for moving away from the sphere of gravity of the Milky Way galaxy and entering the intergalactic space.\nFor comparison, the speed of the Sun relative to the center of the galaxy is approximately 220 km / s.\nIf any of the speeds is less than indicated, then the body will not be able to enter the corresponding orbit (the statement is true only for launching at the indicated speed from the Earth’s surface and further movement without traction).\nThe first who realized that to achieve such speeds when using any chemical fuel, a multi-stage rocket using liquid fuel was needed, was Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Area teachers spend summer in TTU engineering labs to help high school students\nTo learn more about RETainUS and from teachers and faculty, watch this YouTube video.\nCOOKEVILLE, Tenn. (June 26, 2009) — If you think area high school math and science teachers are basking in summer fun with no thought of the classroom, you’ve not met the nine teachers who are laboring and learning over research at Tennessee Tech University.\nThey’ve become exceptional students themselves under the direction of TTU’s Mohamed Abdelrahman and colleagues who are putting teachers of science and mathematics through the paces as researchers.\n“Our main theme is to have teachers become investigators and benefit from the full experience of research,” said Abdelrahman. “Understanding the full process means they experience the full excitement that engineering can bring to their classrooms.”\nRETainUS, or Research Experience for Teachers in Manufacturing for Competitiveness in the United States, offers select teachers a chance to see how different disciplines interact to address real world engineering problems with focus on manufacturing.\n“Many students do not realize how fertile the manufacturing field is with fulfilling and challenging career opportunities,” Abdelrahman said. “This program aims to change this perception starting with teachers and, in turn, their students.”\nBut participants, including White County High School’s Angela McCulley, had little idea of the demands the program would command of them.\n“When we found out what was expected of us the first week, our stress level shot through the roof,” McCulley said.\nCookeville High School science teacher Lynn Thurber says she didn’t expect the pressure put on her to come up with a research question and plan.\n“But now I see how the expectation was good,” Thurber said. “How can I teach a student to design an engineering process when I’ve never done it, when I’ve never studied it? I now have an actual feel for what goes on in engineering so that I can bring back that excitement into my classroom.”\nDuring the six-week program, participants find themselves immersed in the research and development process through hands-on experience and real world problems that relate to conventional manufacturing processes such as metalcasting, rapid prototyping, nanomaterials, fuel cells and special coating materials, and enabling technologies such as intelligent optimization.\nAbdelrahman says it is a sacrifice of time and a true commitment by these teachers to complete the program, but the benefits exponentially reach into area schools where STEM education needs a boost.\n“These teachers deserve all the praise and appreciation from all of us for serving as models for teachers willing to take the extra effort to better educate the next generation,” said Abdelrahman.\nFunded by the National Science Foundation and supported by TTU’s Center for Manufacturing Research, the program offers funding for classroom equipment and supplies and stipends for completing the program.\nBridgett Pugh of Monterey High School says hands-on activities are essential to capturing student interest, but they almost always come with a personal price tag.\n“If you do anything extra that is fun or new or exciting in science, you pay for it out of your pocket,” Pugh said. “I’m here because this program allows me to buy equipment and other resources for my classroom that I wouldn’t have.”\nThe capstone benefit is the Legacy Cycle of teaching that the program prepares teachers to implement in their schools. The Legacy Cycle is a teaching module where students are given a big challenge and their task is to decide what education and information is needed to address the challenge. Teachers charge students with going out and finding information on their own and coming back to them with questions.\n“When the students come back to me, I give them lesson plans based on their needs,” Virginia Mayfield, a Monterey High School math teacher, said. “It all leads to a public phase where students have to present and validate their findings to the class.”\nAnthony Giest of Gordonsville High School says he’s been in a lot of group projects as a teacher and this is the best he’s ever experienced because he gained an in-depth understanding of research.\n“In my classroom, I can talk about my research, specifically what I’ve done,” said Geist. “I’ve got my Gordonsville tiger cast sitting on my desk and I can say ‘When I was doing the research I ran into this problem.’\n“Through this program you’ve experienced enough that you can talk with passion about what goes on in the research field,” he added. “That part of the teaching goes beyond the Legacy cycle to all your teaching.\nBoth Mayfield and Geist participated in the program’s pilot run last year; they were so impressed that they applied to take part again this summer.\nMayfield agrees that the engineering experience makes her a better teacher.\n“So many times students don’t go in to fields because they are scared of them,” said Mayfield. “What I learn here I can take back, and I can pump those kids up about their futures.”\nMcCulley says the biggest hurdle with many students is to create a learning environment that’s fun and interesting so that they will even consider going to college and then pursue STEM fields.\n“The easiest way to do that is with science hands-on activities,” she said. “If they know that they can have a career that they enjoy, they will start considering going to college and working in one of these fields.”\nThis year’s participants are McCulley, Thurber, Pugh, Mayfield, Cindy Stowers, Joe Harris, Josh Price, Rachel Sparkman and Robert Sircy.\nBecause RETainUS is a three-year project, more Upper Cumberland teachers will have an opportunity to participate during Summer 2010 and 2011.\nAbdelrahman says this is a collaborative effort built on the talents and contributions of many TTU faculty, including co-director Holly Anthony, research training mentor Sally Pardue and engineering research project mentors Joe Biernacki, Ken Currie, Holly Stretz, Cynthia Rice-York, Dalton York and Ying Zhang.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Hearing Loss Causes\nHearing loss can be caused by many things: aging, trauma, earwax, loud noises, certain drugs and a variety of illnesses ranging from ear infections to tumors. Doctors categorize hearing loss causes into four general groups: sensorineural hearing loss, conductive hearing loss, Retro-Cochlear hearing loss, and mixed hearing loss depending on the part of the ear that is affected. Once doctors identify the cause of a patient’s hearing loss, they assess the hearing loss in terms of its severity, from mild to severe. They also assess hearing loss by a host of other criteria, such as if the patient is deaf in one or both ears. They also determine whether the degree of hearing loss is the same in both ears or different, and whether the hearing loss is stable, or changes over time.\nConductive Hearing Loss Causes\nWhen something blocks sounds from passing through the middle or outer ear, this is known as conductive hearing loss. This kind of hearing loss is caused by complications with the eardrum, ear canal or the middle ear. Conductive hearing loss may result from tumors, congenital malformation of the ear, one or more foreign bodies in the ear or head trauma, all of which may be treated with surgery. It may also result from a middle ear infection, in which case it may be treated with drugs.\nSensorineural Hearing Loss Causes\nHearing loss that is nerve-related and affects the inner ear is known as sensorineural hearing loss. The inner ear contains the acoustic nerve and other nerves that transmit signals to the brain. Damage to the hearing nerve may result from trauma, inflammation, systemic disease or viruses. Doctors may treat inflammation or underlying autoimmune disease with corticosteroids, or tumors and ear compartment fluid rupture with surgery.\nAnother phenomenon called Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss can make a person go deaf immediately, or over a period of a few days. This sudden hearing loss should be considered a medical emergency; people who have sudden hearing loss should seek medical care right away to prevent a potentially permanent loss of hearing. A doctor will run hearing tests to determine whether a patient’s sudden hearing loss is due to this condition.\nMixed Hearing Loss Causes\nA doctor may diagnose a patient with mixed hearing loss if their deafness seems to be due to more than one cause. A case of mixed hearing loss could result from having both sensorineural hearing loss and conductive hearing loss. There might be damage to many parts of the ear at once in such cases -- from severe trauma, for example. A doctor would address each concern with the goal of saving as much of a patient’s hearing as possible.\nRetro-Cochlear Hearing Loss\nThis kind of sensorineural hearing loss does not occur in the inner ear. It occurs beyond the ear. The patient sometimes loses hearing because of a tumor in the brain stem or the brain that is affecting the function of the auditory nerve. This kind of hearing loss is usually treated with surgery.\nSigns of Hearing Loss\nPeople who experience ringing in the ears, who have trouble hearing in large groups and who find themselves turning up the radio and television may be experiencing the first signs of hearing loss. Hearing problems usually don't resolve on their own. People experiencing signs of hearing loss should visit an audiologist for a medical evaluation. An audiologist can diagnose the causes of hearing loss and may reverse the problem, or prevent it from getting worse.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Content on this page was developed during the 2009-2010 H1N1 pandemic and has not been updated.\n- The H1N1 virus that caused that pandemic is now a regular human flu virus and continues to circulate seasonally worldwide.\n- The English language content on this website is being archived for historic and reference purposes only.\n- For current, updated information on seasonal flu, including information about H1N1, see the CDC Seasonal Flu website.\nDeaths Related to 2009 H1N1 Influenza Among American Indian/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) — 12 States, 2009December 18, 2009 11:30 AM ET\nTwelve states participated in this investigation : AK, AL, AZ, MI, ND, NM, OK, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY. In addition to these states, the investigation workgroup included the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, 5 Tribal Epidemiology Centers (TEC) (Arizona, California, Northwest Portland Area [OR, ID, WA], Oklahoma, and the TEC representing all southern/eastern states), the Indian Health Service, and CDC.\nOf the 426 deaths attributable to 2009 H1N1 virus infection, forty-two (9.9%) occurred among AI/ANs; AI/ANs make up approximately 3% of the total population in these 12 states. When age-adjusted rates per 100,000 population were compared, the 2009 H1N1 influenza death rate in AI/ANs in these states was 4 times the 2009 H1N1 influenza death rate in all other races combined\nYes, in all age groups, AI/ANs had a 2009 H1N1 influenza death rate that was higher than the 2009 H1N1 influenza death rate in other populations in these 12 states.\nAI/ANs aged >65 years had the highest age-specific death rate at 7.2 per 100,000 population.\nThe age-adjusted death rates per 100,000 population for each racial/ethnic category were as follows:\nDid AI/ANs in this investigation have co-existing medical conditions associated with more severe 2009 H1N1-related disease?\nThe proportion of AI/AN deaths falling into any high-risk category was 81.0% compared to 77.6% for all other racial and ethnic groups. The prevalence of asthma was 31.0% among AI/AN decedents versus 14.1% in the non-AI/AN racial/ethnic groups; the prevalence of diabetes was 45.2% among the AI/AN deaths versus 24.0% for the non-AI/AN racial and ethnic groups.\n- The factors that place AI/AN populations at higher risk for influenza-related deaths are unknown, but may include higher rates of underlying chronic illness such as diabetes. The age-specific prevalence of diabetes in AI/AN adults is two to three times higher than for U.S. adults in general.\n- Poverty and other social determinants of health may place AI/ANs at higher risk. The AI/AN poverty rate for households with children under 18 years of age is 30% —a rate that is twice the national rate and three times the rate for non-Hispanic whites. Poverty may result in living conditions that contribute to higher risk due to factors such as less-than-optimal sanitation (e.g. lack of running water) or household crowding.\n- Half of the AI/ANs in the U.S. live on reservations, many in very remote locations. Remoteness can be a barrier affecting access to both preventive services and acute clinical care.\nIs this the first time that this increased risk of death from 2009 H1N1 has been documented among AI/AN populations?\n- Increased risk of death from 2009 H1N1 has been reported to occur in indigenous populations in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand previously.\n- In the fall of 2009, two states (Arizona and New Mexico) observed a disproportionate number of 2009 H1N1-associated deaths among AI/ANs. In Arizona, where AI/ANs represent 4.9% of the state’s total population, AI/ANs comprised 19% of all confirmed 2009 H1N1 deaths. In New Mexico, state officials observed that 20% of 2009 H1N1 deaths in the state were AI/ANs, who make up 9% of the state’s total population.\n- Although data on the effects of the 1918 pandemic on AI/AN populations are limited, government reports from 1919 and 1920 found that the epidemic among American Indians was ‘‘extremely severe,’’ with mortality rates 4 times higher than that reported for larger cities in the United States during the pandemic.\n- Multiple investigations spanning the last 90 years have shown that AI/ANs are at increased risk of hospitalization and death from influenza and pneumonia. During the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in the United States, government sources documented that AI/ANs were 4 times more likely to die from influenza than people living in urban areas. A 1980 investigation in New Mexico documented that AI/ANs were 2 to 3 times more likely to die from pneumonia and influenza than Whites. In 2009, an investigation comparing mortality data for the years 1999-2003 found that the pneumonia and influenza death rate of Alaska Natives was 60% higher that the pneumonia and influenza death rate of Whites. Many other investigations have found the same or similar pattern over many decades. The question, however, of why AI/ANs are more likely to die from influenza and pneumonia has not been answered.\n- Mortality for pneumonia and influenza (P&I) in all age groups is twice as high for the AI/AN population compared to the rest of the U.S. population. Among AI/AN infants, P& I mortality is 4 times higher compared to the U.S. general population; among AI/ANs <24 years of age, rates are from 1.7 to 2.8 times as high; among AI/ANs 25 – 54 years of age, rates are 3.3 times higher. P&I mortality rates for those 55 and older are 1.7 times higher than the U.S. population.\n- Increase awareness among AI/AN populations and their healthcare providers about the potential severity of influenza and about current recommendations regarding the timely use of antiviral medications, especially among persons known to be at high risk (e.g., children, the elderly, pregnant women, and anyone with certain chronic medical conditions such as asthma, diabetes, heart disease, kidney disease, or immunosuppression).\n- Efforts to promote the use of 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccine in AI/AN populations should be expanded.\n- Ensure that all state and federal mortality surveillance systems are capable of\naccurate and complete reporting of race/ethnicity.\n- Factors that might contribute to increased influenza-related mortality in the AI/AN population, including the impact of underlying chronic medical conditions and social determinants of health, should be topics for future investigation.\nGet email updates\nTo receive weekly email updates about this site, enter your email address:\n- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\n1600 Clifton Rd\nAtlanta, GA 30333\nTTY: (888) 232-6348\n- Contact CDC-INFO", "label": "No"}
{"text": "When you have peripheral neuropathy caused by diabetes, your feet and skin need extra care and attention.\nVery small, repetitive injuries to the feet, like those caused by poorly fitting shoes, can lead to bigger problems, says Tom Elasy, M.D., director of the Diabetes Clinic at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tenn.\n\"Calluses, blisters, sores, infections and foot ulcers may appear on numb areas of the foot because pressure or injury goes unnoticed. This happens simply because you can't feel the problem.\"\nAlso, people with uncontrolled diabetes have a hard time fighting infections. They may also have poor circulation that can lead to problems with healing. That means a minor cut in your skin could become an ulcer or develop into a serious infection. With good foot care, you can prevent most of these problems.\nInspect Your Feet Daily if You Have Diabetes\n\"We recommend that patients inspect their feet on a daily basis for cuts, any signs of redness, calluses or blisters,\" says Elasy. \"Using a little mirror can help. Also, it's important to moisturize. But avoid getting (lotion) between the toes, because that area is already moist. So extra moisture tends to cause fungal infections.\"\nCaring for your feet is easy. It's best to do it when you are bathing or getting ready for bed. Good foot care also involves getting medical help early if a problem develops. It's important to see your doctor for treatment right away to prevent serious complications like infections.\nHere are good everyday foot care habits:\n|Listen to podcast:||\nDavid Trenner, D.P.M. is a Senior Associate in Orthopaedics at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, specializing in podiatry, orthopaedics and rehabilitation. Good foot care is very important for anyone with diabetes. Dr. Trenner will explain what specific problems are related to diabetes, how to assess any complications and what preventative medicine and treatments are available.\nTo learn more about what can be done to prevent foot complications, please visit:\nPreventing Foot Complications", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Now, art and design have come into the business. From the standpoint of having been a management consultant and a painter for many years, it seems that the two areas, art/design and the business finally have been merged. Business and art have been said to be the opposite counterpart in the past. Business is problem-solving, based on \"left brain\". Art is based on free ideas and comes from \"right brain\". Usually, these consepts are described like this. But actually, it's not such simple. Business problem-solving also uses a considerable amount of \"right brain\"; for defining the issues and jumping ideas for problem-solving. On the other hand, although art has a huge degree of freedom, it is an expression that conveys things, concepts and ideas of ideas to people, logical-thinking should be used as well as using the \"left brain\", and if you do not adopt logic in the method, it will not spread. In other words, distinctions such as the \"left brain\" and \"right brain\" are meaningless.\nWhen we are involved in the areas of new business, design and art or something, we are required to be \"creative\"or to have \"creativity\". It is a very exciting and rewarding scene. However, no creativity can be established without basics or a lot of basic practises. Creativity is made up of a very basic part of problem solving skills. This has a strong correlation with the area of design in particular. What is the problem and how to solve it? Where do you concentrate on creativity? How does human psychology work? Even though we are thinking freely, nothing is born.Based on the foundation of problem solving, B O D A I will realize various new values using creativity.\nRecently, research to explain the effect of art and design has developed by behavioral economics and brain science. \"Art Thinking\" and art activities have the same effect as meditation / mindfulness. Also, design can be proven scientifically. And the result of brain science proves that art and design give for human wellness.\nOn the other hand, since corporate activities are people's behavior, management issues strongly related to the feelings of people. Needless to say, people are 90% of management. However, issues of people and issues of how people feel have not been easily grasped by management. The isssues of this human mind can be changed by the way of art-thinking and design-thinking. How do we see things differently? How do we see what we cannot see? Even if we see the same thing, why do we feel the different things? How can we find the different meaning?. How can we challenge forward with limited time and resources? How do you share it with your team? A big hint is hidden in the problem of human mind.\nNow, the boader of every indusrty melts out, and the integration of various industries is occurring. By thinking from a different viewpoint, the axis of new growth will be visible. Let's get out of the existing concept and be fully open our creativity and let us create a new and exciting future together.\nYuji Machida, The founder and CEO of B O D A I, Co., Ltd\nGraduated from Kyoto University in 1991, BA in law. joined McKinsey and Company Inc. on the same year. Was IT, high-tech, internet related practice leader at Osaka office, Tokyo office, Seoul office and Shanghai office. Did a lot of studies of strategy, change organization, M&A, urban development and many others mainly in IT, internet, Mobile area. Was in charge of recruitment / education as well. The Roger Klein award winner. Associate principal.\nOpend his own office after joined for Rimnet Corporation, Unison Capital, etc.\nEstablised B O D A I, Co., Ltd in September 2013. Developed personnel gratitude-expression sending service named \"Rigato\" , which enhance team relationship. Business consulting, change organization for new business. Faculty for ISL Management Seminar .\nAdvisor to Too Corp., specialized in creators/ design / art industries.\nAdvisor to \"AERTS ECONOMICS\" of Endored Research Chair Innovation Management Science of Kyoto Univercity.\nAdvisor to the Govener of Tokyo (2017-18).\nPainter based in New York and Tokyo. A solo exhibition was held in New York in 1999.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "On this page:\nWhat is glanders?\nHow do you become infected?\nCan you get it from other people?\nWhy is it considered a possible terror weapon?\nCan glanders be treated?\nCan glanders be prevented?\nWhat should I do if I think I may have been exposed to glanders?\nDownload PDF version formatted for print:\nGlanders - English (PDF: 116KB/2 pages)\nGlanders - Amharic (PDF: 106KB/2 pages)\nGlanders - Arabic (PDF: 173KB/2 pages)\nGlanders - Hmong (PDF: 75KB/2 pages)\nGlanders - Khmer (PDF: 112KB/2 pages)\nGlanders - Laotian (PDF: 86KB/2 pages)\nGlanders - Oromo (PDF: 68KB/2 pages)\nGlanders - Russian (PDF: 259KB/2 pages)\nGlanders - Serbo-Croatian (PDF: 163KB/2 pages)\nGlanders - Somali (PDF: 74KB/2 pages)\nGlanders - Spanish (PDF: 75KB/2 pages)\nGlanders - Vietnamese (PDF: 237KB/2 pages)\nGlanders is a disease caused by a kind of bacteria. It primarily affects horses, mules and donkeys, but is also seen in animals like goats, dogs and cats. Glanders is rare in humans – no human cases have been reported in the U.S. since 1945. However, people can become infected through direct contact with infected animals. There is also concern that glanders could be used as a weapon – by releasing the bacteria into the air, or by exposing people to contaminated materials.\nIn nature, glanders primarily affects horses, mules and donkeys\nDepending partly on how people are exposed to it, glanders can affect people in a number of different ways. They include:\n- localized skin infections, at the site of a cut or scratch\n- pneumonia and other serious lung problems\n- an infection of the blood, which is the most dangerous form of glanders\n- a chronic form of the illness involving abscesses (places where fluid collects) in a number of different locations – including the arms and legs, the spleen and the liver\nMore general symptoms of glanders include fever, muscle aches, chest pain, muscle tightness, headache, watery eyes, sensitivity to light and diarrhea.\nIf the glanders bacteria are inhaled, symptoms usually develop in ten to 14 days. Inhaling the bacteria is the most likely way that a person might become infected if glanders is used as a weapon.\nGlanders is a very dangerous illness, and it has a high fatality rate if left untreated. Blood infections with the bacteria that cause glanders are especially dangerous.\nWhen people get glanders from animals, the bacteria can enter the body through the skin, eyes and nose. In the past, cases have been reported in veterinarians, people who work with horses, and lab workers. However, no cases have been reported in the U.S. since the 1940s. The disease is still seen in domestic animals in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Central America and South America.\nEven when glanders is present in animals, spread of the disease from animals to humans has been rare. However, there is evidence that the risk of infection is much higher if the bacteria are inhaled – as they would be if the bacteria were used as a weapon, and released into the air.\nSome cases have been reported where glanders was spread from one person to another. Those include cases where the illness was spread through sexual contact, or by caring for family members who had the illness.\nDeliberately releasing glanders bacteria into the air would be a very effective way to infect people. The result would be an outbreak of very serious, life-threatening illness.\nIt is believed that glanders was used as a weapon during World War I, to infect horses and mules used by the military. In World War II, glanders was used against horses, civilians and prisoners of war. It was also used against horses by the former Soviet Union, during its war with Afghanistan.\nAs long as the disease isn’t present in animals, any human cases would automatically raise suspicion of a terrorist attack.\nBecause the disease is so rare in humans, there is limited information about different kinds of treatment and how well they work. However, a number of different antibiotics appear to work with glanders. Treatment may need to be continued for a long time.\nThere is no vaccine for glanders. People can avoid getting it from animals by taking steps to eliminate it from the animal population. When and if human cases do occur, steps should be taken to prevent spreading it in health care settings.\nnot be possible to tell if you’ve been exposed. However,\nif you are concerned about it, you should see your doctor right away.\nAny suspicious activity, involving possible use of a disease agent as\na weapon, should be reported to law enforcement officials.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "As many as 60,000 American women each year are told they have a very early stage of breast cancer — Stage 0, as it is commonly known — a possible precursor to what could be a deadly tumor. And almost every one of the women has either a lumpectomy or a mastectomy, and often a double mastectomy, removing a healthy breast as well.\nYet it now appears that treatment may make no difference in their outcomes. Patients with this condition had close to the same likelihood of dying of breast cancer as women in the general population, and the few who died did so despite treatment, not for lack of it, researchers reported Thursday in JAMA Oncology.\nTheir conclusions were based on the most extensive collection of data ever analyzed on the condition, known as ductal carcinoma in situ, or D.C.I.S.: 100,000 women followed for 20 years. The findings are likely to fan debate about whether tens of thousands of patients are undergoing unnecessary and sometimes disfiguring treatments for premalignant conditions that are unlikely to develop into life-threatening cancers.\nDiagnoses of D.C.I.S., involving abnormal cells confined to the milk ducts of the breast, have soared in recent decades. They now account for as much as a quarter of cancer diagnoses made with mammography, as radiologists find smaller and smaller lesions. But the new data on outcomes raises provocative questions: Is D.C.I.S. cancer, a precursor to the disease or just a risk factor for some women? Is there any reason for most patients with the diagnosis to receive brutal therapies? If treatment does not make a difference, should women even be told they have the condition?\nSuch questions are unlikely to be resolved by the new study. Some doctors, including the chief breast cancer surgeon at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, said they did not see reason to change the current approach.\nThe new data are helpful, said Dr. Barnett S. Kramer, director of the division of cancer prevention at the National Cancer Institute, and are consistent with other data pointing in the same direction. The new study, he added, provides, “the type of evidence that builds the justification for less morbid treatment.”\nDr. Otis W. Brawley, chief medical officer at the American Cancer Society, said he was not ready to abandon treatment until a large clinical trial is done that randomly assigns women to receive mastectomies, lumpectomies or no treatment for D.C.I.S., and that shows treatment is unnecessary for most patients. But Dr. Brawley, who was not involved in the study, also said he had no doubt that treatment had been excessive.\n“In medicine, we have a tendency to get too enthusiastic about a technique and overuse it,” Dr. Brawley said. “This has happened with the treatment of D.C.I.S.”\nA majority of the 100,000 patients in the database the researchers used, from a national cancer registry, had lumpectomies, and nearly all the rest had mastectomies, the new study found. Their chance of dying of breast cancer in the two decades after treatment was 3.3 percent, no matter which procedure they had, about the same as an average woman’s chance of dying of breast cancer, said Dr. Laura J. Esserman, a breast cancer surgeon and researcher at the University of California, San Francisco, who wrote an editorial accompanying the study.\nThe data showed that some patients were at higher risk: those younger than 40, black women and those whose abnormal cells had molecular markers found in advanced cancers with poorer prognoses.\nD.C.I.S. has long been regarded as a precursor to potentially deadly invasive cancers, analogous to colon polyps that can turn into colon cancer, said Dr. Steven A. Narod, the lead author of the paper and a researcher at Women’s College Research Institute in Toronto. The treatment strategy has been to get rid of the tiny specks of abnormal breast cells, just as doctors get rid of colon polyps when they see them in a colonoscopy.\nBut if that understanding of the condition had played out as expected, women who had an entire breast removed, or even both breasts as a sort of double precaution, should have been protected from invasive breast cancer. Instead, the findings showed, they had the same risk as those who had a lumpectomy. Almost no women went untreated, so it is not clear if as a group they did worse.\nBut some women who died of breast cancer ended up with the disease throughout their body without ever having it recur in their breast — many, in fact, had no breast because they had had a mastectomy. Those very rare fatal cases of D.C.I.S. followed by fatal breast cancer, Dr. Narod concluded, had most likely already spread at the time of detection. As for the rest, he said, they were never going to spread anyway.\nDr. Esserman said that if deadly breast cancers started out as D.C.I.S., the incidence of invasive breast cancers should have plummeted with rising detection rates. That has not happened, even though in the pre-mammography era, before about 1980, the number of women found to have D.C.I.S. was only in the hundreds. Nearly 240,000 women receive diagnoses of invasive breast cancer each year.\nThose facts lead Dr. Narod to a blunt view. After a surgeon has removed the aberrant cells for the biopsy, he said, “I think the best way to treat D.C.I.S. is to do nothing.”\nOthers drew back from that advice.\nDr. Monica Morrow, chief breast cancer surgeon at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, said it made more sense to view D.C.I.S. as a cancer precursor that should be treated the way it is now, with a lumpectomy or mastectomy. She questioned whether those women who were treated and ended up dying of breast cancer anyway had been misdiagnosed.\nIn some cases, pathologists look at only a small amount of tumor, Dr. Morrow said, and could have missed areas of invasive cancer. Even the best mastectomy leaves cells behind, she added, which could explain why a small number of women with D.C.I.S. who had mastectomies, even double mastectomies, died of breast cancer.\nDr. Brawley said the new study, by showing which D.C.I.S. patients were at highest risk, would help enormously in defining who might benefit from treatment. It could not show that the high-risk women — young, black or with tumors with ominous molecular markers — were helped by treatment because there were too few of them, and pretty much every one of them was treated. But Dr. Brawley said he would like to see clinical trials that addressed that question, as well as whether the rest of the women with D.C.I.S., 80 percent of them, would be fine without treatment or with anti-estrogen drugs like tamoxifen or raloxifene that can reduce overall breast cancer risk.\nThe notion that most women with D.C.I.S. might not need mastectomies or lumpectomies can be agonizing for those, like Therese Taylor of Mississauga, Ontario, who have already gone through such treatment. Four years ago, when she was 51, a doctor sent her for a mammogram, telling her he felt a lump in her right breast. That breast was fine, but it turned out she had D.C.I.S. in her left breast. A surgeon, she said, told her that “it was consistent with cancer” and that she should have a mastectomy.\n“I went into a state of shock and fear,” Ms. Taylor said. She had the surgery.\nShe regrets it. “It takes away your feeling of attractiveness,” she said. “Compared to women who really have cancer, it is nothing. But the mastectomy was for no reason, and that’s why it bothers me.”\nBut if D.C.I.S. is actually a risk factor for invasive cancer, rather than a precursor, it might be possible to help women reduce their risk, perhaps with hormonal or immunological therapies to change the breast environment, making it less hospitable to cancer cells, Dr. Esserman said.\n“As we learn more, that gives us the courage to try something different,” she said.\nThe stakes in this debate are high. Karuna Jaggar, executive director of Breast Cancer Action, an education and activist organization, said women tended not to appreciate the harms of overtreatment and often overestimated their risk of dying of cancer, making them react with terror.\n“Treatment comes with short- and long-term impacts,” Ms. Jaggar said, noting that women who get cancer treatment are less likely to be employed several years later and tend to earn less than before. There are emotional tolls and strains on relationships. And there can be complications from breast cancer surgery, including lymphedema, a permanent pooling of lymphatic fluid in the arm.\n“These are not theoretical harms,” Ms. Jaggar said.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Competition among conspecific males for fertilizing the ova is one of the mechanisms of sexual selection, i.e. selection that operates on maximizing the number of successful mating events rather than on maximizing survival and viability 1. Sperm competition represents the competition between males after copulating with the same female 2, in which their sperm are coincidental in time and space. This phenomenon has been reported in multiple species of plants and animals 3. For example, wild-caught D. melanogaster females usually contain sperm from 2-3 males 4. The sperm are stored in specialized organs with limited storage capacity, which might lead to the direct competition of the sperm from different males 2,5.\nComparing sperm competitive ability of different males of interest (experimental male types) has been performed through controlled double-mating experiments in the laboratory 6,7. Briefly, a single female is exposed to two different males consecutively, one experimental male and one cross-mating reference male. The same mating scheme is then followed using other experimental male types thus facilitating the indirect comparison of the competitive ability of their sperm through a common reference. The fraction of individuals fathered by the experimental and reference males is identified using markers, which allows one to estimate sperm competitive ability using simple mathematical expressions 7,8. In addition, sperm competitive ability can be estimated in two different scenarios depending on whether the experimental male is second or first to mate (offense and defense assay, respectively) 9, which is assumed to be reflective of different competence attributes.\nHere, we describe an approach that helps to interrogate the role of different genetic factors that putatively underlie the phenomenon of sperm competitive ability in D. melanogaster.\n26 Related JoVE Articles!\nCommunity-based Adapted Tango Dancing for Individuals with Parkinson's Disease and Older Adults\nInstitutions: Emory University School of Medicine, Brigham and Woman‘s Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital.\nAdapted tango dancing improves mobility and balance in older adults and additional populations with balance impairments. It is composed of very simple step elements. Adapted tango involves movement initiation and cessation, multi-directional perturbations, varied speeds and rhythms. Focus on foot placement, whole body coordination, and attention to partner, path of movement, and aesthetics likely underlie adapted tango’s demonstrated efficacy for improving mobility and balance. In this paper, we describe the methodology to disseminate the adapted tango teaching methods to dance instructor trainees and to implement the adapted tango by the trainees in the community for older adults and individuals with Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Efficacy in improving mobility (measured with the Timed Up and Go, Tandem stance, Berg Balance Scale, Gait Speed and 30 sec chair stand), safety and fidelity of the program is maximized through targeted instructor and volunteer training and a structured detailed syllabus outlining class practices and progression.\nBehavior, Issue 94, Dance, tango, balance, pedagogy, dissemination, exercise, older adults, Parkinson's Disease, mobility impairments, falls\nSex Stratified Neuronal Cultures to Study Ischemic Cell Death Pathways\nInstitutions: University of Colorado School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, University of Colorado School of Medicine.\nSex differences in neuronal susceptibility to ischemic injury and neurodegenerative disease have long been observed, but the signaling mechanisms responsible for those differences remain unclear. Primary disassociated embryonic neuronal culture provides a simplified experimental model with which to investigate the neuronal cell signaling involved in cell death as a result of ischemia or disease; however, most neuronal cultures used in research today are mixed sex. Researchers can and do test the effects of sex steroid treatment in mixed sex neuronal cultures in models of neuronal injury and disease, but accumulating evidence suggests that the female brain responds to androgens, estrogens, and progesterone differently than the male brain. Furthermore, neonate male and female rodents respond differently to ischemic injury, with males experiencing greater injury following cerebral ischemia than females. Thus, mixed sex neuronal cultures might obscure and confound the experimental results; important information might be missed. For this reason, the Herson Lab at the University of Colorado School of Medicine routinely prepares sex-stratified primary disassociated embryonic neuronal cultures from both hippocampus and cortex. Embryos are sexed before harvesting of brain tissue and male and female tissue are disassociated separately, plated separately, and maintained separately. Using this method, the Herson Lab has demonstrated a male-specific role for the ion channel TRPM2 in ischemic cell death. In this manuscript, we share and discuss our protocol for sexing embryonic mice and preparing sex-stratified hippocampal primary disassociated neuron cultures. This method can be adapted to prepare sex-stratified cortical cultures and the method for embryo sexing can be used in conjunction with other protocols for any study in which sex is thought to be an important determinant of outcome.\nNeuroscience, Issue 82, male, female, sex, neuronal culture, ischemia, cell death, neuroprotection\nTransabdominal Ultrasound for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Reeves' Muntjac Deer\nInstitutions: Colorado State University.\nReeves' muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi\n) are a small cervid species native to southeast Asia, and are currently being investigated as a potential model of prion disease transmission and pathogenesis. Vertical transmission is an area of interest among researchers studying infectious diseases, including prion disease, and these investigations require efficient methods for evaluating the effects of maternal infection on reproductive performance. Ultrasonographic examination is a well-established tool for diagnosing pregnancy and assessing fetal health in many animal species1-7\n, including several species of farmed cervids8-19\n, however this technique has not been described in Reeves' muntjac deer. Here we describe the application of transabdominal ultrasound to detect pregnancy in muntjac does and to evaluate fetal growth and development throughout the gestational period. Using this procedure, pregnant animals were identified as early as 35 days following doe-buck pairing and this was an effective means to safely monitor the pregnancy at regular intervals. Future goals of this work will include establishing normal fetal measurement references for estimation of gestational age, determining sensitivity and specificity of the technique for diagnosing pregnancy at various stages of gestation, and identifying variations in fetal growth and development under different experimental conditions.\nMedicine, Issue 83, Ultrasound, Reeves' muntjac deer, Muntiacus reevesi, fetal development, fetal growth, captive cervids\nAutomated, Quantitative Cognitive/Behavioral Screening of Mice: For Genetics, Pharmacology, Animal Cognition and Undergraduate Instruction\nInstitutions: Rutgers University, Koç University, New York University, Fairfield University.\nWe describe a high-throughput, high-volume, fully automated, live-in 24/7 behavioral testing system for assessing the effects of genetic and pharmacological manipulations on basic mechanisms of cognition and learning in mice. A standard polypropylene mouse housing tub is connected through an acrylic tube to a standard commercial mouse test box. The test box has 3 hoppers, 2 of which are connected to pellet feeders. All are internally illuminable with an LED and monitored for head entries by infrared (IR) beams. Mice live in the environment, which eliminates handling during screening. They obtain their food during two or more daily feeding periods by performing in operant (instrumental) and Pavlovian (classical) protocols, for which we have written protocol-control software and quasi-real-time data analysis and graphing software. The data analysis and graphing routines are written in a MATLAB-based language created to simplify greatly the analysis of large time-stamped behavioral and physiological event records and to preserve a full data trail from raw data through all intermediate analyses to the published graphs and statistics within a single data structure. The data-analysis code harvests the data several times a day and subjects it to statistical and graphical analyses, which are automatically stored in the \"cloud\" and on in-lab computers. Thus, the progress of individual mice is visualized and quantified daily. The data-analysis code talks to the protocol-control code, permitting the automated advance from protocol to protocol of individual subjects. The behavioral protocols implemented are matching, autoshaping, timed hopper-switching, risk assessment in timed hopper-switching, impulsivity measurement, and the circadian anticipation of food availability. Open-source protocol-control and data-analysis code makes the addition of new protocols simple. Eight test environments fit in a 48 in x 24 in x 78 in cabinet; two such cabinets (16 environments) may be controlled by one computer.\nBehavior, Issue 84, genetics, cognitive mechanisms, behavioral screening, learning, memory, timing\nBarnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models\nInstitutions: University of Missouri, Food and Drug Administration.\nSpatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g.\nbright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g.\ndistance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e.\nrandom, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g.\nshorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.\nBehavior, Issue 84, spatial navigation, rats, Peromyscus, mice, intra- and extra-maze cues, learning, memory, latency, search strategy, escape motivation\nA Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses\nInstitutions: Emory University, Emory University.\nThe protective effect of many HLA class I alleles on HIV-1 pathogenesis and disease progression is, in part, attributed to their ability to target conserved portions of the HIV-1 genome that escape with difficulty. Sequence changes attributed to cellular immune pressure arise across the genome during infection, and if found within conserved regions of the genome such as Gag, can affect the ability of the virus to replicate in vitro\n. Transmission of HLA-linked polymorphisms in Gag to HLA-mismatched recipients has been associated with reduced set point viral loads. We hypothesized this may be due to a reduced replication capacity of the virus. Here we present a novel method for assessing the in vitro\nreplication of HIV-1 as influenced by the gag\ngene isolated from acute time points from subtype C infected Zambians. This method uses restriction enzyme based cloning to insert the gag\ngene into a common subtype C HIV-1 proviral backbone, MJ4. This makes it more appropriate to the study of subtype C sequences than previous recombination based methods that have assessed the in vitro\nreplication of chronically derived gag-pro\nsequences. Nevertheless, the protocol could be readily modified for studies of viruses from other subtypes. Moreover, this protocol details a robust and reproducible method for assessing the replication capacity of the Gag-MJ4 chimeric viruses on a CEM-based T cell line. This method was utilized for the study of Gag-MJ4 chimeric viruses derived from 149 subtype C acutely infected Zambians, and has allowed for the identification of residues in Gag that affect replication. More importantly, the implementation of this technique has facilitated a deeper understanding of how viral replication defines parameters of early HIV-1 pathogenesis such as set point viral load and longitudinal CD4+ T cell decline.\nInfectious Diseases, Issue 90, HIV-1, Gag, viral replication, replication capacity, viral fitness, MJ4, CEM, GXR25\nThe Use of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Measurement of Bi-hemispheric Transcranial Electric Stimulation Effects on Primary Motor Cortex Metabolism\nInstitutions: University of Montréal, McGill University, University of Minnesota.\nTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as stroke and depression. Yet, the mechanisms underlying its ability to modulate brain excitability to improve clinical symptoms remains poorly understood 33\n. To help improve this understanding, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1\nH-MRS) can be used as it allows the in vivo\nquantification of brain metabolites such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in a region-specific manner 41\n. In fact, a recent study demonstrated that 1\nH-MRS is indeed a powerful means to better understand the effects of tDCS on neurotransmitter concentration 34\n. This article aims to describe the complete protocol for combining tDCS (NeuroConn MR compatible stimulator) with 1\nH-MRS at 3 T using a MEGA-PRESS sequence. We will describe the impact of a protocol that has shown great promise for the treatment of motor dysfunctions after stroke, which consists of bilateral stimulation of primary motor cortices 27,30,31\n. Methodological factors to consider and possible modifications to the protocol are also discussed.\nNeuroscience, Issue 93, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, transcranial direct current stimulation, primary motor cortex, GABA, glutamate, stroke\nEffect of Male Accessory Gland Products on Egg Laying in Gastropod Molluscs\nInstitutions: VU University.\nIn internally fertilizing animals, seminal fluid is usually added to the spermatozoa, together forming the semen or ejaculate. Besides nourishing and activating sperm, the components in the seminal fluid can also influence female physiology to augment fertilization success of the sperm donor. While many studies have reported such effects in species with separate sexes, few studies have addressed this in simultaneously hermaphroditic animals. This video protocol presents a method to study effects of seminal fluid in gastropods, using a simultaneously hermaphroditic freshwater snail, the great pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis\n, as model organism. While the procedure is shown using complete prostate gland extracts, individual components (i.e.\n, proteins, peptides, and other compounds) of the seminal fluid can be tested in the same way. Effects of the receipt of ejaculate components on egg laying can be quantified in terms of frequency of egg laying and more subtle estimates of female reproductive performance such as egg numbers within each egg masses. Results show that seminal fluid proteins affect female reproductive output in this simultaneous hermaphrodite, highlighting their importance for sexual selection.\nPhysiology, Issue 88, Allohormone, Fresh-water snail, Gastropod, Lymnaea stagnalis, Mollusc, Pond snail, Prostate, Semen, Seminal fluid Sexual selection, Sperm\nProduction of Haploid Zebrafish Embryos by In Vitro Fertilization\nInstitutions: University of Notre Dame.\nThe zebrafish has become a mainstream vertebrate model that is relevant for many disciplines of scientific study. Zebrafish are especially well suited for forward genetic analysis of developmental processes due to their external fertilization, embryonic size, rapid ontogeny, and optical clarity – a constellation of traits that enable the direct observation of events ranging from gastrulation to organogenesis with a basic stereomicroscope. Further, zebrafish embryos can survive for several days in the haploid state. The production of haploid embryos in vitro\nis a powerful tool for mutational analysis, as it enables the identification of recessive mutant alleles present in first generation (F1) female carriers following mutagenesis in the parental (P) generation. This approach eliminates the necessity to raise multiple generations (F2, F3, etc.\n) which involves breeding of mutant families, thus saving the researcher time along with reducing the needs for zebrafish colony space, labor, and the husbandry costs. Although zebrafish have been used to conduct forward screens for the past several decades, there has been a steady expansion of transgenic and genome editing tools. These tools now offer a plethora of ways to create nuanced assays for next generation screens that can be used to further dissect the gene regulatory networks that drive vertebrate ontogeny. Here, we describe how to prepare haploid zebrafish embryos. This protocol can be implemented for novel future haploid screens, such as in enhancer and suppressor screens, to address the mechanisms of development for a broad number of processes and tissues that form during early embryonic stages.\nDevelopmental Biology, Issue 89, zebrafish, haploid, in vitro fertilization, forward genetic screen, saturation, recessive mutation, mutagenesis\nCell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model\nInstitutions: Monash University, Monash University.\nMature cells can be reprogrammed to a pluripotent state. These so called induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are able to give rise to all cell types of the body and consequently have vast potential for regenerative medicine applications. Traditionally iPS cells are generated by viral introduction of transcription factors Oct-4, Klf-4, Sox-2, and c-Myc (OKSM) into fibroblasts. However, reprogramming is an inefficient process with only 0.1-1% of cells reverting towards a pluripotent state, making it difficult to study the reprogramming mechanism. A proven methodology that has allowed the study of the reprogramming process is to separate the rare intermediates of the reaction from the refractory bulk population. In the case of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), we and others have previously shown that reprogramming cells undergo a distinct series of changes in the expression profile of cell surface markers which can be used for the separation of these cells. During the early stages of OKSM expression successfully reprogramming cells lose fibroblast identity marker Thy-1.2 and up-regulate pluripotency associated marker Ssea-1. The final transition of a subset of Ssea-1 positive cells towards the pluripotent state is marked by the expression of Epcam during the late stages of reprogramming. Here we provide a detailed description of the methodology used to isolate reprogramming intermediates from cultures of reprogramming MEFs. In order to increase experimental reproducibility we use a reprogrammable mouse strain that has been engineered to express a transcriptional transactivator (m2rtTA) under control of the Rosa26 locus and OKSM under control of a doxycycline responsive promoter. Cells isolated from these mice are isogenic and express OKSM homogenously upon addition of doxycycline. We describe in detail the establishment of the reprogrammable mice, the derivation of MEFs, and the subsequent isolation of intermediates during reprogramming into iPS cells via fluorescent activated cells sorting (FACS).\nStem Cell Biology, Issue 91, Induced pluripotent stem cells; reprogramming; intermediates; fluorescent activated cells sorting; cell surface marker; reprogrammable mouse model; derivation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts\nDetermination of Protein-ligand Interactions Using Differential Scanning Fluorimetry\nInstitutions: University of Exeter.\nA wide range of methods are currently available for determining the dissociation constant between a protein and interacting small molecules. However, most of these require access to specialist equipment, and often require a degree of expertise to effectively establish reliable experiments and analyze data. Differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) is being increasingly used as a robust method for initial screening of proteins for interacting small molecules, either for identifying physiological partners or for hit discovery. This technique has the advantage that it requires only a PCR machine suitable for quantitative PCR, and so suitable instrumentation is available in most institutions; an excellent range of protocols are already available; and there are strong precedents in the literature for multiple uses of the method. Past work has proposed several means of calculating dissociation constants from DSF data, but these are mathematically demanding. Here, we demonstrate a method for estimating dissociation constants from a moderate amount of DSF experimental data. These data can typically be collected and analyzed within a single day. We demonstrate how different models can be used to fit data collected from simple binding events, and where cooperative binding or independent binding sites are present. Finally, we present an example of data analysis in a case where standard models do not apply. These methods are illustrated with data collected on commercially available control proteins, and two proteins from our research program. Overall, our method provides a straightforward way for researchers to rapidly gain further insight into protein-ligand interactions using DSF.\nBiophysics, Issue 91, differential scanning fluorimetry, dissociation constant, protein-ligand interactions, StepOne, cooperativity, WcbI.\nThe Utility of Stage-specific Mid-to-late Drosophila Follicle Isolation\nInstitutions: University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine.\noogenesis or follicle development has been widely used to advance the understanding of complex developmental and cell biologic processes. This methods paper describes how to isolate mid-to-late stage follicles (Stage 10B-14) and utilize them to provide new insights into the molecular and morphologic events occurring during tight windows of developmental time. Isolated follicles can be used for a variety of experimental techniques, including in vitro\ndevelopment assays, live imaging, mRNA expression analysis and western blot analysis of proteins. Follicles at Stage 10B (S10B) or later will complete development in culture; this allows one to combine genetic or pharmacologic perturbations with in vitro\ndevelopment to define the effects of such manipulations on the processes occurring during specific periods of development. Additionally, because these follicles develop in culture, they are ideally suited for live imaging studies, which often reveal new mechanisms that mediate morphological events. Isolated follicles can also be used for molecular analyses. For example, changes in gene expression that result from genetic perturbations can be defined for specific developmental windows. Additionally, protein level, stability, and/or posttranslational modification state during a particular stage of follicle development can be examined through western blot analyses. Thus, stage-specific isolation of Drosophila\nfollicles provides a rich source of information into widely conserved processes of development and morphogenesis.\nDevelopmental Biology, Issue 82, Drosophila melanogaster, Organ Culture Techniques, Gene Expression Profiling, Microscopy, Confocal, Cell Biology, Genetic Research, Molecular Biology, Pharmacology, Drosophila, oogenesis, follicle, live-imaging, gene expression, development\nAcquiring Fluorescence Time-lapse Movies of Budding Yeast and Analyzing Single-cell Dynamics using GRAFTS\nInstitutions: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.\nFluorescence time-lapse microscopy has become a powerful tool in the study of many biological processes at the single-cell level. In particular, movies depicting the temporal dependence of gene expression provide insight into the dynamics of its regulation; however, there are many technical challenges to obtaining and analyzing fluorescence movies of single cells. We describe here a simple protocol using a commercially available microfluidic culture device to generate such data, and a MATLAB-based, graphical user interface (GUI) -based software package to quantify the fluorescence images. The software segments and tracks cells, enables the user to visually curate errors in the data, and automatically assigns lineage and division times. The GUI further analyzes the time series to produce whole cell traces as well as their first and second time derivatives. While the software was designed for S. cerevisiae\n, its modularity and versatility should allow it to serve as a platform for studying other cell types with few modifications.\nMicrobiology, Issue 77, Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics, Biophysics, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Cell Biology, microscopy/fluorescence and time-lapse, budding yeast, gene expression dynamics, segmentation, lineage tracking, image tracking, software, yeast, cells, imaging\nPerceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues\nInstitutions: University of Zurich.\nMori's Uncanny Valley Hypothesis1,2\nproposes that the perception of humanlike characters such as robots and, by extension, avatars (computer-generated characters) can evoke negative or positive affect (valence) depending on the object's degree of visual and behavioral realism along a dimension of human likeness\n) (Figure 1\n). But studies of affective valence of subjective responses to variously realistic non-human characters have produced inconsistent findings 3, 4, 5, 6\n. One of a number of reasons for this is that human likeness is not perceived as the hypothesis assumes. While the DHL can be defined following Mori's description as a smooth linear change in the degree of physical humanlike similarity, subjective perception of objects along the DHL can be understood in terms of the psychological effects of categorical perception (CP) 7\n. Further behavioral and neuroimaging investigations of category processing and CP along the DHL and of the potential influence of the dimension's underlying category structure on affective experience are needed. This protocol therefore focuses on the DHL and allows examination of CP. Based on the protocol presented in the video as an example, issues surrounding the methodology in the protocol and the use in \"uncanny\" research of stimuli drawn from morph continua to represent the DHL are discussed in the article that accompanies the video. The use of neuroimaging and morph stimuli to represent the DHL in order to disentangle brain regions neurally responsive to physical human-like similarity from those responsive to category change and category processing is briefly illustrated.\nBehavior, Issue 76, Neuroscience, Neurobiology, Molecular Biology, Psychology, Neuropsychology, uncanny valley, functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI, categorical perception, virtual reality, avatar, human likeness, Mori, uncanny valley hypothesis, perception, magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, imaging, clinical techniques\nSurgical Management of Meatal Stenosis with Meatoplasty\nInstitutions: Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.\nMeatal stenosis is a common urologic complication after circumcision. Children present to their primary care physicians with complaints of deviated urinary stream, difficult-to-aim, painful urination, and urinary frequency. Clinical exam reveals a pinpoint meatus and if the child is asked to urinate, he will usually have an upward, thin, occasionally forceful urinary stream with incomplete bladder emptying. The mainstay of management is meatoplasty (reconstruction of the distal urethra /meatus). This educational video will demonstrate how this is performed.\nMedicine, Issue 45, Urinary obstruction, pediatric urology, deviated urinary stream, meatal stenosis, operative repair, meatotomy, meatoplasty\nIsolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency\nInstitutions: Institut Pasteur .\nRNA viruses use RNA dependent RNA polymerases to replicate their genomes. The intrinsically high error rate of these enzymes is a large contributor to the generation of extreme population diversity that facilitates virus adaptation and evolution. Increasing evidence shows that the intrinsic error rates, and the resulting mutation frequencies, of RNA viruses can be modulated by subtle amino acid changes to the viral polymerase. Although biochemical assays exist for some viral RNA polymerases that permit quantitative measure of incorporation fidelity, here we describe a simple method of measuring mutation frequencies of RNA viruses that has proven to be as accurate as biochemical approaches in identifying fidelity altering mutations. The approach uses conventional virological and sequencing techniques that can be performed in most biology laboratories. Based on our experience with a number of different viruses, we have identified the key steps that must be optimized to increase the likelihood of isolating fidelity variants and generating data of statistical significance. The isolation and characterization of fidelity altering mutations can provide new insights into polymerase structure and function1-3\n. Furthermore, these fidelity variants can be useful tools in characterizing mechanisms of virus adaptation and evolution4-7\nImmunology, Issue 52, Polymerase fidelity, RNA virus, mutation frequency, mutagen, RNA polymerase, viral evolution\nExperimental Manipulation of Body Size to Estimate Morphological Scaling Relationships in Drosophila\nInstitutions: University of Houston, Michigan State University.\nThe scaling of body parts is a central feature of animal morphology1-7\n. Within species, morphological traits need to be correctly proportioned to the body for the organism to function; larger individuals typically have larger body parts and smaller individuals generally have smaller body parts, such that overall body shape is maintained across a range of adult body sizes. The requirement for correct proportions means that individuals within species usually exhibit low variation in relative trait size. In contrast, relative trait size can vary dramatically among species and is a primary mechanism by which morphological diversity is produced. Over a century of comparative work has established these intra- and interspecific patterns3,4\nPerhaps the most widely used approach to describe this variation is to calculate the scaling relationship between the size of two morphological traits using the allometric equation y=bxα, where x and y are the size of the two traits, such as organ and body size8,9\n. This equation describes the within-group (e.g., species, population) scaling relationship between two traits as both vary in size. Log-transformation of this equation produces a simple linear equation, log(y) = log(b) + αlog(x) and log-log plots of the size of different traits among individuals of the same species typically reveal linear scaling with an intercept of log(b) and a slope of α, called the 'allometric coefficient'9,10\n. Morphological variation among groups is described by differences in scaling relationship intercepts or slopes for a given trait pair. Consequently, variation in the parameters of the allometric equation (b and α) elegantly describes the shape variation captured in the relationship between organ and body size within and among biological groups (see 11,12\nNot all traits scale linearly with each other or with body size (e.g., 13,14\n) Hence, morphological scaling relationships are most informative when the data are taken from the full range of trait sizes. Here we describe how simple experimental manipulation of diet can be used to produce the full range of body size in insects. This permits an estimation of the full scaling relationship for any given pair of traits, allowing a complete description of how shape covaries with size and a robust comparison of scaling relationship parameters among biological groups. Although we focus on Drosophila\n, our methodology should be applicable to nearly any fully metamorphic insect.\nDevelopmental Biology, Issue 56, Drosophila, allometry, morphology, body size, scaling, insect\nUsing a Comparative Species Approach to Investigate the Neurobiology of Paternal Responses\nInstitutions: Randolph-Macon College, Marshall University.\nA goal of behavioral neuroscience is to identify underlying neurobiological factors that regulate specific behaviors. Using animal models to accomplish this goal, many methodological strategies require invasive techniques to manipulate the intensity of the behavior of interest (e.g., lesion methods, pharmacological manipulations, microdialysis techniques, genetically-engineered animal models). The utilization of a comparative species approach allows researchers to take advantage of naturally occurring differences in response strategies existing in closely related species. In our lab, we use two species of the Peromyscus\ngenus that differ in paternal responses. The male California deer mouse (Peromyscus californicus\n) exhibits the same parental responses as the female whereas its cousin, the common deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus\n) exhibits virtually no nurturing/parental responses in the presence of pups. Of specific interest in this article is an exploration of the neurobiological factors associated with the affiliative social responses exhibited by the paternal California deer mouse. Because the behavioral neuroscience approach is multifaceted, the following key components of the study will be briefly addressed: the identification of appropriate species for this type of research; data collection for behavioral analysis; preparation and sectioning of the brains; basic steps involved in immunocytochemistry for the quantification of vasopressin-immunoreactivity; the use of neuroimaging software to quantify the brain tissue; the use of a microsequencing video analysis to score behavior and, finally, the appropriate statistical analyses to provide the most informed interpretations of the research findings.\nNeuroscience, Issue 55, Peromyscus, mouse, paternal behavior, vasopressin, immunocytochemistry, microsequencing behavioral analysis\nMass Production of Genetically Modified Aedes aegypti for Field Releases in Brazil\nInstitutions: Oxitec Ltd, Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Moscamed Brasil, University of Oxford, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM).\nNew techniques and methods are being sought to try to win the battle against mosquitoes. Recent advances in molecular techniques have led to the development of new and innovative methods of mosquito control based around the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT)1-3\n. A control method known as RIDL (Release of Insects carrying a Dominant Lethal)4\n, is based around SIT, but uses genetic methods to remove the need for radiation-sterilization5-8\n. A RIDL strain of Ae. aegypti\nwas successfully tested in the field in Grand Cayman9,10\n; further field use is planned or in progress in other countries around the world.\nMass rearing of insects has been established in several insect species and to levels of billions a week. However, in mosquitoes, rearing has generally been performed on a much smaller scale, with most large scale rearing being performed in the 1970s and 80s. For a RIDL program it is desirable to release as few females as possible as they bite and transmit disease. In a mass rearing program there are several stages to produce the males to be released: egg production, rearing eggs until pupation, and then sorting males from females before release. These males are then used for a RIDL control program, released as either pupae or adults11,12\nTo suppress a mosquito population using RIDL a large number of high quality male adults need to be reared13,14\n. The following describes the methods for the mass rearing of OX513A, a RIDL strain of Ae. aegypti 8,\nfor release and covers the techniques required for the production of eggs and mass rearing RIDL males for a control program.\nBasic Protocol, Issue 83, Aedes aegypti, mass rearing, population suppression, transgenic, insect, mosquito, dengue\nIntraductal Injection of LPS as a Mouse Model of Mastitis: Signaling Visualized via an NF-κB Reporter Transgenic\nInstitutions: Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, University of Hawaii at Hilo College of Pharmacy.\nAnimal models of human disease are necessary in order to rigorously study stages of disease progression and associated mechanisms, and ultimately, as pre-clinical models to test interventions. In these methods, we describe a technique in which lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is injected into the lactating mouse mammary gland via the nipple, effectively modeling mastitis, or inflammation, of the gland. This simulated infection results in increased nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, as visualized through bioluminescent imaging of an NF-κB luciferase reporter mouse1\nOur ultimate goal in developing these methods was to study the inflammation associated with mastitis in the lactating gland, which often includes redness, swelling, and immune cell infiltration2,3\n. Therefore, we were keenly aware that incision or any type of wounding of the skin, the nipple, or the gland in order to introduce the LPS could not be utilized in our methods since the approach would likely confound the read-out of inflammation. We also desired a straight-forward method that did not require specially made hand-drawn pipettes or the use of micromanipulators to hold these specialized tools in place. Thus, we determined to use a commercially available insulin syringe and to inject the agent into the mammary duct of an intact nipple. This method was successful and allowed us to study the inflammation associated with LPS injection without any additional effects overlaid by the process of injection. In addition, this method also utilized an NF-κB luciferase reporter transgenic mouse and bioluminescent imaging technology to visually and quantitatively show increased NF-κB signaling within the LPS-injected gland4\nThese methods are of interest to researchers of many disciplines who wish to model disease within the lactating mammary gland, as ultimately, the technique described here could be utilized for injection of a number of substances, and is not limited to only LPS.\nMedicine, Issue 67, mastitis, intraductal injection, NF-kappaB, reporter transgenic, LPS, bioluminescent imaging, lactation\nRegular Care and Maintenance of a Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Laboratory: An Introduction\nInstitutions: Edith Cowan University, Graylands Hospital, University of Western Australia, McCusker Alzheimer's Research foundation, University of Western Australia , University of Adelaide, Curtin University of Technology, University of Western Australia .\nThis protocol describes regular care and maintenance of a zebrafish laboratory. Zebrafish are now gaining popularity in genetics, pharmacological and behavioural research. As a vertebrate, zebrafish share considerable genetic sequence similarity with humans and are being used as an animal model for various human disease conditions. The advantages of zebrafish in comparison to other common vertebrate models include high fecundity, low maintenance cost, transparent embryos, and rapid development. Due to the spur of interest in zebrafish research, the need to establish and maintain a productive zebrafish housing facility is also increasing. Although literature is available for the maintenance of a zebrafish laboratory, a concise video protocol is lacking. This video illustrates the protocol for regular housing, feeding, breeding and raising of zebrafish larvae. This process will help researchers to understand the natural behaviour and optimal conditions of zebrafish husbandry and hence troubleshoot experimental issues that originate from the fish husbandry conditions. This protocol will be of immense help to researchers planning to establish a zebrafish laboratory, and also to graduate students who are intending to use zebrafish as an animal model.\nBasic Protocols, Issue 69, Biology, Marine Biology, Zebrafish, Danio rerio, maintenance, breeding, feeding, raising, larvae, animal model, aquarium\nPeering into the Dynamics of Social Interactions: Measuring Play Fighting in Rats\nInstitutions: University of Lethbridge.\nPlay fighting in the rat involves attack and defense of the nape of the neck, which if contacted, is gently nuzzled with the snout. Because the movements of one animal are countered by the actions of its partner, play fighting is a complex, dynamic interaction. This dynamic complexity raises methodological problems about what to score for experimental studies. We present a scoring schema that is sensitive to the correlated nature of the actions performed. The frequency of play fighting can be measured by counting the number of playful nape attacks occurring per unit time. However, playful defense, as it can only occur in response to attack, is necessarily a contingent measure that is best measured as a percentage (#attacks defended/total # attacks X 100%). How a particular attack is defended against can involve one of several tactics, and these are contingent on defense having taken place; consequently, the type of defense is also best expressed contingently as a percentage. Two experiments illustrate how these measurements can be used to detect the effect of brain damage on play fighting even when there is no effect on overall playfulness. That is, the schema presented here is designed to detect and evaluate changes in the content\nof play following an experimental treatment.\nNeuroscience, Issue 71, Neurobiology, Behavior, Psychology, Anatomy, Physiology, Medicine, Play behavior, play, fighting, wrestling, grooming, allogrooming, social interaction, rat, behavioral analysis, animal model\nA Strategy to Identify de Novo Mutations in Common Disorders such as Autism and Schizophrenia\nInstitutions: Universite de Montreal, Universite de Montreal, Universite de Montreal.\nThere are several lines of evidence supporting the role of de novo\nmutations as a mechanism for common disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. First, the de novo\nmutation rate in humans is relatively high, so new mutations are generated at a high frequency in the population. However, de novo\nmutations have not been reported in most common diseases. Mutations in genes leading to severe diseases where there is a strong negative selection against the phenotype, such as lethality in embryonic stages or reduced reproductive fitness, will not be transmitted to multiple family members, and therefore will not be detected by linkage gene mapping or association studies. The observation of very high concordance in monozygotic twins and very low concordance in dizygotic twins also strongly supports the hypothesis that a significant fraction of cases may result from new mutations. Such is the case for diseases such as autism and schizophrenia. Second, despite reduced reproductive fitness1\nand extremely variable environmental factors, the incidence of some diseases is maintained worldwide at a relatively high and constant rate. This is the case for autism and schizophrenia, with an incidence of approximately 1% worldwide. Mutational load can be thought of as a balance between selection for or against a deleterious mutation and its production by de novo\nmutation. Lower rates of reproduction constitute a negative selection factor that should reduce the number of mutant alleles in the population, ultimately leading to decreased disease prevalence. These selective pressures tend to be of different intensity in different environments. Nonetheless, these severe mental disorders have been maintained at a constant relatively high prevalence in the worldwide population across a wide range of cultures and countries despite a strong negative selection against them2\n. This is not what one would predict in diseases with reduced reproductive fitness, unless there was a high new mutation rate. Finally, the effects of paternal age: there is a significantly increased risk of the disease with increasing paternal age, which could result from the age related increase in paternal de novo\nmutations. This is the case for autism and schizophrenia3\n. The male-to-female ratio of mutation rate is estimated at about 4–6:1, presumably due to a higher number of germ-cell divisions with age in males. Therefore, one would predict that de novo\nmutations would more frequently come from males, particularly older males4\n. A high rate of new mutations may in part explain why genetic studies have so far failed to identify many genes predisposing to complexes diseases genes, such as autism and schizophrenia, and why diseases have been identified for a mere 3% of genes in the human genome. Identification for de novo\nmutations as a cause of a disease requires a targeted molecular approach, which includes studying parents and affected subjects. The process for determining if the genetic basis of a disease may result in part from de novo\nmutations and the molecular approach to establish this link will be illustrated, using autism and schizophrenia as examples.\nMedicine, Issue 52, de novo mutation, complex diseases, schizophrenia, autism, rare variations, DNA sequencing\nUsing Visual and Narrative Methods to Achieve Fair Process in Clinical Care\nInstitutions: Brandeis University, Brandeis University.\nThe Institute of Medicine has targeted patient-centeredness as an important area of quality improvement. A major dimension of patient-centeredness is respect for patient's values, preferences, and expressed needs. Yet specific approaches to gaining this understanding and translating it to quality care in the clinical setting are lacking. From a patient perspective quality is not a simple concept but is best understood in terms of five dimensions: technical outcomes; decision-making efficiency; amenities and convenience; information and emotional support; and overall patient satisfaction. Failure to consider quality from this five-pronged perspective results in a focus on medical outcomes, without considering the processes central to quality from the patient's perspective and vital to achieving good outcomes. In this paper, we argue for applying the concept of fair process in clinical settings. Fair process involves using a collaborative approach to exploring diagnostic issues and treatments with patients, explaining the rationale for decisions, setting expectations about roles and responsibilities, and implementing a core plan and ongoing evaluation. Fair process opens the door to bringing patient expertise into the clinical setting and the work of developing health care goals and strategies. This paper provides a step by step illustration of an innovative visual approach, called photovoice or photo-elicitation, to achieve fair process in clinical work with acquired brain injury survivors and others living with chronic health conditions. Applying this visual tool and methodology in the clinical setting will enhance patient-provider communication; engage patients as partners in identifying challenges, strengths, goals, and strategies; and support evaluation of progress over time. Asking patients to bring visuals of their lives into the clinical interaction can help to illuminate gaps in clinical knowledge, forge better therapeutic relationships with patients living with chronic conditions such as brain injury, and identify patient-centered goals and possibilities for healing. The process illustrated here can be used by clinicians, (primary care physicians, rehabilitation therapists, neurologists, neuropsychologists, psychologists, and others) working with people living with chronic conditions such as acquired brain injury, mental illness, physical disabilities, HIV/AIDS, substance abuse, or post-traumatic stress, and by leaders of support groups for the types of patients described above and their family members or caregivers.\nMedicine, Issue 48, person-centered care, participatory visual methods, photovoice, photo-elicitation, narrative medicine, acquired brain injury, disability, rehabilitation, palliative care\nInterview: Bioreactors and Surfaced-Modified 3D-Scaffolds for Stem Cell Research\nInstitutions: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.\nA Nature Editorial in 2003 asked the question \"Good-bye, flat biology?\" What does this question imply? In the past, many in vitro culture systems, mainly monolayer cultures, often suffered from the disadvantage that differentiated primary cells had a relatively short life-span and de-differentiated during culture. As a consequence, most of their organ-specific functions were lost rapidly. Thus, in order to reproduce better conditions for these cells in vitro, modifications and adaptations have been made to conventional monolayer cultures.\nThe last generation of CellChips -- micro-thermoformed containers -- a specific technology was developed, which offers the additional possibility to modify the whole surface of the 3D formed containers. This allows a surface-patterning on a submicron scale with distinct signalling molecules. Sensors and signal electrodes may be incorporated. Applications range from basic research in cell biology to toxicology and pharmacology. Using biodegradable polymers, clinical applications become a possibility. Furthermore, the last generation of micro-thermoformed chips has been optimized to allow for cheap mass production.\nCellular Biology, Issue 15, Interview, bioreactors, cell culture systems, 3D cell culture, stem cells\nInterview: Protein Folding and Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases\nInstitutions: MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology.\nIn this interview, Dr. Lindquist describes relationships between protein folding, prion diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. The problem of the protein folding is at the core of the modern biology. In addition to their traditional biochemical functions, proteins can mediate transfer of biological information and therefore can be considered a genetic material. This recently discovered function of proteins has important implications for studies of human disorders. Dr. Lindquist also describes current experimental approaches to investigate the mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases based on genetic studies in model organisms.\nNeuroscience, issue 17, protein folding, brain, neuron, prion, neurodegenerative disease, yeast, screen, Translational Research", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Any angler worth their salt can tell you the importance of healthy habitats for fish and wildlife. This project, conducted by researchers from the University of Florida and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, evaluated how commercially and recreationally important sportfish like snook and tarpon have responded to decades of habitat restoration activities in Tampa Bay. Quarterly fish sampling and habitat assessments were completed at nine sampling locations. Key project findings demonstrated that restored areas were supportive of fish communities similar to those found at natural sites and that mosaics of created coastal wetlands are functioning as high quality habitats for juvenile sportfish.\nJul 17, 2020 | TBERF", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A news item headlined “The Dragon Storm” appeared on the Cassini mission website on February 24.\nThe imagery of the celestial dragon in this context is an unconscious nod to an electrified universe. The new science of plasma behavior emphasizes the dominant role of the electric force and its powerful effects in the electrically charged matter that makes up 99 percent of the universe. Plasma science is re-writing the textbooks on galactic, stellar, and planetary evolution. And it throws new interdisciplinary light on the ancient “doomsday” dramas involving a celestial dragon and the “thunderbolt of the gods.” This dragon storm on Saturn connects the modern science with the ancient dramas.\nA few thousand years ago, ancient artists around the world carved similar complex images on stone. The meticulous research of plasma scientist Anthony Peratt, a leading authority on the forms taken by high-energy electrical discharges in plasma, has confirmed that these images pictured heaven-spanning forms seen in the ancient sky. Stories and rituals in all ancient cultures, memorializing a catastrophe that involved heaven-shattering battles of planetary “gods” and monsters, parallel these images. Most common is the story of the fiery serpent or dragon attacking the world.\nSuch archetypal images seem to be burned into our collective subconscious. For example, ringed planets often feature in a young child’s primitive drawings about space. Yet they have no experience of them. In the same way, scientists seem unconsciously to draw on archetypes. And the results are often equally surprising.\nThe Electric Universe model may explain the connection between the dragon of legend and the storm seen in this image. But first we should hear what Cassini mission scientists had to say:\nA large, bright and complex convective storm that appeared in Saturn’s southern hemisphere in mid-September 2004 was the key in solving a long-standing mystery about the ringed planet. The Dragon Storm was a powerful source of radio emissions during July and September of 2004. The radio waves from the storm resemble the short bursts of static generated by lightning on Earth. Cassini detected the bursts only when the storm was rising over the horizon on the night side of the planet as seen from the spacecraft; the bursts stopped when the storm moved into sunlight. This on/off pattern repeated for many Saturn rotations over a period of several weeks, and it was the clock-like repeatability that indicated the storm and the radio bursts are related. Scientists have concluded that the Dragon Storm is a giant thunderstorm whose precipitation generates electricity as it does on Earth. The storm may be deriving its energy from Saturn’s deep atmosphere.\nOne mystery is why the radio bursts start while the Dragon Storm is below the horizon on the night side and end when the storm is on the day side, still in full view of the Cassini spacecraft. A possible explanation is that the lightning source lies to the east of the visible cloud, perhaps because it is deeper where the currents are eastward relative to those at cloud top levels. If this were the case, the lightning source would come up over the night side horizon and would sink down below the day side horizon before the visible cloud. This would explain the timing of the visible storm relative to the radio bursts.\nThe Dragon Storm is of great interest for another reason. In examining images taken of Saturn’s atmosphere over many months, imaging scientists found that the Dragon Storm arose in the same part of Saturn’s atmosphere that had earlier produced large bright convective storms. In other words, the Dragon Storm appears to be a long-lived storm deep in the atmosphere that periodically flares up to produce dramatic bright white plumes which subside over time. One earlier sighting, in July 2004, was also associated with strong radio bursts. And another, observed in March 2004 and captured in a movie created from images of the atmosphere (PIA06082 and PIA06083) spawned three little dark oval storms that broke off from the arms of the main storm. Two of these subsequently merged with each other; the current to the north carried the third one off to the west, and Cassini lost track of it. Small dark storms like these generally get stretched out until they merge with the opposing currents to the north and south.\nThese little storms are the food that sustains the larger atmospheric features, including the larger ovals and the eastward and westward currents. If the little storms come from the giant thunderstorms, then together they form a food chain that harvests the energy of the deep atmosphere and helps maintain the powerful currents.\nCassini has many more chances to observe future flare-ups of the Dragon Storm, and others like it over the course of the mission. It is likely that scientists will come to solve the mystery of the radio bursts and observe storm creation and merging in the next 2 or 3 years.\nCredit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute\nCalling the dragon storm “a giant thunderstorm whose precipitation generates electricity as it does on Earth” explains nothing. The generation of lightning on Earth remains a mystery to meteorologists. It is thought to derive from vertical movement of droplets in a thundercloud “in a way or ways not yet fully understood” [Lightning, Martin A. Uman, Dover Publications]. Hence the notion that “the storm may be deriving its energy from Saturn’s deep atmosphere.” As discussed elsewhere on this website, thunderstorms are electric discharge phenomena driven by the circuits that link planets to stars and stars to the galaxy. The electrical effects at Saturn have already been outlined in an earlier Electric Universe news item.\nThe report does not discuss the complex shape of the dragon storm. But that shape indicates an external origin of electrical power. Similar forms occur in plasma instabilities when an intense beam of electrons strikes a ‘witness plate.’\nThese two images show in cross-section what happens to a beam of electrons that is following an axial magnetic field. The image on the left is due to a 90 kiloamp current striking a carbon witness plate. The other image is due to a 58 microamp current striking a fluorescent screen. So in the laboratory the effect is scaleable over 12 orders of magnitude of beam current!\nThe same effect occurs in the Birkeland currents that drive the aurora on Earth and is responsible for the undulating auroral curtains. Scaling up from the size of Earth’s auroras to the storm on Saturn is no problem. The two prominent “spiral galaxy” formations in the dragon storm are likely the effects of the interaction of Birkeland current pairs. In other words, plasma phenomena may be scaled up from the laboratory to planetary, and even to galactic, dimensions.\nLike Jupiter’s Great Red Spot, the dragon storm on Saturn seems to be a long-lived storm center that occasionally flares up. The clock-like regularity of the radio emissions from storms on Saturn is used to judge the great planet’s actual rotation rate beneath the clouds. But this behavior is enigmatic. Why should an electrical storm attach itself to a particular spot on a planet’s surface, particularly when that surface is thought to be liquid?\nThe Electric Universe model of stars and planets provides the possibility of a solid surface on the giant planets. And as we find on Earth, a solid surface allows for regional electrical differences that favor electrical storm activity in one region over another. A good example is “tornado alley” in the southern U.S.A.\nThe Electric Universe accepts the plasma cosmology version of star formation, which postulates that a star is formed in a ‘z-pinch’ in a galactic electric discharge. It is a model that can be shown experimentally to work. In contrast, the gravity cosmology version, which postulates that a star is formed by the collapse of a cloud of gas, cannot be demonstrated experimentally nor can a collapsing cloud be identified observationally. Furthermore, this ‘nebular theory’ is beset with theoretical contradictions of angular momentum and magnetic field distribution.\nIn the Electric Universe, stars do not “consume themselves” to fuel their radiant output. The same galactic currents that formed them remain to light them. This means that stars are born electron deficient with respect to their galactic environment. It also means that galaxies be born similarly electron deficient with respect to their environment. It is the slow galactic charging process that maintains the steady glow of their countless starry electric lights.\nEarly in the Twentieth Century astronomers dismissed the notion of an external power source for stars because they thought a star would swiftly collapse under its own weight unless there was a central source of radiation pressure to prevent it. But this argument fails if charge separation occurs in massive bodies. This possibility of charge separation was considered, but it was discarded by arguing, using the ideal gas laws, that the light electrons would not rise to the top to any significant degree in a hydrogen atmosphere.\nThis is a prime example of an inappropriate model rendering all further theorizing worthless. The physicists would have been well advised to look to the chemists for a better model – one in which the electric dipole force between atoms and molecules plays a dominant role. Because the atoms in a strong gravitational field will be distorted, the heavy positively charged nucleus will be offset from the center of the atom toward the center of the star. The result is that each neutral atom becomes a small radial electric dipole. The effect on free electrons is to cause them to drift toward the surface, leaving positively charged ions behind in the interior. The repulsive forces among these positively charged ions prevent the gravitational collapse of the star.\nFurthermore, the visible “surface” of a star, or photosphere, is an electric discharge phenomenon and therefore not controlled by gravity. The standard model of stars assumes that gravity and radiation pressure determine the size of a star. That is not so in the electrical model. So conventional calculations of the density of stars and their internal composition have no real meaning.\nBut there is more. Physicists assume that Newton’s law of gravity has a “universal” gravitational constant, “G,” which is the same for all bodies in the universe. But “G” is the most elusive constant in physics. It seems to be different every time the same apparatus measures it on Earth. The Electric Universe takes a different view. “G” depends on the internal electric stress of the body and is different for every body in the universe. This effect can be seen in particle accelerators where matter apparently gains in mass in response to the amount of electrical stress that is applied to it.\nSo deducing the composition and structure of stars and planets by measuring their gravitational fields and assuming “G” to be a fixed value will give misleading results. Conventional models assume planets are accreted from a hypothetical primordial solar nebula. They also assume that hydrogen is compressed to a metallic state in the cores of gas giants. These assumptions too are invalid in an Electric Universe.\nPlanets are “born” fully formed from larger bodies. They are not accreted. The process of having planetary “children” is that of electrical expulsion of a part of the positively charged matter from beneath the surface of a disturbed star or gas giant. That is why the gas giants have satellite systems that are like miniature solar systems. The British physicist Peter Warlow was moved to write:\nAll of the existing theories of planet formation have taken material from the surface of the Sun or from a cloud of dust outside the Sun in order to form the planets, for the ‘obvious’ reason that planets are on the outside of the Sun. We humans, equally ‘obviously,’ are outside our mothers – yet we did not start there.”\n[The Reversing Earth, 1982].\nSome measure of the internal composition of stars can be seen in their “children” – the gas giants. But all we can see and measure is the upper atmospheres and clouds of the gas giants. To delve deeper we need to look at the “children” of gas giants – the rocky planets and moons. Clearly, each planet and moon may have a complex history. All were not formed at about the same time in a single event. And the larger bodies must have evolved discontinuously with each birth. So it was with Saturn!\nThe ancients knew Saturn as “the Sun of night.” The archaic words we now associate with the Sun—Ra, Helios, Shamash, etc.—originally referred to Saturn. Saturn’s core is still hot (Saturn radiates more than twice the energy that it receives from the Sun) because of Saturn’s recent history as a radiant body. This suggests that beneath Saturn’s clouds is a large, hot, solid body practically indistinguishable in composition and physical state from Venus or Earth. Its positively charged core prevents hydrogen from being compressed to the metallic state. With a solid core and having “given birth” fairly recently – as evidenced by the ephemeral icy rings – Saturn probably still bears the birth scar, hidden beneath the clouds. We might expect some preference for continued electric discharge from that scarred region.\nSaturn is the most oblate planet in the solar system. Its equatorial winds are four times faster and the “jets” twice as wide as Jupiter’s. These factors suggest an atmosphere of great depth. This may explain why the radio noise associated with the dragon storm seems to precede the storm. The tornadic discharge to the surface of Saturn must be skewed over a considerable distance by the high-speed winds and great depth of the atmosphere. Only the powerful electromagnetic forces that control a tornadic discharge could maintain the integrity of the discharge column under the onslaught of tremendous vertical wind shear. (The winds in the upper atmosphere have been estimated to exceed 1000 mph.)\nThe Electric Universe model provides a connection between the dragon of legend and the storm seen in the Cassini image. The model was built, not from theoretical considerations alone but from an interdisciplinary inquiry into the images of planets (represented as disks) and cosmic plasma phenomena that our ancestors felt were so important to remember. They chiselled millions of uniquely diagnostic patterns, known as petroglyphs, into solid rock. But with the context long gone, these petroglyphs have become a mere curiosity.\nMeanwhile the physical clue for an intimate relationship in the past between Saturn, Mars and Earth lies in their similar axial tilts of 26˚, 24˚ and 23˚. The axis of a rapidly spinning planet has a gyroscopic stability that resists change due to external forces. The normal result of disturbance is merely to cause the axis to slowly precess.\nThe first civilizations sprang up in reaction to the dramatic prehistoric events. The activities of those civilizations—their organization, art, architecture and rituals—were directed toward the memorialization of the former celestial drama. It is there we first meet the inexplicable, capricious planetary gods and the world-threatening, fire-breathing celestial dragon or serpent. So it is fitting that scientists today should unconsciously associate the dragon image with a powerful plasma discharge on Saturn. However, the connection will only become consciously apparent when the electrical nature of the universe is acknowledged. Only then may scientists solve the mysteries of Saturn’s dragon storm.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Water distribution pipes installed underground have potential risks of pipe failure and burst. After years of use, pipe walls tend to be corroded due to aggressive soil environments where they are located. The present study aims to assess the degree of external corrosion of a distribution pipe network.\ndata obtained through test pit excavation and direct sampling are carefully collated and assessed. A statistical approach is useful to predict severity of pipe corrosion at present and in future. First, criteria functions defined by discriminant function analysis are formulated to judge whether the pipes are seriously corroded. Data utilized in the analyses are those related to soil property, i.e., soil resistivity, pH, water content, and chloride ion. Secondly, corrosion factors that significantly affect pipe wall pitting (vertical) and spread (horizontal) on the pipe surface are identified with a view to quantifying a degree of the pipe corrosion. Finally, a most reliable model represented in the form of a multiple regression equation is developed for this purpose. From these analyses, it can be concluded that our proposed model is effective to predict the severity and rate of pipe corrosion utilizing selected factors that reflect the fuzzy soil environment.\nThe water system plays an important role as a lifeline for our existence. It is through pipelines that water is distributed to customers for steadiness and safety. Water pipes, however, tend to be corroded as time goes by. Pipes laid underground are hardly examined without excavation. Some deteriorated pipes may be exposed to leakage or damages, resulting in the decline or interruption of water supply. In order to maintain customer service at a desirable level, replacement of such old pipelines is considered inevitable. As the replacement of pipelines requires huge costs and time, there is a pressing need to provide information on how to evaluate the pipe condition in an effective way.\nDeterioration or corrosion of pipes may cause cracks and bursts, resulting in water leakage, pipe repair, and poses even the so-called water quality problem ‘red water’. Occurrence of the corrosion relates to many factors: pipe materials, pipe age, surrounding soil conditions, water quality, pipe maintenance and management\n. It is, therefore, difficult to examine where the corrosion is taking place and the extent of it. Corrosion of the outer surface of the metallic pipes occurs mainly due to electrochemical reactions under the heterogeneous soil condition. The reaction rate is influenced by soil resistivity, permeability and mineral ions existing around the installed pipes\nMost of the previous researches dealt with causual analysis of pipe corrosion and prediction of future corrosion for water distribution pipes. Katano et al.\nfound the log-normal distribution fit their pit data the best and analyzed environmental factors using regression analysis. The environmental factors (soil type, pH, resistivity, redox potential, and sulfate ion) were found to be significant in determining pit depth. Kolovich and Kiefner\ndeveloped the Monte Carlo method for determining the corrosion rate distribution in buried pipelines that uses the probability distributions of corrosion depth and initiation time. Restrepo et al.\nemployed statistical techniques like cluster analysis to establish the sampling design and later for data analysis and obtaining a mathematical expression for external corrosion depth as a function of several experimental variables\n. In addition, various studies have reported different methodologies used to be able to predict the future trend of corrosion for water pipeline.\nThe present study has strengths that although data is insufficient, effective evaluation of the current condition and prediction model can obtain a clear quantitative model by statistical approach and application is easy in other areas because of high reproducibility. In order to obtain a quantitative model for measuring pipe corrosion, we propose to apply an evaluation index to fuzzy environmental soil conditions around water pipes.\nThe present study aims at proposing an approach and method to predict the intensiveness and probable points of pipe corrosion in the pipe network. Base data utilized for the prediction are those sampled at the site. Objectives of the study are referred to: 1) obtain evaluation indexes for external corrosion reflecting the fuzzy soil nature of installation sites; 2) develop a multiple regression model to measure the degree of pipe corrosion under the fuzzy soil conditions; and 3) evaluate future risk and timing for decision of pipeline replacement.\n2. Materials and Methods\nThe study focuses on the existing distribution pipe network in S city, South Korea during 2009–2010\n. Field data on pipe corrosions and soil conditions around pipes were obtained in the previous research project including those of the test pit excavation at 60 random locations along the water distribution pipelines (\n). The study area extends to 121.05 km\nwith a population of approximately 1.11 million\nshows relevant data for this analysis with their mean values and standard deviation. The external corrosion is measured by two indexes: external corrosion depth given as localized corrosion index (Y\n), and corrosion spread on the pipe’s surface given as general corrosion index (Y\n). Influential factors are grouped into two: factors related to ‘characteristic of water pipe’ and ‘soil condition’. The former contains 3 items, all of which are obtained from geographic information system (GIS) database of the distribution pipe network. The latter are 4 items as measured from soil sample testing.\nThe previous studies suggest synergistic effect of the external corrosion depth (Y\n) and the corrosion spread (Y\n) on pipe breakage\n. Following the spread of general corrosion, the localized corrosion may occur at a specific point on pipes coincidentally. So we have analyzed these two types of corrosion in parallel.\nPrior to the main analysis, corrosion conditions are presented in histograms to show cumulative frequency vs. corrosion level (\n). No pipe corrosion is found at 47% of randomly selected sample points. Despite the pipe age of 12 to 52 years, some newer pipes (under 20 years) have deeper and/or wider spread of corrosion than the average. To the contrary, there are some uncorroded samples found in older (over 40 years) pipes. This tendency is considered to be closely related to characteristics of the surrounding soil conditions and the pipe conditions which are not protected by a polyethylene sleeve. Next, histograms are created for each of the soil properties in order to make it easy to understand a distribution of samples\nItems for analysis\nSampling points in S city.\nHistogram of the depth of external corrosion (Yd).\n). For soil resistivity, it was identified by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) method that only four samples had measurement values below 700 to be under the very highly corrosive soil condition, and around 72% of samples indicated values above 2,000 to be sampled from the extremely low corrosive soil condition. As pH’s histogram shows, also, only one sampling point had acidity of less than 4, whereas 7 sampling\nHistogram of the spread of general corrosion (Ya).\nHistogram of soil resistivity.\nHistogram of pH.\npoints were found to have alkalinity of over 8.5. Next, in relation to water content, exactly half the samples is obtained from dry contition (water content is less than 10%). Lastly, chloride ion was detected from 87% of soil samples. These figures illustrate that the sampling points covered a wide range of soil conditions.\nThen, the corrosive condition of soil samples was evaluated using the modified ANSI method and the German Waterworks Association (DVGW) method which are the most representative\nHistogram of water content.\nHistogram of chloride ion.\nmethods for evaluation of soil corrosivity. As the results, nearly 47% of soil samples were evaluated as the corrosive condition (middle and strong corrosivity) by the modified ANSI method. On the other hand, around 88% of soil samples were found to be evaluated as weak corrosivity and 12% soil samples as middle corrosivity using the DVGW method. Also, the relation between the corrosive condition of each soil sample was evaluated by two methods and the actually measured external corrosion is shown in\nillustrate, there are samples that actually measured external corrosion depth and spread of general corrosion have low values with the high score of modified ANSI and also have high values with the low score of modified ANSI. Similarly, between actually measured values of external corrosion and absolute values of DVGW score don’t have definite relationship as shown in\n. These results mean that there are significant differences between the actually measured external corrosion and the corrosive condition evaluated by the two methods above. Thus, it is considered that a new evaluation method of corrosivity regarding soil samples should be developed.\nIn this study, in order to obtain a more reliable model to predict the degree of pipe corrosion, the relationship between external corrosion and soil property is further investigated by applying discriminant function analysis (DFA). From examining the discriminant function, we quantify the soil environment corrosivity using some combination of variables in which the\nRelation between score of modified ANSI and external corrosion depth. ANSI: the American National Standards Institute.\nRelation between score of modified ANSI and spread of general corrosion. ANSI: the American National Standards Institute.\nfuzzy soil property is reflected. The multiple regression model (MRM) is to measure the degree of pipe corrosion. In developing MRM, some of the pipe characteristics are considered effective as explanatory variables together with the selected variables in the DFA. By developing the MRM, the degree of pipe corrosion at some points is predicted for evaluation of present and future risk.\n3. Results and Discussion\n- 3.1. Discriminant Function Analysis\nIn order to distinguish the corrosive soil environment in all soil samples, DFA is applied to this analysis. Common purpose of the DFA is to predict the group membership based on a linear combination of variables using a measure of generalized square distance assuming that each group has a multivariate normal distribution. Another purpose of DFA is to acquire insight into the relationship between the group membership and variables in the prediction model which is given as a discriminant function.\nAt the beginning of DFA, observations for each group are made including both high-ranking and low-ranking samples reflecting a characteristic of the universe (the population of all samples). In this study, two groups, namely, a corrosive group (named BAD group) and a non-corrosive group (named GOOD group) are considered for each discriminant function corresponding\nRelation between absolute value of DVGW score and external corrosion depth. DVGW: the German Waterworks Association.\nRelation between absolute value of DVGW score and spread of general corrosion. DVGW: the German Waterworks Association.\nto each corrosion indexes (Y\n). The modeling process with the discriminant function is proposed in the following order as shown in\nStep 1. Set sample condition for BAD and GOOD group\nStep 2. Balance sample size between BAD and GOOD group\nIt is a normal procedure that DFA focuses merely on data ranked high and low (namely, the first quarter and the last quarter of the sorted samples). In this study, 16 samples (almost the last quarter) which had over 0.6 mm of corrosion depth are regarded as the BAD group corresponding to Yd, and 12 samples with over 10% area corrosion are categorized into the BAD group corresponding to Ya. On the other hand, the GOOD group consists of no external corrosion samples both for Ydand Ya. As the numbers of effective data differ between these groups, a measure to balance the sample data is required.\nStep 3. Examine whether each environmental factor is logically acceptable\nTo ensure stability of DFA, two groups are preferably equal in data size. As the number of samples in the GOOD group is greater than sample size of the BAD group, random sampling methods are adopted to select samples for the GOOD group. Several sets of samples are arranged so that the Good group may have same sample size to the BAD group, and then the corresponding models for classification are examined as below.\nDevelopment process of discriminant function analysis model.\nStep 4. Estimate discriminant function\nAfter adjusting the sample size of both groups, the average value of each environmental factor for each group is compared. When the average value of an environmental factor in the BAD group is higher than that of the GOOD group, such a factor is judged to have logicality, excluding soil resistivity (X4), which has the opposite tendency.\nAs for external corrosion depth (Y\n), equations obtained from the analyses are assessed as highly reliable. Eq. (1) represents a linear discriminant function. If a classification index (Z\n) estimated from this equation is greater than zero, it is considered that the sample falls into the GOOD category. This implies the external corrosion depth within the range of less than 0.6 mm. Explanatory factors (X\n) are standardized as expressed in Eqs. (2) and (3), respectively.\nshows their mean values (m\n) and standard deviations (s\n). From coefficients in the Eq. (1), W\nhas a larger absolute value than that of W\n. This indicates that the soil resistivity (X\n) is more influential than the water content (X\n) on the external corrosion depth.\nThe DFA model is developed with the aid of SAS ver. 6.03 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) as a function of the selected factors, logically reasonable. For depth of external corrosion (Yd) and spread of general corrosion (Ya), 5 randomly sampled cases are analyzed respectively. The most reliable DFA models are selected for Ydand Yawhich have the highest hit ratio, respectively.\nOn the other hand, as for the spread of general corrosion (Y\n), the soil resistivity (X\n) is found as an influential factor. Eq. (4) stands for a linear discriminant function obtained for Y\n. A standardized variable, W\nin Eq. (4), is similar of the soil resistivity (X\n) as presented in the Eq. (2) above. If Z\nis greater than 0, then the sample is classified to the GOOD group. This implies that the spread of general corrosion is estimated as less than 10% of pipe surface.\n- 3.2. Modeling of External Corrosion\nEvaluation indexes of fuzzy soil properties can be obtained from the linear discriminant functions. From these indexes, we can assess corrosiveness of the soil properties. It is found that low resistivity and/or high water content of the soil properties accelerate the rate of external corrosion depth. In the case of the general horizontal corrosion, however, the low resistivity of the soil is considered dominant in affecting an extent of the spread area and its corrosion rate. As to external corrosion prediction, regression analysis is applied to find influential factors related to pipe characteristics. Among 60 sampled data, nearly half of the sampled data didn’t find corrosion on pipe surface. To minimize the effects on the regression model, these data are omitted in the succeeding analyses. The number of data utilized is twenty and nineteen samples for external corrosion depth and general horizontal corrosion, respectively.\nIt is believed that pipe characteristics and soil properties have linear and non-linear effects on pipe corrosion\n. To incorporate these effects into the analyses on a same basis, this nonlinear effect is first expressed in the form of power regression equations with a variable of pipe characteristics. Then, multiple regression equations for the two types of external corrosion (Y\n) are formulated as a function of the selected factors expressed in linear and/or non-linear forms.\nPrior to regression analysis, the correlation coefficient for the logarithmic data of pipe characteristic factors with corrosion indexes are estimated as shown in\n. Significant levels of reliability are confirmed as a result of the t-distribution test corresponding to sample size ‘n’ and statistically significant level ‘’. When an absolute value of the correlation coefficient is greater than its significance level, the factors are assessed as statistically significant. In\n, the depth of external corrosion (Y\n) has a non-linear relation with pipe age (X\n), and spread of general corrosion (Y\n) with diameter (X\n). These results suggest the effectiveness of adopting each factor as one of the explanatory variables in the corrosion prediction equations.\nStep 1. Power regression model for external corrosion depth\nFirstly, the regression model for between depth for external corrosion (Yd) and pipe age (X3) was made in the form of power function. According to Eq. (5), the estimated power coefficient (1.670) is greater than 1.0. This implies that the pipe age would affect pipe deterioration with acceleration as seen inFig. 13.\nStep 2. MRM for external corrosion depth\nFollowing DFA and regression analysis in the form of power function, multiple regression analysis (MRA) is applied for further analysis. As the explanatory variables, the MRA utilizes pipe age expressed as 1.67thpower, soil resistivity (X4) and water content (X6) as previously verified effective by the discriminant function. This regression model expressed in Eq. (6)\nEstimated trend of depth of external corrosion according to pipe age.\nEstimated values of external corrosion depth.\nLogarithmic correlation between items of external corrosion and pipe characteristicsr: standard value of correlation coefficient at α-significant level.**The correlation coefficient is significant at 0.05 (bilateral).\nLogarithmic correlation between items of external corrosion and pipe characteristics r: standard value of correlation coefficient at α-significant level. ** The correlation coefficient is significant at 0.05 (bilateral).\nis assessed statistically significant from its multiple correlation coefficient (R) obtained through the t-distribution test. The relation between the observed and the estimated values of external corrosion depth is shown in\n, which indicates sufficient accuracy of our model with a mean absolute error, 0.33 mm.\nEstimated trend of spread of general corrosion according to diameter.\nLocation where corrosion depth will exceed 2 mm by 2030.\nStep 3. Power regression model for spread of general corrosion\nIn the same way as stated above, a prediction model for the spread of general corrosion (Ya) is expressed as a factor of the pipe diameter (X1). The negative power (i.e., -1.435) of X1implies that value Ya(the corrosion spread on pipe surface in percentage) tends to progressively decrease against an increase in value X1(the pipe diameter). This tendency is clearly seen inFig. 15.\nStep 4. MRM for spread of general corrosion\nSeverity of the general corrosion for any pipes in the target area can be simply estimated from the equation. Data required for prediction are merely pipe diameter and soil resistivity in the targeted area. The equation is not expressed as the function of pipe age. This is due to the fact that the general corrosion rate per year is rather slower than that of the external corrosion depth. Continuous efforts are required to collect data on pipe corrosion. It may be possible to develop a more reliable prediction model based on the process as mentioned above.\nThe main culprit behind the general corrosion is soil resistivity (X4) among soil properties. According to the findings of regression analysis, pipe diameter (X1) is considered to have a negative relation with the general corrosion (Ya). In a multiple regression equation developed here, there are two independent variables as shown in Eq. (8). A correlation coefficient of the equation is estimated at 0.696. As examined by the tdistribution test, this value is able to ensure reliability of the equation.\n- 3.3. The Corrosion Model Evaluation\nIn the previous paragraph, a prediction model for the external corrosion depth (Y\n) represented by pipe age (X\n), soil resistivity (X\n), and water content (X\n) was proposed.\nAnother method is a prediction which considers the soil environment around the pipes. Corrosion depth of 60 samples in the future is tentatively forecast in the Eq. (6), assuming that the pipes are left without any maintenance for 20 years. In this study a depth of external corrosion over 2 mm is considered serious and may result in pipe damage or leakage. Analyzing the result of forecast, a total of 27 out of 60 samples are expected to have serious external corrosion with a depth exceeding 2 mm on their pipe surface. Locations of those samples are given in\n. Out of total 60 soil samples, 39 consist of soft clay and 17 of red clay, while 4 samples are of sands. Soft and red clay, accounting for nearly half of the total are causing a rapid growth of corrosion, but the remnants are rather slow in corrosion, as they are predicted not to reach 2 mm. These results indicate that future risk of corrosion closely relates not only to the soil factors but also to the pipe characteristics.\nThis study intended to predict the severity of pipe corrosion in the target area. The study was carried out through assessment of various data collected at survey points. Results of the analyses indicate that influential parameters on external corrosion depth (Y\n) are soil resistivity (X\n), water content (X\n), and pipe age (X\n). It is also confirmed that the soil resistivity (X\n) and the pipe diameter, among others, affect the spread of general corrosion (Y\n). From all the above, it can be concluded that the multiple regression equation obtained herein provides valuable information on the degree and rate of external pipe corrosion in the target area. The proposed process for future risk evaluation is also effective to decide pipeline replacement and planning. Continuing efforts for collecting and storing up field data are, however, considered important to improve the reliability of the proposed prediction model obtained through statistical analyses.\nCorrosion rate evaluation and prediction for piles based on long-term field performance.\nJ. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng.\nJapan Ductile Iron Pipe Association (JDPA).\nTechnical report about the factors of corrosion and anticorrosion measures for buried pipes.\nCauses of external corrosion on buried water mains. In: Castronovo JP, ed. Pipelines 2001: advances in pipelines engineering and construction.\nAmerican Society of Civil Engineers\nIron corrosion scales: model for scales growth, iron release, and colored water formation.\nJ. Environ. Eng.\nPredictive model for pit growth on underground pipes.\nCalculation of a corrosion rate using Monte Carlo simulation.\nIn: Proceedings of NACE International Corrosion 2007 Conference and Expo\nEvaluation of current condition and lifespan of drinking water pipelines.\nJ. Fail. Anal. Prev.\nSuwon Metropolitan Waterworks.\nThe technical analysis of water supply system in Suwon.\nSuwon Metropolitan Waterworks\nReliability assessment of water distribution systems using management reliability index.\nIn: Proceedings of of the 4th IWA Leading-Edge Strategic Asset Management (LESAM 2011)\n2011 Sep 27-30\nStatistical analysis of the corrosion of water distribution pipes under their environmental factors.\nJ. Jpn. Soc. Civ. Eng. Environ. Syst. Res.\nProbability distribution of pitting corrosion depth and rate in underground pipelines: a Monte Carlo study.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In the new documentary “Dispatches from the Gulf,” the scientists are the heroes. The film airs for the general public for the first time via livestream on April 20 at 2pm and 7pm eastern. I got a sneak peek of the film, and trust me—you won’t want to miss it.\nSince the BP Deepwater Horizon oil disaster began in 2010, hundreds of scientists around the country have been documenting the impacts of the tragedy on the wildlife and habitats of the Gulf of Mexico. This documentary tells the stories of these scientists, from the University of Miami team that built the equivalent of a treadmill for mahi mahi to test their endurance and see how oil has affected their hearts, to Christopher Reddy, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute scientist who scours the beach for tar balls with a simple tote bag and pair of purple gloves.\nTheir stories are pretty inspiring. For me, the most memorable part was watching Dr. Mandy Joye, professor of marine sciences at the University of Georgia, climb into the remotely operated vehicle (ROV) “Alvin”—the same ROV that explored the wreckage of the Titanic. Dr. Joye then traveled 90 minutes in the Alvin to the bottom of the Gulf, where she found a shocking amount of oil on the seafloor.\nThe work these scientists are doing is important to understand how the Gulf’s wildlife and habitats are recovering—or if they’re not recovering, why. For the creatures that live in the deep, blue ecosystem of the Gulf, expanding research and monitoring is one of our only options for restoring their populations. In the case of the Exxon Valdez oil disaster, the herring fishery collapsed unexpectedly after four years. The Gulf supports a giant seafood industry, and we don’t want to see a similar crisis strike here. That’s why we need science to understand how our fish and wildlife are coping with the stress of the BP oil disaster.\nIf there is something to be gained from this tragedy, it is knowledge. Many of the lessons we are learning about the Gulf in the aftermath of the BP oil disaster can be applied elsewhere in the world. If a researcher from the other side of the world wants to know how fish and corals in the deep sea are affected by exposure to oil, they will turn to our scientists in the Gulf. The Gulf stands on the forefront of a unique opportunity to lead in the field of marine science, but only if we make science a priority in the effort to restore the Gulf.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Each of us sees things from our unique perspective. We understand the world around us through an unconscious thought process. We constantly form and update beliefs and values that we apply to assess the situation, formulate alternatives, make decisions and interpret the intentions of others.\nBut since we are constrained by our own experience, our perception of the world is inherently limited. Our understanding is imperfect. How often do we recognize this? What should we do about it?\nChris Argyris used the metaphor of the “ladder of inference” to describe the mental process for understanding what we experience. In this model, we process information through each of seven steps (starting with reality or facts) that lead to beliefs and ultimately taking action. As Argyris and his co-author Donald Schon explain in their 1974 book “Theory in Practice: Increasing Professional Effectiveness”, most individuals are not aware of this process or how pre-existing beliefs impact our interpretations and behavior.\nDo we all interpret the situation in the same way? How do we know? With awareness of the limits of our single point of reference, we can slow down and actively move to increase our shared understanding with collaborators. We can ask questions and make things as explicit as possible — especially when the stakes are high.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "After a long, cold winter, Hoosiers can’t wait to get outdoors during longer days of sunshine to begin long, put-off chores in the yard. But before heading out with a ladder or a shovel, looking up and down for electric power lines and equipment might save your life — or at least extend the lives of trees and other greenery you intend to plant.\n“Ladders present safety issues no matter at which end you stand,” said Rick Coons, CEO at Indiana Electric Cooperatives. “Anyone who’s ever scaled a ladder has thought about a fall from the top, but there’s a danger when we’re moving the ladder on the ground that we might not immediately consider: overhead power lines.”\nHere are important points to consider with overhead power lines:\n- Look up and around. Always be aware of the location of overhead power lines. Ladders and other long items, like pool cleaning tools, should be carried horizontally whenever possible.\n- Keep equipment and people at least 10-15 feet from lines. Never trim trees near power lines. Don’t place a ladder where it could fall into a power line.\n- Never approach power lines knocked down by a storm, or try to move broken tree limbs or branches that might be entangled in power lines. Power lines, though damaged and silent, can still be fully energized and dangerous.\nOverhead is not the only place electric power lines cross our yards or bring electric service to the meter on the house. In many suburban neighborhoods, buried power lines have become the norm. While this means there are no poles and wires running overhead to worry about, they still require special consideration:\n- Underground power lines require those green boxes, called pad-mount transformers. Though it may be tempting to hide them with landscaping, please don’t. Your electric cooperative might have to open that equipment during a power outage or for routine maintenance.\n- Keep shrubs and structures at least 12 feet from the “door” of the box, and at least 3 feet from the sides.\n- If landscaping is too close, inadequate air circulation can cause equipment to overheat and fail. Plantings might have to be cut and removed.\n- Keep the meter on your house visible and accessible, too.\n- Never allow children to play on or around the pad-mounted transformers. They contain electrical equipment with high voltage inside.\n- Do not plant near underground utility services. Tree roots can grow and interfere with underground pipes, cables and wires. Future repairs to these facilities also could damage the health and beauty of nearby plants and trees.\n- At least a few days before planting, call 811, the underground utility locator service, to come out and mark the locations of underground utilities.\nIndiana Electric Cooperatives also wants consumers to remember to never use electric yard tools with a power cord when the ground is wet, and always make sure your power tools are plugged into an outlet with a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI).\nSources: Electrical Safety Foundation, NRECA, Electric Consumer", "label": "No"}
