Question: what is the origin of COVID-19

Title: [What is the origin of SARS-CoV-2?] Content: Every time a pandemic occurs, dozens of theories emerge to attribute the origin of the event to different facts. The COVID-19 pandemic that has hit virtually all the globe has been no exception. What is known so far about the origin of the virus that causes COVID 19? The first investigations on the origin of this disease have determined that it is a new type of virus, the origin of which is most likely zoonotic.

Title: Concerns related to COVID‐19 pandemic among patients with inflammatory bowel disease and its influence on patient management Content: A novel coronavirus, currently identified as COVID-19, was recently defined as the cause of a cluster of patients with pneumonia of unknown origin that was initially reported from Wuhan, Hubei province, People's Republic of China.

Title: [Editorial] Possibility of transmission through dogs being a contributing factor to the extreme Covid19 outbreak in North Italy Content: Covid19 origin and transmission to humans. Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019. Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4). Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission. However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).

Title: Possibility of transmission through dogs being a contributing factor to the extreme Covid-19 outbreak in North Italy Content: Covid‑19 origin and transmission to humans. Covid‑19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019. Although to date it is considered that Covid‑19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4). Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARS‑CoV‑2 transmission. However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARS‑CoV‑2 remain elusive' (1).

Title: Pangolins Harbor SARS-CoV-2-Related Coronaviruses Content: The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has posed a severe threat to global public health. Yet, the origin of SARS-CoV-2 remains mysterious. Several recent studies (e.g., Lam et al ., Xiao et al .) identified SARS-CoV-2-related viruses in pangolins, providing novel insights into the evolution and diversity of SARS-CoV-2-related viruses.

Title: Pangolins Harbor SARS-CoV-2-Related Coronaviruses Content: The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has posed a severe threat to global public health. Yet, the origin of SARS-CoV-2 remains mysterious. Several recent studies (e.g., Lam et al.,Xiao et al.) identified SARS-CoV-2-related viruses in pangolins, providing novel insights into the evolution and diversity of SARS-CoV-2-related viruses.

Title: Origin of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Computational Biology Study using Artificial Intelligence Content: Origin of the COVID-19 virus has been intensely debated in the scientific community since the first infected cases were detected in December 2019. The disease has caused a global pandemic, leading to deaths of thousands of people across the world and thus finding origin of this novel coronavirus is important in responding and controlling the pandemic. Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences. This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus. More than 300 genome sequences of COVID-19 infected cases collected from different countries are explored and analysed using unsupervised clustering methods. The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes. This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.

Title: Projection of COVID-19 Pandemic in Uganda Content: COVID-19 (Corona Virus) is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-COV-2). The virus that was first discovered in China Wuhan Province about 3 months ago (first cases were reported in Wuhan on December 31st, 2019) has spread world wide. The six (6) top countries (excluding China) most affected so far include; USA, Italy, Spain, Germany, France, and Iran. With Italy showing the highest death toll. In Uganda where it was discovered on 19/3/2020 with one (01) case has just in nine (9) days, increased to thirty (30) infected individuals. This model is a wake-up call over the rate at which COVID-19 is likely to spread throughout the country. Thus it is a guide for policymakers and planners to benchmark on for solutions to this deadly virus.

Title: Genetic diversity and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Content: COVID-19 is a viral respiratory illness caused by a new coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2. The World Health Organization declared the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak a global public health emergency. We performed genetic analyses of eighty-six complete or near-complete genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and revealed many mutations and deletions on coding and non-coding regions. These observations provided evidence of the genetic diversity and rapid evolution of this novel coronavirus.

Title: Zoonotic origins of human coronavirus 2019 (HCoV-19 / SARS-CoV-2): why is this work important? Content: The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by infection with human coronavirus 2019 (HCoV-19 / SARS-CoV-2 / 2019-nCoV), is a global threat to the human population. Here, we briefly summarize the available data for the zoonotic origins of HCoV-19, with reference to the other two epidemics of highly virulent coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, which cause severe pneumonia in humans. We propose to intensify future efforts for tracing the origins of HCoV-19, which is a very important scientific question for the control and prevention of the pandemic.

Title: Genetic diversity and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Content: Abstract COVID-19 is a viral respiratory illness caused by a new coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2. The World Health Organization declared the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak a global public health emergency. We performed genetic analyses of eighty-six complete or near-complete genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and revealed many mutations and deletions on coding and non-coding regions. These observations provided evidence of the genetic diversity and rapid evolution of this novel coronavirus.

Title: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 and novel coronavirus disease 2019: An extraordinary pandemic Content: COVID-19 has emerged as one of the most significant illnesses of the current century. It is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The world was initially viewing it as a localized outbreak in Wuhan city of China; however, it started spreading quickly to other parts of the world. Globally, half-hearted containment measures and a false sense of safety against this novel coronavirus led to the dissemination of disease. Currently, no effective therapy or vaccine is available to manage this illness. After learning a huge lesson, global efforts would hopefully lead to effective control of this pandemic.