{"text": "RBSE Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Natural Resources and Agriculture are part of RBSE Solutions for Class 9 Science. Here we have given Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Natural Resources and Agriculture.\n|Chapter Name||Natural Resources and Agriculture|\n|Number of Questions Solved||97|\nRajasthan Board RBSE Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Natural Resources and Agriculture\nNatural Resources and Agriculture Textbook Questions Solved\nObjective Type Questions\nGrowing of different crops in pre-planned succession is called as-\n(A) Mixed Cropping\n(B) Mixed Farming\n(C) Crop rotation\nThe average amount of CO2 in the atmosphere is:\nWhich of the following causes acid rain?\n(A) Air pollution\n(B) Water pollution\n(C) Soil pollution\n(D) Sound pollution\nWhich one of the following nutrient is found in plants, by soil?\nWhich one is Kharif crop?\nNatural Resources and Agriculture Very Short Answer Type Questions\nName the instrument which is used to measure the movement of air?\nAnemometer is used to measure the movement of air.\nThe environment is affected by human activities. Discharge of any harmful substance into earth, water or air, which may change their natural composition is called pollution.\nWhat are natural resources?\nNatural resources are the stock of the nature, such as air, water, soil, coal, minerals, animals and plants, that are useful to mankind, in many ways.\nWhat is Algal bloom?\nThe presence of sewage and fertilisers in polluted water provide a lot of nutrients to the algae present in water body. This excessive growth of algae is known as algal bloom.\nWhat is sonic boom?\nThe experiments like rocket launching explosions and firing, produce deafening sound. The supper sonic jet left the sound waves, which are known as sonic boom.\nWhat is mixed farming?\nMixed farming is the type of farming in which both crops and livestock are raised on the same farm.\nName the gas found in maximum percentage in the atmosphere? ‘\nNitrogen gas (78.09%) is found in maximum percentage in the atmosphere.\nWhich gas is used by plants in the respiration?\nWhat is the reason for the movement of air?\nMovement of air is the result of changes that take place in our atmosphere, due to heating of air and the formation of water vapour.\nWrite the name of an exotic breed of poultry bird having high egg laying capacity?\nNatural Resources and Agriculture Short Answer Type Questions\nWhat is Humus? What are the advantages of Humus?\nHumus is a dark coloured organic substance consisting of partially or wholly decayed plant or animal waste. It provides nutrient for plants and increases the ability of soil to retain water. Humus plays a major role in deciding the soil structure because it causes soil to become more porous and allows water and air to penetrate deep underground.\nHow acid rain is produced? Mention the harmful effects of acid rain?\nNitrogen and sulphur oxides present in the atmosphere are oxidised by the ozone and then dissolve in water vapours present in the atmosphere to form acid drops. The reaction occurs, according to the following equations.\nNO + O3 → NO2 + O2\nNO2+ O2→ NO + O2\nNo2 + No3→ N2O5\nN2Os + H2O→ 2HNO3 (Nitric acid)\nSO2 + O2 + 1/2H2O → H2SO4 (Sulphuric acid)\nAcids formed in this way in the atmosphere fall back on the earth, along with the raindrops and this is called acid rain. Acid rain is rain which contains dissolved gases like nitrogen pentaoxide or sulphur di and tri-oxide in water present in the atmosphere, making nitric acid and sulphuric acid, respectively.\nHarmful effects of Acid Rain:\n- Acid rain kills fishes and other aquatic animals and plants.\n- Acid rain causes irritation in the eyes and skin.\n- Acid rain removes nutrients from plant leaves.\n- Acid rain increases the acidity of soil and adversely affects the production of crops.\n- Acid rain reacts with building materials such as marble, limestone and hence, weakens them by corrosion.\n- Acid rain weakens the bridges and other such structures. There is a risk of their breaking, any time.\n- Heavy metals such as cadmium, zinc, copper, nickel, etc. separate from mineral ores, due to acid rain. These metals pass into lakes and rivers, along with rainwater and cause water pollution.\nWhat is BOD?\nBiological Oxygen Demand indicates the quality of wastewater. BOD refers to the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by bacteria in decomposing the organic waste present in water. It is expressed in milligrams of oxygen per litre of water.\nDescribe the harmful effects of air pollution?\nFollowing are the harmful effects of air pollution on health:\n- Carbon dioxide, chlorine, ammonia, nitrous oxide, etc. gases coming out of factories cause irritation and burning in the throat and eye.\n- The vapours which come out from chemical factories cause many diseases of lungs, such as a cough, asthma, etc.\n- The gases coming out from the factories of aluminium and superphosphate cause diseases of teeth and bones.\n- Smoke and dust particles present in the air cause cough, asthma and tuberculosis.\n- Petrol and diesel vehicles produce gases such as carbon monoxide and tetramethyl lead, etc. If inhaled for long time continuously, these gases cause cancer, tuberculosis, etc.\nWhat is biological magnification? Explain.\nThe pesticides and other chemicals used in the crop fields enter the water sources due to rain, e.g., DDT. These enter the food chain and keep on accumulating at each trophic level, as these chemicals cannot be decomposed. This increase in the concentration of toxicants with an increase in the trophic level is called biological magnification.\nWhat is noise pollution? Explain the harmful effects of noise pollution?\nNoise pollution: Any unwanted sound is called noise. High intensity sounds emitted by big machines, industries, factories, automobiles, aeroplanes, etc. are unwanted sound. Use of loudspeakers in public meetings, etc. a high volume of radio, TV and transistors increases the noise level. The pollution caused by it, is called noise pollution. The intensity of sound is measured in decibels. The intensity of sound in normal conversation is 30-50 decibels.\nEffects of sound pollution on human beings:\n- Audiological effects: Sounds of more than 90 dB intensity, causes fatigue in the ears and roaring in ears, continues. Persons living in the noise of 100 dB become hard of hearing or deaf. If the intensity of sound is very high and the source of loud sound is near the ears, the eardrum gets punctured and deafness is produced.\n- Physiological effects: Harsh and unwanted sounds affect the physiological working of the human body. Sound pollution harms the vision of the eyes, and working of the heart, liver, respiratory system and brain. Sound pollution causes headache, nausea, irritation in skin, high blood pressure, vertigo and loss of memory.\n- Psychological effects: Harsh sound causes anger, irritability and mental tension. It gives birth to quarrels and disputes among the people.\n- Other effects: Sound pollution interferes in lectures, speech and normal talk with other persons. The working efficiency of persons goes down. Sound pollution disturbs sound sleep and peaceful study.\nWrite any four causes of Soil pollution?\nCauses of Soil pollution are:\n- Mixing of debris, waste products with the soil, causes soil pollution.\n- By excessive use of pesticides and fertilisers, the soil is polluted.\n- When industrial wastes are discharged in the soil, they also pollute the soil.\n- Insecticides like, D.D.T. is very dangerous. When these enter the body of consumers from producers, their concentration is increased because these are non-degradable substances. Moreover, these can remain in the atmosphere for upto 15 years. DDT also causes soil pollution.\nWrite any four measures to control air pollution?\nThe following devices and measures should be adopted to control air pollution:\n- Gas absorbing appliances should be used over the chimney of the factories, to absorb the harmful gases.\n- Filters should be used to check up the big particles of refuse matter, so that the big particles may not mix in the atmosphere.\n- Suitable fuel should be used in vehicles. Combustion engines of vehicles should be checked from time to time.\n- The fuel should be as such, that on oxidation there may be minimum smoke and less harmful gases are given out.\nWrite the differences between Manures and Fertilisers.\n|1. Manure is semi-decomposed organic matter.||1. The fertiliser is a chemical formulation.|\n|2. It is prepared from natural materials,like plant residues & animal residues.||2. It is synthetic, being formed from chemical salts.|\n|3. It contains only a small quantity of mineral salts.||3. Fertilisers contain pure mineral salts or their precursors.|\n|4. It is not nutrient specific.||4. It is nutrient specific.|\n|5. It adds organic matter to the soil.||5. There is no addition of organic matter.|\n|6. It is required in large quantity.||6. It is required in small quantity.|\n|7. Nutrient availability is moderate and they are released slowly.||7. Fertiliser possesses readily available easily releasable plant nutrients.|\n|8. Manure is bulky. It is very difficult to transport to longer distances.||8. It has smaller bulk. Fertilisers can therefore, be transported easily to long distances|\n|9. Manure cannot be stored for long duration.||9. Fertilisers can be stored for long duration.|\n|10. It helps in maintaining soil texture, its hydration and aeration||10. It can harm soil texture and other soil characteristics.|\n|11. Excess manure is not much harmful. It does not cause pollution.||11. Excess fertiliser is harmful for plants. It also causes pollution.|\nWhat is vermicomposting? Explain.\nVermicomposting is the degradation of organic wastes through the consumption by the earthworms. Earthworms increases the fertility of soil in several ways, physically, they are reactors, crushers and mixers, chemically, they are degraders of organic wastes and biologically they are stimulators of decomposition. In India, many species of earthworms are used in vemicomposting, such as Dichogaster bolani, Drawida willsi, etc.\nExplain. Organic farming?\nOrganic farming: It is a farming system with minimal or no use of chemicals, like fertilisers, herbicides, pesticides, etc. and with maximum input from organic manures, recycled farm wastes, use of bio-agents such as culture of blue-green algae in preparation of biofertilisers, neam leaves or turmeric, specifically in grain storage as bio-pesticides, with healthy cropping systems.\nHow does artificial rearing done?\nFor the production of honey, on a commercial basis, Italian variety of honey bee is reared. Apis mellifera is commonly used for honey production, throughout the country. This variety has been domesticated in India, due to its various good characters such as gentleness in nature, good honey collection capacity prolific queen production. with less swarming and a good ability to protect itseb from enemies. For the purpose of commercial production of honey, apiaries are established.\nFor artificial rearing of bees, artificial hive is required. Artificial hive consists of a large brood chamber, wax coated metal plates and plastic plates. These plates form the base of artificial hive. These hives are kept in garden, to attract the bees. Blooming period is the most suitable time for artificial rearing.\nDrone bees are introduced. Drone bees secrete wax from their abdomen, producing glands. They start secreting wax on plates coated with toad. Drones prepare wax chambers on wax coated plates. When the honey chambers are filled completely, then plates are taken out and honey is collected. The wax deposited on these is also separated.\nHoney is very useful for health. It is also used in ayurvedic medicines. Wax obtained from bees is called bee wax, which is used in the preparation of polish, creams and shoe polish. Apiculture is used professionlly in these days. Khadi Gram Udhyog is encouraging apiculture, nowadays.\nWrite the names of high milk yielding breeds of cows and buffaloes?\nBreed of Cows: Indigenous (Desi) high milk yielding breeds are:(a) Gir\n(c) Red Sindhi\nExotic (foreign) varieties are:\n(c) Holstein and\n(d) Karan Swiss.\nAll these are reared to get more milk. Their bulls help in farming and for transport purpose. They are Nageri, Malvi and Hallikar. Bregus type of breed is prepared by crossing method.\nBreed of Buffaloes: Indigenous (Desi) breeds of good milk yielding buffaloes are:\nMurrah and Surati are foreign imported breeds of buffalo.\nName the various disease in dairy animals?\nDiseases of daily animals can be broadly classified into:\nParasitic Diseases: The parasites of cattle may be both external and internal. External parasites include fleas, lice, ticks and mites. Internal parasites include worms and flukes.\nInfectious diseases: These are mainly caused by viruses and bacteria. They are contagious and spread easily.\nFor Example Viral diseases: Foot and mouth disease, Cowpox and Rinderpest. Bacterial diseases: Anthrax, Haemorrhagic septicemia, etc.\nWhat is Mixed Cropping? Write its advantages.\nMixed cropping is the practice of growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land.\nSome mixed cropping practices are:\n(a) Soyabean + Pigeon pea\n(b) Wheat + Mustard\nAdvantages of mixed cropping:\nThe risk of total crop failure, due to uncertain monsoon, is reduced.\nFarmers tend to harvest a variety of products such as cereals, pulses, vegetables or fodder, to meet the various requirement of family or of agricultural farms.\nNatural Resources and Agriculture Long Answer Type Questions\nWhat is sustainable agriculture? Describe the various methods of sustainable agriculture.\nSustainable Agriculture: The science of cultivating land to raise crops is called agriculture. Sustainable agriculture means successful management of resources for agriculture to satisfy the changing human needs, while maintaining or enhancing the quality of environment and conserving natural resources. Due to steady increase of human population, it is necessary to increase the crops production, that can be achieved by efficient management of natural resources, such as soil, water, forest, fertilisers, pesticides, etc.\nVarious method of sustainable agriculture: Mixed farming is the crop production including horticulture and rearing of farm animals, poultry and piggery, etc.\nTypes of mixed crop farming are:\nFood-fodder, horticulture-pastoral, agro-forestry and mixed cropping-cereal crops and milch animals, etc. Mixed cropping is the practice of growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land.\nSome mixed cropping practices are:\n(a) Soybean + Pigeon pea\n(b) Wheat + Mustard\nAdvantages of mixed cropping:\n(a) The risk of total crop failure due to uncertain monsoon is reduced.\n(b) Farmers tend to harvest a variety of produce, such as cereals, pulses, vegetables or fodder, to meet the various requirements of family or of agricultural farms. Crop rotation: One method of crop production which ensures high yield is crop rotation. Crop rotation is defined as the practice of growing of different crops on a piece of land, in a preplanned succession. Depending upon the duration, crop rotation is done for different crop combinations. If crop rotation is done properly, then two or three crops can be grown in one year with good harvests.\nAdvantages of crop rotation:\n(a) Crop rotation helps in the replenishment of soil fertility.\n(b) It enhances the production, by increasing the soil fertility.\n(c) It prevents building up of diseases and pests of a particular crop.\n(d) It prevents depletion of selective nutrients.\n- One year rotation-Rice – Wheat; Maize – Mustard.\n- Two-year rotation-Maize – Potato; Sugarcane – pea.\n- Three-year rotation-Rice, Wheat-Mung, Mustard, Sugarcane, Burseem.\nName the products formed by Fishery? Describe the steps of fishery?\nFish is an important food, which is quite rich in proteins.\nThe main products formed by fishery are: Oil with vitamins, proteins, fats, fins, skin and scales.\nFishery or Pisciculture is a combination of agriculture and animal husbandry. Providing natural food to fishes, rearing in ponds comes under agriculture. The term pisciculture is the production, breeding and management of fishes on a large scale, under controlled conditions. As India has vast freshwater resources, there is a great scope of improvement in fish production. India ranks 7th among the leading fish producing countries of the world. Development and production of fish in freshwater is more than marine water (salt water).\nMany people living near coastal areas depend on fishes for their food requirement. The main aim of Pisciculture is to produce fishes for food and secondly, it provides employment opportunities.\nVarieties (types) of fishes used for piscicultures.\nSelected Fresh water species: Catla, Rohu, Mrigal.\nForeign (exotic) fishes: Silver carp, common carp, Grass carp, Hilsa, Salmon, Singhara.\nActivities for Pisciculture: Construction of pond: Appropriate pond or tank is required for pisciculture. The pond should be constructed on land, containing clay soil. Sunlight should reach on the bottom of the pond. Inlet and outlet of water in the pond should be proper.\nFood material for fishes:\nTwo types of food are needed for the fishes:\n- Natural food,\n- Artificial food.\n1. Natural food consists of small aquatic plants and animals. For a continuous supply of this food, bio fertilisers and birds excreta are added. Lime (CaO) is added to water, to reduce the acidity of water.\n2. Artificial food is also needed for the rapid development of fishes. Crushed grains, powdered wheat, soyabean, yeast, rice bran, etc. are included in artificial food.\n3. Removal of fishes from a pond: Fishes are taken out, once in a year. All the fishes should not be taken out. Partial removal of fishes increases the production of fishes and it should be done early in the morning.\n4. Precautions of pisciculture:\n- Pollution of water causes great harm to the fishes. So, the pond should be cleaned regularly and non-beneficial plants should be removed.\n- Fishes suffer from many types of diseases, caused by bacteria and viruses, so fishes should be checked at regular interval of time and treated, accordingly.\n- Introduction of small fishes should be done early in the morning.\n- During thunder, lightening and raining, fishing should not be done.\n- Fish food should be palatable.\nWhat is Irrigation? Describe the various modem systems of Irrigation?\nIrrigation is the process of supplying water to crop plants in the fields, by means of canals, reservoirs, wells, tube-wells, etc.\nIt depends on the following two factors:\n- Crop-based irrigation, i.e., on the nature of crop plants.\n- Soil-based irrigation, i.e., on the nature of soil of the crop fields.\nThe various irrigation systems in India are as follows:\nThe common method of irrigation in India is well, tube wells, pumps, canals, tanks, river-valley system and river-lift systems. Irrigation is essential at various levels of crop production, such as sowing, tilting, flowering and fruiting.\n(a) Wells: Wells are bored at such places, where groundwater is enough.\nThese are of two types:\n- Dug wells: Dug wells have their bottom surface below the ground water table. Water accumulates here from surroundings. Water is lifted for irrigation by mechanical means, e.g., Persian wheels operated by bullocks, horses and camels\n- Tube wells: Tube wells are dug very deep. Water is lifted from these wells by diesel or electric run pumps.\n(b) Tanks: These are small storage reservoirs. They store run-off water from the surrounding catchment areas. Small dams are constructed below the catchment areas, to regulate the flow of water for agriculture.\n(c) Canal system: Canals mostly get water from large rivers. Doors are .fitted at the mouth of canal joining the river to regulate the flow of water. A canal is distributed into branch canals, distributaries or field channels. These field channels irrigate the fields. For irrigation, the fields of various farmers, a rotation system is followed, so that each and every farmer may irrigate his field.\n(d) River valley system: In the western ghat mountains for South India, are present many steep and narrow riverine valleys. In this region, rainfall is very heavy during June to September and again in November and December. On the slopes and in the valleys, perennial crops, like supari are cultivated. Rice crop is also grown in the bottomlands of the valley.\n(e) River lift system: Water is lifted directly from the river for irrigation of nearby fields. It is done due to inadequate flow of water in canal or due to insufficient release of water from the river reservoir.\n(f) Sprinkler irrigation system: It is introduced in canal irrigated areas of Haiyana, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Drip irrigation system is in use in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orisa and Tamil Nadu. It is in practice with the help of Isral technical, known Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. They are also providing training to the people of various states. Here, they are cultivating different varieties of roses, tomatoes, capsicum of yellow and red colour, gourd, etc.\nDescribe the various aims of improved cropping?\nAims of improved cropping:\n- The main aims of crop improvement are to increase the productivity of economic product, which is possible by developing high yielding varieties.\n- The plant crops are subjected to many biotic stresses, such as disease, insects, pests, nematode as well as abiotic stresses, such as draughts, water logging, salinity, heat, cold, etc.\n- Better quality of crop regarding economic value, protein quality of pulses, oil quality in oil seeds and preservity of vegetables and fruits.\n- Photo-in sensitive and thermo insensitive varieties of some crops can be cultivated in large areas, as they are not affected by light and temperature.\n- Crop production, under different environmental conditions, can be stabilised by developing improved varieties of crops.\n- Desired agronomic traits give higher produce, such as high tillering, tall professedly branching characters of fodder crops, and dwarf character of cereals.\nExamples of the high yielding variety of wheat are: Sonara 64, Hira, Moti, Kalyan Sona and Sharbati sonara.\nHigh yielding variety of paddy are: Pusa 205, IR 8, Padma and Jaya.\nWhat is water pollution? Describe its various sources and harmful effects.\nWater pollution: Spoiling the quality of water by any natural or human activity is called water pollution.\nCauses of water pollution:\n- Waste products, industrial wastes and chemical wastes are thrown in rivers, lakes, etc. as such pollute the water bodies.\n- Sewerage and dirty waste water of villages, towns and cities is drained to fall into rivers or any other water body.\n- People wash their dirty clothes, take bath, clean their utensils and bath their pet animals in the water of the pond, lake, river, etc.\n- Oil slick in the sea due to leakage, from ship, causes pollution. Water is also polluted, due to atomic explosions in seas.\n- Atomic explosion experiments inside the sea, and dumping of nuclear waste in oceans.\nHarmful effects of polluted water on human life:\n- Water plants and animals are destroyed, due to polluted water by industrial wastes.\n- Sewerage, garbage and organic materials dumped into water bodies, kill the fishes, because of reduction in oxygen concentration, causing their suffocation.\n- Many diseases are caused by drinking polluted water, e.g., typhoid, cholera, dysentery, jaundice, hepatitis and polio.\n- Eggs of hookworms, roundworms, etc. enter into our bodies through polluted water and make us ill.\n- Parasites penetrate the skin of human beings while bathing in polluted water, it becomes the cause of diseases such as schestomiosis, laptospisosis, etc.\n- Water discharged from some industries may contain metals like copper, chromium, zinc, cadmium. These metals are harmful to human beings and cause diseases.\nFor example, Minamata disease is caused due to mercury metal. This disease harms the liver and kidneys.\n- Fluorine ions present in water causes fluorosis of teeth and bones, Problems of kidney and thyroid gland are produced, due to the high concentration of fluorine.\nNatural Resources and Agriculture Additional Questions Solved\nMultiple Choice Questions (MCQs)\nThe compound responsible for the depletion of ozone layer is-\n(A) Sulphur dioxide\n(B) Chlorofluoro carbon\n(C) Alkyl halide\n(D) Organo-Mercuiy compounds\nThe polluted water can cause-\n(B) Kidney trouble\n(D) Pulmonary disease\nWhich gas is present in the air in the highest proportion?\n(C) Carbon dioxide\nThe main cause of a cough, asthma and tuberculosis is-\n(A) Air pollution\n(B) Water pollution\n(C) Noise pollution\n(D) All the above\nWhich is helpful in checking air pollution-\n(C) Means of Transport\nThe pollutant which dissolves in rain water to form acid rain is-\n(A) Carbon monoxide\n(B) Sulphur dioxide\n(C) Nitrogen pentoxide\n(D) Both (B) and (C)\nThe purest form of water is-\n(A) distilled water\n(B) sea water\n(C) rain water\n(D) well water\nThe improved variety of rice is-\n(B) Pusa Basmati\n(C) Pusa Jwala\n(D) Pusa Bold”\nPlants get hydrogen from-\nOut of the following, which is a micronutrients for plants-\nThe organism which prepare vermi- compost is-\nOne of the following is a variety of wheat-\n(A) HD – 2687\nWhen two or more crops are grown in the field in succession, the practice is called-\n(A) Multiple cropping\n(B) Mixed cropping\n(C) Mono cropping\n(D) None of the above”\nThe HYV of wheat is-\n(A) Pusa Basmati\n(C) C – 306\nMain cereal crop of our country\nNatural Resources and Agriculture Very Short Answer Type Questions\nGive the name of two air pollutants which are responsible for acid rain.\n(a) Sulphur dioxide\n(b) Nitrogen pentoxide\nName a disease caused by coal dust?\nWhich gases cause eye bum?\nSulphur dioxide,Chlorine and Ammonia.\nName the class of compounds which destroy the atmospheric ozone layer.\nWhat diseases are produced by dust particles?\nCoryza, cough, asthma and tuberculosis.\nWhat is air pollution?\nAny qualitative or quantitative change in the composition of air, that produce an undesirable or harmful effect on living beings is called air pollution.\nName two air pollutants which cause acid rain.\n(a) Sulphur dioxide (SO2)\n(b) Nitrogen dixode (NO2)\nName two causes of air pollution\n(a) Smoke emitted by various automobiles.\n(b) Burning of fuels, like wood, coal and petrol.\nWhat gases are emitted by burning of petrol?\nCarbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxides (N2O, NO2) are emitted by burning of petrol.\nWhat is water pollution?\nThe contamination of water with harmful chemicals and radiations is called water pollution.\nName four diseases caused by water pollution.\n3. Typhoid and\nExplain why fishes in some river, pond or along sea shore are sometimes found dead.\nToxic chemicals present in waste material thrown from factories and industries into river water, on large scale, kill the fishes.\nName the two gases which together constitute 99% of the atmosphere.\nOxygen (20.946%) and nitrogen (78.084%).\nWhat is the percentage of oxygen in gases present in the atmosphere?\nWhat is smog?\nSmog is a combination of smoke, water droplets of fog and fumes discharged into air from homes, factories and automobiles.\nWrite the name of the gas produced in Mathura Refineries which can damage the great historical monument, Taj Mahal.\nSulphur dioxide gas.\nWrite the name of the improved variety of wheat?\nName the manure which is formed with the help of earthworm.\nMention the best way to protect plants from the irus.\nThe best way to protect plants from virus disease, TMV resistant varieties must be grown. Infected plant should be removed and burnt from field.\nHow a pathogen entry can be prevented in a crop field?\nWe should stop the entrance of pathogens by preferable preventive measures, e.g., selection of optimum time of cropping, use of pest and disease resistant hybrid varieties, crop rotation, clean cultivation.\nInter cropping is retailored and improved version of traditional mixed cropping, in which two or more crops are grown simultaneously in the same field, but in a definite row pattern.\nWhat is sustainable agriculture?\nIt refers to the successful management of resources to satisfy human needs, while conserving natural resources, using renewable resources.\nWhat do you understand by rotation of crops.\nRotation of crop is repeated cultivation of a cereal crop and a legume crop in successive seasons.\nWhat are primary nutrients?\nPrimary nutrients are the most important minerals, required for plant growth.\nThey are: Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium.\nWrite one advantage of crop rotation.\nCrop rotation minimises attraction by pathogens and pest, controls weeds, improves fertility of soil.\nWhat are weedicides? Name one weedicide.\nThe chemical substances which are used to kill weeds are called weedicides. An example of weedicide is 2, 4 – D (i.e. 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid).\nWrite the name of two fungal diseases of plants.\n(a) Late blight of potato.\n(b) Green ear disease of\nWrite names of two bacterial disease in plants.\n(a) Angular leaf spot of tobacco.\n(b) Red stripe of sugar cane.\nNatural Resources and Agriculture Short Answer Type Questions.\nWhat are the different kinds of environmental pollution?\nFollowing are the different kinds of pollution-\n- Water pollution\n- Air pollution\n- Land pollution\n- Noise pollution\n- Radioactive pollution\n- Thermal pollution\nWhich sources emit carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?\nFollowing are sources which release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere-\n- When fossil fuels such as wood, coal oil, etc. are burnt in furnaces, then carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere.\n- When petrol or any fuel is burnt in automobiles, railway engine, ships, aeroplanes, etc., carbon dioxide is discharged and sent to the atmosphere.\n- When living beings respire, CO2 is sent to the atmosphere.\nWhy a long exposure to carbon monoxide is fatal for human beings?\nCarbon monoxide has affinity for haemoglobin, 200 times more than oxygen. If a person inhales carbon monoxide for 6 to 8 hours, then carbon monoxide has poisonous effect. Carbon monoxide binds with haemoglobin and forms carboxy- haemoglobin, which can not absorb oxygen. Thus, red blood corpuscles lose the capacity of carrying oxygen to various parts of the body. As a result of which, the person dies for want of oxygen.\nWhy the use of polythene bags should be stopped?\nUse of polythene bags should be stopped and banned, because of the following reasons.\n- Biodegradation of polythene bags does not occur. So, polythene bag remain permanently in the soil and is an obstacle in the development of plants.\n- Polythene bags thrown in drains chock the drain-pipe, as a result of which dirty waste water spreads out on the land. So, insects, bacteria and germs are produped in that stagnating water, which spread many diseases such as cholera, malaria, etc.\n- People throw used polythene bags containing refuge and wastage of food, fruits and vegetables in it. Cows and other animals swallow these bags along with the food contents. These bags accumulate in the stomach of the cows and cause diseases and even death of the cows.\nHow noise pollution can be controlled during festivals and social functions?\nControl of noise pollution during festivals and social functions:\n- Use of noise pollution produced by loud speakers during festivals, social and religious functions should be restricted.\n- Burning of crackers and other fireworks should be stricktly prohibted from 10 O’clock in night, till 6 O’clock in the morning.\n- Crackers with high sound intensity should not be allowed.\n- Crackers and fire works should not be allowed near hospitals, educational institutions.\nWhat are macro-nutrients and why are they called macro-nutrients?\nMacronutrients are essential inorganic elements, which are required in comparatively larger quantities for growth and reproduction of plants. They are called macronutrients because they are required in relatively larger quantities e.g. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium etc.\nWhat management practices are common in dairy and poultry farming?\nThe principles of feeding, breeding and weeding are same in both.\n- Proper shelter, its hygiene aeration and lighting\n- Proper feed and feed additives.\n- Selective breeding.\n- Health care including vaccination.\n- Proper drinking water.\nWhy are manures and fertilizers used in fields?\nManures and fertilisers are added to fields mainly to replenish minerals, which get depleted due to withdrawal by crop plants and reaching down to lower strata of soil.\n- Manures add a small quantity of all minerals to the soil. They improve soil hydration, soil aeration and activity of soil micro-organisms, some of which are required for solubilisation of heavy minerals.\n- Fertilisers are nutrient specific which contain one or more minerals in concentrated form. They meet the immediate and complete minerals requirement of high yielding varieties. However, they harm soil structure and cause pollution of crops, soil, groundwater and nearby surface water. A combination of both manure and fertilizer is highly useful.\nWhat are the benefits of cattle farming?\nThe cattle farmers are benefited in the following ways:\n- They use cattle for various draught purposes in agricultural operations like ploughing, harrowing etc.\n- They get milk for cattle.\n- Provide extra income.\n- They provide manure and fuel. Agriculture and cattle farming is complementary to each other.\n- They are used in the driving cart for the transportation of materials and men.\nList out some useful traits in improved crop?\nUseful traits of improved crops are as follows:\n- Higher yield\n- Improved nutritional quality\n- Resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.\n- Change in maturity\n- Wide range of adaptability.\n- Desired agronomic characteristics.\nExplain the different factors that are to be considered before deciding the nature of feed for cattle and poultry birds.\nThe food requirements of cattle and poultry birds vary according to the age, health, nature of work and special conditions, like lactation period.\n- The optimal food requirements of a cattle can be worked out, by studying the internal structure and functioning of the rumen and nutritional quality of their feeds and fodder. The milk yield of an animal is largely determined by the kind of feed given to it.\n- A calf needs more food and nutrition than an old cow.\n- The feed of poultry birds also needs essential nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins and minerals. The feed for larger poultry farm contains mashed cereals, like bajra, wheat and maize, rice, beans and groundnut cake.\nDescribe the role of fertilisers and irrigation in improving crop yield. Mention any one effect of each if it is used in excess.\nRole of fertilisers are as follows:\n- They provide macronutrients like N, P, K, S and Mg and micronutrients like Cu, B, Mn required for the proper growth and development of plants.\n- They are readily soluble in water and immediately absorbed by the plants.\n- They provide these nutrients in a specific quantity.\nRole of irrigation are as follows:\n- It is applied in certain frequency and quantity for specific crops, e.g. Paddy needs more water.\n- It provides water supply to the plants which is very much essential for life processes, like photosynthesis.\n- It is applied in certain frequency and quantity for a specific type of soils, e.g. sandy soil needs more frequent irrigation.\nThe effect, when fertilisers are used in excess:\nExcess of nitrogenous fertilisers from the soil is washed away into water bodies like a pond, encourages more algal growth and oxygen depletion. This is called eutrophication.\nThe effect when irrigation is used in excess:\nExcess irrigation affects the respiration of roots if it is done before harvesting.\nWhat are the desirable traits for which improved varieties are developed by cross-breeding programmes between indigenous and exotic breeds? What are the advantages of exotic breeds?\nThe desirable traits are as follows:\n- Dwarf broiler parent, for commercial chick production.\n- Number and quality of chicks.\n- Improvement in the hen, housed for egg production and reduction in the size of the layer, with the ability to utilise a more fibrous diet, formulated using agricultural by-products.\n- Low maintenance requirements.\n- Summer adaptation tolerance to, high temperature.\nAdvantages of exotic breeds:\n- They mature easily.\n- They yield more eggs and meat.\n- They are small in size and eat less, as compared to indigenous variety.\nWhat is inter-cropping? How does it differ from mixed cropping? State its two advantages?\nInter-cropping is the process of growing two or more crops simultaneously, on the same field in a definite pattern. A few rows of one crop, alternate with a few rows of a second crop.\nFor example: Soyabean + maize or finger millet (bajra) + cowpea (lobia).\nDifference between mixed cropping and Inter-cropping are as follows:\n1. It has target to minimise risk of crop failure.\n2. It involves no set patterns of rows of crops.\n3. Seeds of two crops are mixed before sowing.\n1. It has target toin- crease productivity per unit area.\n2. It involves set patterns of rows of crops.\n3. Seeds of two crops are not mixed.\nAdvantages of inter-cropping are as follows:\n- It prevents pests and diseases from spreading to all the plants, belonging to one crop in a field. In this way, both crops can give better returns.\n- It ensures maximum utilisation of the nutrients supplied.\nWhy should preventive measures and biological control methods be preferred for protecting crops?\nPrevention is always better than cure. Plants are harmed if attacked by pests. Preventive measures and biological control methods are preferred for protecting crop plants, because they not only prevent the stored food materials from getting, spoiled, getting infested by insects, bacteria and micro-organisms. These methods also protect crops from chemicals which are sometimes added, to control the pests attacking stored food grains. These chemicals are toxic. Some pesticides lead to biomagnification. Biological methods are eco-friendly too.\nNatural Resources and Agriculture Long Answer Type Questions\nWhat is sound pollution? What are the different sources of sound pollution? How pollution can be controlled?\nSound pollution: Production of undesirable loud and harsh sound at the wrong place and wrong time is called sound pollution. The sound of sirens of buses or trucks seems to be normal on a highway, but near a hospital, school or in residential colony the sound of siren takes the form of noise thus causing sound pollution. Unwanted sound is called noise. Following are the sources of sound pollution:\n1. Sources of sound in homes:\n- Mixers and grinders\n- Desert cooler\nAir conditioner, etc. contribute to sound pollution, because these domestic appliances produce a variety of sound and noise.\n2. Sources of sound in surroundings:\n- Loudspeakers used in religious place, on festive occasions, or public meetings\n- Exploding of crackers\n- crying of hawkers in streets\n- Fairs also contribute to noise pollution.\n3. Sources of sound in factories Industries: Machines in factories produce loud roaring noise and contribute to noise pollution.\n4. Sources of sound due to traffic:\n- Noise produced by various automobiles vehicles\n- Noise produced by flying aeroplanes\n- Railway locomotives produce unwanted high-intensity sound.\nMeasures to control noise pollution:\n1. Noise control in homes: Proper maintenance and necessary usage of television, radio, transistor, grinders, desert coolers, etc. bring down the noise level by keeping their volume level low.\n2. Noise control on roads: Proper maintenance of the vehicles and use of low sound intensity of sirens, control the noise pollution. Law should be enforced to get rid of noisy vehicles.\n3. Control on noise produce by industries and factories: Machines should be kept well lubricated and maintained properly, to bring down the level of noise. Factories should be set away from residential areas.\n4. Trees and plants are good sound absorbers. So, trees should be planted on both the sides of the road to check the movement of sound towards homes, educational institutions, offices, etc.\n5. People should be made aware of the fact that noise is injurious to health, through newspapers, television, radio, and magazines.\nWhy it is necessary to conserve water? What efforts should be made for the conservation of water?\nSources of water in the world are limited, whereas the population has increased tremendously. Consumption of water is more than available resources. The level of underground water has gone down. Lakes, rivers and ponds are polluted, so water should not be wasted at all. Due to deforestation, there is a shortage of rainfall. As such, conservation of water is necessary.\nFollowing are the measures to be taken to conserve water:\n- Do not let water flow uselessly. Leakage in pipes should be repaired.\n- If the pipe-line distributing water is leaking and broken, the related officers should be informed so that pipes may be repaired or changed.\n- Taps in public places should be kept closed, when not being used. Often children open the taps or sometimes elders also forget to close the tap, due to which water flows uselessly. So, close the taps before going from the house.\n- Take care that water from the water reservoir kept on the roof of the house does not overflow. Keep the tanks always clean and covered.\n- Wastewater of the kitchen should be collected in a tank and should be used for the kitchen garden or in washrooms. This saves drinking water.\n- Every drop of water must be saved. Avoid wastage of water.\n- Take every care that water resources do not get contaminated.\nExplain the various methods of crop improvement. Name one improved variety of Rice, Maize, Soybean, Sunflower and Mustard?\nThe most important crop improve¬ment are as follows:\n(1) Higher yield: The main aim of crop improvement is to improve the productivity of economic productivity, e.g. vegetables, grain and fodder. Quality seeds of improved varieties are used for their commercial production.\n(2) Improved quality: Quality considera¬tions of crop products varies from crop to crop, e.g. protein quality in pulses, baking quality in wheat, oil quality in oil seeds and preserving the quality of fruits and vegetables.\n(3) Photo insensitivity and thermoin¬sensitivity: Most of the plants are sensitive to certain abiotic factors such as light and temperature. Development of photo-insensitive and thermosensitivity crop varieties will help in crossing the cultivation boundaries, e.g. MACS 2469 can tolerate high temperature, a HYV of wheat.\n(4) Wider adaptability: If we develop those varieties of crops which have wider adaptability, then it will help in stabilising the crop production, under different environmental conditions.\nFor example ICPH 8 is a hybrid pigeon pea plant, which takes a short duration to mature, escapes and diseases such as Fusarium, wilt and sterility mosaic will not and yields of 30 to 40 per cent more than the popular breed is obtained. It performs well under drought, as well as high- moisture conditions.\n(5) Biotic and abiotic resistance: Under different situations, crop suffers due to biotic stresses and abiotic stresses. If we develop crop varieties, which are resistant to these stresses, then we can significantly improve crop production.\nFor example, MUW 318’is a HYV of wheat, which is released for cultivation in non-traditional areas such as Nilgiri and Palni hills and resistant to all the rusts.\n(6) Desirable agronomic traits: If we develop those varieties of crops which contain desired agronomic traits, then it will help in setting higher production. Thus, tallness, high tillering and profuse branching are desirable characters for the fodder crops. Whereas, dwarfness is desired in cereals, as dwarf varieties provide protection from lodging.\nFor example, breeding for resistance to red root has led to sugarcane varieties such as CO 975 and CO 62399 which increase sugarcane production in problem areas. Likewise, new varieties of chicken pea, as BG 244 and ICC 34 grow erect, have many branches and has pods from base to tip.\nSome improved varieties or high yielding varieties of crop plants are as follows:\n- Rice – IR 8, Jaya.\n- Maize – Gangs 5\n- Mustard – Pusa Gold, Kranti\n- Soybean – PK 262\n- Sunflower – BSH 1\n(a) What are the causes of crop disease?\n(b) Explain the types of crop diseases.\n(c) How does crop disease can be controlled?\n(a) When the pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi and viruses get favourable conditions for growth and propagation, they spread and infect the crop plants causing crop diseases.\n(b) Depending upon their mode of occurrence, crop diseases are of the following types:\n- Seed-borne diseases: These diseases are spread through seeds, e.g. leaf spot of rice.\n- Water borne diseases: Pathogens of these crop diseases are transmitted by water, e.g. Bacterial blight of rice.\n- Air borne diseases: These crop diseases are transmitted through the air, e.g. rust of wheat.\n- Soil-borne diseases: These diseases are spread through the soil mostly affecting roots and stems of crop plants, e.g. smut of bajra.\n(c) All the seed and soil-borne diseases can be controlled, by treating the seed or soil and the airborne diseases are controlled by spraying fungicidal solution, on infected parts.\nWe hope the given RBSE Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Natural Resources and Agriculture will help you. If you have any query regarding Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Natural Resources and Agriculture, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "“ The Greatest Commandment”\nLesson Text:Leviticus 19:18; Deuteronomy 6:4-7; Mark 12:28-34\nBackground Scriptures:Leviticus 19:18; Deuteronomy 4:35; 6:1-9; Mark 12:28-34\nDevotional Reading: Psalm 15\nLeviticus 19:18 (KJV)\n18 Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself: I am the Lord.\n4 Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God is one Lord:\n5 And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might.\n6 And these words, which I command thee this day, shall be in thine heart:\n7 And thou shalt teach them diligently unto thy children, and shalt talk of them when thou sittest in thine house, and when thou walkest by the way, and when thou liest down, and when thou risest up.\n28 And one of the scribes came, and having heard them reasoning together, and perceiving that he had answered them well, asked him, Which is the first commandment of all?\n29 And Jesus answered him, The first of all the commandments is, Hear, O Israel; The Lord our God is one Lord:\n30 And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength: this is the first commandment.\n31 And the second is like, namely this, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. There is none other commandment greater than these.\n32 And the scribe said unto him, Well, Master, thou hast said the truth: for there is one God; and there is none other but he:\n33 And to love him with all the heart, and with all the understanding, and with all the soul, and with all the strength, and to love his neighbour as himself, is more than all whole burnt offerings and sacrifices.\n34 And when Jesus saw that he answered discreetly, he said unto him, Thou art not far from the kingdom of God. And no man after that durst ask him any question.\nTo know that Christlike love is the hallmark of Jesus’ followers.\nTo emphasize why the two greatest commandments are so important.\nImplement a way to keep the greatest commandments always in mind at home, place of work, and church.\nSome Things Remain the Same\nWhen one compares what it meant to be God’s people during Old Testament times with New Testament times, we notice that many things change. God’s people are no longer focused on trying to live in Palestine. The practice of circumcision is no longer associated with incorporation into God’s people. Animal sacrifice is no longer required or even adequate to atone for sin.\nInstead we see that God’s people are scattered throughout the world in mission (Matthew 28:19, 20); baptism is now associated with the circumcision of the heart as people are incorporated into the church (Colossians 2:11, 12); and the death of Jesus brought an end to the old sacrificial system (Hebrews 10:11-14).\nWe ought to be careful, however, not to emphasize the differences at the expense of the similarities. For example, God cares about the heart—one’s “internal life”—in both eras. Both old and new covenants reveal God to be a loving God. The truth is, God always has been a loving God. Central to God’s desire for His people is that they model His love toward others.\nTimes:1445 B.C.; about 1406 B.C.; A.D. 30\nPlaces:Sinai wilderness; Moab; Jerusalem\nOur first Old Testament text comes from Leviticus. This book includes many laws that Moses received from God on Mount Sinai; Moses was responsible for passing these on to the Israelites who left Egypt. Leviticus 19:18 is located in the heart of the Holiness Code of that book. This section, spanning chapters 17 to 26, instructed the ancient Israelites how to live holy lives before their holy God.\nOur second Old Testament passage is from Deuteronomy. Though Leviticus and Deuteronomy both belong to Torah, the five books of Moses, they were addressed to different audiences. After the first generation of Israelites was not allowed to enter the promised land, Moses had to present God’s laws anew to the second generation, which would enter instead. That’s where Deuteronomy comes in.\nAfter recounting the failure of the first generation in Deuteronomy 1-3, Moses prepared the second generation to renew the covenant in chapters 4-11. Our passage in chapter 6 was a key part of that preparation, and Jesus later acknowledged its ongoing relevance for His followers.\nThough only one generation separates our two Old Testament passages, a millennium separates those two from our text of Mark 12:28-34. These verses feature Jesus having one of His most congenial conversations with a Jewish leader. Since Mark 11:27, Jesus had been challenged by priests, scribes, elders, Pharisees, Herodians, and Sadducees. They had been coming at Him from every angle, trying to find fault. But the scribe in today’s text asked Jesus a frank question and received a frank answer. That answer drew upon the two Old Testament passages to which we now turn.\nThe Command to Love Others (Leviticus 19:18)\n1. What does it mean to “love thy neighbour as thyself” (Leviticus 19:18)?\nTo love thy neighbour as thyself is closely connected with the golden rule: do unto others as you would have them do unto you (Matthew 7:12; Luke 6:31). But this connection can confuse the purpose behind neighbor love, as if we should love others only because we want favorable treatment in return.\nAnother way to miss the thrust of this passage is to focus on the thyself part. In a culture of self-obsession, it is easy for us to hear this passage saying that we must first focus on loving ourselves because, if we cannot do that, then we will be unable to love our neighbors. But that is not what this passage is saying either.\nThis passage presumes that humans are accustomed to putting their own needs first. God is telling the people, through Moses, to think that way about other people. This especially applies to fellow Israelites, to whom the term neighbour refers (same as the children of thy people). In the Law of Moses, non-Israelites who live in the land are referred to as “strangers.” An example is Leviticus 19:34, and there God commands the Israelites to love them as well.Therefore, getting along with people, especially our neighbors, isn’t a matter of obeying laws but of having love in our hearts (Lev. 19:18). “Love is the fulfilling of the law” (Rom. 13:10). The new commandment to love one another helps us handle human relationships and treat people the way God treats us (John 13:34-35).\nThere is one more way to miss the thrust of this passage, and that is by ignoring how it begins and ends. It begins by commanding the original readers not to avenge themselves or to hold grudges (compare Deuteronomy 32:35; quoted in Romans 12:19 and Hebrews 10:30); this implies that the neighbors to be loved aren’t just friends or neutral parties, but also include enemies.\nThe passage ends with the reminder that the Lord is the one who gives this command; it is not optional. The love that God’s people are to express is grounded not in self-interest but in the identity and nature of God.\nClose to Home\nThink about how we feel about criminals—even international terrorists—as the news reports them. Sure their crimes are egregious, but what have they ever done to me? We watch, shake our heads, and finish our dinners. Now compare that with the intense emotion we feel when a neighbor’s dog digs up our yard or a friend at church betrays a confidence. The truth is, we are more easily hurt when the offense is closer to home.\nI have witnessed people in the same family or the same church merely putting up with each other for years rather than forgiving. They can’t carry each other’s burdens because their arms are full of grudges. I’ve heard Christian people speak as if forgiveness were an extra credit assignment, if you will.\nIn truth, love and forgiveness are linked. Those two stand at the core of God’s heart. We cannot say we love the God who forgives us in Christ while failing to forgive others, who are created in His image as we are. See Matthew 18:21-35. —V. E.\nThe Command to Love God (Deuteronomy 6:4-7)\n2. What was the purpose of Moses teaching the people to obey God’s law? (Deuteronomy 6:4, 5)\nMoses gave two reasons why God wanted each successive generation of Israelites to obey His statutes and commandments: He wanted them to fear Him, and He wanted them to enjoy a long life (Deuteronomy 6:2).\nOnce more, Moses told the Israelites to “hear” (Deut. 6:4).Even today, this verse is the centerpiece of a prayer that orthodox Jews pray every morning and evening. It is called “the Shema,” taking its name from the first Hebrew word of this verse, which we see translated as hear. In this case the Moses wanted them to listen carefully to a divinely revealed insight: “The Lord our God is one Lord”.Thisdailyconfession by devout Jews all over the world affirms “Jehovah, our Elohim, Jehovah is one.” (See Matt. 22:37-38; Mark 12:29-30; Luke 10:27.) So important is this confession that Jewish boys in orthodox homes are required to memorize it as soon as they can speak. The nations around Israel worshiped many gods and goddesses, but Moses affirmed to all that there is but one true and living God.\nMoses, however, was not just making a statement about God. The lawgiver was also giving a command to the people. They were always to worship only the Lord their God and never divide their devotion between the one true God and the false gods. Also, they were to teach their children to do the same. Moses then exhorted the Israelites to love their God with all their heart, soul, and might(v. 5), The Hebrew word that is translated “heart” in this verse is meant to include the mind and will as well as the emotions. Put another way, God wanted all His people’s feelings, thoughts, and decisions to be an expression of their love for Him. God’s people were to love Him with their entire being—that is, their whole self. In every way, their lives were to reflect a kind of love that would not spare even one’s own life for the love of God. Indeed, they were to love Him with all that was in their power. Together, these three terms—heart, soul, and might—demanded total devotion to the one true God, an attitude that was required if a person was to be obedient to the commandments of the Lord.\nWhat Do You Think?\nHow can the church help people devote themselves ever more fully to loving God?\nTalking Points for Your Discussion\nIn use of time and material resources | In interactions with other people\nIn lifestyle choices | Other\n3. What specific instructions did God give Moses to give to the Israelites? (Deuteronomy 6:6, 7)\nMoses linked obedience to God’s commandments to loving God with complete devotion by telling the Israelites to observe the commandments written upon their hearts (Deut. 6:6). The Lord wanted their love for Him to be their motivation for obeying His laws. Thus, He wanted the commandments to be written on their hearts and not only on stone tablets (or our Bibles for that matter). Obedience e should not be the result of formal legalism, but the result of deep affection for the Lord.\nMoses also urged the Israelites to teach the commandments of the Lord within their homes-especially to their children. Discussion of these laws was to occur regularly, imparting to future generations an attitude of love for and obedience to God. In addition to teaching the laws to their children, the Israelites were to talk about these commandments outside the home—whether they were sitting, lying down, getting up, or walking along the road (v. 7). Indeed, they were to talk about them constantly. Whether inside or outside their homes, whether during the day or during the night, God’s laws were to pervade every sphere of their lives.\nIf God’s commands are to permeate the lives of His people, each generation must pass those decrees to the next; there must be no breach in transmitting them. We should realize that Sunday school and youth group are not enough. The world fills our heads with lies so often that unless we constantly remind one another (especially our next generation) of what it means to follow Jesus, we will gradually forget and thereby fail to pass along the message that God has given us.\nThe Foremost Commandments (Mark 12:28-34)\n4. What was the scenario on the day the scribeasked Jesus about the greatest commandment? (Mark 12:28-31)\nJesus has just finished answering difficult questions designed to trap Him (see Mark 12:13-27). One of the teachers of the law who witnessed the ensuing debates was so impressed by what he heard that he asked Jesus a question of his own. The scribe wanted to know which of the commandments was the most important one (12:28). This man’s question seems no different at first since Matthew 22:35 (which is parallel) says that he is “tempting” Jesus. Jewish tradition counts more than 600 commands in the Law of Moses, and this man wants to know which commandment Jesus considers to be most important.\nJesus begins His answer by citing the Shema (see Deuteronomy 6:4, above, which was noted earlier in the lesson). Jesus not only affirmed the uniqueness of God, but also called for a level of obedience to Him that included a responsiveness in action and affection as well as understanding. The Son knew that the Father did not give the Mosaic law to burden people with endless rules, but so that they would love Him. Indeed, obedience should be an outgrowth of love for God. In Mark 12:30, the words “heart, “soul,” “mind,” and “strength” are a way of referring to an individual’s entire being. Expressed differently, every part of us should be involved in our devotion to the Lord.\nJesus is not content to answer the scribe’s question at the level of love for God only. People may profess love for God yet have little regard for their neighbor. Yet Jesus knows that these two cannot be separated. To say we love God while withholding love from a neighbor is a lie (1 John 4:20-21). If we love God, we will experience His love within and will express that love to others. We do not live by rules but by relationships, a loving relationship to God that enables us to have a loving relationship with others. Jesus concluded His answer: “There is none other commandment greater than these” (Mark 12:31).\n5. How did the scribe respond to Jesus’ answer about the greatest commandment? (Mark 12:31-33)\nWhen he started this conversation, the scribewas only the tool of the Pharisees who were trying to get evidence against Jesus (note Matt. 22:35). But after he heard our Lord’s answer, the scribe stood and dared to commend the Lord for His reply. The Word had spoken to the man’s heart and he was beginning to get a deeper spiritual understanding of the faith he thought he understood. He is united with Jesus regarding the centrality of love. Even the Old Testament Scriptures taught that there was more to the Jewish religion than offering sacrifices and keeping laws (see 1 Sam. 15:22; Psalm 51:16-17; 141:1-2; Jer. 7:22-23; Hosea 6:6; Micah 6:6-8). He now begins to understand that God cares more for how His people treat one another than what sacrifices they offer to Him. Jesus says the same in Matthew 9:13 and 12:7.\nWhat Do You Think?\nWhy do we sometimes fail to show genuine love to neighbors? How can we do better?\nTalking Points for Your Discussion\nBarriers of past experiences | Allowing the urgent to displace the important\nBarriers of suspicion | Fears of becoming too involved | Other\n6. How did Jesus evaluate the scribe’s spiritual condition? (Mark 12:34)\nJesus is impressed with the scribe’s response! Although the scribe started by “tempting” Jesus (Matthew 22:35), the man ends up acknowledging that Jesus teaches the truth. In fact, this man’s acknowledgement means that he is on the path to understanding God’s heart; this puts the scribe close to Jesus’ preaching about the kingdom of God.\nWhat does it mean when a person is “not far from the kingdom of God”? It means he or she is facing truth honestly and is not interested in defending a “party line” or even personal prejudices. It means the person is testing his or her faith by what the Word of God says and not by what some religious group demands. People close to the kingdom have the courage to stand up for what is true even if they lose some friends and make some new enemies.\nNow that Jesus has shown himself to be adept at escaping traps and is orthodox by Old Testament standards, the questioning comes to an end. If Jesus’ enemies are going to take Him down, they will have to find some other way.\n(Continuing with Mark 12:35-37, not in today’s lesson). Now it was our Lord’s turn to ask the questions, and He focused on the most important question of all: Who is the Messiah? “What think ye of Christ? Whose Son is He?”(Matt. 22:42). This is a far more important question than the ones His enemies had asked Him, for if we are wrong about Jesus Christ, we are wrong about salvation. This means we end up condemning our own souls (John 3:16-21; 8:24; 1 John 2:18-23).\nNot as Different as It Appears\nGod wants His people to be set apart by their love for Him and for one another. Is it not true, however, that differences between the Old and New Testaments mean that God wanted something quite different in this regard from Old Testament Israel? How else can we explain the Old Testament focus on Palestine, circumcision, and sacrifices?\nAn analogy to parenting is instructive. When parents ask different things of their children at different stages in their development, it does not mean that the parents’ ultimate desires for their children are constantly changing. When my children were toddlers, I blocked their access to electrical outlets and warned that they must never touch them. As they grew older, I removed the plastic protectors and taught the children that it is OK to stick appliance plugs into the outlets, but they must never remove the faceplate. Now that they are becoming adults, I am teaching them that it is appropriate to switch off the circuit breaker, remove the faceplate, detach wires, and install a new outlet when the old one needs to be replaced. Though I have taught my children three different ways of relating to electrical outlets, what I have wanted of them from the beginning has never changed.\nLord God, we thank You for Your constancy! Empower us to love as You draw us deeper into Your own love. In Jesus' name, amen.\nTHOUGHT TO REMEMBER\nLove God and neighbor.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Cats are beloved pets that bring joy, companionship, and endless entertainment to their owners. However, just like humans, cats are susceptible to various health issues that can impact their well-being. From common concerns to preventive care and mental health, this article explores the different aspects of cat health. Understanding common health concerns for cats is crucial in ensuring their overall well-being. Essential tips for maintaining your cat’s well-being will be discussed, including proper grooming, exercise, and environmental enrichment. Nutrition and diet play a vital role in promoting optimal health for your feline friend, and this section will delve into the importance of a balanced diet and the potential risks of certain foods. Preventive care, such as vaccinations and regular check-ups, is essential in preventing diseases and detecting any health issues early on. Recognizing signs of illness in cats is crucial for timely veterinary care, and this section will highlight the key symptoms to watch out for. Lastly, mental and emotional health plays a significant role in a cat’s overall happiness, and nurturing their well-being will be explored in the final section. By taking a comprehensive approach to cat health, this article aims to provide valuable information for cat owners to ensure their furry friends lead healthy and fulfilling lives.\n1. \"Understanding Common Health Concerns for Cats\"\nCats, like any other living beings, are susceptible to various health concerns. As responsible cat owners, it is important to be aware of these common issues in order to provide the best possible care for our feline friends. While it is always recommended to consult a veterinarian for accurate diagnosis and treatment, understanding some of the common health concerns for cats can help us recognize potential problems and take prompt action.\nOne of the most prevalent health issues in cats is dental disease. Poor oral hygiene can lead to plaque and tartar buildup, which in turn can cause gum inflammation, tooth decay, and even tooth loss. Regular dental care, including brushing their teeth, providing dental treats, and scheduling professional cleanings, can help prevent these problems.\nObesity is another significant concern for cat health. Many cats today lead sedentary lifestyles and have access to high-calorie diets, leading to weight gain. Obesity puts cats at higher risk for various health problems, such as diabetes, heart disease, and joint issues. By monitoring their food intake, providing regular exercise and playtime, and offering a balanced diet, cat owners can help maintain a healthy weight for their feline companions.\nFleas and ticks are also common nuisances that can cause health problems for cats. These parasites not only cause itching and discomfort but can also transmit diseases. Regular flea and tick prevention, such as using topical treatments or oral medications recommended by veterinarians, can help keep cats protected.\nUrinary tract issues, including urinary tract infections and urinary blockages, are more prevalent in male cats but can affect females as well. Symptoms may include frequent urination, blood in urine, and straining during urination. These conditions can be painful and potentially life-threatening if left untreated. Maintaining proper hydration, providing a balanced diet, and regularly cleaning the litter box can help reduce the risk of urinary tract problems.\nRespiratory infections, such as feline upper respiratory infection (URI), are highly contagious among cats, especially in crowded environments\n2. \"Essential Tips for Maintaining Your Cat’s Well-being\"\nCats are beloved pets that bring joy and companionship to their owners. Ensuring the well-being of your cat is essential for their overall health and happiness. Here are some essential tips to help you maintain your cat’s well-being:\n1. Provide a balanced diet: A nutritious and well-balanced diet is crucial for your cat’s health. Consult with your veterinarian to determine the appropriate type and amount of food for your cat’s age, size, and any specific dietary needs they may have. Avoid feeding your cat excessive treats or human food, as this can lead to obesity and other health issues.\n2. Regular veterinary check-ups: Just like humans, cats require regular check-ups to monitor their health and detect any potential problems early on. Schedule annual veterinary visits for vaccinations, dental care, and overall wellness exams. Your veterinarian can also provide advice on parasite control, such as flea and tick prevention, as well as recommend any necessary preventive treatments or tests.\n3. Keep them hydrated: Cats need access to fresh water at all times. Ensure that your cat has a clean water bowl available and change the water regularly. Some cats prefer running water, so consider investing in a cat water fountain to encourage them to drink more.\n4. Create a safe environment: Cats are curious creatures, and it’s important to create a safe environment for them to explore without any hazards. Keep toxic plants, chemicals, and medications out of reach. Ensure that windows and balconies are properly secured to prevent accidents, and provide scratching posts and toys to keep your cat entertained and mentally stimulated.\n5. Maintain a clean litter box: Cats are naturally clean animals and require a clean litter box. Scoop the litter box daily and change the litter regularly to prevent any odors or discomfort for your cat. It’s recommended to have one litter box per cat, plus an additional one, and place them in quiet and easily accessible areas.\n6. Regular exercise and playtime: Cats need regular exercise to maintain a healthy weight and\n3. \"Nutrition and Diet: Promoting Optimal Health for Your Feline Friend\"\nProper nutrition plays a crucial role in maintaining the overall health and well-being of our feline friends. Just like humans, cats need a balanced diet to ensure optimal health. Feeding your cat a nutritious and well-rounded diet can prevent various health issues and promote longevity.\nFirst and foremost, provide your cat with high-quality cat food that meets their specific nutritional needs. Cats are obligate carnivores, meaning they require a diet primarily based on meat. Look for cat food that contains a high percentage of animal protein, preferably from sources like chicken, fish, or turkey. Avoid cat foods that list grains or fillers as the main ingredients, as these can be difficult for cats to digest and offer little nutritional value.\nIt is essential to understand that cats have unique dietary requirements compared to other animals. They require certain essential nutrients like taurine, arachidonic acid, and vitamin A, which are found primarily in animal-based proteins. These nutrients are crucial for maintaining healthy eyesight, a strong immune system, and proper reproductive function. Therefore, it is important to choose cat food that is specifically formulated to meet these dietary needs.\nAdditionally, consider your cat’s age, weight, and any specific health concerns when selecting their diet. Kittens, adult cats, and senior cats have different nutritional requirements, and their diets should be adjusted accordingly. Overfeeding can lead to obesity, which increases the risk of various health problems, including diabetes and joint issues. On the other hand, underfeeding can result in malnutrition and a weakened immune system.\nIncorporating some variety in your cat’s diet can also be beneficial. Offering a mix of wet and dry food can help maintain hydration levels and prevent urinary tract issues. Wet food provides additional moisture, while dry food helps keep their teeth clean and healthy. It is important to note that any changes in your cat’s diet should be done gradually to avoid digestive upsets.\nWhile it may be tempting to share our human food with our feline companions\n4. \"Preventive Care: Vaccinations and Regular Check-ups for Cats\"\nPreventive care plays a vital role in ensuring the overall health and well-being of our feline companions. Vaccinations and regular check-ups are essential components of this care. By staying on top of these preventative measures, cat owners can help protect their pets from various diseases and detect any potential health issues early on.\nVaccinations are crucial in preventing numerous infectious diseases that can be fatal for cats. Common vaccinations include those against feline panleukopenia (also known as feline distemper), feline herpesvirus, feline calicivirus, and rabies. These highly contagious and potentially life-threatening diseases can be contracted through various means, including contact with infected animals or contaminated environments. Vaccinating cats helps to build their immunity against these diseases, reducing the risk of infection and improving their chances of a long and healthy life.\nRegular check-ups with a veterinarian are equally important for maintaining a cat’s health. During these visits, the vet can perform a comprehensive examination to assess the cat’s overall condition, detect any underlying health issues, and provide necessary treatments or recommendations. Additionally, routine check-ups allow for monitoring a cat’s weight, dental health, and general behavior. Early detection of any abnormalities or diseases can lead to prompt intervention, preventing the development of serious conditions and ensuring the best possible outcome for the cat.\nNot only do vaccinations and check-ups help safeguard a cat’s health, but they also contribute to the overall well-being of the household. Some feline diseases, such as rabies, can be transmitted to humans, posing a risk to the entire family. By keeping a cat up to date on vaccinations, owners can protect both their beloved pets and themselves.\nIt is important to note that the specific vaccination schedule and the frequency of check-ups may vary depending on factors such as the cat’s age, lifestyle, and overall health. Cat owners should consult with their veterinarian to develop an appropriate preventive care plan tailored to their pet’s individual needs.\nIn conclusion, preventive care\n5. \"Recognizing Signs of Illness in Cats: When to Seek Veterinary Care\"\nRecognizing Signs of Illness in Cats: When to Seek Veterinary Care\nAs responsible cat owners, it is important to closely monitor our feline friends for any signs of illness. Cats are masters at hiding their discomfort, so it is crucial to pay attention to subtle changes in their behavior, appearance, and overall wellbeing. Recognizing these signs early on can greatly improve the chances of successful treatment and recovery. Here are some key indicators that should prompt you to seek veterinary care for your cat:\n1. Changes in Eating Habits: A sudden loss of appetite or a significant increase in food consumption can be a sign of underlying health issues. Refusing to eat or drinking excessively may indicate dental problems, gastrointestinal disorders, kidney disease, or even cancer.\n2. Weight Fluctuations: Unexplained weight loss or gain should never be ignored. Although some changes can be attributed to diet or age, rapid or significant fluctuations may be indicative of an underlying medical condition such as thyroid disorders, diabetes, or parasites.\n3. Alterations in Litter Box Habits: Pay close attention to your cat’s litter box routine. Frequent urination, difficulty urinating, blood in the urine, or straining in the litter box can all be signs of urinary tract infections, bladder stones, or other urinary issues. Changes in bowel movements, such as diarrhea or constipation, should also raise concern.\n4. Unusual Behavior: Cats are known for their independent nature, but sudden and drastic changes in behavior should not be ignored. Lethargy, excessive hiding, aggression, restlessness, or excessive vocalization can all be signs of pain, stress, or underlying medical conditions.\n5. Respiratory Distress: Difficulty breathing, rapid or shallow breaths, coughing, sneezing, or wheezing may indicate respiratory infections, allergies, or even heart disease. Prompt veterinary attention is necessary to prevent further complications.\nRemember, cats are masters at masking their pain and discomfort, so it is essential\n6. \"Mental and Emotional Health: Nurturing a Happy and Contented Cat\"\nCaring for a cat goes beyond just meeting their physical needs. Just like humans, cats also have mental and emotional health that requires attention and nurturing. A happy and contented cat is not only a joy to have around but also less likely to develop behavioral issues or health problems. Here are some tips to help maintain your cat’s mental and emotional well-being:\n1. Environmental Enrichment: Create a stimulating environment for your cat. Provide plenty of toys, scratching posts, and climbing structures to keep them engaged and active. Rotate toys regularly to prevent boredom and offer different textures and types to cater to their preferences. Additionally, consider setting up window perches or bird feeders to provide visual stimulation.\n2. Play and Bonding Time: Regular play sessions with your cat are essential for their mental and emotional health. Use interactive toys that mimic prey, such as feather wands or laser pointers, to encourage their natural hunting instincts. Engage your cat in interactive play daily to provide mental stimulation and strengthen your bond.\n3. Social Interaction: Cats are social animals, and they require social interaction to thrive. Spend quality time with your cat, offering them attention, affection, and gentle grooming. Talk to your cat and provide reassuring touch to make them feel loved and secure. If you have multiple cats, ensure they have positive interactions and enough personal space to avoid conflicts.\n4. Set up a Routine: Establishing a consistent daily routine helps cats feel secure and reduces stress. Cats are creatures of habit, so try to feed them at the same time each day and provide play and cuddle sessions during predictable times. Consistency in routines helps reduce anxiety and provides a sense of stability.\n5. Provide Hiding Places: Cats need safe spaces where they can retreat and feel secure. Offer hiding places like cozy cat beds, boxes, or elevated perches where they can relax and observe their surroundings. Having their own space helps cats feel in control and reduces stress.\n6. Monitor and Address Stress: Cats", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Physical activity is an important treatment for diabetes. Also, it is important to always maintain a balanced glucose or insulin level with Healthline.\nStaying healthy and active throughout our entire life is important for keeping our blood glucose levels steady. In addition, we can prevent long-term complications like kidney disease and nerve pain. Besides, there are many benefits that exercising can offer.\nBut, the most important benefit that it can offer for those with diabetes is to help them reduce the glucose in their blood.\nWhen we exercise our muscles, we get the necessary amount of glucose that they need to distribute around the body. With proper exercise, our insulin becomes more effective and decreases insulin resistance.\nWhen it comes to long-term complications, people affected by this chronic condition may be able to reduce heart problems by exercising. In addition, they can keep their heart strong and healthy.\nMoreover, exercise can help us avoid arteriosclerosis and maintain good cholesterol.\nIf we decide to start exercising more, then we must be prepared and determined to achieve our goal. Who’s prepared? Excellent! This is the first step to a healthy life ready to fight against the disease.\nBesides, any exercise counts, it doesn’t matter whether we choose to cycle or walk every day.\nIf we try to be active in any way, we can improve our blood and manage our weight. However, before we take any drastic measures and plan anything, we should consult with our doctor first. We should let a physiotherapist determine the ideal exercise plan suited for our body.\nWe should take our time. After all, small steps come first. We shouldn’t be discouraged if getting leaner takes longer than we believed it would. We can’t achieve our ideal goal in a day.\nWe should pick an exercise that we can do and not something that makes us uncomfortable. After we have determined what we like, the next step is to make a plan.\nThis plan is important for us to follow. To find out what it is and how to prepare it, use these questions:\nAfter answering all these questions, we are ready to initiate our exercise plan.\nThe key to achieving our goals is not giving up. We should exercise regularly with no exceptions, and try to focus on exercising 150 minutes per week with every exercise lasting for about 10 minutes. If that is hard, we might try exercising slowly.\nWe should start with some easy exercises to prepare our body for intensive practice; starting slowly increasing the intensity of exercises every week.\nIt may be hard at first, but we should start exercising 10 minutes per day.\nEach week we should add 10 more minutes to our exercise for up to 30 minutes. Also, we can try practicing three times per day for 10 minutes to get the necessary 30 minutes of exercising.\nWe should choose an exercise that we find comfortable and preferable. If we are having a hard time choosing what type of exercise we like, here is a simple guide of the three main categories of exercises:\nMoreover, we can choose another form of exercise that might not seem as such. For example, we can try to use the stairs more often rather than the escalator, walk more from the bus to our office, and dance at a community center.\nIf we face this problem, we can try cycling, lifting, upper body stretching, or water aerobics.\nHere is an example of how we can plan our exercise for 1 month\nWe should not forget to do the most important step before we exercise – to check our blood glucose level. If it is:\nThe more we stick to one routine the more boring it gets.\nThat is why after a while people lose interest in coming to the gym and working out. That is why we need to pick a different exercise every time. If we are bored with the treadmill, try switching to different machines.\nHowever, nothing is interesting without a friend. If we feel lonely, we should try inviting a friend to join us and motivate us as we try our best to get in shape.\nMoreover, if we like being outdoors, we can take a hike, swim or walk around. We should try not to be couch potatoes and watch TV every day. This way we can make our exercises seem more interesting and meaningful.\nOr for example, one day we are just not in the mood to go to the gym, we can try to stretch at home. This is a great way for the body to be active and exercise a little.\nMaybe now people will be inspired to exercise a little. This way they can improve their health and get leaner. But, it doesn’t mean that it should be boring and time-consuming. They can always find a way to make exercising fun and beneficial for them.\nAll they have to do is create a proper exercise plan with the help of a doctor. Watch this video to see how to exercise at home.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Crescent ♎ Libra\nLast Quarter is the lunar phase on . Seen from Earth, illuminated fraction of the Moon surface is 47% and getting smaller. The 22 days old Moon is in ♍ Virgo.\n* The exact date and time of this Last Quarter phase is on 9 December 2028 at 05:39 UTC.\nMoon rises at midnight and sets at noon. It is visible to the south in the morning.\nMoon is passing about ∠21° of ♍ Virgo tropical zodiac sector.\nLunar disc appears visually 1.2% wider than solar disc. Moon and Sun apparent angular diameters are ∠1972\" and ∠1948\".\nNext Full Moon is the Cold Moon of December 2028 after 22 days on 31 December 2028 at 16:48.\nThere is low ocean tide on this date. Sun and Moon gravitational forces are not aligned, but meet at big angle, so their combined tidal force is weak.\nThe Moon is 22 days old. Earth's natural satellite is moving through the last part of current synodic month. This is lunation 357 of Meeus index or 1310 from Brown series.\nLength of current 357 lunation is 29 days, 12 hours and 48 minutes. It is 2 hours and 30 minutes shorter than next lunation 358 length.\nLength of current synodic month is 4 minutes longer than the mean length of synodic month, but it is still 6 hours and 59 minutes shorter, compared to 21st century longest.\nThis New Moon true anomaly is ∠37.4°. At beginning of next synodic month true anomaly will be ∠63.8°. The length of upcoming synodic months will keep increasing since the true anomaly gets closer to the value of New Moon at point of apogee (∠180°).\n13 days after point of apogee on 26 November 2028 at 00:10 in ♈ Aries. The lunar orbit is getting closer, while the Moon is moving inward the Earth. It will keep this direction for the next 2 days, until it get to the point of next perigee on 11 December 2028 at 12:44 in ♎ Libra.\nMoon is 363 537 km (225 891 mi) away from Earth on this date. Moon moves closer next 2 days until perigee, when Earth-Moon distance will reach 369 056 km (229 321 mi).\n4 days after its descending node on 4 December 2028 at 15:14 in ♋ Cancer, the Moon is following the southern part of its orbit for the next 8 days, until it will cross the ecliptic from South to North in ascending node on 17 December 2028 at 12:41 in ♑ Capricorn.\n19 days after beginning of current draconic month in ♑ Capricorn, the Moon is moving from the second to the final part of it.\n6 days after previous North standstill on 2 December 2028 at 18:12 in ♊ Gemini, when Moon has reached northern declination of ∠25.180°. Next 6 days the lunar orbit moves southward to face South declination of ∠-25.184° in the next southern standstill on 15 December 2028 at 16:37 in ♐ Sagittarius.\nAfter 6 days on 16 December 2028 at 02:06 in ♐ Sagittarius, the Moon will be in New Moon geocentric conjunction with the Sun and this alignment forms next Sun-Moon-Earth syzygy.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This Rat is also known as the Black Rat, Ship Rat, and House Rat. The Roof Rat also originated in Asia, but further south than the Norway Rat in the dense forests. The Roof Rat, as per its name, prefers aerial harborages. This Rat was the common Rat in homes in Europe during the outbreaks of the plaque known as the “Black Death”.\nAdults are medium-sized Rats weighing about 8 to 12 ounces , and measuring about 16 inches in total length from nose to the tip of the tail. This is about the same total length as the Norway Rat with the biggest and key identifying characteristic being the tail. The Roof Rats Tail is LONGER than the body.\nIn the U.S. the Roof Rat is much more restricted in its range than the Norway Rat, Mostly being established in the south-central and south-eastern states and along the entire West Coast.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Wildlife Emergency numbers\n|Australian Seabird Rescue||02 6686 2852|\n|WIRES||02 6628 1898|\n|Northern Rivers Wildlife Carers||02 6628 1866|\n|Koala Rescue||02 6626 1233|\nBuild your own Wildlife Nestbox\nLLS has released a new booklet on how to build your own wildlife nest box.\nTo download a copy of the booklet (approx. 1.5 megabytes) please click here: LLS Wildlife Nest Box\nBird Life Australia nest box plans – Nestbox Plans\nBackyard Buddies is a free education program run by the Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife. It gives you simple tips to transform your backyard into a safe and inviting habitat haven. Backyard Buddies are the native plants and animals that share our built-up areas, waterways, backyards and parks. Backyard Buddies\nThe Atlas of NSW Wildlife (the Atlas) is the Office of Environment and Heritage’s (OEH’s) database of flora and fauna records. The Atlas contains records of plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, some fungi, some invertebrates (such as insects and snails listed under the Threatened Species Conservation Act) and some fish.\nByron Bird Buddies is a local community education and conservation group concerned with the protection of birds in the Northern Rivers. Byron Bird Buddies\nBirds in Backyards is a research, education and conservation program focusing on the birds that live where people live. They have an online Bird Finder to help you identify the birds that visit your garden.\nBirds in Backyards\nBird ID – the Morcombe and Stewart ID book is now available to purchase as an APP and includes bird calls – Bird ID\nFrog ID is a great app to download and the website also has a “learn” tab with lots of info, photos and frog calls Frog ID\nFrogs of Australia is run by the Amphibian Research Centre and gives a list of all the frogs that can be found in our region. Frogs of NSW North Coast\nSugar Bag – Sugar Bag\nThe Australian Native Bee Company – The Australian Native Bee Company\nRichmond Landcare Inc have produced this great introductory fact sheet on Native Bees – Fact Sheet Native Bees\nThreatened Species of the Wilsons and Coopers Creek\nA list of locally occurring threatened species including information on some of the most interesting. Threatened Species leaflet", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What is housing affordability?\nFamilies across the United States are paying too high a price to cover the cost of home. Rents and homeownership costs are skyrocketing while wages are not keeping pace.\nToday, nearly 18 million U.S. households pay half or more of their income on a place to live. That means nearly 1 in 6 families are denied the personal and economic stability that safe, decent and affordable housing provides.\nAt the most basic level, what makes a home affordable comes down to simple math. Subtract your monthly rent or mortgage from your take-home pay, and you should have enough money left over for life’s necessities.\nToo few people are having that experience, the result of two major trends — one having to do with lagging incomes for low- and moderate-income families, the other with the soaring cost of housing, says Chris Herbert, managing director of Harvard University’s Joint Center for Housing Studies. “You look at this and say, ‘Is it a housing problem, or is it an income problem?’ I would say it is both.”\nOn the income front, today’s real average wage — that is, the wage after accounting for inflation — has about the same purchasing power it did 40 years ago, according to Pew Research Center. Meanwhile, the Joint Center for Housing Studies notes that both the median home price and median rent has risen faster than overall inflation over the past 25 years — 41 percent and 20 percent respectively.\nExperts generally say that the maximum a family should pay for housing is 30 percent of their income. Any more than 30 percent, and a family is considered cost-burdened, which means they often find themselves making tough choices when it comes to other needs.\nEbony understands those impossible choices. The U.S. Army veteran and mother of three used to be riddled with anxiety because her rent commanded almost all of her monthly income from her job as a collections agent at a bank.\nBecause Ebony had nothing left over for the utilities, car payment, health insurance and child care, she was forced to engage in a game of bill shuffling. “I would pay some bills one month, others the next,” she says. “I had to get creative with meals and went to three or four food banks.”\nHer anxiety rubbed off on her children, 12-year-old Jaylen, 10-year-old Jaida and 8-year-old Jayce. “We barely made it through that time,” Ebony says. “To be completely honest, I still don’t know how we did it.”\nAfter partnering with Habitat, her mortgage is 30 percent of her income. She can now pay her other bills on time and even has been able to put some money away. “Having a house that I can afford allows the chance of living the kind of life I always wanted for my kids. I feel like everyone should have the chance to feel the way that I feel.”\nMore families should know that feeling.\n“Families should not have to live in fear of choosing between paying for a roof over their head or paying for food or medicine or clothing for their kids.”— David M. Dworkin, president and CEO of the National Housing Conference\n“The scale of this problem is far too large for any one organization to address on its own,” says Adrienne Goolsby, Habitat for Humanity International’s vice president for U.S. and Canada. “We will continue to do our part in the communities across the United States where Habitat works, but we are also ready to help convene or join with other stakeholders at the local, state and national level to address the unrelenting crisis in housing affordability, across the housing continuum.”\nAs it stands now, far too many individuals and families with lower and moderate incomes can’t afford the rent or save for a house — and that has tremendous ripple effects.\n“Families should not have to live in fear of choosing between paying for a roof over their head or paying for food or medicine or clothing for their kids,” says David M. Dworkin, president and CEO of the National Housing Conference, a Washington, D.C.-based nonprofit that advocates for people of all income levels to live in safe, decent affordable homes.“Affordable housing allows families and individuals to have the opportunity to be empowered to choose where they live. Where our children go to school and how much of our day is spent commuting are choices that should not be dictated by our economic circumstances.”\nWe agree wholeheartedly. When the cost of home is your family’s future, the cost is too high. When the cost of home is any family’s future, that’s something none of us can afford.\nThrough our Cost of Home campaign, we are mobilizing local organizations, partners, volunteers and community members across the country to find solutions and to help create policies that will allow 10 million individuals to have access to affordable homes.\nTogether, we can make the cost of home something we all can afford. Join us!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "AMCHA Initiative categorizes antisemitism in the following manner:\n1) Targeting Jewish Students and Staff - Incidents that directly target Jewish students on campus or other Jewish members of the campus community for harmful or hateful action based on their Jewishness or perceived support for Israel:\n- PHYSICAL ASSAULT – Physically attacking Jewish students or staff because of their Jewishness or perceived association with Israel.\n- DISCRIMINATION - Unfair treatment or exclusion of Jewish students or staff because of their Jewishness or perceived association with Israel.\n- DESTRUCTION OF JEWISH PROPERTY - Inflicting damage or destroying property owned by Jews or related to Jews.\n- GENOCIDAL EXPRESSION – Using imagery (e.g. swastika) or language that expresses a desire or will to kill Jews or exterminate the Jewish people.\n- SUPPRESSION OF SPEECH/MOVEMENT/ASSEMBLY – Preventing or impeding the expression of Jewish students, such as by removing or defacing Jewish students’ flyers, attempting to disrupt or shut down speakers at Jewish or pro-Israel events, or blocking access to Jewish or pro-Israel student events.\n- BULLYING - Tormenting Jewish students or staff because of their Jewishness or perceived association with Israel.\n- DENIGRATION - Unfairly ostracizing, vilifying or defaming Jewish students or staff because of their Jewishness or perceived association with Israel.\n2) Antisemitic Expression - Language, imagery or behavior deemed antisemitic by the U.S. State Department definition of antisemitism, or wholly consistent with that definition:\n- HISTORICAL (ANTISEMITISM) - Using symbols, images and tropes associated with historical antisemitism, including by making “mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews as such, or the power of Jews as a collective-especially but not exclusively, the myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, governments, or other societal institutions” (U.S. State Department).\n- CONDONING TERRORISM (AGAINST ISRAEL OR JEWS) - Calling for, aiding or justifying the killing or harming of Jews.\n- DENYING JEWS SELF-DETERMINATION - Denying Israel the right to exist or promoting the elimination of Israel as a Jewish state.\n- DEMONIZATION OF ISRAEL - Using symbols, images and tropes associated with classic antisemitism to characterize Israel, Israelis, Zionism or Zionists, such as claiming that Israelis are evil or blood-thirsty and deliberately murder children or that Zionism is white supremacy, or delegitimizing Israel by insinuating that Israel is an illegitimate state and does not belong in the family of nations.\n3) BDS Activity (for more information about BDS and antisemitism, click HERE)- These incidents contain the following activities:\n- CALLS FOR BDS - Promoting BDS verbally or by writing, signing or publicizing resolutions, petitions, statements or op-eds calling for BDS\n- BDS VOTES - Considering, discussing or voting on resolutions calling for BDS.\n- BDS EVENTS - Holding events which promote BDS.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What is your immune system?\nAn immune system's overall purpose is to prevent or inhibit infection. Immunocompromised people are at higher risk to infections from disease causing bacteria that do not often affect healthy individuals. This system differentiates healthy cells from compromised cells releasing signals such as DAMPs otherwise known as danger associated molecular patterns. When signaled your immune system will activate a response to remedy the problem. If your body is unable to activate a needed response, infections are likely to occur. Therefore, it is crucial to keep your immune system strong defending you against microorganisms that cause diseases and sickness.\nHow to strengthen your immune system?\nA good rule of thumb to keeping your immune system strong is to live a natural healthy lifestyle. Living a health-conscious life will keep you strong, feeling like your best self, while protecting your body. Everything from the air you breathe to the things you ingest can impact your wellbeing. We have listed some immune boosting factors that make choosing a healthy lifestyle simple and easy. Making a small change can create a big difference in your energy, strength, and health.\n1. Get lots of sleep\nDuring these crazy times it's understandable to lose sleep worrying and wondering about your loved ones. To stay at your optimal health, you should get at least 7 hours of sleep every night. Lack of sleep can cause inflammation and can inhibit your ability to fight off infections. Let your body reenergize and use this month to get the best sleep of your life. Take melatonin or use our Comfort Essential oil to calm your mind letting your body get a good night's rest.\nTry essential oils for sleep today! We strongly recommend diffusing some Comfort essential oil to clear your head before sleep.\n2. Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables\nWhen trying to keep your immune system at its strongest try to eat as naturally as possible. Avoid eating processed food and incorporate fruits and vegetables into your daily meals to get those much-needed nutrients. Citrus fruits are easy to add to any dish giving your body a daily dose of Vitamin C. Choose green superfood vegetables like broccoli and spinach loaded with antioxidants. Kitchen staples such as ginger and turmeric help with anti-inflammatory illness and even pain management.\nPhoto by Trang Doan from Pexels\n3. Don’t smoke\nSmoking impairs your ability to fight off infections by compromising the equilibrium in your immune system. Nicotine and tar suppresses your immune response, affects cell signaling, and compromises pathogen killing activity. Smoking will increase your chance of becoming sick and may even prolong your sickness.\n4. Get to exercising\nExercising will keep you strong, energized and will help boost your immune system. Get your 30 min of cardio in whether that be walking around the block, jump roping, or running with the kids in the backyard. This promotes good circulation of cells in your body allowing them to move freely and efficiently fending off harmful viruses and bacteria. Exercise can increase your production of microphages which kill bacteria that causes many respiratory tract infections.\n5. Take Vitamins\nVitamins are nutrients your body needs for normal cell function, growth, and development. Vitamin D enhances the disease fighting effects of white blood cells and promotes immune responses. Taking Vitamin D has even been shown to may protect against respiratory tract infections. Other vitamins such as Vitamin C have also been used to lower the duration and severity of common colds and respiratory illnesses. As a powerful antioxidant it helps balance the free radicals within your body keeping your health at bay.\n6. Drink your nutrients\nFor years home remedies have been used to ward off sickness. Chamomile and green tea have been shown to boost your immune system with their powerful antioxidants. Another widely used remedy is the drinking of bone broth to ease respiratory cold symptoms through its use of healing amino acids and minerals.\nSip Matcha Sencha Infusion today to boost your immune system\n7. Reduce stress\nIn life it is easy to get overwhelmed with stress from all aspects of your life. Stress can make you susceptible to illnesses by releasing hormones while simultaneously suppressing your immune system. Practice positive thinking in times of stress and try to relax through the use of yoga and meditation. Relax with a cup of our Peppermint Herbal Tea to destress, relax and improve your mood. Implement these techniques into your daily life and keep your immune system and state of mental health at its best.\nThere is not one definitive answer to keeping your immunity at its strongest. Rather it is a series of steps, changes, and methods that will transform your lifestyle to one of energy, immunity, and good health. Implement a few of these into your daily routine and watch yourself transform into a new healthier you. For more information on how teas and essential oils can benefit your health and lifestyle read our weekly blog.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What is BORN?\nBORN is an innovative program focused on maternal-child health in the province of Ontario.\nBORN’s vision is to provide the knowledge needed for the best possible beginnings for lifelong health. Its mission is to:\n- Facilitate and improve care to mothers, children and youth by linking information and providers to address care gaps spanning the spectrum from normal to high acuity and rare conditions.\n- Be an authoritative source of accurate, trusted and timely information to monitor, evaluate and plan for the best possible beginnings for life-long health.\n- Provide scientific and technical leadership for Ontario’smaternal, child and youth health system through the support of research and innovation.\n- Mobilize information and expertise to optimize care and contribute to a high-performing healthcare system, improving the lives of individual mothers and children.\nHow does BORN work\nBORN records information about the pregnancy, birth and early childhood experiences in cooperation with healthcare providers. 100% of birthing hospitals in the province have committed to contributing information to BORN. The information that is gathered can be used by health care providers, policy-makers and researchers to facilitate and improve the provision of maternal-child care. This is done through the streamlining of five existing maternal-child health databases to create an efficient and extensive information source that covers the entire continuum of care for pregnant mothers and newborns. As the authoritative source of health care information, BORN is committed to improving the quality of care in the province of Ontario through an established system of audit and feedback, with input from the leading experts in the field.\nWhy is BORN important?\nBORN is a first-of-its-kind information system, providing the most extensive maternal-child health information in the world.\nThe areas of focus for BORN Ontario are Maternal Newborn Outcomes / Midwifery, Congenital Anomalies Surveillance, Newborn Screening, and Prenatal Screening. The BORN system can be used to identify situations in which appropriate care has not been received, facilitate continuous improvement of healthcare delivery tools, determine where outcomes are discrepant with norms and raise alerts, provide benchmarks for healthcare providers to improve care, create knowledge for continuously improving care, and create reports that provide comprehensive and timely information.\nBORN can also be used effectively for research purposes by providing extensive longitudinal data for analysis. BORN allows researchers to track province-wide health trends and examine health effects and outcomes from early pregnancy onward. Ultimately, BORN will grow with children as they continue to interact with the healthcare system while they grow and develop, enabling extensive improvement of provincial facilitation and provision of health care.\nBORN and the Personal Health Information Protection ACT\nBORN Ontario focuses on providing acknowledged excellence in privacy and security for the data it holds. BORN is a Prescribed Registry under Ontario’s Personal Health Information Protection Act allowing BORN to collect, use and disclose personal health information for purposes of facilitating or improving the provision of health care. It also requires that BORN maintains an extremely high standard of privacy protection, and that the Information and Privacy Commissioner of Ontario review BORN’s policies and practices to ensure they are in accordance with privacy legislation and data system standards.\nWho runs BORN?\nThe Ministry of Health and Long Term Care in Ontario is providing the funding required to support BORN in delivering the necessary technology and knowledge required for the initiative. The Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario has provided the founding support and sponsorship of BORN. They continue to provide the governance structure and administrative supports required to make the organization successful.\nPlease see www.BORNOntario.ca for more information.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Original Research ARTICLE\nChanges in visual object recognition precede the shape bias in early noun learning\n- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA\nTwo of the most formidable skills that characterize human beings are language and our prowess in visual object recognition. They may also be developmentally intertwined. Two experiments, a large sample cross-sectional study and a smaller sample 6-month longitudinal study of 18- to 24-month-olds, tested a hypothesized developmental link between changes in visual object representation and noun learning. Previous findings in visual object recognition indicate that children’s ability to recognize common basic level categories from sparse structural shape representations of object shape emerges between the ages of 18 and 24 months, is related to noun vocabulary size, and is lacking in children with language delay. Other research shows in artificial noun learning tasks that during this same developmental period, young children systematically generalize object names by shape, that this shape bias predicts future noun learning, and is lacking in children with language delay. The two experiments examine the developmental relation between visual object recognition and the shape bias for the first time. The results show that developmental changes in visual object recognition systematically precede the emergence of the shape bias. The results suggest a developmental pathway in which early changes in visual object recognition that are themselves linked to category learning enable the discovery of higher-order regularities in category structure and thus the shape bias in novel noun learning tasks. The proposed developmental pathway has implications for understanding the role of specific experience in the development of both visual object recognition and the shape bias in early noun learning.\nLanguage and visual object recognition are domains of human intelligence that impact almost all cognitive systems, and potentially also influence each other. Here we consider two developmental phenomena that imply a link between early object name learning and age related changes in the visual representation of object shape. Research on children’s learning of common nouns has emphasized the importance of attention to object shape as a predictor of rapid noun vocabulary growth (e.g., Poulin-Dubois et al., 1999; Smith et al., 2002; Gershkoff-Stowe and Smith, 2004). One commonly used experimental task measures children’s attention to shape over other perceptual dimensions when learning names for novel things (Landau et al., 1988). In this task, children are presented with a novel object, told its name (also novel) and then asked to indicate other things with the same name. Shape matches are put into competition with color, texture, or size matches. Young children consistently generalize the name to new instances by shape. This “shape bias,” becomes increasingly robust between 18 and 24 months of age and is more strongly related than is age to the number of nouns in individual children’s vocabularies (Gershkoff-Stowe and Smith, 2004). During this same developmental period, children also develop sparse representations of the three-dimensional shapes that characterize common basic level categories (Smith, 2009). The task used to measure this ability is known as “shape caricature recognition.” In this task, children are presented with abstract three-dimensional representations of common things – hats, chairs, cats – constructed from 2 to 4 geometric volumes so as to represent only the major object parts in their proper spatial relations (Smith, 2003). These representations provide only shape information with no other perceptual properties to support or compete with shape in object recognition. Between 18 and 24 months of age, young children become able (as are adults – Biederman, 1995) to recognize instances of common object categories given only these sparse shape representations. Shape caricature recognition, like the shape bias, is more strongly related to noun vocabulary size than age (Smith, 2003; Pereira and Smith, 2009).\nThese two tasks are both about children’s attention to object shape and are both related to vocabulary development, but they measure quite different abilities – one the ability to attend to shape over other properties, and the other the ability to recognize familiar categories from sparse shape information alone. These two abilities have never been studied in the same children. This is in part because the shape bias is usually conceptualized in terms of, and is part of the literature on, children’s knowledge about how different classes of words map to different kinds of meanings (e.g., Soja et al., 1991; Imai et al., 1994; Xu et al., 2009). Shape caricature recognition, in contrast, is about visual object recognition (Smith, 2009). Below, we provide the background on the two developmental trends, and then formulate two opposing hypotheses about their relationship.\nThe “shape bias” in children’s generalization of novel nouns to new instances was initially interesting because the bias suggested that very young children have expectations about the kinds of categories to which common nouns refer (Landau et al., 1988). There are a number of theoretical accounts that differ in the hypothesized nature of these expectations (e.g., Smith et al., 2002; Colunga and Smith, 2005; Kemp et al., 2007; Booth and Waxman, 2008). The present question about the shape bias does not concern these expectations about noun category mappings, but rather concerns the aspects of children’s representations of object shape that are measured by the task. In the standard version of the shape bias task, children are presented with novel made-up objects with very simple shapes, such as those shown in Figure 1A. The shape-matching test object is an exact shape match. The competing foils differ substantially from the target in shape with no overlapping parts or relational structure. Because the shapes are simple and the matches are exact, the task does not demand such advanced processes of visual shape representation as the parsing of the shape into component parts nor the analysis of the structural relations of those parts (Augustine et al., 2011). What the task does require is knowledge that shape and not color or size or texture is most likely the relevant dimension for determining category membership. This knowledge and the ability to selectively attend to shape in this task appear relevant to object name learning because 18- to 30-month-old children’s performances in the shape bias task are strongly related to their current noun vocabulary size (Smith, 1995; Gershkoff-Stowe and Smith, 2004; Perry and Samuelson, 2011; Hahn and Cantrell, 2012). More critically, the strength of the shape bias during this period also predicts children’s future vocabulary growth rate (Samuelson, 2002; Smith et al., 2002; Gershkoff-Stowe and Smith, 2004). Further relevant findings are these: the shape bias in artificial noun learning tasks is evident by 2 years of age (for review, see, Smith et al., 2010), but may be evident in some task contexts even earlier (e.g., Graham and Poulin-Dubois, 1999; Graham et al., 2004) and becomes substantially more robust with age (Smith et al., 2010; see also, Saalbach and Schalk, 2011); and the shape bias is correlated within individual children with the rate of productive vocabulary growth as well as vocabulary size, and measurably strengthens just before an increase in the rate of learning new nouns (Gershkoff-Stowe and Smith, 2004; Smith et al., 2010). The shape bias as measured in the experimental task of novel noun learning is delayed or lacking in children with atypical language development (Jones, 2003; Tek et al., 2008). Finally, prematurely teaching a shape bias to 17- to 19-month-olds leads to marked increases in their rates of outside-the-laboratory, that is, real-world, noun vocabulary growth (Samuelson, 2002; Smith et al., 2002; Perry et al., 2010).\nFigure 1. Examples of stimulus sets used in the two experiments: (A) Shape bias – the named exemplar and three test objects matching in shape, surface texture, and color; (B) Caricature recognition – three sparse structural representations of the major parts of the characteristic shape of instances of common basic level categories; and (C) Object recognition – rich and typical toy representations of common basic level categories.\nGiven the diagnostic relation between the development of a shape bias in novel noun generalization tasks and language development – and given that teaching a shape bias facilitates early vocabulary growth – it is critical to understand both the prior developments that support the emergence of the shape bias and the pathways through which biased attention to shape over other dimensions of similarity relates to object name learning. For example, one reason children’s performance in the shape bias task might predict future vocabulary development – despite the simplicity of the task and stimulus objects – might be that the task measures an early attentional bias that is prerequisite to building the visual object representations that support rapid category and word learning (Doumas and Hummel, 2010).\nThe study of shape caricature recognition was initially motivated by Biederman’s Recognition by Components (RBC) account of object recognition (1995). Biederman specifically proposed that humans form internal representations that are sparse geometric models, or caricatures, of the three-dimensional structure of object shape. These internally represented models were proposed to be built from a set of volumes called “geons” and were proposed to capture the whole object’s geometric structure independent of viewing perspective. These sparse structural representations of shape support category generalization by representing the individually unique instances of a category as having the same abstract shape; for example, kitchen chairs, dining chairs, and over-stuffed chairs are represented as having the same core geometric structure – seat and back. Several reviews have noted the lack of systematic study of the development of visual object recognition (Rentschler et al., 2004; Nishimura et al., 2009; Smith, 2009) and the likely protracted course of that development. The high-level visual processes that underlie these abstract caricatures of object shape appear to depend on category learning (e.g., Baker et al., 2002; Jiang et al., 2007; Doumas and Hummel, 2010) and thus might be expected to be related to early object category name learning in young children. Accordingly, several studies have examined whether young children, like adults, recognize instances of early learned noun categories given sparse geometric models of shape made from geon-like volumes (Smith, 2003; Pereira and Smith, 2009; Augustine et al., 2011). These studies compared recognition of richly detailed instances and three-dimensional “shape caricatures,” as shown in Figure 1B. Note that the rich instances can be recognized either by knowledge of category-specific surface features or by shape, but recognition of the shape caricatures requires knowledge of the abstract shape structure common to instances of the category. One study (Smith, 2003) examined 18- and 24-month-old children’s recognition using a non-linguistic play task. Play actions were scored as indicating recognition. For example, pretending to lick the ice cream or to hammer with the hammer was scored as indicating recognition, whereas banging, stacking, and rolling were not. In a name-comprehension task, children were shown three objects and asked to indicate one (e.g., “show me the pizza”). Both tasks yielded the same result: older children recognized the shape caricatures as well as they did the rich instances but younger children did not, recognizing the rich instances but performing at chance with the caricatures. These results provide two insights: first, representations of structural shape – of the kind posited by Biederman – are sufficient for object recognition in 2-year-olds, just as they are in adults. The fact that the older children in this sample – who are still very young – recognized the shape caricatures as well as they did richly detailed and typical toy examples shows that these children had abstracted the common geometric structure of the shapes of objects in familiar categories. Second, the fact that younger children recognized the detailed examples but failed to recognize the shape caricatures indicates a change between 18 and 24 months in the visual representations that support object recognition and category generalization. Additional evidence indicates that recognition of shape caricatures is more strongly correlated with productive vocabulary than with age (Smith, 2003; Pereira and Smith, 2009; Smith and Jones, 2011), that they support category generalizations of newly learned words (Son et al., 2008), and that the ability to recognize such sparse geometric representations is delayed in children with language delay (Jones and Smith, 2005).\nBecause shape caricature recognition requires the abstraction of the shape elements and relational structure common to the individually varied instances of a category, a reasonable hypothesis is that the development of shape caricature recognition follows and is perhaps dependent on attention to the specific exact shapes of individual things, the minimal visual skill that would seem necessary for success in the shape bias task. However, there is an alternative hypothesis derivable from one account of the origins of the shape bias. The attentional learning account (Smith et al., 2002; Yoshida and Smith, 2005; Perry et al., 2010) proposes that the shape bias in novel noun learning emerges through a multiple step process in which young children first learn the similarities that characterize individual basic level categories. This hypothesized first step supports the recognition of never-before-seen instances as members of known categories – for example, a novel tractor as a tractor or a novel chair as a chair. Then after some number of these categories are learned and because many things in basic level categories are similar in shape (Rosch, 1973; Samuelson and Smith, 1999; Colunga and Smith, 2005), children make the higher level generalization that is latent across basic level categories – that things in the same category are named by shape. Several different computational models – connectionist (Samuelson, 2002; Colunga and Smith, 2005), Bayesian (Kemp et al., 2007), and geometric (Hidaka and Smith, 2011) – have shown how a shape bias can emerge from this cross-category regularity. However, there is a major theoretical gap in the argument under all of these accounts that concerns the first step: how is it that young children represent object shape so as to recognize all varieties of tractors or chairs – with each individual instance having its own peculiar shape properties – as being abstractly and structurally the same kind of shape? By this line of reasoning, the development of sparse geometric representations of object shape – the kinds of representations measured by the shape caricature task – may be step one in the development of a generalized shape bias in novel noun learning. That is, the discovery of the latent structure across basic level categories – that things in the same basic level noun category have the same structural shape properties – may be dependent on first representing the abstract structural shape that characterizes known object categories.\nThe two experiments – the first a larger sample cross-sectional study and the second a smaller sample 6-month longitudinal study – examine for the first time the developmental ordering of success in the shape bias task and in the shape caricature recognition task within individual children. The experiments focus on the period between 18 and 24 months because past research shows increased performances in both tasks during this period. Because the standard versions of these experimental tasks have proved useful in predicting language learning and are diagnostic of language delay, we used standard versions of the two tasks while also trying to make them as similar as possible in terms of their response demands. In each task, the child was shown three potential choice items and the experimenter asked the child to indicate the named object. In the Shape Caricature task, the child was presented with three-dimensional sparse geometric representations of three different basic level categories as in Figure 1B and asked to indicate the one that the experimenter named. In the Shape Bias task, the child was first presented with a novel simple object, as shown in Figure 1A, told its name (also novel, e.g., “This is a dax”), and then presented with three choice objects. One of these objects was an exact shape match to the exemplar but differed in color and texture. The foils matched the exemplar in either color or texture but differed in shape. The child was asked to indicate which of the three choices was in the named category, “Show me the dax.” Finally, we also included an Object recognition task (see Figure 1C, using pictures in Experiment 1, and three-dimensional toys in Experiment 2) that should be easy for all children as the task requires children to map a common basic level noun to a rich and child-typical instance of the category. On each trial of this task, children were presented with three examples of different categories and asked to indicate the one named by the experimenter.\nMaterials and Methods\nFor the cross-sectional sample of Experiment 1, 55 children (27 males) aged 18–24 months with no known developmental disorders were recruited from a working and middle class population in a small Midwestern city. Three additional participants’ data were excluded from the analyses because of parents’ failure to comply with instructions (see below). For the 6-month longitudinal sample, 10 children (5 males; 5 females) none of whom participated in Experiment 1 were recruited from the same population. These children began the study at 18-months of age (M = 18.2, SD = 0.39) and were tested once every 3 weeks until they were 24-months old (M = 23.3, SD = 1.63) or until performance was greater than 80% on all three tasks. Thus, there was a maximum of nine test sessions per subject. Eight of the children participated in all nine test sessions, one participated in five sessions, and one in three sessions. All children were tested in the laboratory. The experimental procedures and recruitment of participants were approved by the Internal Review Board of Indiana University and informed consent was obtained from the parents of all participating children.\nMethods for Experiment 1 (Cross-Sectional)\nEach child participated in two practice trials to become familiar with the general procedure, and then in the three experimental tasks – a Shape Bias task, a Shape Caricature recognition task, and an Object recognition task. Stimuli for the practice trials were three-dimensional typical instances of common object categories – a flower, a spoon, and a duck – for which children in this age range normatively have receptive knowledge of the name (Fenson et al., 1993). The stimuli for the shape bias task consisted of two unique exemplars, one named “dax,” and one named “modi.” These were simply shaped objects that did not bear any obvious resemblance to real object categories. Two unique test sets – of three objects each – were made for each exemplar. Within each test set, one choice matched the exemplar exactly in shape but differed in color and texture, one matched in color but differed in shape and texture, and one matched in texture but differed in shape and color. One exemplar and test set is shown in Figure 1A. The mean volume of the objects was 345 cm3. The objects were constructed in the laboratory from wood, plastic, wire, hardened clay, or cloth. Each of the four unique test trials – two exemplars by two unique choice sets – was repeated twice to yield a test of eight trials. Eight unique random orders were used for testing, with roughly equal numbers of children assigned to each order.\nThe stimuli for the shape caricature task consisted of eight three-dimensional “geon-like” representations of eight basic level categories expected to be in the receptive vocabularies of most children in the age range (Fenson et al., 1993): pizza, brush, camera, ice cream, truck, hammer, cake, airplane. These Shape caricatures representations were constructed from 2 to 4 geometric volumes – cones, rectangles, pyramids, etc. – carved from Styrofoam, painted gray, and assembled to represent the major parts of the objects in their proper spatial relation – and averaged 935 cm3 in volume. Examples are shown in Figure 1B. Each of the eight categories was tested once. Three objects were used on each of the eight test trials: the target caricature and two caricatures drawn from the set of eight to serve as the foils. Eight unique random orders – with unique foil assignments for each target – were used for testing with roughly equal numbers of children assigned to each order.\nThe stimuli for the Object recognition task were eight color photographs of the typical instances of the objects on a white background, 12 × 17 cm in size, one each, of the eight categories tested in the shape caricature task (Figure 1C). The eight trials consisted of the target picture and two other pictures drawn from the set of eight to serve as the foils. Eight unique random orders – with unique foil assignments for each target – were used for testing with roughly equal numbers of children assigned to each order.\nThe child and experimenter sat opposite one another across a small table. The child sat either on the parent’s lap or in a chair beside the parent. Parents were instructed not to indicate in any way the choices – by word or by gesture – and a video camera directed at the parent recorded their behavior to ensure compliance (failure to comply to this request was responsible for the exclusion of three children’s data).\nAll tasks used a three-alternative-forced-choice procedure in which the child was verbally asked to select one object by name. In the Object and Shape Caricature Recognition tasks, the name was a basic level category noun. In the Shape Bias task, the name was the just-presented novel name of a novel exemplar object. The order of the Shape Caricature and Shape Bias tasks was counterbalanced across children. The Object Recognition task was always last. Within each task, the order of trials was randomly determined for each child, and within the Object and Shape Caricature task, the foils on each trial were randomly selected for each trial with the constraint that each unique picture or caricature was presented equally often as foils across trials and that no object (as target or foil) was repeated on two successive trials. The spatial location of the target – left, middle right – in all tasks was counterbalanced across trials within task.\nOn each of the two practice trials, the experimenter handed a common object – for example, a realistic silk flower – to the child and named it (e.g., “Look – here’s a flower!”). After a maximum of 20 s, the experimenter retrieved the object, placed it on the table near the experimenter but in full view of the child. The experimenter then placed another identical object (e.g., a replication of the flower) and the other two practice objects on a 25 cm × 50 cm tray with three compartments such that each choice object was in its own compartment. The child was then asked to get the target object by name (e.g., “Show me the flower here. Can you get a flower? Give me the flower”). Children were coached if necessary to manually select the object and given positive feedback. After two such practice trials, children proceeded to the main experiment. There was no coaching or rewarding feedback – just equanimity for all choices – in the main tasks.\nThe procedure for the eight Shape Bias trials was similar: the exemplar was named by the experimenter and examined by the child for a maximum of 20 s. Then with the exemplar still in view (but near the experimenter), the choice objects were put into the tray in randomly determined locations while the tray was beyond the child’s reach. Next, with the experimenter looking directly into the child’s eyes and not at the tray, the experimenter asked for the novel object and pushed the tray to within the child’s reach. The procedures for the Shape Caricature and Object Recognition tasks were nearly identical with one key exception: there was no named exemplar object in those two tasks. Instead, the three choice objects were put in the tray out of the child’s reach, the target object was named with the experimenter looking directly into the child’s eyes, and the tray was pushed to within the child’s reach. Thus the Shape Caricature Recognition and Object Recognition Tasks involved memory recognition from internal representations activated by the name rather than matching to an exemplar as in the Shape Bias task. The phrasing in all three tasks was held the same: “Show me the _____. Get the ______.” In all three tasks, the first object handed over by the child was recorded as the child’s choice. The correct choice in the Object Recognition task and in the Shape Caricature task was choosing the object representing the named category. The correct choice in the Shape Bias task was choosing the shape-matching object. These were coded from video by a blind coder; the experimenter also coded a randomly selected 25% of the choices by the children to check on reliability. Agreement was 97% as these responses are not ambiguous.\nFollowing the experiment, the parent completed the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (CDI; Fenson et al., 1993), a widely used and reliable checklist measure of productive vocabulary that includes the first 600+ words normatively produced by children up to 30 months of age.\nMethods for Experiment 2 (Longitudinal)\nAll aspects of the procedure and design were the same as in Experiment 1 with the following exceptions. At the beginning of each test session, parents were asked to update a vocabulary checklist, reporting the words that their child produced using the Bates-MacArthur CDI as in Experiment 1. At each session, children participated in three tasks, using the same three-alternative forced-choice procedure for each task as described in Experiment 1. To increase the generality of the conclusions across the two studies (and because of what proved to be the structural fragility of some stimuli), the specific stimuli used in the tasks also included some new additions. For the Shape Caricature Recognition Task, the eight object categories were bird, key, spoon, boat, pizza, couch, shovel, hammer. Again, these three-dimensional shape caricatures were constructed from 2 to 4 three-dimensional geometric volumes (carved from Styrofoam and painted gray) in proper spatial arrangement and were the same size as those in Experiment 1. For the Object Recognition Task, more engaging lifelike toy representations rather than pictures were used. The toys were the same overall size as each other and the caricatures. The Shape bias task was the same as Experiment 1 but also used newly made but comparable exemplars and choice objects.