Title: Post-donation COVID-19 identification in blood donors. Content: The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) outbreak, which was characterized as a pandemic on 11 March 2020 by the WHO, started in December 2019 with the emergence of pneumonia cases of unknown cause in Wuhan, Hubei, China [1]. SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, are enveloped, non-segmented, single stranded positive sense RNA viruses and are classified as a sister clade to the prototype human and bat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoVs) of the species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus [2]. So far, no respiratory virus, including SARS-CoV and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV, has been confirmed as transfusion-transmissible [3,4].

Title: Endotheliitis and Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with COVID-19: Its Role in Thrombosis and Adverse Outcomes. Content: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2), emerging in Wuhan, China and developing into a pandemic with rapidly emerging cardiovascular manifestations [...].

Title: Novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): new challenges and new responsibilities in developing countries Content: Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which belongs to the genus Coronaviridae with its high mutation rate. From the current perspective, we discuss the current status of COVID-19, new challenges, and potential interventions to control the pandemic in developing counties such as Pakistan.

Title: Novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): new challenges and new responsibilities in developing countries. Content: Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which belongs to the genus Coronaviridae with its high mutation rate. From the current perspective, we discuss the current status of COVID-19, new challenges, and potential interventions to control the pandemic in developing counties such as Pakistan.

Title: To alert coinfection of COVID-19 and dengue virus in developing countries in the dengue-endemic area Content: Coronavirus disease 2019 (CoVID-19) is a new outbreak infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, which was originated from Wuhan in China and has now spread to the whole world. At the meantime, dengue was endemic in the Southeast Asia and South America, and a part of the patients shared the same symptoms, so, we write this paper to alert the clinicians to distinguish these two diseases.

Title: Statistical investigation of relationship between spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and environmental factors based on study of four mostly affected places of China and five mostly affected places of Italy Content: COVID-19 is a new type of coronavirus disease which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It originated in China in the month of December 2019 and quickly started to spread within the country. On 31st December 2019, it was first reported to country office of World Health Organization (WHO) in China. Since then, it has spread to most of the countries around the globe. However, there has been a recent rise in trend in believing that it would go away during summer days, which has not yet been properly investigated. In this paper, relationship of daily number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 with three environmental factors, viz. maximum relative humidity (RH_max), maximum temperature (T_max) and highest wind speed (WS_max), considering the incubation period, have been investigated statistically, for four of the most affected places of China, viz. Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Wuhan and five of the most affected places of Italy, viz. Bergamo, Cremona, Lodi, Milano. It has been found that the relationship with maximum relative humidity and highest wind is mostly negligible, whereas relationship with maximum temperature is ranging between negligible to moderate.

Title: COVID-19 – What does a paediatrician need to know? Content: COVID-19 is a coronavirus responsible for a global pandemic that started in China in December 2019 and has quickly spread to almost all countries. Approximately 2% of cases are diagnosed in children. There is increasing evidence for transmission by asymptomatic or presymptomatic adults and children. The clinical features do not differ from those of other respiratory viral infections, although rare cases manifest an unusual rash involving the digits. Disease is generally mild in children but deaths have been reported. Risk groups for severe disease in children are yet to be delineated. All treatments remain experimental.

Title: Multi-Center Evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2 Assay for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Oropharyngeal Swab Specimens Content: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global health concern that has spread worldwide since December 2019 (1-4). .

Title: Genetic evolution analysis of 2019 novel coronavirus and coronavirus from other species Content: The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. However, so far, there are still controversies about the source of the virus and its intermediate host. Here, we found the novel coronavirus was closely related to coronaviruses derived from five wild animals, including Paguma larvata, Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, Civet, Aselliscus stoliczkanus and Rhinolophus sinicus, and was in the same branch of the phylogenetic tree. However, genome and ORF1a homology show that the virus is not the same coronavirus as the coronavirus derived from these five animals, whereas the virus has the highest homology with Bat coronavirus isolate RaTG13.

Title: Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Thailand reveals mixed imported populations, a local lineage expansion and a virus with truncated ORF7a Content: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global public health threat. Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 was implemented during March 2020 at a major diagnostic hub in Bangkok, Thailand. Several virus lineages supposedly originated in many countries were found, and a Thai-specific lineage, designated A/Thai-1, has expanded to be predominant in Thailand. A virus sample in the SARS-CoV-2 A/Thai-1 lineage contains a frame-shift deletion at ORF7a, encoding a putative host antagonizing factor of the virus.

Title: COVID-19: laboratory diagnosis for clinicians. An updating article Content: COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is an infectious disease caused by the new coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Coronaviridae comprises a large family, of which at least seven members are known to cause respiratory diseases in humans Coronaviruses have the ability to infect virtually all major groups of animals and, eventually, can infect humans SARS-CoV-2 is the third coronavirus to cross the species barrier and infect humans This virus was identified in an outbreak of pneumonia cases in Wuhan city, Hubei province, China, in December 2019 Its entire genome is inscribed on a single strand of ribonucleic acid Some proteins present on the surface of the virus act as facilitators for its entry into host cells, while others, apparently, are related to its pathogenesis Coronaviruses are responsible for respiratory infections in humans and some animals The infection is often mild to moderate in intensity, but some coronaviruses may cause serious illnesses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which occurred in 2002, and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) Coronaviruses can activate an excessive and unregulated immune response, which may promote SARS development Although the lungs are one of the target organs, the hypoxia mechanism is systemic and other organs begin to suffer both through lack of oxygen and through deregulation of inflammation control mechanisms

Title: Papa Giovanni XXIII Bergamo Hospital at the time of the COVID-19 outbreak: letter from the warfront. Content: In early December 2019, the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) was identified as the agent responsible for the first pneumonia cases of unknown origin in Wuhan, the capital of the Hubei region in China. The virus has been identified as a novel enveloped RNA betacoronavirus2 , that has been promptly named SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). The World Health Organization (WHO), on January 12, 2020 declared the COVID-19 a public health emergency of international concern. On March 11, the WHO made the assessment that COVID-19 can be characterized as a pandemic.

Title: Covid-19 outbreak and perspective in morocco Content: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory illness that can spread from person to person. The virus that causes COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus that was first identified during an investigation into an outbreak in Wuhan, China and rapidly spread across the world to become the first pandemic caused by a coronavirus. As of 26 March 2020, there are 275 cases affected by COVID-19 announced by the Moroccan government, and it possible to limit the spread of this serious disease, with the cooperation of all the citizens in respect of the measures of containment and individual protection. Also, with the announce yesterday by the Moroccan government of the authorization of use of chloroquine in treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia, COVID-19 will be soon eradicated from Morocco and hopefully from all over the world.

Title: Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 Strike on Arab Countries and Territories: A Situation Report I Content: The novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a new virus called COVID-19 or 2019-nCoV that first identified in Wuhan, China. The disease causes respiratory illness (such as the flu) with other symptoms such as a cough, fever, and in more severe cases, difficulty breathing. This new Coronavirus seems to be very infectious and has spread quickly and globally. In this work, information about COVID-19 is provided and the situation in Arab countries and territories regarding the COVID-19 strike is presented. The next few weeks main expectations is also given.

Title: The recent challenges of highly contagious COVID-19; causing respiratory infections: symptoms, diagnosis, transmission, possible vaccines, animal models and immunotherapy Content: COVID-19 is highly contagious pathogenic viral infection initiated from Wuhan seafood wholesale market of China on December 2019 and spread rapidly around the whole world due to onward transmission. This recent outbreak of novel coronavirus (CoV) was believed to be originated from bats and causing respiratory infections such as common cold, dry cough, fever, headache, dyspnea, pneumonia and finally Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in humans. For this widespread zoonotic virus, human-to-human transmission has resulted in nearly 83 lakh cases in 213 countries and territories with 4,50,686 deaths as on 19th June 2020. This review presents a report on the origin, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, possible vaccines, animal models and immunotherapy for this novel virus and will provide ample references for the researchers towards the ongoing development of therapeutic agents and vaccines and also preventing the spread of this disease.

Title: The recent challenges of highly contagious COVID-19; causing respiratory infections: symptoms, diagnosis, transmission, possible vaccines, animal models and immunotherapy. Content: COVID-19 is highly contagious pathogenic viral infection initiated from Wuhan seafood wholesale market of China on December 2019 and spread rapidly around the whole world due to onward transmission. This recent outbreak of novel coronavirus (CoV) was believed to be originated from bats and causing respiratory infections such as common cold, dry cough, fever, headache, dyspnea, pneumonia and finally Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in humans. For this widespread zoonotic virus, human-to-human transmission has resulted in nearly 83 lakh cases in 213 countries and territories with 4,50,686 deaths as on 19th June 2020. This review presents a report on the origin, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, possible vaccines, animal models and immunotherapy for this novel virus and will provide ample references for the researchers towards the ongoing development of therapeutic agents and vaccines and also preventing the spread of this disease.

Title: Tracking the origin of early COVID-19 cases in Canada Content: The original coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan, China has become a global pandemic. By tracking the earliest 118 COVID-19 cases in Canada, we produced a Voronoi treemap to show the travel origins of the country's earliest COVID-19 cases. By March 11, 2020, even though the majority (64.1%) of the world's COVID-19 confirmed cases still had their origin in China, only 7.6% of Canada's first 118 COVID-19 cases arose due in travelers to China. The most commonly reported travel history among the 118 cases originated from the Middle East, the United States, and Europe. Thus, in retrospect, broadening of early screening tools and travel restrictions to countries and regions outside China may help control global COVID-19 spread.

Title: Time Course of COVID-19 Cases in Austria Content: COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus, which first appeared in China in late 2019, and reached pandemic distribution in early 2020. The first major outbreak in Europe occurred in Northern Italy where it spread to neighboring countries, notably to Austria, where skiing resorts served as a main transmission hub. Soon, the Austrian government introduced strict measures to curb the spread of the virus. Using publicly available data, we assessed the efficiency of the governmental measures. We assumed an average incubation period of one week and an average duration of infectivity of 10 days. One week after the introduction of strict measures, the increase in daily new cases was reversed, and the reproduction number dropped. The crude estimates tended to overestimate the reproduction rate in the early phase. Publicly available data provide a first estimate about the effectiveness of public health measures. However, more data are needed for an unbiased assessment.