\nExperiment 1: Cross-Sectional Sample\nBecause vocabulary rather than age has been the principle predictor of both the shape bias and shape caricature recognition (e.g., Pereira and Smith, 2009; Smith et al., 2010), the first set of analyses partitioned children into three Noun Vocabulary groups: low – 55 or fewer nouns; medium – 56–125 nouns; and high – more than 125 nouns. Table 1 provides the numbers, the average noun vocabulary and total vocabulary size, and the average age of children in each Vocabulary group.\nTable 1. Number of participants in the three vocabulary groups in Experiment 1, and the mean ages, noun vocabulary, and total vocabulary sizes for three groups.\nFigure 2A shows the mean scores of each group on the Shape Bias, Shape Caricature Recognition, and Object Recognition tasks. As is evident in the figure, performance in all three tasks increased as a function of vocabulary group, and children correctly selected the named target most often in the Object Recognition task. Critical to the main issue, however, is that children selected the correct test object more often in the Shape Caricature task than in the Shape Bias task in all three noun vocabulary groups. Scores on these three tasks were entered into a 3 (Noun Vocabulary Group) × 3 (Task: Shape Bias, Shape Caricature, Object Recognition) analysis of variance for a mixed design. The analysis yielded significant main effects for both Noun Vocabulary Group [F(2, 52) = 8.011, p = 0.001] and Task [F(2, 104) = 28.34, p < 0.001]. Post hoc analyses (t-tests with Bonferroni correction) indicated that children performed better on the Object Recognition task than in the Shape Caricature task [t(54) = 4.15] and performed better on the Shape Caricature task than on the Shape Bias task [t(54) = 4.32]. One-way ANOVA’s showed Vocabulary Group differences in Shape Bias scores [F(2, 52) = 4.65, p < 0.02] and Shape Caricature Recognition scores [F(2, 52) = 10.01, p < 0.001], but not in Object Recognition [F(2, 52) = 2.03, NS]. There was no interaction between Noun Vocabulary Group and Task [F(4, 104) = 0.78, NS]. Instead, average performance in the Shape Caricature task was better than average performance in the Shape Bias task by about the same margin in all three vocabulary groups.\nFigure 2. (A) For Experiment 1, and (B) for Experiment 2: mean proportion correct and standard errors in the Object recognition, Caricature recognition, and Shape bias tasks as a function of Vocabulary Size – Low (less than 55 nouns), Medium (56–125 nouns), and High (more than 125 nouns).\nTable 2 presents the full set of pairwise linear correlations among the variables in the study. With one exception, all the variables and measures were strongly correlated, a fact that does not implicate causal relations, but which does indicate a period of change in both object name learning and object recognition. In particular, children’s performances in the Shape Bias and Shape Caricature Recognition tasks were correlated and performance in both tasks were related to noun and total vocabulary size, as was recognition of the rich and detailed pictures in the Object Recognition task. However, whereas recognition of the Rich instances in the Object Recognition task was related to Shape Caricature recognition, it was not related to the strength of the Shape Bias, a fact that suggests that simply knowing the names of things is not sufficient for the development of the Shape Bias. We will return to this idea in the General Discussion. Vocabulary was a better predictor of performance in the Shape Bias and Shape Caricature Recognition tasks than was age. Further, when Shape Bias scores were regressed in a step-wise fashion on Age and Nouns, only Nouns were a significant predictor [R2 = 0.19, standard coefficient = 0.43: F(1, 53) = 12.06, p = 0.001]: and when Shape Caricature Recognition scores were regressed on the same two variables, again only Nouns significantly predicted the children’s scores [R2 = 0.31, standard coefficient = 0.56: F(1, 53) = 23.61, p < 0.001].\nThe pattern of performance in the Shape Bias and Shape Caricature tasks is consistent with the hypothesis that children, on average, develop structural shape representations of common categories before they develop a robust shape bias in generalizing names for novel objects. This result thus is consistent with the proposal that shape caricature development is part of the pathway leading to the development of a robust shape bias in novel noun generalization tasks. If this hypothesis is correct, individual children in this study should show a robust shape bias only if they already recognize basic level categories given caricatures of structural shape. Accordingly, we calculated the conditional probabilities in each noun group that a child would “pass” one task given that they had “passed” the other. Chance level performance on each task was 0.33, so passing for each task was defined as a proportion of 0.62 correct responses (at least five of eight correct responses, cumulative binomial probability by chance for each child = 0.084). By these criteria, the conditional probability that a child who passed the Shape Bias task also passed the Caricature task was consistently high across noun vocabulary groups (Low 0.80; Medium 0.70; High 0.92, binomial probability that this proportion of children would pass both <0.001 in all cases). That is, if a child in any vocabulary group showed a consistent shape bias in novel noun generalizations, it was highly likely that that child also recognized shape caricatures of common categories, a pattern consistent with the proposal that a robust shape bias depends on an already developed representation of the sparse geometric shapes of things in basic level categories. In contrast, the probability that a child who passed the Caricature task would also pass the Shape Bias task depended on vocabulary group (Low 0.33; Medium, 0.50; High 0.75, the binomial probability that these proportions of children would pass is significant only for the High Vocabulary group, p < 0.001). In sum, across vocabulary groups, success in Shape Caricature recognition does not predict success in the Shape Bias task and success on both tasks only characterizes the children with the largest noun vocabulary size. The overall pattern is consistent with the hypothesis that shape caricature recognition precedes the shape bias in novel noun generalization tasks, and with the proposal that the shape bias in novel noun generalizations depends, at least in part, on the recognition of the common structural shape of instances of known categories.\nExperiment 2: Longitudinal Sample\nTable 3 shows the means and ranges for the number of nouns and words in productive vocabulary and performance on the Object Recognition, Shape Caricature, and Shape Bias tasks. As is evident, this was a period of marked noun vocabulary growth for all children. However, as the ranges make clear, children entered the experiment with considerable differences in the sizes of their vocabularies and likewise ended the experiment with wide differences in vocabulary size. These individual differences in noun vocabulary growth are a well-known characteristic of this developmental period (Fenson et al., 1993).\nTable 3. The mean ages, noun vocabulary size, total vocabulary size, and mean performance in the three tasks for children at the first session and the last session for the 6-month longitudinal sample of Experiment 2.\nAs a first analysis of the relation between the development of the Shape Bias and Shape Caricature Recognition, we partitioned each child’s sessions into the same three Low, Medium and High Noun Vocabulary windows used in Experiment 1. Each child’s mean performance across sessions in each Vocabulary Size window was determined for the three tasks and submitted to an ANOVA for 3 (Vocab Size) × 3 (Task) repeated measures design; three subjects had starting vocabulary sizes larger than the upper boundary for the initial window and so for the missing data within those windows, the group mean was used. Figure 2B shows the mean performances in the three tasks by this vocabulary grouping. The pattern in the figure and the results of the ANOVA are highly similar to those of the cross-sectional sample in Experiment 1. There was a main effect of Vocabulary Size, F(2, 18) = 23.54, p < 0.001, with performance in all three tasks increasing as a function of the number of nouns in productive vocabulary, and a main effect of task, F(2, 18) = 28.28, p < 0.001. Post hoc analyses (t-tests with Bonferroni correction) indicate that children performed better in the Object Recognition than in the Shape Caricature task [t(9) = 3.60], and better in the Shape Caricature task than in the Shape Bias task [t(9) = 4.02]. The interaction did not approach significance, F(4, 36) < 1.00. Thus when analyzed in terms of the same vocabulary size groups, the pattern from the small sample longitudinal study is the same as from the larger sample cross-sectional study, increasing confidence that findings from these longitudinal data are generalizable to larger samples of children.\nThe key question for the longitudinal study is the temporal ordering of individual children’s success in the Shape Caricature and the Shape Bias task, because this temporal ordering provides information about causal relations between the two. Therefore, using the same criterion for success as in Experiment 1 (0.62 correct in a task), we defined the session at which Shape Caricature recognition and the Shape Bias “emerged” as the session at which a child first achieved that level of performance with the added stricture that the child’s performance never went below that level in a future session. We used the same criterion to measure the session in which children passed the Object Recognition (typical toy) task. All children at some point in the longitudinal sessions met the criterion for passing all tasks except three children: one never reached threshold in any of the three tasks, and two never achieved this level of success on the Shape Bias task. Children who did not reach the passing criterion in the nine sessions were given a “session” score of “10” for that task. This approach assumes that these children will eventually show a shape bias, an assumption that is warranted by the large literature showing robust shape biases in typically developing 3 year olds (see Smith et al., 2010 for review) and by the findings of the present cross-sectional study which show that, once a sufficient vocabulary size is reached, a robust shape bias is observed. However, if these children as expected achieve a shape bias it must be after their recognition of the shape caricatures. Thus the score of 10 underestimates the developmental timing of these skills for these children and is therefore the conservative statistical strategy. The mean session for passing the three tasks was 3.5, 4.8, and 6.2 for the Object Recognition, Shape Caricature, and Shape Bias tasks respectively and these differences are reliable [F(2, 18) = 36.47, p < 0.001]. Post hoc comparisons (t-tests with Bonferroni corrections) indicate a reliable difference between these measures for object recognition and the shape bias [t(9) = 3.62], with differences between object recognition and shape caricature recognition and between shape caricature recognition and the shape bias just missing conventional standards). This pattern tells us that the skills required to perform well in the shape caricature task do not depend on having the full complement of skills that enable children to perform well in the shape bias task. Thus, this pattern supports the conclusion that success in the Shape Caricature Recognition task precedes success in the Shape Bias task. Moreover, at the individual level there was only one child who showed a reversal and passed the Shape Bias task without having already passed the Shape Caricature task (and that child passed the shape caricature task in the very next session). Overall, this pattern supports the conclusion from Experiment 1 that the development of structural representations of the three-dimensional shapes of common things precedes and thus does not depend on the development of the skills reflected in the shape bias task.\nFigure 3 shows the scatterplot of the sessions at which criterion performance was achieved in the shape bias task as a function of the session at which criterion performance was achieved in the caricature recognition task. If these two achievements were developmentally close then all participants should fall near the diagonal. If the Shape Bias emerged with some constant delay after Shape Caricature recognition, then the participants should fall near a line with a slope less than 1. Given the small sample, and the fact that three children did not succeed in the shape bias task before the study ended (a fact which supports the developmental priority of shape caricature recognition), it is not possible to measure the lag between success in the two tasks with any confidence. However, within this small sample, the timing of the two achievements is correlated (r = 0.61). Moreover, the pattern in Figure 3 makes clear that (1) success in the Shape Bias task lags behind Shape Caricature recognition and (2) the length of the lag varies considerably for individual children in this sample. Thus, while forming Shape Caricature representations for basic level categories might contribute to the development of the Shape bias, it appears not to be sufficient. The pattern in Figure 3 suggests that whatever the additional factors relevant for the development of the shape bias might be, they vary across children.\nFigure 3. Scatter plot of criterion sessions for success in the Caricature recognition task and Shape Bias task for the 10 children in the 6-month longitudinal sample in Experiment 2.\nOne might expect noun vocabulary size to be a good predictor of whether the shape bias emerges soon after or long after shape caricature recognition, since the emergence of both the shape bias and shape caricature recognition have been shown in previous research to be correlated with noun vocabulary size as well as in Experiment 1 (see Smith et al., 2010 for review). The noun vocabularies of these children as reported by their parents are markedly different at the point at which they meet criterion in the Shape Caricature recognition task, ranging from 50 to 210 nouns. However, there is a reliable correlation across the nine children who reached criterion on the Shape Caricature task (including the child who met criterion in session 1) between the vocabulary size at which they showed the Shape Bias and the gap in number of sessions between reaching criterion for the Shape Caricature task and the Shape Bias task [r(8) = 0.59, p = 0.05, mean gap in sessions 1.4, range −1 to 7). That is, in this small sample, children who had larger vocabularies when they first succeeded in the Shape Caricature task showed quicker subsequent development of the Shape Bias. This is a very small sample, and measured correlations are not stable across such small samples, but the observed relation suggests a new hypothesis that the development of a shape bias – generalizing newly learned object names to new instances by shape – depends on the representation of the abstract geometric shape that characterizes instances of early learned basic level categories and a sufficient number of already learned noun categories.\nOne limitation of this work is the use of the parent report of noun vocabulary size. Although the MCDI is a reliable and valid predictor of children’s relative language development in comparison to their peers and their future language development (e.g., Pan et al., 2004), it is likely to be a noisy measure of the actual words known by individual children (Styles and Plunkett, 2009; Mayor and Plunkett, 2011). As a further cautionary note, one of the participants did not reach criterion in any task and thus was given session criterion scores in each task of 10. That child’s Noun Vocabulary at the start was 20 nouns and was, by parent report, 205 nouns at the end, which places the child in the middle of the pack of 10 children; this child, however, never reached the five out of eight correct criterion even in the Object Recognition Task which is a receptive language task using typical and richly detailed objects. This fact raises questions about the parent-reported level of vocabulary development or the child’s behavioral compliance in the tasks. Further, although previous studies of shape caricature recognition and the shape bias in novel noun generalizations have used parent report of children’s productive noun vocabularies, the underlying assumption is not that the nouns the child says or even can comprehend are critical; rather vocabulary is used as a proxy measure of children’s knowledge of common object categories (e.g., Smith, 2003; Colunga and Smith, 2005). Standard measures of productive or receptive vocabulary may be imperfect indices of the relevant knowledge for shape caricature recognition or for the shape bias as total vocabulary measures do not, for example, tell us whether a child who produces or appears to comprehend a noun recognizes the full range of instances of the noun category or recognizes only some limited set of instances – or perhaps only a single instance, such as her own dog or her own toy bunny. Critically, it may be the extent and kind of knowledge of category instances across many categories that is the key to the formation of the over-hypothesis that “things in general are named by their shape.”\nThe present study was motivated by prior findings concerning the development of a shape bias in novel noun learning and the recognition of instances of basic level categories from sparse shape information. Past work showed that both developments occur between 18 and 24 months: both are related to early noun vocabulary size, and both are about object shape – but different aspects of attending to object shape. As a first step to understanding these developmental relations, the two experiments tested two hypotheses about the order of development of the two abilities in individual children. The results from both the cross-sectional and longitudinal samples support the hypothesis positing shape caricature recognition before the shape bias: children can recognize basic level categories from sparse shape information before they reliably extend an object name to objects that are identical in shape but differ in color and texture. These findings do not determine or identify the causal relation, if any, between the two developmental trends. However, they constrain potential hypotheses. There are four hypotheses about these causal relations in light of the results: (1) the two abilities are unrelated; (2) the shape bias – the ability to selectively attend to shape ignoring color and texture – contributes and is prerequisite to the development of shape caricature recognition; (3) shape caricature recognition is prerequisite to and supports the development of the shape bias; and (4) the two abilities co-develop, such that new partial knowledge in each fosters incremental development in the other. We consider each of these in turn.\nThe present results, which show a consistent developmental ordering as well as correlations between shape caricature recognition and shape bias scores, argue against the first hypothesis that the two achievements are unrelated. The extant literature, which shows in addition that both achievements are lacking in late talkers (Jones, 2003; Jones and Smith, 2005), and that both are correlated with vocabulary size (Smith, 2003; Smith et al., 2010) also strongly suggests some developmental relation. The present results also contradict the most straightforward prediction from the second hypothesis, that the shape bias is prerequisite to shape caricature recognition. As noted in the introduction, such a developmental ordering seemed mechanistically plausible in that children might have to preferentially attend to shape over other dimensions such as color and texture in order to discover the common geometric shape properties of members of the same basic level categories. This hypothesis is not strictly ruled out: as we discuss below, some components of a shape bias too weak to show in the present task might contribute to shape caricature recognition. However, the level of selective attention to shape needed to yield a shape bias in the standard novel noun generalization, task does not appear to be necessary to a robust ability to recognize basic level categories from sparse representations of object shape. Thus, the present evidence is more consistent with the final two hypotheses – that shape caricature recognition is prerequisite to the shape bias or that the two skills co-develop incrementally.\nOne might argue against the strong ordering hypothesis, that sparse structural representations of the shapes characteristic of basic level categories are prerequisite to the development of a robust shape bias in novel noun learning, by noting that the developmental ordering of performances in the two tasks will depend on the chosen measuring tasks. We attempted to make the two tasks as comparable as possible. Nonetheless, it is in principle possible to design a task measuring attention to shape over other properties in the context of object name learning that is easier than the present one, and thus in which children might succeed before they succeed in the present Shape Caricature Recognition task. The task we used to measure the shape bias is the most widely used version and the only one that has repeatedly been shown to be strongly related to noun vocabulary size and, more critically, to predict the future language development of individual children between the ages of 17 and 24 months (Samuelson, 2002; Smith et al., 2002; Gershkoff-Stowe and Smith, 2004). However, several studies using preferential looking measures or other methods in much younger infants found biased attention to shape in naming contexts that was not correlated with vocabulary size (Graham and Poulin-Dubois, 1999; Graham et al., 2004). This early “shape bias” could be due to different mechanisms (see, for example, Diesendruck and Bloom, 2003) or could be an early precursor of the later emerging shape bias in the standard noun generalization task. Those demonstrations of an early shape bias unrelated to vocabulary remind that developing abilities rarely emerge all or none, and that developmental pathways may be complex and not unidirectional. That is, a perhaps early bias to attend to object shape may exist independently of object name learning but be made stronger by learning names for things and this strengthening may benefit from the discovery of the common shapes of members of the same basic level category.\nWith this potentially complex and co-developmental process in mind, the remainder of the discussion is organized around the potential developmental pathways shown schematically in Figure 4. The figure shows (in the boxes) the two abilities – representation of the structural shapes that characterize known basic level categories, and biased generalization of a newly learned object name to new instances by shape. In line with the present results, shape caricature recognition in the figure precedes the shape bias. Also shown, in lower case text, are the hypothesized experiential factors that may be critical to the emergence of caricature representation and the shape bias: the number of instances known for any single category, the range of instances, and the number of categories. In the oval is a hypothesized additional ability that may be a critical intervening modulator with respect to the relations among shape caricature recognition, the shape bias, and the growth of object name vocabulary. As is the case in developmental process more generally (Blumberg, 2006; Stiles, 2008; Stiles and Jernigan, 2010; Sheya and Smith, 2010), the pathways may be complex, multi-causal, possibly bi-directional, and redundant such that there are multiple routes to the same end.\nFigure 4. Proposed developmental pathway and relevant experiences for the development of structural shape representations of common object categories and the shape bias in novel noun learning. Caricature recognition for specific basic level categories depends on the number and range of experienced instances and precedes and supports the development of the shape bias. The generalized ability to represent the structural shape of even novel things may be an intervening skill that may depend on the number and kind of known basic level categories.\nThe Structural Representation of Three-Dimensional Shape\nMature human visual object recognition is fast, robust under degraded viewing conditions, and capable of recognizing novel, indeed unusual, instances of a very large number of common categories (Cooper et al., 1992; Pegna et al., 2004; Fize et al., 2005). For example, in their everyday lives, people routinely recognize the dog whose nose is sticking out from the blanket, the highly unique modernistic chair, and the cup on the table as a particular and favorite cup. An emerging consensus is that there is more than one route – and no single mechanism – underlying the full range of these abilities (Hummel, 2000; Hayward, 2003; Peissig and Tarr, 2007; Smith, 2009). Because there are multiple routes to object recognition, the recognition of known basic level categories does not require the representation of or even attention to overall shape, but may be accomplished on the basis of piecemeal diagnostic local features (Ullman et al., 2002; Pereira and Smith, 2009). For example, if something has a dog nose, it is likely to be a dog; if it has a bumper and wheels, it is likely to be a car. However, the evidence indicates that given experience with categories, perceivers also build more configural forms of representation (see Peissig and Tarr, 2007), and in the case of common (non-face objects) build configural representations in terms of the relational structure of the major geometric parts (Kourtzi and Connor, 2011). These representations, like the caricatures used in the present studies, may capture the sparse three-dimensional structure of object shape (Biederman, 1995). The developmental evidence suggests that, in general, infants begin with piecemeal feature representations and only slowly build structural representations of the whole (Pereira and Smith, 2009; Augustine et al., 2011; Jüttner et al., 2012). Thus, infants’ early recognition of instances of well-known categories may not be primarily based on the relational structure of the major shape components. From this perspective, shape caricature recognition is not a critical achievement because it is necessary for recognizing category instances but because these structural shape representations have advantages over local diagnostic features in supporting category generalization (Son et al., 2008), in deciding about actions on objects (Eloka and Franz, 2010), and in recognizing objects from multiple viewpoints (Jüttner et al., 2012). The present results and the pathway model in Figure 4, propose further that these representations may contribute to the development of the shape bias in novel noun learning and thus, at least indirectly, to the learning of names for things in basic level categories.\nAlthough computational models (e.g., Doumas and Hummel, 2010) and some empirical findings (Augustine et al., 2011) suggest that category learning is critical to the emergence of structural shape representations, little is known about the precise nature of the relevant experiences for children or about the nature of the developmental trajectory. It seems likely that the formation of these representations requires viewing three-dimensional objects from multiple viewpoints so that those viewpoints may be dynamically integrated into a unified representation (Graf, 2006; Farivar, 2009). Several recent studies suggest that manual exploration may be a key factor in these developments (Soska et al., 2007; Pereira et al., 2010). Structural shape representations may also require experience with multiple category instances – easy chairs and rocking chairs – to pull out the relevant parts and relations. Finally, the ability to rapidly represent the structural properties of any complex shape – including the shapes of novel things (an ability not tested here) – may depend on experience with many categories and not just a few categories. This hypothesized more general representational skill – one that goes beyond well-known categories and is indicated in the oval in Figure 4 – may not be fully mature until quite late (Abecassis et al., 2001; Mash, 2006).\nOne early study suggested that young children could recognize the sparse shapes of even novel objects as well as the shape caricatures of known things (Smith, 2003). However, that study did not use foils that seriously challenged the quality or kind of representations underlying children’s choices, and they could have responded correctly merely by matching one component part of the richer real-life exemplar to the caricature. More challenging empirical examination of emerging skills suggests that children first form these representations for well-known categories and only subsequently are able to abstract the structural shape of novel things (Mash, 2006; Augustine et al., 2011). Two components of these caricature representations are (1) determining the global parts and (2) representing the spatial relations among those parts. Recent evidence suggests that the limiting ability in young children’s representation is the relational structure among parts. Young children show particular difficulty in discriminating both known and novel objects with the same parts in different relational organizations but they are generally well able to discriminate objects that differ only in a component part (Augustine et al., 2011). A further open question is whether (and if so how) the representation of the relational structure of objects depends on experiences within and across categories.\nA better understanding of the development of structural shape representations appears critical to understanding the developmental relation between shape caricature recognition and the shape bias. If a generalized ability to represent three-dimensional shape depends on representing the relational structure of objects and if these generalized representations are key to developing a shape bias – or in using a shape bias to learn real-world categories – then we need to understand the experiences that support these developments.\nThe Shape Bias in Novel Noun Generalizations\nThere are both extensive empirical findings and multiple theoretical accounts of the shape bias in children’s early noun generalizations (e.g., Booth and Waxman, 2008; Colunga and Smith, 2008). Three classes of formal computational models have specifically considered the factors relevant to developmental changes in the shape bias and the relation of those changes to noun vocabulary growth. One formal account, a Bayesian model of word-category learning as hypothesis testing (Kemp et al., 2007), sought to understand how an over-hypothesis that things are named by shape could be confirmed on relatively little evidence, with the underlying assumption being that the shape bias forms when children have relatively small vocabularies and when many of those categories are at best imperfectly and not solely organized by shape (see also Yoshida and Smith, 2003). The two alternative computational theories – connectionist models (Colunga and Smith, 2005) and the geometric model (Hidaka and Smith, 2011) – assume children’s experiences provide dense, albeit individually imperfect, evidence, and assume that some critical mass of instances and categories is essential to forming the generalization about the relevance of shape to basic level noun categories. By these analyses, broader statistical evidence is needed because, again, although shape is generally important across many basic level nouns, it is not the only perceptual property relevant for many individual categories and it is not critical at all for some common categories (Samuelson and Smith, 1999; Yoshida and Smith, 2003; Perry and Samuelson, 2011). Thus rich and extensive experience with categories and their instances underlies the emergence of the shape bias in these accounts. Two training studies (Samuelson, 2002; Smith et al., 2002) have shown that training with a few categories is sufficient to yield a shape bias in children who do not yet show one (consistent with the Bayesian conceptualization of the learning problem). However, one recent study shows that the development of a shape bias in these children is more robust when training involves a wide variety of instances of individual categories (Perry et al., 2010), a result potentially consistent with the view that dense data on the structure of individual categories is a relevant factor.\nThe geometric analysis of basic level category structure offered by Hidaka and Smith (2011), an analysis conceptually related to the mathematical properties of self-organizing maps, provides a possible insight into why the range of exemplars matters. Individual instances are defined within a high-dimension feature space. The model shows how competition at the boundaries of near (that is perceptually similar) categories within this high-dimension space are critical to finding the much smaller set of dimensions that may be used to define the regions corresponding to specific basic level categories. An extended range that includes unusual rather than the most typical instances provides fodder for border-competition. If this mathematical analysis captures aspects of the relevant psychological processes then it would also imply that it is not just the number of categories and range of instances within a category that matter to the development of a shape bias but also the proximity of the categories in perceptual feature space. That is, by implication, knowing the categories BED, CHAIR, and TABLE or the categories TRUCK, CAR, and BUS might facilitate the development of a shape bias (and/or perhaps shape caricature representations) better than knowing BED, CAR, and DOG, because it is the close discriminations that may drive new low-dimensional forms of representation. This is a particularly interesting proposal in light of new evidence concerning children who are slow in their vocabulary development. Several new analyses suggest that the vocabularies of these children who are at risk for later language learning and processing difficulties are not simply small but sparsely structured so that the likelihood of knowing semantically related words is less than that of typically developing children and less than would be expected from a random learner (Beckage et al., 2011). If semantically related words refer to near categories in perceptual similarity space, then a limiting factor in the development of the shape bias may be the perceptual and conceptual relatedness of the basic level categories known by the child.\nTwo of the most formidable skills that characterize human beings are language and our prowess in visual object recognition. Young children build these skills together which raises the possibility of mutual developmental dependencies. One domain in which these interactions may be particularly important is in the visual representation of shape and in the early learning of object names. Things in the same basic level noun categories are typically similar in shape (Rosch, 1973), and young children when learning new object names become biased to extend names to instances similar in shape (Landau et al., 1988). But shape itself is a visual enigma, describable in multiples ways (Graf, 2006), and potentially represented in the nervous system in multiple ways. Learning object names, and the ranges of things that are in common noun categories, may teach one of those forms of shape representations. Finally, these sparse representations of structural shape also may be an important ingredient in children’s developing expectations of the kinds of things to which common nouns refer.\nConflict of Interest Statement\nThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.\nWe thank Amara Steuhling and Elizabeth Hannibal for assistance in data collection. The research was supported by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development grants 2R01HD028675 and 5T32HD007475.\nAbecassis, M., Sera, M. D., Yonas, A., and Schwade, J. (2001). What’s in a shape? Children represent shape variability differently than adults when naming objects. J. Exp. Child. Psychol. 78, 213–239.\nFize, D., Fabre-Thorpe, M., Richard, G., Doyon, B., and Thorpe, S. J. (2005). Rapid categorization of foveal, and extrafoveal natural images: associated ERPs, and effects of lateralization. Brain Cogn. 59, 145–158.\nHummel, J. E. (2000). “Where view-based theories break down: the role of structure in shape perception and object recognition,” in Cognitive Dynamics: Conceptual and Representational Change in Humans and Machines, eds E. Dietrich and A. Markman (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum), 157–185.\nJiang, X., Bradley, E., Rini, R. A., Zeffiro, T., VanMeter, J., and Riesenhuber, M. (2007). Categorization training results in shape-and category-selective human neural plasticity. Neuron 53, 891–903.\nPan, B. A., Rowe, M. L., Spier, E., and Tamis-Lemonda, C. (2004). Measuring productive vocabulary of toddlers in low-income families: concurrent and predictive validity of three sources of data. J. Child Lang. 31, 587–608.\nPerry, L. K., Samuelson, L. K., Malloy, L. M., and Schiffer, R. N. (2010). Learn locally, think globally exemplar variability supports higher-order generalization and word learning. Psychol. Sci. 21, 1894–1902.\nSheya, A., and Smith, L. B. (2010). “Development through sensorimotor coordination,” in Enaction: Toward a New Paradigm for Cognitive Science, eds J. Stewart, O. Gapenne, and E. Dipaolo (Cambridge: MIT Press), 123–144.\nSmith, L. B. (1995). “Self-organizing processes in learning to learn words: development is not induction,” in Basic and Applied Perspectives on Learning, Cognition, and Development, ed. C. A. Nelson (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum), 1–32.\nStyles, S., and Plunkett, K. (2009). What is ‘word understanding’ for the parent of a one-year-old? Matching the difficulty of a lexical comprehension task to parental CDI report. J. Child Lang. 36, 895–908.\nXu, F., Dewar, K., and Perfors, A. (2009). “Induction, overhypotheses, and the shape bias: some arguments and evidence for rational constructivism,” in The Origins of Object Knowledge, eds B. Hood and L. Santos (New York: Oxford University Press), 263–284.\nKeywords: visual object recognition, shape bias, word learning, development, infants\nCitation: Yee M, Jones SS and Smith LB (2012) Changes in visual object recognition precede the shape bias in early noun learning. Front. Psychology 3:533. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00533\nReceived: 31 July 2012; Accepted: 12 November 2012;\nPublished online: 03 December 2012.\nEdited by:Dima Amso, Cornell University Weill Medical College, USA\nReviewed by:Carmel Houston-Price, University of Reading, UK\nYumiko Otsuka, University of New South Wales, Australia\nCopyright: © 2012 Yee, Jones and Smith. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited and subject to any copyright notices concerning any third-party graphics etc.\n*Correspondence: Linda B. Smith, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 1101 East, 10th Street, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. e-mail: email@example.com", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Discovery Education Streaming: A collection of educational videos and other media in a searchable database, with many videos divided into smaller video segments. Ideal for educational viewing, research, and use in multimedia projects.\nGlogster: Multimedia software that allows students to create rich, detailed projects that express, explain, engage, challenge and share.\nVoicethread: A collaborative, social media creation tool. Students can embed multimedia into a Voicethread and include voice or text comments. Other visitors to the Voicethread can add voice or text comments. A network of visitors can build knowledge and share ideas.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Now is the time to buckle down and make sure your child is on track in school. If you're concerned that they may not be, schedule a parent conference soon and make a plan with your child's teacher. Chances are the teacher would be eager to provide you with the standards that each student must meet and when. As a team, set some measurable goals for the rest of the school year and be ready and willing to do your part at home.\nI'll bring some tips for other subjects as well, but here are some quick and easy tips for math:\nEarly addition - 'Counting on' is a crucial strategy necessary for quick and confident adding. Simply put, it means being able to start at the largest addend and then add the smaller one to it. For example, to add 4 + 2, you would start with \"4\" and then count 2 more - \"5, 6.\" The best way to practice this is to use split dominoes. Half of the domino has the typical dots, while the other half does not have dots but a written numeral. In the previous example, there would be the numeral \"4\" written on one side, and two dots on the other. You can make these easily with index cards. Teach your child to say the written number and then add the other number by pointing to the dots one at a time. This will help ease the transition between needing concrete representations of each number and being able to make sense of each number as a whole.\nMultiplication facts - There is no getting around these, and for some kids they do not come easily. This may sound antiquated, but start with a multiplication chart, flash cards, and a highlighter. Figure out which facts your child already knows so you can spend the time at home concentrating on those that they don't. When you get to a card that they know automatically, highlight it on the chart. If they've been over them a lot in school, you'll probably be able to knock out all of the x0s, x1s, and hopefully the x2s, x5s, and x10s. Once you have the 'knowns' highlighted, praise your child and show them that the facts that are left are not that overwhelming. Be encouraging - this is daunting stuff if you're 9 years old and all your friends can do it with their eyes closed. For the facts that are left, be creative and be patient. One afternoon, just work on 6x4 and 7x3. Make up silly rhymes like \"The big bad wolf says open the door 'cause 6x4 is 24.\" Then take a blank piece of paper and bubble-write 7x3=21. Let them color it in and decorate it some way that takes some concentration - glitter, paint, glue on pieces of torn paper. The more time they spend looking at it in a novel way, the better able their brain is to make connections that will stick. Check out these super fun practice games online!\nThe most important variable in helping your child with school work is YOU. The time should be valuable to them, meaning they are at ease and feel safe learning and making mistakes with you. So be supportive of their effort and encouraging in their struggle.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sustainable food systems for achieving SDG 2\nThe Norwegian government has recently issued a white paper on sustainable food systems. Offering a holistic perspective, it highlights Norway’s desire to strengthen its engagement on increased sustainable food production, improved nutrition, creation of jobs as well as effective food governance.\nSeven Norwegian ministries collaborated on the new white paper on sustainable food systems. Minister of Climate and Environment, Ola Elvestuen, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ine Marie Eriksen Søreide, Minister of International Development, Dag-Inge Ulstein, and Minister of Agriculture and Food, Olaug Vervik Bollestad, in conversation with moderator Prof. Dan Banik.\nThe food systems approach\nFood security features high on the international development agenda. Two global initiatives in the past decade have reiterated the policies and programmatic actions required to spur urgent action to prevent malnutrition. First, members states of the World Health Organization unanimously endorsed in 2012 six ambitious and global targets to be achieved by 2025 aimed at improving maternal, infant and young child nutrition. Second, the 2030 Agenda adopted by 193 world leaders in September 2015 highlighted the urgency of enacting strong policies that leverage the benefits of globalization while minimizing the risks in order achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).\nDespite such attention on food security and nutrition, progress has been slow. According to the FAO, an estimated 821 million people today suffer from various forms of hunger and almost 155 million children aged under five are ‘stunted’ (too short for their age) while 52 million suffer from ‘wasting’ (their weight is too low for their height). These trends have been variously attributed to conflict, climate change, rapid changes in dietary habits and economic slowdowns.\nThere is now growing acceptance around the world that food security is closely linked with healthy diets, climate change, biodiversity, human rights, gender equality and governance. Adopting the now well-accepted food systems approach, Norway’s white paper proposes four main sets of interrelated goals.\n- Food production: increased sustainable and climate-adapted food production and increased productivity from diversified agriculture, fisheries and aquaculture;\n- Value creation and markets: support to farmers and businesses for stable access to safe and nutritious food and reduction of food waste;\n- Nutrition and diets: Improved nutrition and sustainable consumption based on increased knowledge and access to a varied and healthy diet, safe food and clean drinking water;\n- Policies and governance: a focus on promoting sustainable food systems in national, region and global frameworks, together with a push to strengthen relevant institutions.\nIn a rare move, seven Norwegian ministries collaborated closely in producing this very well-written and timely white paper. A major goal outlined in the white paper is to coordinate the numerous Norwegian government strategies already in place on renewable energy, antibiotic resistance, disaster prevention, environmental pollutants, digitalization and noncommunicable diseases. A related goal is to undertake regular consultations between various ministries in following up the strategy on sustainable food systems in close coordination with inputs from a reference group consisting of academics, civil society representatives and business leaders. Norwegian embassies around the world will also be tasked with promoting dialogue with respective governments on the topic. The Norwegian government has also indicated that substantial resources will be earmarked for the promotion of sustainable food systems in low-income country settings.\nTogether with Ola Westengen, I have previously written about how the food security discourse, viewed from a historical perspective, has witnessed a pendulum swing – from an initial focus on food production in the 1950s and 1960s, to resource scarcity and availability in the 1970s to a multifaceted social framing involving social science analyses on entitlements and access to food in the 1980s followed by a focus on the linkage between human rights and food in the 2000s. The widely accepted understanding of food security, as it was formulated for the 1996 UN World Summit on Food Security (WFS), highlights four major and interrelated aspects: food availability (adequate food supplies), access (people’s ability to access the available food supplies), utilization (calorie and micronutrient intake and absorption) and stability (environmental, economic and political stability in access to food). Viewed from this perspective, the focus on the food systems approach in the Norwegian white paper is particularly encouraging. Ensuring food security is no longer only about production, but sustainable production. Similarly, issues of production cannot be seen in isolation from matters of access to, and affordability of, safe and nutritious food. Moreover, food security cannot be isolated from other aspects of development, including health, education, energy, gender rights, transport and biodiversity.\nEnsuring policy coherence\nDuring a recent launch of the white paper, which I chaired, I interacted with five Norwegian ministers – fisheries, environment, agriculture, development cooperation and foreign affairs. Among the issues we discussed were renewed global attention on the concept of sustainable development and the extent to which politicians around the world are embracing policies in line with the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs. There was overwhelming agreement that SDG 2 cannot be achieved without considering other SDGs – hence integration of the goals is crucial. However, politicians typically do not address issues of trade-offs and it was unclear how and to what extent the seven ministries involved will be able to undertake regular consultations with each other and operationalize the white paper into concrete and coherent policy. While Norway is routinely praised for its generous foreign aid contributions, a recent evaluation of its policies by the OECD found that the country must strive for greater policy coherence.\nAlthough the white paper’s focus is primarily on SDG2, the priorities outlined signal Norway’s interest in taking a leadership role on sustainable development. The plan to promote sustainable food systems will not only impact SDG 2 but will have major implications for the achievement of all SDGs. However, while the white paper indicates a high level of political interest and sets out ambitious plans, it will require concrete operationalization of a joined-up policy in the years to come. Indeed, the success of this bold plan will ultimately depend on the extent to which the various ministries involved can collaborate and achieve policy coherence.\nOslo SDG blog\nA blog by the Oslo SDG Initiative.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Imagine a homeowner who doggedly budgets $1,400 per year for roof repairs, but consistently spends more than $2,500 fixing damage caused by falling branches. To balance the household budget, every year the homeowner shifts an additional $1,100 dollars from the family’s tree-trimming account.\nSounds like a broken household budgeting system.\nYet that’s exactly the nonsensical approach our federal government uses to budget for the cost of fighting wildfires.\nThe U.S. Forest Service told Congress last week that it currently predicts a $470 million shortfall in funding for wildfire suppression. That number will assuredly grow because it’s early in the wildfire season, and a large portion of the American West and South is tinder dry from a multi-year drought.\nLast year, the USFS fell more than $600 million short. It missed by about a billion dollars in 2002. As of 2012, the wildfire budget had been underfunded eight out of the previous 10 years.\nLike our fiscally challenged homeowner, every year the USFS must redirect funds from other programs, including fire prevention.\nIt makes no sense. Under current law, the USFS budget is based on a 10-year average. That almost guarantees an annual shortfall as the number and intensity of wildfires grows along with the costs to fight them.\nThe New York Times reports that federal agencies spent an average of $1.4 billion annually for fire suppression costs between 1991 and 1998. That number grew to an average $3.5 billion per year between 2002 and 2012 — a 250 percent increase.\nFormer President George W. Bush proposed funding changes, which President Barack Obama has endorsed, but Congress has not enacted them.\nA new bipartisan U.S. Senate bill co-sponsored by an Idaho Republican and an Oregon Democrat takes a creative approached by proposing to treat major wildfires as natural disasters, such as hurricanes or tornadoes.\nRemoving just the largest 1 percent of wildfires from the USFS budget, and funding their suppression from federal disaster accounts would cover this year’s projected shortfall.\nWith global temperatures expected to rise and drought conditions continuing in Southwest states, we should anticipate larger wildfires and extended fire seasons.\nIt’s foolish not to budget for these inevitabilities.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "PGD is similar to IVF treatments, except with a focus on identifying embryos that are free from genetic mutation. In Dowdy's case, this meant avoiding the transmission of the mutated BRCA genes to her children. After two weeks of hormonal stimulation, her eggs were retrieved and fertilized. After sitting to multiply for five days, doctors analyzed the embryos for mutations, marking those without any genetic defects for transfer into Dowdy's uterus. Even after implanting the cleared embryos, some doctors recommend an amniocentesis to confirm there aren't any missed mutations. Both of Dowdy's daughters were conceived this way.\nOpponents of PGD argue that the process essentially gives people the option to have \"designer babies\" — ones free of genetic mutations, and in some cases even allowing parents to select the sex of the baby. And, questions surrounding the disposal of genetically mutated embryos raises questions about the ethics of the practice.\nDowdy and her husband, like many parents today, face the simple question: If you could identify and eradicate genetic defects in your children, would you? In their case, the overwhelming family history of cancer raised flags they couldn't ignore. (Wall Street Journal)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Michigan’s Centers for Independent Living\nTransportation Policy for People with Disabilities\nMichigan residents should have access to means of transportation in order to access work, family, healthcare, and community. Limits to transportation create limits to quality of life and an ability to contribute to the community at large. We support a fully inclusive transportation system that includes inner city and cross-counties travel, rails, trails, waterways, and roads.\n- Transportation systems designed to meet the transit needs of people with disabilities in fact meet the needs of all transit users.\n- Accessible transportation includes seamless systems, services, vehicles, routes, stops, transfers, programs and all other aspects of transportation that meet or exceed the minimum requirements in the American with Disabilities Act.\n- Lack of accessible transportation limits access to employment, education, healthcare and community resources. It limits opportunities for individuals with disabilities to contribute to society to the extent they are able to.\n- All public transportation should be accessible to ALL users, ALL the time.\n- Equitable funding must be provided. All investments in transit services need to be accountably accessible to all users, regardless of program or area of the country.\n- Assure developments, such as the use of autonomous vehicles and local transportation initiatives include options that are accessible to all users.\n- Reorient state and federal funds for innovative private and public sector models that address unavailable and/or insufficient rural transportation.\n- Provide tax incentives to encourage acquisition of accessible vehicles by any organization not covered under the ADA (taxies, livery service, etc.)\nPublic transportation systems impact all Michigan residents, regardless of where they live, what they do, their ability or disability, or how much money they earn. A stronger public transportation system is a step toward a stronger Michigan.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Researchers at the University of Arkansas’ bioenergetics lab at its Fayetteville campus will lead a team of collaborators in a study funded by a $1.4 million grant from the U.S. Department of Defense.\nIts main goal is to investigate the origin of Leigh’s disease, a rare and incurable disorder that affects the central nervous system.\nThe disease, also known as Leigh syndrome, is described by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) as an inherited neurometabolic disorder that typically manifests in infants between the ages of 3 months and 2 years. Very occasionally it develops in teenagers and adults, and can be caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA or by a deficiency in an enzyme called pyruvate dehydrogenase.\nAccording to the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD), a nonprofit advocacy and research fundraising organization dedicated to providing support for individuals with rare diseases.\nNINDS explains that in Leigh’s disease, genetic mutations in mitochondrial DNA interfere with the energy sources that power cells in an area of the brain that controls motor movement. Genetic mutations in mitochondrial DNA result in a chronic lack of energy in these cells, in turn affecting the central nervous system and causing progressive degeneration of motor functions.\nMitochondria is intimately involved in the active function of many key tissues that include the brain, heart, and skeletal muscles. The current prognosis for individuals with Leigh’s disease is poor.\nDiagnosing Leigh’s disease may be confirmed by a thorough clinical evaluation and a variety of tests, particularly advanced imaging techniques such as MRI or computed tomography (CT) scans of the brain. There are no proven therapies for Leigh’s disease, and available treatments only improve systems and slow the progression of the disease.\nAccording to NINDS, the most common treatment is thiamine or vitamin B1, and oral sodium bicarbonate or sodium citrate may also be prescribed to manage lactic acidosis. In individuals who have the X-linked form of Leigh’s disease, a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet may be recommended.\n“The goal of the three-year study is to provide a better understanding of the emergence of the mitochondrial mutation that causes the disease,” Shilpa Iyer, an assistant professor in the J. William Fulbright College of Arts and Science at the University of Arkansas who is leading the study, said in a press release.\nIyer’s bioenergetics research program broadly focuses on understanding the genetics and developing therapies for childhood and age-related mitochondrial diseases. The U of A researchers are generating patient-specific stem cells to facilitate therapies and understand the cause and progression of mitochondrial diseases.\nThe research has military relevance in that mitochondrial function directly affects the energy levels and functional capabilities of returning combat veterans.\nIf this Department of Defense-funded project is successful, the researchers will generate clinical-grade, patient-specific stem cells for drug discovery and transplant therapies to be used with Leigh’s syndrome patients. Skin cells from a patient diagnosed with mitochondrial and other energy-deficiency diseases are being genetically reprogrammed into stem cells at Iyer‘s bioenergetics lab, then transformed into neurons and muscle cells.\nAdditional studies will identify the many steps in cellular bioenergetics that will help in understanding how stem cells are transformed into neurons and muscle cells in normal and diseased patients. The team will sample skin cells taken from adults suffering from Leigh’s disease and re-engineer them into a state identical to that of an embryonic stem cell.\n“We are mimicking the earliest stages of human development to trace how the mitochondria mutation is transmitted in each cell,” Iyer said. “In essence, we are re-creating the disease in the lab. We are trying to provide hope for people who are very sick.”\nIyer was also recently awarded a $236,946 transfer grant from the National Institutes of Health to fund a similar mitochondrial research project she started at her previous institution.\n“Our multidisciplinary research team is using advanced genetic techniques to better understand how and when mutations in the mitochondrial genome develop and cause these diseases,” Iyer said.\nThe researchers include Raj Rao, head of the Department of Biomedical Engineering in the College of Engineering at the U of A; researchers at the Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center in Richmond, Virginia; and at the University of Georgia.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Solar System 3D is an educational application for anyone interested in our amazing space.\nTake a journey to our solar system with this app now.\n- 3D space navigation\n- Entire solar system with the Sun, 8 major planets and the Moon.\n- Wikipedia information about each astro\n- Timer setting with speed up options to learn the spinning and orbiting basics of the solar system\n- Fantastic simulation of the Earth's seasonal tilt degree and day-night simulation based on your device global location.\n- Fair clouds, ambient night view and atmosphere simulation for our planet Earth.\n- Real scale factor on the planet size, spin/orbit speed and distance to sun.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Deutsche Übersetzung: Rassenvermischung: Die Moral des Todes\nby Dr. William L. Pierce (pictured, portrait by Will Williams)\nHISTORY HAS TAUGHT us that the most fundamental necessities for the existence of a healthy and progressive White society are the racial quality of its members and a moral code or value system which complements and enhances that quality.\nUltimately, of course, the former is much more fundamental than the latter. Only a sound race can give birth to sound racial ethics. Without the living biological entity, there is and can be nothing. But as long as the race survives — as long as the potential for effective racial sovereignty exists — alien and spiritually damaging values alone will not prove fatal.\nThe enemies of our race have obviously long understood this truth. That is why, a half-century ago, they waged the most vicious war the world has ever seen in order to destroy an idea based upon that racial truth. That is why they subsequently organized the systematic swamping of White civilization by millions of alien immigrants. And that is why they have used their control of the news and entertainment media, of the government, and of schools and universities to implement a massive propaganda campaign to encourage miscegenation between Whites and non-Whites.\nOf course, miscegenation is not a natural occurrence. Evolution would have been impossible if every evolutionary experiment had been short-circuited by cross-breeding. Nature’s urge toward higher and more complex life forms has demanded that subspecies remain genetically isolated until all possibility of genetic admixture has been removed. Even though such isolation of the various human subspecies from one another has not been of sufficient length to ensure the impossibility of genetic admixture, it has ensured the existence of deep-seated psychological barriers which, under natural conditions, prevent miscegenation.\nWhen these natural conditions are disrupted and distorted, however, unnatural sexual activities such as homosexuality and miscegenation have been known to result. Just as bulls have been known to mount mares, and St. Bernard dogs have tried to mate with Chihuahuas when forced into close confinement and deprived of their natural environment, so Whites have copulated with Negroes in similar circumstances. It is the disruption of the White man’s natural environment and the dehumanization of his society and culture, therefore, which the Jews and their collaborators in the news and entertainment media have consistently worked for in order to encourage racial mixing.\nThis campaign began at least as early as 1967, when 16 U.S. states still had laws against miscegenation. In that year Jewish director/producer Stanley Kramer brought out the film Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner, starring Katherine Hepburn and Spencer Tracy as a couple whose daughter begins an affair with a Negro. The aim of the film was clear and since has been admitted. It was designed as an “educational film” for White Americans: after seeing their on-screen heroes, Tracy and Hepburn, surrendering their White daughter to a Black male, they would feel less compunction in doing the same. \nSince that time Whites have not just been encouraged to mate with Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians, they have been subject to every conceivable Pavlovian method to blackmail and bully them emotionally into doing so. With ever increasing intensity the message has been that miscegenation is not just an option, but the option that society expects. Particularly, the primary aim of the Political Correctness movement, in all of its manifestations, has been to confuse heterosexual Whites and make them feel sinful and guilty for being White; to encourage them to “repent” by helping put their race out of existence.\nThe Hollywood film The Last of the Mohicans, which came out in 1992 with the Jewish actor Daniel Day-Lewis in the leading role, is a typical example of how the Jewish news and entertainment media have spearheaded this campaign. In the film White males are portrayed as weak, cowardly, disloyal, and barbaric — and as justly deserving of their slaughter at the hands of the noble, dignified, courageous, and sexy Red Indians. Yes, just to ensure that White women don’t miss the implication that White men are worthless, the leading White female character dumps her despicable British-officer fiancé and runs off into the sunset with the Mohican hero. The underlying message of the film is clear: race-mixing is not only natural and understandable, it is also the morally right thing to do.\nZoologists and anthropologists have identified two types of feral constraint which ensure that under natural conditions animal groups — including human groups — which may be able to interbreed with each other refrain from doing so. On one hand, there are inborn biological impulses based upon physical “sign stimuli,” such as smell, color, and visual differentiation. Then there is the behavioral imprinting and habituation which takes place in the early weeks and months of infancy based upon the intimate relationship between the mother and the infant. This helps to ensure that when sexual mating is eventually attempted, it will take place only with those forms that resemble the parent or siblings. \nNot surprisingly, the Jews have gone all out to corrupt and cripple the latter tendency in Whites, particularly under the guise of “children’s entertainment.” In 1994, for example, the Walt Disney Company brought out a re-adaptation of its 1967 film The Jungle Book. This was Disney’s first children’s offering since being taken over by the Jewish clique headed by Michael Eisner, and, predictably, it was a complete distortion, both of the original Kipling story and the 1967 Disney animated version. With a story line remarkably similar to Last of the Mohicans, the White heroine rejects her British-officer fiancé for an Indian jungle boy played by a Chinese actor.\nSignificantly, the White girl’s decision is portrayed as being based upon moral considerations of right and wrong, upon her realization that White society and White men in particular are irredeemably bad. Eisner pursued this line in the two subsequent Disney animated children’s films, Pocahontas and The Hunchback of Notre Dame, which are similar both in their pernicious race-mixing propaganda and in their blatant disregard for the original stories. Such systematic consistency in shape and content suggests design rather than coincidence.\nIn any case, the actual motivation of Michael Eisner in churning out such material is not the most important question. The thing that really matters is the actual effect of his efforts: young children are being influenced, at an age where they are most open to behavioral imprinting, with a message that miscegenation is good and morally correct, and that Whiteness is evil and morally wrong.\nJust as young Whites in the past were encouraged by an alien religious dogma to feel sinful because of their natural sexual urges, to feel unclean in having them, and to seek “salvation” by denying them, so today they are indoctrinated with guilt-inducing ideas about being White. And the solution which they are offered to overcome these artificial feelings of guilt and self-hate is increasingly clear: mate with a non-White partner and have mongrel offspring. Racial suicide is thus insidiously presented to them as the only way in which they can overcome their Whiteness and all the consequent pain and shame that goes with it.\nActually, miscegenation has rapidly emerged as the official religion of the New World Order and its adherents. Propagated with an increasingly hysterical fervor, it has been developed as the new universal slave-morality which embraces and transcends established religions such as Christianity. In March 1994, for example, evangelist Billy Graham’s publication Christianity Today urged readers to rejoice over the existence of mixed-race marriages and mixed-race children and to do everything possible to make them fully accepted into society. It even stated that this is one area where the news and entertainment media are morally ahead of the churches.\nThis propagation of miscegenation as an ideological crusade also has made significant inroads into the education system. When a North Carolina middle school principal recently cautioned a White female student and a Black male student about the dangers of interracial dating, he was immediately suspended from his job and disciplined. He was not allowed to return to work until he had been “reeducated” after confessing and repenting his “sins” in a counseling and sensitivity training program. \nThe ideological nature of this campaign to promote miscegenation was also reflected in an article in the August 1996 issue of Maryland Family Magazine, part of the Times Mirror group. Written by Helen Armiger, described as a candidate for ordained ministry in the United Methodist Church, “How to Raise an Unbiased Child” argues that society is compelled to teach its youth to live harmoniously and productively within a global environment. Quoting approvingly a Maryland education official, Armiger insisted that there exists a moral obligation to provide children with the opportunity to engage in a variety of relationships with people of different races and sexual orientations without any kind of parental or social constraint.\nBehind the high-sounding slogans portraying miscegenation as morally imperative and beneficial, the motivation of its proponents is clear: the intention is not to “save” or “redeem” Whites, but to destroy them completely. What such “morality” really derives from is a totally subjective, alien mind-set which seeks the biological extinction of the White race, and which, from its own perspective, sees such an extinction as a good and righteous thing. Some of its proponents are much more honest than others in admitting to this reality. One journal, Race Traitor, edited by Noel Ignatiev and subtitled “Treason to Whiteness is Loyalty to Humanity,” openly declares its conviction that the only way to solve the social problems of the age is to abolish the White race. Its admitted aim is not “multiculturalism” or “multiracialism,” but biological unity and racelessness. \nSuch thinking is not confined to the political fringes. On September 29, 1996, The New York Times Magazine ran an article by Jewish writer Stanley Crouch (author of the book The All-American Skin Game: Or, the Decoy of Race ). Entitled “Race is Over,” Crouch’s article confidently predicted that a century from today unprecedented levels of racial mixing — of a wide variety of combinations — will ensure that the very concept of race will be redundant. Americans of the future, it argues, will find themselves surrounded in every direction by people who are part Asian, part Latin, part European, part American Indian. The sweep of body types, combinations of facial features, hair textures, eye colors, and what are now “unexpected skin tones” will, in Crouch’s view, be far more common because the current paranoia over mixed marriages should be by then largely a superstition of the past.\nEven this declared goal, however, reveals only part of the agenda, because one particular race has an exemption ticket from this universal morality of genetic amalgamation. But The New York Times Magazine article symbolizes what the Politically Correct movement is really all about. When the mainstream Harper’s Magazine runs articles advocating government-sponsored summer camps for young White girls to meet and begin relationships with non-White males, it is not doing “good” for those girls; it is actively encouraging what is most definitely bad for them. And when the Prudential Insurance Company of America sponsors a series of racial unity conferences for children across America and the world, it is not doing what is “right” for those children; it is doing what is totally and utterly wrong for them.\nActually, such “morality” is without any moral foundation whatsoever. It’s not based on any natural or biological law, nor does it follow any rational or scientific line of reasoning. This helps to explain why it is having some difficulty in achieving its objectives. Undoubtedly many Whites preach the cause of miscegenation, and many have put it into practice. But, revealingly, the numbers in the latter camp are still much smaller than in the former.\nSome of the Whites who advocate race-mixing are obviously unhealthy in a genetic sense, and mentally ill as opposed to spiritually sick. The person who wrote to his local newspaper recently stating his frustrated wish to have five per cent Black blood in his ancestry so as to blend in with what he considers the ideal American racial composition, may be an example. \nIn any case, in instances such as these miscegenation could even be considered a tool of natural selection in weeding such people out of the White gene pool.\nFor the majority of Whites who advocate miscegenation, however, their sense of righteousness in espousing it is nothing more than a manifestation of trendiness: of wanting to feel and appear fashionable.\nTake, for example, the case of the young Hollywood couple Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman. Both appear to be healthy and physically attractive specimens of Aryan humanity. Yet they have recently adopted a Black child and actively collaborated with the Jewish media in publicizing it as a fine and noble deed which has helped the cause of human and societal “progress.” There is nothing biologically wrong with this couple; they’ve just gone out of their way to make a fashion statement. And the adopted child is nothing more than a fashion accessory for their symbolic commitment to the idea of miscegenation.\nIndeed, it is revealing that for all their fashion consciousness, Cruise and Kidman chose to marry each other rather than non-Whites: they chose to adopt a non-White child rather than to create one. Even they, therefore, whether conscious of it or not, are evidence that most Whites are not yet putting the idea of miscegenation into practice — regardless of the lip service which they might feel compelled to give it.\nA recent study of miscegenation statistics by Jewish academic Douglas J. Besherov, resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, seemed to give some credence to this view, although the report highlighted some very disturbing trends. These included a tripling of marriages between Whites and Blacks since 1970, and a sharp increase in marriages between Whites and Asians or Hispanics. The U.S. Census Bureau counted about 150,000 interracial marriages nationwide in 1960. By 1990 that number grew tenfold to 1.5 million. In 1994 it was estimated at more than 3 million.\nEqually alarming was the statistic that 35.4 percent of White women married to Black men said they planned to have children, a higher proportion than the 29 percent of White women married to White men who said they wanted children. This is on top of a four-fold increase in mixed-race births since 1970, although not all of these involved a White parent.\nSuch trends are obviously ominous and potentially catastrophic by pointing in the long term to the biological extinction of White America. In the short term, however, from the perspective of those of us trying to prevent such a nightmare from unfolding, they do provide at least some grounds for optimism and opportunity. Despite 30 years of Judeo-Christian brainwashing, over 90 per cent of Whites are declining to transgress what Douglas J. Besherov admits is American society’s “last taboo.”\nSimilarly, despite the efforts of Senator Howard Metzenbaum (D-OH, now retired), who in 1994 introduced the Multiethnic Placement Act in the Senate in an effort to bring about an increase in transracial adoptions, most Whites appear still to prefer to adopt White babies, and most non-Whites still prefer to adopt non-White babies. Such attitudes, moreover, appear to be hardening in spite of the Clinton administration’s attempts to legislate against them.\nThe Cruise-Kidman adoption, for instance, was condemned by the National Association of Black Social Workers on the grounds that transracial adoptions amounted to racial and cultural genocide.\nUndoubtedly an important factor in this situation has been the growth in tensions that has accompanied the transition to a multiracial society. As racial and ethnic identification has become more relevant in people’s lives, the resulting racial polarization and intensified group solidarity have mitigated somewhat against the idea of interracial mating. It seems clear, for example, that the O.J. Simpson trial served the useful purpose of intensifying both White and Black racial consciousness and of discrediting the idea of miscegenation.\nOne hopeful sign of this was the fact that Hulond Humphries, a White high school principal in Wedowee, Alabama, who was ousted from his position in 1994 for threatening to cancel the spring prom if interracial couples turned up, recently won an election runoff for superintendent of schools.\nAs with the race question in general, many Whites — for the moment at least — seem to be carrying around with them two conflicting value systems in relation to race-mixing: the one they publicly purport to hold and the one they actually live their private lives by. While the former is artificially created and only maintained by continuous external conditioning, the latter arises from instinct, which is genetically ingrained.\nThus, although race-mixing propaganda may have been purposefully designed to appeal to the subconscious and to avoid encountering rational faculties, it has inevitably come up against subconscious genetic realities which are not easily influenced by alien attempts at behavioral modification. Consequently, while it has been relatively easy to bring about widescale spiritual sickness and confusion, it has been much more difficult to implement widescale biological amalgamation.\nSuch a situation, however, will not last forever. History is full of examples of artificial and destructive moralities triumphing over the natural order. Despite its setbacks, the cult of miscegenation has spread substantially over the last thirty years and will continue to do so. Current trends continue to point to the most fundamental and inescapable reality which confronts us today: the White race stands on the precipice of biological extinction.\nAnd one thing is certain: as the strains and tensions of this multiracial society increase in the coming years, so the campaign to destroy us through racial mixing will intensify. For this reason alone, regardless of increased racial polarization, the false morality of miscegenation will not disappear naturally. The circumstances of racial chaos will help us, but only organized and radical action on our part will achieve the vital necessity of a complete and decisive separation of the races and the final destruction of the morality of death.\n* * *\nFrom National Vanguard Magazine, Issue No. 117 (March-April 1997)\n1 – Newsweek, June 10, 1991.\n2 – Roger Pearson, ‘Ecology, Adaptation, and Speciation,’ in Ecology and Evolution, Washington, DC (1996).\n3 – Raleigh News and Record, February 10, 1996.\n4 – Race Traitor, No. 2, Winter 1993.\n5 – Letter from Ivan Wittman to Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, May 4, 1996.\nSource: National Vanguard", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Brian Queen started off this sparkling panel with his presentation, “The Paper Artist & the Engineer: How Technology Supports the Creative Process.” He amply demonstrated that new digital technologies have presented book artists and designers with amazing new tools: laser cutters, CNC routers, and 3-D printers are capable of more than you might imagine. The talk was supplemented with several short “demo” videos, and a parade of artifacts that were passed through the audience. Queen pointed out that throughout history, artists have been among the first people to exploit new technologies.\nJosef Beery’s presentation, “Flax: The Printer’s Plant” brought us out of the laboratory and into the fields of Charlottesville and the papermaking studios of the University of Virginia. Beery described in loving and close detail the complex and time-consuming stages of making paper from flax. The talk was anchored in pedagogy. Beery showed how his semester-long class tackled problems before finding success.\nThe final presentation featured Suzanne Sawyer and Amy LeePard’s experiments with printing on wet sheets of handmade paper. Amy couldn’t make it to the conference, but she participated via video. Titled, “Pulp Diction,” their talk walked through the trials and errors of their processes in not only making sculptural paper but incorporating relief printing on it. Their results left everyone amazed.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "ERIC Number: ED339780\nRecord Type: Non-Journal\nPublication Date: 1989\nReference Count: N/A\nJones, Reginald L., Ed.\nThis volume presents an overview of contemporary black adolescents from social, psychological, economic, educational, medical, historical, and comparative perspectives, with most emphasizing the roles that race, socioeconomic status, and environmental forces play in this critical period. The volume includes 19 chapters by various authors arranged into 8 sections. The first section treats perspectives in an overview essay by J. T. Gibbs, a look at important developments in black adolescent research by B. G. Holliday, and a discussion of comparative personality development by C. B. Murray and others. The second section treats youth in diverse settings in J. A. Banks' look at black youth in white suburbs and C. C. Lee's description of rural black adolescents. The third section is on physical and mental health and includes B. Staggars' report on black adolescent health care issues and H. F. Meyers' paper on urban stress. The fourth section explores psychosocial development and socialization in R. L. Taylor's paper on social construction of identity and M. L. Clark's paper on friendships and peer relations. The fifth section looks at education in R. Tobais' report on issues and programs and C. B. Murray and H. H. Fairchild's paper on models of underachievement. Section 6 is on career development and employment with papers by I. Baly on career and vocational development and J. Malveaux on transitions to the labor market. Section 7 examines counseling and psychotherapy in chapters by C. C. Lee and A. J. Franklin. A final section on special topics looks at antecedents and outcomes of adolescent pregnancy by D. Scott-Jones and others, teen parenting by L. Goddard and W. Cavil, substance abuse by E. G. Singleton, and black youth and the criminal justice system by F. F. Hawkins and N. Jones. Included are bibliographic sketches of the authors, and author and subject indexes. All chapters include extensive references. (JB)\nDescriptors: Adolescent Development, Adolescents, Black Education, Black Students, Black Youth, Counseling, Drug Abuse, Early Parenthood, Health, Mental Health, Research Reports, Rural Environment, Secondary Education, Social Development, Suburban Environment, Urban Youth\nCobb and Henry Publishers, P.O. Box 4900, Berkeley, CA 94704-4900 ($25.95 paperback; ISBN-0-943539-01-3--$36.96 hardcover).\nPublication Type: Books; Collected Works - General\nEducation Level: N/A\nAuthoring Institution: N/A", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Dental hygiene or oral hygiene means maintenance of the mouth, teeth and gums. Oral hygiene is made up of at-home daily maintenance and regular visits to your dentist. The daily brushing and flossing you do at home combined with the professional cleanings provided by your dentist and dental hygienist will ensure you keep your natural teeth for a life time.\nThe Dental Hygiene process:\nNo matter how thorough and at-home brushing and flossing routine may be, calculus will build up on the teeth over time. As Calculus builds below the gum line, bacteria eventually invade the area with the potential to create a host of dental problems. A dental hygienist is trained to eliminate this calculus buildup and eliminate this threat to one’s health.\nDental hygienist are specialist a scraping away the hard plaque and removing calculus deposits. They also take Digital X-rays and look for changes to the patient’s bite.\nWhen the hygienist is done cleaning, the dentist will conduct further examination of the gums and mouth for signs of tooth decay or gum disease. The American Dental Association suggests patients schedule a visit to the dentist and dental hygienist twice a year to guarantee good oral hygiene.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Desertion, Fear of War or Cowardice\nKeywords:war; criminal; military; conditions\nSince ancient times, mankind has been confronted with this political phenomenon called war. In an\netymological sense, the word war refers to an armed conflict (of long duration) between two or more states,\nnations, human groups, for the realisation of economic and political interests, so it becomes our instinct to\ndefend ourselves, to neutralise what we consider to be a threat to us. In times of armed conflict, belligerents are\nwilling to create a state of psychological fear in those they consider enemies by destroying symbols they hold\ndear; a church or monument that has been desecrated with explosives, so this is a direct blow to the community\nthat has grown up around them. It’s not just about the demolition of stone, mortar and glass; it’s also about the\nloss of centuries of history, customs and safety assent.\nCopyright (c) 2022 EIRP Proceedings\nThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.\nYou are free to:\n- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format\n- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material\n- for any purpose, even commercially.\n- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.\nUnder the following terms:\n- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "“The truth is that, just as so many did in the 1970s, a commodity cycle has been confused with a ‘new paradigm’ and (neo)Malthusian biases have cherry-picked data and made vague pronouncement (“the easy oil is gone”) with little more than some curve-fitting to support their conclusions.”\n“We now have an elephant in the room, and its name is peak oil,” states Kjell Aleklett in an interview with James Morgan in ScienceOmega (June 10, 2013). Interviewer James Morgan adds: “Of course, it is possible to argue over the exact point at which global peak oil will arrive, but at some time in the not too distant future, we are going to have deal with this problem.”\nAnd so here we go again on the trial of exhaustion theory, one step removed from the scientism of central planning where decline rates are projected and a social cost of depletion is calculated for an extraction tax. But it is all bad science.\nOne reason that bad science persists is that too many non-experts trust scientists to produce valid, reliable work, and the article in ScienceOmega, an interview with Professor Aleklett, the director of the Association for the Study of Peak Oil, is an excellent example.\nOf course, being an interview, it represents the opinions of Prof. Aleklett, but even the mildest of scrutiny would probably have prevented the publication.\nAside from factual mistakes (such as his claim to have written the first peer-reviewed peak oil article), the interpretation of many issues is, at best, confused. Most important, the death of peak oil was due to an examination of the research, not the recent surge in shale oil production.\nThe expert community never paid more than passing interest in what was a debate, not between geologists (or scientists) and economists, as peak oil advocates argue, but between optimists and pessimists, with the former usually being knowledgeable and experienced, and the latter novices.\nThe original methods used to predict the peak of world oil production proved to be deficient: the theories were not based on science, but statistical analysis and curve-fitting, and the predictions repeatedly failed, rarely mentioned by Aleklett and his colleagues.\nMore recent claims that ‘natural science’ is now being used (which was supposedly the case in the 1990s research) are similarly flawed. The fact that a physicist is supervising the work doesn’t make it scientific: in fact, there work is roughly the same as mathematical models of stock market behavior.\nNew Peak Fallacies\nThe claim that oil production has peaked is also fallacious. In the past decade, petroleum production has risen by over ten million barrels per day (mb/d); it rose 2.5 mb/d last year despite a variety of political problems (Sudan, Syria, Nigeria, Libya, Iran)….\nAnd Prof. Aleklett confuses the issue of differentiating production and consumption, describing it as double-counting. What is occurring is that the global recession and price-induced conservation have caused global consumption to slow; peak oil advocates mistakenly assume that this is because of production constraints.\nProf. Aleklett was not “right” in predicting the peak between 2009 and 2013, any more than his colleague was right in predicting the peak in 1989, 2002, 2008, or that global resources had peaked at 2 trillion barrels.\nThe deficiency caused by the lack of independent variables becomes obvious when examining his point about the EIA and IEA dropping their forecasts for oil production in 2030 by 25 mb/d, to 95, which he claims shows how attitudes have changed since “you first made your predictions.” In fact, they both show near-linear increases in production throughout the time horizon, which hardly suggests that they have been influenced by the prediction of a roughly 2010 peak.\nThe truth is that, just as so many did in the 1970s, a commodity cycle has been confused with a ‘new paradigm’ and Malthusian (or neo-Malthusian) biases have cherry-picked data and made vague pronouncement (“the easy oil is gone”) with little more than some curve-fitting to support their conclusions.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "It’s time to make some beats for y’all.\nWhether you want to liven up the party or just get your name out there, you’re going to need some good beats to accomplish that.\nThat’s why in this guide we are going to show you how to make beats so that you can get started in your music production career whether it’s for fun or you are an aspiring professional.\nSo let’s get started.\n1. How To Make A Good Beat: The Fundamentals\nBefore you make any beats, I highly recommend that you have some foundation in music theory.\nIf you are coming with no musical knowledge, it is going to be difficult to find chords and notes that go well together.\nIt’s like trying to write the word “apple” without knowing the English alphabet. You can definitely copy it but you won’t know the reason why apple is spelled that way and wouldn’t know how to write the word “cat” without again copying (while still having no clue how the word “cat” was formed…)\nSo back to music theory…\nSure, it’s possible to play notes randomly and find something you like…\nBut just having a little foundation to give you that direction will make it easier and faster to find a melody that you enjoy.\nFor example, if you had no music theory, you wouldn’t know that in the Major C scale (the scale with only white notes) that the black keys will sound off.\nBut if you knew just the basics of music theory, you know that those black keys can help you make some sick sounding minor chords, add some dissonance to your music, or know which chord progressions will go well with the song you’re thinking in your head.\nSo is it mandatory?\nBut will it make your life easier?\nSo I recommend you learn just a little of music theory. Just a teensy bit with the formation of chords and basic scales.\n2. Choose Your DAW\nOkay, if you’re completely brand new, then your question is probably…\n“What the hell is a DAW?”\nAnd I don’t blame you because that’s what I asked when I kept seeing this word.\nTo put it into some context, GarageBand and Logic Pro X are DAWs.\nIt’s a Digital Audio Workstation so you can make music and beats.\nThink of it as Adobe Premiere for video editors or Photoshop for graphic designers.\nIt’s a tool for “audio editors.”\nSo now you know what it is, your next question is probably…\n“Which DAW should I choose?”\nAnd I highly recommend something easy and free like GarageBand (if you have a mac) to get your toes wet.\nThe reason for this is that you just want to execute on creating beats.\nIt truly doesn’t matter what DAW you choose in the beginning, but you should focus on one where it’s user friendly so you can learn less about the software and spend more time on making your first beats.\nAnd then when you learn beats, you can figure out what you like and don’t want in your DAW and have more research to choose which DAW to use in the future.\nBack to the video editing reference, it’s like editing on something like iMovie to figure out if:\n- You actually enjoy it\n- The little things that you like or don’t like about the current software.\nBut here are some solid choices to choose for your DAW:\n- FL Studio\n- Logic Pro X\n- Ableton Live\nYou can’t really go wrong with any of these when starting out.\nTo put it in perspective, I went from GarageBand to Logic Pro X once my skills got better at making bets.\nSo just pick one and let’s start making some beats!\n3. Choose Your Genre\nNow, before you choose your software, get your equipment, etc. I again recommend you choose a genre to specialize in.\nWhat type of music should you create?\nThere’s so much genre and each one has it’s own little specialties from:\n- Hip hop\nAnd each one differs completely from the rest.\nThe reason why you want to specialize from the get go is so that you can see genuine improvements over time.\nEach genre has a lot of little things and when you’re bouncing from genre to genre, you become a “jack of all trades” rather than a master at one genre.\nSo why is this important for a beginner?\nBecause when you’re a beginner, chances are you want to improve as fast as possible (cause that was me…)\nAnd when you focus on one thing, you will improve at that one thing exponentially faster than if you focused on multiple things.\nWhich makes sense.\nThink of it like this. If you want to learn to play music, you can choose a ton of instruments like the guitar, piano, saxophone, violin, etc.\nIf you spend 10 hours learning each instrument, you will probably be able to use each instrument…\nVersus just picking one instrument and putting 40 hours into it.\nIn other words, if you focus on just one thing you will improve drastically faster than bouncing everywhere.\nIt also applies to life… (kinda…)\nAnyway, if you don’t know what to specialize in, think of the music you enjoy and experiment in the beginning to see what you like before you specialize in.\nBut the faster you specialize, the faster you will improve.\n4. Set the tempo\nOne of the first things you want to do when creating beats is you want to set the tempo of the song.\nThe question is…\nDo you want a fast song or a slow song?\nMost of this is pretty intuitive if you have listened to songs, but usually you pick a slow song if it’s a sad or emotional song or a fast song if you want to make it energetic or upbeat.\nSo how do you choose what BPM should be?\nThe best part is to pick one that sounds what you’re thinking of and adjust along the way.\nThe best part with DAWs is that when you change the BPM, you can hear how it sounds when it’s slowed or sped up, allowing you to choose what best suits what music you’re going for.\n5. Choose The Melody For Your Song\nOnce you have decided on a song to use, then the next step is to choose the melody for your song.\nThis should be the bread and butter of your entire song.\nThis can be a simple four chord progression where you go crazy with all the harmonics and synths…\nOr it can be as simple as a simple 3 note sequence.\nIt truly depends what you’re trying to go for when you are creating your music.\nThere’s three major ways on how to create a melody for your song:\n- Play randomly and see what sounds good and go from there (A legit good start to making music…)\n- Listen to famous songs that you enjoy and draw inspiration from their chord progressions…\n- Take a shower and wait for inspiration to hit randomly…\nOkay, you don’t have to take a shower, but that’s where a lot of my good beats come from.\nAnother thing you want to consider with your melody is where you’re going with the entire song.\nWhat’s the story of the song and is the melody in sync with that music?\nFor example, if you have an amazing upbeat melodic song but you have lyrics for a slow, emotional heartbreak song…\nIt’s probably not going to mesh well.\nAnd that’s not the only thing to consider what genre the song is, but does the melody emphasize the parts you want to emphasize in your lyrics and helps express what you’re trying to say in your music.\nIn the end, you should focus your melody on trying to express your song at its core.\nSo choose your melody, but through iteration is where your melody gets better as the more rough drafts you go through.\n6. Structure Your Song Correctly\nAnother thing you want to consider is to structure your song correctly once you have your DAW, melody, and the type of song you want to create.\nWhat a lot of amateurs (and even professionals) struggle with is that once they figure out a beat, they realize that they have this amazing chorus and spend hours upon hours on making it perfect…\nAnd then they realize they don’t know what to put in the beginning and ending.\nYou want to have a general idea of the structure of your song so that you don’t run into this problem.\nYou want to consider 3 three things:\n- What are you trying to convey to your listeners?\n- What do you want it to sound like?\n- How do you want the beginning, middle, and the end to sound like?\nOnce you can figure this out, you have a great basis on how to make your music.\nThink about it like this.\nLet’s say we are happy kids screaming for ice cream type of music…\nSo a happy and energetic song.\nAnd what we’re trying to convey is that life is amazing.\nNow in my head, I’m imagining happy chord progressions with a loud bang in the chorus.\nSo now I have a general idea of how my song is.\nNow let’s get a bit more specific.\nThe question I’m missing is…\n“How do I want to start my music and how do I want to end it?”\nSo then I want to start it as a slow ramp up and end it with a slow ramp down.\nAnd then we get more specific.\nI want a verse-chorus-verse-chorus-bridge structure.\nAnd then we get more specific.\nI want to add goat noises somewhere.\nYou see what I’m doing here?\nI’m getting a general overview of the song and slowing drilling in the elements of what I want.\nThen I start with that general framework and then start experimenting to see what I like and don’t like about it, but I have direction and structure on what I am ultimately trying to accomplish.\nThis isn’t the “only” way to make music, but it’s an effective starting point when you’re starting out to make beats for beginners.\n7. Have A Unique Selling Point\nThis is more for when you get the hang of making beats, but when you’re making beats, you want to consider having a unique selling point.\nOver 24,000 songs are made every single day, putting you at a disadvantage when trying to get your music listened to.\nAnd if you want your music to get noticed, then the question you should ask yourself is…\n“Why should listeners want to listen to me?”\n- Do you make them feel a certain emotion?\n- Are your lyrics relatable to them?\n- Do they like your character?\n- Is there a distinct sound in your music that they love?\nIt’s answering these questions that allow you to get closer to making music that wants to get listened to.\nAnd there are some ways to make your beats unique so that people will listen like:\n- Having certain vocal chops mixed in\n- Certain rhythms and beats\n- A unique intro/outro to your songs\nBut what you’re looking for is that certain “sound.”\nFor example, Droeloe does a good job at this where, although each music is different, it has that same “element” that you know it’s created by Droeloe (or you can hint at it…)\nAnd how do you do that?\nPractice and experimentation.\nThis is a lifelong journey that you can take if you want, but there is no textbook step-by-step example…\nIt’s getting better at your craft and maximizing your chances of success.\nBut don’t worry about that in the beginning and just have fun making beats in the beginning…\nI’m just planting ideas in your head for when you progress in your beat-making journey.\n8. Experiment With Sounds\nYou can do many crazy things with the sounds you can make.\nIt basically comes down to…\n“How big is your imagination?”\nYou can make some deep, emotional voice really pack a punch and make you cry a river…\nTo making goat noises sound awesome in a trap remix. (Are you up for that challenge?)\nGo crazy and try experimenting with sounds.\nHere are some ideas to consider that will help get your imagination juices running:\n- Create vocal sounds and try changing the pitch and intensity…\n- Start adding multiple of the same instruments (like drums) and see if you can make a sick beat…\n- Start adding everyday noises like shower noises and see if you can add elements to make your existing songs better…\n- Find some troll noises (like a horse neighing) and try to make it sound good by editing the EQ and even making drops to it…\n- Start breaking rules and have no repetitions in your music or a song using just the xylophone…\nThese ideas are random, but that’s the point.\nIt’s trying things outside of what you’re used to, where more ideas will grow.\nAnd remember to have fun. If you’re not enjoying making horse neighs sound good, but you really enjoy the noises turtles make when they walk across the sidewalk…\nThen go for that.\nIn the end, these are all ideas to help you get started to becoming the musician you want to be.\nFrequently Asked Questions\nIs it hard to make beats?\nIt depends. It can be as simple or as difficult as you’d like it to be. You can make a simple 4 chord progression on the piano or you can make trap music. It all depends on what you feel like making and how difficult you’d want it to be.\nWhat materials do you need to make beats?\nThe materials you need to make beats are a DAW and a laptop. Then after that, I highly recommend getting headphones and a nice mic to record.\nWhat artists use FL Studio?\nFamous artists who use FL studio include:\n- Porter Robinson\n- Alan Walker\n- Soulja Boy\nAnd many others. But, you can probably find other famous artists who use different DAWs.\nIt’s not the equipment, but the skills that make the difference. But having a powerful DAW to support your skills is always a nice thing to have.\nI hope you learn something about where to start when making beats for beginners. It can be daunting when you’re starting out, especially when you have no music theory knowledge, but remember…\nIt’s possible if you truly want to learn it.\nWith the vast amount of resources like YouTube and Google, it’s practically impossible not to learn it if you truly desire it. Let me know in the comments if you took a leap and created your first song!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Mathematics Department strives to instill in each student a conceptual understanding of and procedural skill with the basic facts, principles and methods of mathematics. We want our students to develop an ability to explore, to make conjectures, to reason logically and to communicate mathematical ideas. We expect our students to learn to think critically and creatively in applying these ideas. We recognize that individual students learn in different ways and provide a variety of course paths and learning experiences from which students may choose. We emphasize the development of good writing skills and the appropriate use of technology throughout our curriculum. We hope that our students learn to appreciate mathematics as a useful discipline in describing and interpreting the world around us—and for its own intrinsic beauty.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Quick, efficient pathogen detection and fingerprinting is essential and often lifesaving when it comes to preventing foodborne illness. Now, University of Georgia food scientist Xiangyu Deng has created a system that can identify foodborne pathogens in a fraction of the time taken by traditional methods.\n“In outbreaks, time is very important. When a pathogen is detected in food, we then have to determine its subtype, or fingerprint,” said Deng, an assistant professor of food microbiology at the UGA Center for Food Safety in Griffin. “We need to shorten this process to the least amount of time possible.”\nCurrently, detecting and subtyping the pathogen are separate processes, but Deng has combined these two steps through a process called “metagenomics analysis.”\n“To prevent a pathogen from spreading, you have to first identify it by studying its DNA signatures. Sometimes you only have a few cells of the pathogen in a food sample, just a tiny fraction of the resident microbial populations on the food,” he said. “You could sequence the entire sample (of food) to identify the pathogen inside it, but that would not give you enough pathogen DNA signal for identification.”\nTraditionally, the pathogen is separated from the food sample by growing the pathogen in bacterial cultures, which takes 24 to 48 hours, Deng said.\nTo shorten the culture process, researchers in Deng’s lab apply tiny magnetic beads coated with antibodies that pull the pathogen cells out. Then they amplify the DNA of the captured pathogen cells so they have enough DNA to sequence.\n“Using a new, very small sequencing tool that’s about the size of a USB drive, we can sequence while capturing the data in real time,” Deng said.\nCompared to the mainstream genome sequencer that produces sequencing data after running for a day or two, the small sequencer generates enough data for pathogen detection and subtyping in about an hour and a half, he said.\nDeng tested the process on raw chicken breast, lettuce and black peppercorn samples treated with salmonella and retail chicken parts that were naturally contaminated with different serotypes of salmonella. In one case, a small amount of salmonella was detected and subtyped from lettuce samples within 24 hours. This takes two weeks using standard methods.\nThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 1 million foodborne illnesses and 380 deaths in the U.S. each year are linked to nontyphoidal salmonella.\nIdentifying pathogenic bacteria before a food product is released into the market can reduce the number of people who get food poisoning, said Francisco Diez, director of the food safety center and an expert on enterohemorrhagic E. coli, an important cause of food contamination and foodborne illness.\n“Our center conducts cutting-edge research to ultimately protect the consumer,” he said. “The kind of scientific investigations the center conducts can be applied to solve contamination issues for the food industry.”\nDeng’s work was featured in the February issue of Applied and Environmental Microbiology, a leading journal in the field.\nTo learn more about the food safety center, visit www.ugacfs.org.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Challenging your mindset is the first move you need to make in order to make big changes around you. Your mindset is a powerful tool that determines everything: what you believe to be right, your values and the actions you take according to the thought processes that got you to where you are today.\nWhere you are today may not be exactly where you want to be tomorrow, but the good news is that there is room for change through actions that will affect your future.\nYour version of reality may be different from someone else’s. However, you have to stay true to yourself and what you believe in. For example, you might have a vision is to bring about equality in the workplace regardless of gender, race, religion, disability, etc. To bring about that kind of change, you will need to take into account many new beliefs and actions that will disrupt the status quo mindset.\nIdentify Your Disruptive Mindset\nIt is vital to think about the mindset that keeps the status quo alive in your personal or working life. What you think about on a consistent basis has a direct impact on your behaviour.\nLearning to master your mindset could be the difference between moving forward and remaining stagnant. This ability separates those who are able to succeed from those who do not because of the barriers they have erected for themselves.\nIn order to achieve the success you envision, you must feel capable of achieving it. It should not matter what anyone else thinks. Self-esteem comes from within and determines how we perceive and evaluate our own self-worth.\nDeveloping a healthy self-esteem also affects your character, reinforcing beliefs, feelings and attitudes. Therefore, become the quarterback of your mind. Plant seeds of positivity based on examples of greatness and inspiration, rather than being sceptical and filled with doubts.\nLearn to Think Futuristically\nIf you have the ability to look past the events of today and into the possibilities of tomorrow, it’s a great stepping stone to bigger and better things. This skill allows you to think through everything with a broader perspective and a more optimistic mindset, increasing the chances of reaching a golden objective.\nThe old saying definitely holds true: “The optimist says the glass is half full, the pessimist says the glass is half empty.”\nBasically, it all comes down to the way we give meaning to the events occurring in our lives. Leaders of tomorrow will need to be able to implement ideas and think one or more steps ahead of everyone else in order to thrive in a competitive and fast-changing world. With this in mind, you need to upskill and reskill to sharpen your capabilities in terms of predicting future changes, even before your competition makes a move.\nThe path to success is bound to include some roadblocks and rough patches; this is where your mindset comes into play, whether you will admit defeat or strive to move forward. Adversity tests one’s character and courage to push through the hardships. Developing a thick skin and facing each obstacle is part of the power of a resilient mindset.\nBe Willing to Face Disruption\nAccording to EY (Ernst & Young), disruption cannot be predicted but it can be anticipated. You can formulate different scenarios for the future in order to create a sense of urgency and educate colleagues, peers or your organisation about the implications of disruptive situations. This can help concentrate people’s attention and spark creative responses, leading to proactive innovation suited to the pace and scale of disruption.\nCompanies increasingly face a stark choice: disrupt or be disrupted. Recognising that the forces of disruption are inevitable is the first major step an organisation must take to prepare for it.\nIn order to strike back, you must identify where your assumptions and opinions will be challenged, and where your knowledge is deficient. This will help you and your workforce to focus on closing the knowledge gaps, enabling a positive mindset that can focus on the bigger picture and a brighter future.\nArinya Talerngsri is Chief Capability Officer and Managing Director at SEAC – Southeast Asia’s Lifelong Learning Center. She can be reached by email at firstname.lastname@example.org or https://www.linkedin.com/in/arinya-talerngsri-53b81aa. Explore and experience our lifelong learning ecosystem today at https://www.yournextu.com", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Long before a child boards the school bus for the first time, doctors, caregivers and policymakers should focus on preventing obesity and the health problems that go with it, according to the Institute of Medicine, which advises the nation on health matters.\nIn a report released yesterday, experts offer advice on how to get more American children off to a healthy start, including recommendations for feeding them appropriate foods in the right amounts and making sure they get adequate sleep and regular activity.\nMore than 1 in 5 children between 2 and 5 years old are overweight or obese, putting them at risk for lifelong problems related to excess weight.\nAnd 1 in 10 infants and toddlers is overweight, based on charts doctors use to track growth.\n\"A lot of us used to think that a chubby baby is a healthy baby and a sign of good parenting. In fact, too much chubbiness is not a good thing,\" said Sara Benjamin Neelon of Duke University Medical Center. She is a member of the committee that wrote the recommendations.\n\"Babies don't always grow out of their baby fat.\"\nExtra pounds early in life often lead to a lifelong struggle with weight. And that can contribute to chronic illnesses, including cardiovascular disease and diabetes.\nIn the past decade, much has been said and done regarding school-age kids, but there are earlier opportunities to make a difference before bad habits become harder to break, committee members said yesterday.\nAcknowledging that parents play the largest role in shaping eating and exercise habits, committee members said their goal was to outline recommendations for doctors, daycare providers, government leaders and others who can influence choices parents make and improve what happens outside the home.\n\"There are many opportunities to identify those at risk and start to engage in preventive measures,\" said Leann L. Birch, who led the committee and directs the Center for Childhood Obesity Research at Pennsylvania State University.\nAmong the recommendations in the report:\n• Pediatricians should measure weight and length at every well-child visit and pay attention to the rate of weight gain over time, alerting parents to concerns and helping to identify changes that might contribute, such as putting juice in bottles.\n• Caregivers and early-childhood educators should prioritize physical activity, even for infants, who can be put on their bellies to develop muscle strength.\nYounger children should be encouraged to play and walk. Strollers should be used only when necessary, and opportunities to exercise shouldn't be withheld as punishment.\n• Children should be taught healthy eating behaviors early. That means offering a wide array of nutritious foods, giving appropriate amounts or letting the child take his or her own portion.\nParents also should let a child stop eating when he or she is full. Infants should be breast fed.\n• Time in front of the television and computer should be limited to encourage physical activity.\n• Child-care providers should make adequate sleep time a priority. Evidence shows that babies and toddlers are getting significantly less sleep than they did 20 years ago.\nResearch has shown that lack of sleep is a risk factor for obesity in children and adults.\nHow young children learn to relate to food has lasting effects, Birch said, and adults can help by providing mealtimes that encourage good choices and discourage overeating. That might mean allowing a child to take as much as he or she wants or giving a half sandwich instead of a full one.\n\"Children respond to large portion sizes (that adults give them) the same way adults do. Namely, they eat more,\" Birch said.\nIn the past several years, more research has connected lack of sleep to weight problems not only in adults but in children, said Dr. Elsie M. Taveras, who co-directs the Obesity Prevention Program at Harvard Medical School.\nEarly childhood \"appears to be a very important developmental period for sleep and protection (against) later obesity,\" she said.\nDr. Ihuoma Eneli, medical director of Nationwide Children's Hospital's Center for Healthy Weight and Nutrition, praised the report.\n\"I think it's important and timely. We know that if you address childhood obesity at these early ages, you have your best chance at having much better outcomes.\"\nThe report can be found online at www.iom.edu.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "About one's ears. Causing trouble. The allusion is to a house falling on one, or a hornet's nest buzzing about one's head.\nIf your ears burn, people say some one is talking of you. This is very old, for Pliny says, “When our ears do glow and tingle, some do talk of us in our absence.” Shakespeare, in Much Ado About Nothing (iii. 1), makes Beatrice say, when Ursula and Hero had been talking of her, “What fire is in mine ears?” Sir Thomas Browne ascribes this conceit to the superstition of guardian angels, who touch the right ear if the talk is favourable, and the left if otherwise. This is done to cheer or warn.\nOne ear tingles; some there be That are snarling now at me.\nLittle pitchers kave large ears. (See Pitchers.)\n“He is over head and ears in love with the maid. He loves her better than his own life.” —Terence in English.\nTo give's one's ears [to obtain an object]. To make a considerable sacrifice for the purpose. The allusion is to the ancient practice of cutting off the ears of those who loved their own offensive opinions better than their ears.\n“At which, like unbacked colts, they pricked their ears.”\nShakespeare: The Tempest, iv. 1.\nWhen civil dudgeon first grew high, And men fell out, they knew not why; When hard words, jealousies, and fears, Set folks together by the ears.\nButler: Hudibras (The opening).\nSource: Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, E. Cobham Brewer, 1894\nMore on Ears from Infoplease:", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We have enthused our worksheets on sentences for beginners with all the special care and thought to ensure that our little ones have the most delightful and fruitful learning experience during their sentence-writing journey with us. Whether it is about completing, unscrambling, tracing, or building sentences, each exercise has hidden in it surprises, wonders, and lots of fascination compelling enough to leave them motivated for writing more and better.\nThese worksheets are designed for students of kindergarten, grade 1, and grade 2.\nDevelop pencil grasp and fine motor skills in children of kindergarten and grade 1 to improve their writing skills, and help them gain an understanding of basic sentences with our pdf worksheet on tracing sentences.\nLet children launch smoothly into their initial attempts to write sentences with this free printable worksheet that ensures all the required assistance.\nA cut and glue activity such as this in our free pdf worksheet provides sufficient impetus to children of kindergarten and first grade to build sentences in a jiffy.\nSorting out words to put the jumbled sentences in a meaningful order can truly get the kids jazzed up about writing, with this scrambled sentences printable worksheet.\nFor beginners in kindergarten and first grade, sentences, as opposed to a group of words that are not complete sentences, could be perplexing enough. Our sentences vs. fragments worksheet is here to get them past this hurdle.\nWouldn't it be remarkable for teachers and parents to have this worksheet template for making children of grade 1 and grade 2 practice stretching a sentence using the question hints as many times as needed? Well, here you go!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Our endocrine systems are working tirelessly to regulate the body’s processes. Being able to send and receive the appropriate hormones, our endocrine system is able to fine tune the body’s metabolism, growth, immune system, and more. While we regulate our external behaviors, going to work, eating, exercising, getting rest, our hormones are busy contributing to a functioning body. These are all important as we try to control our weight.\nProblems arise from times when hormones are not in balance. This hormonal imbalance can disrupt any good intentions on behalf of external behaviors: especially when it comes to losing, or gaining, weight. Hormones play a critical role in the background while you try to manage that number on the weight scale. In fact, in some cases, all the dieting, exercising, and good rest might amount to little because of hormonal imbalance issues. In fact, if those normal behaviors are not contributing to measurable weight loss, consider the possibility that hormonal imbalance might be playing a large part in it.\nWhile the body has many hormones, here are some of the more common contributors to weight gain.\nCortisol: The stress hormone. Cortisol plays a big part in the fight-or-flight reaction when you are responding to an external stimuli. Say there is a loud noise, and you react to it. Your endocrine system will excrete cortisol in response, blood will go from your digestive system to your muscles, your senses will sharpen, and your heart starts to pump faster and stronger. Now picture cortisol in a hormonal imbalance. Your body is constantly under a state of perceived stress because the hormone is impacting your metabolism as less blood reaches the stomach and intestines. The body cannot digest as efficiently, so the food just gets stored as fat, and not utilized for all of its good nutrients. Cortisol contributes to a disrupted metabolism, and the body actively stores fat as it is an evolutionary trait from long ago as a response to stressors.\nDHEA: DHEA is a hormone that helps to regulate metabolic function and muscle growth. As the body ages, it creates and secretes less and less. This means that the body just does not create the same muscle mass as it used to. Less muscle means less calories burnt. Less calories burnt means more calories hanging around, and those calories get stored as fat.\nTestosterone: Testosterone is another hormone that is abundant in youth, starting after puberty, but declines with age. Like DHEA, testosterone helps to create muscle growth in males. High testosterone is a benefit in the production of muscles, but it can increase the risk for prostate cancer, low testosterone is unhealthy in other ways. The interesting thing about decreased testosterone in males is that it can lead to obesity and diabetes, and the resulting obesity actually contributes to even further reduced production of testosterone. It is a double-edged sword that leads to weight gain. It is important to note that high testosterone in women leads to diabetes and obesity, the opposite effect of what it does in men.\nEstrogen: Estrogen production follows cycles in women, declining later in age. Found less in men, it plays a role in metabolizing sugar and regulating blood sugar. High estrogen levels can present a higher risk for breast cancer, but lower estrogen often results in less efficient processing of sugars. These poorly processed sugars are then stored in the gut and midsection, increasing the unhealthy storage of adipose fat tissue. This leads to weight gain.\nIn conclusion, a certain weight might be an ideal number, but weight gain could be a symptom of something concerning and confusing. Especially if you are integrating good eating, exercising, and resting behaviors, and you are still gaining weight, I recommended a full hormone blood panel be done to assess deficiencies and imbalances. There are many options for treatment. However, careful monitoring is key.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We are never going to get anywhere as long as our economies of attraction continue to resemble, more or less, the economies of attraction of white supremacy.\nLove, as an emotion and a force has a great impact on our lives. Our understanding of love comes from and within a history, culture and politics. In a world organised by anti Blackness and White Supremacy, how we love, what and who we love as well as and what we are attracted to is not just reflective of the world we live in, but arguably\nsustains it also.\nIn this module we will together investigate these issues, as well as explore together what Decolonial Love is and how we could live in this way, taking into account the following points:\n– From Pandora to German Romanticism and Disney colonial affection.\n– Self-love. How to deal with our Egos in an Egocentric racist society.\n– Communal living vr individualistic lifestyle (family and friends).\n– Interracial love or Eugenics?\n– Sexuality “other” or Queer universal as the new commodification of bodies?\n– Music is NOT a “UNI-versal” language (in a colonial matrix of power).\n– Ancestry. Money God and Christendom values.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Relational Worldview Model\nTerry L. Cross, MSW, ACSW, LCSW\nThe relational worldview model was developed by the National Indian Child Welfare Association (NICWA) in the 1980's and continues to be refined in practice by NICWA staff. It is a reflection of the Native thought process and concept of balance as the basis for health, whether that is an individual, family or an organization.\nThe relational worldview model serves as NICWA's philosophy and approach to providing technical assistance. It is used by NICWA community development specialists as a framework and process for assessing the technical assistance needs of a community and applying it to a specific technical assistance plan.\nPrinted originally in the 1997 May/June issue of Pathways Practice Digest, volume 12, No.4\nOn our globe today, there are two predominant worldviews—linear and relational. The linear worldview is rooted in European and mainstream American thought. It is very temporal, and it is firmly rooted in the logic that says cause has to come before effect. In contrast, the relational worldview sees life as harmonious relationships where health is achieved by maintaining balance between the many interrelating factors in one’s circle of life. Understanding these worldviews and how they relate to Indian child welfare work can serve to enhance an ICW worker’s ability to meet his or her community’s needs.\n“Worldview” is a term used to describe the collective thought process of a people or culture. Thoughts and ideas are organized into concepts. Concepts are organized into constructs and paradigms. Paradigms link together to create worldviews. This article will summarize both the linear and relational worldviews and show how family functioning can be understood from the relational worldview perspective.\nThe linear worldview finds its roots in Western European and American thought. It is logical, time oriented, and systematic, and has at it’s core the cause-and-effect relationship. To understand the world is to understand the linear cause-and-effect relationships between events.\nIn human services, workers are usually taught that if we can understand the causes of a problem by taking a social history, then we will better know how to help. Interventions are targeted at the cause or symptom, and the relationship between the intervention and the symptoms is measured. Yet, the linear view is narrow. It inhibits us from seeing the whole person. It is not good or bad. It simply is, and in the U.S. it is dominant. Indian child welfare workers need to be able to understand this thinking, because they will encounter it in the mainstream system. Historically, however, Indian peoples have not used linear cause-and-effect thinking. Rather, the approach could be called a relational or cyclic view.\nThe relational worldview, sometimes called the cyclical worldview, finds its roots in tribal cultures. It is intuitive, non-time oriented and fluid. The balance and harmony in relationships between multiple variables, including spiritual forces, make up the core of the thought system. Every event is understood in relation to all other events regardless of time, space, or physical existence. Health exists only when things are in balance or harmony.\nIn the relational worldview, helpers and healers are taught to understand problems through the balances and imbalances in the person’s relational world. We are taught to see and accept complex (sometimes illogical) inter-relationships that can be influenced by entering the world of the client and manipulating the balance contextually, cognitively, emotionally, physically, and/or spiritually.\nInterventions need not be logically targeted to a particular symptom or cause but, rather, focused on bringing the person back into balance. Nothing in a person’s existence can change without all other things changing as well. Thus, an effective helper is one who gains understanding of the complex interdependent nature of life and learns how to use physical, psychological, contextual, and spiritual forces to promote harmony.\nA Relational Model\nThe relational worldview model for assessing family problems can best be illustrated with a four-quadrant circle. The four quadrants represent four major forces or sets of factors that together must come into balance. These quadrants represent context, mind, body, and spirit. The mind includes our cognitive processes, such as thoughts, memories, knowledge, and emotional processes such as feelings, defenses, and self-esteem. The body includes all physical aspects, such as genetic inheritance, gender, and condition, as well as sleep, nutrition, and substance use. The context includes culture, community, family, peers, work, school, and social history. The spiritual area includes both positive and negative learned teachings and practices as well as positive and negative metaphysical or innate forces.\nThese four quadrants are in constant flux and change. We are not the same person at 4 p.m. that we were at 7 a.m. Our level of sleep is different, our nutrition is different, and our context is likely different. Thus, behavior will be different, feeling will be different, and what we think about will be different. The system is constantly balancing and re-balancing itself as we change thoughts, feelings, our physical states, or our spiritual states. If we are able to stay in balance, we are said to be healthy, but sometimes the balance is temporarily lost. We have the capacity as humans to keep our own balance for the most part, yet our different cultures provide many mechanisms to assist in this process. Spiritual teachings, social skills and norms, dietary rules, and family roles are among the myriad of ways we culturally maintain our balance.\nDeath is an example of an event that threatens harmony. When we lose a loved one, we feel grief emotionally; physically, we may cry, lose appetite, or not sleep well. However, spiritually, we have a learned positive response, a ritual, called a funeral. Usually such events are community events, so the context is changed. We bring in relatives, friends, and supporters. In that context, we intellectualize about the dead person. We may recall and tell stories about him or her. We may intellectualize about death or be reminded of our cultural view of that experience. Physically, we touch others, get hugs and handshakes; we eat, and we shed tears.\nThese experiences are interdependent and play off each other in multi-relational interactions that, if successful, allow us to resolve the grief by maintaining the balance. If we cannot, then, in a Western sense, we are said to have unresolved grief or, in some tribal cultures, to have a ghost sickness or to be bothered by a spirit. Different worldviews often use different conceptual language to describe the same phenomenon.\nWhen performing an assessment of an Indian family, the worker needs to look not only for linear cause-and-effect relationships to isolate the causal factors; he or she should also ask, “What are the holistic and complex inter-relationships that have disrupted the balance in the family? What factors can come into harmony and allow a family not only to survive but to grow strong?” The nature of our strengths and challenges becomes evident as we examine families from the relational perspective.\nFirst Quadrant: Context\nThe context within which Indian families function is filled with strength-producing or harmonizing resources. Oppression, for all its damage to us, creates an environment where survival skills are developed and sharpened. We learn to have a sixth sense about where we are welcome and where we are not. We teach our children to recognize the subtle clues that may spell danger. We sit with our children at the movies or in front of the TV and interpret to cushion the assaults of the mainstream media. We learn how to cope with the dynamics of difference and pass our strategies on to our children.\nThe richness of our histories and heritages provide anchors for our identities. Our relations, relatives, and kin often form systems of care that are interdependent and system-reliant. Healthy interdependence is the core of the extended family. It does not foster dependence and does not stifle independence. Rather, it is a system in which everyone contributes in some way without expectation of reciprocity. I give my cousin a ride to the store, and, while at the store, my cousin buys some items for our grandmother. Our grandmother is home watching my brother’s children who are planning to wash my car when I return home. No one person is paying back another, and yet the support and help cycle within the family.\nThe community provides additional influences. From church to social organizations to politics, we are all affected by the events in the world around us. Family resilience is supported by role models, community norms, church structures, and the roles of elders and natural helpers or healers. However, we struggle with negative forces in our environments: poverty, oppression, substance abuse, unemployment, crime, trauma, or any of hundreds of negative influences. Together, these influences contribute to the balance of who we are and how we cope.\nPrinted originally in the 1997 July/October issue of Pathways Practice Digest, volume 12, Nos. 5-6\nTwo predominant worldviews—linear and relational—exist in North America. The linear worldview is rooted in European and mainstream American thought. It is very temporal, and it is firmly grounded in the logic that says cause has to come before effect. In contrast, the relational worldview sees life as harmonious relationships where health is achieved by maintaining balance between the many interrelating factors in one’s circle of life.\n“Worldview” is a term used to describe the collective thought process of a people or culture. Thoughts and ideas are organized into concepts. Concepts are organized into constructs and paradigms. Paradigms linked together create a worldview. This is the second of a two-part article that continues the discussion of how family functioning can be understood from the relational worldview.\nThe relational worldview, sometimes called the cyclical worldview, finds its roots in tribal cultures. It is intuitive, non-time-oriented, and fluid. The balance and harmony in relationships between multiple variables, including spiritual forces, make up the core of the thought system.\nThe relational worldview model can best be illustrated with a four quadrant circle representing four major forces or sets of factors, which together must come into balance. These quadrants are context, mind, body, and spirit.\nThe Four Quadrants of the Relational Model\nFirst Quadrant: Context\nThe context within which Indian families function is one filled with strength-producing or harmonizing resources. Oppression, for all its damage to us, creates an environment where survival skills are developed and sharpened. (A fuller description of the contextual quadrant appeared in previous issues of Pathways.)\nSecond Quadrant: Mental\nIn the mental area, the Indian family is supported intellectually by “self talk” and by the stories we hear about how others have managed. Sitting around the kitchen table or on the front steps, we learn strategies for interacting with the world or how to use resources. In passing on the stories of our lives, we pass on skills to our children, and we parent for resiliency. We instill the values of relationships, of getting by, of not needing, and hard work for little return. Storytelling is, perhaps, our greatest teaching resource for communicating identity, values, and life skills. The stories also let us know who our people are and what they stand for and provide role models and subtle expectations.\nEmotionally, we learn a variety of ego defenses that allow us to deal with overwhelming odds. Denial, splitting, disassociation, and projection are each useful in their own way as mechanisms for surviving oppression. Functionality can only be understood in context. For example, many of our families know real pain and endure grief almost beyond the comprehension of mainstream America, and yet they give back to their communities. Because of oppression, substance abuse, or poverty, many have learned not to need, not to feel, and not to talk about it; yet, they still help out at the church or at school or by giving sister a break from the kids. These are kindnesses that bring life-sustaining energy, which flows from auntie’s approving looks, from a child’s laugh, or from a pat on the back.\nOther emotions rob people of their resources—rage, depression, anxiety, grief and jealousy, among others—and are likely to contribute to a lack of harmony. Our people have experienced generations of loss from which we are only know beginning to recover. This sense of loss and the inter-generational grief that is a part of it are strong elements that affect the balance of our families.\nThird Quadrant: Physical\nWhile, for the individual, we think of the physical area as concerning the body, it also refers to the family structure and roles. Kinship expressed in how we relate to our kin, how we act as a system, and how we sustain each other will greatly influence the balance in our lives.\nThe role of fathers is part of the balance and one that can contribute strength to the family system whether the father is present in the home or not. In a recent study of American Indian families that looked at child neglect and the factors that either contributed to or helped prevent it, the role of fathers was found to be central. When the father was involved in the family, child neglect was much less likely to be present. The father did not have to be present in the home for the positive effect to be felt. He only had to remain a contributing member of the family and to maintain relationships with his children. Non-custodial dads take note: your continuing relationships with your children contribute to positive outcomes. Families are better able to be resilient if they include dads.\nOne thing that kin often do together is eat. Our special culture or family foods, our use of foods to mark special occasions, and our rituals around eating together all contribute to the health of the family.\nFourth Quadrant: Spiritual\nSpiritual influences in the family include both positive and negative learned practices. The positive practices are those we learn from various spiritual disciplines or teachers: faith, prayer, meditation, healing ceremonies, or even positive thinking. They are the things we learn to do to bring about a positive spiritual outcome or to bring positive spiritual intervention. Negatively learned practices are things like curses or bad medicine. Even things like sin, promotion of chaos, and perpetual confusion could be considered learned negative spiritual behaviors. These are things that people do to invoke negative spiritual outcomes or negative spiritual intervention.\nHere, our teachings and the spiritual institutions play a great role. Usually, there are learned positive practices that are meant to counter the negative practices of ourselves or someone else. Often, what is considered positive in one person’s faith is considered negative in another’s, and the lines between the two become blurred by emotion. In Indian communities, the churches and/or traditional spiritual ways play a significant role in shaping the spiritual practices of the family.\nIn the relational worldview, human behavior is also influenced by spiritual forces beyond our own making. Luck, grace, helping spirits, and angelic intervention are a few of the terms used to describe getting just the right help at just the right time. One does not have to believe in or practice a spiritual discipline to believe in or experience the phenomenon. Bad luck, bad spirits, ghosts, the devil, and misfortune are a few of the terms used to describe things that bother people no matter what their spiritual practices. These forces are often turned back or controlled through prayer, rituals, or ceremonies.\nIn the relational view, the casual factors are considered together. It is the consideration of the interdependence of the relationships among all factors that gives understanding of the behavior. It is the constant change and interplay between various forces that accounts for resilience. We can count on the system’s natural tendency to seek harmony. We can promote resilience by contributing to the balance. Services need not be targeted to a specific set of symptoms but rather targeted toward restoration of balance. Family support services are an example of adding to the balance.\nIt is not, then, our extended family, church, or survival skills or any other single factor that provides families harmony. It is the complex interplay between all of these factors. Getting in harmony and staying in harmony is the task.\nTwo Ways of Helping\nIn the Western European linear assessment, we are taught to examine a problem by splitting the factors into independent linear cause-and-effect relationships. This has value in the development of knowledge of each factor and does tend to give us specific interventions to try. However, such splitting tends to leave us with incomplete knowledge and services that fail to acknowledge the spirit. In the linear view, the person owns or is the problem. In the relational view, the problem is circumstantial and resides in the relationship between factors. The person is not said to have a problem but to be out of harmony. Once harmony is restored, the problem is gone. In the linear model, we are taught to treat the person, and in the relational model, we are taught to treat the balance.\nToday, the linear model dominates delivery of family services, yet almost half or more of all Indian clients hold a relational worldview. In Indian child welfare, we have an opportunity to work within the relational worldview, to work with traditional methods of helping and healing that focus on the restoration of balance and harmony.\nThe medicine person, elder, or spiritual teacher usually works in these ways. He or she may work in the realm of the mind, providing advice or council or story-telling and dream work. He or she may work in the realm of the physical with herbs, fasting, sweat lodges, or specific diets. He or she may work on the spiritual through ceremonies, healing rituals, or by teaching. Always, they become part of the context of the person being helped and add to the balance with their presence and willingness to help.\nIt is important for ICW workers to honor their own cultures with services that seek to intervene, assess, and attempt to help Indian families.\nAbout the Author\nTerry Cross is an enrolled member of the Seneca Nation of Indians and is the developer and founder of the National Indian Child Welfare Association. He is the author of the Heritage and Helping, an eleven manual curriculum for tribal child welfare staff including a volume on working with substance abusing families. He is also author of the Positive Indian Parenting curricula, as well as Cross-Cultural Skills in Indian Child Welfare. He also co-authored Toward a Culturally Competent System of Care published by Georgetown University, Child Development Center.\nHis life and work in both Indian and non-Indian settings and his academic background give him unique skills to serve the project. He has 30 years of experience in child welfare, including 10 years working directly with children and families. He served on the faculty of Portland State University School of Social Work for 15 years. He has served on the board of the National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse and has been an advisor to the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children. He has directed the Indian Child Welfare Association since it’s founding in 1983 and has traveled to make presentations internationally in relation to child welfare work. Terry is experienced in evaluation design, and policy related research. He has organized culturally specific technical assistance programs for over 16 years.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "IT best practices for going mobile in K-12 education\nIT leaders planning mobility initiatives have both infrastructural and educational factors to consider. This guide explores the key obstacles that must be overcome on your way to successful mobile adoption by students, teachers, and administrators.\n- Finding budget\n- Planning infrastructure\n- Real-world case study: 1:1 learning\n- Adapting curriculum for mobile learning\nStep-by-step: building the case for mobility\nMobile technologies have driven impressive gains in educational outcomes by enabling anywhere, anytime learning. Drawing on expert insight, this planning guide helps you build a business case for mobility in your educational environment.\nIn this IT planning guide, you’ll learn:\n- How to identify key mobility challenges and opportunities\n- Key considerations in measuring mobility ROI\n- Real-world case study: improving writing and math achievement through mobile instruction\nBuilding a future-ready learning infrastructure\nAs schools look for ways to drive better learning outcomes through technology, many districts are wondering how to build an infrastructure that supports mobility and all its benefits without compromising manageability or supporting budgets. This white paper looks at how one district is preparing for the future with great ideas, including the ThinkPad® X131e.\n- Building consensus and leadership\n- The importance of digital citizenship\n- Evaluating your hardware options", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This is the tiniest crested form of the famous \"Golden Barrel Cactus\". A\ndwarf form covered by touch friendly spines and looking quite dissimilar\nto the standard species.\nDescription: This is a very\nnice crested cactus, easily recognizable for its short yellowish bristly soft\nspines. The standard \"Golden Barrel Cactus\" (E. grusonii) is a\nlarge spherical barrel cactus with imposing strong yellow spines,\nand one of one of the more common an known cacti. This species is widely\ncultivated and gave rise to a number of different cultivars, monstrose\nand crested forms. The E. grusonii forma minor cristata -\nhere described - is the smallest and delicate crested variant, quite rare in collection and priced\nfor its reduced size and touch friendly covering of soft spines, it will\nform tangled brain-like green mounds\nand can reach a considerable size (up to 30 cm tall and in diameter, or\nSpines: It has few short and more or less twisted\nbristly, glassy pale-yellowhis\nspines all quite similar in shape,\nloosely cover the surface of the stems.\nRemarks: The cause of cresting is not fully explained.\nas to why some plants grow in this unusual form.\nspeculate that it is a genetic mutation. Others say it is the result of\na strike of\nlightning or freeze damage, but whatever the stimulus, the growth\npoint of the stem has switched from a geometric point, to a line, which\nfolds and undulates as the crest expands. Though these crested E.\ngrusonii are rare, cresting occurs naturally, and can be\nencountered in many other cactus species.\nCultivation: It is of easy cultivation. Require\nfull sun or\nThe plants on their own roots\nshould be kept in a deep pot with a very draining mineral substrate. But\nbe particularly careful with watering, which all crested plant require\n(rot sensitive). Keep dry during the winter rest. Since they are rapid\ngrowers, and need plenty of space for their roots, repotting should be\ndone every other year or when the plant has outgrown its pot.\nplants are easy to grow and will form a large brain-like mounds\nwith age. Watering during the active growing season (spring and\nsummer); this will encourage steady growth, and prevent the crest from becoming flabby. It need\na well drained soil mix. Water\ngenerously during the\nsummer but allow to dry fully before\nwatering again. During the winter months they should be kept rather dry.\nPropagation: Propagate from", "label": "No"}