Title: COVID-19: Healthy environmental impact for public safety and menaces oil market Content: COVID-19 seems as global emergency, by infectious virus, caused respiratory illness like having symptoms of flue, sickness, headache, and difficulty in breathing. Within months the world has been transformed into new order, thousands of people died and many more are fallen ill due to COVID-19 outbreak. China was the first country to see the outbreak and the first country to control it. However, the disease has broken out in Europe, the Middle East, the United States and other places. The United States has the highest number of cases in the world.

Title: COVID-19: Healthy environmental impact for public safety and menaces oil market. Content: COVID-19 seems as global emergency, by infectious virus, caused respiratory illness like having symptoms of flue, sickness, headache, and difficulty in breathing. Within months the world has been transformed into new order, thousands of people died and many more are fallen ill due to COVID-19 outbreak. China was the first country to see the outbreak and the first country to control it. However, the disease has broken out in Europe, the Middle East, the United States and other places. The United States has the highest number of cases in the world.

Title: Clinical features and outcomes of four HIV patients with COVID‐19 in Wuhan, China Content: SARS-CoV-2 is the coronavirus that has been identified as the pathogen causing COVID-19.1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) attacks the immune system and leads to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the late stage of disease. Concerns have been raised on HIV as a risk factor for COVID-19. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Title: Distinct characteristics of COVID‐19 patients with initial rRT‐PCR‐positive and rRT‐PCR‐negative results for SARS‐CoV‐2 Content: Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) first emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019, the outbreak of COVID-19 epidemic has become an increasingly serious global health concern. Currently, over 150 countries have reported COVID-19 cases, and the situation has progressed to a pandemic associated with substantial morbidity and mortality.1.

Title: World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) Content: An unprecedented outbreak of pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan City, Hubei province in China emerged in December 2019. A novel coronavirus was identified as the causative agent and was subsequently termed COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Considered a relative of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19 is caused by a betacoronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 that affects the lower respiratory tract and manifests as pneumonia in humans. Despite rigorous global containment and quarantine efforts, the incidence of COVID-19 continues to rise, with 90,870 laboratory-confirmed cases and over 3,000 deaths worldwide. In response to this global outbreak, we summarise the current state of knowledge surrounding COVID-19.

Title: SARS-CoV-2 receptor mutation in Egyptian population Content: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory tract infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 triggers severe pneumonia leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in severe cases. According to WHO reported, Egypt is among the countries with low confirmed SARS CoV2 infected symptomatic cases and death. We postulate that one of the reasons for this may be due mutations in the viral receptor. Therefore this study was conducted to confirm or reject this postulation.

Title: Is visiting Qom spread CoVID-19 epidemic in the Middle East? Content: The CoVID-19 epidemic started in Wuhan, China and spread to 217 other countries around the world through direct contact with patients, goods transfer, animal transport, and touching unclean surfaces. In the Middle East, the first confirmed case in both Iran and UAE originated from China. A series of infections since those confirmed cases started in the Middle East originated from Qom, Iran, and other Shi'ite holy places. Thereafter, CoVID-19 has been transmitted to other countries in the Middle East. This report aims to trace all of the confirmed cases in the Middle East until March 6, 2020 and their further spread. This report proves that further transmission of CoVID-19 to the Middle East was because of human mobility, besides engaging in different Jewish and Shi'ite religious rites. This report suggests avoiding several religious rites, closing the borders of infected countries, and supporting the infected countries to prevent further transmission.

Title: Accelerating drug development through repurposed FDA approved drugs for COVID-19: speed is important, not haste Content: A life-threatening, emerging respiratory disease called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) 26 originated in the city of Wuhan in China's Hubei province in December, 2019 and has been classified as 27 an international pandemic by the World Health Organization. .

Title: Genotype and phenotype of COVID-19: Their roles in pathogenesis Content: COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus with an outbreak of unusual viral pneumonia in Wuhan, China, and then pandemic. Based on its phylogenetic relationships and genomic structures the COVID-19 belongs to genera Betacoronavirus. Human Betacoronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV) have many similarities, but also have differences in their genomic and phenotypic structure that can influence their pathogenesis. COVID-19 is containing single-stranded (positive-sense) RNA associated with a nucleoprotein within a capsid comprised of matrix protein. A typical CoV contains at least six ORFs in its genome. All the structural and accessory proteins are translated from the sgRNAs of CoVs. Four main structural proteins are encoded by ORFs 10, 11 on the one-third of the genome near the 3'-terminus. The genetic and phenotypic structure of COVID-19 in pathogenesis is important. This article highlights the most important of these features compared to other Betacoronaviruses.

Title: Co-infection with Influenza A and COVID-19 Content: COVID-19, also called severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), originated in Wuhan, China. It has caused significant morbidity and mortality worldwide and has been declared a global pandemic by the WHO. Influenza occurs mainly during the winter, with the burden of disease determined by several factors, including the effectiveness of the vaccine that season, the characteristics of the circulating viruses, and how long the season lasts. We describe the case of a 66-year-old woman who was diagnosed with influenza A and COVID-19 co-infection. LEARNING POINTS: COVID-19 can co-occur with other viral infections. Some of these co-infections have active treatments, while supportive treatment is the mainstay of treatment for others.

Title: Estudios de imagen cardiaca en la pandemia COVID-19./ Cardiac imaging studies in the COVID-19 pandemic Content: COVID-19 is an acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus-2 (SARS COV2). The different cardiac imaging methods have issued specific recommendations for the different imaging methods in this pandemic, so it is essential to emphasize the recommendations for carrying out these studies.

Title: Cardiac imaging studies in the COVID-19 pandemic. Content: COVID-19 is an acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus-2 (SARS COV2). The different cardiac imaging methods have issued specific recommendations for the different imaging methods in this pandemic, so it is essential to emphasize the recommendations for carrying out these studies.

Title: Predicting COVID-19 distribution in Mexico through a discrete and time-dependent Markov chain and an SIR-like model Content: COVID-19 is an emergent viral infection which rose in December 2019 in a city in the Chinese province of Hubei, Wuhan; the viral aetiology of this infection is now known as COVID-19 virus, which belongs to the Betacoronavirus genus. This virus produces the syndrome of acute respiratory stress that h as been witnessed in other coronaviruses, such as that MERS-CoV in Middle East countries or SARS-CoV which was seen in 2002 and 2003 in China. This virus mediates its entry through its spike (S) proteins interacting with ACE2 receptors in lung epithelial cells, and may promote an inflammatory response by means of inflammasome NLRP3 activation and unfolded protein response (these are possibly consequence of the envelope E protein of COVID-19 virus). Efforts have been made worldwide to prevent further spread of the disease, but in March 2020 the WHO declared it a pandemic emergency and Mexico started to report its first cases. In this paper we attempt to summarize the biological features of the virus and the possible pathophysiological mechanisms of its disease, as well as a stochastic model characterizing the probability distribution of cases in Mexico by states and the estimated number of cases in Mexico through a differential equation model (modified SIR model), thus will we be able to characterize the disease and its course in Mexico in order to display more preparedness and promote more logical actions by both the policy makers as well as the general population.

Title: Estudios de imagen cardiaca en la pandemia COVID-19 Content: COVID-19 is an acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus-2 (SARS COV2) The different cardiac imaging methods have issued specific recommendations for the different imaging methods in this pandemic, so it is essential to emphasize the recommendations for carrying out these studies

Title: The continued epidemic threat of SARS-CoV-2 and implications for the future of global public health Content: A new coronavirus (CoV) called SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019 as the etiological agent of a viral pneumonia called COVID-19. The global spread of SARS-CoV-2 has been so extensive that the WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Below, we discuss the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and provide the historical context, which strongly suggests emerging CoVs provide an immediate threat to global public health and will continue to do so in the future.

Title: Neuroinfection may contribute to pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of COVID‐19 Content: The new coronavirus, classified as SARS-CoV-2 that emerged in Hubei province in China, causes a new coronavirus disease, which was termed COVID-19 by WHO on February 11, 2020. COVID-19 claimed almost 19000 lives around the world by March 25, 2020.

Title: COVID-19 in Kenya Content: COVID-19 meaning Coronavirus disease which is severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) discovered in the year December 2019 at Wuhan in China after an outbreak an infectious disease causing respiratory illness-pneumonia. SARS-CoV-2 was previously known as 2019 novel Coronavirus disease or 2019-nCov. Kenya has 122 positive cases of COVID-19 as at 4thApril 2020, four deaths and three recoveries as reported by the Government of Kenya.

Title: COVID‐19: Herd Immunity and Convalescent Plasma Transfer Therapy Content: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), has spread worldwide triggering a pandemic. Its first case was reported in Wuhan, the capital of China's Hubei province, and since then it has spread across world becoming one of the worst pandemics in the history of mankind(1). Its basic reproductive number (R(0)) has been determined to be 2‐3(2). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Title: Differential diagnosis of illness in patients under investigation for the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), Italy, February 2020 Content: A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has been identified as the causative pathogen of an ongoing outbreak of respiratory disease, now named COVID-19. Most cases and sustained transmission occurred in China, but travel-associated cases have been reported in other countries, including Europe and Italy. Since the symptoms are similar to other respiratory infections, differential diagnosis in travellers arriving from countries with wide-spread COVID-19 must include other more common infections such as influenza and other respiratory tract diseases.

Title: Bioinformatic analysis indicates that SARS-CoV-2 is unrelated to known artificial coronaviruses Content: OBJECTIVE: SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the present coronavirus pandemic and some suggestions were made about its possible artificial origin. We, therefore, compared SARS-CoV-2 with such known viruses that were prepared in the laboratory and other relevant natural strains to estimate their genetic relatedness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BLAST and clustalW were used to identify and align viral sequences of SARS-CoV-2 to other animal coronaviruses (human, bat, mouse, pangolin) and related artificial constructs. Phylogenetics trees were then prepared using iTOL. RESULTS: Our study supports the notion that known artificial coronaviruses, including the chimeric SL-SHC014-MA15 synthesized in 2015, differ too much from SARS-CoV-2 to hypothesize an artificial origin of the latter. On the contrary, our data support the natural origin of the COVID-19 virus, likely derived from bats, possibly transferred to pangolins, before spreading to man. CONCLUSIONS: Speculations about the artificial origin of SARS-CoV-2 are most likely unfounded. On the contrary, when carefully handled, engineered organisms provide a unique opportunity to study biological systems in a controlled fashion. Biotechnology is a powerful tool to advance medical research and should not be abandoned because of irrational fears.