{"text": "PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome)\nLearn important PCOS facts. Have informed conversations with your clinician.\nWhat is PCOS?\nEffecting 1 in 10 women, PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome) is a reproductive hormone imbalance, which creates problems in the ovaries. While the ovaries should make the egg that is released each month as part of a healthy menstrual cycle, with PCOS, the egg may not develop as it should or it may not be released during ovulation as it should be.\nWHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW\nDiagnosis and treatment of PCOS remain controversial with challenges defining individual components within the diagnostic criteria, significant clinical heterogeneity generating a range of phenotypes with or without obesity, ethnic differences and variation in clinical features across the life course.\nFrom the International Evidence-Based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) (2018)\nWhat are typical PCOS Symptoms?\nTRACK YOUR SYMPTOMS TO HELP YOUR DOCTOR HELP YOU\nLow sex drive\nExcessive body hair growth\nMale pattern baldness or thinning hair\nWeight changes & trouble losing weight\nTrouble conceiving/ infertility\nPrevalence & Lack of Information\nPCOS affects 5-10% of women of reproductive age, making it more prevalent than diabetes. However, it receives less attention.\n— Dr. Marcelle Cedars, Director, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology\nUCSF Center for Reproductive Health\nPCOS on the Podcast\nListen to the Spotify Podcast Playlist to hear experts speak about PCOS signs, symptoms, and treatment options.\nDifference between ovarian cysts and PCOS\nWhat is the main cause of PCOS?\nWhat are the first signs of PCOS?\nWhat is the diagnostic criteria for PCOS?\nCan PCOS tests be wrong?\nCan birth control cause PCOS?\nIs PCOS genetically inherited?\nPCOS effects on mental health\nWhat food is best for PCOS?\nThe Team You Need\nPCOS is complex. Build the right team to support you.\n(Yes, they should be in one building!)\nHelps you with a diagnosis and treatment plan\nEnsures you are on a proper diet to manage symptoms\nMental Health Professional\nSupports you through the mental health impact many face with PCOS\nShould you suffer from hirsutism, your dermatologist can provide suggestions", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Because the coloring of common terns changes significantly as seasons change, they are often difficult to identify from plumage alone. They are most easily identified by their black head and red bill. The tail is forked and the tail feathers are more elongated than those of most terns. The wings are pointed and the inner and outer parts of each wing are the same width. The body of common terns is whitish-gray and the underparts are much paler than the upperparts, particularly in adult terns. The female is usually smaller than the male, although only slightly. The bill is usually pointed downward when the tern flies. Other notable characteristics include an exceptionally powerful head and neck and unusually long legs, which distinguish them from other terns such as Arctic terns.\nCommon terns are found from northern Canada south to the Caribbean Sea, as well as throughout Europe, Northern Asia, North Africa, and the Middle East. Some populations of common terns winter in the south to Peru and Argentina. (Ehrlich, et al., 1988; Malling Olsen and Larsson, 1995)\nCommon terns almost always reside in colonies. The colonies tend to be along ocean coasts, although they are also found on the shores of large lakes. The two things necessary for a colony of terns, or a \"ternery,\" are isolation from predators and a reliable source of food nearby. The birds also must be able to communicate visually and vocally with the rest of the colony from their nests. They nest among rocks and cliffs. (Burger and Gochfeld, 1991; Malling Olsen and Larsson, 1995)\nNot enough information available.\nDuring courtship, which begins in April, male terns establish their territories at the colony before beginning what is called \"courtship feeding,\" in which males bring fish to the females as a way of courting them. Premating displays are accompanied by the male tern posturing followed by the two terns circling each other. The males mount the females for one- to two-minute intervals before copulation actually takes place. Common terns are known for wildly flapping their wings during and directly after copulating. Common terns are monogamous. (Burger and Gochfeld, 1991; Ehrlich, et al., 1988)\nCommon terns, after migrating to their breeding grounds shortly after the beginning of spring, proceed to find a mate (terns tend to be monogamous); they reproduce in early to mid-summer. It is rare for a pair to produce more than one clutch per summer. They nest among rocks and cliffs. The nests are made up of shells and debris or of dead vegetation. Clutch size is 3, on average, and the chicks hatch in 3 to 4 weeks. Young fledge in 27 to 30 days. Common tern chicks are able to fly by the time they are a month old but do not reach sexual maturity for 3 years. (Burger and Gochfeld, 1991; Ehrlich, et al., 1988)\nOne of the parents attends the nest at all times after the eggs hatch; the female is often, but not always, the one standing guard. Common terns become very aggressive after their chicks learn to move on their own because of the likelihood that the chicks will be harmed or killed by predators. Both males and females bring food back to the nest, but males are usually more involved in feeding than females are. Chicks are semiprecocial. Young terns usually learn to fly when they are 27 to 30 days old. (Ehrlich, et al., 1988; Palmer, 1941)\nThe average lifespan is about 9 to 10 years. The oldest common tern ever recorded was 25 years old. (Terres, 1980)\nCommon terns live in colonies. There is no clearly organized hierarchy among the birds; all appear to be equal. Although all the terns migrate and live together, each family unit is responsible for its own feeding and care of eggs/chicks. They often defend feeding territories. Terns nest during the breeding season and they migrate at the end of the season. (Burger and Gochfeld, 1991; Ehrlich, et al., 1988)\nWe do not have information on home range for this species at this time.\nCommon terns communicate mostly with their unusual, hoarse voices, and they have three different, distinct calls. During mating, communication is mainly visual and tactile. (Malling Olsen and Larsson, 1995)\nThe diet of common terns is usually limited to fishes. Often, if food is particularly abundant, the terns will catch more fish than necessary. Common terns sometimes catch fish that are too big for them to swallow. This, combined with their tendency to catch as much as is available even if it is not needed, explains why it is not unusual to see fish scattered around terns' nesting grounds. At the beginning of the breeding season, terns may eat insects, annelids, and echinoderms in addition to fish. However, throughout the later parts of the breeding season, the tern's diet is much more limited.\nThese terns are very good at catching insects. Many have been reported to fly near the surface of the water and pick insects off the surface while in flight. It is rare for them to eat dead food. They usually fly at great heights before diving for their prey, a behavior uncommon in other terns. The terns dive into the water after a fish, come to the surface, shake the water from themselves, and fly off with the fish. When a solitary tern catches fish in the same spot repeatedly, other terns from its colony join it.\nFoods eaten include: \"Food fishes,\" such as whiting, herring, haddock; sand launces; insects; crabs, shrimp, and other crustaceans; annelids; mollusks; fish eggs; and in certain cases, echinoderms. Terns that nest near bodies of fresh water often consume minnows in place of fish like herring and whiting. (Palmer, 1941)\nWhen a predator comes too close to a tern colony, any terns that spot the predator begin to call loudly to the rest of the colony. Adult terns come over to mob the predator while the chicks take cover in the high grass or in their nests.\nAlso, the sheer number of terns in a colony aids in the strategy of \"passive avoidance\". In other words, the probability of any one tern being harmed by a predator is much less because of the number of other terns that the predator could choose instead.\nA common tactic among members of colonies, and in fact among all members of tern colonies and gull colonies, is called a \"panic.\" This means that an entire colony of terns flies up making noise, falls silent suddenly, and then swoops back down toward the ground. This can be very threatening to potential predators and often assures that the colony will be left alone, particularly by smaller predators such as blue jays or grackles.\nKnown predators include: red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), raccoons (Procyon lotor), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), minks (genus Mustela), long-tailed weasels (Mustela frenata), squirrels (subfamily Sciurinae), dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), cats (Felis silvestris), rats (Rattus norvegicus), gulls (genus Larus), herons (family Ardeidae), hawks (family Accipitridae), falcons (family Falconidae), owls (family Strigidae), blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata), grackles (genus Quiscalus), reptiles (class Reptilia) and ants (family Formicidae). (Burger and Gochfeld, 1991)\nCommon terns have an impact on populations of the prey they eat and are an important food source for their predators. Occasionally the fish they catch and do not eat are eaten by other scavenging animals living in the same area. (Burger and Gochfeld, 1991)\nThere are no known adverse affects of common terns on humans.\nIn the nineteenth century, terns were exploited commercially for their eggs and feathers. (Burger and Gochfeld, 1991)\nThe Michigan DNR considers common terns to be threatened in Michigan. Human interference has caused health and habitat problems for the terns. Human disturbance in the form of deliberately damaging eggs, chicks, and nests has become a problem because the coastal areas where terns nest are also areas where people picnic and sunbathe. Nature photographers and bird watchers, while meaning no harm, sometimes disturb the terns when they are nesting. Humans also cause problems for the terns through environmental pollution with chemicals, which weaken the eggshells and cause birth defects. Some adults and chicks die when they become tangled in netting or plastic. In the nineteenth century, terns were removed from nearly all of their former habitats when they were exploited commercially for their eggs and their feathers. (Burger and Gochfeld, 1991)\nAlaine Camfield (editor), Animal Diversity Web.\nKristina Sepe (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Phil Myers (editor), Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor.\nBurger, J., M. Gochfeld. 1991. The Common Tern. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.\nEhrlich, P., D. Dobkin, D. Wheye. 1988. The Birder's Handbook: A Field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds. New York: Simon and Schuster.\nMalling Olsen, K., H. Larsson. 1995. Terns of Europe and North America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.\nPalmer, R. 1941. Behavior of the Common Tern. Boston, MA: Boston Society of Natural History.\nSeago, M. 2002. \"Common Tern, Sterna hirundo\" (On-line). Accessed 03/05/04 at http://www.birdsofbritain.co.uk/bird-guide/common-tern.htm.\nTerres, J. 1980. The Audubon Encyclopedia of North American Birds. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Elements of Geology, For Popular UseAuthor:\nLee, Charles A.Imprint:\nHarper & Brothers: New York City; 1839Extent:\nSchool District Library, No. 86Subject(s):\nSeward House Museum\nNotes: Full title: Elements of Geology, For Popular Use; Containing a Description of the Geological Formations and Mineral Resources of the United States\nInscription: \"William H. Seward\"\nOther: This series was a project initiated by Governor Seward\nReturn to the list of Seward family books.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "But an equally alarming source of the decline, both Mr. Taylor and Mr. Vidal said, is the explosive increase in American farmland planted in soybean and corn genetically modified to tolerate herbicides.\nThe American Midwest’s corn belt is a critical feeding ground for monarchs, which once found a ready source of milkweed growing between the rows of millions of acres of soybean and corn. But the ubiquitous use of herbicide-tolerant crops has enabled farmers to wipe out the milkweed, and with it much of the butterflies’ food supply.\n“That habitat is virtually gone. We’ve lost well over 120 million acres, and probably closer to 150 million acres,” Mr. Taylor said.\nA rapid expansion of farmland — more than 25 million new acres in the United States since 2007 — has eaten away grasslands and conservation reserves that supplied the monarchs with milkweed, he said.\nThe monarchs’ migration is seen as a natural marvel and, for Mexico, a huge tourist attraction. But naturalists regard the butterflies as a forward indicator of the health of the food chain. Fewer butterflies probably means there are fewer other insects that are food for birds, and fewer birds for larger predators.\nHere on my ranchito I have seen no monarchs this year. It is a little early for their migration through central Texas (at least here in north Erath County, Texas), and I will hold off making any conclusive statements about their pattern for several more weeks.\nI have only a few sprouts of milkweed on my 53 acres. I know precisely where the milkweed is and seek to keep it flourishing for the butterflies.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "For years, among English teachers and writers alike, there has been a war over whether or not teaching grammar in the classroom is helpful and worthwhile. In his article “Grammar, Grammars, and Teaching Grammar”, Patrick Hartwell outlines some of his positions on the subject. He outlines three different types or levels of grammar and explains how grouping their definitions together is problematic. The three grammars are as follows:\n- Grammar: This is what most people master by age 5 or 6. Basic uses that are not discussed.\n- Grammar Two: This is when basic grammar begins to be discussed and looked at, where students begin to describe their grammar.\n- Grammar Three: This is grammar etiquette, which tongue is appropriate to speak and write in.\nHartwell tells his readers that grouping the three types of grammar is problematic because the teaching of one type of grammar could be more helpful and necessary than the teaching of another type of grammar.\nPersonally, I have never really been a fan of in depth grammar lessons (as you probably get a sense of in my writing). However, as I enter deeper into my studies as a communication arts student, I am beginning to see the importance of grammar just a little more. If teaching grammar is used to “…help students understand the system they unconsciously know, showing them the necessary categories and labels (Hartwell),” then what grammar really is is a tool for meaning making. The ones who are making the meanings are the ones who have power. Therefore, maybe grammar is more than what we give it credit for, it is a tool for empowerment.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A study released today by Common Sense shows that parents spend more than nine hours (9:22) a day with screen media, the vast majority of that time being spent with personal media (7:43) and only slightly more than 90 minutes devoted to work media. The vast majority of these parents (78%) believe they are good media use role models for their kids. Meanwhile, many parents are concerned about their children's media use, including thinking that their children may become addicted to technology (56%) and that technology use negatively impacts their children's sleep (34%).\n\"These findings are fascinating because parents are using media for entertainment just as much as their kids, yet they express concerns about their kids' media use while also believing that they are good role models for their kids,\" said James P. Steyer, founder and CEO of Common Sense. \"Media can add a lot of value to relationships, education, and development, and parents clearly see the benefits, but if they are concerned about too much media in their kids' lives, it might be time to reassess their own behavior so that they can truly set the example they want for their kids.\"\nThe study, Common Sense Census: Plugged-In Parents of Tweens and Teens, finds significant differences in media use by population. Nearly two-thirds of Hispanic and African-American parents (66% and 65%, respectively) are highly aware of the content their children see or hear when using media, compared to half of white parents (51%). Hispanic parents are also more concerned about technology addiction (63% vs. 55%) and the impact of technology on their children's sleep (43% vs. 30%).\nFor more tools to manage media use, visit commonsense.org.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "By Joy Scott, Am Haskalah Congregant The translation of this week’s Torah Parsha (CHAYEI SARAH) is ‘The Life of Sarah’. Ironically, only the first two lines of the Parsha pertain...\nThis week’s Torah Parsha begins by G-D speaking to Abram, “Go from your land, from your birthplace and from your father’s house to the land which I will show you” There, G-D says, will eventually be a great nation. Abram, his wife, Sarai, and his nephew, Lot, journey to the land of Canaan. Abram builds an altar and continues to spread the message of ‘One G-d’.\nHowever, a famine forces Abram to depart to Egypt. Fearing for their safety in Egypt, Abram tells his wife, Sarai: “because of your beauty, pretend to be my sister, and not my wife, so that my life will be spared, and all will go well with me(1). Sarai agrees, and when they enter Egypt, it is as predicted: Sarai’s beauty is immediately noticed, and she is taken to the palace of the Pharaoh; and, Abram acquires sheep, cattle, camels, and other valuables, in exchange for allowing his ‘sister’ to cavort with the Pharaoh (2).\nThis story is extremely disturbing on multiple levels. Indeed G-D did impose severe plagues upon the Pharaoh and his household to retaliate on Sarai’s behalf. However, Abram only realized benefits, and no punishment or chastisement from G-D.\nBiblical scholars attempt to explain these issues by claiming that the story uses the ‘masculine singular of the verb; and, that the story was told as through the eyes of Abram(3).\nNevertheless, she was stripped of her individuality, and no longer recognized as a person; but, rather as an “unspecified generic object of desire”(4).\nThere is some sense of redemption in that G-D imposed plagues on the King of Egypt, on behalf of Sarai, whose suffering was degrading and undeserved.\nWe are all acutely aware of the significance and importance women’s issues play in modern society. If there is anything to be learned from this Parsha, it is to recognize the unique values and potential of every individual, as well as the pain of being mistreated, underestimated, or ignored.\n(1) Genesis (12:11-13)\n(2) Genesis (12:15)\n(3) The Torah: A Modern Commentary (Torah.org)\n(4) The Torah: A Women’s Commentary (Torah.org)\nAnalysis and Composition: Joy Scott (Am Haskalah)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What is it used for?\n- To help prevent the symptoms of allergies that are caused by airborne allergens, for example hayfever, dust mite allergy or pet allergies.\nHow does it work?\nCare allergy defence nasal spray is a medical device that contains a natural cellulose powder as its main ingredient.\nWhen this spray is used in the nose, the powder reacts with moisture on the lining of the nose to form a colourless fine gel coating. This gel acts as a filter, trapping airborne allergens such as pollen and dust, and stopping them from coming into contact with the lining of the nose. This prevents the allergens from causing the allergic reactions in the nose that produce hayfever-type symptoms.\nCare allergy defence spray should be used as often as needed, but at least three times a day. Using the spray regularly maintains a good barrier on the lining of the nose, which will help to prevent the symptoms of hayfever or other nasal allergies from developing.\nYou can also use the spray as a preventative measure before entering an environment that you know might trigger your allergy, for example before going into the garden, mowing the lawn, dusting, or visiting a house where there are pets.\nYou should use the spray again after every time you blow your nose.\n- This spray is for nasal use only. It should not be taken by mouth. Avoid getting the spray in your eyes.\n- This spray should not be used together with any other nasal sprays because this can make it less effective.\n- Before using the spray for the first time, squeeze down the collar several times until an even spray emerges.\n- Any remaining nasal spray should be discarded six months after the spray is first opened. This is because it could be contaminated with dirt or germs. Write the date of opening on the bottle so you know when to throw it away. Dispose of product carefully, preferably by returning it to your pharmacy.\nNot to be used in\n- Known sensitivity or allergy to any of its ingredients.\nThis spray should not be used if you are sensitive or allergic to any of its ingredients. Please inform your doctor or pharmacist if you have previously experienced such an allergy.\nIf you feel you have experienced an allergic reaction, stop using this spray and inform your doctor or pharmacist immediately.\nPregnancy and breastfeeding\nCertain medicines should not be used during pregnancy or breastfeeding. However, other medicines may be safely used in pregnancy or breastfeeding providing the benefits to the mother outweigh the risks to the unborn baby. Always inform your doctor if you are pregnant or planning a pregnancy, before using any medicine.\nMedicines and their possible side effects can affect individual people in different ways. Just because a side effect is stated here, it does not mean that all people using this spray will experience that or any side effect.\n- There are no known side effects with this spray.\nFor more information about any other possible risks associated with this product, please read the information provided with the spray or consult your doctor or pharmacist.\nIf you think you have experienced a side effect from a medicine or vaccine you should check the patient information leaflet. This lists the known side effects and what to do if you get them. You can also get advice from your doctor, nurse or pharmacist. If they think it’s necessary they'll report it for you.\nYou can also report side effects yourself using the yellow card website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.\nHow can this product affect other medicines?\nThis product is not known to affect other medicines.\nOther products containing the same active ingredient\nThere are currently no other products available in the UK that contain cellulose as the active ingredient.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "For my classroom observation, I chose the three year old room at my daycare. In this classroom, music and rhythm were utilized numerous times during my observational period. Upon entering the classroom, the children were working on their morning journals and listening to classical music. After the children were done it was time for them to transition and prepare for breakfast. To keep the students calm, the teacher turned on jazz music. After breakfast, it was time for circle time.\nThe students said a morning prayer and then sang a good morning song welcoming each other to a new day at school. Circle time involved numerous piggy back concept songs. The months of the year was sung to the tune of “Ten Little Indians” and when they talked about the days of the week it was sung to the tune of “Oh my Darling Clementine. ” The tune of “Frere Jacques” was used when learning their colors and when learning their shapes they sang a song called “Silly, Silly Shapes. The children are learning their short and long vowel sounds, so for this portion of circle time the students did what the teacher calls “The Short Vowel Power Punch” and they once again sang a song for remembering their long vowels. Once the children completed circle time they transitioned into “Music and Movement. ”\nDuring this time the children did finger plays and sang “Head and Shoulders” to recognize the parts of their body. The theme for the week was animals, so the children dance to Greg and Steve’s “Animal Action. The children really enjoyed showing the different movements and the sounds each animal made. Since the children were a little jittery when music and movement was over, the teacher used a transition song to prepare them for their morning lesson. Once the students completed their morning lesson it was time for me to leave. I really enjoyed being able to take the time and observe the three year old classroom because it gave me insight of different methods of music and rhythm that I could also incorporate into my classroom learning.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Phytonutrients, the pigments that give fresh foods their vibrant hues of red, green, yellow and orange, contain powerful antioxidant properties. Many fruits and vegetables are suitable for dogs to eat, and contain compounds that help provide protection against many ailments and diseases to which domestic canines are prone.\nDespite the fact that most phytonutrients are officially considered “non-essential” (most aren’t included in AAFCO nutrient profiles or other references many vets are familiar with), phytochemicals do seem essential for deep-seated good health, well being, immunity – and probably longevity.\nSome of the health benefits of phytonutrients in colorful foods include enhanced immune system activity, protection against cancer, support of eye and heart health, improved communication between cells and repair of DNA damage. Antioxidants also help slow down the signs of aging by cleaning up the by-products of oxidation within the body’s cells.\nThe powerful health properties of phytonutrients are thought to play an especially important role in cancer prevention. While the majority of the research is being done on humans, it’s likely most of the benefits being demonstrated also apply to animals, including domesticated pets.\nResearchers have identified hundreds of different phytonutrients. Some of the best known are carotenoids (such as beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene and Zeaxanthin) and flavonoids (such as isoflavones, anthocyanins and flavones).", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Big Rain Coming activities compiled in an easy to print booklet.\nYou can engage a class for a whole day using this Stage 3 booklet of resources and learning activities. Students will complete activities in the booklet that are based upon the quality text 'Big Rain Coming' written by Katrina Germein.\nDownload this teaching resource and students will complete quality literacy, numeracy and fun puzzle activities. This teaching resource includes;\nDo you need any other stage 3 resources? Go to the Casual Case Website.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "High Cholesterol, also known as hyperlipidemia, can contribute to a variety of negative health conditions, including heart disease and stroke. Unfortunately, more than a third of Americans (71 million) have high cholesterol.\nCholesterol is a fatty substance that exists in your blood. Doctors separate cholesterol into “good” and “bad” types. When people say they have high cholesterol, they usually mean they have excessive amounts of low-density lipoprotein (LDL cholesterol) in their blood.\nThe Mayo Clinic identifies six common causes of high cholesterol. These conditions include poor diet, obesity, large waist circumference, lack of exercise, smoking, and diabetes.\nGenetics can also play a key role in your cholesterol levels. If your family members have high cholesterol, then there is a good chance that you will, too.\nEating a diet that’s high in saturated fat and trans fat can raise your cholesterol by adding fat to your blood. Some foods you should avoid include:\nYou can improve your diet by eating a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.\nObesity is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher. You can calculate your BMI by dividing your weight by your height in inches squared and multiplying the result by 703. For instance, a 180-pound, 6-foot person’s BMI calculation would look like:\n(180/(72 * 72)) * 703 = 24.41\nIf you haven’t done algebra in awhile, you can always use an online BMI calculator that will do the math for you. Just plug in your weight and height to get an accurate result.\nScientists have found a connection between large waist circumference and high cholesterol. Men with waist circumferences of 40 inches or more are at high risk. Women with waist circumferences of 35 inches or more likely have high cholesterol.\nUnfortunately, high cholesterol doesn’t have any symptoms until it causes a heart attack, stroke or another cardiovascular event.\nYou can have your doctor perform a blood test that will reveal your cholesterol levels. Most doctors check for cholesterol every four to six years. If you are at risk of having high cholesterol, though, your doctor may want to check it annually or even more often.\nWhen you exercise, your body creates more “good” cholesterol while minimizing the harm caused by “bad” cholesterol.\nThe American Heart Association recommends that people who want to lower their cholesterol get 40 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous aerobic activity at least three times a week.\nUsing tobacco damages your blood vessel walls, which makes it easier for them to collect fatty cholesterol. Some research indicates that smoking can also lower your “good” cholesterol levels.\nDiabetes encourages the body to make more “bad” cholesterol and less “good” cholesterol. High blood sugar can also damage your arteries.\nThere are two types of cholesterol testing:\nThe first is called a complete cholesterol test also called a lipid profile test, that tests for the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in your blood. A complete cholesterol test includes the calculation of four types of fats (lipids) in your blood.\nThe second is called an NMR or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The NMR test is an advanced cardiovascular diagnostic test that uses nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to provide rapid, simultaneous and direct measurement of LDL particle number and size of LDL particles, and also direct measurement of HDL and VLDL subclasses. This detailed lipoprotein particle information allows health professionals to make more effective individualized treatment decisions than previously possible based on standard lipid panel testing.\nAlthough the NMR is a more detailed test it is also more expensive, takes more time to result and is not always needed to assess cardiovascular risk. Depending on your risk factors your cardiologist or internist will determine which test is indicated and best to assess your overall cardiovascular risk.\nMaking changes to your lifestyle may significantly improve your cholesterol levels. People with high cholesterol can often make improvements by:\nIf lifestyle changes don’t lower your cholesterol, then you may need to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. Most patients with high cholesterol take statins such as:\nStatins work by telling your liver to produce less cholesterol. When your liver doesn’t make as much cholesterol, you will have lower levels in your blood.\nHigh cholesterol is closely related to your diet and exercise habits, and there are a number of lifestyle factors you can control to minimize your risk. Losing weight may help, but everyone should focus on making sure to eat as healthy as possible, avoiding red meat and trans fats. For a healthier meat option, doctors recommend a couple weekly servings of fatty fish like tuna and salmon, which boost healthy cholesterol. Try to get enough exercise as well. You don’t have to be a hard-training athlete – just a couple hours of moderate exercise each week can make a major difference.\nIf left unchecked over time, high cholesterol can result in plaque build-up that causes atherosclerosis, or narrowing of the arteries. This limits blood flow, forcing the heart to work harder to pump blood to the rest of the body and increasing your risk of blood clots. Obstructions in the blood vessels significantly increase your risk of medical issues such as heart attacks, strokes, and hypertension, all of which can be potentially life-threatening.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Stress, which sometimes seems an inevitable part of daily life, is also a source of wear and tear on both body and mind. Stress is rooted in basic survival instincts known as the \"fight or flight\" response, which triggers chemicals in the brain and body designed to help us manage a threatening situation.\nAlmost everyone is familiar with the physical symptoms of intense stress: racing heart, sweaty palms, butterfly-filled belly. But it is also possible to experience low-grade, ongoing stress without those immediate symptoms. The chemicals that the body produces are the same, however, and negatively affect the body at the cellular level.\nLong-term stress, anxiety and depression have been linked with an increased risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. In fact, some research suggests that long-term stress stimulates the growth of the proteins that might cause Alzheimer's. And that can lead to memory loss.\nIt also appears that the impact of stress on people's brain health is affected by other behaviors that can also harm the brain. Overeating, drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes are among the informal stress management approaches people employ, but all of them increase the risk of damage to the brain in the form of a stroke.\nBeat Stress for Brain Health\nIt is possible to reduce stress and improve brain health with 20 minutes of relaxation a day. Yoga, prayer and meditation may actually turn off the genes that are activated by stress, according to a study by researchers at the Benson-Henry Institute for Mind/Body Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital.\nThe researchers demonstrated that eight weeks of relaxation training resulted in changes at the cellular level that countered the damaging effects of stress. The study was published online in the journal PLoS One.\nOther relaxation techniques recommended by the lead researcher, Dr. Herbert Benson, include:\n- Deep breathing\n- Tai chi\n- Qi gong\n- Repetitive prayer\n- Progressive muscle relaxation\n- Guided imagery\nThere are other lifestyle choices that have a twofold effect on brain health. They're both good for the brain and can help reduce stress levels:\n- Be physically active at least 30 minutes a day, five days a week\n- Eat a healthy, well-balanced diet and drink enough water\n- Limit alcohol consumption\n- Get enough sleep (6 to 8 hours a night)\nIf relaxation techniques and lifestyle changes do not help reduce stress in your life, talk to a medical professional about counseling or anti-anxiety medications.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Heidi Reina, M.S., Ed, is an educational technology integrator and teacher, reviewing free educational websites and apps.\nKids, teens and college students will find learning human anatomy a breeze with these websites, games, and free apps exploring the mystery and genius of the human body. The human body interactives that are available online give students a phenomenal view into human anatomy.\nThese sites transform textbook illustrations of the skeleton, organs, and body systems into simulations of live processes. And they are revolutionizing how kids learn human anatomy.\nThere are dozens of free anatomy interactives and games for kids. Here I describe ten of the best websites where students can explore the human body. They range from simplified games for elementary kids to sophisticated interactives of all body systems for high school and college students.\nThe Human Body eBook for Grades 3-5\nA class of children from a Colchester, Vermont elementary school put the Human Body eBook together. Read-along passages are highlighted as kids learn basic body organs, the skeletal system, and their function.\nThis is a great activity idea for upper-grade elementary students. Have your students put together an eBook of anatomy concepts they need to know at their grade level. Perhaps combine it with a project where they make their own model of the human body, illustrated in the video below.\nBody Parts and Functions for Grades 3-5\nIn Body Parts, from e-Learning for Kids, children get a tour of the human body with a guide who shows them the functions of each system.\nIncluded systems are:\n- bones, joints and muscles\n- the senses\n- the brain\n- the heart and blood\n- lungs and diaphragm\n- stomach and intestines\nThe guide on this site narrates as you touch the explained body part and the accompanying text matches the narration. A brief quiz at the end has a question corresponding to each explained body system.\nInteractive Anatomy Learning Tools Grades 3-5\nThe Children's University of Manchester has several interactive learning tools for kids to learn about the brain, teeth, skeleton, and digestive system.\n- Brain and Senses illustrates how the senses work and the parts of the brain responsible for processing each of the senses, personality, and movement.\n- Body and Medicines guides kids through an exploration of the skeleton, bones, and digestive system. Kids will also learn about the tests and instruments used to diagnose illnesses and the drugs used to treat them. There's also a section that illustrates how kids can distinguish good drugs from bad drugs.\n- Teeth and Eating explores the uses and structure of teeth, types of teeth, and a timeline of the age at which each type of tooth grows in. This is followed by proper teeth and mouth hygiene and healthy foods for teeth.\nBone Biology for Grades 5-8\nBone Biology for Kids was created by Dr. Susan Ott at the University of Washington to help middle school students understand bone structures and composition.\nDr. Ott offers detailed, well-illustrated explanations of the types of cells that make up bones and an A-Z glossary of terms related to bone biology. Students will learn about bone diseases and fractures, what makes bones strong, and how to strengthen bones.\nAfter reading all about bones and looking through the microscope slides, play Bone Quiz Yahtzee, an interactive game on the facts explained on the website. (The game only works in some browsers, such as Internet Explorer.)\nMy Recommended Anatomy Book for Children\nHuman Anatomy Lessons for Grades 6-12\nKhan Academy has an excellent comprehensive online course for students in human anatomy and physiology. Body systems in the lessons include circulatory, respiratory, urinary, hematologic (blood), immunologic, gastrointestinal, nervous, muscular, skeletal, endocrine, integumentary (skin, nails, hair, sweat glands), lymphatic, and reproductive.\nVideos illustrate the systems and introduce concepts and terms. These are followed by interactive flash cards and quizzes. As you progress through the course, you gain points to reach mastery of the subject matter. You can obtain a maximum of 900 mastery points in anatomy and physiology.\nFree registration and login is required to track your progress. A parent or teacher can also track the student's progress.\nKhan Academy is an outstanding resource for lessons in a broad range of subjects.\nHuman Body Explorer Videos for Grades 6-12\nThe Discovery Channel's Human Body: Pushing the Limits series offers more than a dozen three-minute video segments showing the human anatomy in action beneath the skin. The website also provides more in-depth explorations of sight, strength, sensation, and brain power.\nStudents can then use the Human Body Explorer interactive to put together pieces of the eye, see how much strain our bodies handle in everyday activities, and view the central, peripheral, and autonomous nervous systems. The culminating activity is the \"Brain Power\" interactive quiz and picture-matching game.\nExplore the Human Body for Grades 3-12\nExplore the Human Body, from National Geographic, takes you on a journey through the brain, heart, digestive system, lungs, and skin. This website has the best simulations of these body systems at work.\nWhile the extensive written material is more appropriate for high school students, teachers can use the animations for anatomy studies with young children as well.\nFor instance, the \"Feed the System\" simulation illustrates:\n- how different types of foods are processed by the digestive system as they are consumed\n- the anatomy and pumping action of the heart\n- how the lungs function and what happens in the lungs of a person with asthma\n- what parts of the brain are stimulated by different sensations\n- what happens inside the skin as it ages\nMapping Memory in 3D for Grades 9-12\nMapping Memory in 3D, from National Geographic, is all about brain anatomy. Simulations help students to see what happens in the brain to process visual information, auditory information, motions, and sensations.\nIt also helps students visualize how thought and reason are processed by working memory. Students learn how the brain makes memories, stores them, and how it forgets information as it ages. Included is a progressive simulation of what happens in a brain damaged by Alzheimer's Disease.\nInteractive Anatomy Tutorials for High School and College\nJ. Crimando's interactive anatomy tutorials do an excellent job of identifying body components for all the major body systems. The tutorials and quizzes encompass 11 systems:\nThese are particularly helpful to high school students taking AP physiology or anatomy courses.\nHuman Anatomy App for iPad, iPhone, or iPod Touch\nKids in grades 9-12 can learn the basics of major body systems with the Visual Anatomy Lite app for iPad or iPhone. View and 3-D models of major organs, muscle systems, bones, skull, circulation and respiratory systems.\nTap on a body part to learn its name. There is also a 22-question quiz section related to body functions. Additional features are fee-based.\nMore Anatomy Resources for Kids\n- Anatomy Flash Cards for Children | Android - Google Play\nBasic flash card app to help children preK-2 identify parts of the body. Intended for very young children only.\n- Human Parts of the Body for Kids & Students\nListing of 30 lessons, interactives, and apps to help K-12 students learn the workings of human anatomy.\nHave your kids used interactive human anatomy websites?\nHeidi Reina (author) from USA on January 25, 2016:\nThanks for your feedback, TrikyTriger, and I'm glad you these reviews helpful.\nTrikyTriger on January 23, 2016:\nTacy on February 17, 2015:\nYou make thigns so clear. Thanks for taking the time!\nfatman on October 24, 2014:\nAnonymousC831 from Kentucky on May 06, 2014:\nNo but they're going to now. Fantastic lens.\ntravelerme on December 21, 2013:\nI like that howcast clip Idea!\nACDuncan on November 03, 2013:\nLove this lens!! My little girl is very interested in how things work with the human body right now and this will be great to show her! Thanks for sharing.\nglowchick on November 02, 2013:\nThank you for sharing all these great resources, I am a homeschooler and we are doing High School Biology, once we get to Human Body systems, I am definitely going to use these.\nOUTFOXprevention1 on October 11, 2013:\nGreat websites you have posted. We have used them before to teach health/germs.\nanonymous on September 19, 2013:\nThank you so much for posting this list of resources! I am a nurse in Dallas Texas and have a passion for teaching kids about health care. I would love for you to review my book on Amazon about human anatomy for children. It is a top seller and has been reaching many people to help kids learn anatomy. Please view it on Amazon it is called Human Body: Anatomy for Kids an Inside Look at Body Organs\nmel-kav on August 16, 2013:\nI am a school nurse for special needs children. I am always looking for new ways to explain certain things to kids - as they are very inquisitive. What better way than to put them on the computer. Thanks for the great suggestions.\nBirthday Wishes from Here on July 29, 2013:\nNot yet... Thanks a lot for sharing another wonderful lens!!!\ntrinimatt on July 11, 2013:\nGreat info, thanks\nAdrianaZoder LM on July 08, 2013:\nOK, so I will relax now. My kids/students are in preschool and Kindergarten and I saw nobody was trying to claim that they must know human anatomy at that age. LOL. This is great info to have for 2016 though... :) Thanks.\nanonymous on May 08, 2013:\nGreat links, thank you! I also like the idea and graphic language of \"This is my Body â Anatomy for Kids\" iOS app. We are using it with first graders and they just love it!\nanonymous on May 03, 2013:\nYou lens is a great resource for kids and their parents.\nThetoothfaerie on April 30, 2013:\nGreat ideas. Thank you.\ngene-0 lm on April 23, 2013:\nGreat lens. I am showing it to my niece now\nanonymous on March 23, 2013:\nI do not have children, but I shared this lens on Facebook for my friends that do!\ndellgirl on January 28, 2013:\n~SquidAngel Blessings~ for this wonderful lens.\nmiller83 on January 20, 2013:\nFantastic links in abundance. Great information. Love the lens.\nKidsthings on January 15, 2013:\nA great range of websites that have information that is educational - this is a handy resource.\nRoadMonkey on January 04, 2013:\nNo, but my grandchildren will shortly visit some of the sites you have found for us. Thanks for a great lens.\nseosmm on December 24, 2012:\nVery interesting and nice lens!\nSuccess_At_School on December 15, 2012:\nWonderful anatomy resources!\ncrossroadsblogg on December 15, 2012:\nThanks. This is a great resource to teach my kids.\nNibsyNell on December 08, 2012:\nOh wow! Great resources! :)\nneotony on December 02, 2012:\nwow a pretty purple star! this is a nice way to teach children about human anatomy!\nLiliLove on November 22, 2012:\nLove it - bookmarked this lens for kids :)!\nqualityweb on November 11, 2012:\nThe video was simply amazing, great lens\nanonymous on October 29, 2012:\nsome really nice and useful information on this lens :)\nPat Broker from Templeton, CA on September 07, 2012:\nI wish I'd had these resources when I was an elementary teacher. Great lens!\nRinchenChodron on September 04, 2012:\nI don't have kids, but it looks like some wonderful resources here. Well done.\nanonymous on September 03, 2012:\nReturning with fresh angel dust for this amazing resource.\nSalliesmith on August 29, 2012:\nwow perfect HUB for kids along with good reference sites...............\nanonymous on August 22, 2012:\nI just found another amazing app on the Appstore that's called \"This is my body - Anatomy for kids\"\nJust had a look at it with my kids and they seem to like it a lot! Thanks for the links though, will check some of them out for them too.\nbbsoulful2 on July 22, 2012:\nGreat companion for those using Apologia Sciences Human Anatomy book! Thanks --\nGenesis Davies from Guatemala on July 20, 2012:\nExcellent! I'm bookmarking this for homeschool science work, thanks!\nkimark421 on July 17, 2012:\nGreat lens. Excellent resources. Thanks!\nanonymous on July 16, 2012:\nG+1 too, thanks\nanonymous on July 16, 2012:\nExcellent lens, thank you for liking my lens about badgers too. Squidliked and Pinned\namberchina on May 24, 2012:\nMy students haven't yet, but now that I've seen these, they will!\nShannon from Florida on April 05, 2012:\nGreat lens! You've done a nice job compiling some excellent resources. I'm featuring your lens on my human body unit study lens (http://www.squidoo.com/cells-and-dna). Liked.\nTeri Villars from Phoenix, Arizona on March 22, 2012:\nI am donating my body to Science when I die. This is the only reservation that I had....I could see my grandkids in an anatomy class when they wheel me in. OOPS! ha! Squid Angel blessed!\nthree-em on March 21, 2012:\nmapping memory in 3D is very interesting..\ngood visualisation and easy too learn..\nthanks for share..\nKReneeC on March 12, 2012:\nGreat job on the lens! It's awesome!\nMichey LM on March 08, 2012:\nExcellent resource lens especial for home schooling Mom's. The learning never stops.\nwadsworth lm on February 27, 2012:\nThanks so much for the lens, it is a great resource.\njimmyworldstar on February 09, 2012:\nThis is great for medical students. With the amount of material you have to learn taking it in this way may help.\nShannon from Florida on January 31, 2012:\nGreat lens! We're studying the human body right now. Tomorrow we get to dissect a deer brain. Lots of fun. This will be a nice resource to use for our unit. Thank you! Blessed and liked.\njadehorseshoe on December 24, 2011:\nAnother Useful Lens.\nfugeecat lm on December 24, 2011:\nI've never used these websites, but they all look really good so I'll be using them in the future.\nEvelynIrene on December 20, 2011:\nI have used many of these to study for Science Olympiad. But, you didn't include my favorite anatomy site, http://anatomyarcade.com! It has seriously fun games which help you learn. Great lens, though!\nBuchamar on December 14, 2011:\nGreat info and much more fun than school! Much like the apps I review :-)\nsherioz on December 11, 2011:\nWhy couldn't school have been this much fun when I was a pupil?\nPaki Bazar on November 17, 2011:\ni love this blog you are working really good\nAlisonMeacham on November 16, 2011:\nAn excellent resource. Blessed by a Squid Angel\nVikki from US on November 09, 2011:\nBlessed by a squid angel ;)\nanonymous on July 31, 2011:\nWhat wonderful resources for learning anatomy, I sure wish all of this had been available years ago when I was homeschooling my children. Interactive activities are so helpful in learning and these are lessons that will be useful for a lifetime.\nDonnette Davis from South Africa on July 11, 2011:\nThis lens is superb.. I have been working on (for about 9868568998 years) a book about teaching elementary school age children about the human body and I seriously needed something to spice up my research! THANK YOU!\nTracy Gibb on July 05, 2011:\nTeaching about the human body is a great way to make sure kids take care of their bodies and make good choices for the rest of their lives! Great lense!\npufek77 lm on April 24, 2011:\nThis Lens Is Awesome", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What Causes Skin Cancer?\nSkin cancer is the most common form of cancer caused by a malignant growth on the skin. There are three types of skin cancer\n- Basal cell cancer – this is the most common type of skin cancer but in most cases basal cell cancer is not lethal. This cancer type is typically found on the head and neck and causes major damage and mutilation to the surrounding tissues\n- Squamous cell cancer – squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant cancer that develops from epithelial cells. It may affect the skin, lips, mouth, esophagus, urinary bladder, prostate, lungs, vagina, and cervix.\n- Melanoma – this is the rarest form of skin cancers but is considered the most fatal. Melanoma is a malignant tumor that occurs in the cells located in the bottom section of the skin’s outer layer, the middle layer of the eye, the inner ear and other areas that produces melanin.\nCauses of Skin Cancer\nThe major cause of skin cancer is the sun’s rays which are radioactive. The sun’s energy has both visible and invisible lights including ultraviolet (UV) rays that will cause sun tan and sunburn. The skin’s DNA becomes damaged with exposure to the sun, excessive exposure will lead to severe damage where normal skin cells begin to grow abnormally and form cancer cells. Ultraviolet radiation is a higher risk factor for non-melanoma cancers such as basal cell carcinoma. Ultraviolet (A) and ultraviolet B (UVB) are the two types of ultraviolet rays. The sun is the primary natural source of UV radiation, artificial sources include tanning booths and some types of lasers.\nPerson of fair complexion will have a greater risk of developing melanoma type skin cancer. If an individual has light skin that freckles easily and tends to burn rather than tan, blond or red hair and blue or light gray eyes, they are more susceptible to sun exposure and ultimately skin damage/cancer. Persons who see an increase in skin moles are also at greater risk.\nPersons with a family history of skin cancer may be prone to the disease. Skin cancer can be caused by abnormal genes that are inherited from parent to child. Family history is a common risk factor for melanoma, and persons with first-degree relatives diagnosed with melanoma do have a 50% chance of having this cancer than others with no family history. The risk will however, decrease as the relations get more distant.\nIn the case of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) not all cases are attributed to sun exposure. There are a few occasions when the tumors develop in areas that are not exposed to sun. Contact with arsenic, radiation, open sores that do not heal, chronic inflammatory skin conditions, and complications of burns, scars, infections, vaccinations, and tattoos can contribute to this cancer type.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A worksheet about bike riding safety.\nUse this teaching resource as a writing prompt or when learning about bike safety.\nWe create premium quality, downloadable teaching resources for primary/elementary school teachers that make classrooms buzz!\nFind more resources for these topics\nRequest a change\nYou must be logged in to request a change. Sign up now!\nReport an Error\nYou must be logged in to report an error. Sign up now!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Thinking of covering up your ugly baseboard heaters with drapes or hiding them behind a couch or bookshelf? You might want to reconsider.\nThe stack effect (also called chimney effect) involves airflow into and out of a building caused by incoming and outgoing air temperature differences. This involves a natural convection which operates on a key principle of physics: hot air is less dense than cold air and hence air pressure exerts an upwards force. In layman’s terms: hot air rises and cold air falls. You’ve probably experienced this before if you’ve ever been in a large apartment building where the upper floors tend to be much warmer than the lower ones, or perhaps you’ve noticed your basement tends to be a lot cooler than the upstairs.\nA baseboard heater works in much the same way, by generating heat from the ground up. Baseboard needs some ‘chimney effect’ to have the air enter the bottom of the cover and rise through. The hot air rises upwards as cold air is pulled down and reheated.This means that when cold air at floor level comes into contact with the heating element (such as the slanted heat element in your baseboard heater), it becomes warm. Air from the entire room follows in a completely silent, gentle flow. The result is a stable, even temperature. Baseboard heaters offer exceptional heat conductivity transferring as much heat possible to the greatest volume of air.\nOne of the main advantages of baseboard heaters is that they allow each room to be controlled independently, allowing you to set lower temperatures in rooms that are less frequently used, turning into lower energy costs to you.\nWhen baseboard heaters are trapped in a small space, like tucked behind a shelf or a couch for example, the heating effect will be lost because the cold air flow to the unit is restricted making the output of hot air limited. So while you may have your baseboard heaters turned on, you’re actually wasting potential heat (and money!) without optimum airflow.\nThe number one rule is proper airflow around the finned tube element; if the airflow is restricted on either the bottom (air in) or near the top (heated air out), you’re in trouble. So before you try covering up that ugly baseboard heater with a piece of furniture you might want to consider a new cover instead–which will end up saving you money in the long run.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Rationale for the Coding Changes\nBelow is the reasoning underlying the modifications I made to the original 70 phonograms in The Writing Road to Reading. They are included on the pdf titled \"Teaching the Revised List of 84 Phonograms\" that was discussed on the page Phonogram Revisions.\nEach of the changes will be discussed, starting with the single vowel letters.\nPhonograms a, e, i, o and u\nCoding change: Drop the underlining of long vowel sounds and number them with a 2 instead. This allows single underlining to be used to indicate only phonograms with more than one letter and also encourages the child to think of all the possible options in numerical order.\nSound changes: The reason for adding the /ee/ sound to phonogram i was made on the page The Easiest Change. The reason for adding the /oo/ sound to phonogram u is because it does stand for an /oo/ sound in words like truth, flu, lucid, fluid and many others. The reason it is designated with the number 3 is that a child is better off trying the /ue/ sound and then immediately trying the /oo/ sound if he doesn’t automatically drop into that sound when the /ue/ sound proves difficult to enunciate. It is a fact that we use the /ue/ sound when enunciation is easy, but drop to /oo/ when enunciation of /ue/ proves to be a bit of a tongue twister.\nPhonograms c and g\nCoding change: While the rule governing the proper pronunciation of the phonogram c is quite reliable, and should be taught, the rule governing the phonogram g is not so reliable. Also, young children don't easily apply \"if-then\" rules, so numbering the second sound of each phonogram is preferred over reliance upon a rule.\nSound change: In almost all words where the sound /ng/ is followed either by the sound /c/ or the sound /g/, the sound /ng/ is spelled with the phonogram n. That is, we do not write ingk, thangks, angkle, angchor or Ingca, nor do we write fingger, angger, longger or hungger. In each and every case we use the phonogram n. This should be taught and the second sound of phonogram n should be numbered with a 2 as usual.\nSound changes: The addition of the /ee/ (happy) sound was discussed on the page The Easiest Change. The reasoning behind dropping the teaching of a consonant /yuh/ sound when a word begins with the phonogram y is that a child can easily be taught to say a quick /ee/ sound and when he blends the result, he will easily get the word. For example, take the word yard. If a child says /ee/…/ar/…/d/, he will get the correct result as long as he is instructed to say the first sound in a quick, short burst rather than dragging it out. He should also be told that this quick /ee/ is a consonant sound.\nCoding change: When the ending /ee/ sound in words like happy and silly are acknowledged, they then vastly outnumber the words where the phonogram y represents the /ie/ and /i/ sounds, so the numbering should reflect that. Conveniently, it can then be pointed out that the phonogram y represents the same sounds as the phonogram i, but the order is reversed (/ee/ie/i/ versus /i/ie/ee/)\nPhonograms ar, or and er\nSound changes: Ms. Spalding already acknowledges the sounds /ar/, /or/ and /er/ by teaching the phonograms ar, or and er. I advocate introducing an /err/ sound as well (pronounced in the Midwest as \"air,\" but I also realize that in some areas of the U.S. and in other English-speaking countries, an /err/ sound is either confusing or unnecessary. The way to tell if it should be used is to compare the words marry, merry and Mary. In the Midwest, if someone says he is going to \"marry merry Mary,\" he pronounces all three words nearly identically, if not exactly identically, and therefore teaching spellings of an /err/ sound makes sense.\nSo, assuming the use of an /err/ (merry) sound, the phonogram ar has four pronunciations as indicated by the suggested changes and they should be numbered as such. The phonogram or has two and the phonogram er also has two. The main reason for doing all this is to encourage a young child to see the spellings ar, er and or as phonograms at all times, rather than one sound here but two sounds there, which can be exceptionally confusing both to learn and to teach. As with many of my suggested changes, these come directly from my experience working with young children considered learning disabled. Clarity and consistency are important with these children.\nSound change: Dropped as a phonogram. There is no good justification for the spelling \"wor\" being designated as a phonogram. It stands for two sounds, not one, and the only reason for emphasizing its existence at all is that the combined spellings \"w+or\" result in a consistent pattern where the phonogram or always represents the /er/ sound. The same case could be made for designating the spelling \"war\" as a phonogram, and for that matter patterns like \"ack,\" \"eck,\" and \"ick\" could also be phonograms if the purpose of a phonogram becomes one of indicating patterns of English print.\nSound change: As indicated, at times the spelling \"ed\" is two sounds, not one. This usually occurs when the ending of the word is spelled \"ded\" or \"ted,\" but also occurs infrequently in words like rugged and wicked. The suffix ed is definitely a confusing one for young children, and this is one of the hardest suffixes for them to learn to decode reliably. The main reason for suggesting this change is to preserve the consistency of the definition of a phonogram, that is, that it represents one sound, unless a strong reason exists to do otherwise as is the case, for example, with the phonograms qu and le.\nCoding change: The reason for changing the order of preference so that the /ue/ sound is designated as the initial choice is that, as discussed here earlier, a young child is far better off attempting to say the /ue/ sound first because in most cases if the actual sound is /oo/, he will probably end up at the right sound anyway. This is definitely not true if the child starts with the /oo/ sound and needs to get to /ue/.\nSound change: The reason for this change is that suit, fruit and juice are now pronounced with /oo/ sounds, not /ue/ sounds in U.S. English. It’s possible that this is not the case in other English-speaking countries.\nSound changes: Teaching a child two extra “sounds” for the phonogram ough is justified by the four words, rough, tough, enough and cough plus their derivations. This is an insufficient reason to confuse the meaning of phonogram by again designating as phonograms print patterns with two sounds, rather than one. (See the note below for handling these words.)\nCoding change: The reason for the suggested notation change is to parallel the sounds of the other two phonograms for the /ow/ sound. The phonogram ow is /ow/, /oe/ and the phonogram ou is /ow/, /oe/, /oo/, /u/. This makes the phonogram ough represent /ow/, /oe/, /oo/, /aw/.\nNote: The words rough, tough, enough, laugh and cough (and their derivatives like laughter) are handled by teaching the phonogram ugh as the /f/ sound. It's not included in the 84 phonograms, however, because all of the words in which that phonogram appears are well down the Ayres List. Instead, it's treated as an additional phonogram to be learned much later in the curriculum, or by example when it's encountered in reading (as will most likely be the case.)\nCoding change: The reason for the sound change was given on the page The Easiest Change. Once the /i/ sound is dropped and replaced with an /ee/ sound in words like valley and hockey, the words in which the phonogram ey represents the /ee/ sound far outnumber those where it represents the /ae/ sound, such as they and obey. This notation change reflects the fact that a child should try the /ee/ sound first.\nCoding change: Again, the reason for the sound change was given on the page The Easiest Change. Here the reasoning behind the notation change is a bit shaky because there are probably more words where the phonogram ie represents the /ee/ sound. However, referring to it as /ie/,/ee/ reflects the actual spelling of the phonogram, easing the task of memorizing its sounds.\nSound change: The reason for changing the third sound to /e/ (heifer) from /i/ (forfeit) is two fold. First, the change makes the word heifer fit the structure; it is no longer an exception. And second, all of the examples where the phonogram ei is taught as an /i/ sound actually contain schwas, rather than /i/ sounds. As with all words containing schwas, the child is just taught to say the precise sound represented by the phonogram rather than an /u/. Thus, patient is pati/e/nt, not patiunt and reward is r/ee/ward, not ruward. Similarly, it would be a trivial task to explain that forfeit is forf/e/t, not forfut or forfit.\nThe changes presented above are changes to the 70 original phonograms in WRTR. Any one, or all, of them could be implemented if you decide to do so, even though you decide not to use the rest of the modifications described on the OnTrack Reading list of 84 phonograms. For example, to implement the suggestion on teaching \"wor\" as a phonogram, you just don't teach it. To change the sound of the phonogram ui from /ue/ (which it isn't) to /oo/ (which it is), you just tell your child it's /oo/ when you teach it. In other words, you can judge each suggested change on its own merits and modify as you please.\nHowever, if you incorporate all of the changes above with the additions to the phonograms I suggest (bringing the total taught to 84) and with the new coding of the ubiquitous ending \"e\" that I also suggest, you will have a far easier, and more consistent, method of coding words in the end. Plus, you will have set up a system of coding/decoding which will be easy to combine with the OnTrack Reading Multisyllable Method.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "March 5, 2014 |\nMIT team proposes storing extra rocket fuel in space for future missions.\nFuture lunar missions may be fueled by gas stations in space, according to MIT engineers: A spacecraft might dock at a propellant depot, somewhere between the Earth and the moon, and pick up extra rocket fuel before making its way to the lunar surface.\nOrbiting way stations could reduce the fuel a spacecraft needs to carry from Earth — and with less fuel onboard, a rocket could launch heavier payloads, such as large scientific experiments.\nOver the last few decades, scientists have proposed various designs, such as building a fuel-manufacturing station on the moon and sending tankers to refill floating depots. But most ideas have come with hefty price tags, requiring long-term investment.\nThe MIT team has come up with two cost-efficient depot designs that do not require such long-term commitment. Both designs take advantage of the fact that each lunar mission carries a supply of “contingency propellant” — fuel that’s meant to be used only in emergencies. In most cases, this backup fuel goes unused, and is either left on the moon or burned up as the crew re-enters the Earth’s atmosphere.\nInstead, the MIT team proposes using contingency propellant from past missions to fuel future spacecraft. For instance, as a mission heads back to Earth, it may drop a tank of contingency propellant at a depot before heading home. The next mission can pick up the fuel tank on its way to the moon as its own emergency supply. If it ends up not needing the extra propellant, it can also drop it at the depot for the next mission — an arrangement that the team refers to as a “steady-state” approach.\nA depot may also accumulate contingency propellant from multiple missions, part of an approach the researchers call “stockpiling.” Spacecraft heading to the moon would carry contingency propellant as they normally would, dropping the tank at a depot on the way back to Earth if it’s not needed; over time, the depot builds up a large fuel supply. This way, if a large lunar mission launches in the future, its rocket wouldn’t need a huge fuel supply to launch the heavier payload. Instead, it can stop at the depot to collect the stockpiled propellant to fuel its landing on the moon.\n“Whatever rockets you use, you’d like to take full advantage of your lifting capacity,” says Jeffrey Hoffman, a professor of the practice in MIT’s Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics. “Most of what we launch from the Earth is propellant. So whatever you can save, there’s that much more payload you can take with you.”\nHoffman and his students — Koki Ho, Katherine Gerhard, Austin Nicholas, and Alexander Buck — outline their depot architecture in the journal Acta Astronautica.\nPickup and drop-off in space\nThe researchers came up with a basic mission strategy to return humans to the moon, one slightly different from that of the Apollo missions. During the Apollo era, spacecraft circled close to the lunar equator — a route that required little change in direction, and little fuel to stay on track. In the future, lunar missions may take a more flexible approach, with the freedom to change course to explore farther reaches of the moon — such as the polar caps, for evidence of water — a strategy that would require each spacecraft to carry extra fuel to change orbits.\nWorking under the assumption of a more global exploration strategy, the researchers designed a basic architecture involving a series of stand-alone missions, each exploring the surface of the moon for seven to 14 days. This mission plan requires that a spacecraft returning to Earth must change its orbital plane when needed. Under this basic scenario, missions could operate under existing infrastructure, without fuel depots, meaning that each spacecraft would carry its own supply of contingency propellant.\nThe researchers then drew up two depot designs to improve the efficiency of the basic scenario. In both designs, depots would be stationed at Lagrange points — regions in space between the Earth, moon, and sun that maintain gravitational equilibrium. Objects at these points remain in place, keeping the same relative position with respect to the Earth and the moon.\nHoffman says that ideally, transferring fuel between the depot and a spacecraft would simply involve astronauts or a robotic arm picking up a tank. The alternative — siphoning fuel from tank to tank like you would for your car — is a bit trickier, as liquid tends to float in a gravity-free environment. But, Hoffman says, it’s doable.\n“In building the International Space Station, every time a new module is added, we’ve had to hook up new fluid connections,” Hoffman says. “It’s not a trivial design problem, but it can be done.”\n‘Creating value … against political uncertainty’\nThe main drawbacks for both depot designs include maintenance; keeping depots within the Lagrange point; and preventing a phenomenon, called “boil-off,” in which fuel that’s not kept at cold-enough temperatures can boil away. If scientists can find ways around these challenges, Hoffman says, gas stations in space could be an efficient way to support large lunar explorations.\n“One of the problems with large space programs is, you invest a huge amount in building up the infrastructure, and then a program gets canceled,” Hoffman says. “With depot architectures, you’re creating value which is robust against political uncertainty.”\nThe paper came out of two MIT classes taught by Hoffman: 16.851 (Satellite Engineering) and 16.89 (Space Systems Engineering), in which students also looked at redesigning a lunar lander and evaluated different approaches to landing on the moon.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Establishment of Religion\nViewpoint neutrality extends beyond political speech on campus, and into what may be an even more contentious area – religious freedom. The courts have ruled that colleges cannot treat individuals or groups espousing a religious belief in away that is less favorable than other religious or secular groups on campus. The courts have struck down rules that prohibited religious groups from using campus facilities or being awarded funding. If secular groups receive access to funding or facilities at a public institution of higher learning, then religious groups must also receive funding and access to facilities under the same criteria as secular groups seeking services from the school.\nAt the same time, in order to remain viewpoint neutral in the eyes of the courts may not take actions that establish a specific religious tradition or practice at a public institution. Because this is a contentious issue, the Supreme Court has developed a three-pronged approach known as the Lemon test to assess the policies colleges set. Essentially, programs must have a secular purpose, must not hinder or promote religion, and does create government entanglement. One effect of the Lemon test is to make fora on campus that secular groups can access also open to religious groups. The most obvious result on some campuses is that student affairs administrators end being required to allow members of religions to preach in public for a on campus unless they cause a significant disturbance to the educational mission. When I was a student at the University of Alabama, this meant that students, especially female students, found themselves the targets of the harangues of an individual calling himself “Brother Micah” as they went to the student center on campus.\nFreedom of the Press\nStudent organizations have levels of press freedom at colleges and universities far beyond that found in the K-12 setting as a result of the 1973 Papish ruling by the Supreme Court, which affirmed that student organizations in higher education have the same press freedoms as regular media. Both content censorship and prior restrain of student media are generally held to be unconstitutional. This means that campus newspapers are subject to the same standards as other publications in regard to defamation and copyright. Electronic student media have the same levels of protections, although, student affairs administrators can still impose limits on Internet access or other limited public for a or nonfora – analysis of appropriate time, place, and manner still apply to campus media organizations. In an area that is potentially less obvious, the courts have ruled that media generated as part of a class assignment for grades or other evaluation, may be more closely regulated in regards to academic standards. In the teaching role, colleges can use grades to assert that articles do not meet academic standards for quality. In another caveat for administrators and faculty, though, even when a campus newspaper is produced in class, the college still cannot exercise censorship over the content.\nRight to Privacy\nThe issue of student rights to privacy seems one of the more challenging of the civil rights that student affairs administrators must navigate. In some regards a right to privacy is implied in the First Amendment to the Constitution in the rights to free speech or association, as students cannot be forced to speak or join organizations outside the context of the classroom. In addition, although campus administrators are not law enforcement, the Fourth Amendment’s protections against illegal search and seizure apply at public colleges. In practice, it seems that student affairs administrators need to be more aware of the restraints and requirements of Federal and state privacy laws on student privacy. FERPA, for example allows students access to their records, and allows employees of an institution of higher education to discuss a student if there is a legitimate educational reason to do so, but it also prevents them from releasing information about a student’s grades or class performance without written permission unless health and safety are at stake. As in other parts of life, individual privacy rights tend to be less if safety is an issue, so student affairs administrators are advised to err on the side of caution when privacy is an issue – if there is a legitimate reason to know that students are a danger to themselves or others, it is best to contact appropriate authorities and face potential privacy litigation than to risk that people be harmed by their inaction.\nFederal law and Supreme Court rulings have established that institutions of higher education may not discriminate based on race or gender. The Court’s ruling in Brown v the Board of Education in 1954 and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ban discrimination based on race, while Title IX bars discrimination based on gender. There are some important exceptions for Greek organizations, religious schools, and military academies, but in general, at public institutions of higher education, may not discriminate based on either of these categories. In addition, the Rehabilitation Act and Americans with Disabilities Acts prohibit discrimination based on disability.\nWhen it comes to race-based discrimination, the issue that seems the largest challenge for student affairs administrators in the 21st century is the issue of Affirmative Action in admissions or access to limited programs. The courts have ruled that quotas and systems that treat students as groups based on race or ethnicity are not acceptable ways to promote diversity. Student affairs administrators are encouraged to evaluate each student as an individual, and can use race only as a bonus on a student’s side when considering them for admission if it can be shown that doing so to enhance diversity is a benefit to the educational mission.\nDisability seems another area in which student affairs administrators face a very difficult task in acting appropriately, serving student needs, and following legislation. Part of the problem is that because higher education is not legally defined as a right, when students leave the K-12 environment for college, they face a radically different methodology when it comes to accommodation. In colleges, students needing accommodation must self-identify in order to receive evaluation and accommodation. Student affairs administrators also face the challenge of not having established competencies to guide admissions to disciplines, which makes it more difficult to determine whether a student with a disability could succeed regardless of their disability. Once again, treating students as individuals, and evaluating each case on its own is really the watchword for student affairs administrators. Disability law is so highly specialized that administrators to seek help from specialists when dealing with this area of responsibility.\nLake, Peter F, Foundations of higher education law & policy: Basic legal rules, concepts, and principles for student affairs. Washington, DC: NASPA.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Mises Daily Articles\nThe Politics of Obedience\n[Part I of The Politics of Obedience: The Discourse of Voluntary Servitude by Étienne de La Boétie, written 1552–53.]\nI see no good in having several lords:\nLet one alone be master, let one alone be king.\nThese words Homer puts in the mouth of Ulysses,1 as he addresses the people. If he had said nothing further than \"I see no good in having several lords,\" it would have been well spoken. For the sake of logic he should have maintained that the rule of several could not be good since the power of one man alone, as soon as he acquires the title of master, becomes abusive and unreasonable.\nInstead he declared what seems preposterous: \"Let one alone be master, let one alone be king.\" We must not be critical of Ulysses, who at the moment was perhaps obliged to speak these words in order to quell a mutiny in the army, for this reason, in my opinion, choosing language to meet the emergency rather than the truth. Yet, in the light of reason, it is a great misfortune to be at the beck and call of one master, for it is impossible to be sure that he is going to be kind, since it is always in his power to be cruel whenever he pleases.\nAs for having several masters, according to the number one has, it amounts to being that many times unfortunate. Although I do not wish at this time to discuss this much-debated question, namely, whether other types of government are preferable to monarchy,2 still I should like to know, before casting doubt on the place that monarchy should occupy among commonwealths, whether or not it belongs to such a group, since it is hard to believe that there is anything of common wealth in a country where everything belongs to one master. This question, however, can remain for another time and would really require a separate treatment involving by its very nature all sorts of political discussion.\nFor the present I should like merely to understand how it happens that so many men, so many villages, so many cities, so many nations, sometimes suffer under a single tyrant who has no other power than the power they give him; who is able to harm them only to the extent to which they have the willingness to bear with him; who could do them absolutely no injury unless they preferred to put up with him rather than contradict him. Surely a striking situation!\nYet it is so common that one must grieve the more and wonder the less at the spectacle of a million men serving in wretchedness, their necks under the yoke, not constrained by a greater multitude than they, but simply, it would seem, delighted and charmed by the name of one man alone whose power they need not fear, for he is evidently the one person whose qualities they cannot admire because of his inhumanity and brutality toward them.\nA weakness characteristic of human kind is that we often have to obey force; we have to make concessions; we ourselves cannot always be the stronger. Therefore, when a nation is constrained by the fortune of war to serve a single clique, as happened when the city of Athens served the 30 Tyrants,3 one should not be amazed that the nation obeys but simply be grieved by the situation — or rather, instead of being amazed or saddened, consider patiently the evil and look forward hopefully toward a happier future. Our nature is such that the common duties of human relationship occupy a great part of the course of our life.\nIt is reasonable to love virtue, to esteem good deeds, to be grateful for good from whatever source we may receive it, and, often, to give up some of our comfort in order to increase the honor and advantage of some man whom we love and who deserves it. Therefore, if the inhabitants of a country have found some great personage who has shown rare foresight in protecting them in an emergency, rare boldness in defending them, rare solicitude in governing them, and if, from that point on, they contract the habit of obeying him and depending on him to such an extent that they grant him certain prerogatives, I fear that such a procedure is not prudent, inasmuch as they remove him from a position in which he was doing good and advance him to a dignity in which he may do evil. Certainly while he continues to manifest good will, one need fear no harm from a man who seems to be generally well disposed.\nBut O, good Lord! What strange phenomenon is this? What name shall we give it? What is the nature of this misfortune? What vice is it, or, rather, what degradation? To see an endless multitude of people not merely obeying, but driven to servility? Not ruled, but tyrannized over? These wretches have no wealth, no kin, nor wife nor children, not even life itself that they can call their own.\nThey suffer plundering, wantonness, cruelty, not from an army, not from a barbarian horde, on account of whom they must shed their blood and sacrifice their lives, but from a single man — not from a Hercules nor from a Samson, but from a single little man. Too frequently this same little man is the most cowardly and effeminate in the nation, a stranger to the powder of battle and hesitant on the sands of the tournament — not only without energy to direct men by force, but with hardly enough virility to bed with a common woman!\nShall we call subjection to such a leader cowardice? Shall we say that those who serve him are cowardly and fainthearted? If two, if three, if four do not defend themselves from the one, we might call that circumstance surprising but nevertheless conceivable. In such a case one might be justified in suspecting a lack of courage. But if a hundred, if a thousand endure the caprice of a single man, should we not rather say that they lack not the courage but the desire to rise against him, and that such an attitude indicates indifference rather than cowardice?\nWhen not a hundred, not a thousand men, but a hundred provinces, a thousand cities, a million men, refuse to assail a single man from whom the kindest treatment received is the infliction of serfdom and slavery, what shall we call that? Is it cowardice? Of course there is in every vice inevitably some limit beyond which one cannot go. Two, possibly ten, may fear one; but when a thousand, a million men, a thousand cities, fail to protect themselves against the domination of one man, this cannot be called cowardly, for cowardice does not sink to such a depth, any more than valor can be termed the effort of one individual to scale a fortress, to attack an army, or to conquer a kingdom. What monstrous vice, then, is this which does not even deserve to be called cowardice, a vice for which no term can be found vile enough, which nature herself disavows and our tongues refuse to name?\nPlace on one side fifty thousand armed men, and on the other the same number. Let them join in battle, one side fighting to retain its liberty, the other to take it away; to which would you, at a guess, promise victory? Which men do you think would march more gallantly to combat — those who anticipate as a reward for their suffering the maintenance of their freedom or those who cannot expect any other prize for the blows exchanged than the enslavement of others?\nOne side will have before its eyes the blessings of the past and the hope of similar joy in the future; their thoughts will dwell less on the comparatively brief pain of battle than on what they may have to endure forever — they, their children, and all their posterity. The other side has nothing to inspire it with courage except the weak urge of greed, which fades before danger and which can never be so keen, it seems to me, that it will not be dismayed by the least drop of blood from wounds.\nConsider the justly famous battles of Miltiades,4 Leonidas,5 Themistocles,6 still fresh today in recorded history and in the minds of men as if they had occurred but yesterday, battles fought in Greece for the welfare of the Greeks and as an example to the world. What power do you think gave to such a mere handful of men not the strength but the courage to withstand the attack of a fleet so vast that even the seas were burdened, and to defeat the armies of so many nations, armies so immense that their officers alone outnumbered the entire Greek force? What was it but the fact that in those glorious days this struggle represented not so much a fight of Greeks against Persians as a victory of liberty over domination, of freedom over greed?\nIt amazes us to hear accounts of the valor that liberty arouses in the hearts of those who defend it; but who could believe reports of what goes on every day among the inhabitants of some countries? Who could really believe that one man alone may mistreat a hundred thousand and deprive them of their liberty? Who would credit such a report if he merely heard it, without being present to witness the event? And if this condition occurred only in distant lands and were reported to us, which one among us would not assume the tale to be imagined or invented, and not really true?\nObviously there is no need of fighting to overcome this single tyrant, for he is automatically defeated if the country refuses consent to its own enslavement: it is not necessary to deprive him of anything but simply to give him nothing; there is no need that the country make an effort to do anything for itself provided it does nothing against itself. It is therefore the inhabitants themselves who permit, or, rather, bring about, their own subjection, since by ceasing to submit they would put an end to their servitude.\nA people enslaves itself, cuts its own throat, when, having a choice between being vassals and being free men, it deserts its liberties and takes on the yoke, gives consent to its own misery, or, rather, apparently welcomes it. If it cost the people anything to recover its freedom, I should not urge action to this end, although there is nothing a human should hold more dear than the restoration of his own natural right, to change himself from a beast of burden back to a man, so to speak. I do not demand of him so much boldness; let him prefer the doubtful security of living wretchedly to the uncertain hope of living as he pleases.\nWhat then? If in order to have liberty nothing more is needed than to long for it, if only a simple act of the will is necessary, is there any nation in the world that considers a single wish too high a price to pay in order to recover rights which it ought to be ready to redeem at the cost of its blood, rights such that their loss must bring all men of honor to the point of feeling life to be unendurable and death itself a deliverance?\nEveryone knows that the fire from a little spark will increase and blaze ever higher as long as it finds wood to burn; yet without being quenched by water, but merely by finding no more fuel to feed on, it consumes itself, dies down, and is no longer a flame. Similarly, the more tyrants pillage, the more they crave, the more they ruin and destroy — the more one yields to them, and obeys them — by that much do they become mightier and more formidable, the readier to annihilate and destroy. But if not one thing is yielded to them, if, without any violence they are simply not obeyed, they become naked and undone and as nothing, just as, when the root receives no nourishment, the branch withers and dies.\nTo achieve the good that they desire, the bold do not fear danger; the intelligent do not refuse to undergo suffering. It is the stupid and cowardly who are neither able to endure hardship nor to vindicate their rights; they stop at merely longing for them and lose through timidity the valor roused by the effort to claim their rights, although the desire to enjoy them still remains as part of their nature. A longing common to both the wise and the foolish, to brave men and to cowards, is this longing for all those things which, when acquired, would make them happy and contented.\nYet one element appears to be lacking. I do not know how it happens that nature fails to place within the hearts of men a burning desire for liberty, a blessing so great and so desirable that when it is lost all evils follow thereafter, and even the blessings that remain lose taste and savor because of their corruption by servitude. Liberty is the only joy upon which men do not seem to insist; for surely if they really wanted it, they would receive it. Apparently they refuse this wonderful privilege because it is so easily acquired.\nPoor, wretched, and stupid peoples, nations determined on your own misfortune and blind to your own good! You let yourselves be deprived before your own eyes of the best part of your revenues; your fields are plundered, your homes robbed, your family heirlooms taken away. You live in such a way that you cannot claim a single thing as your own; and it would seem that you consider yourselves lucky to be loaned your property, your families, and your very lives.\nAll this havoc, this misfortune, this ruin, descends upon you not from alien foes, but from the one enemy whom you yourselves render as powerful as he is, for whom you go bravely to war, for whose greatness you do not refuse to offer your own bodies unto death. He who thus domineers over you has only two eyes, only two hands, only one body, no more than is possessed by the least man among the infinite numbers dwelling in your cities; he has indeed nothing more than the power that you confer upon him to destroy you.\nWhere has he acquired enough eyes to spy upon you if you do not provide them yourselves? How can he have so many arms to beat you with if he does not borrow them from you? The feet that trample down your cities, where does he get them if they are not your own? How does he have any power over you except through you? How would he dare assail you if he had not cooperation from you? What could he do to you if you yourselves did not connive with the thief who plunders you, if you were not accomplices of the murderer who kills you, if you were not traitors to yourselves?\nYou sow your crops in order that he may ravage them; you install and furnish your homes to give him goods to pillage; you rear your daughters that he may gratify his lust; you bring up your children in order that he may confer upon them the greatest privilege he knows — to be led into his battles, to be delivered to butchery, to be made the servants of his greed and the instruments of his vengeance; you yield your bodies unto hard labor in order that he may indulge in his delights and wallow in his filthy pleasures; you weaken yourselves in order to make him the stronger and the mightier to hold you in check. From all these indignities, such as the very beasts of the field would not endure, you can deliver yourselves if you try, not by taking action, but merely by willing to be free.\nResolve to serve no more, and you are at once freed. I do not ask that you place hands upon the tyrant to topple him over, but simply that you support him no longer; then you will behold him, like a great Colossus whose pedestal has been pulled away, fall of his own weight and break into pieces.\n- 1. Iliad, Book II, Lines 204–205. — HK\n- 2. Government by a single ruler. From the Greek monos (single) and arkhein (to command). — HK\n- 3. An autocratic council of thirty magistrates that governed Athens for eight months in 404 BC. They exhibited such monstrous despotism that the city rose in anger and drove them forth. — HK\n- 4. Athenian general, died 489 BC. Some of his battles — expedition against Scythians; Lemnos; Imbros; Marathon, where Darius the Pemian was defeated. — HK\n- 5. King of Sparta, died at Thermopolae in 480 BC, defending the pass with three hundred loyal Spartans against Xerxes. — HK\n- 6. Athenian statesman and general, died 460 B.C. Some of his battles — expedition against Aegean Isles; victory over Persians under Xerxes at Salamis. — HK", "label": "No"}
{"text": "William James was the brother of the famous novelist Henry James\n. The boys came from an upper-class East Coast family. Both he and his brother received an education in Europe\nas well as the United States\n, which influenced their writings and added to their cosmopolitan\nWilliam James is well known by theologians and in cultural studies departments for his early work in comparitive religion\n(The Varieties of Religious Experience\n). He is best known by psychologists for his early work presented in his two-volume The Principles of Psychology\n. He is best known to philosophers for his integral role in the early development of philosophical pragmatism\nFrom the Greek 'pragma' meaning 'action', William James built on the work of Charles Sanders Peirce\nand developed a philosophical methodology\nthat Peirce would later reject. In his seminal 1906 Pragmatism\n, James defines pragmatism as the doctrine that the meaning\nof a belief\nis to be determined by the practical differences\nit makes in our lives. If you want to know what the meaning of \"God exists\" is, you have to examine what the result of this belief is, how it changes your life, how it shapes the world. If you want to know what the meaning of the sentence \"The cat is on the mat\" you need to examine the practical effects that sentence has in our lives, in our practices, and in our discourses.\nFrom this methodology\n, which James defined as the only real characterization of his pragmatic philosophy, James also developed a theory of truth\n, which is not always easy to understand. In brief, James held that a belief is true as it tends to satisfy our experiences, as it tends to come to succesful fruition in our lives, and as it tends to be historically upheld in our pracitces and discourses. That the sentence \"The earth revolves around the sun\" is true for James is not a function of our scientific apprehension\nof a real\nworld independent of human action, but rather the truth of this sentence is a function of the practical horizon\nof human activity: our interaction with the world in the many myriad ways in which that interaction takes place, changes, and solidifies.\nJames's pragmatism was later adopted by the famous philosopher John Dewey\n. Other pragmatists of the twentieth century include George Herbert Mead\n, Sidney Hook\n, Joseph Ratner\n, and supreme court judge Oliver Wendell Holmes\n. More recently the neopragmatist Richard Rorty\nhas espoused views much like James's (though his texts tend to focus more on Dewey).\nIn a decision characteristic of his desire to believe\n, James called his brother Henry back to Cambridge\nin his final days. He asked Henry to remain in Cambridge for six weeks after his death: he was going to try to communicate with him from the other side. Henry never received the messages.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Reader comment: Chris Town says,\nWill Loker says,\nAs a Type 1 diabetic, I can assure you, a lack of insulin will not send you into a comatose.\nType 1 diabetes is a condition where your body no longer produces insulin, and it has to be injected several times a day. An overdose of insulin, which can happen if you don't get food to match the insulin you intake, or you don't balance food intake with exercise with insulin intake, can send you into a \"coma\" called hypoglycemia. Having experienced my fair share of these throughout my life, I can also assure you, 2 weeks in hospital would never be required. A day at most for older people, a few hours for people in the 20s like me.\nNot taking insulin will not send you into a coma, you'll just be very uncomfortable as your blood sugar rises and rises, which will cause minor organ damage, but will not send you into a coma. Type 1 Diabetics denied insulin will live for months and months, but will eventually go blind, experience kidney and other organ failure and die a long and painful death.\nThere's plenty of misconceptions about insulin-dependant diabetes around, so keeping people informed could save lives. After all, if I'm experiencing hypoglycemia the very last thing I need is for someone to give me insulin.\nI'm writing in regards to your reader's comment on Type I diabetes. As a medical student I know that a lack of access to insulin for a long enough time can send a type I diabetic into a coma.MD Ken Walton concurs:\nChris is right in that too much insulin will cause hypoglycemia. What he doesn't mention is that without insulin the diabetic's body thinks that there isn't any glucose in the blood even when there is an excess. Without insulin the body can't take the glucose into the cells and since glucose is necessary for cells to generate energy the body attempts to correct the perceived lack of glucose. At a certain point the body enters starvation mode and starts to generate ketone bodies which can led to a life threatening condition known as diabetic ketoacidosis or DKA. DKA can led to coma, hospitalization and, if it persists long enough, death.\nIt worries me that a diabetic would be so misinformed about the consequences of type I diabetic without access to insulin and the DKA that can result.\nI can see what reader Chris Town is saying about this not being a hypoglycemic episode, and that if you were hypoglycemic you wouldn't need a couple week stay at the Hotel Hospital. I'm sure what they meant was he went into Diabetic Ketoacidosis, otherwise known as DKA ( Link), a scary situation if a type I diabetic doesn't get any insulin.Stephen Wake says,\nAs a physician, I can't count the number of times people have forgotten or otherwise been denied insulin and required an ICU stay for a week or two. Just to clear some things up.\np.s. - boingboing makes life worth living on call\nJust a quick addition to the comments you've already received about this post: What Dr Walton fails to mention is that the process leading to DKA does not happen rapidly:\nSevere, out-of-control diabetes (high blood sugar) that needs emergency treatment. DKA happens when blood sugar levels get too high. This may happen because of illness, taking too little insulin, or getting too little exercise. The body starts using stored fat for energy, and ketone bodies (acids) build up in the blood.\nKetoacidosis starts slowly and builds up. The signs include nausea and vomiting, which can lead to loss of water from the body, stomach pain, and deep and rapid breathing. Other signs are a flushed face, dry skin and mouth, a fruity breath odor, a rapid and weak pulse, and low blood pressure. If the person is not given fluserids and insulin right away, ketoacidosis can lead to coma and even death.\nThe flight time from Australia to New Zealand (Sydney to Auckland) is 3.5 hours certainly not enough time to end up in a coma due to DKA alone.\nAs an ED nurse I've seen many diabetics with a high blood sugar level have a significant wait (2 hours plus) to be seen in the ED without lapsing into coma. The airline may have taken the guys insulin, but on a trip to NZ it wouldn't have done him much harm.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "CDC Mental Health Report\nContrary to what many are labeling inappropriate social behavior, mental illness entails much more than\nAN IMPORTANT PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention\n\"...it is estimated that 13 –20 percent of children living in the United States (up to 1 out of 5 children) experience a mental disorder in a given year and Because of the impact on children, families, and communities, children’s mental disorders are an important public health issue in the United States...This is the first report to describe the number of U.S. children aged 3–17 years...\"\ninappropriate social behavior. Although the word psyche comes from the Greek, its connection to the spirit and soul is made covert by design.\nMental illness can be hereditary; it can be the result of born addicted to drugs; the exposure to drugs. It can be consequential to any of a host of mind altering causes; including brainwave entrainment, which alters the inherit brain pattern.\nChildren with conditions of mental illness are being counseled by highly trained psychiatrists; many are assigned to very learned social workers; many are placed in special education and assigned to well-educated teachers.\nAbsent any intent to take away from their expertise; their knowledge as to the clinical aspect or teaching\nabilities, many highly trained psychiatrists who have no regard for soul redeeming truth[s] of John 10:4(b) and 1 Corinthians 14:10 attribute complaints of hearing voices to imaginary playmates, fantasies, or hallucinations. As such, children are prescribed mind altering drugs.\nDid You Know?\nSometime back in the 16th century, we borrowed the word psyche directly from Greek into English. In Greek mythology, Psyche was a beautiful princess who fell in love.... (To the Greeks, psyche also meant \"butterfly\", which suggests how they imagined the soul.) In English, psyche often sounds less spiritual than soul, less intellectual than mind, and more private than personality.\nThere is a network of Christian health care professionals who are\nqualified; i.e., divinely anointed with the combination of soul winning wisdom; a heart of compassion (which differs from\npity) and joy; and who are also professionally qualified.\n\"... Many rehab services address the physical, mental, and emotional facets of your care, but we believe that spiritual guidance is just as critical. Through a new or renewed relationship with Jesus Christ, clients dealing with mental illness and co-occurring disorders can find physical and psychological restoration and a renewed sense of purpose...\nKnowing God is no respector of persons, and knowing Satan hates all, it was shown how the Hard Rock,\n\"...On December 1, 1997 Carneal wrapped a shotgun and a rifle in a blanket and took them to school, passing them off as an art\nproject he was working on....\nAfter dropping the gun, Carneal said to Strong: \"Kill me, please. I can't believe I did that...\" More\nHeavy Metal, and broken heart lyrics of Country and Western were causing death and destruction amongst other nations.\nIt was not until reading Stop Teaching Our Children to Kill that I focused on 14-year old Michael\nCarneal, the 14-year old school\nshooter in Paducah, Kentucky. I later read an article which gave an account of his conversation with one of the teachers before the police arrived where he said he\ndidn't know why he had done what he did; and after surrendering the weapon he asked to be killed.\nOur desire to know what had come over the 14-year old son of Christian parents,\nwho had something in him that caused him to wait until a prayer group said \"amen\"\nbefore he could open fire on them, led us to the discovery of brainwave entrainment's association to mental health.\nLibraryOfCongress - Published on Dec 16, 2010\nWellness and Growth: Acoustic Medicine and Music Therapy\nRBE alters the inherent brain patterns which in turn alter the mental state. The fact that the occurence of RBE is invisible constitutes\nit is spirit.\nNothing can overcome spirit but spirit. Sound, which cannot be seen with the eye of man, is spirit. Music, a form of sound, is a spirit.\nElectrical Pulsations of Light (Imagery) and Sound Encoded with Crime, Murder, and\nMayhem are Recorded on the Cranial Brain, the Heart Brain , and Permanently\nStored in the Subconscious Mind of Children, Youth, and Young Adults", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Vegetarian diets are generally rich in antioxidants, healthy fats, and certain vitamins/minerals. A meat-based diet typically has higher levels of protein, iron, zinc, vitamin B12 and calcium.\nMaintaining a healthy vegetarian diet means you need to understand the key principles of vegetarian nutrition. A healthy vegetarian or vegan diet is not complicated, but you need to be aware of the main principles of good nutrition. You can also read health-related Blog at Heads Up Health.\nImage Source: Google\nProperly planned vegetarian nutrition can far exceed the healthiness of a meat-based diet. While a vegetarian diet plan may seem boring to many people, it certainly does not need to be boring! There are so many outstanding recipes that you can follow notably some ethical famous dish with vegetables and their spicy ingredients.\nOne common misconception about vegetarian diets is that they do not provide enough protein or iron. It really did not need it. Beans, nuts, grains, beans, nuts, and seeds are a great source of protein. They also provide a variety of antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, and fiber that are not present in the meat-based diet. So the vegetarian diet can actually be healthier.\nA vegetarian diet designed specifically for athletes or bodybuilders must contain the correct levels of protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, protein, and good fats. However, like all types of diet plans, if you are struggling with this kind of planner vegetarian is good for you; you should seek the help of a healthy vegetarian meal planner or nutritionist.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "M4.3-R4: INTRODUCTION TO ICT RESOURCES\n1. There are TWO PARTS in this Module/Paper. PART ONE contains FOUR questions and\nPART TWO contains FIVE questions.\n2. PART ONE is to be answered in the OMR ANSWER SHEET only, supplied with the\nquestion paper, as per the instructions contained therein. PART ONE is NOT to be\nanswered in the answer book.\n3. Maximum time allotted for PART ONE is ONE HOUR. Answer book for PART TWO will be\nsupplied at the table when the answer sheet for PART ONE is returned. However,\ncandidates, who complete PART ONE earlier than one hour, can collect the answer book for\nPART TWO immediately after handing over the answer sheet for PART ONE.\nTOTAL TIME: 3 HOURS TOTAL MARKS: 100\n(PART ONE – 40; PART TWO – 60)\n(Answer all the questions)\n1. Each question below gives a multiple choice of answers. Choose the most appropriate one and enter in the “OMR” answer sheet supplied with the question paper, following instructions therein. (1x10)\n1.1 Virtual Memory is part of\nC) HARD DISK\n1.2 You install a(n) ________ to tell the computer how to use a new peripheral device.\nB) Device Driver\n1.3 Where is POST located?\nB) Hard Drive\n1.4 A file with extension of ‘zip’ indicates\nA) a folder\nB) a backup file\nC) a compressed file\nD) an encrypted file\n1.5 Size of each sector in a hard disk\nA) 512 bytes\nB) 1024 bytes\nC) 256 bytes\nD) 128 bytes\n1.6 BIOS software is part of\n1.7 Convert digital data to analog and analog to digital\nA) Mobile phone\nD) Sound card\n1.8 Before storing data in a new disk, it has to be\n1.9 Switch is preferred over HUB because\nA) Switch is cheaper\nB) Switch uses less power\nC) More computers can be connected to switch\nD) Switch performance is better\n1.10 Why dot-matrix printers are used now-a-days?\nA) They are quiet\nB) They are useful only for data processing applications\nC) They are better quality\nD) They are suitable for multi-part forms\n2. Each statement below is either TRUE or FALSE. Choose the most appropriate one and ENTER in the “OMR” answer sheet supplied with the question paper, following instructions therein. (1x10)\n2.1 When you copy a file to another location, the original file is deleted.\n2.2 dll is the implementation of shared library in windows.\n2.3 Any program can be deleted by deleting an icon.\n2.4 Non impact printer cannot be used to print carbon copies or multiple copies in a single pass.\n2.5 Never spray cleaning solution directly on the computer screen.\n2.6 Guest login name cannot be changed.\n2.7 Anti-virus software finds only known viruses.\n2.8 Anti-virus software signatures are to be updated every day.\n2.9 INTERNET applications work in Client/Server method.\n2.10 Fiber optic cables are appropriate for military operations.\n3. Match words and phrases in column X with the closest related meaning/word(s)/phrase(s) in column Y. Enter your selection in the “OMR” answer sheet supplied with the question paper, following instructions therein. (1x10)\nX Y3.1 Linux A. Loads startup files\n3.2 Simplex communication B. Firewall\n3.3 10Base2 C. Data Redundancy\n3.4 Ntldr D. A group of tracks\n3.5 Gateway E. Laser Printer\n3.6 Ping F. No host computer\n3.7 Ring Network G. ICMP echo message\n3.8 Toner H. Connects two incompatible networks\n3.9 Cylinder I. Compression Utility\n3.10 RAID technology J. Ethernet\nK. Television transmission\nL. Operating System\n4. Each statement below has a blank space to fit one of the word(s) or phrase(s) in the list below. Enter your choice in the “OMR” answer sheet supplied with the question paper, following instructions therein. (1x10)\nA. Recovery Console B. NIC C. ATM\nD. SATA E. Shortcut F. CAT 5\nG. Serial H. POST I. Firewall\nJ. Attrib K. BNC L. ATC\n4.1 During ________, computer checks most of its parts.\n4.2 A ________ is a pointer to an object in Windows.\n4.3 Using ________, you can perform many administrative tasks.\n4.4 ________ port can only transfer data one bit at a time.\n4.5 ________ is a command to make a file to be hidden.\n4.6 ________ is a hard disk interface.\n4.7 ________ is an adapter card used to send and receive signals on a network.\n4.8 ________ cabling is used to support up to 100 Mbps bandwidth.\n4.9 ________ can provide for simultaneous data, video and voice transmission.\n4.10 ________ prevents unauthorized access.\n(Answer any FOUR questions)\na) Explain any five BIOS error codes.\nb) Explain the procedure to install RAM.\nc) Explain the functionality of ‘Recycle Bin’ in Windows Operating System.\na) Explain Low level and High level formatting of disk.\nb) What is compression? Name any two compression utilities in Windows.\nc) How System Restore works in Windows?\na) What are the symptoms of a computer virus infection?\nb) Explain Local Area network.\nc) What are the advantages and disadvantages of Coaxial Cable?\na) Explain the network layer of OSI model.\nb) How to Share Files and Folders Over a Network for Workgroups in Windows 2000?\nc) How many IP numbers are possible in a Class B network using IPv4 addressing scheme.\nGive an example of one Class B network in the form of net id and subnet mask.\n9. Explain any three of the following:\na) Laser Printer\nd) Local user group in Windows", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Is There Any Medical Potential for Marijuana? Marijuana is one of the oldest cultivated plants in the world (7). Since it became illegal in 1967 (5), there have been many questions of whether or not it is good for purposes, such as medicine. Debates between people that are for and against the use of marijuana in medicine have been heated and in recent years, referendums have been brought up in at least three states to make it available for medical treatment. Personally, I think that marijuana has the power to be a significant help with certain aliments, however, I think that more research is needed to prove its medical potential.\nThe first people to introduce the healing properties of marijuana, were the Chinese. About five thousand years ago, the people of the plains of Central Asia, just north of the Himalayas, began cultivating the plant. Though it is not exactly certain what cultivation of the plant was for, whether it was for its oil, fiber or medical properties, most experts believe that it was for its fibers. The fiber of the plant is so strong that it can be used to make thick, sturdy ropes.\nIts seeds also contain oils that can be used as a varnish. In some countries the seeds are used as bird and cattle feed and also in the manufacturing of soap. Something else that you may not know is that the seeds can be roasted and eaten as food. It is actually the flowers of a certain type of the plant that is used for its medicinal and intoxicating property.\nI say 'a flower from a certain type of the plant' because from my personal experience, many people believe that there is only one type of marijuana. Actually, marijuana is such a wild plant, that it easily adapts to any soil and new varieties it then emerge. This is when the plants with the strongest fibers, most superior oils, and a more potent drug content are selected. Only around 1000 B.\nC. , in India and Southeast Asia, when the plant started to grow in that region, the intoxicating features were recognized and appreciated (7). So when was the plant introduced to the Western Hemisphere? There is archeological evidence that the plant was brought to Western Europe from Asia at around 1500 B. C. , by the Scythian invaders and later reached the Mediterranean region. However, the people of western Europe didn't begin cultivating it as a plant crop in their area until about 500 A.\nD. When the plant first came to Europe, it was not introduced to all the countries. The rest of Europe did not find out about the plant until around the Christian era. No signs or evidence suggests that Europeans used marijuana for intoxicating purposes though. In the New World, marijuana was introduced in the 16 th century. It was brought over by both the Spanish and British settlers as well.\nIn the Spanish settled areas of the New World, it was used for its fibers. Its intoxicating properties were only discovered in the late 19 th century. In the United States, it was used for the production of rope and cloth until the 20 th century where it is now widely used as a drug preferably for pleasure (7). According to Nahas, it was about 1842, when an Irish physician named William O'Shaughnessy introduced the Western world to marijuana's medicinal properties. Although Dr. O'Shaughnessy used marijuana for many different aliments and diseases, he found it most helpful in the relief of pain.\nIn his practice, he also found that the drug was most effective for convulsions occurring from rabies, rheumatism, tetanus, and epilepsy. It also seemed to be a help when it came to menstrual cramps and in the delivery room; helping with increasing uterine contractions and reducing childbirth pains (7). In more recent times, the National Institutes of Health has claimed that marijuana may be helpful in the alleviation of chemotherapy, to reduce nausea. The drug also helps in the stimulation of appetite and reduction of the loss of lean muscle mass in AIDS patients and in the prevention of epileptic seizures.