Title: Point-of-Care RNA-Based Diagnostic Device for COVID-19 Content: At the end of 2019, the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a fast-spreading respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was reported in Wuhan, China and has now affected over 123 countries globally [...].

Title: Risk Factors of Healthcare Workers with Corona Virus Disease 2019: A Retrospective Cohort Study in a Designated Hospital of Wuhan in China Content: Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in Wuhan, China has caused many healthcare workers (HCWs) infected. Seventy-two HCWs manifested with acute respiratory illness were retrospectively enrolled to analyze the risk factors. The high-risk department, longer duty hours, and suboptimal hand hygiene after contacting with patients were linked to COVID-19.

Title: Genotype and phenotype of COVID-19: Their roles in pathogenesis Content: Abstract COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus with an outbreak of unusual viral pneumonia in Wuhan, China, and then pandemic. Based on its phylogenetic relationships and genomic structures the COVID-19 belongs to genera Betacoronavirus. Human Betacoronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV) have many similarities, but also have differences in their genomic and phenotypic structure that can influence their pathogenesis. COVID-19 is containing single-stranded (positive-sense) RNA associated with a nucleoprotein within a capsid comprised of matrix protein. A typical CoV contains at least six ORFs in its genome. All the structural and accessory proteins are translated from the sgRNAs of CoVs. Four main structural proteins are encoded by ORFs 10, 11 on the one-third of the genome near the 3′-terminus. The genetic and phenotypic structure of COVID-19 in pathogenesis is important. This article highlights the most important of these features compared to other Betacoronaviruses.

Title: Infection risk in a gastroenterological ward during a nosocomial COVID-19 infection event Content: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) first emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and rapidly infected a large number of individuals, and disease clusters have spread worldwide. A case of presumably nosocomial COVID-19 was detected in the gastroenterological ward; however, appropriate precautions against contact and droplet prevented a subsequent infection cluster. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Title: Povidone‐iodine gargle as a prophylactic intervention to interrupt the transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 Content: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-COV-2 was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization (WHO) in January 2020. Human-to-Human transmission occurs through close contact with an infected person or surfaces that are contaminated with droplets or secretions.

Title: Power-law distribution in the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases Content: COVID-19 is an emerging respiratory infectious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. It was first reported on in early December 2019 in Wuhan, China and within three month spread as a pandemic around the whole globe. Here, we study macro-epidemiological patterns along the time course of the pandemic. We compute the distribution of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths for countries worldwide and for counties in the US, and show that both distributions follow a truncated power-law over five orders of magnitude. We are able to explain the origin of this scaling behavior as a dual-scale process: the large-scale spread of the virus between countries and the small-scale accumulation of case numbers within each country. Assuming exponential growth on both scales, the critical exponent of the power-law is determined by the ratio of large-scale to small-scale growth rates. We confirm this theory in numerical simulations in a simple meta-population model, describing the epidemic spread in a network of interconnected countries. Our theory gives a mechanistic explanation why most COVID-19 cases occurred within a few epicenters, at least in the initial phase of the outbreak. Assessing how well a simple dual-scale model predicts the early spread of epidemics, despite the huge contrasts between countries, could help identify critical temporal and spatial scales of response in which to mitigate future epidemic threats.

Title: Stay Strong: Aboriginal leaders deliver COVID‐19 health messages Content: COVID-19 caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has constituted a pandemic unparalleled in modern history. The spread, case numbers, and socioeconomic consequences have resulted in pandemic control measures attempting to "flatten the curve". Australia recorded its first case of COVID-19 on the 25th of January 2020. The federal government responded to the virus spread by escalating human movement controls: during February any person arriving from countries with high rates of infection were expected to quarantine for 14 days in a third country before entering Australia.

Title: Accelerating drug development through repurposed FDA approved drugs for COVID-19: speed is important, not haste. Content: A life-threatening, emerging respiratory disease called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) 26 originated in the city of Wuhan in China's Hubei province in December, 2019 and has been classified as 27 an international pandemic by the World Health Organization.….

Title: Transmission and risk factors of OF COVID-19 Content: SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is transmitted through respiratory secretions and saliva. The virus can also live for short periods of time (1 to several hours) on fomites such as doorknobs, handrails, and tables. Aerosolization of the virus can occur during procedures including bronchoscopy, endotracheal intubation, and administration of nebulized treatments. Asymptomatic shedding of the virus does occur and may account for up to 60% of cases. Risk factors for a more severe course of COVID-19 include age 65 and older, living in a nursing home or long term care facility, chronic lung disease, and others.

Title: Transmission and risk factors of OF COVID-19. Content: SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is transmitted through respiratory secretions and saliva. The virus can also live for short periods of time (1 to several hours) on fomites such as doorknobs, handrails, and tables. Aerosolization of the virus can occur during procedures including bronchoscopy, endotracheal intubation, and administration of nebulized treatments. Asymptomatic shedding of the virus does occur and may account for up to 60% of cases. Risk factors for a more severe course of COVID-19 include age 65 and older, living in a nursing home or long term care facility, chronic lung disease, and others.

Title: Multi-Center Evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2 Assay for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Oropharyngeal Swab Specimens. Content: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global health concern that has spread worldwide since December 2019 (1-4).….

Title: World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) Content: Abstract An unprecedented outbreak of pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan City, Hubei province in China emerged in December 2019. A novel coronavirus was identified as the causative agent and was subsequently termed COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Considered a relative of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19 is caused by a betacoronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 that affects the lower respiratory tract and manifests as pneumonia in humans. Despite rigorous global containment and quarantine efforts, the incidence of COVID-19 continues to rise, with 90,870 laboratory-confirmed cases and over 3,000 deaths worldwide. In response to this global outbreak, we summarise the current state of knowledge surrounding COVID-19.

Title: Diagnosing COVID-19: Did We Miss Anything? Content: In late 2019, a mass of patients showing symptoms of a pneumonia-like disease of unknown origin emerged in Wuhan, China. Little did the world know it was the prelude of what would be a devastating pandemic. Samples were collected from these patients and the use of unbiased sequencing, and subsequent isolation of the pathogen using human airway epithelial cells led to the discovery of a novel coronavirus, named 2019-nCoV by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The disease caused by this virus is officially called the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Title: COVID-19: A New Virus as a Potential Rapidly Spreading in the Worldwide Content: Covid-19 is a novel virus with high affinity to spread in the community In December 2019, it was first identified in Wuhan, China The symptoms are non-specific, so fever, cough, dyspnea, are prominent features Respiratory failure and mortality have also been reported The most common lung CT scan findings are bilateral ground glass opacities

Title: Review on the global epidemiological situation and the efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19 Content: Covid-19 disease is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus belonging to the coronavirus family. Covid-19 is so new that there is currently no specific vaccine or treatment. Clinical trials are currently underway. In vitro tests are also being conducted to assess the efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of this epidemic, which is considered a pandemic by the WHO. We note that the content of this review is dated. The information it contains is subject to change and modification as the epidemic progresses.

Title: First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the WHO European Region, 24 January to 21 February 2020 Content: A cluster of pneumonia of unknown origin was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 [1] On 12 January 2020, Chinese authorities shared the sequence of a novel coronavirus termed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) isolated from some clustered cases [2] Since then, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) As at 21 February 2020, the virus had spread rapidly mostly within China but also to 28 other countries, including in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region [3-5] Here we describe the epidemiology of the first cases of COVID-19 in this region, excluding cases reported in the United Kingdom (UK), as at 21 February 2020 The study includes a comparison between cases detected among travellers from China and cases whose infection was acquired due to subsequent local transmission %R doi:https://doi org/10 2807/1560-7917 ES 2020 25 9 2000178

Title: An Introduction to COVID-19 Content: A novel coronavirus (CoV) named ‘2019-nCoV’ or ‘2019 novel coronavirus’ or ‘COVID-19’ by the World Health Organization (WHO) is in charge of the current outbreak of pneumonia that began at the beginning of December 2019 near in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China [1–4]. COVID-19 is a pathogenic virus. From the phylogenetic analysis carried out with obtainable full genome sequences, bats occur to be the COVID-19 virus reservoir, but the intermediate host(s) has not been detected till now.

Title: [Etiology of epidemic outbreaks COVID-19 on Wuhan, Hubei province, Chinese People Republic associated with 2019-nCoV (Nidovirales, Coronaviridae, Coronavirinae, Betacoronavirus, Subgenus Sarbecovirus): lessons of SARS-CoV outbreak.] Content: Results of analysis of phylogenetic, virological, epidemiological, ecological, clinical data of COVID-19 outbreaks in Wuhan, China (PRC) in comparison with SARS-2002 and MERS-2012 outbreaks allow to conclude: - the etiological agent of COVID-19 is coronavirus (2019-CoV), phylogenetically close to the SARS-CoV, isolated from human, and SARS-related viruses isolated from bats (SARS-related bat CoV viruses). These viruses belong to the Sarbecovirus subgenus, Betacoronavirus genus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily, Coronaviridae family (Cornidovirinea: Nidovirales). COVID-19 is a variant of SARS-2002 and is different from MERS-2012 outbreak, which were caused by coronavirus belonged to the subgenus Merbecovirus of the same genus; - according to the results of phylogenetic analysis of 35 different betacoronaviruses, isolated from human and from wild animals in 2002-2019, the natural source of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV (2002) is bats of Rhinolophus genus (Rhinolophidae) and, probably, some species of other genera. An additional reservoir of the virus could be an intermediate animal species (snakes, civet, hedgehogs, badgers, etc.) that are infected by eating of infected bats. SARS-like coronaviruses circulated in bats in the interepidemic period (2003-2019); - seasonal coronaviruses (subgenus Duvinacovirus, Alphacoronavirus) are currently circulating (November 2019 - January 2020) in the European part of Russia, Urals, Siberia and the Far East of Russia, along with the influenza viruses A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), and Ð, as well as six other respiratory viruses (HPIV, HAdV, HRSV, HRV, HBoV, and HMPV).