\nIt also aids in the reduction of fluid pressure in the eyes caused by glaucoma-which in fact causes serious damage to vision, if not blindness, and in the reduction of muscle pain and spasticity felt by multiple sclerosis patients. Many multiple-sclerosis patients say that when it comes to their motor functions (driving) marijuana has helped them a great deal. In other words it has helped them to sustain and live a little better with the dangerous disease (4). Some physicians even suggest that marijuana may be helpful to patients going through barbiturates, opiates, alcohol withdrawal, and even asthma. Though it has been said that the drug had very mild or no effects on asthmatic patients, some people claim that marijuana does help them in other ways: 'I'm not going to lie, I have been using marijuana for a while now. I smoke it.\nI use the bush to draw tea. And what a lot of people don't know is that the ashes can be used for cuts and scrapes. Every time I burn a little 'bud', I save the ashes for whenever I have a bruise or I get a cut. It doesn't matter how deep it is, it dries up the wound within two days. As for colds, I don't suffer from them. I don't have to go to the doctor.\nI can't tell when last I seen a doctor. And I ain't worried about getting lung cancer or brain damage, cause' Father put the herb here for us to use. It's stupid people along the way that put other chemicals in it and spoiled it. But if you ever decided to grow your own, it's the best remedy for anything.' (Personal Interview) As I stated before there are many different types of marijuana plants.\nHowever, within one plant of any type of marijuana, there are more than 60 different attributes. Between the sixty, there is basically only one component that is being investigated (8). This component is called THC, also known as delta-9-THC (7). THC is the resinous oil in marijuana that can be extracted from the plant. There is already a THC counterpart on the market that is known as.\nYou could say this is called 'medical marijuana'. The is made into sesame oil and supplied in gelatin capsules (8). This is how the drug is described: Dronabinol is a controlled substance, which affects the receptors in the brain and spinal cord. It has been marketed for anorexia and AIDS patients for weight loss and cancer patients for vomiting and nausea. Some physicians also use it alone or with other drugs to treat epilepsy and glaucoma, and to relieve MS patients.\nHowever, it is not a go-to drug; it is not the first drug that doctors recommend. It is only used when all else fails. But, it has proved itself most useful to treat the vomiting and nausea and stimulates the appetite when the other medications can not help (8). Besides all the good things marijuana has been suggested for there is still a negative association when it come to the drug. Some researchers say it causes brain damage, low sperm count, and lung cancer (7; 1).\nHowever, though it is true that the sperm count is lower in some marijuana users, the infertility rate is the same as non-users (4). Though when it comes to background studies on the reproductive system and marijuana usage, it is mostly done on males. A study in 1982 focused on a group of women who had been chronic marijuana users for at least 3 years. During the length of the experiment they were smoking about five to sixteen marijuana 'joints' a day. The study found there was no change in their sexual hormonal production levels or the length of their menstrual cycle (7).\nAs for lung cancer and brain damage, some say: 'If marijuana ever caused a single death, it didn't leave any fingerprints.' (4). What these people are basically saying is though there have been claims that marijuana is a killer drug, there is no documented case that someone has actually died from using too much marijuana. However, some sternly stand by their beliefs that marijuana is a killer and has no place in medicine. They believe the whole campaign for marijuana to be drawn into medical mainstream is all a big mistake. According to Steve Forbes, 'an insidious effort is under way to legalize drugs' (6). Marijuana adversaries argue that there are other alternatives to marijuana, like Marinol, serotonin antagonists ondansetron HCI dehydrate, and granisetron HCI (8).\nMarinol for example is a synthetic form of the chemical THC like dronabinol. It has already been approved by the FDA and is basically made for AIDS patients enduring chemotherapy (6). The HCI drugs have fewer side effects and can be also given to children (8). Basically, there are two concerns of having marijuana as medicine. The first, and not to sway from the main concern, has to do with the belief that the drug will be more abused than it already is. That is safe to say, since there have been cases to prove this.\nFor example in the Netherlands where marijuana usage is legal and they have little 'hemp bars', the rate of abuse is higher. So for instance, when Measure 57, proposed in Washington DC, which states that all you would need for access to the drug is a recommendation from the doctor, not even a prescription, there must be controversy. The proposal also allows the patient's primary caretaker, even a 'best friend', could help grow, use, or buy marijuana for the patient (6). Another controversial proposal was Washington State's Initiative 685.\nIt calls for the legalization of marijuana along with LSD and heroin. Again, no prescription is needed and anyone in the medical field can give a recommendation. Doctors, pharmacists, and even veterinarians can give the okay for the drug. Also the patient only needs to claim a 'serious' illness, no definition of serious is explained. And oddly enough the proposal calls for all drug-related criminals to be released (6). Seems like it may reap more havoc than be positive in helping those who it actually supposes to.\nThe main concern of having marijuana as an alternative medicine is the effects that it may have on the patients. The adverse effects that have reportedly happened to leisure users are a major concern. Apparently, marijuana has been accused of many things, such as affecting immune systems, smoke related health problems, and increased heart rate. Though these side effects are serious, supporters of marijuana as medicine say that these side effects are common when it comes to a number of prescription drug. Also, marijuana has been credited with creating psychotic episodes, memory losses and other manipulations of the nervous system (1).\nAIDS patients are even discouraged from using marijuana because it is not known the actual extent that the drug may damage their immune systems further than it already is damaged (8). Some of the documented effects of leisure users are disorientation to time and place, and difficulty in controlling bodily parts, along with a great sense of anxiety and panic, a sense of floating, being one with their surroundings, and just mere hallucinations (1). One ex-marijuana user describes his experiences while he used the drug: 'First I used to feel good, having the giggles, laughing, etc. It started out as a once in a while thing, then as time went on, I started smoking on weekends, then it went up to everyday, so I could get that 'feeling'. I had to smoke just to think well and to relax. This went on for 4-5 years, just so I won't have to deal with everyday problems.\nI had to stop because is started to make me paranoid. I thought that everyone was looking at me, examining me, analyzing me, wondering if they could smell my clothes with the weed scent, or if they could see my eyes red. Then I started to lose all ambition and became lazier as the days went on. I became a dependent on the 'smokes'.\nThen one day, I decided it was either my life or the 'smokes'. and I chose my life.' (Personal Interview) Though marijuana has been associated with mental illness and just sheer craziness, early reports had to be discredited because of flaws and inadequacies. In 1969-70, a study on 100 marijuana users was conducted. Out of the 100, twenty-one percent had a probable affective disorder (affective meaning that there was a disturbance on the emotional state of the person); eight percent had definite affective disorder, six percent probable sociopath, and six percent definite sociopath. Three percent had asexual deviance other than homosexuality and there was even 1 who had a sch zio-affective disorder.\nAll in all fifty-two percent of the group received a psychiatric diagnosis. Some other effects that have been reportedly been connected with marijuana are unplanned change in appetite and weight, sleep difficulty, including hypersomnia. Complaints of loss of energy, agitation, irritability, withdrawal, suicidal ideas or death wishes, and self-depreciatory ruminations. The risk of these side effects makes some doctors hesitant to prescribe or even suggest marijuana as a medicine (1). However, to sum it all up, I basically feel that there are more positives about this drug than negatives. Since, there are basically so many components in marijuana and so many types of marijuana, there can be a lot more research done to get the full potential the drug has to offer.\nThe Federal government has definitely enough resources to do the proper research that is needed to pick apart what is good and what is bad. Since there is obviously therapeutic properties to this drug, I feel that if it at least gives a little relief to those who really need it then the proper authorities such continue to do what they have to too ensure that it continues. Though there is no concrete evidence so far that tells us that marijuana will be the best remedy for the aliments that has been suggested that it can relieve, there is enough proof that it helps in some ways. Besides providing relief in major aliments such as cancer, glaucoma, and AIDS, marijuana is also good for minor things such as colds, cuts, and scrapes. In conclusion, marijuana users say that marijuana has enriched their lives.\nIt enhances their creativity and provides happiness. 'It is a source of positive pleasure' (1). And if that is all the sick patients's uff ering from the many ailments that marijuana helps experience in the last days of their lives, then leave them be. Bibliography 1. ) Ernest Abel: 'The Scientific Study of Marihuana'2. ) web) web) Esquire Magazine October 1997 - Ben Dickinson: 'What if weed is exactly what you need?' 5.\n) web) Steve Forbes 'Deadly deceit' Forbes; Sep. 8, 1997 7. ) Gabriel Nahas: 'Marijuana in Science and Medicine'8. ) Lori Tala rico 'Does marijuana have a place in medicine?' Patient Care; Jan. 30, 19989. ) web mj.\nhtm 10. ) web forbes read forbes. htm.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Role of Physicians in Controlling Medical Care Costs and Reducing Waste\nStanley Feld M.D.,FACP,MACE\nThe Role of Physicians in Controlling Medical Care Costs and Reducing Waste by the RAND Corporation and David Geffen, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Santa Monica was just published in the Journal of the America Medical Association (JAMA). I do not think the JAMA should have published this article.\n1.Why would the JAMA publish such an article?\n2. Why are physicians blamed for all the waste in the system?\n3. Why is it the physicians’ responsibility to eliminate waste when they are not the cause of the greatest percentage of the waste?\n“The amount of money spent on medical care is increasing faster than the gross domestic product (GDP), and the federal deficit is increasing.”\nThe initial statement assumes that the government deficit is increasing because physicians control government spending for healthcare.\nThis is only partly correct. The question I have is maybe patients should drive medical costs and not the government.\nThe government bureaucracy and the healthcare insurance industry has created this cost monster.\n“Budget experts believe that the deficit cannot be reduced unless medical spending can be controlled. What role will physicians play in controlling health care cost growth? Are physicians even willing to play a role?\nThe article outlines the steps physicians must take to reduce waste and therefore the budget deficit. The assumption is physicians are the main source of the healthcare system’s waste.\nThe RAND Corporation does not consider the waste of the government bureaucracy, the healthcare insurance industry’s excessive fees, the hospital systems’ excessive billings, nor the pharmaceutical companies excessive charges for medication. Not considered is the excessive waste that results from the forced practice of defensive medicine because of the lack of tort reform.\nIf all these issues were addressed, waste and costs would be markedly decreased. There would be no need to try to commoditize physicians’ medical decisions.\nI cannot visualize success in trying to commoditize the physician’s decision-making processes.\nThe healthcare system should be consumer driven with the consumers owning their healthcare dollars and making their own healthcare decisions. The government must help teach consumers to make appropriate medical care decisions with their own money. The government could provide the money. It would eliminate all the bureaucratic waste and secondary stakeholder abuse because it would create a true marketplace driven by consumers and not an artificial marketplace driven by government inefficiency. Consumers must make their own medical care decisions and be responsible for their actions.\nThe authors of the article suggest that physicians have three options for participation in controlling healthcare costs. The problem is it assumes the burden for controlling costs are the responsibility of physicians.\n1. \"Physicians can do nothing.\"\n2. \"Health care can be rationed.\"\n3. \" Physicians take the lead in identifying and eliminating waste in US health care system.\"\n4. (We have tried to lead.)\n5. (President Obama has ignored us.)\n“Physicians could define waste by assigning all services to 1 of 4 types of care—inappropriate, equivocal, appropriate, or necessary”.\nThis is subjective busy work that is destined to fail. It will also stifle creativity, thinking, problem solving and innovation.\nPhysicians try to practice evidence-based medicine. There are defects in determining best practices. In many cases the conclusions drawn from clinical results are inaccurate. It is arbitrary based on the bias of the experts picked to be the judges.\n1.Inappropriate care, the potential health benefit to the patient is less than the potential harm caused by the procedure, device, or drug\n2. With equivocal care, potential harm and benefit are about equal.\n3. With appropriate care, potential benefit to the patient exceeds potential harm.\nNecessary care is appropriate, represents the only viable option, and produces a large health benefit.\nWho decides appropriate and necessary care?\nAn excellent example is the difficulty deciding appropriate and necessary care in the use of post-menopausal hormonal replacement therapy. The study design of the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) was defective, the execution of the study was ineffective and the statistical analysis was inaccurate. The conclusions of the WHI are suspect. Yet the WHI has been heralded as evidence based medicine for best practices. It has changed the course of women’s health forever.\nA tool to measure clinical waste across all clinical services does not exist. This is because the definition of “clinical waste” is ever changing. Today’s best practices can be tomorrow’s clinical waste.\nPhysicians are constantly trying to define best practices. It must be the job of physicians. Physicians are constantly trying to teach other physicians best practices. Physicians are constantly trying to learn to keep current.\nThe best practices have to be put into context with changing scientific concepts. Potential bias must be evaluated.\nThe clinical decisions should not be the interpretations of policy wonks or bureaucrats.\nNone of this is black and white. Policy wonks, economists and bureaucrats have little understanding of the complexity involved in clinical decisions.\nTheir interest is to somehow try to quantitatively measure physicians’ clinical decisions against an artificially created set of standards defined as waste.\n“Physicians prefer the medical definition. But it is not known how much clinical waste is in the system.”\nAnother excellent clinical example of the controversy is the treatment of choice for Graves Disease (hyperthyroidism). There are cogent arguments for the treatment of choice for Graves Disease with either radioactive iodine or medications such as PTU or Tapazole. There is no unequivocal scientific evidence for an advantage of either treatment.\nAttempts have been made to prove an advantage of one treatment over the other. When there is a lack of unequivocal evidence for best practices, patients must be given a choice of therapy.\nA defect in the attempts to determine best practice in clinical research is the elimination of patients’ freedom to judge and choose or participate in the best treatment choice for that individual.\nIt is physicians’ responsibility to defend and maintain that freedom for their patients. The reasons for waste in the healthcare system should not be determined arbitrarily by bureaucrats.\nThe opinions expressed in the blog “Repairing The Healthcare System” are, mine and mine alone.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The next twenty years will see teachers under increasing pressure to convincingly justify their existence. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are already prompting calls for teaching to be automated, learner-driven and ‘teacher-proof’. While these technologies might still require non-specialised classroom facilitators and technicians, the role of the highly trained expert teacher is coming under increasing threat. There is a growing sense that “we don’t really need teachers in the same way anymore”.\nPut bluntly, the entire premise of ‘the teaching profession’ faces an impending challenge. In a future where education can be reliably provided by machines, why continue to invest millions of dollars in training human experts to do the job? Given the likely trajectory of technological developments over the next few decades, is there anything that an expert teacher does that machines will never be able to do? As an education researcher and teacher, I would like to think that there is! Here, then, are six aspects of expert human teaching which are getting overlooked in the current rush toward automating the classroom:\nThere is clear benefit from being with someone who can pass on knowledge, especially someone who has previously been in the position of having to learn that knowledge. This latter qualification is a uniquely human characteristic. When a learner learns with an expert teacher, they are not simply gaining access to the teachers’ knowledge but also benefiting from the teachers’ memories of learning it themselves. Technology can be pre-loaded with content of what is to be learned. Yet, no AI technology is going to ‘learn’ something exactly the way a human learns it, and then help another human learn accordingly.\nA human is uniquely placed to sense what another human is cognitively experiencing at any moment, and respond accordingly. In this sense, face-to-face contact with a teacher offer learners a valuable opportunity to engage in the process of thinking withanother human brain. On one hand, there is something thrilling about witnessing an expert who is modelling the process of thinking things through. Conversely, a human teacher is also able to make a personal ‘cognitive connection’ with another individual who is attempting to learn. As David Cohen puts it, teachers are uniquely able to “put themselves into learners’ mental shoes”. Despite the best efforts of computer science, many aspects of thinking cannotbe detected and modelled by machines in this way.\nTeaching is a mutual obligation between teachers and learners. No teacher can stimulate the learning process without the cooperation of those who are learning. Good teachers make personal connections with their students, helping them gauge what might work best at any particular time. Before attempting to intellectually engage with a group, teachers will “take a mental pulse of students’ demeanours”. Teachers work hard to establish this mutual commitment to learning, as well as sustaining engagement through motivating, cajoling and enthusing individuals. All of these are interpersonal skills that come naturally to people rather than machines.\nThere is something transformative about being in the presence of an expert teacher talking about their subject of expertise. Listening to an expert talk can provide a real-time, unfolding connection with knowledge. A good speaker does not stick rigidly to a written text, but refines, augments and alters their argument according to the audience reactions. A teacher speaking to a group of learners therefore engages in a form of spontaneous revelation. Key to this is the teacher’s role in leading and supporting learners to engage in active listening. As Gert Biestareasons, being addressed by another person interrupts one’s ego-centricism – drawing an individual out of themselves and forcing them into sense-making.\nThe bodies of human teachers are an invaluable resource when engaging learners in abstract thought. Teachers use their bodies to energize, orchestrate and anchor the performance of teaching. Many subtleties of teaching take place through movement – pacing around a room, pointing and gesturing. Teachers make use of their ‘expressive body’ – lowering their voice, raising an eyebrow or directing their gaze. Crucially, a human will respond to the living biological body of another human in a completely different way to even the most realisticsimulation. Being looked in the eye by another person is a qualitatively different experience than being looked at by a 3D humanoid robot, let alone a 2D cartoon agent on a screen.\nA key part of good teaching is the human capacity to improvise. Rather than sticking tightly to a pre-planned script, teachers will adjust what they do according to the circumstances. Like most performative events, teachers approach a session with a rough plan or structure. However, thereafter they improvise their way around these aims and objectives. Teaching requires acts of creativity, innovation and spontaneity – akin to dancing or playing jazz. Teachers and learners feel each other out, find common ground and build upon it. Teaching also demands a tolerance for imprecision, messiness and not knowing. Most human actions involve a degree of guesswork, bluff and willingness to ‘make do’. These are processes that computer systems are largely incapable of.\nAs these examples illustrate, an expert human teacheris able to support learning in ways that can never be fully replicated through technology. Unfortunately, these qualities remain largely unrecognised, even by teachers themselves. Many educators consider teaching to be an ‘unconscious’ act that is difficult to pin down and articulate. Yet such coyness does little to dispel the technology-driven arguments currently being made against the teaching profession. Teachers need to speak up and make an irrefutable case for the continued presence of expert professionals at the forefront of classrooms.\nSo how can we rehabilitate human teachers in the minds of their detractors? The uphill battle in countries like Australia is to revitalise schools and classrooms to allow teachers to work in the ways just outlined. These are all characteristics that a good teacher should have, but are considerably restricted in an era of ‘teaching out-of-field’, templated lesson plans and rigid standardised testing.\nA first step in this direction might be to alter the ways that people think and talk about teaching. Teachers need to speak forcibly about these qualities – amongst themselves, within their professional associations, withparents, politicians, pundits and anyone else with influence. Teachers also need to argue directly against the tech industry and corporate reformers looking to replace them with machines. There is obvious value in the human expert teacher. Yet unless teachers are able to make a convincing case, they may well lose the argument before they even realise that there was one.\nNeil Selwyn is a professor in the Faculty of Education, Monash University (Australia). He previously worked in the UCL Institute of Education, and Cardiff School of Social Science (UK). Neil is currently writing a book on the topic of robots, AI and the automation of teaching. Over the next six months he will be posting writing on the topic, hopefully resulting in: Selwyn, N. (2019) Should Robots Replace Teachers? Cambridge, Polity.\nNeil can be found on Twitter @neil_selwyn", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The United Nations has declared today World Autism Awareness Day. A recent federal study shows a significant increase in the prevalence of autism, bringing the nation in line with what New Jersey has been reporting for years. Dr. Jill Harris, director of program development at Children’s Specialized Hospital, told NJ Today Senior Correspondent Desirée Taylor that the new survey confirms what many thought — that the prevalence rate throughout the country was about equal to the Garden State.\nThe latest survey, conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was a phone survey and found about one out of 50 children have been diagnosed with having an autism spectrum disorder. “That is much more consistent with New Jersey’s most recent prevalence rates,” Harris said. “But it is still much higher than what had been shown in the past and in other states.”\nThe method of collecting data varies from previous studies. Harris explained that previous prevalence rates were based on reviews of health and school records.\n“I think it confirms what we really suspected which is that probably throughout all of the states and probably throughout other countries as well the prevalence rate is probably equal. It was always a little confusing about why it was higher in New Jersey,” Harris said. “We thought that possibly it was because there might be increased awareness in New Jersey or more places where you can get a diagnosis. But now it’s suggesting that the prevalence is high nationwide and worldwide.”\nWhile researchers believe there is equal prevalence of autism across all racial, ethnic, geographic and socioeconomic lines, Harris said statistics show there are disparities accessing diagnoses and services.\n“That’s something that at Children’s Specialized Hospital we put a lot of emphasis in terms of looking at these traditionally under-served groups and seeing if we can improve access to services for this population,” Harris said.\nHarris said she believes educators can play a role in diagnosing children. “One of the things that we’ve looked at is going into daycares or preschools — places where a lot of kids spend a lot of their time — and trying to educate the people who are working with those kids about what the early signs are for autism, what the red flags are,” she said. “So that if we could screen the kids where they are, in the community where they are, we think that we would be able to identify those kids that need services earlier and hook them up with effective services quicker.”\nSome are worried that sequestration could impact the services offered for autism. Harris said while there is increased awareness about autism and increased services, more are needed.\n“Even here in New Jersey where there is legislation for some insurance companies to cover applied behavioral analysis or ABA services,” Harris said. “Not all insurances cover that and indeed state Medicaid does not cover it. So when you ask if there are enough services, there aren’t enough services definitely not for adults and people as they age with autism. But also some of the services that are known to be highly effective don’t always have a payment source to cover the services.”\nAdults with autism need additional services, according to Harris. “If you look at what people need, they need hopefully meaningful employment, they need a safe place to live, they need social opportunities, and that’s throughout the age span. And no, there definitely are not adequate services for adults,” she said.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Enhancing the development of phonetic categories in second-language speech perception and production through high-variability phonetic training\nEnhancing the Development of Phonetic Categories\nin Second-Language Speech Perception\nand Production through High-Variability Phonetic Training\nSpeech perception in the native language (L1) is efficient, with listeners being able to recognize consonants and vowels (and ultimately words) in spite of the great within- and between-talker variability that characterizes the speech signal (e.g., a given sound is realized differently depending on its surrounding sounds, its position in the word and sentence, and the talker’s vocal tract, speech rate, and accent) (e.g., Bradlow & Bent, 2008; Clopper & Bradlow, 2008; Trude & Brown-Schmidt, 2012). To explain this efficiency, speech perception theories have proposed that listeners form phonetic categories of consonants and vowels by encoding the acoustic details of thousands of speech exemplars heard over time and extracting from these exemplars the acoustic cues that signal meaningful contrasts relative to the context in which these cues occur (e.g., Goldinger, 1996; Johnson, 1997). Native listeners’ ability to fine-tune speech perception as a function of contextual information stems in part from their many years of exposure to rich input in the L1.\nSecond-language (L2) speech perception is far more difficult, for several reasons: (i) by the time listeners begin learning an L2, they have formed robust and stable phonetic categories in the L1, making it difficult for them to create new phonetic categories (e.g., the longer the exposure to the L1, the more difficult the development of target-like L2 phonetic categories) (e.g., Flege, 1995; Flege et al., 2006; Flege & Liu, 2001); (ii) at least in a foreign language setting, listeners often receive limited exposure to speech in the L2, and the input they hear is often impoverished (i.e., limited in its variability) and not native-like (e.g., when the instructor is not a native speaker of the language being taught).\nThis raises the question of whether and how language instructors can help enhance L2 learners’ development of phonetic categories. One method that has gained popularity over the past two decades and been shown to enhance L2 learners’ perception and production of consonants and vowels is the high-variability phonetic training (e.g., Bradlow, Pisoni, Akahane-Yamada, & Tohkura, 1997; Huensch & Tremblay, 2015; Iverson, Hazan, & Bannister, 2005; Iverson, Pinet, & Evans, 2011; Lambacher, Martens, Kakehi, Marasinghe, & Molholt, 2005; Lively, Logan, & Pisoni, 1993; Logan, Lively, & Pisoni, 1991). This method enhances L2 speech perception and production because it emphasizes both input quantity and input quality, leading L2 learners to develop more robust phonetic categories in the L2.\nIn this workshop, I will discuss the different types of high-phonetic variability training that have been developed and their impact on L2 learners’ speech perception and speech production, focusing on both the theoretical implications and practical applications of this research.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "May 10, 2012 | 4\nWho makes your food? Do you live alone and do everything yourself, or are you part of a partnership, roommate situation, or extended family where food is shared? Most likely, the more complicated your living situation, the more complicated the food allocation. Perhaps one person buys the food and another cooks it, or everyone shares in the acquiring and making but you don’t all like the same stuff, so sometimes you have to make an extra peanut butter and jelly sandwich for the kid who hates curry night.\nHumans share both food and labor. To some extent, we allocate food based on status (“The Big Piece of Chicken” from Chris Rock’s Bigger and Blacker – warning, profanity (and a splash of sexism) ahead!):\nMaybe you’re the parent who always gets the big piece of chicken, or maybe you’re the roommate who always seems to have his leftovers stolen. The question is, why? What implications does this have for your own stress and energy stores, and ultimately your reproductive success?\nThe concept of pooled energy budgets\nA series of papers over the last few years by Karen Kramer, Meredith Reiches, Peter Ellison and others raises exactly this question. In particular, they take on the paradox of slow human life histories – the fact that we take a long time to grow up, mature, be fully independent and have our own offspring – with fast reproduction – once we can have kids we are capable of having many overlapping, dependent offspring (Kramer and Ellison, 2010).\nConsider that the age at first birth among many hunter-gatherer populations is in the late teens (Kramer et al., 2009), yet individuals in these populations often aren’t fully competent hunters and foragers until their thirties (Gurven et al., 2006; Kramer et al., 2009; Walker et al., 2002). Among industrialized populations, our average age at first birth is in the mid to late twenties (and here are CDC stats for the US only), but our average full financial independence equally late (that’s not to say there aren’t many teens and young adults fully independent from parents, but also many folks into their twenties and thirties are still getting loans, help with down payments, or gifts that help financially).\nThis gap would not do among non-human primates: most primates become independent foragers very early in their lives, and so what they collect, they eat. If they can’t get enough food to survive, they certainly won’t be allocating any of that energy towards reproduction, and so their reproductive success will be low or zero.\nHow do we handle the years between age at first birth and full independence? How do we take so long to mature, using up parental resources all the while, yet still manage to have a decent number of babies? Humans manage to circumvent our very slow and dependent juvenile period, and therefore have plenty of energy for reproduction, through transfers of energy (food, or in industrial societies money for food) and labor (especially childcare) between individuals.\nWhen individuals hunt or forage, many are able to bring in more than they themselves will eat, and this gets shared among their family or community. Individuals in different reproductive states may even contribute more to their households to increase their indirect fitness, as has been found with grandmothers in Hadza foragers (Hawkes et al., 1997), and in suitors (Hawkes et al., 1997) or fathers (Marlowe, 2001), perhaps to offset potentially lower foraging capabilities of a pregnant or breastfeeding mother. And many increasingly agree that humans are a cooperatively breeding species (Hrdy, 2008), meaning that labor transfers of childcare can happen pretty often.\nIt’s great that we share, and that foraging and childcare behavior is responsive to one’s context and in the context of one’s family. This means that one’s social environment may play a significant role in the amount of energy and time you have for survival and reproduction (Reiches et al., 2009).\nWhy pooled energy budgets are cool\nUnderstanding where our energy comes from – who has it easy and who has it hard in the daily labor of food acquisition – can help us understand a number of interesting things that vary among human populations. For instance, lighter juvenile workloads can contribute to faster juvenile growth. I’ve talked about the Pumé foragers before as an example of a population with relatively early reproduction. Kramer et al (2009) have shown that Pumé girls reach menarche and first birth earlier than most foragers (check out the first image in this post). These girls tend to have lower foraging expectations placed on them, which indirectly increases their energy budgets, as what would have gone towards foraging effort can now go towards maintenance and reproduction. This contributes to how they achieve faster growth and earlier reproductive maturity.\nUnderstanding the nature of energy transfers can also help us understand cooperative breeding. In populations where pregnant and breastfeeding mothers’ foraging workloads are still high, are they getting respite from childcare to offset these costs? Who helps more: peers, fathers, maternal grandmothers or paternal grandmothers? What factors drive variation in allocare between populations? I wonder how varied these behaviors are even within a population: perhaps some mothers prefer foraging to childcare, or vice versa, and so find themselves doing more of one or the other. And I wonder if any of this could have an ultimate effect on reproductive success, depending on the environment and difficulty foraging.\nBut what I find really interesting is that some individuals may get more or less food through these energy transfers based on status, kinship, and friendship. That is, who you know, who your mother or father is, the kind of culture you come from and whether it treats some kinds of people better or worse, this may all have an ultimate impact on an individual’s energy budget. This is on top of the already documented impact of social environment on stress and health (e.g., Albert et al., 2008; Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 2010; Miller et al., 2002). So there are at least two very significant ways in which our social environment affects wellness and reproductive success: an energy-based mechanism and a stress-based mechanism, and they are not mutually exclusive paths.\nStarting from the pooled energy budgets model resolves a lot of the bickering that can occur about which ecological factor is “most” important to reproduction. The reality is, no matter how much I and others love to talk about inflammation, stress, immune function and other stuff, all of these factors ultimately impact the body through allocation of resources – through energy. The pooled energy budget concept gives a space for all these factors, and a useful framework to understand them.\nAlbert MA, Ravenell J, Glynn RJ, Khera A, Halevy N, de Lemos JA. 2008. Cardiovascular risk indicators and perceived race/ethnic discrimination in the Dallas Heart Study. American heart journal 156(6):1103-1109.\nGurven M, Kaplan H, Gutierrez M. 2006. How long does it take to become a proficient hunter? Implications for the evolution of extended development and long life span. Journal of Human Evolution 51(5):454-470.\nHawkes K, O’Connell JF, Blurton Jones NG. 1997. Hadza women’s time allocation, offspring provisioning, and the evolution of long postmenopausal life spans. Current Anthropology 38(4):551-577.\nHrdy S. 2008. Evolutionary context of human development: the cooperative breeding model. In: Salmon C, Shackelford T, editors. Family relationships: an evolutionary perspective: Oxford University Press.\nKiecolt-Glaser JK, Gouin J-P, Hantsoo L. 2010. Close relationships, inflammation, and health. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 35(1):33-38.\nKramer KL, Ellison PT. 2010. Pooled Energy Budgets: Resituating Human Energy Allocation Trade-offs. Evolutionary Anthropology 19:136-147.\nKramer KL, Greaves RD, Ellison PT. 2009. Early reproductive maturity among Pumé foragers: implications of a pooled energy model to fast life histories. American Journal of Human Biology 21(4):430-437.\nMarlowe F. 2001. Male contribution to diet and female reproductive success among foragers. Current Anthropology 42(5):755-760.\nMiller GE, Stetler CA, Carney RM, Freedland KE, Banks WA. 2002. Clinical depression and inflammatory risk markers for coronary heart disease. The American Journal of Cardiology 90(12):1279-1283.\nReiches MW, Ellison PT, Lipson SF, Sharrock KC, Gardiner E, Duncan LG. 2009. Pooled energy budget and human life history. American Journal of Human Biology 21(4):421-429.\nWalker R, Hill K, Kaplan H, McMillan G. 2002. Age-dependency in hunting ability among the Ache of Eastern Paraguay. Journal of Human Evolution 42(6):639-657.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Thank you for contacting BibleAsk.\nThe Bible does not give the exact date for the birth of Christ. And there is no command to keep the day of Christ’s birth as a sacred day. While it might be a public holiday, it is not a biblical holy day.\nDecember 25 was an ancient holiday for the birth of Tammuz the child of the sun-god. Later, December 25 was assigned by the emperor Constantine in 336 AD, as a day to remember Christ’s birth in an effort to make Christianity more attractive to non-Christians.\nToday some people with good and honest conscience do not feel comfortable with the idea of associating Christ’s birth with a pagan holiday. And in an effort to avoid celebrating “Christmas,” they may lose the spiritual advantage of meditating on the fact that Christ was born into this world to save the lost. Such people should nonetheless set aside some time during the year to contemplate and celebrate the birth of Christ and His great sacrifice.\nAnd there are others who do not feel that it is wrong to remember Christ’s birth during December 25th. To such, it will be a worthy challenge to focus on the saving meaning of Christ’s birth and to share material resources with the poor and needy instead of indulging self in the secular traditions of Christmas.\nIn blessing the poor, Jesus said: “Then shall the King say unto them on his right hand, Come, ye blessed of my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world: For I was an hungred, and ye gave me meat: I was thirsty, and ye gave me drink: I was a stranger, and ye took me in: Naked, and ye clothed me: I was sick, and ye visited me: I was in prison, and ye came unto me. Then shall the righteous answer him, saying, Lord, when saw we thee an hungred, and fed thee? or thirsty, and gave thee drink? When saw we thee a stranger, and took thee in? or naked, and clothed thee? Or when saw we thee sick, or in prison, and came unto thee? And the King shall answer and say unto them, Verily I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto me” (Matthew 25:34-40).\nTherefore, whether observing Christ’s birth on Christmas or on any other day of the year, let all be done for the glory of God, “He who observes the day, observes it to the Lord” (Romans 14:6) and “whatever you do, do all to the glory of God” (1 Corinthians 10:31).\nIn His service,", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Before installing the energizer make sure you have read all the instructions provided with your energizer. We recommend that you always install the energizer out of reach of children and animals.\nInside Installation: Mains Powered Energizers (We always recommend that you install plug-in mains units under roof and in a dry location)\nLocate the unit near a power point or outlet. Preferably, connect it to a dedicated outlet line, separated from a series of outlets. Install a surge protector in the outlet then, plug your energizer into the surge protector. These surge protectors may be purchased at most hardware stores or electric supply. They will vary in price from $5 upward.\nFollow the instructions that came with your energizer. As a generalization, there will be two or more terminals. Normally the red terminal is the output terminal that goes to your fence line. The other terminal is normally green (or black) and it goes to your ground rods (see grounding how to articles). Some energizers also have a third terminal that is referred to as a low output terminal. This terminal may be used as a separate fence in which you prefer to have less voltage on, such as around your back yard where children may be playing. On some energizers such as Speedrite, this third terminal may also be used for hooking up bi-polar systems, but that is another article in itself.\nGrounding note: you may use either copper or galvanized ground rods, but do not mix them. In other words, if you use galvanized ground rods, then use galvanized wire back to the energizer. If using copper rods, then use copper wire back to the energizer. You will normally need about 3 feet of ground rod per output joule. Example: a 6 output joule charger will require about 18 feet of ground rods. That could be accomplished by using 3 six foot rods. The ground rods should be spaced no less than 10 feet apart. If you are routing your lead-out wire from the energizer to the fence line and you will be going through a wall, then we recommend that you route it thru conduit when going through the wall. We also recommend that you use insulated wire as your lead out from energizer to fence line.\nOutside Installation: Battery or Solar Energizers Although battery energizers are generally made to handle the weather, rain, snow, etc. we would recommend that you build a roof shed or box to additionally protect it from the elements. It must however be ventilated so as not to over heat the electronics of the energizer. Keep this away from animals and out of reach of children. If necessary, build a small fenced enclosure around the energizer to keep livestock and animals away. Solar panels should be tilted in the direction where you will receive the most sun, and may need to be seasonally adjusted. We find that in Midwest USA, we get more intense afternoon sun and tend to tilt to the SW sky. This suggestion may vary depending on your location. Although most energizers have a warranty that includes damage from lightning, we highly recommend that you install lightening protection on your fence line. Read more about lightning protection in another article. These are some general comments on energizer installation please feel free to call us with any questions you may have at 417-741-1230.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Publication: Research - peer-review › Journal article – Annual report year: 2009\nThe abundance of bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, in the east Atlantic and Mediterranean has declined in recent decades. The International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), the regional bluefin tuna management authority, has developed a plan to promote recovery by 2022, while still permitting fishing to continue during the period 2008-2010. Here we predict that the adult population in 2011 will likely be 75% lower relative to 2005 and that quotas in some intervening years will allow the fishery to capture legally all of the adult fish. Population demographics (proportion of older fish and repeat spawners in population) indicate that buffering capacity against years of poor reproduction has been reduced. This population is at risk of collapse (90% decline in adult biomass within three generations, the criterion used by the IUCN for defining populations as Critically Endangered), even under the currently agreed recovery plan, unless new conservation measures are implemented in the next few years.\n|State||Published - 2009|\n|Citations||Web of Science® Times Cited: 25|\n- Atlantic, Mediterranean, conservation, bluefin tuna, recruitment, exploitation, reproduction, management, recovery, collapse", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Myth. The term “soft teeth” is usually used in reference to having teeth that are more susceptible to tooth decay or sensitivity. It is sometimes used to reference there being a lot of cavities in your family history, which has led you to have a gene pool that’s more vulnerable to cavities and decay.\nThe concept of soft teeth is a myth—you are in control of your own oral health and your teeth.\nCavities are 100% preventable and cannot be passed down as part of your family gene pool. Just because your parents, aunts, uncles or grandparents had a lot of cavities or decay, doesn’t necessarily mean that you will too.\nCavities and decay are a result of bacteria in your mouth and a lack of a proper oral hygiene routine for your specific needs. For example, if you are a smoker, you may need a different oral hygiene routine compared to someone who suffers from gum disease, and so on. Figuring out an oral hygiene routine that works for your specific needs is a big benefit of having regular check-ups and cleanings with your dentist. That becomes your time to ask any questions about your oral health, and make sure you are taking the appropriate steps to avoid cavities and decay.\nWhat can I do to prevent tooth decay?\nThe bacteria in your mouth lives primarily on sugar. A good way to cut down the decay in your mouth is to limit the amount of sugary or starchy foods that you eat. When the bacteria in your mouth break down sugars, they produce acids that attack your tooth enamel and cause decay.\nAnother great way to prevent tooth decay and cavities is to make sure you are doing at least the basics of a good oral hygiene routine. The three basic steps of a good oral health routine are:\n- Brushing your teeth twice a day\n- Flossing your teeth once a day\n- Visiting your dentist for regular check-ups and cleanings\nIf you have any questions on how you can avoid decay and cavities, visit a 123Dentist.com location today! We would be happy to assess your teeth and give you tips on what you can do to avoid cavities.\nFor additional tips on how to avoid baby bottle tooth decay for your infants, click here: https://www.123dentist.com/how-to-deal-with-baby-bottle-tooth-decay/", "label": "No"}
{"text": "PK Sinha Center for Bioenergy and Renewables at IIT Kharagpur has organized the DBT National Workshop on Bioenergy (DNWB 2019) in Kolkata on October 17-18, 2019. Funded by the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, this workshop aims to bring together bioenergy scientists from around the country to promote a national conversation on and solve technological challenges towards achieving the national mission of deploying clean energy to fight climate change.\nThe workshop provides a rare opportunity to DBT’s five Bioenergy Centers, namely, the DBT-Pan IIT Center for Bioenergy, the DBT-ICGEB Center for Bioenergy, the DBT-IOCL Center, the DBT-TERI Center for Bioenergy, and the DBT-ICT Center for Energy Biosciences, to come together and discuss their bioenergy research, exchange new ideas, and collaborate towards building a renewable energy future for India.\n“Climate change is the biggest threat to our species and our planet today. The reasons for climate change in the post-industrialization period are clearly anthropogenic, i.e., caused by human activity. In the last 168 years, the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere have increased by 45%, from 285 ppm in 1850 to 415 ppm in 2018,” said Prof. Saikat Chakraborty, Convenor of the workshop.\nThis sudden increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration in the post-industrialization period has drastically enhanced the Greenhouse Effect, leading to global warming. The year 2017 was the hottest on record (followed by 2018) without an El Nino boost, with an average global temperature rise of 1°C higher since the pre-industrial level in 1850.\n“As we are fast approaching the warning limit of 1.5°C of global warming, set by the Paris International Climate Agreement signed by 175 countries, the changes in global climate will be sweeping and devastating. Many small islands will be wiped out, deltas and coastal cities will be submerged,” remarked Prof. Chakraborty.\nThe glaciers in the Arctic, the Antarctic and the Himalayas are already melting at alarming rates, leading to a whirlwind of severe weather events: floods, tornadoes, hurricanes, severe snowstorms, scorching heatwaves, droughts and wildfires.\n“Two hundred living species of plants and animals are going extinct from our planet every single day. In short, life on earth is in peril in a way it’s never been before,” he added.\nCoordinated by Prof. Saikat Chakraborty and Prof. Mrinal K. Maiti of IIT Kharagpur, DNWB-2019 aims to bridge the gap between researchers from academia and industries with other professionals within India through various keynote addresses, scientific and technical lectures and poster presentations encompassing the current situation and future trends on various aspects of bioenergy, including combating climate change through biofuels, algal biofuels, lignocellulosic biofuels, and cyanobacterial biofuels. Professor M.S. Ananth, two-time Former Director of IIT Madras, will be the Chief Guest at the workshop’s inauguration program, and Dr. Anjan Ray, Director, Indian Institute of Petroleum Dehradun, will be the Guest of Honour, while Dr. Sangita M. Kasture, Joint Director, DBT, will be representing the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India. The keynote addresses will be delivered by Dr. Anjan Ray, Director of IIP-Dehradun, Prof. Debabrata Das, Former MNRE Chair Professor at IIT Kharagpur, and Dr. Santanu Dasgupta, Senior Vice President at Reliance Industries Limited.\nCurrently headed by Prof. Makarand M. Ghangrekar, the PK Sinha Centre for Bioenergy and Renewables at IIT Kharagpur was incepted on August 31, 2009, by the hands of its founder and patron Dr. Prabhakant Sinha, an illustrious IIT Kharagpur alumnus. This Centre is India’s first Integrated Bioenergy Centre, which is involved in activities such as knowledge in action by partnering with the government, commercial organizations, knowledge dissemination through academia, industry and policymakers. Experts at the Centre are currently working in the areas of Bioethanol, Biodiesel, Biohydrogen, Biomethane, Algal biorefinery, Microbial fuel cells, Genetic engineering of energy crops, etc.\n“We are also exploring various biological processes to innovate efficient, economically viable processes for the treatment of waste. Attempts have also been made to overcome the scale-up challenges of microbial fuel cells for the bioremediation of wastewater and electricity generation,” said the Centre’s Head, Prof. Ghangrekar.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The word entitlement is defined as \"the fact of having a right to something\" and \"the belief that one is inherently deserving of privileges or special treatment.\"\nWhen you have the belief that you are inherently deserving of privileges or special treatment at the expense of your neighbor and accept the idea of obtaining those benefits by the force and power of government you will engage in wantonness and Covetous Practices.\nWelfare, Food Stamps, Social Security and even public education are all listed as entitlements but are provided by men who call themselves benefactors but who exercise authority one over the other. They are the fathers of the earth and those who look to them often try to Serve two masters but end up being Workers of Iniquity.\n- Proverbs 23 \"When thou sittest to eat with a ruler, consider diligently what is before thee: And put a knife to thy throat, if thou be a man given to appetite. Be not desirous of his dainties: for they are deceitful meat.\"\n- Romans 11:9 \"And David saith, Let their table be made a snare, and a trap, and a stumblingblock, and a recompence unto them:\"\n- Exodus 20:17 \"Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour’s house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbour’s wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that [is] thy neighbour’s.\"\n- 2 Peter 2:3 \"And through covetousness shall they with feigned words make merchandise of you: whose judgment now of a long time lingereth not, and their damnation slumbereth not.\"\n- 2 Peter 2:22 But it is happened unto them according to the true proverb, The dog is turned to his own vomit again; and the sow that was washed to her wallowing in the mire.\n- While they promise them liberty, they themselves are the servants of corruption: for of whom a man is overcome, of the same is he brought in bondage. 2 Peter 2:19\n- And call no man your father upon the earth: for one is your Father, which is in heaven. Matthew 23:9\n- \"And he said unto them, The kings of the Gentiles exercise lordship over them; and they that exercise authority upon them are called benefactors'. But ye shall not be so: but he that is greatest among you, let him be as the younger; and he that is chief, as he that doth serve. For whether is greater, he that sitteth at meat, or he that serveth? is not he that sitteth at meat? but I am among you as he that serveth.\n\" Luke 22:25-27\nSocial Virtues |\nDaily ministration |\nCommunity | Tens | Sense of Community | Perfect law of liberty |\nWelfare_types | Bread and circuses | Daily bread | Socialism | Communitarian |\nBenefactors | Fathers | Nimrod | Mystery Babylon |\nQuantum | Mysteries of the Universe | Spiritual DNA and Gene Expression |\nBiting one another | Zombies | The mire | Mind | Spiritual Economics |\nImperial Cult of Rome | The Democracy Cult | One purse | Nicolaitan |\nMerchandise | Employ | Bondage | Roots of the Welfare State |\nPersecution | Christian conflict | Diocletianic Persecution |\nLady Godiva | The Blessed Strategy | The Way | FEMA | Network |\nJoin The Living Network of The Companies of Ten\nThe Living Network | Join Local group | About | Purpose | Guidelines | Network Removal\nContact Minister | Fractal Network | Audacity of Hope | Network Links\n- : Mark 7:20-23 And he said, That which cometh out of the man, that defileth the man. For from within, out of the heart of men, proceed evil thoughts, adulteries, fornications, murders, Thefts, covetousness, wickedness, deceit, lasciviousness <766>, an evil eye, blasphemy, pride, foolishness: All these evil things come from within, and defile the man.\n- Romans 13:13 Let us walk honestly, as in the day; not in rioting and drunkenness, not in chambering and wantonness <766>, not in strife and envying.\n- 2 Corinthians 12:21 And lest, when I come again, my God will humble me among you, and that I shall bewail many which have sinned already, and have not repented of the uncleanness and fornication and lasciviousness <766> which they have committed.\n- Galatians 5:19 Now the works of the flesh are manifest, which are these; Adultery, fornication, uncleanness, lasciviousness <766>,\n- Ephesians 4:19 Who being past feeling have given themselves over unto lasciviousness <766>, to work all uncleanness with greediness.\n- 1 Peter 4:3 For the time past of our life may suffice us to have wrought the will of the Gentiles, when we walked in lasciviousness <766>, lusts, excess of wine, revellings, banquetings, and abominable idolatries:\n- 2 Peter 2:7 And delivered just Lot, vexed with the filthy <766> conversation of the wicked:\n- 2 Peter 2:18 For when they speak great swelling words of vanity, they allure through the lusts of the flesh, through much wantonness <766>, those that were clean escaped from them who live in error.\n- Jude 1:4 For there are certain men crept in unawares, who were before of old ordained to this condemnation, ungodly men, turning the grace of our God into lasciviousness <766>, and denying the only Lord God, and our Lord Jesus Christ.\n- Proverbs 26:11 ¶ As a dog returneth to his vomit, [so] a fool returneth to his folly.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Click above image for slideshow (23 photographs)\n“Strong Like Two People”:\nA photographer’s ode to First Nations’\nspecial relationship with the land in Canada’s North\nAn environmental movement is stirring in indigenous communities across North America. The moniker ‘water protector’ came from the protests of the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), and the DAPL story is a powerful example of activism in the face of environmental racism. But environmental activism is often much more subtle than the headlines let on.\nIn Canada’s North, indigenous youth are stepping into leadership roles and families are recognizing the importance of relearning traditional activities not only as a form of conservation, but also as a way to preserve their culture in a time where Western values and technology are influencing these communities more than ever.\nIn the Northwest Territories, youth are encouraged by the words of Tlicho Chief Jimmy Bruneau, who in 1936, set out a vision to accept the worldview of the white man but to never lose the skills, teachings and traditions of the Dene. His words later interpreted to mean, “strong like two people”.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Up: Utrecht Echelle Spectrograph\nThe layout of the spectrograph is shown schematically in Figure . The slit\nS is at the focal plane of the telescope. The light from the slit image (beam\na) is collimated (beam b) by an off-axis parabolic mirror C, and traverses the\nthree cross-dispersing quartz prisms P1, P2 and P3 before beam c is incident on\nthe echelle grating E. The axes of\nbeams a, b and c are horizontal. The light is dispersed in the vertical plane\n(beam d) by the echelle grating (beam d) and is finally re-imaged by the\n[ TIFF ]\nof the Utrecht Echelle Spectrograph (UES).\nThe main components are as follows:\n- Slit unit. The scale at the slit is 4.44 arcsec mm (1\narcsec = 225 m). The slit has a maximum length of\n5 arcmin; a dekker of continuously variable width is used to define the slit\nlength. The slit width can be set to between 0.09 and 90 arcsec. The entire slit\nassembly can be rotated from -12 to +11 degrees relative to the nominal\nposition; this is required to ensure that the slit image is perpendicular to the\ndirection of dispersion (along the spectral orders). A shutter is mounted at the\nrear of the slit. The slit jaws are polished so that they can be viewed with the\nacquisition TV or by the autoguider.\n- Collimator. There is a choice of two collimators which can be\nselected remotely. One collimator has been coated for best performance at\nwavelengths below 4000 Å, while the other is silver coated for high\nreflectivity longwards of 4000 Å. The collimators are off-axis paraboloids\nwith focal length of 2359 mm; the diameter of the collimated beam is 215 mm. A\nHartmann unit is available in front of the collimator assembly for focusing the\n- Cross-dispersing prisms. Unlike most other echelle spectrographs\nin use on 4-m class telescopes, UES uses prismatic cross-dispersion to separate\nthe echelle orders. The reasons which led to this choice are discussed in the\narticle by Walker & Diego referenced above. Compared with grating\ncross-dispersers, prisms offer the advantages of higher efficiency and more\nuniform inter-order spacing. In order to maintain high efficiency down to\n3000 Å, the UES prisms are made of extremely homogeneous fused silica.\nHowever, the prism size demanded by the optical design is beyond the limits of\ncurrent manufacturing technology. In order to provide sufficient\ncross-dispersion, three smaller prisms are used in series; each prism is in\nturn composed of three smaller units optically contacted together by means of a\nUV transmitting fluid.\n- Echelle grating. Two are available (and remotely selectable). Both\nwere manufactured by Milton Roy, have ruled area of 204 408 mm and\nnominal blaze angle of 63.4 degrees. One echelle grating has a ruling of 31.6\ngrooves/mm, while the other has 79 grooves/mm. The spectral\nformats produced by the two echelle gratings are detailed\nin Tables and .\nBoth echelles provide the same linear dispersion at the detector, and\ntherefore the same resolving power for a given slit width. However, the free\nspectral range of the former is 2.5 times shorter than that of the latter;\nconsequently, the spectral orders are 2.5 times closer together with 31.6 than\nwith the 79 grooves/mm echelle grating. Thus, the 31.6 ruling is the\npreferred choice when continuous wavelength coverage of the echelle orders is\nthe overriding consideration, while the 79 is the grating most often used for\nobservations requiring accurate registration and subtraction of the sky signal\nalong the slit (the maximum slit length which can be accommodated with the 79\ngrooves/mm echelle is 2.5 times greater than with the 31.6).\n- Camera. This is of folded Schmidt design with a field flattener\nlens, and is described by Wynne 1977 (MNRAS, 180, 485).\nThe focal length is 700 mm. The nominal, unvignetted field of view is mm, the longer dimension being along the echelle orders.\n- Detectors. Any of the detectors available on the WHT (see Chapter\n) can be mounted on UES. The most commonly used detector is one of the thinned\nTektronix chips, which has a high\nefficiency over a broad range of wavelengths. For observations of faint objects\nthe IPCS is the detector of choice, because of its extremely low dark count and\nlack of read-out noise. Note that of the detectors currently available, only the\nIPCS, with its 10 micron pixels, can sample the full resolving power of UES.\nTable: Spectral Format of the 31.6 grooves/mm Echelle Grating\n--- Sample Orders\nTable: Spectral Format of the 79 grooves/mm Echelle Grating ---\nUp: Utrecht Echelle Spectrograph\nTue Aug 15 16:42:46 BST 1995", "label": "No"}
{"text": "| ||Format||Pages||Price|| |\n|6||$46.00||  ADD TO CART|\n|Hardcopy (shipping and handling)||6||$46.00||  ADD TO CART|\nSignificance and Use\n5.1 This test method is designed to rank material couples in their resistance to the failure mode caused by galling and not merely to classify the surface appearance of sliding surfaces.\n5.2 This test method has been shown to have higher repeatability than Test Method in determining the galling resistance. Test Method can be used for initial ranking of galling resistance.\n5.3 This test method should be considered when damaged (galled) surfaces render components non-serviceable. Experience has shown that galling is most prevalent in sliding systems that are slow moving and operate intermittently. The galling and seizure of threaded components is a classic example that this test method most closely simulates.\n5.4 Other galling-prone examples include: sealing surfaces of valves that may leak excessively due to galling and pump wear rings that may function ineffectively due to galling.\n5.5 If the equipment continues to operate satisfactorily and loses dimension gradually, then galling is not present, and the wear should be evaluated by a different test method.\n5.6 This test method should not be used for quantitative or final design purposes, since many environmental factors influence the galling performance of materials in service. Lubrication, alignment, stiffness, and geometry are only some of the factors that can affect how materials perform. This test method has proven valuable in screening materials for prototypical testing that more closely simulates actual service conditions.\n1.1 This test method covers a laboratory test that ranks the galling resistance of material couples using a quantitative measure. Bare metals, alloys, nonmetallic materials, coatings, and surface modified materials may be evaluated by this test method.\n1.2 This test method is not designed for evaluating the galling resistance of material couples sliding under lubricated conditions, because galling usually will not occur under lubricated sliding conditions using this test method.\n1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.\n1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.\n2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.\nG40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion\nG98 Test Method for Galling Resistance of Materials\nICS Number Code 77.040.10 (Mechanical testing of metals)\n|Link to Active (This link will always route to the current Active version of the standard.)|\nASTM G196-08(2016), Standard Test Method for Galling Resistance of Material Couples, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2016, www.astm.orgBack to Top", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Information identified as archived on the Web is for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. It has not been altered or updated after the date of archiving. Web pages that are archived on the Web are not subject to the Government of Canada Web Standards, as per the Policy on Communications and Federal Identity.\nRecovery Strategy for Multi-Species at Risk in Vernal Pools and other Ephemeral Wet Areas Associated with Garry Oak Ecosystems in Canada (Proposed)\nThis multi-species Recovery Strategy addresses the recovery of six endangered plant species inhabiting vernal pools and other ephemeral wet areas: bog bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus pinnatus), tall woolly-heads (Psilocarphus elatior), Juncus kelloggii (Juncus kelloggii), Ranunculus alismifolius var. alismifolius (water-plantain buttercup), rosy owl-clover (Orthocarpus bracteosus), and dwarf sandwort (Minuartia pusilla). In Canada, these species occur (or occurred) primarily in Garry oak and associated ecosystems on Vancouver Island and nearby Gulf Islands where they are largely restricted to low elevation, coastal areas. Although the range of all species extends into the United States, many of the species are widely disjunct from the U.S. populations. The Recovery Strategy comprises one component of the recovery program for Garry oak and associated ecosystems as outlined in the Recovery Strategy for Garry Oak and Associated Ecosystems and their Associated Species at Risk in Canada: 2001-2006.\nFour main habitat types are distinguished in this strategy: vernal pools, vernal swales, vernal seeps, and seasonally wetted wetland margins. Vernal pools are spatially discrete, seasonally flooded depressions that form on top of impermeable layers such as hardpan, claypan, or bedrock. They occur under Mediterranean-type climatic conditions that provide for winter and early spring inundation, followed by complete or partial drying in summer. Vernal swales are similar to vernal pools, but are usually shallower with less defined boundaries and shorter inundation periods. Vernal seeps are shallow flows that occur where groundwater emerges on sloping terrain, usually on the lower slopes of hillsides. Seasonally wetted wetland margins are low-lying areas next to perennial streams, lakes, or marshes that experience temporary flooding during high water periods in the winter or spring, becoming dry again during the summer. These habitats are all naturally highly fragmented, occurring as small isolated patches along shorelines and on small islands. Urbanization has intensified their natural fragmentation, and species occurring within them face a diverse array of threats.\nFor successful implementation in protecting species at risk there will be a strong need to engage in stewardship on a variety of land tenures, and in particular on private land and on Indian Reserves. Stewardship involves the voluntary cooperation of landowners to protect Species at Risk and the ecosystems they rely on. It is recognized in the Preamble to the federal Species at Risk Act (SARA) that \"stewardship activities contributing to the conservation of wildlife species and their habitat should be supported\" and that \"all Canadians have a role to play in the conservation of wildlife in this country, including the prevention of wildlife species from becoming extirpated or extinct.\" It is recognized in the Bilateral Agreement on Species at Risk, between British Columbia and Canada that:\n\"Stewardship by land and water owners and users is fundamental to preventing species from becoming at risk and in protecting and recovering species that are at risk\" and that \"Cooperative, voluntary measures are the first approach to securing the protection and recovery of species at risk.\"\nVernal pools and associated habitats are likely greatly diminished from their former abundance due to habitat conversion. Remaining habitat patches continue to be threatened by urban development and recreational demands, as well as by the encroachment of invasive alien shrubs, grasses and forbs. Fire suppression has further altered vegetation composition, hydrologic regimes and nutrient cycling, and increased fuel loading. Activities such as wetland draining, ditching, mowing, biking, dog-walking, utility maintenance, and garbage dumping also pose potential threats. Finally, as most populations are small and cover small areas, they may be inherently at risk from stochastic demographic and environmental events.\nFurther studies and trials will be needed to determine whether there are insurmountable barriers to the restoration of existing populations, the re-establishment of extirpated populations, and the establishment of new populations. However, following the precautionary nature of SARA, and to prevent undue extinctions or extirpations, the premise of this strategy is that recovery is technically and biologically feasible for all species.\nRecovery goals and objectives\nThe long-term goals for recovery of each species include maintaining existing populations at current levels of abundance or greater, restoring species to their approximate historical area of occupancy and extent of occurrence through reintroductions or translocations, and ensuring longterm population viability.\nThe short-term (5-10 year) objectives for meeting the long-term goals are:\n- To establish protection1 for existing populations through stewardship and other mechanisms.\n- To engage the cooperation of all implicated landholders in habitat protection.\n- To mitigate threats to habitat and survival from recreational activities, hydrologic alterations, and eutrophication.\n- To mitigate threats to habitat and survival from secondary succession and invasive species encroachment.\n- To restore to functioning condition a minimum of 10 historical (presently non-functional) vernal pools sites.\n- To identify and rank 5-10 potential recovery (translocation) sites for each species at risk.\n- To establish new populations (or subpopulations) of each species as per the recovery goal.\n- To increase plant population sizes and/or population growth rates at extant sites as per the recovery goal.\n- To establish Vernal Pool Conservation Areas at Uplands Park, Trial Island, Rocky Point, and Harewood Plains.\n- To increase public awareness of the existence and conservation value of vernal pools and associated species at risk.\nBroad strategies to address the threats and meet the recovery objectives include:\n- Habitat protection and stewardship\n- Landholder contact\n- Ecological research\n- Habitat restoration and site management\n- Population augmentation and establishment\n- Inventory and monitoring\n- Public outreach and education\nNo critical habitat, as defined under the federal Species at Risk Act [s2], is proposed for identification at this time.\nWhile much is known about the habitat needs of the species included within this recovery strategy, more definitive work must be completed before any specific sites can be formally proposed as critical habitat. It is expected that critical habitat will be proposed within one or more recovery action plans following: 1) consultation and development of stewardship options with affected landowners and organizations and 2) completion of outstanding work required to quantify specific habitat and area requirements for these species.\nFollowing completion of key work such as development and implementation of a landowner contact program including stewardship activities, it is anticipated that proposed critical habitat may include habitat currently occupied by one or more species addressed within this recovery strategy, together with the adjacent upland areas that contribute directly to sustaining hydrologic functions within the primary habitat. A more complete definition of proposed critical habitat that also incorporates potential habitat will be addressed at a later date in the Recovery Action Plan stage. Based on current state of knowledge, potential critical habitat for recovery of these species may also include:\n- Intact, naturally-occurring vernal pool, seep, or other ephemeral wet area greater than 1 m² on southeastern Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands having the necessary ecological characteristics to serve as future recovery habitat for species at risk, along with assessment of a 20 m buffer zone around said feature\n- The associated watershed and hydrologic features, including upland habitat, that contribute to the filling and drying of the above vernal pool or ephemeral wet area, and that maintain suitable periods of inundation, water quality, and soil moisture for species at risk germination, growth and reproduction, and dispersal.\nExamples of activities likely to result in the destruction of critical habitat identified in the future\nExamples of types of activities that would be expected to result in the destruction of any critical habitat that may be proposed in a recovery action plan include residential development, recreational off-road vehicle use, garbage dumping, logging road construction, utility corridor maintenance, wetland draw-down, draining, ditching and dredging, and bicycle jump construction.\nExisting and recommended approaches to habitat protection\nCurrent levels of protection for sites in this strategy range from \"none\" to \"effectively protected.\" Potential approaches to habitat protection include stewardship agreements such as conservation covenants (a legal agreement by which a landowner voluntarily restricts or limits the types and amounts of development that may take place on the land to protect its natural features), direct land acquisition.\nSchedule of studies to identify critical habitat\nA formal definition of critical habitat will not be made until after a multi-step process to:\n- determine the physical boundaries, biological attributes, and current ownership of occupied and potential habitat\n- estimate the proportion of such habitat required to meet recovery targets\n- identify threats to this habitat\n- work with land owners and land managers to protect the species through stewardship and other mechanisms\n- obtain peer review\nThe recommended completion date for these and other necessary steps is 2009.\nAnticipated impacts on non-target species\nThis strategy recognizes the importance of the entire vernal pool community and also that of associated Garry oak ecosystems. By focusing on habitat protection, maintenance of hydrologic regimes, habitat restoration, and public outreach, it is expected that the approaches recommended here will benefit not only individual species at risk but the wider ecological community as well. A program of research to identify specific impacts on associated species at risk will be provided in the Recovery Action Plan.\nSocial and economic considerations\nRecovery of species at risk and restoration of imperiled habitats associated with Garry oak ecosystems will contribute to biodiversity, health and functioning of the environment and enhance opportunities for appreciation of such special places and species thereby contributing to overall social value in southwestern British Columbia. The natural beauty of Garry oak ecosystems in the lower mainland, Gulf Islands and Vancouver Island are an important resource for British Columbians that provide for a robust tourism and recreation industry. Protecting these natural spaces, biodiversity and recreation values has enormous value to the local economy.\nSome activities occurring in and around vernal pools and other ephemeral wet areas can impact sensitive species at risk. Deleterious impacts on species at risk and the integrity of these spaces may occur through activities that:\n- modify or damage hydrologic processes important for maintenance of these sites,\n- directly or indirectly introduce species, native or non-native, that alter the biotic or abiotic environment in a manner detrimental to processes important for the perpetuation of the vernal pool complex,\n- directly damage or destroy an individual species at risk (such as through trampling or wheeled activities), or\n- modify or destroy vernal pools or other ephemeral wet areas (such as through in-filling)\nVernal pools and other ephemeral wet areas are rare on the landscape and the overall land area required for physical protection of these sites is relatively small. Effective mitigation of potentially detrimental activities can be accomplished through careful planning and environmental assessment of proposed developments and site activities and sensitive routing of travel corridors and recreational activities.\nRecovery actions could potentially affect the following socioeconomic sectors: recreation; private land development; forestry; operational and maintenance activities. The expected magnitude of these effects is expected to be low in almost all cases.\nTo address current knowledge gaps, further information on the following is needed: species distributions and population status; vernal pool distribution and status; appropriate restoration targets for vernal pool communities; species demography and population dynamics; microsite attributes; optimal disturbance regimes; response of habitats and species (including non-plant species) to restoration activities; seed storage and propagation techniques; and impacts of climate change.\nEvaluation and measures of success\nPerformance measures that can be used to evaluate the progress of recovery include:\n- Stated targets for plant abundance, viability, and occupied range\n- Formalization of critical habitat designations through a Recovery Action Plan\n- Level of protection achieved for proposed critical habitat\n- Knowledge gaps addressed\n- Number of high priority sites protected by acquisition, conservation covenants, or other stewardship actions\n- Number of vernal pool sites improved through restoration activities\nTimeline for completion of recovery action plan (RAP)\nIt is recommended that a draft Recovery Action Plan be completed by October 2009.\n1 This may involve protection in any form including stewardship agreements and conservation covenants on private lands, land use designations on crown lands, and protection in federal, provincial and local government protected areas.\n- Date Modified:", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The medial ligament of talocrural joint (or deltoid ligament) is a strong, flat, triangular band, attached, above, to the apex and anterior and posterior borders of the medial malleolus. The Deltoid ligament is composed of the Anterior Tibiotalar Ligament, Tibiocalcaneal Ligament, Posterior Tibiotalar Ligament, and Tibionavicular Ligament. It consists of two sets of fibres, superficial and deep.\nOf the superficial fibres,\n- the most anterior (tibionavicular) pass forward to be inserted into the tuberosity of the navicular bone, and immediately behind this they blend with the medial margin of the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament;\n- the middle (tibiocalcaneal) descend almost perpendicularly to be inserted into the whole length of the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus;\n- the posterior fibres (posterior tibiotalar) pass backward and lateralward to be attached to the inner side of the talus, and to the prominent tubercle on its posterior surface, medial to the groove for the tendon of the Flexor hallucis longus.\nThe deep fibres (anterior tibiotalar) are attached, above, to the tip of the medial malleolus, and, below, to the medial surface of the talus.\nThe deltoid ligament is covered by the tendons of the Tibialis posterior and Flexor digitorum longus.\nThis article was originally based on an entry from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy. As such, some of the information contained within it may be outdated.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Bristol Zoo is looking for youngsters with a talent in the garden and greenhouse to get to work and design its new edible garden.\nThe zoo, which is home to over 400 species of animals, is running a competition to create a new fruit and veg garden to go on display in the summer, according to the BBC.\nCompetition winners will see their ideas turned into reality by the zoos horticulture team and will even be able to put the first plants in themselves.\nThe competition will be open to both infants and children of school age and is run in conjunction with Bristol in Bloom.\n\"This is a wonderful project which raises childrens awareness of where their food comes from,\" said Bristol in Bloom chairman Mike Crook.\n\"The fruits of their labours will then be appreciated by all those who visit the zoo over the summer.\"\nHome to gorillas, lions and penguins, the zoos edible garden will be wowing visitors throughout the summer months.\nGrowing your own food has become almost as popular as it was during the Second World War, when Brits were forced to grow food to supplement rations to help support their families.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Part fourteen of an ongoing series on higher standards in New York State.\nCommon Core critics sometimes argue that common standards are “one-size-fits-all,” to the detriment of our children, who are each unique and learn differently. In the case of the Common Core, however, standardization is leading to greater variety in the educational materials available to teachers and students.\nBefore the Common Core standards, each state had its own set of learning standards and its own definitions of “proficiency” at each grade level. These variations posed challenges for teachers, schools of education, test developers, and textbook companies when they were deciding what material to cover, and for students when they moved from one state to another. Rather than custom-develop materials for each state, publishers of tests and textbooks sought to save on development costs and increase profits by developing generic materials that covered the common elements of multiple states’ standards. In an attempt to cover multiple states’ standards in a single volume, textbooks often contained more material than could be taught in a single year. Through a series of mergers, the educational publishing industry became increasingly concentrated in the hands of a small number of companies.\nThe Common Core standards have transformed the market for educational materials. With the adoption of common ELA and math standards in more than 40 states, all the major publishers are competing to create Common-Core-aligned textbooks and tests, and newer/smaller developers are entering the marketplace as well. Groups of states have formed consortia to share the costs of developing standardized tests aligned to the Common Core. During the initial years of implementation, most teachers and districts have struggled to find good materials aligned to the standards, but over time, the Common Core standards are leading to a greater variety of innovative, high-quality materials at lower prices. Entities such as the New York State Education Department and the non-profit Khan Academy are developing and disseminating free Common Core curriculum materials online, and individual teachers can develop and share their own Common Core-aligned resources with one another via the American Federation of Teachers’ Share My Lesson portal. To aid districts and teachers in choosing among the many options, there are a variety of tools to vet Common Core-aligned curriculum materials, including an organization that provides online Consumer Reports-style reviews.\nThus, with publishers now benefiting from a larger market for each product they develop, and consumers benefiting from a larger selection of better-aligned materials at lower prices, there is tremendous economic momentum behind the Common Core standards.\nPlease click here to read part thirteen in this ongoing series.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Cassini’s Grand Finale is the gift that keeps on giving. NASA deliberately crashed the spacecraft into Saturn’s atmosphere as it ran out of fuel in September, 2017. But, the data it collected in its final maneuvers are still being read and deciphered. Most recently, Cassini data revealed that Saturn’s five tiny ring moons are coated in, and shaped by the ring matter itself.\nIn its final throws, Cassini performed a series of incredibly close flybys of Saturn, its rings and its ring moons. Because they were so close, Cassini’s Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) was able to create a spectral map of Pan, the innermost ring moon. By analyzing spectra, VIMS determined the composition of materials found on all five tiny satellites.\nPan, Atlas, Daphnis, Pandora and Epimetheus have porous surfaces. That means that they’re made up of collected material that clung to the moons from the rings. And, their odd shapes are the result. Materials from the rings accretes around the moons’ equators, making them disc-shaped. “We found these moons are scooping up particles of ice and dust from the rings to form the little skirts around their equators,” Bonnie Buratti of JPL said. “A denser body would be more ball-shaped because gravity would pull the material in.” nasa.gov\nThe innermost moons have more ring material collected on them. The outermost moons are also collecting icy particles from the plume on Enceladus. That makes sense, as the outer “E” ring is composed of particles from Enceladus that are pulled in by Saturn’s gravity.\nAll of this information adds to what scientists know about how the universe and our solar system work. Buratti added, “We’re seeing more evidence of how extremely active and dynamic the Saturn ring and moon system is.”\nMore findings from Cassini’s Grand Finale are expected to be revealed in the coming months.\nActor, Improviser, Comic.\nI like to like things and talk about them.\nI like to pretend.\nI like to make things.\nI like to write things down.\nLatest posts by Jenny Flack (see all)\n- Virgin Galactic Is Getting Ready to Test New Space Plane - August 22, 2019\n- NASA Is Developing a New Class of Mars Rovers to Climb, Swim and Fly - August 13, 2019\n- J.D. Salinger’s Books Will Get Digital Release - August 11, 2019", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Do you want to know a quick easy way to clean the silver cutlery for your Christmas dinner? An easier way than elbow grease and silver polish? We managed to get Keith to give us a tip using science to do the job for you.\nBasically, silver gets tarnished on exposure to the air. The tarnish is a result of a chemical reaction between the silver and sulphur substances in the air. This produces a layer of silver sulphide on the silver. You can use polish to remove it, or you can use chemistry. Believe us, folks, the chemistry does the trick and you can get on with something else.\n- a large dish to take about three or four pints of hot water\n- a sheet of aluminium foil to cover the bottom.\n- hot water\n- gloves to protect your hands – you will be making an alkaline solution so don’t get it on your hands\n- a tablespoon of baking soda\n- a tablespoon of salt\n- Lay the aluminium on the bottom of the dish or a pan (BUT NOT AN ALUMINIUM PAN!)\n- Place the cutlery piece by piece on the foil. (IF THE CUTLERY HAS HANDLES OF ANY OTHER MATERIAL DO NOT DO THIS, YOU DO NOT WANT TO RISK AFFECTING THEM.)\n- You need hot almost boiling water. Pour about two pints into a jug and put it in your sink. The reason you do it there is because you may get some effervescence or frothing. Add half a tablespoon of the baking soda and the same amount of salt salt and stir it up.\n- Pour it over the cutlery in the large dish. Prepare another two pints of hot water and add the remaining half tablespoon of baking soda and half tablespoon of salt.\n- Then just watch, you will see the tarnish mysteriously disappears and the silver is cleaned.\n- The tarnish will be transferred to the aluminium, which will form as a residue on the foil.\n- Using gloves, remove the silver when clean and thoroughly rinse and clean it in cold water.\n- Pour the solution away.\n[If you happen to get any of the solution near the eyes, wash with cold water]\nThis is a very simple electrochemical reaction that will not harm your silver. Essentially, Silver Sulphide in an alkaline medium will allow the sulphur in the Silver sulphide to react with the aluminium, to form aluminium sulphide, leaving the silver free of tranish.\nIf you are interested, this is shown by the chemical formula\n3Ag2S + 2Al -> 6Ag + Al2S3\nSilver Sulphide Alumnium Silver Aluminium sulphide\nRemember to rinse thoroughly.\nIf you found that interesting and helpful, you may like to check out Keith’s book SCHOOLBOY SCIENCE REMEMBERED, available from Amazon. To get a flavour, just check out the video clip of the book – it will only take about a minute to view. You will find it in the September archive; just scroll down it. The book is available through the West Uist Chronicle bookshop at the bottom of the blog, or directly through Amazon\nAll the best for a Happy Christmas", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What are the health risks of space travel?\nThe concept of space tourism is quickly becoming a reality. But taking a trip to outer space isn’t as simple as it may seem. Before donning your spacesuit, there are a few things you should know about the effects that space travel can have on the human body.\nFirst and foremost, space travelers must be screened for certain diseases, explains Richard A. Scheuring, DO, FAsMA, an osteopathic physician and a NASA flight surgeon. Health problems such as heart disease or diabetes cannot be easily managed during space travel.\n“Before space flight, a really, really good physical should be completed by a doctor to rule out any potentially dangerous health issues,” says Dr. Scheuring.\nOnce an individual has been cleared to travel, the following health concerns should be taken into consideration.\nWhen taking short-term (10-14 days) visits, the first major issue travelers will notice is balance.\n“When they first get to space, it takes them a while to figure out what’s up, down, right, left, because part of your inner ear turns off and takes about a day or two for them to get oriented to microgravity,” explains Dr. Scheuring. Similarly, it will take travelers a couple of days to get their “sea legs” back on Earth upon returning.\nAn urge to urinate\nSpace travelers will also experience what is known as a “cephalad,” which occurs when the fluid in the legs moves towards your core and towards your head. Travelers will experience a stuffy head and the frequent need to urinate due to gravity not pulling blood into their legs.\nAfter 2-3 days, the fluid balance becomes normal for space. But similar to the balance issue, it will take a few days upon returning to Earth for things to get back to normal.\nWhile these are the two big changes space travelers will experience, Dr. Scheuring says there are other changes that will occur, especially for longer-duration trips.\n“There are other subtle immune changes that will occur when you’re up there for two or three weeks. Long-duration astronauts start developing a relative immunocompromised state because they’re basically in a sterile environment, so they’re not introduced to new bugs: no viruses, no COVID, nothing like that,” says Dr. Scheuring.\nUpon returning to earth, space travelers must wait 3-7 days for their immune cells to “wake back up” and get their immunity back.\nBack on Earth\nWhat about the effects of traveling back to Earth? There are definitely some sensations that space travelers will feel during their return flight. Although return flights are usually quick, many travelers will get nauseous or throw up.\nUpon trying to stand up, travelers may feel wobbly. To combat these issues, travelers should minimize the amount of time they’re standing by themselves. An IV with fluids will usually be started to counteract the volume loss, and gradual sips of water or Gatorade will be encouraged.\nWhat lies ahead\nScreening for diseases, anticipating changes in balance and fluids, understanding impacts on immunity, and preparing for re-entry—these are just some of the steps that space travelers will learn to take as the space tourism industry begins gaining traction.\n“What’s exciting to me is that much of what we learn supporting astronauts actually translates to health improvements for everyone,” says Dr. Scheuring. “NASA scientists and physicians share their research with the healthcare community, leading to incredible advances in care for those who travel to space and for those here on Earth.”", "label": "No"}
{"text": "One morning in June 2017, while fighting the Frye Fire in southern Arizona, firefighters began visiting the on-site paramedic complaining of body aches, sore throats, fever, and fatigue. The paramedic diagnosed them with strep throat, a bacterial infection that can pass person to person or through food or water, and sent them to the regional medical center.\nThen another crew showed up with the same symptoms. And then, a third.\nMedical staff estimated nearly 300 people might have been exposed. They risked overwhelming the local hospital and spreading the infection into town.\nInstead, sick crews were isolated, and a doctor and antibiotics brought to them. Other staff disinfected gear, dumped water, and tossed out catered food. People were told to stop shaking hands and use hand sanitizer. They considered these measures a success: Only 63 people were diagnosed with strep throat.\nThe incident and other infectious disease reports shared through the Wildfire Lessons Learned Center, a federally funded database that works to increase wildland firefighter safety, illustrates how infectious diseases can rapidly spread through fire camps — where large numbers of firefighters live for weeks, or months, when fighting fires.\nWith the looming fire season ripe for starting blazes in the Southwest, state and federal officials face the prospect of the new coronavirus, COVID-19, spreading through fire camps and potentially jumping to nearby towns, or returning home with firefighters. Crews commonly cross state lines, moving from one fire to the next.\n“We do transfer these folks around the country as fires spread and as one state needs these folks less and another state needs them more,” said Luke Montrose, an environmental toxicologist and assistant professor at Boise State University. “In an instance where you’re trying to deal with a pandemic virus, this may be the exact type of activity that ends up spreading this around the country.”\nTo counter the threat, authorities are changing how wildland firefighters live and work as well as how fires will be managed this summer.\nIn New Mexico, these measures are already being tested in the field. Wildfires started in early May near Carlsbad, Lumberton, Mountainair and Reserve. Forest Service and local crews quickly extinguished or worked to contain all of them.\nBut the potential for large fires will increase through May, according to National Interagency Fire Center predictions. This month, the Southwest’s fire risk rises from moderate to high. Already, temperatures have run three to five degrees above normal in the northern mountains. The Southwest Coordination Center forecasts an above-average fire year, which often comes to a close when the monsoon arrives in July.\nFire tactics will shift\nWildfire managers in New Mexico have decided to quickly put out all wildfires this season, rather than letting some burn as they normally would. And the Forest Service intends to call for early aviation support. Fast suppression offers the best chance to keep fires small and, with that, fire camps smaller.\n“There’s an emphasis on the initial attack and trying to catch fires before they get big,” Larry (Kaili) McCray, chair of the National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) Emergency Medical Committee established in response to COVID-19. The NWCG helps organize response to wildfire across the country, moving resources, including personnel, around so no single agency must fight a massive fire alone.\nThe Forest Service and New Mexico State Forestry Division also canceled prescribed burns, normally run to each year to clear undergrowth that fuels large fires, to spare adjacent communities their smoke. Research from Harvard suggests a link between breathing fine particulate matter, like that in smoke, with worsened outcomes from COVID-19. An animal study showed habitually breathing woodsmoke decreases the lungs’ abilities to clear out pathogens.\nBut some worry those changes—made to protect public health—might pass those troubles on to firefighters.\nExtinguishing every wildfire could add up to a longer fire season and one that subjects firefighters to more smoke, said Montrose, with Boise State University, who began studying the health effects of wildland firefighting a decade ago.\n“Fires that firefighters otherwise wouldn’t have been suppressing, now they are going to be, so they may be more heavily, more chronically exposed,” he said.\nThe National Multi-Agency Coordinating Group’s (NMAC) Southwest regional COVID-19 plan briefly states that, while research hasn’t specifically studied wildland firefighters, exposure to wildfire smoke may lead to increased susceptibility to the virus. The Fire Management Board’s advice agrees and suggests fire managers adjust tactics and objectives with that in mind.\nHow well firefighters come through the season will be determined in part by how well equipped they are with handwashing stations, mobile shower units, and places to isolate sick firefighters, Montrose said.\nWith governments already straining under expenses, he worries about shortfalls. More fires will stretch those resources thin, as would a COVID-19 outbreak among firefighters. Much hinges on when and where fires start this season.\nOverhauling ‘standard operating procedures’ for a pandemic\nOne of the chief concerns for firefighter health is where they live when they’re on the job: in fire camps. The NWCG describes fire camps as ideal environments for outbreaks of infectious diseases, with their “high-density living and working conditions, lack of access to and use of soap and sanitizers, and a transient workforce.”\nAlready, wildland firefighters are familiar with “camp crud,” an upper and lower respiratory tract infection accompanied by fatigue and a cough that recurs among firefighters. Incidences often peak toward the season’s end among rundown immune systems. NWCG documents recommend ramped-up sanitation practices to reduce its spread.\n“It’s great that they recognize that, but it may not bode well for COVID-19,” said Montrose. “In addition to recognizing that it can spread through a camp, they had recognized and documented incidences where [camp crud] had spread from camp to camp.”\nBoth New Mexico and federal wildland fire managers say they’re preparing plans to limit the spread of COVID-19.\n“We expect that we’re going to have to fight fire,” said McCray. “And in all of the models that we’ve been discussing, we planned for the worst-case scenario.”\nFirefighters travel in crew buggies that carry 10 to 15 people at a time and cluster by the hundreds in fire camps, staying for weeks in the woods with little access to running water. These practical realities make it harder for them to abide by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advice, like keeping distance from others and washing hands frequently.\nStill, fire coordination groups have encouraged those practices and instituted daily verbal screenings that check personnel for signs of COVID-19. Tents will be more spaced out and overall camp sizes kept small. Some support positions — people who manage finances or provide firefighters with maps, for example — will move out of fire camps. Crews will maintain physical distance from one another during briefings, or may do them by radio.\n“Fire camp is going to look different this year,” McCray said.\nAny new hires will be asked to self-isolate for two weeks, if possible, and monitored to ensure they’re symptom-free. Members of 20-person crews are advised to avoid contact with other crews, outside personnel, and the general public. Camps will be set up so crews can keep to themselves.\nThese new approaches to outside contact should mitigate concerns within a crew, McCray said, so that when firefighters line up for lengthy hikes, they don’t worry that the person in front of them is exhaling something they don’t want to breathe in.\nThis season, rapid-containment efforts will strive to keep fires small in part to limit the number of people involved in fighting them. If a fire does grow, Forest Service staff say their goal will be to balance having necessary resources on hand to protect lives and property with minimizing COVID-19’s transmission among both first responders and communities.\nIf a firefighter does turn up with a temperature above 100.4, that person will be isolated and sent for testing at local health facilities.\nThe Southwest regional COVID-19 plan says to treat a fever that high as confirmation of a coronavirus infection even if a test is unavailable.\nIn New Mexico, the state’s Forestry Division is adapting much like its national counterpart. The Forestry Division, which manages 43 million acres, worked with local and tribal partners to create new guidelines for their staff, said Vernon Muller, resource protection bureau chief with the New Mexico Department of Natural Resources.\nThose include self-screenings at the start, middle, and end of every shift, even while on active fire assignments, for any signs of sickness. Only two individuals will ride in an engine while a string of chase vehicles transports the rest of the crew.\nCrew buggies will carry a fraction of their capacity. Temperature tests will be taken. Meals will be packaged individually instead of served buffet-style. Already, Muller said, two individuals declined an assignment after their self-assessment questionnaire found they or their family members may have been exposed to coronavirus.\nBut these choices create tradeoffs. Some say it’s still not possible to keep six feet apart, and crowding the roads with almost twice as many vehicles creates a hazard of its own and doubles the workload when it’s time to sanitize trucks and equipment.\nAnd because firefighters are paid only when on-assignment, passing on an assignment because they suspect exposure to COVID-19 cuts into their paycheck.\n“That’s a tough one to override in all sorts of employment,” said Travis Dotson, an analyst with the Wildfire Lessons Learned Center. “There’s people that will go to work sick because they need to work, and we will face that as well in fire.”\nThere’s a cultural challenge, too. Firefighters are accustomed to working long hours, through fatigue, discomfort, and dirt, in the heat, and while shouldering packs of more than 45 pounds.\n“‘Gut it out’ culture allows us to be able to do that work, and like so many things, that same culture can promote almost the thing that is going to cause harm, like not reporting an illness,” Dotson said.\nHe’s seen some change: social media posts of firefighters training while six feet apart from one another and wearing masks.\nSome people, Dotson noted, are excited about large fire camps becoming a thing of the past. They’re noisy and crowded, a tough place to stay well and get rest even in good circumstances. A more dispersed model might suit a lot of firefighters, Dotson said, even if it spurs logistical nightmares.\nWhat’ll work best to change behavior, he said, is buy-in at the boots-on-the-ground level.\nLearn by doing\nAs reports about how guidelines are working come in, the Wildfire Lessons Learned Center shares them on a mass email list, through social media, and with regional safety specialists. People also use an online forum to ask questions or share ideas.\nOne “rapid lesson sharing” report posted on wildfirelessons.net from an April grassfire in Montana said firefighters wore masks during their 90-minute drive to the fire — but found them “hot, distracting, and uncomfortable.”\nThe supervisor noticed people, including drivers, feeling lethargic as a result and, to avoid touching their faces, not eating or drinking water although both are important components of an “alert and functioning firefighter.” More vehicles meant more drivers, he added, requiring someone who just spent 16 hours sawing trees to drive back to camp — “Is this what we want? I don’t.”\nEverything needed to be reconsidered: cleaning bathrooms before and after use. Dodging handshakes from crews reluctant to drop that practice. Not taking back a pen someone had asked to use.\nIn the future, he noted, they will pack extra bottled water and soap so they’re not applying sanitizer to grit-covered hands, and a bottle of bleach for field cleaning. They received sack lunches, but the calorie content came up short, and because firefighters weren’t allowed in stores when they stopped for fuel, they just went hungry — and concerned about whether the person preparing their food wore personal protective equipment.\nIn that report, the hotshot crew superintendent wrote that while they had talked about and trained with social distance in mind, “It is damn tough to take these practices to the fireline.”\nThe supervisor said his assistant summed it up best: the agency can’t manage COVID. It’ll need to be managed within individual crews. “We need to limit the spread from unit to unit,” he said. “This is what will cripple us collectively.”", "label": "No"}
{"text": "How to Recognize the Early Signs of Alcoholism & Alcohol Use Disorder Treatment Options\nSigns of Alcohol Abuse\nAlcohol use disorder (AUD) is a medical condition characterized by an impaired ability to stop or control alcohol use despite adverse social, occupational, or health consequences. It encompasses the conditions that some people refer to as alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, alcohol addiction, and the colloquial term, alcoholism. Considered a brain disorder, early signs of alcoholism can be mild, moderate, or severe.\nLasting changes in the brain caused by alcohol misuse perpetuate AUD and make individuals vulnerable to relapse. The good news is that no matter how severe the problem may seem, or how early signs of alcoholism show, evidence-based treatment with behavioral therapies, mutual-support groups, and/or medications can help people with AUD achieve and maintain recovery. According to a national survey, 14.1 million adults ages 18 and older (5.6 percent of this age group) had AUD in 2019. \nPhysical Signs of Alcohol Abuse\nDrinking too much – on a single occasion or over time – can take a serious toll on your health.  Here’s how the early signs of alcoholism can affect your body:\nBrain: Alcohol interferes with the brain’s communication pathways and can affect the way the brain looks and works. These disruptions can change mood and behavior, and make it harder to think clearly and move with coordination.\nHeart: Drinking a lot over a long time or too much on a single occasion can damage the heart, causing problems including:\n- Cardiomyopathy – Stretching and drooping of heart muscle\n- Arrhythmias – Irregular heart beat\n- High blood pressure\nLiver: Heavy drinking takes a toll on the liver and can lead to a variety of problems and liver inflammations including:\nPancreas: Early signs of alcoholism causes the pancreas to produce toxic substances that can eventually lead to pancreatitis, a dangerous inflammation and swelling of the blood vessels in the pancreas that prevents proper digestion.\nCancer: According to the National Cancer Institute: “There is a strong scientific consensus that the early signs of alcoholism can cause several types of cancer. In its Report on Carcinogens, the National Toxicology Program of the US Department of Health and Human Services lists consumption of alcoholic beverages as a known human carcinogen.\n“The evidence indicates that the more alcohol a person drinks–particularly the more alcohol a person drinks regularly over time–the higher his or her risk of developing alcohol-associated cancer. Even those who have no more than one drink per day and people who binge drink (those who consume 4 or more drinks for women and 5 or more drinks for men in one sitting) have a modestly increased risk of some cancers. Based on data from 2009, an estimated 3.5% of cancer deaths in the United States (about 19,500 deaths were alcohol-related.” \nClear patterns have emerged between alcohol consumption and increased risks of certain types of cancer:\n- Head and neck cancer, including oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx cancers.\n- Esophageal cancer, particularly esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. In addition, people who inherit a deficiency in an enzyme that metabolizes alcohol have been found to have substantially increased risks of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma if they consume alcohol.\n- Liver cancer\n- Breast cancer: Studies have consistently found an increased risk of breast cancer in women with increasing alcohol intake and early signs of alcoholism. Women who consume about 1 drink per day have a 5 to 9 percent higher chance of developing breast cancer than women who do not drink at all.\n- Colorectal cancer\nImmune System: Drinking too much can weaken your immune system, making your body a much easier target for disease. Chronic drinkers are more liable to contract diseases like pneumonia and tuberculosis than people who do not drink too much. Drinking a lot on a single occasion slows your body’s ability to ward off infections – even up to 24 hours after getting drunk.\nWarning Signs of Alcoholism\nHealthcare professionals use criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), to assess whether a person has AUD and to determine the severity of the disorder that is present. Severity is based on the number of criteria a person meets based on their symptoms—mild (2–3 criteria), moderate (4–5 criteria), or severe (6 or more criteria).\nA healthcare provider might ask the following questions to assess a person’s early signs of alcoholism.\nIn the past year, have you:\n- Had times when you ended up drinking more, or longer, than you intended?\n- More than once wanted to cut down or stop drinking, or tried to, but couldn’t?\n- Spent a lot of time drinking? Or being sick or getting over other aftereffects?\n- Wanted a drink so badly you couldn’t think of anything else?\n- Found that drinking—or being sick from drinking—often interfered with taking care of your home or family? Or caused job troubles? Or school problems?\n- Continued to drink even though it was causing trouble with your family or friends?\n- Given up or cut back on activities that were important or interesting to you, or gave you pleasure, in order to drink?\n- More than once gotten into situations while or after drinking that increased your chances of getting hurt (such as driving, swimming, using machinery, walking in a dangerous area, or having unprotected sex)?\n- Continued to drink even though it was making you feel depressed or anxious or adding to another health problem? Or after having had a memory blackout?\n- Had to drink much more than you once did to get the effect you want? Or found that your usual number of drinks had much less effect than before?\n- Found that when the effects of alcohol were wearing off, you had withdrawal symptoms, such as trouble sleeping, shakiness, restlessness, nausea, sweating, a racing heart, or a seizure? Or sensed things that were not there?\nAny of these symptoms may be cause for concern. The more early signs of alcoholism, the more urgent the need for change.\nHow to Recognize the Early Signs of Alcoholism\nThose with substance use disorder (SUD) often try to hide their symptoms and downplay their problem. If you’re worried that a friend or family member may be misusing drugs or experiencing alcohol use disorder, look for the following early signs of alcoholism and substance abuse:\nPhysical warning signs of SUD\n- Bloodshot eyes, pupils larger or smaller than usual\n- Changes in appetite or sleep patterns\n- Deterioration of physical appearance, personal grooming habits\n- Runny nose or sniffling\n- Sudden weight loss or weight gain\n- Tremors, slurred speech, or impaired coordination\n- Unusual odors on breath, body, or clothing\nBehavioral warning signs of SUD\n- Using causes difficulties in one’s relationships\n- Engaging in secretive or suspicious behaviors\n- Frequently getting into legal trouble, including fights, accidents, illegal activities, and driving under the influence\n- Neglecting responsibilities at work, school, or home, including neglecting one’s children\n- Sudden change in friends, favorite hangouts, and hobbies\n- Unexplained need for money or financial problems. May borrow or steal money.\n- Using drugs under dangerous conditions (driving while using drugs, using dirty needles, having unprotected sex)\n- Increased drug tolerance (the need to use more of the drug to experience the same effects one used to achieve with smaller amounts)\n- Misusing drugs to avoid or relieve withdrawal symptoms (nausea, restlessness, insomnia, depression, sweating, shaking, anxiety)\n- Loss of control over drug misuse (using more than intended, unable to stop)\n- Life revolves around drug use (always thinking of using, figuring how to get more, or recovering from use)\n- Abandoning enjoyable activities(hobbies, sports, and socializing) to use drugs\n- Continuing to use regardless of negative consequences (alcohol blackouts, infections, mood swings, depression, paranoia)\nPsychological warning signs of SUD\n- Appearing fearful, anxious, or paranoid, with no reason\n- Lack of motivation; appearing tired or “spaced out”\n- Periods of unusual increased energy, nervousness, or instability\n- Sudden mood swings, increased irritability, or angry outbursts\n- Unexplained change in personality or attitude\nGet Help for Alcoholism\nSeveral evidence-based treatment approaches are available for the early signs of alcoholism. One size does not fit all and a treatment approach that may work for one person may not work for another. Treatment can be outpatient and/or inpatient and be provided by specialty programs, therapists, and doctors.\nThree medications are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to help people stop or reduce their drinking and prevent relapse: naltrexone (oral and long-acting injectable), acamprosate, and disulfiram. All these medications are non-addictive, and they may be used alone or combined with behavioral treatments or mutual-support groups.\nBehavioral treatments, also known as alcohol counseling or “talk therapy,” provided by licensed therapists are aimed at changing drinking behavior. Examples of behavioral treatments are brief interventions and reinforcement approaches, treatments that build motivation and teach skills for coping and preventing relapse, and mindfulness-based therapies.\nMutual-support groups provide peer support for stopping or reducing the early signs of alcoholism. Group meetings are available in most communities, at low or no cost, at convenient times and locations—including an increasing presence online. This means they can be especially helpful to individuals at risk for relapse to drinking. Combined with medications and behavioral treatment provided by health professionals, mutual-support groups can offer a valuable added layer of support.\nPlease note: People with severe AUD may need medical help to avoid alcohol withdrawal if they decide to stop drinking. Alcohol withdrawal is a potentially life-threatening process that can occur when someone who has been drinking heavily for a prolonged period of time suddenly stops drinking. Doctors can prescribe medications to address these symptoms and make the process safer and less distressing.\nCan People With AUD Recover?\nMany people with early signs of alcoholism do recover, but setbacks are common among people in treatment. Seeking professional help early can prevent relapse to drinking. Behavioral therapies can help people develop skills to avoid and overcome triggers, such as stress, that might lead to drinking. Medications also can help deter drinking during times when individuals may be at greater risk of relapse (e.g., divorce, death of a family member).\nIf you or someone you love is seeking a safe, secure, and compassionate resource for early signs of alcoholism, We Level Up TX is here for you. Call us and speak with an addiction counselor today about our levels of care.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What can be done to control or relieve nausea and vomiting?\n- Drink clear or ice-cold drinks.\n- Eat light, bland foods (such as saltine crackers or plain bread).\n- Avoid fried, greasy, or sweet foods.\n- Eat slowly and eat smaller, more frequent meals.\n- Do not mix hot and cold foods.\n- Drink beverages slowly.\nWhat causes nausea for no reason?\nThe timing of the nausea or vomiting can indicate the cause. When appearing shortly after a meal, nausea or vomiting may be caused by food poisoning, gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), an ulcer, or bulimia.\nWhy do I feel queasy all the time?\nCommon causes of nausea include drug side effects, food poisoning, motion sickness, pregnancy, and drinking too much alcohol. Sometimes intense or unpleasant smells induce feelings of nausea. Intense pain, as with a migraine headache or injury, can also cause nausea.\nWhy do I feel like throwing up but I don t?\nVomiting is what happens when your body empties its stomach contents through your mouth. Not all cases of nausea cause vomiting. Your nausea might be caused by something as simple as eating a food that doesn’t agree with your stomach. But in other cases, nausea has more serious causes.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Betadel was created by Russell Perdue, an American student, as an attempt to create a better writing system for American English, and also as a code for him to write in. He wanted to make it phonetic, unlike the current way of writing English words. Each letter represents one sound, each sound is represented by one letter, and there are no diphthongs. The letters are based mainly off Cyrillic and Greek letters, because the creator though they looked cool. Betadel was named after its first two consonants - B (Beta) and D (Delta).\nAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They\nare endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another\nin a spirit of brotherhood.\n(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)\nConstructed scripts for: Ainu | Arabic | Chinese languages | Dutch | English | Hawaiian | Japanese | Korean | Russian | Sanskrit | Spanish | Tagalog | Taino | Turkish | Vietnamese | Welsh | Other natural languages | Colour-based scripts | Phonetic/universal scripts | Constructed scripts for constructed languages | Adaptations of existing alphabets | Fictional alphabets | Magical alphabets | A-Z index | How to submit a constructed script\nWhy not share this page:\nIf you need to type in many different languages, the Q International Keyboard can help. It enables you to type almost any language that uses the Latin, Cyrillic or Greek alphabets, and is free.\nNote: all links on this site to Amazon.com, Amazon.co.uk and Amazon.fr are affiliate links. This means I earn a commission if you click on any of them and buy something. So by clicking on these links you can help to support this site.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "35 The First Nowell (word document)\nBekijk hier een video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJE9aqw5Qx8\nAllen 1. The first Nowell,\nthe angel did say,\nwas to certain poor shepherds in fields as they lay.\nIn fields where they\nlay keeping their sheeps\nS + A on a cold winter’s night that was so deep.\nMannen on a cold winter’s night so deep.\nRefrein (allen) Nowell, nowell, nowell, nowell.\nBorn is the King of Israël.\nAllen 2. They looked up\nand saw a star, shining in the East beyond them far.\nAnd to they earth\nit gave great light\nS + A on so it continued both day and night.\nMannen and continued both day and night.\nAllen 3. Then let us all\nwith one accord\nsing praises to our heavenly Lord.\nThat hath made heav’n\nand earth of nought\nS + A and with his blood mankind hath bought\nMannen his blood mankind hath bought.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Cognitive Science, Development, and Psychopathology\nThe disciplines of cognitive neuroscience, development, and psychopathology are complementary in the study of human perception and attention, even though each discipline emerges from a decidedly different and sometimes incompatible worldview. The meeting of researchers across these disciplines results in a fruitful cross-fertilization that ultimately leads to better science within each discipline and a joint scientific endeavor that is greater than the sum of its parts. Cognitive Science, Development, and Psychopathology: Typical and Atypical Developmental Trajectories of Attention unites scholars sharing common interests in the development of attention and related areas of functioning with different perspectives and methodologies. The volume does not impose a single framework for discussing the relevant issues, but rather the authors highlight the importance of their own approaches to the study of the typical and atypical development of attention. Drs.\nBurack, Enns, and Fox have organized the chapters into three sections: Atypical Environments, Threat, and the Development of Individual Differences in Attention; The Organization of the Development of Attention in Typical and Atypical Processing; and The Case of Orienting Attention in Developing an Integrated Science. Discussion topics include cognitive bias modification, attention and the development of anxiety disorders, deficient anchoring, reflexive and abnormal social orienting in autism, and social attention. This volume is a unique and critical resource for researchers in communication disorders, developmental and cognitive psychology, human development, neuroscience, and educational and counseling psychology.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Positive Future #761 (Feature photo – Foodbank Distribution Warehouse – Public Domain)\nNPR a month ago reported that 10,000 cars lined up at a San Antonio emergency food distribution point – overwhelming what local food banks had prepared for. Why did this story not make headline news?\nFeeding America – the nation’s coordinating food bank – now estimates that 1 in 6 people (55 million people) are facing hunger in the nation.\nYou can read the full story here: https://www.npr.org/2020/04/17/837141457/thousands-of-cars-line-up-at-one-texas-food-bank-as-job-losses-hit-hard", "label": "No"}
{"text": "ALL men are created equal, but they do not stay that way for long. That is one message of a report this month by the OECD, a club of 35 mostly rich democracies. Many studies show how income gaps have evolved over time or between countries. The OECD’s report looks instead at how inequality evolves with age.\nAs people build their careers, or don’t, their incomes tend to diverge. This inequality peaks when a generation reaches its late 50s. But it tends to fall thereafter, as people draw redistributive public pensions and quit the rat race, a contest that tends to give more unto every one that hath. Old age, the OECD notes, is a “leveller”.\nWill it remain so? Retirement, after all, flattens incomes not by redistributing from rich seniors to poor, but by transferring money to old people from younger, working taxpayers. There will be fewer of them around in the future for every retired person, reducing the role of redistributive public pensions.\nOne logical response to the diminishing number of workers per pensioner is to raise the retirement age. But that will exacerbate old-age inequality, if mildly. Longer careers will give richer workers more time to compound their advantages. And when retirement eventually arrives, the poor, who die earlier, will have less time to enjoy their pensions.\nToday’s youngsters may resent having to provide for more pensioners, not least because they feel that older generations have it easier than them. The OECD provides qualified support for this complaint. Baby-boomers (mostly born in the 1950s) have accumulated far more wealth (property, shares and other savings) than Generation X (mostly in the 1970s) and millennials (the 1980s and after).\nBut that is partly because they have had more time to do so. Comparing generations at a similar stage of life paints a different picture. Today’s young adults have a significantly higher disposable income than previous generations had at the same age. OECD citizens now in their early 30s have 7% more than members of Generation X had at that age and over 40% more than boomers enjoyed when they were similarly short in the tooth (see chart). Youngsters may sigh with impatience when an old codger tells them how life was tougher “when I was your age”. But it was.\nThis millennial privilege is, however, smaller in America, which tends to set the tone for the generation wars. (Indeed Americans in their early 30s are slightly worse off than the preceding generation was at a similar age.) The gap also appears to close as the later generations get older. Gen-Xers were far more comfortable in their 30s than the people born a decade or two before them. But now they are in their 40s, their incomes have stopped rising, whereas their seniors enjoyed strong gains at the same age.\nThis may reflect the lingering influence of the global financial crisis. But if this trajectory persists, a time may soon come when old folk sigh with impatience as youngsters tell them how much easier life was “when you were my age”.\nThis article appeared in the Finance & economics section of the print edition under the headline \"The generation gain\"", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Tourism is a complex industry. Different organizations are working for it to be successful not just for the economy but also for the people and environment’s welfare. The implementation of all the plans for tourism will be possible through the permission of the local, regional, and national government.\nTourism product growth is mostly undertaken to ease product diversification, development or change of tourism products together with all the avail of erudite and competent employees. It aims at improving visitor experience to be able to set up magnification, by building consensus and tactical coalitions.\nTourism product development attempts to fortify from growth, the maintenance and improvement of their tourism product. The accommodations consist of approaches and advancement, conferences, campaigns and tourism merchandise orchestrating for agencies operators and destination marketing organizations. These businesses make use of a stakeholder-predicated and neighborhood strategy to destinations and avail companies and websites like https://tripxperia.com/ to orchestrate from ecological cost-efficacious and communally sustainable viewpoints. These businesses supply a vast variety of lodging created to merchandise clubs and avail tourism operators, sodalities, program agencies and inculcative associations secure long-term objectives and their brief. A few of the businesses are intended to bureaus and avail program in the growth of the tourism business by coordinating and allowing actions between private and public industry fascinates.\nTourism product development targets in long-term sustainable growth by the implementation of numerous plans. These plans bring into consideration a notion by encouraging proximate integration of individuals construct a business and create and take care of the environment.\nTourism product development was made to increment the earnings in the industry. It entails execution of a plan of action that can lead towards handling estimated growth in business within the short, medium and long-terms. It avails by tourism instruction in merchandise amelioration. It avails by acting as facilitator a station and control for development through community and sports based advancement with accentuate eco-tourism, tradition and culture.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A positive impact is expected on clinical trials due to recent surge in big data initiatives in healthcare sector. The standards and rules that govern clinical research data will change the way clinical trials are conducted.\nClinical Data Management\nAutomation of clinical data management ensures reliability of records of complete data shared between different medical experts for better treatment of patients. The current new data analysis tools collaborate with different healthcare authorities after considering patient care. The existing patient and medical professional engagement platforms focus largely on clinical data management in healthcare sector with real world evidence. In large clinical trials, automation and processing of data from one format to another is expected to reduce the number of problems. Small health clinics have shied away from conducting research in the past due to exorbitant cost structures associated with trials which can now be more cost-effective while ensuring security of patient related data. Limiting actual authorization to a few personnel can ensure security and safety of the trial design. Clinical data insights are available publically with collaboration between different healthcare systems which also decreases operating costs.\nAn audit trail is available with various new policies to ensure a competitive edge with precise predictive models. This allows research to be more precise and the new cost effective products developed can be made available sooner in the market. Rectifying clinical failure by specific professionals or experts involved during the audit drastically reduces false claims during the trials with guidelines to meet medical and healthcare demands of the future. The results of crucial research and development processes are also made more authentic. Many software tools are used which may be built on open source or exclusively designed for pharma companies, contract research organisations, hospitals, etc.\nBig Data Analytics\nBig data includes a plethora of medical case studies and trends in the healthcare industry such as patient oriented care, commercialization of developed drugs, pooling of unstructured data, skilled human resources and infrastructure. Big data in clinical research refers to collection of information using electronic database that involves innovation via technology. The data collected during daily routine clinical practice retains the real world features without any modification with strict exclusion and inclusion criteria. Big data in medical, healthcare or epidemiological research consists of administrative registry of infectious and chronic diseases, electronic medical record system and medical insurance system.\nThe scenario of adoption of data analytics by healthcare sector is changing with generation of more skilled and trained professionals. Professional societies with emergence of big data analytics resource systems (BDARSs) are creating leading initiatives to demonstrate and encourage use of automated systems. Standardizations in data elements, nomenclatures and clinical processes increases veracity and decreases variability in automation of multi-institutional data pooling in BDARS to support clinical trial design, clinical validation phases and increase patient participation or recruitment. Increased standardization between trials and nomenclature of common data elements can assist in streamlined trial design, data exchange and allow easier multi-study analysis that directly reflects on effectiveness of clinical research.\nOnline Course in Clinical data Analytics\nJames Lind Institute (JLI) provides an online programs – Professional Diploma in Clinical Trial Management (PDCTM) and Advanced PG Diploma in Clinical Research & Data Management for a successful career in Clinical Research.\nFor more information please visit: www.jliedu.com", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Comets are small (1-10 km in radius) icy objects that orbit the Sun on highly eccentric orbits. The composition of comets has been relatively unalterred since their formation 4.5 billion years ago due to their small size and their cold storage in the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud. This makes comets \"fossils\" that can be studied in order to understand the physical conditions and composition of our Solar System during its infancy. Specifically, studying the volatile (ice) composition of comets can place constraints on molecule formation during the planetary formation stage and volatile transport to the inner Solar System. However, for most comets we must infer the volatile composition of the nucleus from gas present in the coma. The composition of the coma is alterred by physical and chemical processes, so the composition of the coma does not exactly reflect that of the nucleus. In this thesis we present analysis of observations of comets 103P/Hartley and C/2009 P1 Garradd in an effort to understand the physical and chemical processes operating in cometary comae. We obtained optical and NIR spectra in an effort to understand the gas production of comets Hartley and Garradd. We employed the ARCES instrument mounted on the ARC 3.5-meter telescope at Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, NM to acquire optical spectra, while we used the CSHELL instrument mounted on NASA IRTF on Mauna Kea in Hawaii to acquire NIR spectra. We started our analysis with studies of atomic oxygen using the optical spectra and of CO and H2O using the NIR spectra. Specifically, the 5577 A, 6300, and 6300 A lines can potentially used as a proxy for CO2 in comets, which is very imporant because CO2 cannot be observed from the ground directly. Our analysis of the oxygen lines in several comets confirms that analysis of the oxygen line intensities can be employed to obtain quantitative measurements of CO2 in comets, though the accuracy of this method still needs to be firmly established. We also confirmed from observations of CO, H2O, and atomic oxygen in Garradd that CO photodissociation is not an important source of atomic oxygen in cometary comae. Our analysis of comets C/2006 W3 Christensen and C/2009 P1 Garradd at large heliocentric distance showed that the CO2 abundance in comets at heliocentric distances of > 2.5 AU is systematically higher than that of comets that are observed when they are closer to the Sun. Applying our analysis to other comets at heliocentric distances of < 2.5 AU demonstrates that comets have much higher CO2/H20 ratios than previously thought. This may suggest that comets formed in an oxidizing environment. We extended our analysis to the simple molecules CN, C2, CH, and NH2. These molecules are all products of coma photochemistry, and are not inherently present in the nucleus of the comet in ice form. Therefore understanding the progeny of these molecules is important for understanding coma photochemistry. We found that the CN and NH2 abundances in both Hartley and Garradd can be accounted for by HCN and NH 3 photodissociation, respectively. However, the C2 abundance in both comets cannot be accounted for by invoking only C2H 2 photodissociation. Therefore another source is needed. From studies of the rotational variation of C2 production in Hartley and heliocentric distance variation in Garradd, we present the hypothesis that a large fraction of the observed C2 in these comets originates from the sublimation of carbonaceous dust grains. We provide evidence that CH4 photodissociation cannot be the sole source of CH, and that another source, possibly carbonaceous dust grains or PAH's, is required. From analysis of the rotational variation of mixing ratios in Hartley and heliocentric distance variation of mixing ratios in Garradd, we found evidence that the parent of CN (HCN) is spatially correlated with CO 2 in the nucleus and is distinct from the H2O ice. This suggests that two or more phases of ice exist in cometary nuclei, thereby exhibiting small scale compositional heterogeneity. These results have profound consequences for cometary science, and pave the way for future work in the field. These results will prove beneficial to the in-tepretation of cosmogonie parameters, such as isotope and ortho-para ratios, in photodissociation products such as CN and NH2. This,.along with the possibility of atomix oxygen and C2 serving as tracers for CO2 and carbonaceous dust grains, respectively, will provide new avenues for cometary science that have previously been unexplored.\n- Pub Date:\n- Physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What fun it has been for the last six years observing the behaviour of visiting birds to my garden. Observational learning is what I have been doing but in my case the reward has been in seeing the variety of bird species arriving in my garden. I guess it’s quite apt that I take a bird break on a high point :-)\n“Observational learning is when one animal can watch the actions of another and learn from those actions. This may be as simple as learning the location of a food source or as complicated as learning a sequence of actions that needs to be taken to earn a reward.http://www.animalbehavioronline.com/observationallearning.html\nThe most famous putative example of observational learning was the spread of the ability to open milk bottles, among blue tits, Parus caeruleus, and European robins, Erithacus rubeculain, in Great Britain. These birds learned to rob cream from the top of milk bottles during the early part of the 20th century, and the blue tits later adapted to the use of aluminum foil seals on the bottles, learning to tear them to access the cream. There are actually two hypotheses which could explain the increase in these behaviors: First, birds might observe other birds feeding in this manner and adopt the behavior. Second, each bird might, independently, discover this feeding option. This second possibility is particularly likely if a bottle opened by one bird serves as a clue to other birds that the bottles are food resources.”\nLast week I was entertained for some time by the antics of what I thought was our regular male Brambling as it attempted to feed from a hanging peanut feeder. However, It wasn’t until the weekend when I was doing my Garden Birdwatch count that I spotted there were 3 males and a female around so it is possible that this wasn’t the Brambling seen with a female Reed Bunting during my count.\nA group of three peanut feeders in my garden are popular with a wide variety of birds which include Blue tits, Coal tits and Great tits which you might expect. The Great Spotted Woodpecker and Starlings will also feed there getting a good grip on the metal cage and I have seen a Blackbird have a go on occasions.\nHowever the peanut feeders in my garden are a hot spot for finches and Siskins can cover every space available – again fun to watch. I have also seen odd Goldfinches and Greenfinches feed here but never a male Chaffinch – the female Chaffinches could be a maybe.\nMore recently, perhaps due to no fat balls on offer this winter, House Sparrows are finding the peanut feeders a hot spot and it was groups of them that the male Brambling, shown above, was watching with great interest. Was this an example of Observational Learning?\nI would take a guess that yes it could be as the Brambling had other options (much easier) to feed on. Did this Brambling rate the food choice by the House Sparrows as a good one and that is why it wasted energy that it needed on a cold winter’s day attempting to hold on to this feeder? I can only assume so. You have to see him try ...\nAnother assumption I’d make based on my gardenwatch observational learning over the last six years is that garden birds do appreciate the cover of plants especially ones like evergreen shrubs and trees where they can hide from predators. I’m guessing that’s why many people with a new house build garden find their new bird tables unvisited as the new young plants need time to grow. The birds will come.\nA garden matures in many ways through use from all its residents. My eldest daughter had just celebrated her first birthday when we moved into this one and through observational learning my garden adapted as my daughters grew. I had great fun with this too.\nDuring February I want to take a look back at the many changes my garden has seen. I do like the idea of a Memory Lane Month and if I get organised enough I might invite other bloggers to join me too. I’ve wanted to do this for some time now. After listening to other bloggers ask how can blogs stay fresh after many years I’ve decided this may be a refreshing spell during a dull month for many who find winter hard and long for summer days.\nDuring March, I will return to the garden birds and wildlife that have distracted me from ironing, other household chores and gardening! It’s been a nice distraction, where I’ve learnt a lot about garden birds. Oh no… my dear garden blogging friends, I’ve not been an expert in this area at all. I have been an observational learner and what fun the last six years have been to share with you all – thank-you for joining me :-D\nWishing you all a great weekend! To my gardening friends, I'm looking forward to reconnecting with you all again soon! To my nature friends, see you in a month (unless something exciting visits the garden). Please do watch the video above as it is for you. Previous posts you might have missed include my birdcount results, snow shelter table and mixed seed trial. Enjoy your Winter visitors and if you are interested in hearing all about Waxwings do pop over to ShySongbird's Nature News there's a great post there :-D\nThis post was published by Shirley for shirls gardenwatch in January 2013.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Relational databases that speak SQL are the data-storage backbone for most developers. Unfortunately, but most of the data that’s created outside the control of the technology caste at a typical workplace is in Excel format. Because of this, being able to procedurally read and write Excel documents with a familiar language can open up a whole world of possibilities for automation and data migration.\nAssuming you’re attempting to read and write standard text (Ie. not binary/graphic) data from Excel worksheets, this is actually fairly doable in PHP and Perl.\nA recent article by Mike Diehl at Linux Journal peaked my interest in this. He shows off some of the features of the Spreadsheet::ParseExcel Perl module, which can be used to pull data and even formatting information from cells in an Excel worksheet. Once you have your hands on the data, you can do what you want with it: output it to XML, toss it in a database for subsequent querying, or even convert it into other Excel documents (oh, the shame).\nPerl Excel Libraries and Information\nSpreadsheet:ParseExcel – Read from Excel 95/97/2000 documents\nSpreadsheet:WriteExcel – Write to Excel 97/2000/2002/2003 documents\nLinux Journal – Reading Native Excel Files in Perl\nThere are libraries for dealing with native Excel files in PHP as well. The following two seem to be the only options for binary Excel documents.\nWith the most recent version of Excel, there is an XML file format option that will allow you to read and write data in a worksheet by directly interacting with the saved file’s DOM. IBM has a document that details doing this with PHP, and it would be straightforward to apply this technique to Perl as well.\nFinally, if all you need to do is output a document that can be read in Excel, a standard CSV-format file will usually do the trick. Escaping can be a bit tricky, however, and my preferred format has become a plain-old HTML table. Just create a file that contains a TABLE element (no BODY or HTML tags necessary), with any number of TR rows and html-escaped data in the TDs, and save it out. If you use the XLS file extension, it will open directly in Excel with a double-click and Excel never seems to mind reading in the data.\nDo you have any other Excel programming hacks? Give us a shout in the comments.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "VETIVER GRASS TECHNOLOGY FOR FLOOD AND STREAM BANK EROSION CONTROL\n(Paper presented at the Bioengineering Technology for\nErosion and Sediment Control Nanchang, China, October 1999)\nDr. Paul Truong\nResource Sciences Centre,\nQueensland Department of Natural Resources\nThe use of vegetation as a bio-engineering tool for erosion control and slope stabilisation has been implemented for centuries but its popularity has increased in the last decades. This is partly due to the low costs of bio-engineering techniques, and partly due to the fact that more knowledge and information on vegetation are now available for application in engineering designs. (Hengchaovanich, 1999).\nThe World Bank first developed the Vetiver Grass Technology (VGT) for soil and water conservation in farmlands. While this application still plays a vital role in agricultural lands, vetiver grass unique morphological, physiological and ecological characteristics including its tolerance to highly adverse growing conditions provide a unique bio-engineering tool for land stabilisation, and flood and stream bank erosion control (Truong, 1999). Xu and Zhang (1999) presented a very comprehensive review and various applications of VGT in China including highway, railways and flood mitigation.\n2.0 UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF VETIVER GRASS SUITABLE FOR FLOOD AND STREAM BANK EROSION CONTROL\n2.1 Morphological Characteristics\n2.2 Physiological Characteristics\n-14oC to 55oC.\nTable 1: Adaptability Range of Vetiver Grass in Australia and Other Countries\n|Adverse Soil Conditions|\n|Acidity||pH 3.3||pH 4.2 (with high level soluble aluminium)|\n|Aluminium level (Al Sat. %)||Between 68% - 87%||80%-87%|\n|Manganese level||> 578 mgkg-1|\n|Alkalinity (highly sodic)||pH 9.5||pH 12.5|\n|Salinity (50% yield reduction)||17.5 mScm-1|\n|Salinity (survived)||47.5 mScm-1|\n|Sodicity||33% (exchange Na)|\n|Magnesicity||2 400 mgkg-1 (Mg)|\n|Arsenic||100 - 250 mgkg-1|\n|Copper||35 - 50 mgkg-1|\n|Chromium||200 - 600 mgkg-1|\n|Nickel||50 - 100 mgkg-1|\n|> 6 mgkg-1\n> 1 500 mgkg-1\n> 74 mgkg-1\n|Location||150S - 370S||410N - 380S|\n|Annual Rainfall (mm)||450 - 4 000||250 - 5 000|\n|Frost (ground temp.)||-110C||-140C|\n|Drought (without effective rain)||15 months|\n|Vetiver can be established on very infertile soil due to its strong association with mycorrhiza||N and P\n(300 kg/ha DAP)\n|N and P, farm manure|\n|Palatability||Dairy cows, cattle, horse, rabbits, sheep, kangaroo||Cows, cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, carp|\n|Nutritional Value||N = 1.1 %\nP = 0.17%\nK = 2.2%\n|Crude protein 3.3%\nCrude fat 0.4%\nCrude fibre 7.1%\n2.3 Weed Potential\nIt is imperative that plants used for bio-engineering purposes do not become weeds in the local environment. A sterile cultivar was selected from a number of existing cultivars in Australia and rigorously tested for its sterility. This cultivar was registered in Queensland, Australia as Monto vetiver.\nVetiver grass was introduced to Fiji over 100 years ago and it has been widely used for soil and water conservation purposes for more than 50 years. Vetiver grass did not become a weed in the new environment (Truong and Creighton, 1994).\nVetiver grass can be eliminated easily either by spraying with glyphosate or uprooting and drying out.\n3.0 HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES OF VETIVER HEDGES\nWhen planted in row, vetiver plants will form thick hedges and with their stiff stems, these hedges can stand up to at least 0.6m, forming a living barrier, which slows and spreads runoff water. Appropriately laid out these hedges can act as very effective diversion structures spreading and diverting runoff water to stable areas or proper drains for safe disposal. Hydraulic characteristics of vetiver hedges under deep flow were determined by flume tests at the University of Southern Queensland, Australia for flood mitigation on the flood plain of Queensland. (Dalton et al, 1996) (Fig.1)\nFigure 1: Hydraulic Model of Flooding Through Vetiver.\nq = discharge per unit width y = depth of flow y1 = depth upstream\nSo = land slope Sf = energy slope NF = the Froude number of flow.\n4.0 VGT FOR FLOOD PLAIN EROSION CONTROL\nIn Australia, field trials using hydraulic characteristics determined by the above tests showed that vetiver hedges were successful in protecting agricultural lands from flood damage.\nVGT has been used as an alternative to strip cropping practice on the flood plain of Queensland. This practice relies on the stubble of previous crops for erosion control of fallow land and young crops. On this experimental site, vetiver hedges that were established at 90m interval provided a permanent protection against flooded water. Following several major flood events VGT has shown to be very successful in reducing flood velocity and limiting soil movement, with very little erosion in fallow strips. Furthermore, a young sorghum crop was completely protected from flood damage thanks to VGT.\nThe incorporation of vetiver hedges as an alternative to strip cropping on floodplains has resulted in more flexibility, more easily managed land and more effective spreading of flood flows in drought years and with low stubble producing crops. An added benefit is that the area cropped at any one time could be increased by up to 30%.\n5.0 STREAM BANK STABILISATION\nThe combination of the deep root system and thick growth of the vetiver hedges will protect the banks of rivers and streams under flood conditions. Its deep roots prevent it from being washed away while its thick top growth reduces flow velocity and its erosive power. In addition, when properly laid out hedges can be designed to direct water flow to appropriate areas.\nVery successful stream bank and riverbank stabilisation has been carried out in Malaysia, the Philippines and Australia. Following are the two examples of very successful riverbank applications in Australia.\nNorth Pines River\nThe realignment of a new bridge on a major rural road had caused serious flood erosion to the river bank bordering a farmers property. After repair was carried out to the eroded banks vetiver was successfully used to stabilise a section of the creek bank on his property. Planting was done both horizontally and at right angles to the flow direction to minimise the impact of the high velocity flood flow. That section of the river is now completely stabilised and has withstood several minor floods in the last few years.\nA section of the riverbank bordering a housing development has been badly eroded by a recent flood. That section requires stabilisation and conventional engineering methods (concrete and rock retaining walls, geofabrics etc.) were considered, but due to the high cost and instability of the conventional structures, VGT was proposed by the consulting engineer as a substitute. The purpose of the vetiver grass is to stabilise the lower bank (just above the tidal level) in conjunction with some geofabrics and act as a sediment filter for any runoff down the bank slope. Vetiver will be planted in rows both horizontally and diagonally to stabilise the bank by its deep root system and to reduce the high flow velocity by its top growth.\n6.0 PROTECTION OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES\nThe deep root system of the vetiver plants provide excellent protection to concrete structures such as causeway, drains, culvert inlets and outlets, gabion structures or other solid barriers under flood from undermining and scouring by high velocity flows.\nConcrete causeways, built on erodible soils are very vulnerable to flood damage. Vetiver planted both upstream and downstream of these structures has provided excellent protection against flood flows up to 3m deep.\nWhen planted upstream from culvert inlets vetiver hedges will not only protect the inlets but they also trap the sediment outside the culverts where it can be easily cleaned if required.\n7.0 STABILISATION OF SUBMERGED STRUCTURES\nVGT has been used very effectively to stabilise a water cascade built to cool wastewater on the bed of a flood prone river in tropical Queensland. One side of the cascade is a large bund of about 200m long and 4m high at the top end lowering down to river floor level at the bottom end, with 2:1 side slope. This bund was built mostly from the highly erodible sand and gravel material from the riverbed and vetiver was used to stabilise the steep side slope, protecting it from high velocity flow during the flood season. Vetiver has successfully protected this bank from several flood flows during the last six years, with flow velocity estimated up to 3.5m/sec.\nThe costs of road construction and associated land stabilisation works in flood prone areas are very high and can be prohibitive as conventional designs rely on expensive concrete and rock structures for flood protection. The following is a good example of the cost saving of VGT and its effects.\nIn June 1998 I was invited by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) to Madagascar to assess the feasibility of incorporating VGT into the design of a submergible road to be built on a flood plain on the west coat of Madagascar. The submergible road option was considered because the original cost estimate, based on the conventional designs, far exceeded the allocated budget. UNDP intended to abandon the project, but as a last resort, a panel of international experts was called to consider the submergible road option, using VGT as the main stabilising technique. The cost estimate of the VGT based designs was less than 50% that of the original design, well within the allocated budget.\nVetiver grass was very successful in preventing erosion on the spillway of a very large dam on a sugarcane estate in Zimbabwe. Thick stands of vetiver effectively reduced the high velocity flow of the discharge water to prevent serious erosion to the spillway structure.\nA weir was built across the Leichhardt River in tropical Australia to provide water supply to a nearby copper mine. Floodwater flowing across the weir very fast frequently submerged this weir during the rainy season, up to 3m deep. A very extensive cover of rock mattresses was built to protect both the upstream and downstream sides of this weir. However most of the rocks inside the mattresses were washed away during last seasons floods, exposing the bare wire. In an attempt to repair the damaged mattresses, the eroded surface was covered with topsoil first, compacted and planted with vetiver grass. Although the vetiver was not fully mature when the weir was again flooded this year, very little damage occurred on the surface. The surface was repaired and replanted again and it is expected that with its deep and penetrating root system vetiver will not be washed away and can reduce the high velocity of floodwater preventing it from eroding the rock mattresses.\nA new dam/spillway system was built to protect the extracting operation and machinery of a quarry located on the bank of a river north of Brisbane. Under normal tidal fluctuation, the water is kept out of the site by the dam wall. However during the rainy season, when heavy rain coincides with high tide period, flooding often occurs. To protect the dam wall from flood damage, floodwater is allowed to enter the quarry to provide the counter-balance force, this provides extra support for the dam wall. The flood water is designed to enter the quarry via a series of strategically placed spillways where vetiver is used exclusively to protect the spillway surface.\nAlthough the main reason for vetiver application in this design is its lower costs, vetiver tolerance to saline conditions, its long term stability and low maintenance are also important factors, which were taken into consideration. The construction of this quarry is now under way and a second quarry will be built with this design next year.\n9.0 ADVANTAGES OF THE VGT\nThe major advantage of VGT over conventional engineering measures is its low cost. For steep slope stabilisation, the saving is in the order of 85% to 90% in China (Xie, 1997 and Xia et al, 1999). Similar savings could be expected elsewhere as the saving was based on the relative costs of the two technologies locally. Secondly, as with other bio-engineering technologies, VGT provides a natural and environment friendly method of erosion control and land stabilisation which softens the harsh look often associated with conventional engineering measures such as concrete and rock structures. Thirdly, VGTs maintenance costs are low in the long term. In contrast with conventional engineering structures, the efficiency of bio-engineering technology improves with time as the vegetative cover matures VGT requires a good maintenance program in the first few years but once established it is virtually maintenance free in the long term.\n10.0 APPROPRIATE DESIGNS AND TECHNIQUES\nIt should be stressed that VGT is a new technology. As any new technology, it has to be learnt and applied appropriately for best results. Failure to do so will bring disappointing outcomes and sometimes adverse results. As a soil conservation technique and recently a bio-engineering tool, the application of VGT requires the understanding of biology, soil science, hydraulic and hydrological principles.\nIn addition, it has to be understood that vetiver is a grass by botanical classification but it acts more like a tree than a typical grass with its extensive and deep root system. Failures of VGT in most cases can be attributed to bad applications rather than the grass itself or the technology recommended.\nFrom the results of research and the successes of numerous applications presented above, it is clear that we now have enough evidence that VGT is a very effective and low cost bio-engineering tool for flood erosion control.\nHowever it must be emphasised that to provide an effective support for engineering structures, the two most important points are good quality of the planting material and the all-important appropriate design and correct planting techniques.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Whether you’re new to distance learning or an experienced online teacher, you can find free online training resources to fit your needs.\nAre you a “face to face” classroom teacher considering shifting to online education?\nOr are you an online teacher interested in the latest technology to make your online courses more effective?\nFor example, some online schools offer free training modules to help campus-based teachers learn how to transition to cyber-classrooms. Other organizations offer tips on designing online classes and teaching with technology.\nOriginally developed for Texas Woman's University, this course includes modules showing how to design a course, along with explanations of best practices for distance education.\n7) Effective Online Teaching - Faculty Quick Tips\nSeven Pace University online instructors give their best advice about being an effective online educator. Go to iTunes U's Pace University page and select \"Faculty Contributions\" to access these videos.\n8) MERLOT (Multimedia Educational Resource for Learning and Online Teaching)\nMERLOT provides a large, peer-reviewed collection of online curricula and other resources, as well as forums and publications aimed at online educators. Search the MERLOT database for “distance learning” to find links to material to help you plan and design effective online classes.\n9) Free Textbooks for Online Courses - Community Colleges Online\nThe Community College Consortium for Open Educational Resources (OER) is a great site that assists faculty who are developing online courses for community or junior colleges in finding and utilizing free online textbooks, learning modules, and creative commons resources for distance learning courses.\n10) Sloan Consortium Effective Practices\nThe Sloan Consortium studies and funds online education. The consortium’s Effective Practices site is a way for online educators to share techniques, strategies, and practices in online education that have worked for them. Practices are peer-reviewed before being put on the site.\nGuide to Finding Work as an Online College Instructor", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Recently captured satellite imagery shows Iran’s efforts to produce bigger and better rockets that, because of their dual-use nature, could bring the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps closer to having intercontinental ballistic missiles.\nSatellite imagery reveals that throughout 2021, Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) has been steadily expanding its facilities at Shahrud, the complex that is central to Iran’s military space program. The expansion suggests that the IRGC’s efforts to develop large-diameter, solid-fuel rockets are picking up speed. Because such rockets can be equally useful for space launch applications or for missiles, the accelerated effort could soon bring the IRGC closer to an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) capability.\nEven without nuclear weapons, an ability to strike Western Europe or the United States directly would dramatically shift the stakes of any potential military confrontation. This on its own might provide Iran with an additional level of deterrence, giving it greater freedom of action in pursuing its interests in the region. But such a capability would become an even more urgent issue if the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, the agreement that placed constraints on Iran’s nuclear program, collapses completely. That would raise the specter of Iranian nuclear and missile development programs advancing unconstrained, side-by-side.\nIran’s Two Space Efforts\nIran has two space-related efforts. The first is the pseudo-civilian program run by the Iranian Space Agency (ISA), which is part of the Ministry of Information and Communications Technology. The ISA could be fairly characterized as something of an ersatz NASA, and it plans to eventually put humans into space. But, for now, the program is focused on the more modest goal of putting satellites into orbit by means of carrier rockets, often called space-launch vehicles.\nIt is these rockets that give the ISA effort something of a military dimension and make it a valuable case study on a how civilian program can become the target of international sanctions and export controls. All of the ISA’s space-launch vehicles are designed and produced by the Aerospace Industries Organization and its sub-groups, the same institutions responsible for building Iran’s missiles. Moreover, up until very recently, Iran had employed just two space-launch vehicle designs, the Safir and the Simorgh, and both are adapted from Iran’s Shahab-3 missile. The Safir is essentially an elongated version of the Shahab-3 with a small second stage on top, and the larger Simorgh uses a cluster of four Shahab-3 engines for its first stage.\nThis institutional overlap, compounded by the fact that rocket boosters are inherently a dual-use technology, has led some experts and numerous U.S. officials to claim that Iran’s space-launch program is nothing more than a cover for ICBM development work. But for the Safir and Simorgh this concern is overblown. Both systems are large, cumbersome, require hours or even days to fuel up and prepare for launch, and would be an easy target for a pre-launch counterattack. Because of such features, those space-launch vehicles could never really satisfy the rigorous operational requirements to be valuable as a weapon, and serious missile experts refuted the idea that the Safir or Simorgh represented a credible path to an ICBM.\nBeyond the ISA’s space program, there is a second space effort directed by the IRGC’s Research and Self-Sufficiency Jihad Organization. The origins of this program, initially called Project Ghaem, are difficult to piece together, but it likely began in the late 2000s and carried on its work at an IRGC base located on the western outskirts of Tehran called Shahid Modarres Garrison. The man in charge was Hassan Tehrani Moghaddam, considered by many to be the father of Iran’s missile program.\nUnlike the ISA effort, the IRGC program was established as a hedging strategy to advance work on long-range, solid-fuel missile technology. In 2014, the deputy commander of the IRGC’s Aerospace Forces Majid Musavi admitted as much when he stated that Moghaddam had begun working on space-launch vehicles following Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s decision to set a unilateral range limit of 2,000 kilometers (1,242 miles) for all of Iran’s missiles. Moghaddam, Musavi said, did this because he wanted to continue making progress in the field of solid-fuel rocket technology. More directly, Moghaddam’s own brother claimed in an interview in 2011 that Moghaddam had been conducting work directly related to an ICBM.\nSolid-fuel rockets have several operational advantages over their liquid-fueled brethren, and these heighten the dual-use risks. They are safer and easier to operate, have shorter launch preparation times, and generally have a lower signature since they do not require as large a convoy of support and fueling vehicles to accompany them. Beyond this, in the specific case of Iran, there’s another reason. Iranian engineers have squeezed about as much potential out of the liquid-fueled rockets as possible. For the Safir and Simorgh, there is very little else they can do to reach higher altitudes (or, in the case of a missile, longer ranges) without replacing the current engine with a better one, which would mean an entirely new system. On the solid-fuel side, however, once Iranian engineers master large-diameter solid-propellant motors, reaching longer and longer ranges becomes feasible.\nClearing that technical hurdle is much easier said than done. Moghaddam and his colleagues were apparently close to doing so in 2011 when an explosion – it’s unclear if it was an accident or sabotage – killed Moghaddam and 38 of his colleagues. Given the loss of human capital as well as the destruction of much of the facility itself, it was plausible to assume that the IRGC program might have gone away entirely. But in 2018, researchers at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey discovered that, before his death, Moghaddam had overseen the development of a new facility for his project, located at Shahrud, and that the program likely lived on. Shahrud had been the site of Iran’s first test of the Shahab-3 in 1998, and was on many analysts’ radars following a 2013 report in Jane’s Intelligence Review noting the construction of a new launch pad and other facilities, visible in satellite imagery. But no one had quite connected it to Moghaddam’s space program.\nThe launch of the Qased rocket on April 22, 2020, made clear that, although it may have gone dormant for a time, the IRGC program was carrying on. More than that, though, the launch was a sign of things to come. A few days later, the commander of the IRGC’s Aerospace Forces Amir Ali Hajizadeh went for an interview on Iranian state television and explained that the launch had been designed to test the rocket’s second and third stages, including the IRGC’s new, advanced Salman motor. For that reason, engineers relied on proven technology for the first stage, using an adapted liquid-fueled missile (Ghadr) for the purpose. Future launches, he said, would use rockets with only solid propellants. Recent developments at Shahrud suggest that work is underway to make that goal a reality.\nNew Developments at Shahrud\nThe sprawling complex at Shahrud, central to the IRGC’s solid-fuel space-launch and missile development activities, has undergone a comprehensive expansion over the course of 2021, portending an increase in more overt space launch and missile activities in the coming years. Recently, there has been activity at five areas in the complex: the administrative support area, the storage area, the solid propellant production area, the test stand area, and the launch pad.\nOn the northwestern end of the complex is Shahrud’s main entry point, which includes buildings that are likely associated with administrative support, as well as a mosque. Satellite imagery provided by Maxar Technologies reveals that construction for a new building in this area, measuring about 40 meters long and 30 meters wide, began in January 2021 and was completed before early July. Additionally, imagery from April 3 shows a possible trench extending in a southeast direction from one of the buildings, though by July this appears to have been covered. Similarly, the image from July shows another possible trench extending from a building to the northeast, along with grading for a new road extending in a parallel direction.\nAbout 1.5 kilometers to the southeast of the administrative area is likely the main production area for solid-propellant rocket motors, given the visible safety measures in place. These include large earthen berms that surround several of the buildings, providing a modicum of protection to other buildings in the event of an accidental explosion, as well as lightning arrestors. Already, as of 2020, this area consisted of some 23 buildings, the tallest of which is at least five stories high and, given that it sits next to an apparent casting pit, may be used for assembling multi-stage rockets.\nOver the first eight months of 2021, construction was underway on at least seven new buildings in this area. The largest of these is a 60-meter-by-50-meter structure with a curved roof, resembling a large aircraft hangar, but whose exact purpose is unclear. Another of the new buildings is about 32 meters in length and is similar in form to three adjacent, preexisting structures. All appear to be drive-through garages for vehicles that would transport assembled rockets or missiles.\nNearby, foundation work has begun on seven structures that, based on their layout pattern, could be additional storage either for transport vehicles or explosives.\nAround mid-March, a large burn scar appeared in the rocket motor test stand area. This was the first time Iranian engineers had made use of this test stand, the largest of the four in the area, indicating that they have reached a milestone in terms of the size of the motors. Additionally, a report in Jane’s noted that another rocket motor test on a different test stand was likely conducted in mid-July.\nThe launch pad has also been the site of activity during 2021, although there do not appear to have been any launches. Rather, the moveable gantry tower that normally sits on the eastern side of the launch pad was moved to the middle sometime between Jan. 10 and Feb. 24. It apparently remained there for several months, until it was moved back to the eastern side sometime between May 30 and July 7. The gantry tower also apparently spent much of the latter half of 2020 in the center position. Generally, a gantry tower would be employed in the case of a launch, but since in this case no launch appears to have occurred, the reason for its changed position is unclear.\nThese developments point to the conclusion that the IRGC will continue ramping up its effort to produce large-diameter, solid-propellant motors, and it would be no surprise to see the flight testing of a rocket that would be useful in both space-launch and missile applications in the near future.\nOf course, Iran has already demonstrated a significant breakthrough in solid-propellant rocket technology with the February 2021 reveal of the Zoljanah, a space-launch vehicle employed by the ISA. With a 1.5-meter diameter first stage, the Zoljanah was the largest solid-fuel rocket motor Iran had ever flight tested, and if it had been flown on a ballistic trajectory, it may have reached 5,000 kilometers. Moreover, it was launched from a mobile launcher. In other words, even though it is apparently owned by the civilian space program, the Zoljanah carries with it many if not all of the dual-use risks that would be associated with an IRGC solid-fuel space-launch rocket.\nBut despite the ISA’s launch of the Zoljanah, the IRGC has still yet to deliver on its own promise of an all-solid-propellant space-launch vehicle, raising the prospect of two separate entities in Iran with that technological capability in the near future.\nCurrently, Iran does not have any deployed missiles in its arsenal that could reach Western Europe, let alone the United States, but if Iranian engineers can master solid-propellant rocket technologies for space-launch applications, it would give Iran a latent ICBM capability. It also comes at a time when U.S. policymakers have been repeatedly caught off guard by significant developments in other countries’ missile capabilities, such as North Korea’s recent long-range cruise missile test or unconfirmed reports of China’s test of a nuclear-capable Earth-orbiting missile. Accordingly, U.S. policymakers would benefit from greater vigilance and attention to the Iranian missile problem now, while it is still possible to prevent an Iranian ICBM capability.\nFor years, non-governmental experts and some officials have talked about trying to negotiate a cap on Iranian missile ranges, locking in the country’s self-imposed 2,000-kilometer range limit. But that proposal was predicated on two considerations. First, it was made before Iran had any dependable system that could reach beyond 2,000-kilometer ranges. And second, it assumed that Iran would continue to rely on the Safir, Simorgh, and related liquid-fueled systems for space launches, keeping the dual-use risks manageable. What happens when those considerations no longer hold true?\nIt is only recently that policymakers have started to take the issue seriously, particularly in the context of negotiations to restore the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), the 2015 nuclear agreement with Iran. Press reports indicate that, during talks in Vienna earlier in the year, U.S. and European officials had pushed for Iran to commit in writing to participate in follow-on talks that would address Iran’s missiles and its support for proxy groups. Indeed, this was one of the main sticking points of the Vienna talks, which have been on hiatus since June 20.\nIf the West ends up dropping the demand to address Iranian missiles as a condition to restore the JCPOA, there is no clear backup plan for bringing Iran to the table on this topic, or on the topic of Iran’s regional posture and support for proxy groups. Plus, with the new government in Iran dragging its feet on returning to Vienna – and floating new, fanciful trial balloons that could be interpreted as preconditions just for returning to the table – it is possible that the JCPOA will not be restored at all.\nWhat is needed is more serious debate among policymakers in the United States as well as among allies and partners in Europe and the Middle East about how to bring Iran to the table to discuss missile-related issues, what the appropriate forum for such a diplomatic process would be, who would lead it, what outcomes it might realistically hope to achieve, and how the dual-use risks of Iran’s space-launch programs might be managed. A negotiated 2,000-kilometer range limit may soon no longer be a feasible objective, if it ever was.\nJohn Krzyzaniak is a Research Analyst for the Non-Proliferation and Nuclear Policy Program, where he focuses on Iran and North Korea. Iran’s nuclear and missile programs, North Korea’s nuclear and missile programs, and arms control. Before joining the Institute, John was an editor at the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. He holds a master’s degree in International Affairs from the Georgia Institute of Technology. He tweets at @john_krzyzaniak.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "XLPE is an abbreviation used for cross linking polyethylene cables which have high grade insulation properties and has shown excellent electric conductor characteristics. Since power cables are more prone to hazards and susceptible to damage, they require more attention and care while manufacturing these cables. XLPE are primarily used for power distribution and transmission. The manufacturing of these cables include variety of materials such as Polyvinyl chloride, polyethene, polyurethane, nylon, ethylene propylene diene monomer, thermoplastic elastomers, and many others. XLPE are considered to be ideal to be used as insulating material due to its ability to hold high capacity of short circuit current. XLPE have gained huge significance in large transmission networks due to the stability these cables offer.\nThe current electricity generation in the world is witnessing an upward trend especially from renewable energy sources however, since the electricity generation points are very far from the areas of consumption for instance residential or industrial areas. Hence transportation of this electricity that is generated requires the use of XLPE cables. This point is particularly applicable in terms of renewable energy sources because the production houses are very far (Solar farms, Wind mill farms). This is one of the key drivers for XLPE cable market. As the world is shifting from non renewable to renewable forms of energy development hence more demand of these cables not only because of its capacity to hold high amount of current but also because the transmission loss in these cables is quite less. Other advantage of XLPE cables include that these cables can operate in harsh weather conditions. This makes them all the more suitable for long distance transmission.\nAccording to the study, ‘GLOBAL XLPE CABLE MARKET RESEARCH REPORT: FORECAST TO 2023’, some major companies manufacturing XLPE cables include Brugg Kabel AG (Switzerland), Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd.(Japan), ABB Ltd (Switzerland), The Prysmian Group (Italy), General Cable Corporation (U.S.), Nexans S.A.( France), Encore Wire Corporation (U.S.), NKT A/S (Denmark), Finolex Cables Ltd (India), Relemac Technologies Pvt. Ltd (India), Laser Power & Infra Pvt. Ltd (India), KEI Industries Limited (India), Universal Cables Ltd.(India) and Eland Cables (U.K.).\nThe basic segmentation that is prevalent in the global XLPE cable market is on the basis of area of usage. This includes overhead, underground and underwater cables. Among these the highest share is grabbed by underground cables due to their limited exposure to accidents and lower amount of current dispersion. However, other segmentations in the industry is on the basis of voltage and this includes high medium and low voltage with low voltage holding the highest share because of greater demand from smaller establishments. The market is also divided on the basis of end user application and this includes power, oil & gas, chemical, manufacturing, metals & mining, infrastructure & transportation, and others. Since all these industrial sectors require power, it naturally explains its highest share in this segment. Geographically, U.S. is the market leader for the production of XLPE cables.\nGlobal XLPE market is expected to grow at a very fast rate due to increasing usage on non renewable sources to produce electricity. The competition in this industry is highly fragmented and new companies need to innovate and invest greater amount in the R&D in order to compete with the existing companies.\nFor More Information, Refer to the Link below:\nAnkur Gupta, Head Marketing & Communications", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This article does not cite any sources. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\nMap of Zambia showing the Southern Province\n|• Total||85,823 km2 (33,136 sq mi)|\n|• Density||22/km2 (56/sq mi)|\nSouthern Province is one of Zambia's ten provinces, and home to Zambia's premier tourist attraction, Mosi-oa-Tunya (Victoria Falls), shared with Zimbabwe. The centre of the province, the Southern Plateau, has the largest area of commercial farmland of any Zambian province, and produces most of the maize crop.\nThe Zambezi River is the province's southern border, and Lake Kariba, formed by the Kariba Dam, lies along the province's south-eastern edge. The eastern border is the Kariba Gorge and Zambezi, and the north-east border is the Kafue River and its gorge, dividing it from Lusaka Province. The Kafue Flats lie mostly within the province's northern border with Central Province. In the north west lies part of the famous Kafue National Park, the largest in Zambia, and the lake formed by the Itezhi-Tezhi Dam. The south-western border with Western Province runs through the teak forests around Mulobezi which once supported a commercial timber industry and for which the Mulobezi Railway was built.\nThe provincial capital is Choma. Until 2011 the provincial capital was Livingstone City. The Batonga are the largest ethnic group in the Province. A rail line and the Lusaka-Livingstone road forms the principal transport axis of the province, running through its centre and its farming towns: Kalomo, Choma, Pemba, Monze, and Mazabuka. In addition to maize, other commercially important activities include sugar cane plantations at the edge of the Kafue Flats, and cattle ranching.\nSouthern Province has the only large source of fossil fuel in Zambia, the Maamba coal mine in the Zambezi valley, served by a branch line of the railway.\nNational Parks and wildlife areas\n- For more detail see Southern Province in the Wildlife of Zambia\n- Southern half of Kafue National Park\n- Lochinvar National Park and the Kafue Flats in the north\n- Victoria Falls National Park, the Zambezi and Batoka Gorges in the south\n- Lake Kariba in the south-east.\nSouthern Province is divided into 13 districts:\n- Chikankata District\n- Choma District\n- Gwembe District\n- Kalomo District\n- Kazungula District\n- Livingstone District\n- Mazabuka District\n- Monze District\n- Namwala District\n- Pemba District\n- Siavonga District\n- Sinazongwe District\n- Zimba District", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Government of Canada is taking action to protect species at risk\nVANCOUVER, Aug. 26, 2014 /CNW/ - Colin Carrie, Parliamentary Secretary to the Environment Minister and Member of Parliament for Oshawa, on behalf of Canada's Environment Minister, the Honourable Leona Aglukkaq, today announced $11.5 million in funding from the Habitat Stewardship Program (HSP) that will fund more than 160 projects across Canada that will help protect species at risk.\nStewardship is an important step in protecting critical habitat of species at risk. HSP fosters stewardship measures like land and resource use practices that maintain habitat necessary for the survival and recovery of species at risk, enhance existing conservation activities and encourage new ones. Voluntary activities are clearly making a difference in habitat protection, the recovery of species, and the conservation of biodiversity.\nOne example of an initiative that the HSP will fund this year is a project led by the British Columbia Conservation Foundation. Their project aims to address the degradation of Coastal Sand Ecosystems on British Columbia's Southern Coast by mitigating threats due to habitat destruction, invasive plants and human recreational activities. Conservation activities will take place in Boundary Bay, Iona Beach, Thormanby Islands and Savary Island all within the Coastal Douglas Fir and the Lower Fraser Valley areas.\nThe HSP is also providing funding to the Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre for their important work that focusses on habitat protection for cetacean and sea turtles species at risk and reducing threats such as physical disturbances, entanglements, and ship strikes.\nIn support of such stewardship activities, the National Conservation Plan, announced by Prime Minister Harper in May, includes funding of $50 million over five years to support voluntary actions to restore and conserve species and their habitats. Programs like HSP are an important part of the Government of Canada's National Conservation Plan to conserve and restore our lands and waters, and connect Canadian families to our natural spaces.\n- Since 2006, under the Habitat Stewardship Program, we have invested over $86 million to support 1,467 local conservation projects, benefitting the habitat of 431 species at risk. Activities funded by the Program must take place on private, provincial Crown, or Aboriginal land, or in freshwater or marine environments across Canada.\n- Non-governmental organizations, Aboriginal organizations and communities, individuals, businesses, community associations, and provincial/territorial and municipal governments are eligible for funding.\n\"Our Government is proud to support the environmental efforts of local communities through the Habitat Stewardship Program for Species at Risk. With this investment and the recently announced National Conservation Plan, the Government is building a stronger Canada, a country that cares about conserving its natural heritage and a country where we can all enjoy the beauty of nature from coast to coast to coast.\"\n- Colin Carrie, Member of Parliament for Oshawa and Parliamentary Secretary to Canada's Environment Minister\nFor more information and to view a backgrounder on this announcement, please visit the Web site of Environment Canada.\nCanadians can also learn more about the National Conservation Plan.\nSOURCE Environment CanadaFor further information:\nDirector of Communications\nOffice of the Minister of the Environment", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Albeit the prizes are a few, they accompany obligations regarding the wellbeing of the general population and the electrical technician. A person who wishes to be an electrical expert ought to agree with the codes just as the wellbeing rules made to secure the general population. Essentially, one requirements to have a wide comprehension of the duties of an electrical technician just as his work setting.\nExpected set of responsibilities\nA circuit repairman gives electrical hardware fix administrations to organizations and homes. He is liable for setting up and looking after wires, plugs and different segments associated with power stream. An electrical expert can have some expertise in one or the other development or upkeep. He should have the option to contemplate blue prints and look after information, video and voice wiring. Organizations regularly recruit circuit repairmen to embrace establishment of electrical gear. Normally, they utilize both force apparatuses, for example, saws and penetrates and hand devices like wire strippers, forceps and screwdrivers.\nPower can be dangerous if not diverted or dealt with appropriately. The most unsafe danger an electrical technician can experience is electrical stun, which can now and again cause demise. Other occupation risks incorporate falls when ascending frameworks and stepping stools or wounds from cuts while utilizing sharp instruments like blades or saws. A circuit tester should consent to security rules related with working with power. Similarly, he is answerable for giving public wellbeing by following guidelines or codes that have been established relating electrical machines and power. It is essential that circuit repairmen follow state, nearby codes just as public electrical codes.\nSorts of circuit testers\nElectrical experts are of three significant sorts specifically processing plant, support and development. Ordinarily, a circuit repairman focuses on just one significant region however some capacity in both the support and development field. Development electrical experts set up wiring frameworks to new developments like plants, organizations and homes. They additionally set up plugs, breaker boxes and other electrical framework segments. Then again, upkeep circuit testers are responsible for fixing, ΗΛΕΚΤΡΟΛΟΓΟΣ ΑΘΗΝΑ supplanting and examining wiring frameworks. The undertakings include investigating for electrical flaws, supplanting defective wires or different segments like light switches, power plugs and breaker boxes. Manufacturing plant electrical experts investigate, introduce and attempt support assignments on engines, mechanical robots, electrical generators and controls on apparatus.\nTo turn into an electrical technician, you need to enlist in an apprenticeship program. The program joins hands on preparing with study hall guidance under the oversight of qualified electrical technicians. To enlist in such a program, you ought to have a GED or secondary school recognition. Moreover, you should be at the very least 18 years old. By and large, these apprenticeship programs keep going for a very long time. They incorporate 144 hours and 2000 hours of homeroom guidance and hands on preparing each year separately.\nMost regions and states need authorized circuit repairmen. To get a permit, one necessities to finish an assessment that tests the public electrical code, neighborhood building and electrical codes and information on electrical hypothesis. An electrical technician ought to have eye-hand coordination and great manual smoothness. He should likewise have a fair of equilibrium just as be in great shape. Since a circuit tester ought to have the option to perceive wires by shading, incredible shading vision is fundamental. To succeed additionally in this profession one requirements to have certain individual characteristics or delicate abilities. Solid investigating abilities will empower the circuit tester to discover the significant reason for electrical issues and how well to fix them. Basic reasoning abilities are additionally helpful as they help the expert in assessing the upsides and downsides of plausible arrangements.\nThe compensation scope of an electrical expert falls somewhere in the range of $12 and $35 each hour. Then again, the normal compensation that he acquires is roughly $21 each hour. Wages paid hourly depend on experience. The compensation increments as the electrical technician procures more insight. Advantages are likewise subject to the association for which the expert works. Essentially, it relies upon if the circuit repairman is an endorser. Numerous associations address circuit repairmen, however this relies upon the sort of field the expert works in. In regard to the pay potential, the expansion in the quantity of occupations inside the electrical field frequently relies upon specific factors like condition of the economy and the populace development.\nA certified circuit repairman has a few chances for progression. He can progress to a director or a venture chief in development firm. A couple of circuit repairmen decide to wander into business and become workers for hire. Others additionally move to the situation of electrical assessors for districts.\nIn entirety, electrical experts are significant in our everyday life. They give us a scope of electrical administrations, which improve our solace and lives more.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Two OSU chemical engineering professors say they've found a new way to dispose of human waste.\nDoctors Gary Foutch and AJ Johannes say they've harnessed the same technology already used to de-water industrial sludge, to take the water out of human waste.\nThe professors say it's an important discovery, because 40 percent of the world's population, three billion people, don't have access to bathrooms or toilets.\n\"It kills bacteria, kills parasite eggs that can cause intestinal worms, so people can actually touch the stuff, and move it to processes for agricultural use or energy production, and make it safe to handle,\" Dr. Foutch said.\nIn the next month, the professors will submit another proposal to the Gates Foundation. If they get a green light, they'll have funding to build these machines in these countries that desperately need something to treat human waste.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "High doses of ultraviolet light damage the DNA in skin cells. Normally, damaged cells commit suicide by a process called apoptosis, so that they do not become cancerous. However, damaged cells that do not undergo apoptosis live to become cancerous. A report from Rutgers University showed that exercise and caffeine help to prevent skin cancer. Researchers divided mice into four groups: 1) inactivity, 2) exercise, 3) caffeine and 4) exercise and caffeine. Then all of the mice were exposed to high doses of ultraviolet B light that damaged their skin cells. Caffeine caused a 95 percent increase in apoptosis, exercise caused a 120 percent increase, and those who both exercised and took caffeine had a 400 percent increase in apoptosis.\nCells in your body have multiple small areas called mitochondria that turn food into energy by knocking hydrogen and electrons from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The freed electrons can attach to oxygen to form reactive oxygen species (free radicals) that stick to the DNA of cells to damage them and cause cancer. Exercise teaches your mitochondria to turn food into energy with far fewer free electrons, so there are fewer free radicals to damage cells. Caffeine markedly increases an animal's ability to exercise for longer periods of time. Journal reference", "label": "No"}
{"text": "If you are a diabetic and you give yourself insulin injections, proper disposal of your needles and syringes is important to prevent injury to yourself or others. Insulin needles are made to be used only once, so depending on your blood sugar levels and recommendations from your doctor, you may go through several needles a day. If your doctor doesn’t advise you regarding how to dispose of your used needles, it's important for you to assume responsibility.\nPlace all used needles into a container that is puncture-resistant. This can be an old plastic bottle or tin can with a lid. You may be able to purchase a sharps container from your pharmacy, a household hazardous waste center or a national mail-back service. Sharps containers are the best choice, but if you do not have access to one, any puncture-resistant container will work.\nDispose of your used insulin needles in your chosen receptacle until it is no more than three-quarters full. If you continue to stuff needles in until the container is too full, you risk sticking yourself.\nSeal the container. If you're using a plastic bottle, place the lid on tightly, then tape around the lid using strong tape. The lids of metal coffee cans and other containers should be reinforced with duct tape to prevent the needles from poking through.\nCall your health department to find recommended drop-off sites for your full needle container. Your city may accept household hazardous waste at specific places. Your doctor’s office or a pharmacy might also dispose of the bottle for you.\nSome companies offer mail-back services in which you are provided with proper sharps containers that you mail back for disposal once they're full. The service is not free. Ask your doctor for more information on these services.\nDo not dispose of used needles in the trash or recycling bin, even if they are capped. The caps could come off the needles and cause a serious injury. Do not dispose of your full container in the trash or recycling bin, either. The needles are still accessible if someone tries to open the container.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This article was produced in partnership with Brown University’s TRI-Lab.\nOn a fall day in Providence, Brown University student Kate Nussenbaum watched her “scientific hero” Adele Diamond share research on child brain development with an audience of teachers, child care workers, Brown students, community leaders, and local policy makers.\nDiamond, a cognitive neuroscientist at the University of British Columbia, discussed how children develop a particular set of skills, called executive functions, that are essential to success in school and throughout life. She also addressed a topic practitioners in the room were eager to hear about: what educators and caregivers can do to help children who lag behind.\nDiamond’s presentation kicked off a day-long symposium in October 2014 that was the culmination of months of planning by a group of students (including Nussenbaum), professors, and leaders from local organizations. They were participants in a program called TRI-Lab that connects education and research to real-world problem solving.\nTRI-Lab is part of a university-wide effort to foster collaboration between students, faculty, and the broader community and promote “engaged learning” that blends theory and practice.1 This new effort, the Engaged Scholars Program (ESP), expands the Brown educational experience by supporting students’ involvement in internships, volunteering, research, entrepreneurship, and other forms of experiential learning that complement their academic studies.\nA key element of ESP is the integration of opportunities for research and practice into student concentrations (majors) within departments.(a) Another component is interdisciplinary programs like TRI-Lab, which has students collaborate with faculty and community leaders to learn about pressing challenges in the local community and pursue solutions to these problems.\nThe theme for TRI-Lab’s inaugural year was early childhood development, with a focus on the health and well-being of Rhode Island’s children.(b) Nussenbaum, who graduated in May with a degree in cognitive neuroscience and a focus on brain development, wanted to pursue engaged scholarship through TRI-Lab because of the unique chance it afforded to engage with the community outside the university.\n“It seemed like the perfect opportunity to wrestle with some of the questions I had already been [considering] in a more tangible way,” Nussenbaum says. “How do I devote myself to research but still feel like I’m doing good in the world? How do I make sure the research I’m doing is relevant?”\nOver the course of the year, she worked with and learned from fellow students specializing in cognitive science, public health, and urban education, as well as experts like Steve Buka, chair of the Department of Epidemiology at Brown’s School of Public Health, and Leslie Gell, director of Ready to Learn Providence, a local organization that works to improve early childhood education for low-income children.(c)\nNussenbaum, Gell, and Buka’s TRI-Lab group wanted to narrow their focus to a topic in child development that was of interest to both researchers and practitioners. Executive functions was a natural fit, as it has received a great deal of attention in both the academic and education worlds in recent years.\nExecutive functions are the cognitive processes by which our minds manage thought and behavior. They include the ability to juggle various pieces of information (working memory), to shift between thoughts and perspectives as a situation changes (cognitive flexibility), and to choose whether or not to engage in particular thoughts and actions (inhibitory control).\nAlmost everything we do that involves higher-level thinking relies on executive functions. They enable students to engage productively in class discussion, following the thread of conversation and contributing at the right moment. Studies have found that deficiencies in executive functions can lead to poor performance at school and work, substance abuse, violence, and a host of other challenges.2 Research3 has also shown that children from higher-income households perform better on tests of executive functions than children from lower-income households.(d)\nThis disparity has drawn the attention of educators because it may offer a potential explanation for – and possible solution to – the wide disparity in educational achievement between students from different socioeconomic backgrounds. If researchers and educators can figure out how to improve the executive functions of low-income children to match those of their high-income peers, we may begin to close the stubborn achievement gap.(e)\nSolving this problem requires first closing another gap – between how academics think about “executive functions” and how the term is used in the early education world. By bringing together a diverse group of stakeholders, TRI-Lab revealed points of divergence between the worlds of research and practice. While both are concerned with similar problems and share common goals, they don’t communicate often and, when they do, they speak different languages.\nThe purpose of the TRI-Lab symposium – and the research brief the group produced to accompany it – was to close this gap and align practitioners and researchers on what executive functions are, why they matter, and how they can be improved.6 A corresponding goal was to encourage researchers who study executive functions to think about the educational needs and challenges of the community and how their research might be applied in the classroom and the home.\nFor practitioners like Leslie Gell, it’s the application of research that is most essential. Her organization recently received a $3 million dollar grant from the U.S. Department of Education to implement a program designed to strengthen executive functions in elementary schools across Providence.(f) Understanding the research on what works is essential for practitioners like Gell who are trying to improve executive functions among low-income children.7\nAs for Nussenbaum, she won a Rhodes Scholarship to study the science of attention, memory, and learning at Oxford. Seeing the myriad ways different people approached the same problem in TRI-Lab helped her realize that she wants to focus her efforts on research. The program also made a lasting impression on how she wants to conduct her academic work.\n“Even though I’ve decided to pursue the research path, it’s really important to… be thinking about how this research can eventually be applied, how I can do work to make sure the applications of this research actually move forward,” says Nussenbaum. “Those are definitely questions that are going to remain on my mind.”\nAnother lesson Nussenbaum learned from her engaged scholarship at Brown? There are no easy answers to the question of how to connect academic research and real-world policy and practice. It was challenging for a group of people with diverse backgrounds, interests, and goals to come together and develop a high-impact project everyone could contribute to.\nYet while there may not be a clear-cut path for how to do this kind of work, it all starts with expanding student learning to the world beyond the classroom.\nThis article was produced in partnership with Brown University’s TRI-Lab.\n- For more on the concept of engaged scholarship as it’s being developed at Brown see: Paxson, Christina (2015) “Letter From the President,” Brown Alumni Magazine, January/February; and Harlam, Alan (2015) “How Engaged Learning Can Invigorate Higher Education,” Footnote, March 19.\n- Adele Diamond (2013) “Executive Functions,” Annual Review of Psychology, 64: 135-168.\n- Khaled Sarsour, Margaret Sheridan, Douglas Jutte, Amani Nuru-Jeter, Stephen Hinshaw, and W. Thomas Boyce (2011) “Family Socioeconomic Status and Child Executive Functions: The Roles of Language, Home Environment, and Single Parenthood,” Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17: 120-132. Daniel A. Hackman and Martha J. Farah (2008) “Socioeconomic status and the developing brain,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(2): 65-73.\n- John R. Best and Patricia H. Miller (2010) “A developmental perspective on executive function,” Child Development, 81(6): 1641-1660.\n- Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University (2011) “Building the Brain’s ‘Air Traffic Control’ System: How Early Experiences Shape the Development of Executive Function,” Cambridge, MA: Harvard.\n- Kate Nussenbaum, Emily Davis, Nicole DellaRocco, Leanne Barrett, Stephen Buka, Elizabeth Burke Bryant, and Leslie Gell (2014) “Supporting the Development of Executive Functions in Young Children,” Healthy Early Childhood Development Policy Brief, Providence, RI: TRI-Lab, Brown University.\n- Researchers have found that certain targeted enrichment programs can effectively improve executive functions in children, but the number of evaluations is still limited. Adele Diamond, Steven Barnett, Jessica Thomas, and Sarah Munro (2007) “Preschool Program Improves Cognitive Control,” Science, 318(5855): 1387-1388. Adele Diamond and Kathleen Lee (2011) “Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4-12 years old,” Science, 333(6045): 959-964.\n- (a) Brown’s Anthropology, Environmental Studies & Sciences, Engineering, Theater Arts & Performance Studies, and Public Policy departments are participating in the launch of ESP, and more departments will be added each year. Students concentrating in these disciplines have the opportunity choose the “engaged scholars” track, which incorporates engaged courses, practicums, and a capstone project within the discipline, as well as opportunities for interaction with engaged scholars from other fields.\n- (b) Subsequent TRI-Lab projects have focused on access to healthy foods and the public health risks associated with climate change.\n- (c) Nussenbaum also learned more about the Providence community outside the walls of her campus. She was surprised to learn, for example, that more children in the city are raised in single-parent than two-parent homes.\n- (d) The unequal level of executive functions in children from different backgrounds is likely a result of the fact that these capabilities develop slowly in the brain.4 Their progress can therefore be disrupted by environmental factors such as exposure to stress, violence, and chaotic home environments, all of which are more prevalent in low-income households.5\n- (e) The educational achievement gap is apparent across grade levels in Rhode Island. 58% of low-income fourth-graders have proficient reading skills and 48% have proficient math skills. Among higher-income fourth-graders, 83% are proficient in reading and 77% in math. 71% of low-income students and 93% of higher-income students in Rhode Island graduate from high school in four years.1\n- (f) The program, called Mind in the Making, was developed by the Families and Work Institute based on a review of over a thousand academic studies and interviews with dozens of researchers. It aims to teach educators and parents what executive functions are and how they can help children cultivate these skills.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Unpacking the Year 10 and now Year 11 English curriculum in Australia is challenging and something I wish I’d done earlier in my career. Yes, we must know our primary curriculum and early secondary (to a point) but pulling apart these higher levels is interesting.\nAngela Stockman has given me some excellent advice and even though I’ve been unpacking curriculum for many years, these standards are complex. Her advice is breaking the standards into learning targets that can be taught in one lesson and can be understood by teacher and student. This is essential to develop Learner Agency. Each standard has multiple targets and as my time with Mark is short, I need to maximise learning.\n‘Punctuation Inquiry helps you learn how marks are used. Once you’ve read through a passage and figured out the punctuation, figure out why it’s there.’ Steve Peha\nSteve uses a simple chart with three headings:\nExample- Why It’s Used- Questions & Comments.\nMark and I focussed on capitalisation. We read through the example and discussed the use of capitals. He describes looking closely at a text as close reading. This is a quick activity and can be done daily on 75-100 words a day. What an excellent launch activity.\nNext we looked at Punctuation Reading. The background Steve gives for this is that ‘most of us aren’t fully aware of punctuation when we read.’\nWe read the passage in Be a Better Writer and then we read the passage again with the punctuation noted in words e.g. new paragraph, indent, capital on a dark capital December night in 1776 comma…\nThis short paragraph contained 48 marks of punctuation, ten different types of punctuation and fifteen uses of punctuation which are explained in the book.\nSteve states that this activity helps you ‘learn the names of the marks’ and ‘helps you develop a sense for how they’re used in published writing.’ Another great launch activity for the classroom.\nMark is reading Triage by Scott Anderson for English. He decided that writing a chapter summary would help him to analyse the text. Summarising the first chapter was excellent, because the first chapter sets the scene, introduces the characters and emotions and plot.\nMark wrote a well thought out paragraph. It was clearly presented, double line spaced and did not require rewriting! The punctuation was in place, placed for meaning and his spelling has greatly improved. I’ve called this his ‘awareness phase’.\nI also love the dedication page in Be a Better Writer.\n‘Use it to talk to your students about what matters most in writing. Use it to show them the writer you are so they’ll have a model for the writers they’ll become.’ Steve Peha", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Blue-billed Duck Oxyura australis Blue-billed Ducks. Photo John Gitsham Blue-billed ducks belong to the genus Oxyura, the stiff-tailed ducks. The stiff upright tail feathers of the male are distinctive enabling the birds to be identified from a long way off. These tail feathers also demonstrate the Blue-bill’s close relationship to the Musk Duck. Blue-bills feed on aquatic plants and insects, also molluscs, crustaceans and arachnids. They obtain most of their food by diving and by swimming under water. They spend little time on land. Blue-billed Duck, clearly showing stiff tail feathers in erect position. Kevin Williams Breeding occurs mainly in spring and summer, marked by a spectacular display by the male. The pair bond is brief, lasting normally only between mating and laying, although the same pair may produce multiple broods in a single season. The nest is a deep bowl of dead leaves, lined with down and placed in dense vegetation over water. Description The breeding male is distinctive with sky-blue bill, black head, chestnut body and a stiff, upright tail. The under body, tail and wings are off-white and the dark brown wings have no speculum (iridescent wing patch, as clearly seen on the Pacific Black Duck for example). In non-breeding dress the bill is slate grey with a grey-speckled head. Females have plain faces, and dark horn bills. The body is medium grey with fine barring. The beak of both sexes has a distinctive ‘ski-jump’ curve. Where to find it Blue-billed ducks can be found in the wetter south and eastern areas of South Australia. In the breeding season look for them on freshwater wetlands of all types, which are borded by reedbeds or other dense vegetation. They tend to move to larger, deeper bodies of water outside the breeding season. They are sometimes found on saltwater bodies but very seldom in marine waters.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "KJV Dictionary Definition: secret\nSE'CRET, a. L. secretus. This is given as the participle of secerno, but is radically a different word. The radical sense of seg is to separate, as in L. seco, to cut off; and not improbably this word is contracted into the Latin se, a prefix in segrego, separo, &c.\n1. Properly, separate; hence, hid; concealed from the notice or knowledge of all persons except the individual or individuals concerned.\nI have a secret errand to thee, O king. Judges 3.\n2. Unseen; private; secluded; being in retirement.\nThere secret in her sapphire cell,\nHe with the Nais wont to dwell. Fenton.\n3. Removed from sight; private; unknown.\nAbide in a secret place, and hide thyself. I Sam. 19.\n4. Keeping secrets; faithful to secrets entrusted; as secret Romans. Unusual.\n5. Private; affording privacy.\n6. Occult; not seen; not apparent; as the secret operations of physical causes.\n7. Known to God only.\n1. To hide; to conceal; to remove from observation or the knowledge of others; as to secrete stolen goods.\n2. To secrete one's self; to retire from notice into a private place; to abscend.\n3. In the animal economy, to produce from the blood substances different from the blood itself, or from any of its constituents; as the glands. The liver secretes bile; the salivary glands secrete saliva.\nSECRE'TED, pp. Concealed; secerned.\nSECRE'TING, ppr. Hiding; secerning.\n1. The act of secerning; the act of the producing from the blood substances different from the blood itself, or from any of its constituents, as bile, saliva, mucus, urine, &c. This was considered 0by the older physiologists as merely separation from the blood of certain substances previously contained in it; the literal meaning of secretion. But this opinion is generally exploded. The organs of secretion are of very various form and structure, but the most general are called glands.\n2. The matter secreted, as mucus, perspirable matter, &c.\n1. The state of being hid or concealed.\n2. The quality of keeping a secret.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What’s the first picture that comes into your head when you hear the word “capitalism”? For a lot of people, it probably has something to do with money or shopping malls or piles of stuff. In fact, there seems to be a general consensus that capitalism is all about acquiring material possessions. We take it as a given that the system is designed to foster a relentless pursuit of bigger, better, and more.\nBut while this portrayal of capitalism is certainly popular, I think it needs to be challenged. Consumption certainly plays a role in the economy, but that doesn’t mean that materialism is the epitome of the free market.\nIf anything, the wanton accumulation of possessions is actually discouraged by the very mechanisms that make the system tick.\nThe Price Mechanism\nLet’s say you’re exploring a shopping mall with some friends in search of a new winter coat. After doing some casual window shopping, you spot a really nice coat in your favorite store and decide to try it on. It fits perfectly. What’s more, the design is in style and the color matches your wardrobe. But just when you start to get your hopes up, you look at the price tag. It’s $500! Dissuaded by the high price, you put the coat back on the rack and resolve to look for a cheaper one in a different store.\nNow, it might be tempting to blame the high price on corporate greed, but this is simply misguided. In a free market, prices are determined by supply and demand. If high quality coats become more abundant, prices will drop until the amount being supplied equals the demand (this is known as the point where the market clears, hence the term “clearance sale”). Similarly, if coats become more scarce, prices will rise until equilibrium is once again established. Thus, prices are constantly adjusting to reflect the relative scarcity of resources in the economy.\nBut aside from giving us information about scarcity, another key feature of prices is that they change our consumption habits. For example, think about how you buy gas for your car. When gas is abundant, the price is lower, and the result is that you consume more of it. Likewise, when gas becomes more scarce, the price goes up, and you consume less.\nIn effect, prices facilitate a market-wide coordination of resource use. More specifically, they give us an incentive to economize resources in accordance with their relative scarcity.\nWith this in mind, let’s go back to the winter coat. When you opted to refrain from buying the expensive coat, you were responding to a price signal created by the market. It was capitalism, to put it bluntly, that discouraged your consumption. Even if you bought a cheaper coat later on, the fact that it was cheaper means that it took fewer resources to make, which means you technically “consumed” less. Indeed, every time you opt for a cheaper product, you are being guided by the price mechanism to lower your consumption.\nSo when something has a high price, it’s not because the seller is especially greedy. It’s simply because the resource is especially scarce. And in light of that scarcity, the market is prompting you to consume less of it.\nThe Accumulation of Capital\nAnother way capitalism discourages excessive consumption is by providing opportunities to earn money by saving and investing. Think about it this way. Every time you get a paycheck, you have to split the money into two categories, consumption and savings. Since the money is finite, there is an inherent trade off here. The more you spend on products and services, the less you can save and invest. The more you save and invest, the less you can spend on consumption.\nDrawing on this dichotomy, there are two kinds of things you can accumulate. If you choose to spend most of your money, you can accumulate cars, clothing, toys, appliances, or devices, which are known as consumer’s goods. However, if you choose to save and invest most of your money instead, you can accumulate assets such as stocks or bonds, collectively referred to as capital. The businesses you invest in will then use the money to acquire tools, machinery, and buildings, which are known as capital goods. Unlike consumer’s goods, capital goods are used to create new resources, which boosts the economy. And since capital goods contribute to the economy, the owners (that is, the investors) are compensated with profits corresponding to the amount that they contributed.\nNow here’s the point. Capitalism, as its name implies, is largely aimed at the accumulation of capital. But notably, the way you accumulate capital is by saving and investing, that is, by foregoing consumption.\nSo by promoting the accumulation of wealth, capitalism necessarily discourages the consumption of wealth. While consumerism would have us use up resources, capitalism is specifically designed to conserve and create resources. Thus, a true capitalist resists the urge to go on a shopping spree, because they understand that spending money on consumer’s goods hampers their ability to accumulate as much capital as possible.\nHow Governments Encourage Consumerism\nSo if capitalism encourages saving and discourages consumption, why do we still consume so much? Well, part of it is that people just like having material possessions, perhaps because it gives them a sense of status or comfort. It could also be that people don’t have enough financial literacy to understand the importance of saving money and of living within their means. But governments also play a significant role in this trend, primarily by undermining the market-based incentives discussed above.\nFor example, think back to the price mechanism that was keeping people from consuming excessive amounts of resources. Though a good economist will recognize that high prices put an important check on consumption, many consumers see high prices as a problem, and they see the government as the solution. Thus, when the political pressure is fierce enough, governments inevitably interfere, often by outsourcing a portion of the cost to taxpayers. Then, since the cost is lower for the consumer, people buy more of the product.\nFor example, if the government promised to bring the price of that winter coat down from $500 to $400 by making taxpayers pay the difference, people would buy more of those coats. However, it’s not like each individual coat takes any less resources to produce. All that’s happened is that more of society’s resources are being put toward fancy winter coats and thus less resources are being put toward other things such as capital investment.\nIn the real world, this practice takes many forms. Sometimes, it looks like tax credits for fancy electric vehicles or solar roofs. In other cases, it takes the form of government subsidies and grants for luxurious post-secondary degrees. But if we think about it, the voracity that ensues in the wake of these interventions shouldn’t be all that surprising. People will always be eager to splurge when they don’t have to pay the full cost for their indulgence.\nAside from undermining the price mechanism, governments also encourage consumerism by punishing savers and investors. In the same way that taxes on cigarettes cause people to buy fewer cigarettes, taxes on savings such as capital gains taxes, inheritance taxes, and inflation cause people to save less, leading to relatively higher rates of consumption.\nOf course, this is not to say that capitalism leads to lower consumption overall. The higher productivity made possible by private property and free trade allows us to consume more than we otherwise would, which is how we improve our standard of living. So capitalism is not against consumption as such. Rather, it expands our ability to consume, while simultaneously providing incentives to keep our consumption levels moderate relative to the amount being produced.\nAdopting a New Paradigm\nThough discussing economic theory and describing how markets work is certainly valuable, perhaps what’s most important is that we paint a new, more accurate picture of capitalism, one that challenges the misguided notion that it promotes consumerism. Maybe that picture could be a factory, with people hard at work creating affordable products for the masses. Maybe it’s a small business that stewards its resources carefully and makes its customers feel welcome.\nOr maybe we can even redeem the shopping mall. Maybe, beyond all the clothing, toys, and gadgets, we can picture thousands of little price tags, silently encouraging us to consume less and save more.\nConsumerism Is Keynesianism by Steven Horwitz\nConsumer Spending Doesn’t Drive the Economy by Mark Skousen\nThe Truth about Savings and Consumption by Steve Patterson", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A study of ecosystem interaction chains in a remote atoll in the Pacific Ocean suggests that human disturbances, such as forest conversions, can corrupt the links that tie together ecological interactions and cause the chains to become radically shortened or go extinct. The research is published in the journal Scientific Reports.\nHuman impact on biodiversity is usually measured by decreases in species abundance or richness. Equally important, but harder to measure, is the anthropogenic elimination of ecological interactions. Douglas McCauley and colleagues conducted a focused study of ecosystem connections at the Palmyra Atoll in the central Pacific Ocean, which comprises both habitats that have been altered by human disturbances and relatively undisturbed areas, allowing the evaluation of anthropogenic influences on ecosystem chains. They report the persistence of a long ecosystem interaction chain, which links trees to manta rays via changes to seabirds, forests, soils, nutrient runoff and plankton communities. The results show this complex interaction chain is maintained by the relative lack of human disturbance in the better protected parts of the atoll, whereas in regions where native trees have been replaced by human-propagated palm trees, the chain readily breaks down.\nObservations from other systems suggest that many long ecological interaction chains may be vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbances, although the effects will depend on the nature of the perturbation and the properties of the system. Further investigation of remaining pristine environments will add to our understanding of the implications of this type of environmental change on ecosystem connectedness.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sign in or start a free trial to avail of this feature.\n10. Selecting the Correct Chart\nThe chart you choose to use depends entirely on the data you wish to chart. In this lesson, learn which charts are the best to use for a number of different datasets.\nStacked column charts\n- Used when a metric such as revenue needs to be separated into components\n- Common uses include plotting revenue by region or by product type\n- The horizontal axis is often a year or a month but not always so\nClustered column charts\n- Used when multiple metrics need to be compared\n- Comparing revenue or profits against competitors is a common use case for this chart\n- If you have more than 3 columns in a cluster, the chart can be become difficult to read\n100% stacked column charts\n- Used when we want to examine relative proportion rather than absolute values\n- Plotting market share is a common use case for this chart\n- Pie charts serve a similar purpose but cannot easily show changes over time\n- Horizontal charts that can either be clustered or stacked\n- Not suited to data which has time on the horizontal axis\n- However, can be easier to read than a column chart in other use cases\n- Used primarily when we have to plot a large dataset\n- Not particularly useful for stacked data but can be used to compare against competitors\n- Plotting commodity prices or stock prices is a common use case for this chart\nNow that you know how to create charts, it's important that you select the right chart for your data. In this lesson, I'm going to run through a couple of typical datasets that you may need to plot on a chart, and show you which chart options are best. Let's start with the stacked column chart, which we've used a lot in this course. The stacked column chart is ideal when you want to break down a figure, such as revenue, into its discrete components. I tend to use the stacked column chart a lot for revenue and profit charts, separating these figures by product, by geographic region, or even by salesperson. Next up, is the clustered column chart.\nThis chart works well when we want to compare certain metrics that are not typically summed together. For example, if we wanted to show revenue and gross profit for each year, the clustered column chart works well in this case, because the numbers would make no sense if stacked on top of each other.\nI also use the clustered column chart when comparing competitors along particular metrics.\nNext up, is the 100% stacked column chart.\nThis chart is very useful when we're interested in the relative percentage proportion, rather than the absolute numbers. A classic case for using this chart, is when you're trying to understand market share. Pie charts also work well for this type of chart, but I find the 100% stacked column chart easier to read, particularly if I want to include multiple years on the same chart.\nThe bar chart, on the other hand, is simply a horizontal version of the column chart. If my axis is not time-based, for example, here, I'm comparing salesperson performance, then I may use a bar chart, which can be easier to read. Bar charts are particularly useful if you want to create a tornado chart, when the positive and negatives can create the tornado effect.\nHere, I used the tornado chart to show newly acquired customers on the positive side, and lost customers on the negative side, for each salesperson.\nNext up, is the line chart.\nLine charts should be used for large datasets. Common uses of line charts are when plotting stock prices, or commodity prices over time. In fact, time is almost always the horizontal axis on a line chart. These charts I've shown you should satisfy almost all of your charting needs. It's worth exploring the other charts available in Excel, by going to Insert, checking out the scatter, the area, and the other charts such as the surface, bubble, and donut. I find that many of these charts, particularly the surface and the radar charts, are quite hard to read. And in fact, sticking to the column charts, bar charts, and line charts, is often the best option.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Alcoholism threatens more people than ever (support.html # ui-id-19). It kills tens of thousands of people each year in Germany, the social-medical consequences (job loss, hospital admissions, sick leave) are exorbitant, but also other consequences such as traffic accidents are very serious. Despite some successes, including in the medical field, it often takes years, before alcoholics live abstinently or drink significantly less. In a majority of cases however, this is never achieved. Along the way, this newly developed App can help you to become aware of the extent of harmful alcohol consumption, but also whether or not there is an addiction. Above all, it can help to drink less or nothing. This is achieved through intelligent reinforcements provided by the App. A special part of this app is the stabilisation of the therapeutic success – often not sufficiently covered in current therapy programs. So with this App there a flexible, everywhere usable “tool” available, which on the one hand is astonishingly simple, on the other hand amazingly comprehensive, for the reduction of the drinking volume up to achieving abstinence (http://www.meconapp.de/alkohol-reduzieren.html).\nProf. Dr. H.-P. Volz Krankenhaus für Psychatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatische Medizin Schloss Werneck", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Matter Worksheets, Matter Worksheet, Free Matter Worksheets, Matter Worksheets for Kids, Matter Printables, Matter Activities, States of Matter Worksheets\nMatter is a great piece of physical science to learn. Why not take a look at our worksheets for solids, liquids, or gases? Gases are usually the hardest to think of examples for. See how many of them your students can name!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In the produce section, there’s a fruit making all others green with envy. If you guessed the pear-shaped berry (yes, we said berry) known as avocado, you’re correct. But are avocados really good for you? And are there any other ways to enjoy them besides guacamole? How to eat avocado is easier and tastier than you might realize. Yet before we share some of our favorite tips and recipes, let’s take a quick look at why this star of the produce section shines.\nYes, Avocados Are Good for You (Really)\nWhile avocados are the main ingredient of one of America’s most beloved party dips, they’re also showing up in everything from burgers and salads to smoothies and desserts. Here are just some of the reasons why this green berry reigns a supreme superfood:\n- Avocados provide nearly 20 vitamins and minerals in every serving, including 20 percent of your daily recommended amount of folate, 17 percent of your daily recommended amount of vitamin C and 26 percent of your daily recommended amount of vitamin K.\n- Avocados have more potassium than bananas. Studies have shown that routine consumption of potassium can help you maintain a healthy blood pressure (high blood pressure is linked with heart attacks, stroke and kidney failure).\n- Avocados may be high in fat, but the fat is monounsaturated, a “good” fat that actually helps lower bad cholesterol, as long as it’s eaten in moderation.\n- Avocados are high in fiber. Fiber helps you feel full longer, and therefore, has important benefits for weight loss and metabolic health. A 3.5-ounce serving of avocado contains 7 grams of fiber, or 27 percent of the daily recommended amount.\n- Avocados are loaded with antioxidants, specifically lutein and zeaxanthin. These nutrients are essential for eye health, and lower your risk of macular degeneration and cataracts.\n- Avocados are a good source of B vitamins, which can help you stave off disease and infection.\nDespite the many health pluses, it’s important to keep in mind that avocados aren’t calorie-free. One ounce (or one-fifth) of a medium avocado equals 50 calories.\nHow to Eat Avocado (and Love It)\nNow that we’ve told you why avocados love you, we’ll show you how you can love to eat them. Below you’ll find 12 delicious ways to think outside the standard party-dip bowl:\n1. Avocado smoothie, anyone? You scream, I scream, we all scream for avocado smoothies. To be honest, it isn’t ice cream, but it may be the next best thing (and it’s good for you, too). Avocados make for a great summer-time smoothie. Simply combine:\n- 1 ripe avocado (halved and pitted)\n- 1 cup milk\n- 3 tablespoons honey\n- 1/2 cup vanilla yogurt\n- 8 ice cubes\ninto your blender, and blend until smooth.\n2. Go ahead, have fries with that. No fryer needed. Simply slice the avocado, dip the slices in egg, roll in bread crumbs and bake. Check out this tasty recipe from Epicurious.\n3. You’re on a (sushi) roll. This sushi recipe from Health.com features an avocado and shrimp roll that’s as tasty as it is easy to roll. The secret to its straightforwardness is the fiber-rich addition of avocado. You can also boost your fiber by switching to brown rice.\n4. Now you’re cooking. Cooking avocado. What used to be considered a mistake is now a foodie trend. For a vegan-friendly dish, brush a grill or grill pan with olive oil and place half a pitted avocado face down on the heat for three to four minutes. Fill the cavity with your favorite salsa.\nFor breakfast, whisk an egg, and season with salt, pepper and garlic. Pour into a pitted avocado half and bake for four or five minutes at 350 degrees until egg is set.\n5. More mac and cheese, please. This avocado mac and cheese recipe only takes 30 minutes to prepare, it’s perfect for any weeknight dinner and it’s definitely kid-friendly.\n6. Jazz up that boring salad. Tired of the same-old spinach and kale? In addition to the wealth of nutrients they offer, avocados make food more colorful and engaging, helping you meet your recommended daily servings of fruits and veggies. You can spruce up any salad just by adding some sliced or chopped avocado. Create your own salad (or even salad dressing), or for a little inspiration, check out these avocado salad tips.\n7. These avocado brownies aren’t just for kids. Plus, they’re egg-free, gluten-free, dairy-free, and therefore, guilt-free. Seriously, these dark chocolate avocado brownies are some of the best brownies you’ll ever taste.\n8. Soup’s on. Fans of gazpacho and cold soups should consider trying this zucchini and avocado soup with cucumber salsa. Great for a healthy appetizer, this soup has a smooth texture, a refreshing taste and just the right amount of spice.\n9. Chocolate mousse. (Yes, you read that right.) It’s a snap to make, too. Just combine:\n- 1 very ripe avocado\n- 6 ounces of melted semisweet chocolate\n- 3 tablespoons honey\n- a pinch of salt\nin a food processor, and blend until smooth. While nobody will be able to identify the secret ingredient, they’re sure to recognize the love at first taste.\n10. BLAST (Bacon, Lettuce, Avocado, Salmon and Tomato) Burgers with Sriracha Aioli. Okay, so the acronym doesn’t roll off the tongue quite like BLT, but trust us, you’ll enjoy the wonderful complexity of this burger recipe from Rachael Ray. The avocado makes this brunch, lunch or dinner burger richer and more satisfying.\n11. Sculpt the perfect sandwich. If you’re trying to maintain a healthy weight, swapping mayo or cheese with avocado can not only lighten up your sandwich, but also add 20 vitamins and minerals. Using one-fifth of an avocado (either spread on the bread or sliced) versus two tablespoons of mayo or one slice of American cheese will trim out 40 to 50 calories and three to four grams of fat. Try skipping the mayo in chicken salad, and instead, add a very ripe avocado to the mix. Mash the avocado in a large bowl. Add chicken and salt, and mix well. Place mixture on toasted wheat with some crunchy greens.\n12. Because it’s still okay to dip. When it comes right down to it, we all still love our dips. Give this lighter and more grown-up version of guacamole a whirl. It’s a sophisticated addition to any celebration or your average Wednesday night.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "General Knowledge on Cell Cycle & Cell Division\nA complete General knowledge on Cell Cycle and Cell Division for you competitive examinations such as UPSC, IAS, Banking SBI PO, Railway Group-D, SSC, CGL and others.\nThe most significant manifestation of life is reproduction which may be at organismic, cellular or molecular level. Cell division is the method that enables life to perpetuate, generation after generation. This is equally true in case of the simplest organisms like Amoeba and highly complex ones as humans, animals or plants. Cell division produces new cells from pre-existing ones in order to help in growth, replacement, repair and reproduction in all living organisms.\nDuring cell division a cell divides into two daughter cells (mitosis) or four daughter cells (meiosis). These are exactly similar to each other as well as resemble the parent cell. These characters are transmitted from parent cell to the daughter cells in the form of genes which are located on chromosomes. The Chromosomes are called the hereditary materials. These chromosomes are present in the nucleus of the cell. The chromosomes are able to carry character because of the fact that they duplicate before the beginning of cell division. The chromosomes contain DNA.\n# Cell Cycle :\nEvery Cell capable of divisions passes through recurring events called the cell cycle. The sequence of events including duplication of DNA, synthesis of other cell constituents, growth and division, that a cell undergoes from the time of its formation upto its division into daughter cells is called cell cycle. Duration of cell cycle i.e. duration between two successive cell division is called generation time.\nA cell cycle consists of the following two phases i.e.\n- Interphase (Non-dividing phase)\n- Mitotic phase (Dividing phase)\n# Interphase :\nIt is the non-dividing, preparatory phase during which a cell prepares for the next cell division and grows to the same size as their mother cell. The chromatin reticulum, also called chromatin network, duplicates (makes its copy), due to the duplication of DNA contents. It is further divided into three sub-stages i.e.,\nG1-phase : G1 phase is known as the First Growth Phase or Post-mitotic phase. G1 is the longest phase of interphase. In this phase the cell in metabolically active. The RNA and proteins are synthesized and volume of cytoplasm increases hence cell grown in size. The cell carries out normal functions and gets prepared for the next phase. There in no change in the DNA contents of the cell during this phase.\nS-Phase : S- phase is known as synthesis phase. Synthesis of DNA takes place and the chromosomes get duplicated (makes its copy).\nG2-phase : G2-phase is known as second Growth Phase or Pre-mitotic phase. This is a shorter growth phase in which syntheses of DNA stops. However, formation of RNA and proteins, necessary for cell division, continues. It prepares the cell to undergo mitotic phase (the next cell division) and thus the cell cycle goes on.\n# Mitotic Phase :\nIt is the dividing phase of the cell. During this phase the nucleus as well as the cytoplasm undergoing four important stage. These are Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase. After Telophase the new cells formed again carry on with the cell cycle and this process goes on and on.\nThe cell cycle cannot go on endless. At some places it stops permanently like in brain and nerve cells, one formed in the embryo do not divide further. Once dead, they are not replaced. At some places it stops temporarily, like the liver cells which divide only once every one to two years to replace damaged cells. At other places it divides till it is needed, kile epithelial lining of the alimentary canal last only for five days and that sin epidermis cells about fifteen days.\nDo you know?\n- Mammalian skin surface skin cells are continuously lost and replaced by the underlying cells.\n- A cell inside the cheek divides about once in 24 hours.\n- The nerve cells in the brain, cells of eye lens and most muscle cells last a lifetime but once dead are never replaces.\n- Red blood cells last for 120 days and are replaced.\n- In plants, cells of meristems (growing points) divide very rapidly and produces new leaves, buds and flowers.\n- Uncontrolled cell cycles may lead to tumours that may or may not be cancerous.\n# Types of Cell Division\nThe cell division is of two types :\n# Mitosis :\nIt is a type of cell division during which a cell divides into two daughter cells, each containing similar and same the number of chromosomes as present in the parent cell.\nSince the number of chromosomes in this type of division, remains the some, hence it is also called equational cell division. This type of cell division takes place in somatic or body cells during growth, development and repair of an organism, hence, also known as somatic cell division. Mitosis was first of all described by Flemming in animal cells and named it as “Mitosis” in 1882.\nAs we know, the cell prepared itself for mitosis during interphase. The following three important events take place during interphase.\n- The cell grows to the same size as their mother cell.\n- RNA and proteins synthesized and volume of cytoplasm increases.\n- DNA synthesis takes place and chromosomes get duplicated.\nDuring interphase, chromosomes exhibit a minimum degree of condensation or coiling but cannot be distinguished individually. There is an increase in volume of interphase nucleus as well as nucleolus. The cell is quite active metabolically. Since DNA synthesis occurs, therefore, no alternative is left for the cell except to divide by entering the mitotic phase. The process of mitosis is studied in two parts i.e.,\n# Karyokinesis (Division of Nucleus) :\nAll the changes in nucleus that occur during cell division are collectively termed as Karyokinesis.\nDuring Karyokinesis many events take place in a particular sequence. All these events are studied in the following four stages :\n(i) It begins with the shortening and thickening of chromosomes. These chromosomes are clearly visible inside the nucleus. Each chromosome splits longitudinally to form two chromatids. They are joined at one point called centromere or kinetochore.\n(ii) The centriole in the centrosome of animal cell divides into two. The centrosphere (structure which surrounds the centrioles disappear from the centrosome, setting the centrioles free.\n(iii) Centrioles develop very fine eyelash like threads called astral rays. Centrioles along with astral rays are called asters.\n(iv) The two asters start moving towards the opposite poles. By the end of prophase they reach at the opposite poles.\n(v) Between the two asters develop very fine proteinaceous thread like structures called spindle fibres. Asters along with spindle fibres is called spindle or mitotic apparatus. Such a spindle is called amphiastral spindle. In plants, the spindle is without asters and is called anastral spindle.\n(vi) The chromosomes get attached with the spindle fibres from the centromeres.\n(vii) The nuclear membrane and nucleolus start disappearing in the middle in prophase and totally disappear by the end.\nThe chromosomes begin to start peculiar movements. They arrange themselves between the poles, on the equator of the spindle.\nThe chromosomes so arranges for a plate like structure called equatorial plate or metaphase plate.\nEach centromere splits into two daughter centromeres each retain one of the two chromatids,The structure so formed are now know as sister chromatids or daughter chromosomes.\nSister chromatids of each pair is formed, start moving towards the opposite poles. This movement perhaps brought about by the contraction of spinndle fibres.\nBy the end of anaphase, out of each pair of sister chromatids, one reaches at one pole and the second at the other pole of the spindle.\nEach sister chromatid which reaches at the opposite poles starets uncoiling thinning and elongating. They form a network like structure called chromatin reticulum.\nAround each chromatin reticulum at the two poles, reappears nuclear membrane giving rise to two daughter nuclei.\nNucleoli reappear in each daughter nucleus.\nSpindle fibres, astral rays disappear.\nThe centrioles duplicate. They surrounded by centrosphere again producing centrosome near each daughter nucleus.\nDivision of the cytoplasm in known as cytokinesis. In plant cells, cytokinesis takes place by the formation of cell plate. Whereas, in animal cells it is by the appearance of furrow in the cytoplasm.\nIn plant cells, vesicles from Golgi bodies appear at the equator of the spindle. It forms a cell plate. It divides the cytoplasm into two equal halves, one around each daughter nucleus. Then primary cell wall in laid on either side of the cell plate.\nIn animal cells, a constriction (Furrow) appears parallel to the equator of spindle, in the cell membrane. It deepens towards the centre of the cell, finally dividing the cytoplasm in two halves. One half of the cytoplasm is around one daughter nucleus and the other around the second daughter nucleus. It completes the formation of two daughter cells. They contain exactly similar and the same number of chromosomes as present in the parent cell.\n# Identification of Mitosis :\nEach chromosome with two two chromatids\nDisappearance of nuclear membrane.\nDisappearance of nucleolus\nFormation of the spindle\nChromosomes arranged at equator as equatorial plate.\nSplitting of each chromosome into two daughter chromosomes\nMovement of daughter chromosomes towards opposite pole.\nUncoiling of chromosomes,\nDisappearance of spindle\n# Meiosis :\nThe term meiosis was coined by Farm and Moore in 1904. It is a special type of cell division that take place in the reproductive organs in humans to produce sperms and ova. In flowering plants, it takes place in the anthers and the ovary to produce pollen grains and ovules respectively.\nMeiosis is a type of cell division in which cell undergoes two successive division producing four daughter cells each containing half the number of chromosomes as compared to the parent cell. It is also called reductional cell division.\nDo you know ?\nMeiosis always takes place in diploid cells. A diploid cell is one in the nucleus of which the chromosomes are present in the form of pairs i.e., each type of chromosomes are two in number, one is maternal and other is paternal.\nThere are two types of meiosis. They are –\n- Meiosis-I or Reductional division\n- Meiosis-II or Equational division.\nMeiosis-I or Reductional division : During meiosis-I or First meiotic division, a diploid cell (2n) divides into two haploid (n) daughter cells. It is called reductional division because the number of chromosomes is reduced to half in the daughter cells. This division always takes place in those cells in which the chromosome are present in the form of pairs of homologous chromosomes.\nHomologous chromosome : The chromosomes which are exactly similar in shape and size and bear same genes at same loci are called homologous chromosomes. In each pair of this chromosome one is shared by the male parent (paternal chromosome) and the other is shared by the female parent (maternal chromosome).\nMeiosis_II or Equational division : Meiosis-II division is much similar to mitosis. It is known as equational division, because it maintains the number of chromosomes received by the daughter cells at the end of meiosis-I. hence, in the end of meiosis four haploid cells are produced from one diploid cell in which each daughter cell has half the number of chromosomes as compared to plant cell.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Wednesday, January 28, 2009\nThis is a nice way to have your students create timelines and it can be done very quickly. The only drawback is that the descriptions are fairly short. Run your cursor over the pictures and the descriptions will appear. To see the entire timeline on the timerime website go here.\nSunday, January 25, 2009\nThursday, January 22, 2009\nSunday, January 18, 2009\nMy students did a blog project where they had to gather pictures, videos, links, etc. about the causes of the Civil War and then write about each. This site was a great help. It is put together by a neighboring county to mine. Honestly it is so rich, I could probably do do months of blog entries on some of the links.\nThursday, January 15, 2009\nWednesday, January 14, 2009\nKeyboardr is a search engine that combines google (both the search engine as well as images) with wikipedia youtube. It really is great. For example, when I searched the term \"US history\" search results began to appear as soon as I typed the letter \"t\" and continuously changed until I had fully typed \"US history.\" Probably it will be better as a resource for your students, but if you are having your students create their own blogs (as I am), then it will be rather useful.\nSaturday, January 10, 2009\nIf you liked my earlier piece about how to make blogs, then you might be interested in this. Grading the work students create online is new territory for a lot of teachers. Creating a well written rubric for any assignment can be time consuming even if you are familiar with the medium your students are working in. If you're trying to create a rubric for work students are doing in a new or an unfamiliar medium the task can be downright daunting. But this site has a number of different rubrics for blogging. By the way in case you're not familiar with it, Rubistar from 4Teachers.org is a great place to get ideas for rubrics and create rubrics for a wide range of student work.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "First Direct Proof of Stable Carbyne, The World’s Strongest Material\nIt's 40 times stronger than diamond, and it may be our next \"miracle\" material?\nElemental carbon is extremely versatile, and scientists have long been able to create new carbon allotropes that make for super durable and multi-functioning materials—such as everyone’s favorite material, graphene.\nThe “carbon family” is one very resourceful family. But even with all these developments, carbyne remained elusive. In fact, it is the only form of carbon that has not been synthesized, even though researchers have been studying its properties for over 50 years.\nThe reason for this is that carbyne is extremely unstable. This one-dimensional carbon chain was first discovered in 1885 by Adolf von Baeyer, who even stated that carbyne would remain elusive, as its high reactivity would always lead to its immediate destruction.\nSo What Do We Do?\nCarbyne’s mechanical properties are theorized to exceed all known materials. It’s assumed to be 2x stiffer than graphene, 40x stiffer than diamond, and have greater tensile strength than any other carbon material. With these kinds of properties, no wonder we’ve been trying to find ways to stabilize it.\nAnd now, an international team of researchers have now found a way to mass produce carbyne.\nThe team took two layers of graphene, pressed them together, and rolled them into thin, double-walled carbon nanotubes. The tubes were then wrapped around the atoms. These nanotubes protect the carbyne chains from meeting imminent doom. Their research is published in the journal Nature Materials.\nBefore their discovery, the record-holding number of carbon atoms in one continuous chain was 100. Now, the record has been broken with an astounding 6,400 atoms utilizing this novel method – and the chain continues to be stable.\nAlso, carbyne’s electrical properties increase with its chain length. This means that researchers will be able to experiment with the material more effectively with success from the nanotubes. There is a huge wealth of possible applications using carbyne, and we’re excited to see what kinds of devices will arise with the delivery of this “miracle” material.\nCare about supporting clean energy adoption? Find out how much money (and planet!) you could save by switching to solar power at UnderstandSolar.com. By signing up through this link, Futurism.com may receive a small commission.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Virgil Encyclopedia is the first comprehensive reference volume to be published in English on Publius Vergilius Maro, the classical Roman poet whose works and thoughts have been at the center of Western literary, cultural, artistic, and pedagogical traditions for more than two millennia. Through more than 2,200 carefully researched entries, scholars and students alike are provided with an in-depth treatment of all aspects of Virgil’s poetry and his immeasurable influence that continues to the present day.\nSolomon and Marcolf enjoyed an extraordinary heyday in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Its first half constitutes a dialogue, mostly of one-liners, between King Solomon and a wily, earthy, and irreverent rustic named Marcolf, while its second recounts tricks that the peasant plays upon the ruler. Although less known than Till Eulenspiegel, Solomon and Marcolf was printed not only in Latin but also in German, English, Italian, and other European languages. Marcolf was associated closely with Aesop as well as with practical jokers and clowns in vogue in early modern literature. Today Solomon and Marcolf has notoriety from its mention in Gargantua and its analysis by Mikhail Bakhtin in Rabelais and His World.\nTraditions about Solomon and Marcolf became widespread at the very latest by 1000, but perhaps centuries earlier. The Latin prose as it has been preserved is likely to have taken shape around 1200, but the earliest extant manuscript dates from 1410. Tantalizing bits of evidence point to connections between Marcolf and the Near East. Thus the contest with Marcolf was related to riddle competitions between King Solomon on the one hand and King Hiram of Tyre or the Queen of Sheba on the other.\nSolomon and Marcolf, not put into English since 1492, is here presented with the Latin and a facing translation. In addition to a substantial introduction, the text comes with a detailed commentary that clarifies difficulties in language and identifies proverbial material and narrative motifs. The commentary is illustrated with reproductions of the woodcut illustrations from the 1514 printing of the Latin. The volume contains appendices with supplementary materials, especially sources, analogues, and testimonia; a bibliography; and indices.\nJacket illustration: Frontispiece of Collationes quas dicuntur fecisse mutuo rex Salomon sapientissimus et Marcolphus …, printed by Johann Weissenburger in Landshut, Germany, on May 14, 1514 (Munich, Staatsbibliothek, L.eleg.m.250, 9)\nWhen did fairy tales begin? What qualifies as a fairy tale? Is a true fairy tale oral or literary? Or is a fairy tale determined not by style but by content? To answer these and other questions, Jan M. Ziolkowski not only provides a comprehensive overview of the theoretical debates about fairy tale origins but includes an extensive discussion of the relationship of the fairy tale to both the written and oral sources. Ziolkowski offers interpretations of a sampling of the tales in order to sketch the complex connections that existed in the Middle Ages between oral folktales and their written equivalents, the variety of uses to which the writers applied the stories, and the diverse relationships between the medieval texts and the expressions of the same tales in the \"classic\" fairy tale collections of the nineteenth century. In so doing, Ziolkowski explores stories that survive in both versions associated with, on the one hand, such standards of the nineteenth-century fairy tale as the Brothers Grimm, Hans Christian Andersen, and Carlo Collodi and, on the other, medieval Latin, demonstrating that the literary fairy tale owes a great debt to the Latin literature of the medieval period.\nNota Bene explores a little-known juxtaposition of verbal text and musical notation in the Middle Ages. This particular intersection deserves attention from those interested in music, the reception of classical Latin literature, the history of education, and the development of punctuation.\nBetween the late tenth century and the late twelfth century, the musical notation known as neumes was provided in dozens of manuscripts for, among other texts, a number of Horace's Odes as well as for sections of epics by Lucan, Statius, and Vergil. These materials constitute a paradoxical corpus of \"classical poems in plainchant\" that complicates our views of both how students learned Latin and what was being sung in an era most often associated with Gregorian chant. The book wrestles first with the literary-historical puzzle of why certain passages and not others were \"neumed\" and later with the ethnomusicological riddles of how, where, when, and by whom the passages were sung.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Dark energy is the name given to the universal \"fifth force\" identified by astronomers during Earth's late 20th century. Like electromagnetism or gravity, dark energy influences all matter in the galaxy, and its effects can be seen on both cosmological and subatomic scales. The repulsive effects of dark energy are the primary reason the expansion of the universe is gradually accelerating.\nDark energy is manipulated using the extremely rare material element zero. When subjected to powerful electrical currents, element zero releases dark energy that can be harnessed to create mass effect fields, effectively raising or lowering the relative mass of all objects within the field. With the eezo nodules and natural electrical impulses in their nervous systems, biotics can generate and wield dark energy biologically, but the effort is physically demanding.\nDark energy and mass effect fields have practical uses across a wide range of manufacturing and technology fields. Most significant is the enabling of FTL travel, which has opened up the vast distances of space to exploration and colonization.\nMass Effect 2 Edit\nIn the years following the Battle of the Citadel, a further interest in dark energy itself has begun to emerge. Quarian studies upon the planet Haestrom reveal that its sun, Dholen, is aging prematurely as a result of the influence of dark energy. In addition, Gianna Parasini of Noveria Internal Affairs mentions that her superiors are worried about the potential issues of their clients' increased dark energy interests.\nThe manipulation of dark energy also figures into the events of Arrival. The mysterious Object Rho found in the Bahak system's asteroid field utilizes vast amounts of dark energy to maintain itself and the barriers protecting it so that it can continue broadcasting its enigmatic signals. The nearby Alpha Relay, the oldest known mass relay in the galaxy, can also make use of hidden dark energy reserves. When Alpha's control switches are adjusted, the relay taps into an unprecedented amount of dark energy, dramatically extending its range to sixteen other mass relays and even the Citadel.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A partial lunar eclipse will take place between Nov 18th and 19th, when the moon slips into the Earth's shadow for 3 hours and 28 minutes. The late November moon is also known as the \"frost moon.\"\nBetween 2001 and 2100, there will be 228 lunar eclipses this century. Most years there will be two eclipses while some years there maybe three or four.\nIn May 2021 the world saw a total eclipse. Most eclipses last less than two hours, so the 3 hours, 28 minutes, and 23 seconds the moon will be in partial eclipse far surpasses others. For example in 2018, a total lunar eclipse occurred lasting 1 hour, 42 minutes and 57 seconds.\nThe Nov 18 eclipse will also be the longest partial lunar eclipse in 580 years, according to the Holcomb Observatory at Butler University, Indiana.\nWhere to watch?\nNASA has forecast that the partial eclipse of the full moon will last around 3 hours, 28 minutes and 23 seconds, beginning at approximately 7:19am GMT, reaching its maximum around 9am GMT and ending at 10:47am GMT.\nThey say weather permitting, \"a huge swath of the planet\" will be able to see the eclipse. This includes North and South America, Eastern Asia, Australia and the Pacific region. It can occur earlier or later, depending on your time zone.\nOn the US east coast observers will begin to see it after 2am. It will reach maximum visibility at 4am. West coast observers can start to see it just after 11 pm with a maximum at 1am, according to NASA.\nThe Royal Observatory Greenwich, in London, reports \"People in the UK will not be able to see every part of the eclipse but will still be able to see the lunar eclipse at totality when the moon turns red.\"\nWhat is a lunar eclipse?\nTotal lunar eclipses occur when the moon traverses Earth's shadow and the entire moon is covered. Partial lunar eclipses occur when the moon does not pass completely into Earth's shadow. In the case of a partial eclipse, only most of the sun’s light is covered by the earth and this results in a dark, rusty red moon.\nThis reddening of the moon happens when light from the sun, despite being directly blocked by Earth’s shadow, bends around our planet and travels through our atmosphere to reach the moon.\nEarth’s atmosphere filters out shorter, bluer wavelengths of light and allows only the red and orange wavelengths through, making the moon appear red.\nHere are some skywatching tips for Nov 2021, from NASA:", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Word of the Week 23rd September 2019\nWeek 2 Higher - digress\nLearning Objective: To learn how to expand our vocabulary by learning a new word.\nYour word is: digress\nRead the handout sheet to get the meaning of the word.\nNow try to spell the word using read/write/cover/write.\nNow put the word into two sentences:\nWords ending with ss e.g. nevertheless:\nWeek 2 Lower - ramble\nYour target: To use the word 6 times across the week in context with what it means within either your spoken words or written words. (We won’t accept you just saying the word 6 times!)\nWhat does ramble mean? You may have to look this up in a dictionary.\n_______________ means _______________\nFind some other words that mean ramble. Find three:\nWords ending in le\nFind three other words that end with ‘le’.\nIn order to learn the word and use it you will have to use it about 9 times to get used to it.\nTo get the word to stay in your memory you could try the following:\n· Make a small poster with the word and draw a picture or pictures that represents the word.\n· Write the word down in your planner and write the meaning next to it.\n· Say the word in sentences and try to get the correct meaning of the word.\n· Use the word in your writing this week and check that you’ve got the meaning correct. This doesn’t have to be in English, it could be in other lessons where you write like Humanities or Science.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "It’s normal to be nervous about catching COVID-19. To ease your mind a little, stay informed and be prepared for what might happen if you get sick. We’re here to help you plan for what to do if you think you (or a family member) have coronavirus.\nIf You Think You Have COVID-19 Symptoms, Call Your Doctor\nIf you’re concerned that you’ve been exposed to coronavirus and you develop the main coronavirus disease symptoms (fever, cough and difficulty breathing), call your primary care physician. You can also visit them virtually from your smartphone through the AdventHealth app.\nYour physician can evaluate your symptoms, answer your questions and advise you on the best next steps.\nTo help prevent the spread of coronavirus, you should avoid the emergency department at your local hospital except in the event of an emergency. For your safety and that of everyone around you, call your doctor from home.\nIf You Have COVID-19, Treatment Likely Means Isolating at Home\nUnfortunately, there’s no vaccine for COVID-19 yet, and there’s no approved treatment for it — antiviral or otherwise. The CDC says that people who have coronavirus disease with mild symptoms should receive supportive care at home.\nSince there’s no approved coronavirus disease treatment yet, you can count on the CDC’s guidance for the best and most up-to-date advice on what to do if you have COVID-19.\nFor Severe COVID-19 Cases\nIf your doctor determines that your coronavirus disease symptoms are severe, you may need to be hospitalized, depending on your needs. Severe cases of COVID-19 should receive care to support vital organ function, the CDC also says.\nFor Mild COVID-19 Cases\nIf you’re sick with coronavirus disease but don’t need to be hospitalized, the CDC says to isolate yourself. Treatment for mild cases of coronavirus generally means caring for yourself at home, including:\n- Avoid sharing personal items with other household members\n- Covering your coughs and sneezes\n- Getting rest and staying hydrated\n- Following your doctor’s advice on how to treat your symptoms\n- Follow steps to avoid getting other people sick\n- Isolating yourself (stay 6 feet away from others)\n- Monitoring your symptoms closely to be sure they don’t get worse\n- Stay in a specific room in the house, away from others\n- Wash your hands often with soap and water\n- Contact your doctor if your symptoms worsen\nFacts Over Fear: Hope and Healing for COVID-19\nIf you or someone you know has coronavirus disease, don’t lose heart. There’s always hope and, it may surprise you to know that many coronavirus facts are actually positive:\n- Getting coronavirus doesn’t mean you’ll definitely develop life-threatening illness\n- The recovery rate for COVID-19 is great, at 80%\n- Many people heal from COVID-19 at home\nThe World Health Organization (WHO) says that, “Illness due to COVID-19 infection is generally mild.” Only 1 in 5 people who get sick with coronavirus need medical care.\nTrust in the Lord With All Your Heart\nWhile we might not know what tomorrow holds, we know Who holds the future. God is in control of all things. Lean on His love during this time of uncertainty and encourage your loved ones to do the same.\nHere to Help You Face the Coronavirus With Confidence\nWe’re here to see you through this, every step of the way. At AdventHealth, we’re here with expert, compassionate care if you or someone in your family gets sick from the coronavirus. Our hospitals and outpatient locations — including Centra Care and AdventHealth Medical Group practices — are prepared, should we treat someone who has the coronavirus.\nAt every stage of the outbreak, we’ll answer your coronavirus FAQs, help you prepare for a quarantine and give you other important resources on our Coronavirus Resource Hub.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What is Micro-Cap?\nMicro-Cap is an analog/digital circuit simulator compatible with SPIC. It contains an integrated schematic editor that offers an interactive sketch, and simulate environment. This program is recommended for electronics engineers. It is developed by Spectrum Software. The program’s name was taken from the term Microcomputer Circuit Analysis Program. Previously, this program was known as Simulator and Logic Designer. Micro-Cap was firstly integrated as a circuit editor and a logic simulation system. It was first made available for PCs.\nThe program’s main goal was to offer a circuit simulation and creation environment for digital simulation. The analog version of Micro-Cap integrated text editor created circuit descriptions for a basic linear analog simulator. In September 1982, the first Micro-Cap package, as a sequel to the Circuit Designer and Simulator was released.Find the official Micro-Cap download\nFile types supported by Micro-Cap\nOur users primarily use Micro-Cap to open these file types:\nLooking for cool wallpapers?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The important role of anti-oxidants in the Human Body\nYEOBOW PTY LTD P.O. BOX 510, KATOOMBA, NSW 2780 The important role of anti-oxidants in the Human Body The critical role played by anti-oxidants in keeping us healthy and fit is well researched by... ANTIOXIDANTS IN FRUITS AND HUMAN MEDICAL RESEARCH: AN OVERVIEW Goran Kolevski 1*, Snezana Ivic-Kolevska2 1Clinic of Neurology, Vodnjanska bb, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia 2Institute for Public Health, 50 Divizija, 6, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia *e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Abstract Antioxidants are chemical compounds that bind the free radicals in human body …\nThe 6 Important Roles of Vitamin C Abundance & Health\nGlutathione (or GSH) is the body’s own master antioxidant discovered way back in 1889. However, it was only about 30 years ago that the scientists began to …... Plants as natural antioxidants neutralise the effect of free radicals through different ways and may prevent the body from various diseases. Antioxidants may be synthetic or natural. Synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) have recently been reported to be dangerous for human health. Thus, the search for effective, non-toxic natural\nRole Of Antioxidants In Human Body Which Vitamins Slow Aging?\nEffect of Anti Oxidants on Human body : \"Antioxidant\" is the collective name for the vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, and polyphenols that protect the body from harmful free radicals. The c data structures mcq pdf 27/01/2014 · Bioavailability and Fate in Human Body. Carotenoids are abundantly present in fresh fruits and vegetables. Yellow-orange-red fruits and green leafy vegetables are known to be especially rich in nutritional Crts. The major dietary sources of Crts have been listed recently 18,19,20]. However, as pointed out by Castenmiller and West or Yeum and Russell , there is a number of factors that\nWhat is the role of Master Antioxidant in the Human body\nNatural vs. Synthetic Antioxidants in Designing Healthy Edible Oils Mihaela the nutritional qualities of sunflower oil by exploiting the potential of natural antioxidants, less harmful to human body than synthetic ones. Recently, the antioxidant activities of certain anthocyanins (polyphenols) were shown to be still higher than the activity of α-tocopherol or ascorbic acid, thus we earth a visitors guide to the human race pdf human body as well as in food system. To neutralize the effect of free radicals, the role of To neutralize the effect of free radicals, the role of antioxidants, their classification and mode of action has been discussed with recent\nHow long can it take?\nNatural vs. Synthetic Antioxidants in Designing Healthy\n- What Are Antioxidants? What is an Antioxidant\n- The Role of Natural Antioxidants in Cancer Disease\n- Glutathione Research Immune Health The Role Of\n- What Do Antioxidants Do & Foods That Are High In Antioxidants?\nRole Of Antioxidants In Human Body Pdf\nTo cope with the oxidative stress elicited by aerobic metabolism, animal and human cells have developed a ubiquitous antioxidant defense system, which consists of\n- Natural vs. Synthetic Antioxidants in Designing Healthy Edible Oils Mihaela the nutritional qualities of sunflower oil by exploiting the potential of natural antioxidants, less harmful to human body than synthetic ones. Recently, the antioxidant activities of certain anthocyanins (polyphenols) were shown to be still higher than the activity of α-tocopherol or ascorbic acid, thus we\n- human body are derived either from normal internal metabolic processes or from external sources as shown in Table 3. Ozougwu, Jevas C. the body’s oxidant load. ROLE OF ANTIOXIDANTS IN OXIDATIVE STRESS Antioxidants are substances which can delay or inhibit oxidation. Cell damage caused by free radicals is the major contributor to aging and to degenerative diseases of aging such …\n- Oxidative stress is a harmful condition that occurs when there is an excess of ROS and/or a decrease in antioxidant levels; this may cause tissue damage by physical, chemical, psychological factors that lead to tissue injury in human and causes variety of severe human diseases.\n- Indian Journal of Experimental Biology Vol. 40, November 2002, pp. 1233-I 239 Review Article Oxidant-antioxidant system: Role and significance in human body", "label": "No"}
{"text": "IMPACT OF GREEN SCHOOLS ON LEARNING\nInformation on the association between student achievement and the physical environment of green school buildings, and using the green school as a learning tool,compiled by the National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities.\nReferences to Books and Other Media\nThe Economics of Biophilia: Why Designing with Nature in Mind Makes Financial Sense\n(Terrapin Bright Green, May 2012)\nRecent research in neuroscience and endocrinology clearly demonstrates that experiencing nature has significant benefits, both psychological and physiological. Bringing nature and references to nature into the built environment is the purpose of biophilic design. This white paper compiles an economic argument for biophilic design in the built environment. Includes a chapter on school environments, discussing daylighting and outdoor learning opportunities as a means to improve test scores and positively impact the stress levels of society’s youngest members. 39p\nThe Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance: A Call for Research\nBaker, Lindsay; Bernstein, Harvey\n(The McGraw-Hill Research Foundation and the Center for Green Schools at the U.S. Green Building Council, Feb 27, 2012)\nExplores research from two perspectives: from the lens of the child’s experience with their built environment, and from how different stakeholders can play an important role in bringing that research to light. Sheds light on the critical need for research around how the school building—through its design, maintenance and operations—impacts the health and performance of the students in those buildings. 35p\nPortraiture of a Green Schoolyard: A Natural History of Children's Experiences\nKeena, Kelly Elizabeth\n(Dissertation, University of Colorado at Denver, 2012)\nChildren in the United States are losing access to nature, yet previous research suggests that time in nature provides benefits for children's healthy development. Youth withdrawal from the natural world comes at a time in history when understanding environmental issues demands a knowledge of the natural environment and human's relationship to it. Schools have an opportunity to provide access to nature, but traditionally do not. This portraiture study investigated children's experiences in a schoolyard habitat at a public, traditional school with the purpose of illuminating how the fourth, fifth, and sixth grade students felt, knew about, and acted in the natural setting. The findings indicated five major benefits of a schoolyard habitat used as a classroom throughout the school day: (1) critical thinking and curiosity; (2) ownership and identity; (3) peace and calm; (4) respite and respect; and (5) adventure and imagination. Present in all of those distinct yet interrelated themes was intellect, movement, joy, trust and confidence, safety, comfort and familiarity, respect, and relationships between students and between students and teachers. The study concluded that children's physical, intellectual, and emotional selves were all actively benefiting from the time in the habitat, that a balance of free and promoted action naturally occurred for students and teachers, and that the habitat was a place of kindness and respect. The study has implications for research and practitioners in children's sense of place, schooling, environmental literacy, and portraiture as a methodology to research children's experiences of place. [Author's abstract] 312pTO ORDER: http://gradworks.umi.com/34/92/3492278.html\nHow to Go Green: Creating a Conservation Culture in a Public High School through Education, Modeling, and Communication\nSchelly, Chelsea; Cross, Jennifer E.; Franzen, William; Hall, Pete; Reeve, Stu\n(Journal of Environmental Education, v43 n3 , Jan 2012)\nThis case study examines how energy conservation efforts in one public high school contributed to both sustainability education and the adoption of sustainable behavior within educational and organizational practice. Individual role models, school facilities, school governance and school culture together support both conservation and environmental education, specifically through the application of principles from behavior theory, including modeling commitments, values, expectations, and behaviors. In addition, role models with the traits of charismatic leaders can be especially instrumental. In this school, communication is the thread connecting the multiple aspects of modeling, helping to create the synergistic relationship between conservation efforts and environmental education. This study demonstrates that conservation efforts, when modeled successfully in a public school setting, can simultaneously and synergistically meet the goals of conservation and sustainability education.[Authors' abstract] 41p\nThe Journey of Sustainable Schools: Developing and Embedding Sustainability.\n(National College for School Leadership, UK , Oct 2011)\nThis report is for school leaders who are leading and developing sustainable schools. It summarizes the findings from Forum for the Future and the Institute of Education's 2009-10 research for the National College into how school leaders are developing and embedding sustainability within their schools and communities. It includes examples of the skills, tools and activities school leaders are using to do this. Includes characteristics of a sustainable school. The study highlighted that there are two distinct phases of innovation as schools make the transition from one stage to another. These phases are practice development and strategic integration.\nThe Role of Physical Environment on Student Health and Education in Green Schools\nSelen Okcu, Erica Ryherd, Charlene Bayer\n(Reviews on Environmental Health. v26, n3., Sep 13, 2011)\nThe role of physical school environment on student health and education is becoming better understood. A growing body of literature indicates that improved physical environments in schools (e.g., indoor air quality, lighting, and acoustic conditions) can enhance student health outcomes. In parallel, the green building movement centers around designing buildings, including schools, that are more sustainable to decrease energy consumption, minimize environmental impact, and create healthier spaces for occupants. This paper synthesizes the findings from both green design studies and school outcomes studies to provide a systematic evaluation of the potential impacts of green school design features on student health outcomes. Three inter-related topics are covered in detail: (i) overview of the “green” concept, including existing guidelines for “greening” schools, attitudes toward green schools, and condition of the physical environments in non-green schools; (ii) potential effects of the physical environment on school children, including documentation of national statistics and summary of findings from school research studies; (iii) synthesis of findings, including a discussion of the knowledge gaps in the field of green school research and conclusions.[Authors' abstract] p169-179\nGreen Schools That Teach: Identifying Attributes of Whole-School Sustainability.\nBarr, Stephanie Kay\n(Masters Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, Summer 2011)\nThe combination of green school design, green organizational behavior, and aligned educational goals sets the stage for the attributes of green schools to become teaching tools. School facilities, whether functioning well or not, serve as powerful pedagogical instruments. This research study focused on five LEED certified green schools promoting sustainability through building design, operations, and curriculum. Participating schools were LEED certified and offered a formal environmental education program. The purpose of the study was to explore the combination of attributes leading to success in developing a methodology for best practices resulting in a model for whole-school sustainability. Shared sustainable values among stakeholders formed a supportive culture informing decisions about facility design and curriculum and guided the whole-school sustainability process. The physical context of participating schools reinforced successful whole-school sustainability through hands-on learning opportunities for students and physical representation of the entity‘s values. Finally, the alignment of sustainability values within culture, curriculum, and facility operations was found to be critical to the success of whole-school sustainability.[Author's abstract] 139p.\nAbsenteeism, Performance and Occupant Satisfaction with the Indoor Environment of Green Toronto Schools.\nIssa, Mohamed; Attalla, Mohamed; Rankin, Jeff; Christian, A. John\n(Indoor and Built Environment , Jun 2011)\nThis study aimed to compare a number of quantitative and qualitative aspects of usage across a sample of 10 conventional, 20 energy-retrofitted and three green Toronto schools. Student, teacher and staff absenteeism data, as well as Grade 3 and 6 student performance data on reading, writing and arithmetic tests administered by Ontario’s Education Quality and Accountability Office were collected. A survey of 150 teachers was conducted to investigate their satisfaction with the indoor air quality, lighting, thermal comfort and acoustics of their school buildings. The statistical analysis of the data showed that teachers in green schools were in general more satisfied with their classrooms and personal workspaces’ lighting, thermal comfort, indoor air quality, heating, ventilation and air conditioning than teachers in the other schools. Nevertheless, they were less satisfied with acoustics. Student, teacher and staff absenteeism in green schools also improved by 2–7.5%, whereas student performance improved by 8–19% when compared with conventional schools. However, these improvements were not statistically significant and could not therefore be generalised to all Toronto public schools. Whether these marginal improvements justify the extra cost premium of green buildings remains an active contentious topic that will need further investigation. [Authors' abstract]TO ORDER: http://ibe.sagepub.com/content/early/2011/05/25/1420326X11409114.abstract\nA Preliminary Study of the Effects that Four L.E.E.D. Gold Certified Elementary Schools Have on Student Learning, Attendance and Health\nLaBuhn, Richard W\n(Dissertation, Texas State University, Jun 2011)\nAs student enrollment increases in the United States, so too does the demand for educational facilities. School districts that have faced successive years of budget shortfalls have neglected renovations to existing facilities in order to pay for more immediate operating costs. As a result, a growing number of schools have environmental hazards such as poor indoor air quality and inadequate ventilation. Education facilities are also voracious consumers of energy. A green building movement has emerged in the past decade that has sought to minimize the impact that school construction has on the environment, while also providing learning environments conducive to student and faculty health. Proponents of green building claim that green schools improve student test scores, promote better attendance, and provide healthier learning environments. This study focused on four elementary schools that meet the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (L.E.E.D.) standard and sought to determine whether students in these schools had better standardized test scores, better attendance rates, and fewer health problems than students in conventionally constructed schools. [Author's abstract] 137pTO ORDER: http://gradworks.umi.com/34/55/3455573.html\nLife-cycle Cost-benefit Analysis of Green Roofing Systems: the Economic and Environmental Impact of Installing Green Roofs on All Atlanta Public Schools\nWhatley, Melvin B.\n(Georgia Institute of Technology, Apr 05, 2011)\nThis study examines the relationship between environmental sustainability and green schools, seeking to highlight the benefits and determine the Net Present Value (NPV) installing vegetative roofs on all schools in the Atlanta Public Schools District. This study quantifies the costs and benefits of thin-layer, or extensive, green roof systems as they compare to typical flat roofs on Atlanta Public Schools. Quantifiable benefits are detailed and suggestions are made to create the means by which other social benefits may be quantified. The purpose of this thesis is to establish proof to the Atlanta Public Schools District that over a 40 year period there are more benefits associated with installing vegetative roofs on all of their flat roofs than there are costs. While some may argue that greens roof are more costly than traditional roof systems, this study provides evidence that the cumulative benefits over a 40 year life cycle associated with large scale green roof installations, such as on all Atlanta Public Schools, are greater than the initial costs incurred. Factors included in the analysis of benefits were reductions to energy/utility costs, reduced emissions, and avoided best management practices (BMPs). Other considerations include social benefits resulting from the mitigation of storm water runoff, reductions to the urban heat island, productivity level increases (students and teachers), and avoided regulatory fees. [Author's abstract]\nInvestigating the Behaviors of the Elementary School Students in Reference to Factors Associated with Daylight.\nMajid, Seied et al\n(Asian Social Science, Mar 2011)\nThere is no simple guide to human behavior which architects can use but recommendations rather an understanding of the principles of behavior and of man's interactions with buildings. To investigate the Behaviors of the Elementary School Students, the attitudes and behaviors towards the visual environment of three hundred and fifty primary school students were studied in eleven schools of varying design, with particular reference to factors associated with daylight and fenestration. The survey included social issues, personality characteristics of the primary school students and the varying visual characteristics of the buildings including photometric studies. Considerable proportions of students choose to work or sit near windows, the chief factor being the amount of daylight. View content, view out and nature are important. The most popular children occupy favored window places. Space and comfort both thermal and visual are important. Gender separation is natural. [Authors' abstract] 12p.\nGreening Dimension of Learning in Secondary Schools.\nBanciu, D. and Alexandru, A\n(Journal of Green Engineering, 2011)\nThis paper outlines the energy challenge and presents the role of education as a vector in changing behaviors related to energy consumption by adopting a sustainable attitude aimed at environmental protection. The emphasis is put on teaching activities that will enhance the capabilities of youngsters and teachers from secondary schools concerning the efficient use of energy and the promotion of Renewable Energy Sources. The authors present their results of designing, experimenting, assessing and transferring an innovative approach to energy education in secondary schools that is expected to enhance the content of curricula and to renew the pedagogical methodology. The role played by schools in a green world is strengthened by on-line training delivered to youngsters via e-books and portals specially designed for this purpose or by learning by doing via interactive games. [Authors' abstract] 17p.\nPlants in the Classroom Can Improve Student Performance.\nDaly, John; Burchett, Margaret; Torpy, Fraser\n(University of Technology, Sydney, Australia, Oct 29, 2010)\nThe aims of this project was to investigate the effects of indoor plants on classroom performance in years 6 and 7 students. The trials were conducted in three independent schools in the Brisbane region, with a total of over 360 students in 13 classes. Half of the classes received 3 plants per classroom, and students were tested with standard tests before plant placements and re-tested after 6 weeks of plant presence or absence. In two of the schools, significant improvements were found with plants present, as compared to classes without plants. The consistency of results among schools, classes, and the large student numbers leads the authors to recommend that indoor plants should be a standard installation in school classrooms. 9p.\nGreen Schools as High Performance Learning Facilities.\n(National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC , Sep 2010)\nDefines a “green” school and its benefits to operational savings, health, pedagogy, and the environment. Planning, design, and operations considerations are detailed, while addressing site selection, water efficiency, energy savings, materials, and indoor environmental quality. The major rating systems LEED, CHPS, and Green Globes are also discussed. Joint use of a school and the use of a green school as a teaching tool are addressed, and 72 references are included. 23p.\nHow Does Indoor Air Quality Impact Student Health and Academic Performance? The Case for Comprehensive IAQ Management in Schools.\n(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC , Apr 2010)\nThis fact sheet explains how good IAQ in schools is a critical component of a healthy and comfortable learning environment. Briefly cites evidence to support school indoor air quality management. Basic advice on establishing a school indoor air quality management program is offered, as are 18 references. 2p.\nManassas Park Elementary School.\n(The Chesapeake Bay Program, Annapolis, 2010)\nThis video tour of the new Manassas Park Elementary School details the facility's abundant sustainable features. The lead architect on the project details the rainwater harvesting system, outdoor classroom, geothermal wells, daylighting, low-maintenance flooring, and environmental themes found throughout the building.\nSustainable School Architecture: Design for Primary and Secondary Schools.\nGelfan, Lisa; Freed, Eric\n(John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ , 2010)\nOffers guidance on the planning, architecture, and design of schools that are healthy, stimulating, and will conserve energy and resources. The book emphasizes how eco-friendly practices for school construction can create an environment that students will emulate and carry into the world. Also included are a focus on the links between best sustainable practices and the specific needs of educational institutions, 19 international case studies of contemporary sustainable schools, information on the California Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS) and the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system, resources for incremental modernization and operation strategies as well as comprehensive transformation, tips on running an integrated, and contributions by experts on approaches to the sites, systems, maintenance, and operation of sustainable schools. 335p.TO ORDER: http://www.wiley-vch.de/publish/en/books/ISBN978-0-470-44543-3\nPost-Occupancy Evaluation Report: Washington Middle School.\n(Rushing Blackbird, Seattle, WA , Aug 2009)\nPresents energy and water use data, indoor environmental quality results, and occupant feedback for this school, which was built in 2004 as part of the Washington Sustainable Schools Protocol pilot projects. The report provides a comparison between projected performance and actual performance after two full school years of occupancy. It includes explanations of sustainable design strategies employed at WMS; quantitative and qualitative evaluation of as-built results, including operations and maintenance feedback; costs/savings reporting, comparing projected values to actual costs/savings; and occupant feedback, including students, staff, school district, and maintenance staff. 247p.\nThe Impact of 'Green' Initiatives on Student Learning: Non-Financial Reasons for Going 'Green.'\n(Pennsylvania Association of School Business Officials, Harrisburg , May 2009)\nBriefly describes the benefits of \"green\" schools to the educational program and to occupant health. 3p.\nRelationship Between Green School Design and Student Achievement, Attendance, and Student Behaviors\nBruick, Deborah L\n(Dissertation, Graduate School University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Spring 2009)\nLiterature is replete with the harmful effects of poorly maintained facilities on building occupants. District officials are charged with constructing schools of quality while also serving as conscientious stewards of public monies; therefore, school leaders need facility research to support decision-making. The purpose of the study was to examine the impact that schools constructed following Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification standards have on student achievement, student attendance, and teacher’s perceptions compared to non-LEED schools. Analysis revealed no significant effect for student achievement or attendance. A significant effect was indicated in air quality and to a lesser degree, acoustics. [Author's abstract] 140p\nGreen, High Performance Schools.\n(Air Quality Sciences, Inc., Marietta, GA , 2009)\nProvides an overview of the positive impacts these schools have on student learning, comprehension and test scores, improved student health, greater productivity, and improved cost-efficiency. The paper begins by defining green schools, discussing obstacles and myths surrounding green schools, and then detailing green school elements of indoor air quality. These include particulates, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), asthma, autism, energy conservation, green cleaning, and mold prevention. Various federal and non-profit sector green school resources are also described. 25p.\nBuilding Minds, Minding Buildings: Our Union's Road Map to Green and Sustainable Schools.\n(American Federation of Teachers, Washington, DC , Dec 2008)\nHighlights the work of the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) members and affiliates involved in ensuring that schools are designed and built in healthy and sustainable ways. The report explains why the union supports green schools, what makes a school green, and the benefits of a green school to health, productivity, and saving money. Five green school case studies are included, as is a list of additional resources and thirteen references. 50p.\nHigh-Performance School Buildings: Resource and Strategy Guide. Third Edition.\n(Sustainable Buildings Industry Council, Washington, DC , 2008)\nProvides information on how to create schools that provide better learning environments for students and teachers, cost less to operate, and help protect the environment. The guide is organized into three core sections. The first provides an overview and two interrelated discussions on what is a high performance school building and why are such schools valuable. The second provides a step-by-step process guide consisting of questions that decision-makers can ask their design team as a means of attaining the highest achievable levels of building performance. The third section offers 17, 2-page \"briefs\" that describe each of the key components of a high performance building. Each brief describes what the component is, why it is important for ensuring high performance, how it can be incorporated into the school's design, and how it influences other building components and systems. Sections four and five offer three case studies of high performance schools and a list of additional resources, respectively. 91p.TO ORDER: Sustainable Buildings Industry Council\nGreen Buildings Research White Paper.\n(Building Design & Construction, Reed Business Information, Oak Brook, IL , Oct 2007)\nCovers \"green\" building awareness and practice across a variety of building types, with two specific chapters for higher education and K-12 education, respectively. These chapters interpret survey data reflecting awareness, implementation, willingness to pay for, and benefits of environmentally conscious buildings. In all categories, positive percentages from higher education were somewhat ahead of K-12. 60p.\nEducation Green Building SmartMarket Report.\n(McGraw-Hill Construction, New York, NY , 2007)\nDetails construction market research into green building in the education construction sector. The research that the education sector is the fastest-growing market for green building. The study also found that: 1) The concern for \"improved health and well-being\" was the most critical social reason for driving education green building. 2) Fiscal advantages of green building, such as energy cost savings, are the major motivation behind the construction of green schools and universities. 3) Higher first costs are the primary challenge to building green in this sector. 4) Operational cost decreases resulting from green building are the most important trigger to faster adoption of green school building. 5) There is a strong need for access to and information on green building products, particularly those relating to improving health, such as reducing mold and indoor air pollutants. 6) The industry is calling for independent, third-party standards for green building products. Case studies of the \"greening\" of two K-12 schools and one university are included. 36p.TO ORDER: McGraw-Hill Construction Research & Analytics, 24 Hartwell Ave., Lexington, MA 02421; Tel: 800-591-4462\nGreen Schools: Attributes for Health and Learning.\n(National Academies Press, Washington, DC , 2007)\nExamines the potential of environmentally-conscious school design for improving education. This book provides an assessment of the potential human health and performance benefits of improvements in the building envelope, indoor air quality, lighting, and acoustical quality. The report also presents an assessment of the overall building condition and student achievement, and offers an analysis of and recommendations for planning and maintaining green schools including research considerations. Includes 390 references. 180p.TO ORDER: http://books.nap.edu/\nHigh Performance Schools: How Do They Really Perform?\nSchopf, Anne; Reifert, Gerald; Miller, Forrest\n(The American Institute of Architects, Washington, DC , 2007)\nExplores measured performance rates for absenteeism, learning outcomes, staff satisfaction and comfort, energy usage, and building operations at the 2006 AIA/COTE Top Ten Green Projects Award-winning Benjamin Franklin Elementary School, and other green education facilities. The presentation explains how daylighting, access to views, indoor air quality, and ventilation affect student and teacher performance; compares projected and actual performance; and demonstrates the tools available to evaluate performance. 65p.\nGreening America's Schools: Costs and Benefits.\n(Capital E, Washington, DC , Oct 2006)\nBased on a study of 30 \"green\" schools, this reports reveals that building \"green\" would save an average school $100,000 each year - enough to hire two new additional full-time teachers. The report demonstrates that green schools (schools designed to be energy efficient, healthy and environmentally friendly) are also extremely cost-effective. Total financial benefits from green schools outweigh the costs 20 to 1. With over $35 billion dollars projected to be spent in 2007 on K-12 construction, the conclusions of this report have far-reaching implications for future school design. The report's methodology is detailed, numerous tables illustrate the data, and 89 references are included. 23p.\n2005 Survey of Green Building Plus Green Building in K-12 and Higher Education.\n(Turner Green Buildings, Sacramento, CA , 2005)\nPresents the results of a survey of 665 senior executives concerning \"green\" building issues in both K-12 and higher educational facilities. Extremely large percentages of respondents from both fields valued \"green buildings\" highly for sustaining community image, attracting and retaining teachers, reduced student absenteeism, and student performance. Higher education executives also valued them for attracting students and research funding. Statistics representing the long-term cost benefits, obstacles to the construction of \"green\" facilities, and the adoption of green policies by educational institutions are displayed in numerous charts and graphs. 25p.\nDo Green Schools Improve a Student's Academic Performance?\n(Global Green USA: Green Schools Initiative, Santa Monica, CA, 2005)\nConcise information sheet summarizing the findings of several studies correlating the quality of school buildings with better student performance. 2p.\nGreen Schools \"Create\" Learning Tools.\n(Schoolfacilities.com, Orange, CA , 2005)\nIllustrates design for passive seasonal heating, cooling, and daylighting that students can monitor as part of the learning program. 3p.\nHigh Tech Designs Offer Integrated Educational Opportunities for Students.\n(Schoolfacilities.com, Orange, CA , 2005)\nRecommends configuring school HVAC, solar hot water, photovoltaics, and daylighting systems so that they can be integrated into the curriculum. 2p.\nGreen Building White Paper Research: Schools.\n(Reed Research Group, Building Design & Construction, Oak Brook, IL , Oct 2004)\nReports on an online survey of K-12 education professionals to assess opinions, perceptions, and actions regarding sustainable school buildings. The objectives of the study were to establish familiarity with and attitudes toward green building practices and terminology, along with assessing perceptions of cost differentials, plans to build sustainably, and awareness of sustainable design as a teaching tool. The survey found that respondents were largely familiar with green building terms and principles, but had somewhat less experience with actual construction of sustainable school buildings. Nearly two-thirds of respondents believed that high performance schools are more costly to build, but that a cost differential of 7 percent was acceptable to gain approval of a sustainable building in their school district. Over two-thirds of respondents have actually incorporated sustainable concepts in their recent school building designs. Three out of four respondents believe high performance schools can serve as a teaching tool for students. 41p.\nHigh-Performance Schools: Affordable Green Design for K-12 Schools.\nPlympton, Patricia; Brown, John; Stevens, Kara\n(U.S. Dept. of Energy, National Renewal Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO , Aug 2004)\nDescribes high performance schools from each of the nine climate zones associated with the U.S. Dept. of Energy's Energy Design Guidelines for High Performance Schools. The nine case studies focus on the high performance design strategies implemented in each school, as well as the cost savings and benefits realized by students, faculty, the community, and the environment. 13p.\nSustainable Design and Student Performance.\n(Pacific Northwest Pollution Prevention Resource Center, Seattle, WA, 2004)\nDiscusses research that demonstrates that the quality of a building, the materials used, indoor air quality, interest-grabbing design features, use of daylighting, acoustic designs and more, impact the performance of those who use a school building.\nThe Healthy and High-Performance School: A Two-Part Report Regarding the Scientific Findings and Policy Implications of School Environmental Health.\nShendell, Derek; Barnett, Claire; Boese, Stephen\n(Healthy Schools Network, Inc., Albany, NY , 2004)\nPart one presents results of a literature review related to school indoor environmental quality and, in the context of limited resources facing American schools, practical science-based recommendations to improve and promote good school indoor environmental quality and prevent or reduce potential occupant exposure to toxic biological, chemical, and physical agents. Part two offers recommendations for improving school environmental health and safety based on today's known science. It draws together the knowledge, data, and research regarding school facilities, children's environmental health, and school facility impact on student achievement, to demonstrate that school facility issues are integral to school reform and equity debates. (Includes 302 references, a list some state and federal government sponsored Internet sites on school IEQ and energy, and a list of existing noise guidelines for school environments at local, state and international levels.) 87p.\nImpact of Sustainable Buildings on Educational Achievements in K-12 Schools.\nOlson, Stephen; Kellum, Shana\n(Leonardo Academy, Inc., Cleaner and Greener Program, Madison, WI , Nov 25, 2003)\nDefines sustainable schools and its accompanying qualities of good site planning, lighting, indoor air quality, healthy building materials, acoustics, and use of renewable energy. Benefits to student achievement through daylighting and indoor air quality are detailed, and 34 references are included. 14p.\nGreen Schools Initiative: A Summary of Studies related to Student Health and Productivity.\n(Massachusetts Technology Collaborative, Westborough , Aug 2003)\nSummarizes seven studies on the effect of \"green\" school initiatives on student health and productivity. For each study, the following characteristics are identified: study type, the research question/hypothesis, the subjects, the physical/classroom variables (independent variables), the methodology and metrics used, The major findings of the study, and weaknesses and criticisms of the particular study. Copies of correspondence and a list of links active as of August 15, 2003 are included. 44p.\nHow Parents and Teachers Are Helping To Create Better Environments for Learning. Energy-Smart Building Choices.\n(Department of Energy, Washington, DC. , Feb 2002)\nThis brochure shows parents and teachers how smart energy choices reduce school operating costs and create better learning environments. The brochure reveals how schools have turned energy improvements into powerful teaching tools by incorporating energy features into the curriculum. It provides guidelines on ten key elements to consider for designing a high performance school: site design, daylighting and windows, energy-efficient building envelope, renewable energy systems, lighting and electrical systems, mechanical and ventilation systems, environmentally sensitive building products and systems, water conservation, recycling and waste management, and transportation. 7p.Report NO: DOE-GO-102002-1521\nSchools of the Future and Sustainable Design.\nFox, Anne Webster\n(Masters Thesis, Antioch University, Seattle, WA. , Jan 2000)\nThis thesis examines what practices schools and school districts need to adopt if they want to apply sustainable design principles to their new schools and the benefits these design practices offer school communities. The paper argues that school districts will benefit from these design principles, and that these benefits will occur because sustainable design and construction decisions lead to the creation of learning environments that are environmentally healthy for occupants, operationally efficient, and site sensitive to the natural and community environment. Also argued is that school districts are best served by being proactive in their embrace of sustainable design principles, and that the adoption of these concepts and processes will be most successful if they involve a collaborative and interdisciplinary project management model that uses project teams and the community throughout the design and construction process. Appendices contain a report on the impact of inadequate school facilities on student learning and the study's interview questions. (Contains 64 references.) 104p.\nDaylighting in Schools. An Investigation into the Relationship between Daylighting and Human Performance.\n(Submitted by the Heschong Mahone Group to Pacific Gas and Electric, on behalf of the California Board for Energy Efficiency Third Party Program , 1999)\nThis study examines the effects of daylighting on human performance, focusing on skylighting as a way to isolate daylight as an illumination source and to separate illumination effects from other qualities associated with daylighting from windows. The study establishes a statistical connection between daylighting and student performance and between skylighting and retail sales. Using multivariate linear regression analysis, the study examined 21,000 school records from three school districts in three states and daylighting conditions in more than 2,000 classrooms. Data indicate students with the most classroom daylighting progressed 20 percent faster on math tests and 26 percent faster on reading tests in one year than those with the least amount of daylight. Similarly, students with the largest windows progressed 15 percent faster in math and 23 percent faster in reading than those with the least largest windows. In classrooms where windows could be opened, there was a 7 to 18 percent faster educational progress than those with fixed windows, regardless of air conditioning. These findings are reported to be consistent regardless of curricula or teaching styles. 140p.Report NO: HMG-R-9803\nStudent Performance in Daylit Schools.\nNicklas, Michael H.; Bailey, Gary B.\n(Innovative Design, Raleigh, North Carolina , 1996)\nThis study investigates the relationships between elementary and middle school student performance and natural daylighting. The performance of students attending three daylit schools designed by Innovative Design for Johnston County Schools in North Carolina was analyzed and compared to the County school system as a whole and other new schools within Johnston County. The daylit schools in the study indicated energy cost reductions of between 22 percent to 64 percent over typical schools. 5p.\nReferences to Journal Articles\nGreen Schools: Information Resources For Facility Managers\nBuilding Operating Management; Apr 2012\nDescribes new research showing that greener school buildings can have an impact.\nGreen School Grounds: A Collaborative Development and Research Project in Malmö, Sweden\nMärit Jansson and Fredrika Mårtensson\nChildren, Youth and Environments; v22 n1 , p260-269 ; Spring 2012\nSchool ground greening projects may result in a multitude of benefits for pupils, schools and entire communities. This field report describes a project called “Green school grounds” in Malmö, Sweden and an interdisciplinary research project investigating vegetation establishment and management as well as the effects of the project for children. The project consulted researchers and involved teachers and children at the schools during the process of planning and construction. This field report presents the first results from a pretest evaluation of school ground activity at two schools, part of a larger intervention study. [Authors' abstract]TO ORDER: http://www.colorado.edu/journals/cye/index_issues.htm\nGerman Forest Kindergartens: Healthy Childcare under the Leafy Canopy\nSilvia D. Schäffer and Thomas Kistemann\nChildren, Youth and Environments; v22 n1 , p270-279 ; Spring 2012\nA forest kindergarten is a special form of daycare, with walks, free play and environmental education in the forest on the daily schedule. Attending a forest kindergarten can contribute to children’s healthy development and is associated with physical activity, concentration, mental health, linguistic development and the prevention of infections. Drawing from systematic observations of 12 German forest kindergartens, this report presents an insight into their daily routines, their surrounding landscape and other essential characteristics. [Authors' abstract]TO ORDER: http://www.colorado.edu/journals/cye/index_issues.htm\nDesign of Learning Spaces: Emotional and Cognitive Effects of Learning Environments in Relation to Child Development\nArndt, Petra A.\nMind, Brain, and Education; v6 n1 , p41-48 ; Feb 2012\nThe design of learning spaces is rightly gaining more and more pedagogical attention, as they influence the learning climate and learning results in multiple ways. General structural characteristics influence the willingness to learn through emotional well-being and a sense of security. Specific structural characteristics influence cognitive processes, from visual and acoustic perceptions, via attention to the model, to processes of comprehension and reflection. Aspects of the design of the learning space also modify the interaction among students and between students and their teacher. Furthermore, the different requirements that have emerged through the development toward a learning society and the explosive increase of available information in our society require changes in the design of learning processes and thus of learning environments. Taking biological needs and neurobiological processes into account when designing learning spaces can provide a beneficial learning environment with regard to mental resources. This article will highlight relevant (neuro)biological fundamentals and try to describe resulting conclusions for the design of learning spaces.\nEnvironmental Studies. The Kids May Be Out of the Classroom for the Summer, but School Design is Definitely in Session.\nThe Architects Newspaper; Jul 09, 2011\nStudies how public and private schools are investing in ultra high-performance buildings that provide better learning environments and teach by example. Includes numerous examples and photographs.\nThe Future of Evidence-Based Design.\nCollege Planning and Management; v14 n5 , p48-50 ; May 2011\nDiscusses how the pairing of data on building performance and on occupant behavior has gained traction in the school building industry.\nLinking Curriculum and Learning to Facilities: Arizona State University's GK-12 Sustainable Schools Program.\nElser, Monica; Pollari, Lynette; Frisk, Erin; Wood, Mark\nEducational Facility Planner; v45 n3 , p7-10 ; 2011\nReviews this university's sustainability curriculum that brings together graduate students, sustainability experts, and high school teachers and students. The involvement with the community, guiding principles, and core elements of the curriculum are described.\nGrading Green Results.\nBuildings; v104 n9 , p60-62,64 ; Sep 2010\nDiscusses three universities' experience with sustainable design. Despite minor issues, all three institutions are saving energy and are pleased as well with the ability to use the building as a teaching tool.\nGreen Roofs and Schools.\nPeck, Steven; Van der Linde, Damon\nGreen Building Pro; Aug 23, 2010\nLists opportunities for instruction that a green roof provides, especially in dense urban neighborhoods. In addition to environmental benefits, a green roof supports plant species, insects, birds, and examples of urban agriculture.\nThe Green Hire.\nAmerican School Board Journal; v197 n4 , p49-51 ; Apr 2010\nDiscusses how to use the school facility to teach sustainability. Special emphasis is placed on how to adapt and change behaviors within existing schools, versus those that were built \"green\" from the outset. Several examples of environmental programs at work within older schools are highlighted.\nGreener Schools, Greater Learning, and the LEED Value.\nJohnson, Priscilla D.; Kritsonis, William Allan\nNational Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research ; v7 n1 , 8p. ; 2010\nDiscusses the various approaches used in green school designs and touches on research that shows the learning and health benefits of these techniques. Explores historical accounts of the learning environment and explains LEED certification.\nReading, Writing, and Retrofits. [School Retrofits Go Green.]\nEdutopia; v5 n6 , p44-46 ; Dec 2009\nProfiles existing schools that are seeking to be more environmentally friendly through retrofitting. Illinois' Bloom High School is featured. The prudence of incremental improvements to existing buildings, funding options, and the education benefits of student participation in the upgrade process are cited.\nGrowing Green Schools.\nEdutopia; v5 n6 , p30-32 ; Dec 2009\nReviews the benefits of \"green\" schools in terms of indoor air quality, thermal comfort, acoustics, cleanability, and energy savings. The nominal costs of building green and the significant increase in student achievement and life cycle costs are also described.\nCampuses as Living Laboratories for the Greener Future.\nSt. Arnaud, Bill; Smarr, Larry; Sheehan, Jerry; DeFanti, Tom\nEDUCAUSE Review; v44 n6 , p14-16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26-28, 30, ; Nov-Dec 2009\nThis article features the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) and the University of California, Irvine (UCI) as examples of the growing efforts of college and university campuses to create more sustainable buildings and to reduce carbon emissions. The authors stress that those who are in higher education have the opportunity to recommit themselves to enabling societal transformation by using each campus \"cities\" as proofs of concept for the green infrastructure revolution.\nGreener Schools Mean Better Health.\nSchool Planning and Management; v48 n10 , p20,22,24,26 ; Oct 2009\nDiscusses how \"green\" schools, in addition to saving energy and generating less pollution, improve occupant health. Reduced absenteeism and improved student performance in green schools are addressed.\nA Design That Teaches Others.\nDesignShare; May 17, 2009\nAdvocates creating school buildings that teach environmental stewardship, emphasizing retention of trees, recycling, and school gardens.\nSchool Planning and Management; v48 n4 , p52,54,56-58 ; Apr 2009\nDiscusses the incorporation of \"green\" design into facilities for special needs students. Daylighting has been shown to be affective against seasonal affective disorder (SAD), good acoustics are particularly important to students with auditory issues, and good indoor air quality is particularly important to children whose health can be easily compromised.\nNew Reasons to Hope. [A New Green Generation.]\nAmerican School Board Journal; v196 n4 , p46,48 ; Apr 2009\nReviews efforts to create \"sustainability natives\" among the digital native students currently enrolled. High performance buildings that also serve as a learning tool are emphasized.TO ORDER: http://www.asbj.com/MainMenuCategory/Archive/2009/April/\nMaking the Change to Sustainability: Building Green Builds a Better Education.\nHoffman, Paul J.\nTechniques: Connecting Education and Careers; v84 n3 , p16-21 ; Apr 2009\nIn addition to healthier students and staff, this describes significant long-term cost savings among the benefits that the recipients of an environmentally friendly educational facility enjoy. Improved test scores, lower absenteeism, better morale, greater community support, stronger teacher retention and a more positive impact on the environment are all additional benefits that school administrators can expect from a sustainable school.\nGoing Green by Thinking Blue.\nSchool Planning and Management; v48 n4 , p38,40-42,44 ; Apr 2009\nDiscusses the use of rainwater as a teaching tool, by creating rain gardens bioswales, permeable pavers, and green roofs at school facilities. Explanations of these four features and advice on how to create them are offered, along with advantages of retaining rainwater onsite and use of native plant species.\nThe Building as the Teacher.\nEducational Facility Planner; v43 n4 , p31,32,34-36 ; 2009\nProfiles Pioneer Middle School in DuPont, Washington. Through collaboration with administration and teachers, the building became a learning tool stressing environmental stewardship. Signage explaining how design reduces the building’s environmental impact, touchscreens that illustrate the buildings utilities usage, and outdoor learning areas are described.\nEco-Friendly Campuses as Teaching Tools.\nErwin, Stephen J.; Kearns, Thomas D.\nNew England Journal of Higher Education; v23 n2 , p31-32 ; Fall 2008\nSustainable design projects offer academic communities the opportunity to make the design and operations of their campuses part of the larger lessons of social and environmental responsibility that are integral parts of higher education.\nTeaching Green. (Green Schools Teach Green Lessons.)\nAmerican School Board Journal; v195 n10 , p26,27 ; Oct 2008\nDiscusses how school building features are being used to teach sustainability within the curriculum. Examples include photovoltaic systems, collection and re-use of stormwater, retention ponds designed to create a wetland, onsite biological treatment of wastewater, and recycling and composting programs.\nSustainable Education Campus in Spain: Nature and Architecture for Training.\nPEB Exchange; 2008/10 ; Jul 2008\nProfiles a Spanish campus for education in sustainability, with campus design and landscaping as participants in the educational program.\nGrounds for Health: The Intersection of Green School Grounds and Health-Promoting Schools.\nBell, Anne C.; Dyment, Janet E.\nEnvironmental Education Research; v14 n1 , p77-90 ; Feb 2008\nDespite the growing body of research on green school grounds, relatively little has been written about their relationship with health promotion, particularly from a holistic health perspective. This paper explores the power and potential of green school grounds to promote health and well-being and to be an integral element of multifaceted, school-based health promotion strategies. Specifically,it brings together recent research to examine green school grounds as places where the interests of educators and children's health advocates can meet, inform and support one another. Highlights the growing body of evidence that green school grounds, as a school setting, can contribute to children's physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being.TO ORDER: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a790536911~db=all~order=page\nWhen the Facility Becomes the Culprit.\nEducational Facility Planner; v42 n4 , p13-16 ; 2008\nDetails health hazards to children in unhealthy school environments and cites the benefits of healthy, high performance schools.\nStudent-Centered Sustainable Design.\nEducational Facility Planner; v42 n4 , p37-39 ; 2008\nDiscusses the prioritization of school sustainable design features that most directly impact occupant health and morale. These include indoor air quality, ventilation, thermal comfort, daylighting, acoustics, physical condition, small learning communities, and connection to community.\nBuilding Green for Better Education.\nEducational Facility Planner; v42 n4 , p17-19 ; 2008\nDiscusses the positive impact of sustainable school building features on learning, attitudes, staff morale, and attendance, illustrated with a profile of Wisconsins LEED Gold certified North Pines High School.\nAmerican School and University; v80 n4 , p22,24,26,28 ; Dec 2007\nDiscusses ten significant reason to embrace sustainable design in school design and construction: to save energy, water, and money; reduce pollution; improve health; provide educational opportunities; use local resources; reuse materials; receive grants and subsidies; and to exhibit leadership and social responsibility.\nGreen Schools Cost a Little More...But Return Much More.\nAmerican School and Hospital Facility; v30 n5 , p10,12,13 ; Sep-Oct 2007\nBriefly reviews the threat that \"non-green\" school buildings might pose to occupants, the cost of green construction versus the savings, green cleaning, and benefits to learning that green buildings may afford.\nGreen Schools Pay Dividends Beyond the Bottom Line.\nLally, Maureen; Garibay, Pat\nSchool Business Affairs; v73 n7 , p20,21 ; Jul 2007\nDescribes the benefits of a healthy school environment to occupant health and academic achievement, as well as the reduced operational costs of a high performance school.\nLittle Green Schoolhouse.\nArchitectural Record; Supplement , p23,24,26 ; Jan 2007\nReviews typical features and benefits of high performance schools, advises on how to get one built, and highlights the benefits gained in return for slightly higher construction costs. A list of links to additional information is included.\nGoing Green: Eco-Friendly Schools. You Can't Ignore the Benefits of Eco-friendly Schools.\nWhelan, Debra Lau\nSchool Library Journal; v53 n9 , p44-48 ; Jan 2007\nDiscusses the benefits of going eco-friendly schools and features Great Seneca Creek Elementary School in Germantown, Maryland. The school's 296,000-square-foot building--which runs on wind and solar power and boasts an irrigation pond--recently earned a silver rating from the U.S. Green Building Council's (USGBC) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System.\nEnvironmental Design and Educational Performance, with Particular Reference to \"Green\" Schools in Hampshire and Essex.\nEdwards, Brian W.\nResearch in Education; v76 , p14-32 ; Nov 2006\nExamines the argument that \"green\" schools enhance educational performance. Having set the context of the relationship between environmentalism and the design of schools in the twentieth century, the article explores the performance of a number of green schools built in the UK between 1980 and 1995. The aim is to discover whether attention to environmental or ecological design produces measurable benefits in terms of learning levels in the classroom and the general performance of the school. The methodology consists of comparing the performance of green schools with that of orthodox schools which share similar characteristics of size, location and socio-economic features, and then relating variables of educational performance to design features. Three initial findings are highlighted: first, the importance of classroom daylight levels to learning; second, the benefits to the school of secondary sun spaces; third, the need for attention to the relationship between ventilation and acoustic control in open-plan solar schools. [Author's abstract]TO ORDER: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/manup/rie/2006/00000076/00000001/art00002\nHigh-Performance Schools Improve Learning.\nSchool Business Affairs; v72 n5 , p18,19 ; May 2006\nDiscusses the attributes and benefits of high performance schools, with particular attention to energy-efficient HVAC systems that deliver comfort, high indoor air quality, and quiet operation at an affordable price.\nA New Kind of Integration: Sustainable Design and Student Learning.\nSchool Business Affairs; v71 n9 , p25-27 ; Oct 2005\nDescribes Elk River Area (Minnesota) School District's positive experience with sustainable design as an influence on school building design and environment, lower life cycle costs, and improved student achievement.\nSchools Seek Formula for High Performance.\nBrooks-Pilling, Tom; Wright, Chris\nBuilding Operating Management; v52 n9 , p23,24,26,28,30 ; Sep 2005\nDiscusses the benefits to education and community of better ventilation, acoustics, sustainable design, and energy savings. Building features from Missouri's Hazelwood School District are provided as examples.\nBuilding Better Schools.\nBuildings; v99 n7 , p60-63 ; Jul 2005\nCites statistics on the condition of America's schools and the benefits of high-performance schools to students, teachers, the environment, the school owner, and the community. The top design considerations of indoor air quality, thermal comfort, lighting, daylighting, and acoustics are discussed and eight online resources are provided.\nCampus Buildings that Teach Lessons.\nCollege Planning and Management; v5 n3 , p14-18 ; Mar 2002\nDescribes how Brown University has begun looking at building design and performance as a shadow curriculum that supports or argues with the principles being taught in a building's classroom. Discusses the energy-efficient design and construction of W. Duncan MacMillan Hall, a building serving the geology, chemistry, and environmental sciences programs.\nBetter Learning in Better Buildings: Sustainable Design of School Facilities Helps Educational Mission\nPacific Northwest Energy Conservation & Renewable Energy Newsletter; Jul 30, 1999\nSchools can better fulfill their educational mission if they design and construct buildings on sustainability principals, including energy efficiency. This is the belief of Bill Dierdorff, the business manager for Oregon's North Clackamas School District, which is planning a new high school featuring natural ventilation, abundant daylighting, extensive resource efficiencies, and other elements of a light environmental footprint.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "According to studies and research what you eat have as enormous effect on your protection against cancer. It is surprising that nutrition and diet is barely taken into account to fight or avoid cancer. People are hesitant to make changes in their diet, they just want to trust the drugs or medicines prescribed.\nThere are foods which can block cancer growth, or force cancer cells todestroy themselves through a process called apoptosis. Cancer fighting foods have the power to eliminate cancer, causing toxins. It is very important to bring these foods on the counter and take advantage of this natural fighter.\n- Pomegranate juice– pomegranate is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, drinking this juice everyday can prevent prostate cancer.\n- Garlic and onions– Diet rich in onions, garlics have a lower risk of several types of cancer. Though the taste of these two super foods is pungent in smell, but they prevent colorectal, laryngeal, ovarian, oesophageal, renalcell cancers. Onion and garlic consumption could be a start for a healthier lifestyle. They are cancer fighting herbs.\n- Broccoli– Broccoli and other vegetables like kale, cabbage contains phytochemicals. when we eat cooked or raw broccoli they produce a protective enzymes (called Sulforaphane). These enzymes in turn, activate the other enzymes produced by our body in the intestine. The compound sulforaphane present in broccoli eliminates harmful toxins from the body reducing the risk of cancer of mouth, oesophagus and stomach.\n- Spinach and other dark green leafy vegetable– spinach is rich in lutein and zeaxanthin, carotenoids (all antioxidants).Other dark green leafy vegetables also contain these antioxidants which prevent cancer of mouth, oesophagus and stomach.Spinach contains glyconutrients which inhibits the growth of cancer cells and tumor. Spinach is good to prevent ovarian cancer, prostate cancer according to new study.\n- Citrus fruits– Fruits high in vitamin C, like oranges, lemons, grape fruits are all antioxidants that helps prevent liver cancer.\n- Strawberries- are high in antioxidants and fibre, they have a cancer preventive phytonutrients flavonoids, polyphenols like ellagic acid and quercetin. Ellagic acid has the potential to prevent cancers of skin, bladder, lung esophagus and breasts.\n- Carrots– carrots contain essential nutrients like Vitamins- A, C,K, folate and choline and minerals- calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium and phosphorous. Carrots also contain carotenoids and polyphenols all these properties in carrot makes it a power house antioxidant that prevents cancer.\n- Tomatoes– Tomatoes consumed along with balanced diet can prevent cancer of breast and prostate.\n- Brazil nuts– Brazil nuts contain antioxidants selenium that protects body cells and prevents bladder, lung and colorectal cancer.\n- Whole grains, cereals, legumes– All these foods contains folic acid, Vitamins, minerals, are rich in fibre which can prevent colon cancer.\nCancer is a tough disease to battle but you can lower the risk by leading a healthy lifestyle.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "7 pages. These are quick, easy and rather inexpensive gifts to make for your students for the first week of school.\n10 pages. Common Core State Standards: RI.K.5,RI.K.6,RI.K.9,RI.K.10,RL.K.2RL.K.3,RL.K.6, RL.K.9, L.K.1d, RI.1.9, RL.1.2, RL.1.3 A variety of fun reading and writing activities to go along with Kevin Henke's Chrysanthemum, that will help reinforce the\n11 pages.Common Core State State Standards: RI.K.5, RI.K6,RI.K.9, RI.K.10, RL.K.2, RL.K3,RL.K.6, RL.K.9, L.K.1d, RI.1.9, RL.1.2, RL.1.3 A variety of fun reading and writing activities to go along with Audrey Penn's The Kissing Hand.\n3 pages. A fun way to find out the feelings of your students on the first day of school. Nice icebreaker. Cute back to school bulletin board poster. Perfect activity after reading The Kissing Hand. This FREEBIES is part of my 102-page Kissing Hand Literacy packet on TpT. Click on the link to pop on over. I know your kiddos will LOVE it! For your convenience, I've included a preview in the FREEBIE here.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sustainable Agriculture Promotes Food Security And A Healthy Lifestyle\nBasseterre, St. Kitts, February 24, 2021 (SKNIS): The Coronavirus pandemic has threatened many aspects of human life, and food security is no exception. Through sustainable agriculture, farmers can provide a constant supply of healthy nutritious food, be it meat or fruits and vegetables for public consumption. This was made evident on ‘Working for You’ on Wednesday, February 24, which focused on the theme, Sustainable Agriculture in Challenging times.\nIan Chapman, Crops Programme Leader in the Department of Agriculture, stated, “A sustainable agricultural support approach to our ministry will ensure and make our food system more productive. The Covid-19 pandemic has challenged our farmers and… to find new ways of creating or improving our nutrition and our market opportunities…we need to transform and re-balance the way food is produced here within the Federation”.\nHe added that the production of local crops and the harvesting of local meats help to eliminate the unhealthy chemicals that are placed on imported food to preserve them until they reach into the consumers’ hand. The availability of locally grown food ensures that there is a healthier supply of food to satisfy the citizens’ needs for food and nutrition, additionally, it reduces the fear that citizens may face about the unavailability of food due to the import-export challenges associated with Covid-19.\nAccording to Mr. Chapman, “we are promoting healthy diets to strengthen our immune system”. Unhealthy eating has far-reaching consequences that surpass the individual and places a strain on the public health system. The panellists agreed that eating healthy helps to minimize the presence of non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension, that are associated with the consumption of unhealthy foods.\nMr. Chapman said that one key initiative by the Department of Agriculture to help promote healthy eating is the “Farmers Agriculture Assistance Programme that will assist farmers in enhancing their productivity”\nFurther support by the Agriculture Department to promote food security and healthy eating as noted by Director Melvin James, focused on preserving the lives of the livestock through the Tick Prevention Programme. He noted that “we were able to make good strides in our Tick Control Programme, in our Pest Surveillance and Disease identification…”\nOver the years, the Tick Prevention Programme which started in 2018 has contributed significantly to the preservation of livestock. Drawing a parallel to demonstrate the effectiveness of the programme, Mr. James stated that the presence of ticks on the animals didn’t just affect the skin of the animals but also their survival. He noted, “We had like 1230 animals that we lost; 308 goats, 290 sheep, and worse, affected cattle, over 600 cattle.” Taking the initiative, the department was able to reduce the presence of ticks on the animals and subsequently the mortality rate, thereby ensuring the security of meat for consumption by locals.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "2015 EYH Workshops\nLight in the Deep Sea\nCome discover patterns in the adaptations of deep sea animals! Learn about the light spectrum, camouflage, and how deep sea organisms use properties of light to help them survive!\nStrawberry DNA Extraction\nAll living things have DNA inside their cells. How do scientists extract the DNA from cells in order to study it? In this workshop, you will get to perform an experiment to extract DNA from strawberries. In just a few simple steps, you will actually see the strands of strawberry DNA appear in the test tube before your very eyes!\nWhy is ketchup so hard to pour?\nEver wonder why ketchup is so hard to pour? In this workshop you will learn why! You will handle a mystery substance that has qualities of both a solid and a liquid (oobleck) and experience the properties of different phases of materials.\nThe Art of Science\nDo you love science AND art, and wonder how they fit together? Welcome to the field of science illustration! In this workshop we’ll cover some history of the intersection between art and science; learn what a professional science illustrator does; and practice our observational drawing skills. We’ll talk about some of the artist-explorers who traveled the world and created drawings and paintings of their discoveries, and discuss how that relates to modern-day illustrators using digital tools to illustrate complex scientific research. Then we’ll spend some time sketching natural objects (flowers, feathers, seashells and the like), practicing the observational skills that are important to scientists and artists alike. All skill levels welcome!\nBuilding Mountains and Oceans - Plate Tectonics\nThe earth is a complex and dynamic system. The continents have been different in the past from how we know them today, and their evolution and movement create the mountains and ocean basins we are familiar with. In this workshop, students will have the opportunity to explore the physical structure of the earth and its plates, simulate their movement, and see how they change the surface of Earth over long periods of time.\nIdentifying Planets: How Astronomers Use Light to Study Astrophysical Objects\nLearn how astronomers study light from distant objects to infer the physical laws of the universe. We'll use arc lamps that contain a single-element gas and, working in groups, you'll make observations of the different elements and determine what elements the spectral signatures correspond to by comparing their observations with a spectral list of several elements. Your job is to work together and decide the elements that correspond with each lamp!\nExploring the World of Dental Health\nJoin us as we present and introduce dental concepts through fun, interactive drills. Identify plaque, learn about oral health, develop dental x-rays and have fun with dental impression materials. Enjoy a brief overview and summary of skills required for the practice of dental hygiene and dental assisting.\nKelp Forest Challenge\nVenture back to 1984, when the Monterey Bay Aquarium planned to display live kelp in its Kelp Forest Exhibit. No aquarium had ever done it before for one simple reason -- they couldn't keep kelp alive in a tank. Put yourself in the shoes of our exhibit designers -- can you engineer a solution that will keep kelp alive in an exhibit tank? Work your way through the engineering process as you try to solve this real engineering challenge!\nAll About the Planets\nIn this workshop, you will learn all about the planets. You will participate in activities that will allow you to envision the distance and size scales of the planets in our Solar System. We will also discuss some of their important characteristics. Lastly, we will go to the Planetarium to view a show about the planets.\nLearn how changes in water temperature and salinity create density currents and circulation patterns in the ocean.\nOcean Acidification: Corals on Acid\nAs the ocean becomes more acidic, corals are suffering. Learn about ocean acidification and how it impacts ocean life. See how the pH of water changes when CO2 bubbles are introduced. Find out how the weight of a coral changes due to dissolution with an acid.\nThe Pulse of the Slough\nCome explore the pulsing tides in the Elkhorn Slough! Learn how to read tide charts and discuss the importance of understanding the tides in the Elkhorn Slough. Learn about the animals that live in the tidal wetlands of the Elkhorn Slough Reserve and most importantly why the health of the Slough is so important to these creatures. Spend time with an Elkhorn Slough Reserve naturalist while you explore not only the tides and water quality factors of the Elkhorn Slough but also other estuaries around the country using a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) data base. Participants will be given a real life weather story, and use what they’ve learned to solve the mystery.\nTurning Pennies into Malachite\nLearn about chemistry by turning a copper penny into the copper carbonate-copper hydroxide complex found in the mineral malachite. Students will learn about oxidation-reduction chemistry by dissolving a penny in acid. Students will then learn about precipitation chemistry by neutralizing the acid with carbonate and hydroxide, yielding the mineral malachite.\nJoin us as we dive into the exciting world of marine science! For this session we will focus on the study of microscopic plankton. You will gain skills in identifying different species of phytoplankton and zooplankton through exploration of a live sample. You'll practice STEM techniques as you calculate the volume of water sampled, make your own slide of plankton, and gain microscopy skills as you catalogue specimens to determine the variety of zooplankton species present. We will end with a brief overview of marine science focuses including engineering, research, and animal husbandry.\nWater for Food: Yesterday's Witches are Today's Wizards\nCome see how a once aspiring poet turned soil scientist, the daughter of an apple grower emerged into an ag economist, and a women’s studies major became an ag educator and all found their passions in Agriculture. We will share the diverse paths we traveled to apply Science, Technology, Engineering and Math to create the wonder of year round strawberries, and protect the soil and water that produce them. Hands on activities including eating strawberries with three cool scientists eager to hear your ideas.\nCurrent Trends and Best Practices in Science Education\nCome learn about how science education is changing in the classroom with the implementation of the Next Generation Science Standards! As one of the 12 teachers on the writing panel, Stephanie Pechan will explain these shifts and provide resources for STEM activities for both at home and in the classroom!\nCollege Life Workshop\nWould you like to find out more about the academic and social lives of young women in college? Then this is the workshop for you. You will have the opportunity to ask college age women questions and will leaving knowing how to better support your daughter.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "“The United States entered into the challenge of space exploration under President Eisenhower’s first term, however, it was the Soviet Union who excelled in those early years,” the letter begins.” Under the bold vision of Presidents Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon, and with the overwhelming approval of the American people, we rapidly closed the gap in the final third of the 20th century, and became the world leader in space exploration. …\n“When President Obama recently released his budget for NASA, he proposed a slight increase in total funding, substantial research and technology development, an extension of the International Space Station operation until 2020, long range planning for a new but undefined heavy lift rocket and significant funding for the development of commercial access to low earth orbit.\n“Although some of these proposals have merit, the accompanying decision to cancel the Constellation program, its Ares 1 and Ares V rockets, and the Orion spacecraft, is devastating.\n“America’s only path to low Earth orbit and the International Space Station will now be subject to an agreement with Russia to purchase space on their Soyuz (at a price of over 50 million dollars per seat with significant increases expected in the near future) until we have the capacity to provide transportation for ourselves. The availability of a commercial transport to orbit as envisioned in the President’s proposal cannot be predicted with any certainty, but is likely to take substantially longer and be more expensive than we would hope.\n“It appears that we will have wasted our current ten plus billion dollar investment in Constellation and, equally importantly, we will have lost the many years required to recreate the equivalent of what we will have discarded.\nFor The United States, the leading space faring nation for nearly half a century, to be without carriage to low Earth orbit and with no human exploration capability to go beyond Earth orbit for an indeterminate time into the future, destines our nation to become one of second or even third rate stature. While the President’s plan envisages humans traveling away from Earth and perhaps toward Mars at some time in the future, the lack of developed rockets and spacecraft will assure that ability will not be available for many years.\nWithout the skill and experience that actual spacecraft operation provides, the USA is far too likely to be on a long downhill slide to mediocrity. America must decide if it wishes to remain a leader in space. If it does, we should institute a program, which will give us the very best chance of achieving that goal.\nCommander, Apollo 11\nCommander, Apollo 13\nCommander, Apollo 17″\nYou know I have to agree here. Hardly anyone is paying attention to what should a hotly debated and covered issue. But it’s a complicated issue, and you know because Tiger Woods and the Jay Leno-Conan O’Brian spat are so deeply important to the country, and who wants to see this boring old policy dispute when we can cut away to a bank robbery in another city for four hours because it draws viewership. Truly a media conglomerate doesn’t give a damn about content really and this is by design. “News” outlets want viewership, and they happen to be manned by celebrity wanna-bees who make Ron Burgundy look like Eric Sevareid.\nBut here is a policy issue that is at best an issue about the character of America for better or worse. Think about the Roman Empire during the Second Punic War. Think about this for a moment, in 215 BC, Hannibal invaded the heart of Rome and crushed one army after another, as had no enemy of Rome ever had up to that moment. Guess what else, he stayed there for over a decade because Rome couldn’t raise an army or come to agreement on the best way to beat him.\nDid that stop Rome from managing its other affairs? No. While Hannibal was plundering the Roman countryside, Roman armies were still quelling insurgencies in Spain, in Gaul, and in North Africa. They were still building Roman structures and roads and ships and they still collected taxes.\nIn other words, Romans did not let the vicissitudes of the day stop them from being Roman. But right now, America is giving ground in an area that has meant more than just national pride; it has meant jobs, and new technologies and safety. Folks, we are three Shuttle missions away from not having the ability to put one of our astronauts on the International Space Station without the help of Russian robot low orbit vehicles launched from Kazakhstan.\nObama has canceled the Moon and Mars programs and the development of heavy lift vehicles like Ares and Orion vehicles. We are standing at the end of our dominance in space for what would be a tiny fraction of our investment in Afghanistan and/or Iraq. For a tiny fraction of what we gave thieving bankers in bonuses we are about to leave ourselves in second place in space.\nAs Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson said, “It’s OK for us to be looking up into the Universe.” I agree. We should see NASA as an investment into flight platforms, jobs, technologies, and the advancement of science and fund it properly. We have already given up so much ground in particle accelerators, in high speed processing, in university science funding.\nBut NASA. Man, this is also a matter of American character. If Rome could survive Hannibal and not lose ground elsewhere, we can at least do that. What is wrong with us that we would not fund an area where we have so much invested already? Do we want empty launch gantries rotting in Florida’s Space Coast the way our steel and textile factories are rotting?\nIt isn’t necessary for us to lose ground like this in space. We’ll make it through health care reform and financial reform and Iraq and Afghanistan and the economic turbulence all right. We will make it. Let’s not make it worse. Let us not lose our vision.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "To create a glowing lamp using Material Emission, follow these steps:\n- Create a new 3D Project. You should start with a basic scene containing a Main Camera and a Directional Light.\n- Import the Unity package lamp.unitypackage containing the 3D lamp model (lamp), as well as a green Texture (lamp_emission).\n- With the 3D model asset lamp selected in the Project panel, in the Inspector, check its Generate Lightmap UVs option, and click on the Apply button to confirm the changes:\n- In the Project panel, select Material m_lamp. Check the Emission option, and then assign Texture lamp_emission to its Emission Color property. Set the ...", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Counterfeit Drugs Task Force February 2004 Update - INTERNATIONAL APPROACH\n1. What FDA sought comment on:\n- Strengthening international cooperation in law enforcement efforts, identifying counterfeit products, using anti-counterfeiting technologies, and educating stakeholders and consumers\n- Whether there should be global standards for packaging of pharmaceuticals and the use of anti-counterfeiting technologies\n2. What the comments said:\nThe comments supported FDA involvement in global efforts to deter and detect counterfeit drugs.\nThe growing global prevalence of counterfeit drugs must be curtailed. The steps described in this report are intended to secure the U.S. domestic drug supply. However, as long as counterfeit drugs exist worldwide, opportunities could arise for counterfeit drugs to find their way into the U.S. Many countries have taken steps to secure their nation's drugs supply, while others struggle because of limited resources, inadequate regulatory infrastructure, or competing national health priorities. The World Health Organization (WHO) has taken the lead to increase worldwide collaboration and to develop strategies to deter and detect counterfeit drugs. There are several international criminal enforcement collaborations, such as the Permanent Forum on International Pharmaceutical Crime and the Interpol Intellectual Property Crimes Action Group. FDA intends to work with WHO and other international organizations to develop and implement worldwide strategies to combat counterfeit drugs.\n4. FDA Conclusions:\n|FDA will collaborate with foreign stakeholders to develop strategies to deter and detect counterfeit drugs globally.|\nBelow is a table showing when certain anti-counterfeiting measures will be available:", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Chunks are simply blocks of plain text or (X)HTML markup that is inserted directly into your page at the location you place the tags.\nTo create a chunk, go to the Manage Resources section and select the Chunks tab. Give the chunk a name and a brief description, then enter the text or HTML code you wish to have included in your document.\nTo use a chunk, put the Evo chunk tags with its name where you want that content to appear:\nChunks are useful for any content or HTML markup that you might want to repeat in different pages or different templates. They are a good way to keep your template code clean and uncluttered with odd bits of content. A common use for a chunk is for footer content. If you place the content in a chunk then put the chunk tags in the footer of your template, even if you have several templates you'll only need to edit your footer content in one place.\nAnother good use for chunks is to provide small templates for snippets that use forms. The WebLogin Snippets uses an optional chunk containing the HTML for the login form if you don't like the default form. The [[Ditto]] and [[Wayfinder]] snippets also use chunks for controlling the layout of the snippet output.\nWhile a chunk cannot itself contain PHP code, it can contain snippets and TVs that do have PHP code.\nSuggest an edit to this page.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Every semester a new firefighter or EMT class begins. Weeks in advance students begin signing up and instructors begin preparing to deliver the best instruction possible. When the big day comes they all converge on the classroom with a common goal, to LEARN.\nThe students want to learn the knowledge and skills necessary to become a firefighter or EMT. The exact same scenario unfolds for any training session, be it a three-hour continuing education (CE) session or a 12-hour weekend seminar.\nMerriam-Webster defines the verb, “training” as: a process by which someone is taught the skills … for an art, profession, or job and the noun, “training” as the skill, knowledge, or experience acquired by one that trains. Similarly, Merriam-Webster defines the verb “learn” as: to gain [acquire] knowledge or skill … and the noun “learning” as: the activity or process of gaining knowledge or skill. These definitions, when simplified and combined could say that training is “the process by which someone acquires a skill or knowledge” and learning is the actual “knowledge or skill” acquired by the students. Therein lies the core and essence of education: the acquiring of knowledge or skills.\nA well designed educational session has clearly defined a goal, objectives to meet that goal, and can show learner mastery of the objectives in outcomes. The goal is an abstract statement about what should happen as a result of the training session. Objectives are statements that describe the expected knowledge, skills, competencies or attitudes the learners will acquire in measurable terms. Outcomes are the actual knowledge, skills, competencies, or attitudes acquired through the training session.\nTherefore, if the purpose of education is to acquire knowledge or skills — goals and objectives — then an educator/trainer is responsible for certifying that the student/learner has actually acquired (outcomes) the knowledge or skills. They accomplish this by measuring learner outcomes with assessments that “evaluate, measure, and document learning [and] skill acquisition.” (Educational Reform) Thereby proving that the individual has achieved the goal by meeting the objectives. Notice, not once have we mentioned anything regarding time; in class, on task, in review or otherwise.\nThe amount of time necessary to achieve the defined outcomes is truly an individual variable. “Recommended” hours are assigned to EMT and fire courses based on an average time for the instructor to effectively deliver a multimodal educational session addressing the different types of learners — visual, auditory, kinesthetic. But what if the learners were able to identify their preferred learning style and remove the time used teaching to other styles? Some learners are already doing this and have been for years. Remember that guy who regularly slept, daydreamed, or was always texting through class but somehow managed to score well on all the assessments? He figured out how he best acquired the knowledge and skills and would “turn off” when a teaching modality was not conducive to his style.\nHow long did it take you to complete your certification? Yes the class met for a certain number of hours, but how long did you actually spend in class? Did you miss any sessions? Were you engaged and paying attention the entire time you were in class? What about homework, reading and study time? That is above and beyond the number of hours you were scheduled in class. Did you have to review anything a second or maybe even a third or fourth time before you finally understood it? I personally took three different 12 lead interpretation classes, including classes from Bob Page, Tim Phalen, and local cardiology experts before I was finally able to understand it while colleagues took right to it after one class. Does that make me three times the EKG paramedic? Is someone twice the EMT because he or she took an EMT class a second time? Of course not, as a matter of fact, the question itself seems kind of silly right? The amount of time spent in the educational process does not directly or accurately reflect the amount of knowledge or skills acquired yet we are still mandating hours not outcomes.\nMost certifications/licenses still have continuing education requirements based on hours, not outcomes. Most educational institutions still require EMTs and paramedics to complete 96 hours of CE every four years, Refresher courses are set at 48 hours, firefighters have to keep 36 hours of CE every year to maintain death benefits. Each firefighter certification class has a defined minimum and maximum number of hours. Some EMS programs require paramedic students to obtain (NCOEMS recommended minimum) 200 hours of clinical time and then say they are ready to be paramedics. Apparently 200 hours of ride time is sufficient for everyone to achieve entry-level competency. Dave Page wrote an article, “The Quest for Competence,” on this very thing. Take some time to read it if you haven’t.\nThink about it in terms of continuing education and the needs of each individual. For example, Janie is a paramedic that works for a cardiac transport team and obtains countless cardiac and airway educational sessions annually. However, it has been three years since she completed any CE on or even responded to any type of trauma. Zack is a paramedic in a neighboring county that teaches ITLS several times a year. However, he seldom responds to cardiac calls and is self-described as “rusty at best” with reading 12 Lead ECGs.\nUnder most CE models, Zack and Janie are expected to complete the same number of hours in each topic, even if they are experts in one particular area, they still must show hours for the area. Under a competency-based program, Zack and Janie would each have CE customized to their specific needs. Training officers or even adaptive testing could identify objective competencies and weaknesses followed by an educational plan to remediate the individual. Zack may need to review four specific objectives in cardiology while Janie needs to review all of the objectives in trauma.\nHow do we know that Zack and Janie have mastered the outcomes? This is determined through valid and reliable assessment. Whether it is a psychomotor assessment — practical skill station — or cognitive assessment, John Q. EMT or Suzie firefighter’s outcomes are proven by their performance on the assessments.\nAssessments come in many forms, most commonly multiple choice tests and practical skill station tests. Other methods of assessment include the use of matching questions, multiple answer, and short answer, essay, written papers, projects, group work and even oral interviews/boards. The assessment, if properly designed, will assess and document the learner’s mastery of the objectives and achievement of the course goal.\nA properly designed assessment will be valid and reliable. Where reliability simply means that the assessment will yield consistent results and validity means the assessment actually measures the objectives for which it was written. The assessment can then be defended when saying the learner has mastered the necessary outcomes.\nIn order to better understand outcomes, objectives, and assessments, let’s take a quick look at how an educational topic (course) is built. Let’s assume we wanted to build a certification course for wood splitting. (Disclaimer/Note: For the purpose of this article, we are going to skip through the learner analysis phase and move into the design and development of the material.) We have formed a working group of the state’s experts in wood splitting. They meet and discuss their craft and identify a list of essential skills and knowledge for the Wood Splitter Apprentice (WSA) certification. This list is then converted into measurable objectives written by an instructional designer. Once the objectives exist, a subject matter expert and instructional designer work together to create an educational outline. They finish up by writing multiple assessments including a final exam and skill station test. Let’s take a quick look at the objectives and then the assessment of those objectives. Notice how each objective can easily be measured to document the outcomes.\nAt the end of this course the learner will be able to:\n1.1 Differentiate hard wood and soft wood.\n2.1 Define seasoned wood.\n3.1 Identify the appropriate length for pre-split logs.\n4.1 Given an axe, the learner will be able to split seasoned hardwood.\n5.1 Given a wedge and sledgehammer, the learner will be able to free a stuck axe from an unseasoned log.\n1. You are working at the site when a customer approaches you and says, “…can you tell me the difference in hard wood and other types of wood?” what would you say? (Write your response in the area provided below)\n2. In your own words, how would you define “seasoned wood?” (Write your response in the area provided below)\n3. Which of the following lengths of logs are appropriate for seasoning before being split?\nThe practical skill component would have a detailed skill evaluation sheet for each skill station that evaluates the learner’s ability to perform the skills listed in the outcome. The learner would be brought into the practical station and evaluated by a trainer while completing the station.\nTake a quick look at the hypothetical course we just designed. Do you notice how everything is built around the objectives? Look at how the assessments are very similar to the objectives and are easily tied to them to show outcomes. This is the exact same way any firefighter or EMT course is designed. A goal is set, objectives are identified, the material is created, and assessments are built. Sometimes everything comes in one package while others allow the educator flexibility in building the material and assessments.\nNotice I have not mentioned anything about the delivery method — traditional, online, hybrid, flipped etc. Why? Because we are talking about a course, irrespective of the delivery method, the design of the course is always the same: Write the objectives, design the course, build the assessments, launch the course and evaluate it.\nWhere We Are Now\nNCOEMS lists all of their hours for initial programs as “Recommended” and not “required” allowing for institutional and individual variance. Additionally, years ago (circa 2007) NCOEMS removed the mandatory 96 hours of CE in favor of a more competency/need base approach leaving the credentialing requirements up to each individual institution — most of which continue requiring 96 hours. System based CE has fallen away from that strictly defined 96-hour model and replaced it with need based CE as identified by the local QA/QI process.\nThe National Registry of EMTs (NREMT) adopted a competency-based model several years back by allowing credentialing through testing. Rather than keeping track of and filling out their convoluted recertification packet, a Nationally Registered Paramedic can take the written test and be done with recertification. Why is this an option? Because it is reliable and effectively mapped to the paramedic objectives, the written test is valid. The NREMT is in effect saying that the person taking the test has a level of competency (entry level) worthy of credential.\nAccredited colleges and universities all over the world allow “credit through testing.” College Level Examination Program (CLEP) programs are in place allowing students to receive college level credit by taking an assessment. The assessment is a comprehensive assessment of the course objectives similar to a final exam. This is basically a method of acknowledging the learner’s current knowledge and skills regardless of how they were obtained. The learner that successfully passes the assessment then receives college credit for the course, just as if he/she took an entire semester of it.\nWhere We Can Go\nOutcome/Competency-based programs and assessments could dramatically shorten the time it takes for some learners while lengthening time for others. One particular educational model would use outcome-based assessments to create a customized educational program while giving the learner credit for current knowledge.\nInitial courses would have the learner begin the program by taking the comprehensive assessment for each topic until he can’t pass one. He would then be directed to the training module for that section. After completing and passing the assessment, he picks back up with the assessments until another weakness is identified. (See Figure “Outcome Based Flow Chart.”) This method would effectively allow the learner to “test out” of certain topics while being directed to complete others. This could work well for those firefighters with years of experience but lacking time to complete official courses or nurses wanting to become paramedics and vice-versa.\nContinuing Education could identify individual weaknesses and direct learners to spend their energy improving those weaknesses instead of allowing them to continue weakening. Thereby improving the overall readiness of the responders and safety of their districts.\nAt the end of the day, does someone stuck inside a burning building or pinned in a mangled car really care how long the firefighter or EMT spent in class? Or is it more important that they have the knowledge necessary and are able to safely perform the tasks to mitigate the situation? They care about the outcome, not how long it takes to achieve it. Why then are we so entranced with the seat-time and not focusing on the outcomes?\nReferences for this article are available upon request at firstname.lastname@example.org.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Muscular Dystrophy Community Assistance, Research, and Education Amendments (MD-CARE Act) of 2001 (Public Law 107-84) aimed to expand and intensify research on muscular dystrophies (MDs). The Act included language directing the NIH to establish centers of excellence for research on these diseases. The Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Centers (MDCRC) program was later named in honor of Senator Paul D. Wellstone, a champion of MD research, as the Paul D. Wellstone MDCRCs.\nThe goal of the Wellstone MDCRCs is to foster the translation of new scientific findings and technological developments into novel treatments for the MDs. The MDCRCs promote basic, translational, and clinical research and provide important resources that can be used by the national muscle biology and neuromuscular research communities.\nThe six U.S. Centers are funded through the U54 mechanism by the NICHD's Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Branch (IDDB); the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. The NICHD currently funds two Centers. In addition to funding the two MDCRCs through the U54 mechanism, the NICHD supports research and training on MD through several other mechanisms.\nEach MDCRC serves as a focal point for research collaborations in the MD field and provides training and advice about MD for basic and clinical researchers. The Centers also engage MD patients and patient advocates in educational programs.\nCenters include one or more scientific research resource cores that support the specific MDCRC projects and serve as a resource for the international MD research community. Current NICHD-funded cores that serve the research community include:\n- Cell Core. Among its activities, this core maintains a tissue bank of samples from facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) patients. Through collaboration with partners, this core also stores and immortalizes cells, including myoblasts and lymphocytes, from FSHD patients.\n- Immunology Core. This core provides access to assays for measuring immune responses in patients with Duchenne MD (DMD) who are receiving gene therapy and other therapies to increase their dystrophin protein levels.\n- Histopathology Core. This core's activities include analysis of muscle tissues from DMD patients, measurement of immune responses of DMD patients, and analysis of immune responses to gene therapy in an animal model.\nThe MDCRCs study several types of MDs, including (but not limited to):\n- Becker MD\n- Myotonic dystrophy\n- Limb-girdle MD\n- Congenital MD\nResearchers at the Wellstone MDCRCs engage in a variety of research activities to advance promising approaches for the treatment of MDs, including:\n- Therapeutic target identification, characterization, and validation\n- Development of diagnostics and biomarkers to characterize or stratify patient populations\n- In vitro assay development\n- Animal model development\n- Candidate therapeutic efficacy screening\n- Preclinical therapeutic optimization and U.S. Food and Drug Administration-required activities leading to an investigational new drug application\n- Clinical research infrastructure\n- Patient-oriented natural history studies\n- Clinical outcome measure validation\n- Cohort characterization and other studies in support of clinical trials\n- Early stage clinical trials\n- University of Massachusetts Medical Center*\n- Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital* (RINCH)\n- University of Iowa\n- University of Washington\n- University of Pennsylvania\n- University of Rochester\n* Funded by NICHD", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A new analysis of data from the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory (GEM) study suggests that the herbal dietary supplement Ginkgo biloba does not reduce the risk of most cancer types in older adults. Previous research suggested ginkgo might have anti-cancer properties, and this study investigated that possibility in the largest randomized, placebo-controlled trial of ginkgo to date. The findings were published in the journal Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety.\nThe parent study, supported in part by NCCAM, involved 3,069 participants at least 75 years old who were randomly assigned to take 120 mg of a carefully standardized ginkgo product or a placebo twice daily for 6 years. Using hospital admission and discharge records, the researchers observed 310 cancer hospitalizations among the participants—148 in the placebo group and 162 in the ginkgo group. The rate of cancer overall was similar between the two groups; however, compared with the placebo group, breast and colon cancers were increased among participants receiving ginkgo, while prostate cancer was reduced. Although these results were statistically significant, the researchers noted that the study's small number of cancer cases should be taken into account when interpreting their findings for ginkgo and specific kinds of cancer.\nIn addition, the scientists also point out that their research does not rule out the possibility that use of ginkgo starting at a younger age, or with a longer follow-up period might decrease cancer occurrence.\nPrevious results of the GEM study showed that ginkgo had no effect on dementia and that it did not prevent heart attack, stroke, or death, but may reduce the risk of developing peripheral arterial disease.\nBiggs ML, Sorkin BC, Nahin RL, et al. Ginkgo biloba and risk of cancer: secondary analysis of the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory (GEM) Study. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety.;19(7):694–698.2010", "label": "No"}
{"text": "And while the coordinated efforts of the world’s governments are resulting in the hole slowly beginning to dissipate, no such agreements are on hand to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\nThe ozone hole has altered temperature and rainfall patterns across parts of New Zealand and Australia since beginning to form in the 1970s.\nBut the effects of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse pollution have already begun to overpower the healing process of the ozone hole, according to a new study.\nThe Australian Research Council’s Center of Excellence for Climate says that greenhouse gasses are now altering the climate with far greater force, and will for a much longer time than the ozone hole.\n“Unfortunately, carbon dioxide resides in the atmosphere for many hundreds or perhaps thousands of years, unlike CFCs that decline over just decades,” said the center’s leading climate expert Matthew England.\nPhoto: Ozone Hole Watch", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In The Hobbit, what name does Bilbo give his sword and why?\n3 Answers | Add Yours\nBilbo names his sword \"Sting\", after he uses it to kill the giant spider. He does this by himself in Mirkwood, and in doing so frees himself and his friends from the spider. This leaves him feeling much more sure of himself and his abilities. Sting is really a large dagger, rather than a sword, but as Hobbits are small it makes an effective sword for him. When he returns to the Shire, Sting hangs over Bilbo's mantelpiece, until Bilbo gives Sting to Frodo to assist him in destroying the One Ring.\nOk Orcs have nothing to do with why Bilbo named it Sting, and while it is of Elven make it's not made of Mithril as only the Dwarves worked with Mithril. Sting is named wholly because of Bilbo's encounter with the spiders\n\"Somehow the killing of the giant spider, all alone by himself in the dark without the help of the wizard or the dwarves or of anyone else, made a great difference to Mr. Baggins. He felt a different person, and much fiercer and bolder in spite of an empty stomach, as he wiped his sword on the grass and put it back into its sheath.\"\n\"I will give you a name,\" he said to it, \"and I shall call you Sting.\"\nBilbo names his sword sting because it is made by elves from \"Mithrail Silver\". The sword glows blue when Orcs are present. Bilbo figures that the sword will give the Orcs a sting because it is really not much more than a dirk compared to the larger swords that the others in the traveling party bring with them. However, Bilbo is able to free the dwarves from the spidres by using Sting to cut the webs.\nHe is careful with Sting and later passes it on to Frodo in another book.\nJoin to answer this question\nJoin a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In the sphere of art and political science, we regularly encountered sexism at all levels of the educational process. These fields of study are, of course, embedded in the historical context that traditionally excludes women from public production. At the same time, we are – and have been since the beginning – fully aware of our experiences not being unique, but woven into a complex pattern of specific problems with which women have to deal. We are attempting to solve this issue. The omnipresent disadvantaging of women, be it in education or beyond, prompted us to form a feminist group. Hence the commencement of the Fourth Wave, an independent feminist project started by three friends. We decided to use Facebook as the medium for our activities. Our main goals are to subvert the gender stereotypes ingrained in our society, and to expand public awareness of feminist topics by creating and sharing short videos.\nThe footage itself consists of several short stories related to female students receiving sexist remarks from their teachers, including teachers evaluating students based on their gender.\nThe first viral video that brought us into the public eye describes just how present is sexism in several Czech art universities. The footage itself consists of several short stories related to female students receiving sexist remarks from their teachers, including teachers evaluating students based on their gender. More than 140,000 Facebook users viewed the video, with many other females sharing their own stories as a result. Therefore, although it originally focused only on art schools, it quickly became apparent that these were the same issues troubling students who are studying in technical fields, the humanities, and science programs.\nAfter the video went public, we often faced criticism for exaggerating the issue and creating pseudo-problems because the displayed behaviour, appalling as it was, only showed a few “black sheep” who needed to be called out and sentenced. What these responses showed us, however, was the unwillingness to consider this problem as a structural issue based on the rigid hierarchy of power and deep-rooted sexist thinking. We offered our viewers the stories of art school students because two members of the Fourth Wave group are artists, but we are all too aware of the fact this structural problem is in no way endemic only to the sphere of art: sexism and gender discrimination are present at every level of education and permeates throughout our entire society.\nThe confrontation with a sexist environment and paternalistic hierarchy in the highest echelons of education is are just a consequence of the unfairly constructed rules upon which our society operates.\nCurrently, there are more women than men studying at Czech universities. Education would then appear to be the simplest means of emancipation because it brings a perspective for transcending the social hierarchy as an individual. But in reality, gender inequality accompanies us throughout the entire process of education up to adulthood. Research indicates that the self-image of girls takes a negative turn upon entering school: even six-year old girls start to doubt their own intelligence despite never having displayed such attitudes when they were five. The confrontation with a sexist environment and paternalistic hierarchy in the highest echelons of education – which we sketched in the video – is just a consequence of the unfairly constructed rules upon which our society operates.\nIn the Czech context, the topic of gender equality resonates to an extent, but the discussion is made more complicated by the fact that the word “feminism” became more of an insult after 1989. Under communist rule, there was no mention of feminism in public space, and it was perceived in a negative way even by the majority of Czech dissidents. The regime that called itself communist promised freedom for women – and so the purposeful perversion of the International Women’s Day and the rhetoric of emancipation turned into a sad caricature of a backwards regime and its violent severance of the “natural” roles of man and woman in society. Mass amounts of women’s organizations working under the umbrella of a non-democratic state managed to poison ideas on cooperation and collectivity so much that, in the spirit of ongoing anticommunism and constant opposition to an almost 30-year regime, we still feel the negative connotation of these words. What is more, after 1989, the individuals who became spokespeople for feminism became, essentially, anti-feminists. The emigrants fresh back from their exile, among them the writers Josef Škvorecký and Oto Ulč, came to spread the news of the danger and aggression presented by feminism. Feminists were portrayed as hysterical, unattractive, and unsuccessful women who hated men. Describing oneself as a feminist in the first half of the nineties meant a series of curses followed you.\nWe do not want to repeat the many mistakes of Western feminism, usually focused exclusively on middle class, straight, white women.\nWe believe today’s feminism must be able to include as many people as possible across the social strata. We do not want to repeat the many mistakes of Western feminism, usually focused exclusively on middle class, straight, white women. There is a large minority of Romani in the Czech Republic who are being brought up in a segregated education system, which results in the majority of them not being able to achieve high school or university levels of education. This practice, started by the communist regime, continues and shows no signs of changing even now, 28 years after the transition to democracy. We need to finally face the question of how exactly our education system is inclusive when even the most prestigious schools discriminate against certain groups of students (as seen in our video). Is education really accessible to the socially disadvantaged? How would a Romani student feel in an environment this competitive and authoritative? The Fourth Wave considers it equally unacceptable to bully women and men, be it because they are gay or part of an ethnic minority – or for any other reason.\nA large amount of people view weakness as an individual problem rather than as a result of an unequal treatment by society, a society in which the dominant view is that equal approach is something that a person must win for themselves. We often face the idea that if the students who shared their experiences for the video were strong enough, they would manage to stand up to the teacher’s behaviour, the argument being that if we ever want to succeed in our work we need to be able to stomach harsh criticism. And we agree that criticism, even harsh, is necessary – but a professor telling his students that “only a woman could have painted shit like this” is not criticism. It is bullying and does not help anyone, in addition to unacceptable at any level of education.\nNo one asked for our opinion on anything before traditionally ingrained hierarchies were called into question.\nWhile it would be premature to draw conclusions from the responses to one video, we can already see some changes that followed its publishing. There are the reactions of art schools themselves; all the institutions directly mentioned in the video were at least partially present in the discussion, be it on a virtual or personal level. Two meetings with the management of the institutions in question took place, one of them taking the form of a cooperation to look for possible anti-discrimination measures. It is, however, rather characteristic that we became equal partners for discussion only following the social pressure we created; no one asked for our opinion on anything before traditionally ingrained hierarchies were called into question.\nThere are plenty of topics we want to process in our videos, such as: homeless women; sexism in the workplace; motherhood and fatherhood; and unequal education for girls. As members of the Fourth Wave, we take part in the rapidly growing feminist activist platform that today consists of around ten independent groups. We participate in organizing demonstrations and events. We are included in regular meetings of (so-called) feminist institutions that aim to give name to specific issues of gender inequality in institutional structures, to formulate an ethical codex to assist in changing such an environment, and in finding solutions to these problems. It is fundamentally important to us that we are a part of a broader feminist movement capable of encompassing not only the breadth of the problems, but also the diversity of their solutions.\nThe authors are students and members of the Fourth Wave initiative.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "View : 150 Download: 0\n- Balanced Reading\n- Issue Date\n- 외국어교육특수대학원 TESOL학과\n- 이화여자대학교 외국어교육특수대학원\n- Candice A. MacDonald\n- Balanced Reading is a portfolio that aims to guide a well-balanced literacy curriculum for young EFL learners. The created textbook is specifically designed to combine Intensive Reading (IR) and Extensive Reading (ER) to create a well-rounded reading experience to learners.\nImproving reading skills occurs through reading vast numbers of various books. Currently in Korea, reading instructions in English classes focus heavily on interpreting short passages or dialogues from textbooks and answering related comprehension questions. In addition, IR classes are mainly concerned with learning vocabulary and grammar because improving test skills is the mandate of Korean education (Yoon, 2014). In such a learning environment, Korean students lack opportunities to read various authentic books and have only limited chances to practice and improve their reading skills and strategies. Balanced Reading is designed to address this issue and attempts to make reading a fun and enjoyable experience while developing literacy skills through various activities.\n- ☞ 이 논문은 저자가 원문공개에 동의하지 않은 논문으로, 도서관 내에서만 열람이 가능하며, 인쇄 및 저장은 불가합니다.\n- Show the fulltext\n- Appears in Collections:\n- 외국어교육특수대학원 > TESOL학과 > Theses_Master\n- Files in This Item:\nThere are no files associated with this item.\n- RIS (EndNote)\n- XLS (Excel)\nItems in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "There are many ways to group or classify trees.\nWe can group them by size.\nSize and age are two ways you could group these trees. Biologists and botanists classify and group by looking at other things, too. Let's take a look!\nWhere are the seeds???\nEvergreen and Deciduous\nThere are many ways to group trees. So what groups do REAL TREES fit into??? Good question!\nREAL TREES have cones. That makes them both gymnosperms and conifers. They have needles instead of broad-leaves and they are evergreen! Whew!!!\nNow you know!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Functional and logical languages have their basis in mathematics, a science far more adept at modeling static systems than dynamic ones. Heeg contends that these kinds of languages lack the ability to model time, and must undergo awkward machinations to allow the systems built with them to change through time (this seems similar to the pain one experiences when modeling time in relational databases an area of research also steeped in mathematics). He likens traditional, functional languages to a pair of polarizing lenses, in which the model for real-world phenomena are first separated into their constituent states and processes, programmed, compiled, and (re)linked by a linker to create the program. By contrast, object-oriented languages make it much easier to build dynamic systems, because they map concepts much more directly into software. There is a one-to-one mapping between the model (Class) and the phenomena being modelled. Instead of \"programming,\" you simply \"model.\"\nThe grandaddy of the object-oriented world, Smalltalk has fascinated developers since it appeared on the programming scene. I was inducted in 1988, having succeeded in creating a small visual mapping application in about two weeks (my previous feats had included programs marginally more complex than those of the\n\"10 print 'hello'; 20 goto 10\" variety). I was hooked. Though I'd just graduated from Biology, I signed up for a four-year compsci degree at Carleton University, a hotbed for Smalltalk education at the time.\nThat Smalltalk is an object-oriented language, however, doesn't really explain why it might be a better choice than other OO languages like C# or Java, and if so superior, why it has been supplanted by them as a language of choice for the enterprise in the last 10 years. This is the essence of the Smalltalk Paradox.\nHeeg had some good answers for the first question. He began with solid material: a quote from the Goldberg/Robson Smalltalk bible:\n\"Smalltalk is based on a small number of concepts, but defined by unusual terminology. Due to the uniformity with which the object-message orientation is carried out in the system, there are very few new programming concepts to learn in order to understand Smalltalk...These concepts are presented by defining the five words...that make up the vocabulary of Smalltalk object, message, class, instance, and method. These five words are defined in terms of each other, so it is almost as though the reader must know everything before knowing anything.\"\nGoldberg and Robson, Smalltalk-80: The Language and its Implementation, 1983.\nIn other words, the internal consistency of the language is at once beautiful and somewhat unsettling. As such, developers may find the concepts difficult to relate it to something else they already know.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Once in a while you have seen those happy looking flowers that just make you smile, as they sway in the soft breeze that comes with a summer afternoon.\nHave you ever wondered if they can survive the winter?\nMost Annual varieties of sunflowers cannot survive the cold let alone tolerate it.\nThey need a certain pH level in the soil, 6-7 in alkalinity, and a temperature of not less than 55 degrees Fahrenheit.\nThe variety and size of sunflowers depends largely on the type and spacing between the plants as they grow. For larger ones it’s best to support them by staking otherwise they may break under the weight of the head.\nLet now find out exactly what happens to sunflowers during winter amongst other things you can do to help your sunflower grow.\nDo Sunflowers Survive the Winter?\nFrost and sunflowers don’t mix at all. It is best for you to plant them between April and May, just after the last fall. These flowers require lots of sun and they also need to be protected from strong winds.\nYou should make sure the alkalinity of the soil is at pH level of 6-7.5. You should also space out the plants at 30 feet to allow them adequate sunlight. Failure to do so and you might have plants competing for sunlight, causing them to grow tall prematurely; leading to poorly formed stems that bulk under the weight of the sizable heads.\nSome varieties of sunflowers can come with different petal colors, sizes and growth patterns.\nThe bottom line here is that if you want your sunflowers to grow well, you may need to reconsider growing them in the winter.\nThese have to be replanted not unless a seed is fallen from it then may grow and mature on its own. This takes, on average, at least one year. The spacing for seed planting should be at 4 and 6 inches apart with the hole depth of 1 foot. Annual variety of sunflowers can be planted with other varieties depending on the size of your garden. You can have them in containers, a notable type called the ‘ Music Box,’ is commonly grown in a container.\nOther larger types like the ‘ Russian Giant,’ can grow upwards of 10 feet tall and they have a head diameter of 12 inches.\nDiscover the Perennial\nThe root system is highly tuberous and sometimes it is considered a meal in some cultures. This variety is tall, bushy and has quite a number of heads on several stems clumped together. The Jerusalem artichoke is a good example of a perennial sunflower.\nYou should be careful when planting perennial sunflowers because they have a tendency to invade the space you plant them in.\nSo it is advisable that you get rid of any unwanted roots or tubers to avoid them growing continuously or without planning.\nPerennial sunflowers are quite hardy with some like the Beach Sunflower having a hardiness of 8b according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture.\nThe sweetness of the tubers is determined by the length of time they stay underground\nYou should only harvest after the first frost has passed.\nTo protect your sunflowers from frost you can add mulch on top of the foliage as it is still growing. This acts as an insulator against the unpredictable temperatures of the winter weather.\nSunflowers are most vulnerable to frost at the pollination stage in their cycle. Any temperature below 30 degrees Fahrenheit can be catastrophic. Unopened buds are, however, less affected than the opened flower heads.\nWhen hard/ tough frosts occured, it is only the seed in the middle of head- inflorescence- that gets damaged. This is due to the fact\nthat it is the last to be pollinated.\nFor the commercial seed farmers you would be expected to take a Quality Reduction in Value on every plant, insurance policy in the event that frost comes early before your plants have reached physiological maturity.\nGrowing sunflowers indoors\nNow that we have seen the challenges that can be faced when we grow sunflowers in winter, how about we explore the way to grow them in a relatively controlled environment.\nYou would want to go for a smaller sized variety like the Teddy Bear sunflower which has, at maturity, a height of roughly 5 feet and a head diameter of 6 inches. This is the ideal indoor sunflower plant for your living space.\nFor your indoor sunflower plant, you need a large container or pot, preferably one which has drainage holes. You will also need an earth saucer made of blasted/ baked clay, a watering can, some cloth strips to attach the stakes onto the stalk for support and finally the stakes.\nAs a plant that needs 6 hours of direct sun, artificial sunlight bulbs will be adequate for this venture. You can have a technician install them for you, just to make sure you get your setup right. You should put the fluorescent full spectrum lights on this.\nIn addition to avoiding stagnant water in your potting arrangements, a good potting mix will take care of that common indoor plant problem for you.\nAlways drain out the water in the on the earth saucer, and you should avoid watering the foliage. Keep your soil moist, not drenched in water. You should aim to water your plant at the very least, every 20 or so days before and after flowering.\nOnly use water soluble plant fertilizer following the instructions given to you by the agrovet. If you overdo it, you will have huge foliage but little flowers.\nAs a fibrous plant this dwarf variety of sunflowers is best kept away from wind because its roots don’t dig deep. You should try to keep it away from extreme winds.\nRegularly add compost to the soil for additional nutrients and where you see the petals are to be pinched off, do it so that your plant looks good.\nYou can also mix a cluster of potted sunflowers just to add a colorful mixture to your indoor experience. But when you choose to use a single variety, make sure you leave room for it to grow; they do grow really fast!\nHere’s a list of some indoor sunflower:\n- Wide bloom\n- Potted floral cluster\n- Dazzling bloom\n- Beautiful bouquet addition\nThe above named sunflowers are easy to maintain and add to the aesthetic value of your living space.\nManaging your gardening tools\nIt goes without saying that your garden is as clean as the tools used to keep it that way. Have you ever considered that perhaps all the diseases and pests ravaging your sunflower garden are as a result of your poorly maintained gardening tools?\nWell let us see why:\n- Cross contamination can be a serious issue for your sunflower garden. When you use your tools on other diseased plants and reuse the same on your sunflowers you risk killing the whole lot by contamination.\n- Unsterilized tools can harbour malignant fungicides that will prey on your sunflowers at whim. A simple alcohol rub, not bleach, will resolve this issue without corroding your tools.\nThese two factors can severely cause harm to your garden and or sunflower farm if you don’t keep them in check. And in addition to the above remedies, you can regularly dispose of old worn out tools in a proper manner.\nBy doing this you reduce the chances of pests finding refuge amidst the clutter only to pounce on your plants when you are not aware.\nDealing with dead sunflowers\nSo then in the event that a few plants unfortunately, were unlucky and died what do you do with them? You pull them out and burn them away from the healthy ones. Do not make the mistake of using diseased dead plants as compost. This will only spread the disease to the other healthy plants.\nReviving a dying sunflower\nAt the core of every gardener is the thought of how best to nurture and see the reward for your efforts. Sometimes, it doesn’t work out as planned. Wilting, stunted growth, petals dropping off- it can be overwhelming!\nHowever, if you want to know what to do at this stage, read on.\nAs with all plants, when they are unhealthy they will tell you by how they look. When you notice any signs give attention immediately so that you may enjoy the whole cycle of your sunflowers season. Here are some tips for you:\n- Water it regularly more than before. Be careful not to drench it.\n- Recompost or boost it with a soluble water based fertilizer.\n- Give it more sunlight where possible.\nThese tips should help you revive your sunflowers back to good health in no time.\nWeather conditions are of great importance to the vitality and growth of any plant. Whether the plant be a hybrid or not, the environment it needs to thrive in is what will determine its value and versatility.\nSunflowers can grow in harsh areas but a little goes a long way in setting up your own garden for you to experience it every year.\nThe next time winter is around the corner, you now know how to take care of your sunflower.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Skip to Content\nHome > Wellness > Health Library > Food Allergies: Names for Common Allergens\nFood labels tell you what ingredients are in a food. Look for the name of your allergen in the ingredient list, such as buttermilk if you are allergic to milk. You may see an unusual name such as \"lecithin\" followed by the common name (soy). Also look for a \"contains\" statement, such as \"Contains Wheat, Milk, and Soy.\"\nThe following table provides terms you may\nsee on a food label for common allergens and foods that may contain the\nMarch 23, 2011\nSarah Marshall, MD - Family Medicine & Rohit K Katial, MD - Allergy and Immunology\nHow this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.\nTo learn more visit Healthwise.org\n© 1995-2013 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.\nOur interactive Decision Points guide you through making key health decisions by combining medical information with your personal information.\nYou'll find Decision Points to help you answer questions about:\nGet started learning more about your health!\nOur Interactive Tools can help you make smart decisions for a healthier life. You'll find personal calculators and tools for health and fitness, lifestyle checkups, and pregnancy.\nFeeling under the weather?\nUse our interactive symptom checker to evaluate your symptoms and determine appropriate action or treatment.\nGenesis HealthCare System | 1-800-322-4762", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Editor’s Note: Catherine Franssen is a professor of psychology and director of neurostudies at Longwood University. The opinions expressed in this commentary are her own.\nAs I sit here in my home office surrounded by shopping bags and Amazon boxes, not quite sure of what’s here and fairly confident that I haven’t actually bought gifts for everyone on my list, I wonder how it all went awry. I’m a neuroscientist who has a pretty good understanding of the tricks that retailers play to get us to spend money, and yet I’m just as susceptible as everyone else! Why do our brains fall for these tricks and why do we overspend during the holidays?\nRetailers have been inventing new gimmicks to get you into their stores and purchasing their wares since there have been items to purchase. Even as we find new strategies to resist, neuroscientists are employed at marketing agencies across the country to best figure out what is going through a consumer’s brain at each point in the decision process. Here’s how they do it:\nConsumers get sucked into overspending due to a phenomenon that economists call “loss aversion.” Fear is a primary motivator in our purchasing decisions. We have a fear of missing the really good deal or having to pay more for the same thing and lose money.\nOur brains have something called the amygdala, which is our emotional and primary fear center. Normally, the prefrontal cortex controls our emotional reactions to things, and keeps us from acting irrationally by calming down our fears. But an advertiser can distract your prefrontal cortex just by displaying flashy deal signs, encouraging it to do math on how much money you might save now by buying more of something you don’t actually need yet. Like an overworked parent of a toddler, it begins to weaken its resolve and the emotional toddler — or amygdala — begins to drive the decision process.\nIt took my husband nine months to replace our dishwasher because he was frozen in decision-making limbo, afraid that as soon as he purchased one, a better deal would appear. This is the same motivator that gets us to Walmart at 6 p.m. on Thanksgiving Day or to Best Buy at 4 a.m. on Black Friday. While this fear might help my husband save money on the dishwasher purchase, that same amygdala-prefrontal cortex war might also cause him to purchase an unnecessary toolset at Lowe’s while he’s there because it’s such a good deal. Many stores stock items at much higher prices and then discount them to draw your attention to the “sale” or “deal.” I know I’ve fallen for this one. I eagerly snap up these deals and pat myself on the back for being smart, but then notice the exact same item regularly priced even lower at another store.\nNostalgia, that wistful affection for past events, is a particularly strong influencer during the holiday season, and it’s shaped by emotion.\nEmotion — whether good or bad — enhances the formation of memories, recruiting more parts of the brain. Typical long-term memories are formed with specific links between the hippocampus and cortex, but emotional content will bring the amygdala into the circuit, and may change the neurotransmitters involved in the memory. All of this will intensify and enhance the memory. So hearing a nephew singing a carol, for instance, might rekindle a cascade of memories associated with that particular song in a much more powerful way than hearing that same nephew sing another song. These kinds of memories are triggered even more easily by sensory inputs (smells, tastes, lighting effects, etc.).\nThis might be why we are often greeted by a sensory onslaught everywhere we go this month.\nNostalgia, even for times or events that weren’t perfect, can trigger the pleasure pathways. Our nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental areas in the brain begin releasing dopamine, which gives us the rewarding feelings of pleasure. Thus, we find ourselves purchasing that box of candy that a now-deceased relative used to favor, picking up an extra decoration that might remind our loved ones of a favorite shared movie, or spending extra on spices that rekindle a childhood aroma.\nAnytime the reward pathways get involved in decision-making, they can go haywire and be exploited. In this way, nostalgia can almost become addictive. This might be why your mother just can’t stop hanging the stockings or baking the same cookies each year. Her brain is searching for the “high” it associates with this time of year.\nWherever you purchase gifts, there are social influences on what you buy. There’s an interesting economic phenomenon called value attribution, where we imbue objects or people with qualities based on our perceived values rather than on objective data.\nFor example, people enjoy a play more if the tickets cost more, and will return to see more shows than people given a discount. If something costs less, we judge it as inferior.\nA great example of this is when The Washington Post dressed up one of the most famous violinists of all time as a street musician and watched people stroll by without noticing. Because they hadn’t paid for the performance, those walking by didn’t value the incredible music they were hearing.\nMore from Perspectives\nWe essentially trick ourselves into thinking that if we pay a premium for something, it must be better. So instead of buying a generic insulated tumbler, we buy the official YETI brand. Same goes for pajamas — are we buying them at a discount store or at Victoria’s Secret? The holidays are a time when we are especially conditioned to pay more for the label because we’re buying gifts. Receiving a brand-name gift sends the message that “this person has spent more on me, so they must value me more.” Those messages get processed largely in the emotional centers of our brains.\nIt makes sense. Our brains are searching for an anchor. If two things seem pretty much the same, how do I know which to choose? Which features do I pay attention to? Humans have survived as a social species, and we have to rely on each other. So when our brains are trying to make decisions, one of the shortcuts is to assume that if a lot of other people prefer something (and higher cost is often a predictor of that), then there must be a reason.\nMuch of our holiday spending is driven by spontaneous purchases. Plan ahead, resist the temptation to purchase in the moment, make notes for comparison shopping, and if the deal is actually good, then it will hold up to scrutiny and you’ll feel good about your purchases later. Before you blow your budget this season, remember that your brain might be fooling you into that next purchase.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "To someone living in the Earth’s Northern Hemisphere, ice loss in Antarctica may seem like a distant area of concern.\nNot true, says Andrew Shepherd.\nShepherd, a professor of Earth observation at the University of Leeds in the United Kingdom, recently led a group of 80 researchers stationed across the planet to collect data, observations and insights into the ice loss of the Antarctic Ice Sheet.\nThe team’s findings, which were recently published in the journal Nature, show that as much as 200 billion tons of ice are being lost from Antarctica each year — a much larger number than originally thought by the scientific community. In fact, the rate of melting has tripled over the past decade, according to the new findings.\n“This particular story affects those of us that live in the Northern Hemisphere a little bit more,” says Shepherd.\nThat’s because ice loss in the Southern Hemisphere causes sea levels to rise in the north, due to Earth’s gravitational pull.\nAn easier way to visualize 200 billion tons of ice, Shepherd says, is to think about an extra level of water that is 0.6 millimeters thick — adding a significant portion of the most recent assessment of 3.4 millimeters in ocean rise per year.\n“In context, it used to be a much smaller proportion and the contribution is on the rise, and that's the thing that's of most concern,” Shepherd says.\nWhereas Antarctica’s eastern side — the largest part of the land mass by far —remains isolated from the Earth’s oceans, the same cannot be said for the western side, the site of most of the continent’s ice loss.\n“The ocean surrounds west Antarctica, and the ocean is already above freezing — that's why it's wet — and so you can deliver heat quite effectively through the oceans if you change their temperature,” Shepherd says. “And we think that all the ice loss — well, we know all the ice loss — is happening in west Antarctica, and we think it's due to the ocean being too warm there.”\nShepherd says it was long thought that the band of water around the tip of South America that connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans — known as the Drake Passage — would not allow heat changes in other parts of the world to be transmitted through it, given the very active current traveling around. Now, that is no longer the case.\nShepherd and other scientists first started to make observations and collect data on these areas about five years ago. He admits they underestimated how much ice loss would take place during that time frame.\n“We need to be thinking about an extra 20 or so centimeters of sea level rise in the Northern Hemisphere if the continent of Antarctica continues to follow the trajectory that it is actually on now,” Shepherd says. “And that will be a number of significance to urban planners. It may not sound a lot to people at home, but it will affect the frequency with which coastal areas flood today.”\nGathering from many sources\nTo collect the data, Shepherd and his team — which included scientists from NASA — relied upon nearly a dozen satellites that have been operating in space since the early 1990s. Using devices known as altimeters, the satellites were able to measure Antarctica’s height — and get detailed data on changes that have taken place over time. In addition, the team was able to monitor the rate of glacier flow using a variety of tools, ranging from high-tech equipment to photographs taken from space through the satellites. One of the pieces of equipment is a sensor that can measure the Earth’s gravity field.\n“Believe it or not, changes in the ice loading on planet Earth at the poles do affect the microgravity that the satellites sense in space,” Shepherd says “And so we can use those measurements as well to calculate how much ice is changing.”\nFor their study, Shepherd and his colleagues also monitored Greenland, a massive country near the North Pole that began experiencing significant ice loss as early as 30 years ago. Given that Greenland sits a considerable distance from the North Pole compared to Antarctica’s immediate relationship with the South Pole, it is quite common to see much of the ice loss through melting. In the summer, Shepherd says, Greenland can reach up to 20 degrees Celsius (68 degrees Fahrenheit) with regularity — a trend that has been take place for at least 20 years.\nThe narrative was always different for Antarctica, though, in the scientific community.\n“We were all very surprised. We didn't expect Antarctica to jump up there in terms of its ice losses and start to rival Greenland, but that's happened,” Shepherd says. \"And part of the reason that we're reporting Antarctica now is because it's an important piece of information, such a high profile piece of information, we think that people need to be aware about it.”\nAlthough the findings from the recent report may add to a collective sense of apocalyptic-like pessimism, Shepherd prefers to look at the situation with a different perspective.\n“Doing nothing is the threat and knowing nothing is the threat. Knowing something is definitely not a threat,” Shepherd says. “Knowing something is being prepared for action, and I've been very pleased about the impact that this work has had. People are interested to learn about it and I hope that that means that people have listened and heard the message, and the politicians who are ultimately responsible for changing the course of our futures will act on that.\n“So, I don't see it as a bad news story. I think it's really good news that we're able to tell people that they need to be concerned — because we can act.”", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Public records laws are in place to ensure that the public has access to all forms of government and how they operate. However, these laws vary quite a bit and can be confusing, especially if you are trying to locate public records.\nWhat is the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)?\nThe federal government enacted a law in 1967 called the Freedom of Information Act. It protects citizens’ rights to request access to records from any federal government agency. However, there are also nine exemptions to the rule. When requesting public records from a government agency, regardless of the purpose, you will need to know what those exemptions are.\nDirectly from FOIA.gov, here are the nine exceptions.\n- #1 - Protects information that is properly classified under criteria established by an Executive Order to be kept secret in the interest of national defense or foreign policy.\n- #2 - Protects information related solely to the internal personnel rules and practices of an agency.\n- #3 - Protects information specifically exempted from disclosure by another statute, if that statute either: (1) requires that the matters be withheld from the public in such a manner as to leave no discretion on the issue; or (2) establishes particular criteria for withholding or refers to particular types of matters to be withheld.\n- #4 - Protects trade secrets and commercial or financial information that is obtained from outside the government and that is privileged or confidential.\n- #5 - Protects certain records exchanged within or between agencies that are normally privileged in the civil discovery context, such as records protected by the deliberative process privilege (provided the records are less than 25 years old), attorney work-product privilege, or attorney client privilege.\n- #6 - Protects information about individuals in personnel and medical files and similar files when the disclosure of that information would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.\n- #7 - Protects records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes, but only to the extent that the production of such law enforcement records or information:\n- * (A) could reasonably be expected to interfere with enforcement proceedings;\n- * (B) would deprive a person of a right to a fair trial or an impartial adjudication;\n- * (C) could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy;\n- * (D) could reasonably be expected to disclose the identity of a confidential source, including a state, local, or foreign agency or authority or any private institution which furnished information on a confidential basis. In the case of a record or information compiled by a criminal law enforcement authority in the course of a criminal investigation or by an agency conducting a lawful national security intelligence investigation, it also protects information furnished by the confidential source;\n- * (E) would disclose techniques and procedures for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions, or would disclose guidelines for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably be expected to risk circumvention of the law;\n- * (F) could reasonably be expected to endanger the life or physical safety of any individual.\n- #8 - Protects information contained in or related to examination, operating, or condition reports prepared by, on behalf of, or for the use of, an agency responsible for the regulation or supervision of financial institutions.\n- #9 - Protects geological and geophysical information and data, including maps, concerning wells.”\nWho Oversees Public Records Law?\nThe U.S. Office of Information Policy at the Department of Justice provides guidance to government agencies so they can comply easily with public records law. They are also responsible for encouraging all government agencies to comply and to do so openly. In an effort of transparency, agencies are expected to do their best to provide as much information as possible while also protecting citizens’ privacy and security.\nObtaining Public Records from Government Sources\nMost government agencies have a designated person who handles public records requests. They may have you fill out a form, and sometimes you have to pay a small fee for copies.\nUnfortunately, though, you may have to visit different offices to get all the public records you want. There is no central authority where you can visit one location and retrieve them all. In some cases, you might see them online but rarely will you find everything you want, provided easily from all forms of government.\nObtaining Public Records from Other Sources\nVisiting dozens of government offices to retrieve paperwork is not the most efficient way. A better option is to use a third-party, public records search tool like InfoTracer to access millions of records at once about anyone. Using a single search, you can retrieve criminal records, arrests, warrants, court records, social media feeds, marriages, divorces, birth records, death records, address lookups, bankruptcy and asset searches, police records, VIN information, and more.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Special Education Needs in Modern Foreign Languages How do we ensure all children can access MFL lessons?\nModern foreign language lessons are differentiated in a variety of ways. We ensure that we vary our teaching styles to suit the children in the class through visual aids, hands on learning, auditory clips as well as discussion and simplification of language where needed. By giving students additional supportive tools they are able to learn at their own pace. Use of repetition in order for students with processing needs are able to hear the language and pronunciation several times in order to learn the vocabulary. Overlays can be used for using already prepared resources to enable to students learning to progress.\nHow does MFL at Milton Park Prepare children with Special Educational Needs for the future?\nMFL aids the development of SEND students in a variety of ways. They can refine their socialisation skills through active play with their peers. Students with SEND enjoy modern foreign languages, whether exploring areas of the curriculum or learning about the cultural aspect, this may encourage them to improve their literacy. Verbal communication or verbal practice can aid language development as well as communication by using a repetition or parrot method to embed the phonetic sounds of the language. Teamwork and leadership skills are developed and improved through active French lessons. Self-esteem, confidence and morale can be increased and boosted when a child takes part in group discussions and able to communicate within the new language taught. Fine Motor skills are used with written work to develop their understanding and their inquisitive minds in the written French language. Through encouragement, learners will develop resilience when unsure of unknown sounds, words and punctuation. Within the curriculum we teach there are cross links with DT, History, Geography and maths. These subjects are just a few examples of the crossover and how it allows the students to continue to develop their knowledge through another intriguing way.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In literature, king arthur's character is unique and ever changing, taking on a different face some literary work depicts arthur as an ideal christian hero and as among god's elect one is an epic hero who is flawless and can do no wrong. The fulfilment of god's plan is a theme developed further in the new testament thus, after considering the definition of a literary hero tamar is the resulting mixed blood line suggests that this line of judah will be far from flawless. Define the types of heroes in literature, including tragic hero, epic hero, everyman hero, classical hero & anti hero there are many hero archetype examples to explore anagnorisis, when the hero makes a critical discovery nemesis, fate .\nHome / literature / fences / characters / troy maxson character analysis some critics even place maxson on the same level as classical tragic heroes like for one thing, like every tragic hero, troy has a clear-cut case of hamartia. Master of fine arts) and their perceived objects of study ('literature' v american literary production, and any convincing interpretation of the literary in its calm profusion of characters and plots, its flawless carpet of fine. The siddhartha characters covered include: siddhartha, vasudeva, govinda, kamala, gotama, read an in-depth analysis of siddhartha vasudeva is spiritually and socially flawless, and he ferries true seekers of wisdom to enlightenment 10 romantic moves in literature that are actually creepy af in real life.\nIn other words, it is not easy to apply the classical definition of “a tragic hero” to a “modern tragic as bigsby suggests, the central theme of the twentieth-century american drama is willy is not “flawless” in his actions, which makes him a. This essay discusses the differences between the epic heroes and heroes of morton w bloomfield surmises that the original hero in early literature was probably the study of the nature and cause of this change, then, is critical to the heroes who reconcile the flawed hero and the flawless saint in the. Considered a tragic hero a tragic hero holds a position of power and prestige, chooses his course of acti character analysis okonkwo bookmark this page.\nA mary sue (sometimes just sue), in literary criticism and particularly in she's simply one of the only flawless characters in the series under this definition, no character in harry potter can be a mary sue, because the. Most literature students are introduced to literary theory and is a legend of rivalry, a rivalry between the characters ichabod crane and brom van brunt persists in viewing daisy as superhuman: flawless, timeless, and “deathless” as. Free essay: beowulf and sir gawain – true heroes heroes come in many forms great stories of english literature, do not disappoint the readers and present us with grendel, the structure, imagery, and theme in the excerpts from beowulf ( lines 744-71) otherwise flawless hero inevitably becomes their achilles heel.\nIntroduced me to critical discourse analysis, the theory that changed between being sampled in beyoncé's song flawless and receiving a keywords: critical discourse analysis, multimodal discourse, nigerian literature, celebrity your african characters may include naked warriors, loyal servants,. Classical psychoanalysis and literature 34 projecting the reader: a reader‑ response analysis of the great gatsby 190 questions for further ior of literary characters because literary characters are not real people and, therefore, do ners, and his flawless grooming accentuate his youth and innocence finally, his. American literature course syllabi at prominent colleges and universities (corse theme, a judgment of edna's character, assessments of chopin's literary style this reviewer believed that because the “sins and weaknesses [of the hero- and force” (book news monthly 1899) “rare skill” (boston herald 1899) “flawless. Shakespeare's characters remain eternal representatives of what any good follows that these villains so often end up controlling our interpretation of the text suggests in all literature rivals iago as a flawless conception, who requires no .\nTo present an interpretation of the narrative that places it in direct relation having a grasp on the synopsis and being familiar with the characters is essential for convincing them that communism is naturally flawless and a. Great in macrocosm, the novel is also flawless in microcosm a house in trinidad mr biswas subverts heroic convention: he is smart and funny, but also often petulant, mr biswas himself nurtures the dream of literature the meaning of beige tights: they show what the windsors will do to meghan. To begin writing this textual analysis, i read the “university of dayton's mission narrow my focus to single cit principle with a clear interpretation, support my claims with geiser, lauren n (2016) flawed heroes, flawless villain, line by line: a creative writing commons, english language and literature commons,.\nCharacters within the netflix series orange is the new black (oitnb) this thesis begins with a literature review on the topic of the media, interpretation of the generation of meaning, processes of significance, and affect in relation to perfect wedding as a flawless bride, but as the series unfolds she ends up. A narrative-critical analysis of the clothing of the character of jesus overview of literature concerning the jesus clothing passages in mark is narrative-critical analyses tend to focus on such elements as the characters, plots , hester's understanding of the garment, while not entirely flawless, does offer great. Point to the lasting viability of marxist literary criticism, which continues to appeal to many as a ~hreat ~f it did not promote party ideology, literature was linked to the philo- and its heroes-it was apparent that marxism provided a new way ofreading and un- theory, plays flawless chopin, was once a cheerle~der, and. Another way to look at a literary analysis is to consider a piece of literature from allegory - narrative form in which the characters are representative of some.Download", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Brazil: Current Environmental, Social and Political Challenges19. 5. 2015 Autor: Kateřina Březinová The Brazilian rainforest presents a globally important biodiversity hotspot. Besides rich biodiversity, the forest harbours also some remaining American Indian tribes with a traditional way of living. Nevertheless, the total area of Amazonia has been reduced significantly in the last decades, as various interests, such as extractive industries, hydroenergetic project, agricultural enterprises and others are advancing into the ecologically sensitive area.\nThe expert debate of the Iberoamerican centre (IAC) of Metropolitan University Prague counted with two distinguished speakers:\nDr. Ticiano Costa Jordão, The International Sustainability Observatory (CRUSUS), Vice-president of the Czech-Brazilian Chamber of Commerce and Dr. Jiří Moravec, Assistant Professor (J. E. Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, MUP)\nMost important aspects of the debate are summerized in the documents attached. Also, read Forbes Magazine article on Belo Monte Dam at http://www.forbes.com.\nBrazilian Amazonia: Global, National, or American Indians Heritage – Jiří Moravec, Ph.D.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Vegan Orthorexia: Everything You Need to Know\nVegan Orthorexia: Everything You Need to KnowIf you are vegan or plant-based, chances are you’re into nutrition. Surely, you’ve heard the words “clean”, “detox”, or “cleanse”. The society we live in gives value to thinness, discipline, and fitness. The rise of miracle cure-alls, fad diets, and superfoods is leading us to become food perfectionists. It seems that everyone is on a gluten-free, paleo, or dairy-free diet – whatever it is. This has all been normalized. In a perfect world, the rise in veganism comes from a place of compassion for animals and a personal responsibility towards sustainability. But in truth, for some, veganism is also being used as a mask for disordered eating. Orthorexia is more prevalent than ever. Orthorexia includes perfectionism related to food quality, irrational guilt for eating “bad” foods and an overall unrealistic dietary pattern that is deeply linked to personal self-esteem and self-worth. Let’s talk about orthorexia and veganism.\nWhat is orthorexia?\nOrthorexia is a distinct pattern of disordered eating characterized by a fixation on “healthy” eating.\nAlthough not an official psychiatric diagnosis in the DSM-5, it is a real condition that many people struggle with. It is legitimate, valid, and worthy of psychological and nutritional counselling.\nOrthorexia may or may not coincide with a preoccupation with body weight and is not identifiable from a physical examination alone. Orthorexia is caused by many overlapping factors.\nOrthorexia can include behaviors like tracking macros, or any form of food manipulation or elimination to achieve the “perfect diet”. Orthorexia makes someone completely food obsessed.\nFor some, following a vegan diet can be a manifestation of orthorexia.\nOrthorexia symptoms and warning signs\nSome orthorexia symptoms include :\n- Compulsive checking of nutritional labels\n- Cutting out an increasing number of food groups\n- Unusual interest in the health of what others are eating\n- Obsessive following of food blogs on social media\nDo you see yourself in any of these? If so, you might be experiencing vegan orthorexia.\nDoes veganism promote orthorexia?\nResearch has shown that orthorexia and veganism are indeed linked.\nResearch from John Hopkins University shows that many women with disordered eating use veganism, vegetarianism, or other “largely named lifestyles or diets” as a socially acceptable way to hide vegan orthorexia.\nThis Washington Post article explains that “Orthorexia… is a disorder distinct from anorexia or bulimia. It’s not the diet that’s the problem — it’s the obsession that accompanies it. And unlike most other eating disorders, the orthorexic’s objective isn’t weight loss. It’s purity.” Orthorexia and veganism may be linked due to a vegan person’s desire to manipulate and control the food they eat.\nA 2017 study done by a group of scientists in Poland showed that 68% of the women with eating disorders who were currently or had ever been vegetarian or vegan believed their avoidance of meat was related to their disorder. About half said they became vegetarian to lose weight.\nNow let me be clear: none of this is saying that veganism – or any diet – causes orthorexia, nor does it say that a person who uses these diets has an eating disorder.\nThe disordered eating lies in the motivation for using the diets. People with vegan orthorexia are found to utilize the diet as a tool for enabling their disorder in socially acceptable means.\nThis means veganism is not orthorexia alone, but that eating disorders use veganism to further the agenda because they eliminate food.\nI’d like to note, however, that people who utilize veganism for cultural or religious reasons are not at a greater risk for an eating disorder. This is a different story.\nTreatment for orthorexia\nIf you crave perfection and exert obsessive control over the food you eat, know that you are not alone. Vegan orthorexia is all too common.\nYou should also know that as a vegan dietitian, I believe you can recover from an eating disorder and continue being vegan. In fact, you can eat in whatever way you want, as long as that eating pattern is not the sole manifestation of your eating disorder.\nAll in all, you need to reflect deeply and honestly about your reasons for following a vegan diet. If you are doing so exclusively for the animals, then you can certainly fully recover from vegan orthorexia on a plant-based diet.\nBut if your veganism is intertwined with some desire to lose weight, change your appearance, and exude control over your life, I suggest you consider putting veganism on the back burner during your recovery.\nThere is no easy answer to this complex question – you need to do the work and reflect on your values. It’s totally okay to prioritize yourself and put yourself first in this challenging time.\nSeek out professional support\nThe earlier you get treatment for orthorexia, the earlier you can reach recovery. It’s important to know the warning signs of vegan orthorexia and to seek help as early as possible.\nA dietitian specialized in vegan eating disorder recovery can help demystify nutrition myths that would otherwise be entangled in your recovery from vegan orthorexia.\nThey can also help you explore your experiences around hunger, fullness, metabolism, feared foods, nutrition messages, body image, and more while guiding you along a healthy journey in regard to veganism.\nThey can also help you honestly assess your motivations for following a vegan diet and can work with you to personalize your recovery.\nFor some, letting go of veganism will open them up to not only a less restrictive diet, but also to a less restrictive lifestyle. For others who are vegan out of purely ethical reasons, recovery might be totally separate from veganism.\nA registered dietitian can help you make this distinction.\nRecovery is possible and seeking an eating disorder treatment is a step in the right direction. Trust me when I say I know the obsession of eating healthy can be debilitating. An eating disorder nutritionist will help improve your relationship with food and support you along the way.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "'Screen Time' Is Risk Factor For Low Bone Density In Teenage Boys\nMost parents don't consider that their teenagers are at risk for osteoporosis; teens certainly don't think about it. But with teens spending more time with their screens - computer, notepad, TV, and smart phone - than in athletic activities, researchers are starting to look into how these sedentary habits are affecting teen development - particularly their bone development. The findings are not encouraging....\nThe results of a Norwegian study of bone fitness levels of more than 1,000 teenage boys and girls, ages 15 to 18, were presented at this year's meeting of the World Congress of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis, and Musculoskeletal Diseases on April 4, 2014. The boys (484) and girls (463) had participated in a 'Fit Futures' study in 2010 - 2011 that assessed more than 90 percent of first year high school students in the Tromsø region of Norway.\nAs part of the assessment, bone mineral density (BMD) was measured for each child at the hip and femoral neck, and total body body mass index (BMI) was also measured. Lifestyle questionnaires and interviews provided data about the number of leisure hours spent in front of computer screens and TV; diet, physical activity, and other lifestyle information was also compiled.\nResults showed that boys spent more time in front of a screen than girls. In both boys and girls, higher sedentary time correlated with a lower BMD and a higher BMI, as one would expect. However, in boys the negative effects on BMD were much higher than in girls; in fact, girls who spent 4-6 hours in front of a computer a day had higher BMD than boys who spent only 1.5 hours of screen time a day. This was not explained by other lifestyle factors which were factored out.\nThis study is very significant for young persons, because full skeletal maturity is reached in one's teens and peak mone mass - one's maximum strength and size - is reached in early adulthood; a sedentary lifestyle at such an early age can have a significant effect on one's ability to reach his physical potential. Perhaps more importantly, as this study shows, more men will be susceptible to fractures and to osteoporosis at an earlier age. Currently, osteoporosis is more common in women, particularly after menopause.\nLow awareness of osteoporosis and bone health among men has prompted the International Osteoporosis Foundation to focus on osteoporosis in men during this year's World Congress.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Scientists have discovered a supersized version of Earth that could host life on a distant galaxy.\nThe planet, named K2-18b, has been dubbed a rocky “super earth” that orbits a sun-like star.\nAnd it’s positioned in a solar sweet spot — making it possible to host life-giving liquid water.\nResearchers at the University of Texas and the University of Montreal revealed the stunning findings, that could signal a perfect habitat for alien life. The research will be published in the journal Astronomy And Astrophysics.\nK2-18b even has a neighboring sister planet, the cleverly named K2-18c, but is unlikely to host life because it’s slightly closer to its sun.\nLead author Ryan Cloutier said, “Being able to measure the mass and density of K2-18b was tremendous, but to discover a new exoplanet was lucky and equally exciting.”\nBut while the planets may already be teeming with otherworldly creatures, we will probably never know for certain.\nThey orbit a red dwarf star 111 lightyears away — or 625,000,000,000,000,000 miles away — in the Leo constellation.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Geoff Chappell, Software Analyst\nThe RtlGetNtVersionNumbers function gets Windows version numbers directly from NTDLL.\nVOID RtlGetNtVersionNumbers ( DWORD *MajorVersion, DWORD *MinorVersion, DWORD *BuildNumber);\nThe optional MajorVersion and MinorVersion arguments each give the address of a variable that is to receive the corresponding part of the Windows version number. Each can be NULL if the corresponding part is not wanted.\nThe optional BuildNumber argument gives the address of a variable that is to receive a number that describes the build. This too can be NULL if the number is not wanted. The low 16 bits are the build number as commonly understood. The high four bits of the number distinguish free and checked builds.\nThe RtlGetNtVersionNumbers function is exported by name from NTDLL in version 5.1 and higher.\nThe RtlGetNtVersionNumbers function is not documented. While Microsoft’s names for the function’s arguments are not known, this article uses inventions.\nThis very simple function simply sets each of the given variables with the corresponding number directly from NTDLL’s own data or code. In this sense, the version numbers produced by RtlGetNtVersionNumbers are the true Windows version numbers.\nThe immediate contrast is with the version numbers that are held in the PEB as the OSMajorVersion, OSMinorVersion and OSBuildNumber members in version 4.0 and higher. Historically, these are the version numbers that are reported by the NTDLL export RtlGetVersion and the older KERNEL32 (and nowadays KERNELBASE) exports GetVersion and GetVersionEx. They still are the starting point for what these functions report. But even though they are set into the PEB by the kernel when creating the process, they never have been reliably the kernel’s version numbers and—like everything else in the PEB—they are anyway susceptible to being changed by arbitrary user-mode software, whether by design or for mischief.\nMicrosoft’s only known use of the RtlGetNtVersionNumbers function is for the MSVCRT.DLL that is distributed with Windows. Possibly every C and C++ programmer for Windows has at some time thought to use the Visual Studio compiler’s /MD switch so that routines from the C Run-Time Library (CRT) will be imported dynamically from a DLL instead of being statically linked (and adding bloat to the binary). All but a handful will at least once have been surprised that their (significantly smaller) binary doesn’t run on some other Windows computers. The cause, of the program’s failure, not of the programmer’s surprise, is that Visual Studio will ordinarily have built the binary to import not from an MSVCRT.DLL that you can count on to be present but from a numbered variant that is specific to the Visual Studio version and whose run-time presence you can’t count on unless you install it with your binary as some sort of prerequisite extra.\nHow this does not prompt howls of protest from programmers, I don’t know. Microsoft’s own low-level user-mode code imports from an MSVCRT.DLL that is distributed with Windows. Microsoft’s kits for low-level programming, e.g., the Windows Driver Kit (WDK), often have included an import library MSVCRT.LIB to link with for importing from whatever system-supplied MSVCRT.DLL is present wherever the linked binary runs. But how programmers get their binaries to use the system-supplied MSVCRT is not this note’s interest.\nThe problem for a system-supplied MSVCRT is that it may be specific to the system version that it’s supplied with yet its determination of this version depends on what process it happens to be loaded into. That processes can be lied to about the Windows version they’re running on, usually but not always to help them over some incompatibility, has a very long history. While it may be a useful facility for dealing with applications, it must be more than an occasional problem for all programmers who write DLLs for general use in arbitrary processes. Quite why the problem applies to MSVCRT so much more than to others that MSVCRT needs the special help of an undocumented NTDLL function is not known, but pretty much the first thing that the system-supplied MSVCRT does is to call RtlGetNtVersionNumbers so that it can decline its initialisation if it is not running on the expected system version.\nOnly the naive would be surprised that the CRT source code, which Microsoft publishes with Visual Studio, does not show the _CRTDLL_INIT routine’s use of the RtlGetNtVersionNumbers function. The closest that this use of the function brought Microsoft to disclosing it is that for many years, up to and including Visual Studio 2010, the source code did have a typedef for the otherwise unreferenced name NTVERSION_INFO_FNC as a pointer to the function.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Volume: 843 January 24, 2022\nFREE Printable versions of THE BIBLE VIEW (including large print and church bulletin inserts) are available at https://www.openthoumineeyes.com/\nAre you reading the Bible every day? Learn something taught in a KJV chapter from a included short commentary, read the chapter and more spiritual “meat.” Have the Daily View Devotion e-mailed to you. Sign-up at https://lp.constantcontactpages.com/su/a26cc9M to start receiving it.\nIf Eve Had Said, “NO!”\nGenesis 3:1-19 tells the well-known story of Eve and Adam’s disobeying God. Because of this first sin, humanity has been plagued with iniquity and its consequences. One wrong decision changed all mankind and the Earth. Sin has a terrible price tag. No one gets away from its costly wages.\nWhat happened when Eve disobeyed:\n- She thought God was not right. The fruit did taste good, and they did not die — right away.\n- Adam and Eve had to be clothed. Innocent animals lost their lives so that the couple’s nakedness was covered.\n- Adam and Eve could not have fellowship with God anymore. The one-on-one conversations with the Creator in the Garden ceased.\n- Eve, and all women after her, have had pain in childbirth. Women would not have that experience if sin did not enter the human race.\n- The ground was cursed. Now, there are weeds that overcome most crops. Before God cursed the land, there were none.\n- Work would not have been as hard. There would have been no sweat in hard labor.\n- Physical death entered into our lives.\n- All people now commit sin\nWhat happened when King David sinned:\n- King David’s wrong decision started with his staying home from battle.\n- He did not obey God by going to war. He tarried.\n- He looked at a bathing woman. His peeping led to adultery between him and Bathsheba.\n- David conceived a child out of wedlock with her.\n- The King deceived Uriah, his faithful soldier and husband of Bathsheba.\n- David was involved in Uriah’s death.\n- David and Bathsheba’s baby died.\n- David’s sons were disobedient, and some died early deaths.\nOther great men and women sinned and “paid” its terrible consequences:\n- If Samson had not sinned, he would not have lost his strength, sight, and position to judge Israel.\n- If the people of Israel had not sinned, they would not have been attacked by serpents, faced starvation, and would have been allowed to see the Promised Land.\n- If Moses had spoken to the rock as God commanded him, he would have entered the Promised Land.\n- If Herod had not boasted, he would not have been eaten by worms.\n- If Aaron and Miriam had not talked about Moses, Miriam would not have had leprosy.\n- If Jonah had obeyed God, he would not have ended up in the belly of a whale.\n- If Haman had not been bitter against Mordecai, he might not have died by hanging.\n- If Judas had not “given place to the devil,” he would not have been used to identify Jesus so He could be killed.\n- If the soldiers had gotten saved, they would not have nailed Jesus to the cross.\n- … and on the list could go from biblical examples of sin’s wages.\nAs the Bible confirms, there is a price tag for committing what God forbids. No one gets away with sin. Those guilty of iniquity will have their lives changed because of it:\n- Some will have a divorce because they did not wait on God’s choice of a mate.\n- Some will flunk in school because they would not learn the right way and cheated through school.\n- Some may end up in jail because they cheated on their taxes, stole cars, did drugs, etc.\n- Some may hurt someone physically because they watched the wrong TV shows and got desensitized about harming others.\n- Someone may be addicted or killed by drugs because their desensitization to sin started with a sip of daddy’s beer.\n- Some may be killed in a car accident because they disobeyed their parents and snuck out at night.\n- Some girls may have children out of wedlock because they would not listen to their parents about how, who, or when to date.\n- Some may be crippled by fighting because they did not listen to their parents and stay away from the wrong people.\n- Some may not graduate high school because they are too lazy to study.\n- Some may go to Hell and burn forever because they worried about what their friends would think if they got saved and lived according to God’s will and way.\nIf Eve had said “no” to sin then, we might not be battling its tempting grip today. All sin has consequences — either here or in eternity. Most know this because they have seen what others have reaped by sowing iniquity and have seen the damage it has done in their lives. Why do we willingly commit it and think we can get away with it?\n“God hates the sin, but He loves the sinner.” — D. L. Moody\nClouds and Sin\n- Clouds sometimes obstruct the beneficial influences of Heaven coming upon the Earth. Sin also prevents the blessings of God from flowing into the hearts and lives of men.\n- Clouds have their origin on the Earth. Sin originates from below and never from Heaven.\n- Clouds can create a powerful, damaging electric field. Sin also damages humanity, and ruins lives with the storm it can bring.\n- Clouds assume every variety of shape, color, and duration. Sin has no set form but varies according to persons, circumstances, times, and places.\n- Clouds cannot be dispersed by any human force. Sin also cannot be forgiven by any power except by One that is Divine!\n“Oh, what authority and show of truth\nCan cunning sin cover itself withal!” — Shakespeare\nThe Curse of Sin\nDr. J. Parker\nO sin! How it has cursed us! It has thrown up a barrier between ourselves and God. With its chilling breath, it has extinguished the light of our household joys. It has robbed us of joys and filled the air with discordant cries. Sin has unsheathed the sword and bathed itself in human blood. It has dug every grave on the Earth.\nWithout it, we should not have known the name of a widow or orphan, tear or sigh, and sorrow. Because of sin, our hearts are torn by pain and anguish, and our joy is gone!\n“Flee also youthful lusts: but follow righteousness, faith, charity, peace, with them that call on the Lord out of a pure heart.” II Timothy 2:22\nThe Tree-killing Worm\nWhile touring a park of towering trees, a guide pointed out one. “That fine tree,” he said, “was killed by a single worm.”\nWe learned that the tree was as healthy as any in the park two years ago. A wood-worm, about three inches long, was observed to be forcing its way under the bark of the trunk. It caught the eye of our guide. Although he was warned that the worm could kill the tree, our guide left it alone as it seemed improbable to him that the black-headed worm could do such damage.\nAfter a time, it was found that his assumption was wrong. The worm indeed had tunneled its way a considerable distance under the bark. The following summer, the tree’s leaves dropped off very early, and in the succeeding year, it was a dead, rotten tree.\nI am reminded that there is a lesson to be learned from that tree’s demise. How many have ruined their lives by a single, harmlessly-appearing sin!\n“To cover sin with a layer of earnest efforts to do right will not take the sin away. The underlying sin will assimilate all the dead works that may be heaped upon it, and the result will be a greater mass of sin.” — Arnot\nLove of Sin\nIt is worse to love sin than to commit it. A man may commit sin through temptation or ignorance, and when he knows it to be sin, he is sorry for it. He that loves sin, however, puts his will into the sin and heaps the danger onto one’s life. The heart allows it to continue, and sin’s consequences will reap much havoc.\n“For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord.” Romans 6:23", "label": "No"}
{"text": "posted on Thursday, July 23, 2020\nAdjusting our Focus\nThe word, “focus,” has had a huge impact on our world. It is essential in education. We have developed drugs to enhance focus with the belief that it will promote learning and success. Anyone who has worked to improve their athletic performance has pursued the concept of being, “in the zone.” It is a place of hyper-focus where the event seems to slow down and we’re at peak performance. This means that, yes, focusing and directing our attention has a huge impact on our ability to learn and perform at a high level.\nFor me, the following is a great example of adjusting focus. My wife and I have a pair of binoculars by our window that we use for viewing wildlife near our home. When I look out the window and see something, I grab the binoculars for a better look. Then I hear, “Let me see.” When I hand her the binoculars, she adjusts the focus so she can see. This is a great example of how none of us see the world the same way. We have 5 biological senses and they all have variables that allow the stimuli in the world to enter our brains. This is why we often perceive events in our lives very differently, even when we see, hear, touch, smell, and taste the same things.\nIt can help a group’s performance to understand this concept. Knowing there will be differences in perception can help us respond to others with a little more empathy. Don’t expect everyone to agree with you (even if you are right ?). When solving differences, it can help to begin by focusing on things that we can agree on. We must fight against focusing all the attention on our differences in order to perform successfully as a group.\nMy son, stay focused; listen to the wisdom I have gained; give attention to what I have learned about life, so you may be able to make sensible judgments and speak with knowledge.\nWhen differences in focus occur, try to find a starting point of agreement. Don’t allow the focus to be on your differences.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Objective: To provide a conceptual and clinical review of the physiology of the venous system as it is relates to cardiac function in health and disease.\nData: An integration of venous and cardiac physiology under normal conditions, critical illness, and resuscitation.\nSummary: The usual teaching of cardiac physiology focuses on left ventricular function. As a result of the wide array of shock states with which intensivists contend, an approach that takes into account the function of the venous system and its interaction with the right and left heart may be more useful. This two-part review focuses on the function of the venous system and right heart under normal and stressed conditions. The first part describes the basic physiology of the venous system, and part two focuses on the role of the venous system in different pathophysiologic states, particularly shock.\nConclusion: An improved understanding of the role of the venous system in health and disease will allow intensivists to better appreciate the complex circulatory physiology of shock and may allow for better hemodynamic management of this disorder.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Bradyphrenia is the slowness of thought and a common manifestation of many disorders of the brain. It can also be the side effect of several types of psychiatric medication. Bradyphrenia can be appreciated in disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and some forms of schizophrenia. It is also called a psychic akinesia.\nThose affected often display inattentiveness and delayed response, leading to decreased productivity when a task is given. These patients often only respond with one-word answers, not giving a complete reply. Complaints of difficulty thinking and in expressing thoughts is a common occurrence. Much of their time is spent searching for words to describe their feelings when communicating with others.\nCauses and symptoms of bradyphrenia\nBradyphrenia is commonly associated with Parkinson’s disease, but this is very much still up for debate. Not all Parkinson’s disease patients suffer from problems with cognitive function. However, about half of people with Parkinson’s do experience some problems with cognitive impairment.\nBrain damage and side-effects of psychiatric medication are the most common reasons for the development of bradyphrenia. Old age may also be a risk factor.\nSymptoms of bradyphrenia include:\n- Cognitive slowing leading to disruptions of speech, mobility, sentence comprehension, executive function, and working memory\n- Increased latency of response\n- Absence of voluntary motion\n- Compulsions and repetitive actions\n- Mental void or blank\n- Reduced emotional concern\nDiagnosing and treating bradyphrenia\nBradyphrenia is mostly a clinical diagnosis and is typically a symptom of a disorder or treatment regimen. This means that there is no single test to diagnose the condition, but instead, it is up to the attending physician to recognize the symptoms and make the diagnosis. To help doctors make a more definitive diagnosis, they may use multiple tests. These include:\n- Bedside examination: Includes reading the alphabet backward, letter fluency, Serial 7s, and Trail making test\n- Psychomotor and psychological speed measures: Using tests measuring reaction time, recognition time, choice reaction time and inspection time.\n- Neuropsychological measures include adult memory and processing tests, paced sensory addition tests, Stroop test, and Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale-III tests.\n- Computerized measures: Includes auditory and visual threshold tests, serial addition test, and Sternberg memory scanning tests.\nSince bradyphrenia is commonly a symptom of another neurotological condition, a treatment specifically targeting a slowed thinking process can be difficult. Bradyphrenia does frequently respond to anti-Parkinson’s medications, however, due to some of them being anticholinergic in nature, it may cause or exacerbate cognitive impairment.\nTreatment for bradyphrenia aims to achieve the following:\n- Stopping the offending medication causing bradyphrenia\n- Normalization of blood sugar and cobalamin levels\n- Minimize cerebrovascular risk factors\n- Slow the progression of condition by interfering with nerve cell degeneration\nLifestyle changes for bradyphrenia patients\nThe reality of the situation is that most of the time, coping with bradyphrenia is the most logical option for preceding treatment. This means that instead of finding a cure, a modification of lifestyle will occur. Bradyphrenia patients often use the flowing lifestyle changes to help improve their day to day lives.\n- Focus on just one task at a time. Write them down if necessary\n- Be patient during long pauses\n- Limit distractions in the environment\n- Allow others to speak slowly and don’t be afraid to ask them to repeat their words\n- Allow yourself enough time to react\n- Maintain focus on the person\n- Beware of others person preferences\n- Use alarm clocks or watches to help keep track of appointments\n- Listen closely to instructions if embarking on a new task\nLiving with bradyphrenia can be quite frustrating. However, knowing that your physician has your best interest in mind should give you some comfort. It may take some getting used to, but with the understanding and support of the people around you, living with bradyphrenia can be manageable.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Lessons in Fairness from Salt Lake\nMillions of us watched the Olympic Games for two wonderful weeks in February 2002. Millions of us watched beautiful young people compete for glory, strive for their personal bests, and play for the sheer joy of sport. Millions of us were entranced as we watched human weaknesses (cheating, doping, arrogance) pitted against human strengths (fairness, grace under pressure, humility).\n“Goodness” was the big winner at these Games. The Skating Federation did the right thing and awarded a double gold. The cheaters and dopers were stripped of medals. The winners were celebrated. The honest losers weren’t losers at all because they too were honored and celebrated for their determination, courage, talent, and perseverance. Despite tremendous fears of another 9/11 disaster, security measures worked and everyone left safe and whole. For 17 days, much of the world was able to join together to enjoy each other, to cheer each other on, and to treat each other fairly. These are all reasons for hope.\nAs Jacques Rogge, President of the International Olympic Committee, said, “It takes more than crossing the line first to be a champion. It also takes playing fair and not doping.” What a wonderfully simple, clear message for young people: Play fair and stay off drugs and you can be a champion in what you do.\nYes, I know. The world often is unfair. And part of being a good parent is teaching our children to negotiate unfairness. But it’s also part of good parenting to emphasize to our children that they can and should contribute to the good in the world by being fair even when living in an unfair world. It’s a difficult concept to teach our kids. It’s a difficult standard to keep ourselves. It’s often a leap of faith to think that fairness even works. But as the Olympics so vividly demonstrated, when we do manage to do it, everybody wins.\nModel, Teach, and Remind\nIt’s important to model being fair first. When we wait for the other guy to treat us well before we do the right thing, we teach our children that morality is conditional. If instead we work from a position of fairness, regardless of what others say and do, we model a principle for living well. The Russian hockey team was impressive at the Olympics. In spite of their concerns that the American NHL referees would judge them unfairly, in spite of the fact that they lost, they poured out onto the ice at the end of the game and offered enthusiastic congratulations to the winning Americans. They didn’t wait to see what the Americans would do. They didn’t offer their hands in a perfunctory way. Instead, they clapped the victors on the shoulders, encouraging everyone to celebrate the joy of a game well played.\nHartwell-Walker, M. (2015). Lessons in Fairness from Salt Lake. Psych Central. Retrieved on May 27, 2016, from http://psychcentral.com/lib/lessons-in-fairness-from-salt-lake/", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Total votes: 0\nPrint: Print Article\nPlease login to rate or to leave a comment.\nPublished: 27 Jun 2007\nDownload Sample Code\nWPF (Windows Presentation Foundation) has many ways to manipulate objects. Some of these ways involve transforming an object, or using animation to animate the various values of an object. These can all work together to provide a very interactive interface. This article will show you how.\nprevious article, I showed some of the animations available with\nWPF. The article showed\nhow you can use\nWPF to animate various properties of an object. This article is going to expand the\noriginal idea to show some of the other animations available.\nThe article I wrote before had an example of using the\nTranslateTransform transformation to move\nan object across the screen. That's not the only way to move an object; but first let's examine some of the other\ntypes of transformations. The rectangle has a\nRenderTransform property that can take various kinds\nof transform objects, such as\nMatrixTransform, etc. that can alter the way the object appears on the\nLet's look at an example of some\nXAML code using the\nRotateTransform, which defines\nAngle of type\ndouble. This property takes the degree of rotation in 45\ndegree increments. The\nCenterY properties determine the point to rotate around.\nXAML defines a button that, when clicked, will rotate in a circular fashion. The\nXAML definition for the button is reported in listing 1.\nListing 1: Rotating Button Transform\nThe rotate transform was given a name, because that makes it easier to work with it in the code.\nThe following code rotates the object around the\nListing 2: Rotating Button Transform Code\nEvery time the button is clicked, it rotates 45 degrees. When at angle of 315 degrees, the next\nstep is reset the value to 0. Clicking the button rotates it around\n(75,50) point in a continual\nloop. This point is not dead center of the control, so it rotates in an elliptical fashion. In addition to\nrotating it, it is possible stretch or skew the button, as we'll see next.\nLet's look at an example of scaling and skewing a button. Skewing works in a manner similar to the rotating\nbutton because rotations involve rotating at an angle, though not as severe.\nListing 3: Skewing Button Transform\nThe code that skews the object changes the angle between 0 and 30 degrees, as shown in listing 4.\nListing 4: Skewing Button Transform Code\nSkewing is a little more limited with respect to scaling. Scaling also uses the\nCenterY properties, as well as a\nof properties. The latter properties specify the factor to use when scaling; so a value of 1 means to scale\nY attributes to the normal size, .5 means scaling the button to half of the original\nsize, and a value of 2 means double the normal size. When\nCenterY is set to\nzero, the object scales larger to the right and bottom (scales away from the upper-left corner). When the\nCenterY values are set to the middle of the object, the object scales away from\nthe center point (grows from the center equally). Let's take a look at scaling. Below is the definition of a\nListing 5: Scaling Button Transform\nThe beginning scale value is .5, meaning half of the original value. The following code will alter\nthe scale value from .5 up to 2, back down to .25, and back up again over and over. Doing this is really simple,\nas shown in the following code.\nListing 6: Scaling Button Transform Code\nScaling is determined by a private variable; and when it reaches 2 or .25, the\nvalue determining the direction is reversed.\nFigure 1: Transformations Result\nprevious article, I showed an example of moving an object across the screen using the translate\ntransformation. However, there are more interactive ways to do so, such as using\ncapabilities available in the\nWPF framework. Using the path syntax, it is possible to draw lines,\ncurves, and ellipses that an object can use as its path of movement. The path markup syntax will be explained as\nthe article goes along, but it would be beneficial to read\nthe MSDN article on path markup.\nPath data uses a special syntax to note the direction of a path. It uses a collection of point data, along\nwith a series of commands, like\nM/m for Move;\nC/c for cubic bezier curve;\nT/t for specialty Bezier curves;\nA/a for arcs; and\nH/h for lines. Each command has a series of point arguments that\nit takes to determine the total path. For instance, the\n(L)ine command takes an\ncoordinates pair specifying the end point of the line. Curves use a set of control points to control the amount\nof curve in the line. In addition, there is a difference between the upper case and lower case letters. Upper\ncase is an absolute value, whereas lower case is a relative value. Let’s start with a path that creates an\nellipse (looking like a football), as shown in the following listing.\nListing 7: Ellipsis Path\nThe ellipse defined in the previous code is going to move across a path. That path is setup in a storyboard,\nand the data is passed through the\nPointAnimationUsingPath animation. Note the path geometry as\ndefined in the following listing.\nListing 8: Animation using a Path\nPointAnimationUsingPath animation takes a path geometry. Path geometry renders a\npath which may or may not connect the beginning to the end. It can use a series of lines or curves to form this\npath, using a specialized syntax as mentioned before.\nM moves the beginning point to\n(20,100). L draws a line to\n(80,10), followed by a series of three types of Bezier\ncurves, which end at the\n(20,100) starting point. Each of these curves has one or two control\npoints, with the last set of coordinates being an end point.\nFigure 2: Path Animation\nRotating Rectangle Animation\nThe last animation that I’m going to show you rotates the rectangle around in a circular fashion, using data\nprovided by a path. As we've seen previously, the\nRotateTransform transform controls the amount of\nrotation applied to the object. When using this with path data, the rectangle animates in a circular fashion very\nsmoothly. First, let's look at the setup, as the control uses a gradient and defines a\nRotateTransform object named\nListing 9: Gradient Rectangle With Rotating Transform\nWhen the rectangle is loaded, the animation in the following listing is run. The double animation\nuses a path geometry (which simplistically consists of a horizontal line) to change the angle from 0 to 359\ndegrees, and repeat this behavior forever. The targeted property is the\nangle property. However,\nfrom the path geometry, it is also possible to use a source value of\nY, or Angle as\nListing 10: Spinning Rectangle Animation\nIn this example, only the\nAngle property is targeted. However, using a\nTranslateTransform in combination with the\nRotateTransform can provide a realistic\nrendering of an object that moves along a path. To see an excellent example of this, check this\nFigure 3: Spinning Rectangle Animation\nWPF has some advanced capabilities in graphics rendering. As we've seen, animations in\nWPF are pretty powerful and provide interesting capabilities when programming with the various\nBrian Mains is an application developer consultant with Computer Aid Inc. He formerly worked with the Department of Public Welfare.\nIn both places of business, he developed both windows and web applications, small and large, using the latest .NET technologies. In addition, he had spent many hou...\nThis author has published 73 articles on DotNetSlackers. View other articles or the complete profile here.\nYou might also be interested in the following related blog posts\nArchitecturing an Extensible and Flexible WPF Client Application using WPFWidgetizer Framework\nMaking WPF and Kinect app's easier... WpfKinectHelper\nAdding some spark to your next WPF project with WPFSpark\nMozilla and Microsoft work together on WPF\\ClickOnce plugins\nA plea to my developer brethren about designer/designers\nWPF Wonders: Building Control Templates\nWin7 Multi-touch. Why wait until WPF4?\nTelerik Releases New Controls for Silverlight 3 and WPF\nQ3 2009 Beta released for Telerik RadControls for Silverlight/WPF\n5 Minute Overview of MVVM in Silverlight\nPlease login to rate or to leave a comment.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The rainforest is about life. Rain forests are wooded areas that receive more than 78 inches of rainfall a year and have temperatures that never reach freezing; the ecosystem that houses the largest amount of biodiversity on the planet.\nImportance of Rainforests\nMore than half of the planet’s species still live in the rainforests. In addition, many food items you enjoy every day originally came from rain forests across the globe. Through photosynthesis, they are considered as the Earth’s lungs by absorbing carbon from the atmosphere and transforming it into life-giving oxygen, at the same time keeping our planet cool. They also help in recycling and cleaning our water supplies.\nHowever, due to the wholesale deforestation, carbon has been constantly building up in our atmosphere. And while some 100 species will become extinct every day — many of them are still undiscovered and their qualities will be lost forever due to deforestation, there are Eco-tourism parks that are fighting to reverse this trend.\nRainforest Excursion Parks Conservation Programs\nThere are parks that support the rain forest sustainability, and exerts a lot of conservation effort to help with saving the tropical rain forests. Some of the programs that these parks execute for the preservation of the natural resources are as follows:\n— Being aware of the need for conserving the natural environment and rainforests. The naturalist guides and teams are aware of the relevance of keeping the forest in its natural condition with minimum alteration that could break the ecosystem’s cycle, and visitors are likewise being educated to understand its importance.\n— Conserving the use of energy, through the use of low consumption bulbs and white fluorescent light, as well as avoiding dark colored walls and ceiling because they absorb natural light and increase the need for artificial light.\n— Conserving the use of water, by not allowing tap water to drop, while washing dishes, use of efficient shower heads, utilizing water used in washing vegetables for other purposes, and by planting autochthonous plants in the garden, those that require less water than more exotic plants, as well as allowing the grass to grow longer than normal before cutting which avoids water evaporation and thus less water will be required for watering.\nAdventure in the Rainforests\nExcursion parks, aside from educating visitors with the importance of conserving the environment, offers tourists and visitors to enjoy their rainforest tour with exciting activities and adventures. They allow visitors to glide through the suspended cables on top of the forest canopy in the zip line adventures. The not so athletic visitors, children and elders can also enjoy a ride atop the trees on aerial trams and gondolas. And they can also swing on a cable like Tarzan.\nAside from these adventures high on top of the trees, hikers can also trek through jungle trails, exploring the native flora and fauna of the rainforest.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Choose from a range of activities including Archery, Bushcraft, Orienteering and Teambuilding and with our help we design a day that meets the needs and learning outcomes of your class and Pupils.\nArchery is a sport for all and while it helps to build muscle endurance and flexibility, develop hand eye coordination and body strength it also teaches discipline, respect and self-control – something that carries over into pupils’ attitude, work habits and other school activity. Coaches and teachers involved in school archery have found that pupils who do not normally participate and enjoy sports-related or extracurricular activities seem to love and are good at this sport – it is a great option for the non-sporty and semi-sporty young people, giving pupils a strong sense of personal achievement.\nOrienteering offers pupils real world opportunities to understand time, distance, sequences and patterns in a fun, engaging outdoor environment that stretches the mind as well as the body.\nOrienteering is an easy sport to develop at KS1 and KS3 with clear links and progression onto KS3 and KS4 Guidelines for Orienteering in GCSE PE\nLearning to work together is a core skill that pupils need to develop not only to be able to fin in within a classroom environment but fundamentally within all aspects of their developing lives.\nKS2 – “take part in outdoor and adventurous activity challenges both individually and within a team”\nDownload our Cross Curricular Adventure flyer", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In April 2013, the most deadly textile accident in world history - the collapse of the Rana Plaza factory in Bangladesh, which killed 1,129 workers in single day - revealed to the world the grave hazards of sweatshop work.\nThe tragedy also brought to light the even larger global epidemic of occupational injury and disease. Occupational injury, according to the World Health Organization, accounts for an estimated 352,000 global deaths annually. This is in addition to the 177,000 cancer deaths from exposure to occupational carcinogens and the 457,000 deaths caused by the inhalation of airborne particulates in the workplace (according to 2004 data), adding up to almost 1 million dead from occupational injury and disease a year.\nYet, tragedies can highlight injustices and catalyze change in ways that statistics can't. Since April, there has been definite action: consumer petitions and rallies, a legally binding safety plan involving major retailers, the suspension of Bangladesh's US trade privileges, a promise for a higher minimum wage and - most recently - the July 15 passage of a new labor law by the Bangladeshi parliament. Such progress has led some to hope that Rana Plaza might lead to a new era of occupational health and safety in the developing world, analogous to the response to the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in the United States.\nYet there are several reasons to suggest that the campaign for decent working conditions in the developing world will not be won so easily, chief among them the unique challenges of labor organization in these nations. For if it is true that successful unionization is a critical component to a strong occupational health and safety framework, then whatever the proclamations of Western retailers and the resolutions of their consumers, there is still a long struggle ahead for the workers of Bangladesh.\nOccupational Health in Comparative Perspective\nNations in Asia are now passing through a new stage of the global industrial revolution that began in the 18th century. It is not surprising that - as it did for Europe and the United States - industrialization is now creating novel problems for the health and safety of the workers of these nations.\nIndeed, although we may be shocked at the extreme laxity of workplace safety in Bangladesh, throughout the 19th and into the 20th century, employer disregard for the health - and lives - of workers was rampant in the United States as well. Understanding what made things better - if still far from perfect - in this country helps shed some light on the challenge of occupational health in Bangladesh today.\nFor more than anything, it was the mobilization of an increasingly emboldened labor movement - beginning in the Progressive era of the first decade of the century - that pushed the agenda for worker health and safety onto the forefront of the mainstream political agenda. The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire of March 25, 1911 - so frequently compared with Rana Plaza - was such a catalytic event not merely because of the number killed but because of the massive organizing campaigns that preceded and followed it.\nClearly, the tragedy moved the nation: 120,000 marched in the streets with the bodies of the killed workers, and an additional 300,000 went out to support them. The labor movement - with much of the public at its back - was asking for more than improved safety: It was demanding justice. \"I would be a traitor to these poor burned bodies if I came here to talk of good fellowship,\" declared Rose Schneiderman of the Women's Trade Union League in front of some 50,000 rallying unionists. \"Too much blood has been spilled. I know from my experience it is up to the working people to save themselves. The only way they can save themselves is by a strong working-class movement.\"\nEnsuring worker safety became an almost defensive position for industry and government. In 1911 a bill establishing the New York State Factory Investigating Commission passed without a single dissenting vote. And in the decade following the fire, some 25 states passed, in relatively short order, Workingman's Compensation, the most significant welfare legislation the nation had yet seen.\nIn the aftermath of World War I, however, the conservative and pro-business environment of the 1920s stemmed the expansion of worker safety efforts. Subsequent upsurges in occupational safety efforts - to some extent during the New Deal in the 1930s but more so in the late 1960s and 1970s - awaited the mobilization of labor.\nApart from its overall political influence, labor frequently pushed effectively for specific health and safety reforms. For instance, as described by the historians David Rosner and Gerald Markowitz in their exposé on industrial pollution Deceit and Denial, in the 1970s steelworkers joined the fight for more rigorous standards for lead in the workplace, which succeeded in pushing the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to pass a more stringent occupational lead standard in 1978. Along similar lines, in the late 1960s, again following another disaster - the November 1968 coal mine explosion in West Virginia - rank-and-file miners revolted and brought about the \"Black Lung\" compensation laws of 1969 and 1972. And the passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 itself was very much the result of pressure from rank-and-file laborers working with environmental activists in the context of a political climate in which labor constituted a crucial voting bloc.\nThis intersection between politics and health is, of course, nothing new. Occupational health merely happens to be an area in which this relationship is particularly, if not uniquely, transparent.\nBangladesh and the Climate of Labor Activism\nNone of this is to say that there aren't men and women struggling in Bangladesh for better working conditions today. On the contrary, , as per Vijay Prashad, the nation has a history of trade union activism stretching back to its independence in 1971. May Day is even a national holiday in Bangladesh. And the nation's labor law of 2006 enacted a procedure - albeit a highly problematic one - for unionization.\nBut whatever the letter of the law, sweatshop labor activism is gravely dangerous work in Bangladesh. In 2010, for instance, a campaign for a higher minimum wage was countered with heavy-handed repression from the government. An \"Industrial Police\" was launched to meet the protesters in the street. One group that helped lead the campaign, the Bangladesh Center for Worker Solidarity (BCWS), found itself targeted and was deregistered as an NGO while the leaders of the organization - the labor organizers Aminul Islam, Kalpona Akhter and Babul Akhter - were arrested and charged with inciting riots.\nThe fate of one of these three - Aminul Islam - is most disturbing of all. After being arrested, Islam - according to his later statements - was tortured by police and intelligence services, and threatened with death. Following this ordeal, according to The New York Times, his coworkers and his family reported that he had his phone tapped and was harassed by officials. But despite facing such repression, his work bravely continued.\nThat is, until April 4, 2012, when he disappeared. His body was found a few days later near a police station north of Dhaka. The signs of torture were clear: wounds from the waist down, toes and ankles smashed.\nIn an open letter to Bangladesh's prime minister shortly after the Rana Plaza collapse, Human Rights Watch (HRW) reiterated its \"grave concerns\" about Islam's killing, noting that the circumstances of his death \"raise concerns of involvement by Bangladeshi security forces.\" Despite the passage of more than a year since his death, there has been no progress in finding, much less prosecuting, those responsible.\nDespite this threatening context, there has been significant worker action since the Rana Plaza disaster. In early May, for instance, almost 100 textile factories in the Ashulia industrial area near Dhaka were closed after workers erupted in protest. On June 17, about 5,000 workers in the Tejgaon area protested for improved benefits, clashing with police and facing tear gas and rubber bullets. Another 2,000 or so workers in the Gazipur district fought with police after their factory was indefinitely closed.\nIt remains to be seen, however, whether or not this energy can be transformed into the effective organization of Bangladeshi labor in the years to come.\nPromises and Pessimism for a Safer Workplace\nBut already, during the past few months, a combination of domestic unrest and international pressure has resulted in some reforms in Bangladesh. The crucial question, however, is how sustained, effective and substantive these reforms will be.\nOn the international front, for instance, in the face of petitions and protests, many large clothing retailers - including Europe's two largest - signed onto a five-year safety agreement on May 13 that would require independent factory safety inspections, with mandatory improvements paid for by the retailers. Yet a number of giant American retailers - including Walmart, Gap and Target - have refused to join, fearing that such agreements would expose them to litigation and claiming that they would pursue their own safety assessments.\nAlso in May, the US trade representative - under pressure from labor advocates - moved to exclude Bangladesh from the import tax breaks that, under the \"Generalized System of Preferences,\" allow developing countries to sell some goods tax-free within the US. On June 27, the administration announced that it would move ahead with this suspension and, several weeks later, detailed steps that Bangladesh would have to take to restore its trade privileges: an increase in the number and training of safety inspectors, a public database of inspections, improved recognition of unions and an investigation into the killing of Amimul Islam.\nMeanwhile, within Bangladesh, the government moved to set up a new minimum wage board in May, tasked with issuing recommendations for pay raises. Around the same time, the Cabinet passed an amendment that would, pending Parliamentary action, lift restrictions on labor organizing. Given previous unfulfilled promises from the government, however, these proposals met with skepticism from various quarters, ranging from labor groups and HRW to The New York Times’ editorial page.\nSubsequent developments, unfortunately, have confirmed some of these pessimistic suspicions. The law that was passed by the Bangladeshi Parliament on July 15 does do some useful things, but with many more caveats, restrictions and loopholes.\nFactories, for instance, are required to set aside 5 percent of profits for a welfare fund for employees. However, export-oriented factories are exempted.\nThe 30 percent workforce threshold needed for unionization - put in place by the 2006 labor law - remains in place. But unlike in the United States, where 30 percent of workers at a particular plant can form a union, the law requires 30 percent of all the company's employees, no matter how scattered or numerous their factories, to sign-on - a formidable barrier.\nThe law does away with a provision in place from 2006 that required that the labor ministry hand over a list of workers who had voted for unionization to factory owners for verification of employment, a practice that could result in anti-union firing and an end to the organization effort. Yet the new law also requires that union leaders be active workers at the factory, allowing a firm to quickly eliminate union leadership through firing.\nOther provisions of the law are more straightforwardly antiunion, such as the exclusion of several additional sectors from legalized unionization. Additionally, all workers in the \"export processing zones\" would remain unable to form unions. There are antistrike provisions as well: Workers at factories owned by foreigners or even in collaboration with foreigners would be barred from striking for these operations' first three years. And even worse, the law allows the government to stop a strike if it would be \"prejudicial to the national interest,\" a rather vague formulation.\nFinally, the law curbs efforts at transnational labor solidarity: it requires prior approval from the government before trade unions can receive technical or financial support from international sources. \"By controlling access to foreign funding,\" said Phil Robertson, deputy Asia director of Human Rights Watch in a statement on the law, \"the government would have a stranglehold over assistance to unions.\"\nLaws and Reality in Bangladesh\nPutting aside for the time being the balance of positives and negatives in this law, it is clear that paper promises alone won't be sufficient. Existing safety regulations, minimum wage requirements, and labor laws have been consistently ignored in Bangladesh for years. For instance, anti-union firing - which allows employers to nip organizing in the bud - is widespread in Bangladesh. According to the US State Department's human rights report on Bangladesh, despite allegations of mass anti-union firing, in 2012 the nation's labor court - which is charged with reinstating workers who are illegally fired - did not reinstate a single worker.\nNor are the problems limited to the textile industry. As documented in an extensive report on Bangladesh's shrimp industry by the AFL-CIO's Solidarity Center, shrimp workers frequently face forced and unpaid overtime, shifts in excess of 12 hours per day, exploitative wages less than the legal minimum wage and dangerous working conditions. Along similar lines, a report from HRW based on extensive on-the-ground research describes the grotesquely unsafe working conditions in Bangladesh's tanneries, which have resulted in health consequences for workers ranging from severe respiratory disease to amputations. Despite being illegal, this is the reality of working conditions in Bangladesh, and disempowered workers simply have few options to resist.\nGiven this context, consumer activism can take us only so far. First, the consumer simply has too many choices (and often limited means), while the complexity of the supply chain is vast and the origin of goods frequently obscure. But second, even when consumer movements succeed in pushing particular retailers to pressure producers to improve working standards, without organization and empowerment, workers remain at the whim of the subcontracted employers, whatever the letter of the law. In the context of such gross asymmetries in power, the rules truly are made to be broken.\nThis is not to say that consumer education does not have a place. But \"smarter shopping\" is neither a sufficient nor realistic course. If the history of occupational health and safety in this country is to be any guide, the empowerment of the individual worker - girded by a potent political movement - is a far more powerful force for the creation of decent working conditions. Would organized workers - whose meager wages could not be docked so easily or whose jobs could not be taken away so easily – have stepped back into the Rana Plaza factory, the day after cracks ominously developed in its foundation?\nWhat Bangladesh really needs from the developed world is more efforts at solidarity with Bangladeshi labor activists, like Aminul Islam. Although his murderers may never be brought to justice, it is through the work and vision of men and women like him that - one day - justice will come to the workplaces of Bangladesh.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Neutering is a surgical procedure that makes it impossible for cats to breed . During this process performed by veterinarians, testicles of male cats are taken. In female cats , ovaries are removed by surgical intervention during sterilization . Neutering has many benefits for cat health . The main reason for this is that female cats eliminate the risk of developing diseases such as ovarian and uterine cancer . Again in male cats, neutering is the cat’s testicular cancer. reduces the probability. Accordingly, cats whose physical activity decreases tend to gain weight. In order to prevent such negativities, it is very important that they feed on sterilized cat food . So, what are the features of neutered cat food ?\nCat owners should be informed about how to feed cats after infertility surgery. Because the life style of cats that experience hormonal changes after the sterilization operation also changes. Neutered cat food has an important place in the nutrition of these cats that need special care. Today, special foods for sterile cats are produced by many cat food brands . However, it should not be forgotten that vicious cat food is a special food variety and it should have some features . For this reason, it should be ensured that there are no products in the content of the food that will harm the cat’s health and should choose from high quality cat food brands .\nThe amount of fat that special foods are produced for sterile cats is very important. Because the fat rate of these foods should be lower than other foods. Accordingly , while 20% fat is present in a normal food , 10% mercury oil is contained in the neutered cat food . Again, the amount of protein contained in the content of vicious cat food is also important. Proteins are important basic molecules for cats in every period. But struggling with infertility disorders in the era of e d can on behalf of our strong in protein should be fed with vast foods.\nThe content of neutered cat food should contain a balanced proportion of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus. However, their high availability may cause kidney and urinary tract diseases. For this, sterile cat interior of food while the preferred rate at which the contents of phosphorus, calcium and magnesium that takes place must be ensured.\nWhen vicious cat food is examined, it can be seen that they usually contain taurine. Taurine is an amino acid and is good for many diseases . Again, dogs are creatures that can naturally produce this amino acid . But the same is not true for cats. Therefore, they need to take a taurine supplement from the outside. The ideal way is to consume vicious cat food. Because these foods contain a preliminary amount of taurine.\nIn addition, the foods prepared for sterile cats do not contain artificial preservatives. These foods, which are rich in vitamins A, E and C, also support bone health.\nIs the cat neutered but are produced in accordance with the age of the cat. Accordingly , it is possible to choose between kittens, adult and old cat foods. Prepared cat food for kittens provides healthy and balanced nutrition for both female and male offspring . These foods, which strengthen the immunity of the offspring, provide weight control and are beneficial for urinary tract health. K ısırlaştırıl have the appropriate dry food for adult cats, they contain taurine through the heart and gun retains the essence of health. These foods, which prevent plaque formation and provide fresh breathing in the teeth of adult cats, play an effective role in the protection of oral and dental health thanks to their calcium content.\nDry cat food that can be preferred for feeding neutered old cats is easy to chew and digest. They provide saturation and prevent obesity thanks to the high fiber content they contain . They also reduce the risk of older cats experiencing kidney failure thanks to low phosphorus levels .\nVicious cat food is also very diverse in content. These foods with options such as low-grain, salmon fish, chicken, tuna fish, turkey, liver, beef; It is offered in different quantities such as 1.5 kg, 3 kg, 12 kg and 15 kg .\nFailure to take the necessary precautions about feeding after sterilization in cats causes them to gain weight quickly and even cause obesity . It can be easily observed that physical activity decreases in overweight cats. Again, any weight gained in neutered cats; It also increases the risk of diabetes, bladder cancer, difficulty breathing and heart disease. For this reason, the most ideal is to consult a veterinarian and provide them with special food for sterile cats. Because neutered cat food varieties can be easily digested as they contain high protein . In addition, these foods containing low levels of carbohydrates are very effective for controlling weight in sterile cats .\nThere may be many reasons for the formation of stones in the kidneys and urinary bladder of cats . These stones, which are formed due to stress, thirst or advancing age, may also occur due to malnutrition . Urinary stone problem is frequently seen especially in sterilized male cats . Therefore, the nutrition of sterilized male cats should be treated precisely. It should be ensured that they consume cat foods that are balanced in terms of pH, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium ratio . In foods that are specially produced for bitten cats , the balance of minerals such as calcium, magnesium and phosphorus is carefully determined.\nNeutered cats can also be fed normal cat food . But in this case, the owners of the cats need to follow the cat very well. Otherwise, cats experiencing hormonal changes after sterilization can gain weight quickly. It is very difficult to achieve balance by adjusting the amount of food continuously according to the cat’s weight during normal food use . For this reason , the most practical method for feeding the vicious cat is to use a vicious cat food suitable for the age of the cat. However , the instructions for use written on the food must be followed. Otherwise, the vicious cat food that is consumed in excessive amounts may not prevent the cat from gaining weight and may cause it to gain more weight. For this reason, the recommended amount of use on the food package must be observed. Also , it should not be forgotten that cats that consume dry food need to drink more water than cats that consume wet food and fresh water should be kept near the food containers. However, if the cat refuses to drink water, sterilized canned food can be given several times a week .", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Organized labor led no mass opposition to Trump’s presidency or the December 2017 tax cut or the failed U.S. preparation for and management of COVID-19. Nor do we yet see a labor-led national protest against the worst mass firing since the 1930s Great Depression. All of these events, but especially the unemployment, mark an employers’ class war against employees. The U.S. government directs it, but the employers as a class inspire and benefit the most from it. More\nThe looting of stores is inherently a class issue, whether you look upon it favorably or not (there are always exceptions of course). The act of looting is a long-standing American tradition, dating back to the theft of Native lands and African enslavement. And today, while wealthy people don’t loot strip malls, they are adept at looting natural resources and labor, from the coalfields of West Virginia to Jeff Bezo’s Amazon warehouses. The poor, exerting their nominal power—even in a destructive and violent manner—display an entirely natural reaction to a continually powerless state of being. For them, looting is a cry for help, an expression of hopelessness.\n“If there is going to be class warfare in this country, it’s time that the working class of this country won that war.”", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Most people don’t think that snoring should be something you need medical attention for. That may not be true. While some cases of snoring can be overcome with small lifestyle changes, most people are not aware of any snoring problems until they have spiraled out of control and are leading to apnoeas which may be severely affecting their health.\nSnoring Affects Health:\nOnce upon a time, snoring was just a fact of life for some unfortunate people. It was never viewed as a health problem – other than the effects on their marital relationship, snoring presented no “health issues”. Nowadays, we view snoring as a sign of something more serious.\nSnoring has been strongly linked to increase risk of stroke and heart issues. This is because if it becomes severe, it can lead to Sleep Apnoea, which pushes the health risks up severely. Thus, snoring has become a “sign” that all is not well with your health.\nSleep Apnoea: What is it?\nSleep Apnoea is a chronic condition that stops the sufferer from breathing properly while they sleep. It can be Obstructive – as in the airway becomes physically obstructed by relaxed muscles and tissue – or it can be Central – when the brain does not receive sufficient stimulus to stimulate the lungs to breathe.\nMedicine has few options for treatment in the apnoea arena – other than medical devices, which are costly and difficult to get used to – and present a host of other issues – like skin eruptions of the face where the mask sits and discomfort during sleep. Sleep Apnoea presents a difficult set of circumstances for any doctor to deal with in the usual fifteen minute consult time allotted for patients. But that is not the case with interventions like the Buteyko Method adjunct programs – which studies and articles show, can help immensely with managing and correcting Sleep Apnoea.\nButeyko helps to address what we understand to be the root cause behind Sleep Apnoea – stressed breathing that has become unbalanced and is no longer in tune with your metabolic activity.\nHow Does Breathing become “Unbalanced”?\nBreathing is one of the primary mechanisms of life – and we use it to adapt and react to our environment. When we consistently exposed to stress, our breathing must consistently change to cope with this factor. To do so, it requires the respiratory centre of the brain to make quick and rapid adaptations. If we are constantly needing to make adaptations for stress, the adaptation mechanism or respiratory centre controls may become a little faulty and it becomes difficult to tune our breathing automatically.\nBecause this area of the brain has very high neuroplasticity, it becomes possible for “stressed” breathing patterns to become set as the “New Normal”. This creates feelings of anxiety – even though they are not encountering stressors at the time. It also means that this is the “normal setting”. How we breathe in the day is also how we will breathe at night.\nOnce these respiratory controls have been reset, it takes some effort to get breathing to adapt and respond normally once more. Chronic Sleep Apnoea, Chronic Snoring, Chronic Asthma, Chronic Blocked Nose, etc. are all indications that the respiratory centre that controls breathing has reset to that person’s detriment. Attempts to change this setting are usually unsuccessful using the conventional means available, because they all require you to breathe in a less than ideal way.\nSleep Apnoea is on the increase. Why? Because many of us have extremely stressful lives and we aren’t even aware of how our health has slowly eroded over time. Stress affects our breathing, and breathing affects our stress. Until breathing is also addressed and attended to, Sleep Apnoea is unlikely to improve over time.\nThe Sleep Apnoea – Diet – and – Alcohol – Connection:\nStress is the “New Normal” in our Modern Society. Doctors tell us that Sleep Apnoea is likely due to increased weight gain. But increased weight gain is another symptom of stress – and is not always the cause of the stress although it certainly contributes to it!\nCraving sugar is common with Sleep Apnoeics, because the brain will want extra sugary energy to replace the fact that it cannot get energy from constant and reliable oxygen supply chains. Medicine also says that alcohol is a trigger for sleep apnoea because it causes hyper-relaxation – and this is true. But alcohol is metabolized via the lungs as well as the liver, and so when we drink we have less oxygen supplied to the blood. (That’s why the traffic police can measure exactly how much you have imbibed from your exhaled breath…) This also affects breathing…. and breathing affects sleep apnoea. In the very least, allow sufficient time for the alcohol to have left your system before bed.\nSymptoms of Sleep Apnoea:\nSleep Apnoea can be debilitating for some people. This is because over time, the loss of oxygen to the brain leads to anxiety, irritability and loss of function. Extreme fatigue is normal, because sleep apnoea sufferers are not experiencing true sleep – they are actually passed out from exhaustion! Apnoeas are long pauses in breathing, and during these pauses the brain is not receiving sufficient oxygen. After some time, the person often wakes up in an anxious state, gasping for breath, coughing or feeling breathless. Dizzy spells, brain fog, extreme tiredness and teeth grinding are all clues to sleep apnoea.\nCan You Control Your Breathing When You Are Asleep?\nBreathing rates and volumes are determined by our daytime “norms” and then “set” by the respiratory centre of the brain which has a high rate of neuroplasticity. This is believed to be a useful adaptation which allows us to automatically adjust breathing without having to think about it. Some automatic functions like blood pressure, cholesterol, hormones and so on, can be overcome with medicines – but you cannot normalize breathing using substances. This is because breathing naturally changes with every single stimulus including food, drink, temperature, medicine, mood, pain, pleasure and so on. This is probably why medical experts often have a “core belief” that breathing is not something we can have lasting control over.\nBut, you can overcome neuroplasticity if you know how, as Controlled Randomized trials of the Buteyko Method show. While medical professionals may feel skeptical about whether Buteyko can affect changes to lung capacity and so on, the results prove that people who use Buteyko techniques can overcome the symptoms of their breathing difficulties without resorting to additional medicines or devices. Doing the daily practice consistently does effect changes that are sustainable and long lasting.\nYou Can Do More Than You Realize To Help Yourself:\nAdjunct health programs such as Buteyko have a pivotal role to play in the reduction of chronic disease, because Buteyko techniques are able to reduce breathing, Normalize breathing responses to stress; and increase oxygen delivery – without inducing more stress. Unfortunately, some of the things we do to relax or to heal are simply mimicking and increasing stress patterns that may be detrimental to health and recovery, and so with the best intentions, we are often sabotaging any progress that we could be making.\nObviously diet and exercise play a role in good health, but it’s not necessary to cause more stress to reduce stress….Normalizing Breathing patterns is the most important thing you can do to reduce stress and recover your health.\n©Buteyko South Africa", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Modern Art in an Ancient City\nIn the birthplace of Raphael, new artists try to work on the edge\nTwo peacocks stare down from their cage as the group gets out of the car at Cafe Molena. Gabrielle Arruzzo sits at the head of the table wearing a yellow shirt that reads PacificUV, a synthpop band from Northern Georgia. His students gather around the sides. One gets up to take orders while another sets the tablecloth. Arruzzo leans back to stretch, his long thin fingers grasping at the air. Without taking off his sunglasses he asserts that art in Urbino is dead.\nAt 38, Arruzzo is one of the youngest professors at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Urbino. He has been teaching art in Urbino for seven years but is still waiting to receive a permanent position. Much like the rest of the city, there seems to be no space in the Accademia for change.\nIn the place of Raphael’s birth it is difficult for many to look beyond their rich history. And yet, Arruzzo and his peers continue to embrace a new Italy. Artists are showing work in cities around the country, attempting to make a name for their generation. According to Arruzzo, the movement is based on frustration and irony. They have grown up looking to separate their voices from the engraved history Italy has written for them. Arruzzo travels and works as a teacher to fund his art, with studios in Milan and Pesaro. It is difficult to say if his pieces will ever be able to go much further.\n“To study modern art in Urbino is somewhat of a contradiction,” Arruzzo says just as the food arrives. While the university is well respected, he explained, very little effort has been put into creating a new art scene within the city. Most students come here and leave as soon as they graduate. Because it is smaller than other art academies, they are able to have a closer relationship with the faculty than if they had attended a different school. While this is helpful in the development stages of their work, eventually school is not enough. Arruzzo tells his students to travel outside of the city to visit museums and gallery openings in Rome and Milan.\nArruzzo was born in Rome, and then moved when he was six to Pesaro, his mother’s oceanside home town. “I need the sea, but my ambitions are not to be just a Pesaro painter.”\nHe sniffs, coughs. The season has been hard on him. As a chronic asthmatic, he spent much of his youth indoors looking at books. Every year the banks his father worked for gave them dozens including illustrated encyclopedias, history books on the Italian Renaissance, and religious texts. On top of that his father also had a large comic collection that strayed from the typical mickey mouse type of cartooning. Arruzzo started his career doing graffiti around cities he traveled to, and became friends with the street artist Blue. The culture surrounding this kind of art emphasizes politics and an unwillingness to create art for fame and money. “I understood my background after I started to paint, it was not a conscious thing.”\nHis paintings tend to resemble screen prints, especially in photographs. They are characterized by thick black outlines and details, but in real life there is a subtle depth to them caused by many layers. Bright colors clash against the iconography. He uses old images and symbols to discuss current issues that still face Italian society and artists’ lives. One in particular that jumps out: Hitler staring at a blank canvas, his foot in Duchamp’s infamous found urinal. Goats and flowers crowd the background. Arruzzo is creating something for the viewer to interpret, and is unwilling to spoon feed his message.\n“I don’t create. I redo, and I remix things.”\nRap and electronic music speak especially to him. These mediums are comprised of a repeated found sample and layers of original material on top. In a similar vein, his work is attempting to say something new using familiar words. As he stands up from the table and stretches, the noon sun casts harsh shadows across his face. “After Shakespeare talking about love what could be new? [It is the same for art.] I am friends with an old lady called painting.”\nAnd the omnipresence of the past is especially present here in Urbino. You cannot escape the Renaissance or the men associated with it. The city’s walls clearly define the limits of what used to be. One of the reasons why Urbino has not been hit as hard during the economic crash has been the tourism. Urbino is in the running for the European Capital of Culture for 2019, and so there is even less reason to push for modernity.\n“Teaching was always plan B.” When he was rejected from the Higher Institute for Artistic Industries, an extremely competitive graphic design school in Urbino, Arruzzo instead attended the Accademia. After graduation he applied to the government for a teaching position in order to fund his work. That was in 2003. After five years of waiting it was finally granted to him, but because the retirement age has been pushed back, there are currently no permanent jobs available. He has been to Milan, China, and Brazil to show and work on art.\nRaphael did not influence Arruzzo, but the old masters’ mere existence is necessary for all Italian art work. “I did not need to know them to meet them.” Even more than Raphael, Arruzzo said, the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood has made the meeting of old artists possible. The group, formed in 1848, valued the abundant detail, intense colors, and complex compositions of Quattrocento Italian art. They preserved old buildings and paintings and valued detailed colorful work.\nOne of the spaces that they worked hard to save was Raphael’s birth house. Oddly enough, it now includes the only gallery in Urbino that shows modern art. The house is on a hill right up from the piazza, two small flags resting above the door. The gift shop on the right contains postcards and history books, and the house above has copies of Raphael’s work and remodels of his modest birthplace. The gallery on the bottom half opposite the gift shop is free to enter and hosts different artists that are usually alumni of the Academia or professors. The spiral staircase reflects the neon green paintings on display. The gallery doesn’t have its own name.\nRaphael’s paintings explore mortality, religion, and the urge to maintain appearances. At the root of it, he strived to encompass Italian society, just as modern artists must do.\nWalking down the hallway of the Accademia, student Miriam Pascale explains the different sections of the building. She is studying to be what roughly translates as “decoration – contemporary visual arts.” Miriam is one of Arruzzo’s students, but she does not plan on practicing art in Urbino after she graduates. There is nothing for her here. Hopefully, she will get a gallery job curating in a city. If not she can always teach. But, she says, “there is a difference between studying art and being an artist.” The exams here are difficult, spanning hours and including oral and practicum.\nBut Arruzzo feels that to know specifics that are being tested and to feel the urge to create are two separate things. Students say he is a tough grader, expecting them to understand this and to be just as passionate as he is.\nThe peacocks rustle their feathers, and it echos across the empty tables. Arruzzo begins a tangent that slowly comes around to the unhappiness in art. Even so, he says, there is a drive to create. Even in towns like Urbino that do not have a community. The statement ‘art is dead’ lingers in the thick air. Arruzzo sips his beer “When we see successful artists, famous artists, we are only seeing a reflection of who they are. We don’t see how they suffer.” Suffering will come, he explains, in the big cities or in the small towns. Urbino may make it difficult to spread your ideas through modern art, but it is no worse off than most other places.\nThis article also appears in Urbino Now magazine’s Arte e Cultura section. You can read all the magazine articles in print by ordering a copy from MagCloud.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Bengaluru Pride and Karnataka Queer Habba is organised by CSMR (Campaign for Sexuality Minorities Rights), which is a coalition of many LGBTQ and allied groups and individuals, mainly based in Bengaluru.\nWhat is Pride?\nPride as an event has a serious origin. It dates back to the early morning of 29th June 1969 when police in New York city raided a gay bar called the Stonewall Inn. They started questioning and humiliating the people in the bar, and even arrested some of them.This sort of harassment had been going on for years, but for the first time that night the people in the bar fought back. Lead by the drag queens (men dressed in women’s clothes) the people at Stonewall refused to get bullied in silence. The police responded by beating people savagely, but the crowd refused to go away. More people from the LGBT community came to their support and it became a riot that lasted five days. For the first time the police learned that LGBT people could stand up for their rights.\nThe Stonewall riot became a symbol of LGBT standing up for their basic human rights. The next year, in June 1970, a march was held in New York, San Francisco and Los Angeles to commemorate what happened that night. Over the years, as LGBT people won recognition of their basic human rights the Pride marches became more about celebration. In many countries today Pride is a way of showing how LGBT people live openly and happily in society.\nIn India today we are closer to where Pride was when it started in 1970. LGBT people face a lot of harassment from the police. Lesbians are subject to violence and even forced to commit suicide by their families. Gay men are blackmailed by organised rackets that involve members of the police. Bisexuals are denied the chance to express same sex love and forced into opposite sex marriages. Transgenders are routinely arrested and raped by the police. Same sex couples who have lived together for years cannot buy a house together, have a joint bank account or will their property to each other without being challenged by their families.\nAll this is possible because Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code treats LGBT people as criminals. A case currently being heard in the Delhi High Court calls for this law, imposed on us by the British, to be amended so that it no longer applied to consenting adults. This very small change will not remove all problems for LGBT people, but it will be a vital step towards affirming that we are equal and accepted citizens of India. The time has come!\nDate : Sunday, 23rd November 2014\nTime : 2PM onwards\nVenue : Bangalore City railway station", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Share this page\nThe most critical characteristic of stairs, even more important than the size of any of the parts, is that every step be the same. In fact, building codes enforce this rule. Fire and building codes devote a lot of space to stairs; falls on stairs kill 4,000 people a year in the United States and another 2 million are seriously injured. If you are a homeowner planning to build or repair a stair, please read this advice first.\nMany different terms have been used in describing stairs; we will use those defined in the illustration below. The ratio of unit rise to unit run determines the angle of the stairs.\nThe 1996 Council of American Building Officials (CABO) and the 2000 International Code Council recommendations call for unit runs to be not less than 10 inches and unit rises not more than 7¾ inches.\nStaircases which consist only of treads are said to have “open risers.” Under the 1996 CABO model code, open risers are no longer permitted because they are a danger to children. They are also a danger to the elderly, who tend to catch their toe on the tread and trip.\nNosing projections are also a danger to the elderly.\nAgain, limits are probably specified in the local building code. Typically the minimum width permitted in residences is around 2 feet 8 inches. Three feet is better, and 3′6″ is the standard for normal occupancy. If a stair is more than 44 inches wide, a handrail is required on both sides.\nMost fire codes do not allow stairs to rise more than 12 feet without providing a landing. The length of the landing should be at least equal to the width of the stair tread.\nAccording to the 1996 CABO code, the openings between balusters are to be no greater than 4 inches. This is half of what was allowed a few decades ago; smaller holes reduce injuries to young children. The balustrade is topped by a handrail 30 to 38 inches above the top of the stringer; the handrail's grip size is between 1¼ to 2 inches. If the handrail is mounted on a wall, a space of at least 1½ inches must be left between the edge of the handrail and the wall.\nRules of thumb for determining satisfactory rise/run ratios have existed at least since Classical times. In De Architectura, Vitruvius suggests a unit rise of between 9 and 10 inches, and a unit run between 18 and 24 inches. To modern tastes, this proportion would create a very stately stair. Sir Henry Wooten (1568–1639) suggested that the unit rise not exceed 6 inches and that the unit run be between 1 and 1½ feet. Both authors, however, are describing public buildings or grand houses.\nJacques-Francois Blondel (1705–1774) argued in his Cours d'Architecture that the rise/run ratio should be based on the length of the human pace, which he took to be 25.5 inches. Since in one step on a staircase a foot travels by two risers and a tread, Blondel arrived at the formula two times the unit rise, plus the unit run = 25.5\", or unit rise = (25.5\" - unit run) over 2. This formula works well only for moderate values for unit rise (or unit run). It was, nonetheless, enshrined in the National Fire Code.\nAmong American architects, an old rule-of-thumb is that the sum of the unit rise and the unit run should be about 17½″. Common practice has been to make the unit rise about 7½ inches, the unit run 9″ for interiors and 11″ for exteriors.\nIn modern times, stair researchers have gone beyond observing which existing stairs cause the most accidents. Using tools like endless mechanically driven staircases with variable unit rise and unit run, they have been able to experiment with many combinations of unit rise and unit run, and to capture in stroboscopic photography how missteps occur. The results largely confirm the rules of thumb, but some interesting results emerge, such as that the optimal rise/run ratio for descent is not the same as the one for ascent. Several researchers feel that for descent the unit run should be at least 11 inches.\nBut requiring an 11″ unit run is controversial. Increasing the unit run even an inch or two can greatly increase the size of the staircase. With a rise of 12 feet and a unit rise of 7.2 inches, increasing the unit run from 9″ to 11″ makes the staircase two feet longer–probably 6 square feet of floor area carved out of the living room. When a “7-11” standard was adopted by a building code in the Northeast, the National Association of Home Builders got it reversed, arguing that it increased costs without any proof that it was safer.\nImagine climbing a staircase in which alternate halves of the treads have been removed. A foot moving to the next empty tread does not need to clear the tread on which the other foot stands. Such staircases exist. Their great advantage is that they can be very steep (up to 70°, compared to up to 50° for normal stairs) and still be safe and comfortable. The great disadvantage is that such a staircase can accommodate only one person at a time. Such staircases are most commonly found on shipboard. In the United States, Lapeyre Stair in New Orleans specialized in such staircases.\nThe Stairbuilders and Manufacturers Association offers an excellent Visual Interpretation of the International Residential Code [year] Stair Building Code, very well illustrated with photography. Highly recommended. While the web version used to be free, it is now offered as a non-printable pdf file for $5:\nA useful link list of building code sites is maintained at\nAn inexpensive ($13), excellent Excel spreadsheet for calculating, and more impressive visualizing, the dimensions in a stringer. Design your own staircase. About the only assumption is that the top deck will be the top step. See\nCleo Baldon and Ib Melchior.\nSteps and Stairways.\nJ. M. Fitch et al.\nThe Dimensions of Stairs.\nScientific American, October 1974.\nThe Staircase. (2 vols)\nCambridge: the MIT Press, 1992.\nCopyright © 2000-2015 Sizes, Inc. All rights reserved.\nLast revised: 5 May 2015.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Responsive Classroom\nInstilling lifelong learning and social skills at all levels of learning\nA well-balanced education equips students to succeed in all aspects of life. In addition to academic excellence, students need to develop emotional intelligence, self-awareness, and social skills to help them navigate through the circumstances and relationships they face. Developing these skills early in life also helps to establish foundational elements of leadership development.\nWe have employed the Responsive Classroom methodology as a school-wide approach to create safe and engaging classroom environments in which students can develop. One of the core tenants of this approach is to create an atmosphere in which the students can develop essential social and emotional skills while they achieve academic excellence.\nThe Responsive Classroom in Action\nThe Responsive Classroom provides a unique classroom experience for students by a series of guiding principles and classroom practices. Schedule a tour or join us for an open house to see the Responsive Classroom in action and see what sets our teachers and staff apart.\nInteractive Modeling: Teachers use an interactive approach and consistent modeling with their students, helping to solidify students’ understanding of both academic material and social skills.\nLogical Consequences: Students learn from mistakes in an environment that handles misbehavior in logical, predictable ways that maintain dignity.\nInteractive Learning: Collaborative and hands-on activities are regularly incorporated into classroom instruction to engage students and help them develop social skills while mastering skills.\nLower School Responsive Classroom Practices\nMorning Meeting: Time is set aside each morning to practice greeting, sharing, and collaborating. This activity allows students to begin the day with strong social connections and encourages confidence building.\nGoal Setting: Collaborating together, teachers and students discuss goals and establish an environment in which each individual can achieve success.\nEnergizers: Teachers engage students by incorporating regular “energiziers” into daily instruction. These short, fun, and engaging group activities help students to focus throughout the day.\nQuiet Time: A time of rest is incorporated into the daily routine. These purposeful moments teach students how to transition between segments of the day.\nClosing Circle: Each class wraps up their day with a short gathering that celebrates the day and teaches students the value of reflection.\nMiddle School Responsive Classroom Practices\nResponsive Advisory Meeting: These structured meetings help to begin the day recognizing students’ developmental needs and providing an environment in which students build trust and strong relational connections.\nRule and Goal Setting: Students learn how to put SMART goals into practice and realize how the classroom environment impacts their success.\nEngaging Academics: Teachers incorporate three phases of classroom instruction to facilitate learning mastery by the students. The phases include: Teach and Model, Student Collaboration, and Facilitate Reflection.\nModeling and Reinforcement: Students are encouraged to actively model and practice the concepts they are learning. This enables teachers to regularly coach on progress and ensure independent study is as effective as possible.\nCollaborative Learning: Teacher-organized small group activities provide another environment for students to collaborate and develop social skills while learning academic content.\nSee the Responsive Classroom in action and discover what sets our teachers and staff apart.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Women’s access to and control over land in the current land administration system in two rural kebeles in Ada’a Woreda of Oromia Region\nMetadataShow full item record\nWoldetensaye, A. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). 2007. Women’s access to and control over land in the current land administration system in two rural kebeles in Ada’a Woreda of Oromia Region. MSc thesis (Gender Studies). 98p. Addis Ababa (Ethiopia): Addis Ababa University.\nPermanent link to cite or share this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10568/618\nThe study is designed to explore the status of rural women in access to and control over land in the current land administration system in two rural Kebeles in East Shewa Zone Ada’a Woreda of Oromia region on smallholder farmers’ landholding registration. The Ormia National Regional State Rural Land Administration and Use Proclamation and its implementation procedure are examined from a gender perspective in terms of ensuring rural women’s land holding rights and control they have over land. Historical overview on the land question in Ethiopia revealed that tenure systems evolved through historical periods. Land remained under men’s control throughout history and men’s control over land was strengthened by the rural land reform carried out by the Derg. This tenure reform applied rural land distribution using households as unit for rural land allocation and women were disadvantaged as most rural households were headed by men. The Oromia rural land proclamation is not discriminatory on basis of sex. However, policy gaps are evident in addressing women specific issues such as issues of FHHs and women under polygamous marriages. Gaps also exist between policy and implementation. Customary laws and practices have serious impacts on women’s land rights at the level of implementation. The research applied both quantitative and qualitative methods in view of feminist research methodology to properly address issues from a gender perspective. Survey of 318 households was conducted administering questionnaires in the quantitative method. The qualitative method applied was interviews with relevant Woreda office and Kebele LACs, focus group discussions with rural women, case stories and observation. Triangulation method is applied in data collection, data presentation and in analysis of findings. Study findings reveal that women’s access rights to land is less equal than legally provided. This study evidences gaps between policy and implementation. Customary laws and traditional practices generally have impacts on land access rights of single/unmarried, divorced, widowed women and on access rights of women in polygamous marriages. Women’s control over land is not efficiently addressed by the regional rural land policy. This is a significant policy drawback as women’s equal rights on land could not be achieved without gaining control over land. The land administration system in general and the land registration process in particular has not considered women’s participation in community activities and decision-making. Women are not represented in LACs and Sub-Committees in both Kebeles. Study findings indicate absence of autonomous institution as gap in addressing women’s issues in the land administration system. This study also revealed loose linkages between the rural land policy and other regional legislations like the regional family law which provides women’s equal rights on land in marriage and on its abandonment. This study forwards recommendation to address gender gaps identified to ensure women’s equal access to and control over land in the study area. The Oromia rural land proclamation needs revision from a gender perspective to address women’s specific issues and the land administration system should consider women’s participation in the process, their contribution to the system as well as their equal benefits from policy outcomes.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A Look at Some of the Best Practices for Administering I.V. TherapyHealthcare Training Resource\nAugust 8, 2012 — 1,002 views\nNurses frequently use intravenous therapy (I.V. therapy) to provide patients with essential minerals and vitamins. This form of treatment involves injecting raw materials into the body that are critical to healthy living. It is commonly used to help patients suffering from conditions such as asthma, hepatitis, migraine and more.\nWhat are some of the most common intravenous access devices?\nIntravenous access devices directly assist patients and deliver medications through veins. Additionally, these entry points are less likely to clot, and devices can remain in place for extended periods.\nCentral venous access units are often used by nurses. With these, medical professionals can easily access veins without deep needle sticks. Nurses typically place this device in one of the large veins in a patient's chest or neck.\nPeripheral intravenous catheters are commonly used by many medical professionals. This unit is an ideal choice for patients who require IV medications, but will not need rapid fluid or blood administrations. However, keep in mind that complications could arise, including infiltration, occlusion and phlebitis.\nLong arm catheters are a successful alternative to the peripheral intravenous type, as they are frequently used in situations that require extremely sterile conditions. While a peripheral intravenous catheter has a tip that lies near the vena cava, the long arm unit's end is inserted mid-clavicle.\nWhat legal and regulatory issues exist with I.V. therapy?\nNurses have an obligation to provide patients with exemplary care. They must take accountability for their actions with I.V. therapy to avoid serious legal and regulatory repercussions.\nMedical professionals owe their patients a duty of care, a stipulation that requires nurses to be attentive, cautious and prudent when they provide assistance. Failing to do so is classified as negligence, and gives a patient the right to sue a nurse. Improper administration of I.V. therapy can be considered a serious breach of care.\nA nurse could also face professional consequences for his or her actions. Hearings could be held in which a committee of medical professionals will evaluate a nurse's conduct record.\nThe session could determine whether this person can continue providing I.V. treatment if a patient questions his or her care. Additionally, this nurse might face civil or criminal penalties based on the severity of the issues involved with the therapy.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Instead of this link: https://www.amazon.com/kindle-dbs/entity/author/B00XAIP6XU?encoding=UTF8&node=283155&offset=0&pageSize=12&searchAlias=stripbooks&sort=author-sidecar-rank&page=1&langFilter=default&linkCode=ll2&tag=alicekeeler0e-20&linkId=8378a78045f9713efd6282c6d88d5435&language=en_US&ref=as_li_ss_tl\nLook for Underlined\nText is hyperlinked when it is underlined. However, underlined text is not necessarily hyperlinked. Notice the difference. This is hyperlinked and this is just underlined. Not always, but oftentimes hyperlinked text changes color.\nThe keyboard shortcut for hyperlinking text is Control K.\nUse Control K to Make a Hyperlink\nA hyperlink is text that you can click on to open a webpage. If I say CLICK HERE and hyperlink the text it will open to a descriptive meme template. I ask my students to keep a list of activities they do and to hyperlink to their evidence. They list the activities on a Google Sheets spreadsheet and then click on the cell and use Control K to link that cell to the Google Doc they did.\nHyperlink Ends in K\nHyperlink ends in a K. This can help you to remember the keyboard shortcut for hyperlinK. Type your text and then highlight the text you wish to hyperlink. Hold down the Control key and press K. The text will turn blue to indicate that it is clickable.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "If you’ve ever needed a basic starter HTML 5 document, it’s your lucky day. I’ve got just that for you.\n<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang=\"en\"> <head> <meta charset=\"utf-8\"> <title>title</title> <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"style.css\"> <script src=\"script.js\"></script> </head> <body> <!-- page content --> </body> </html>\nIf you’re not sure what each of the parts of the document are, here’s a quick run down.\nDoctype is a declaration to the browser to let it know it’s an HTML 5 document so that it renders it correctly.\nThe html tag is pretty obvious, in that everything in-between is part of the web page.\nThe body is what you’ll see presented on the web page. This may include navigation elements, paragraphs, images and so forth.\nThe next time you need to test out a script, check some styles, or begin a new project use this simple HTML document to get you started.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Online courses are the best way to obtain a degree or improve your skills. Online learning requires time management, willpower, and discipline. A successful completion of an eLearning course can be very difficult. You can check over here for more information related to IOSH safety courses.\nIt is important to be aware of the following online learning practices. Online courses may not be the best but they are the most convenient. To learn well, you will need to dedicate considerable time to the program.\nYou must also be fully committed and focused on the learning process. This is similar to how you would do if you were taking up regular courses.\nWhat to Expect? You might expect to be tech-savvy, communicate well with others, have self-discipline, and be able to complete all assignments and tasks on time.\nIt is important to ensure that your Internet is up and running. Tech problems are a regular occurrence. You must ensure that your work is always saved to avoid mishaps.\nYou should also make sure to back up all documents with cloud storage. This will allow you to access them from any device, including your tablet. You can keep up with your course and deal with sudden changes by having reliable internet access.\nCreate a dedicated study area. It doesn't matter if you study in your living room or office, but make sure it is clear of distractions, organized, quiet, and easily accessible at all times.\nYou should find a place that allows you to study. When studying, it is important to turn off your smartphone and log off all social media accounts. You must study uninterrupted.", "label": "No"}