Title: [Etiology of epidemic outbreaks COVID-19 on Wuhan, Hubei province, Chinese People Republic associated with 2019-nCoV (Nidovirales, Coronaviridae, Coronavirinae, Betacoronavirus, Subgenus Sarbecovirus): lessons of SARS-CoV outbreak.] Content: Results of analysis of phylogenetic, virological, epidemiological, ecological, clinical data of COVID-19 outbreaks in Wuhan, China (PRC) in comparison with SARS-2002 and MERS-2012 outbreaks allow to conclude: - the etiological agent of COVID-19 is coronavirus (2019-CoV), phylogenetically close to the SARS-CoV, isolated from human, and SARS-related viruses isolated from bats (SARS-related bat CoV viruses). These viruses belong to the Sarbecovirus subgenus, Betacoronavirus genus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily, Coronaviridae family (Cornidovirinea: Nidovirales). COVID-19 is a variant of SARS-2002 and is different from MERS-2012 outbreak, which were caused by coronavirus belonged to the subgenus Merbecovirus of the same genus; - according to the results of phylogenetic analysis of 35 different betacoronaviruses, isolated from human and from wild animals in 2002-2019, the natural source of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV (2002) is bats of Rhinolophus genus (Rhinolophidae) and, probably, some species of other genera. An additional reservoir of the virus could be an intermediate animal species (snakes, civet, hedgehogs, badgers, etc.) that are infected by eating of infected bats. SARS-like coronaviruses circulated in bats in the interepidemic period (2003-2019); - seasonal coronaviruses (subgenus Duvinacovirus, Alphacoronavirus) are currently circulating (November 2019 - January 2020) in the European part of Russia, Urals, Siberia and the Far East of Russia, along with the influenza viruses A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), and В, as well as six other respiratory viruses (HPIV, HAdV, HRSV, HRV, HBoV, and HMPV).

Title: Proteome Organization of COVID-19: Illustrating Targets for Vaccine Development Content: 'COVID-19' the recent virulent viral infection had influenced the lives of millions globally leading to both loss of life, economic and financial crisis Coronavirus belongs to family coronaviridae with four genus viz alpha/beta and gamma-coronavirus, infecting both aves and mammals The SARS-Cov-2 emerged in Wuhan, China in Dec, 2019 and since then had spread to 213 countries Its origin is debatable with both natural origin and conspiracy theory providing no conclusive evidences Coronavirus have '+'ive RNA and encodes for 29 proteins, which carries out its life cycle including infection and disease progression The study of its proteome organization could illustrate the proteins which act as the key molecular players in the infection cycle of the virus These proteins can also act as important drug targets in combating COVID-19 infection Majority of the drugs have been formulated in order to act as agonist to spike proteins inhibiting infection by binding to ACE2 receptors Proteome analysis has also revealed the critical mutated proteins that are responsible for COVID-19 pathogenesis and virulence mRNA based vaccines (mRNA-1273, BNT162) also targets these spike proteins Although DNA vaccine has also been attempted using RDT, but the high rate of mutation associated with COVID-19 have made such vaccines ineffective even before use Thus evolutionarily conserved proteins have been the best candidature for vaccine development Similarly phylogenetic analysis of its proteins could help us to understand the evolutionary pattern of COVID-19 It could be used to develop a predictable model for such pathogenic infections, preparing ourselves to take preventive action against its reoccurrence

Title: Dual Challenge of Cancer and COVID-19: Impact on Health Care and Socioeconomic Systems in Asia Pacific Content: Coronavirus or COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in social and economic disruption throughout the entire world. Each country is being challenged. Although much of the world's focus has been on the rapid spread in Italy, Spain, and the United States, the potential impact on the world's poor, a majority of whom are living in Asia, could be devastating. Asia has the world's most densely populated cities, and its developing countries are facing challenges in their socioeconomic and health care systems. COVID-19 is quickly overwhelming the fragile and overstretched health systems of low- and low- to middle-income countries. With its aging population having chronic diseases and the growing burden of cancer, Asia is facing the dual challenge of controlling the spread of COVID-19 and at the same time providing and maintaining cancer care.

Title: Dual Challenge of Cancer and COVID-19: Impact on Health Care and Socioeconomic Systems in Asia Pacific. Content: Coronavirus or COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in social and economic disruption throughout the entire world. Each country is being challenged. Although much of the world's focus has been on the rapid spread in Italy, Spain, and the United States, the potential impact on the world's poor, a majority of whom are living in Asia, could be devastating. Asia has the world's most densely populated cities, and its developing countries are facing challenges in their socioeconomic and health care systems. COVID-19 is quickly overwhelming the fragile and overstretched health systems of low- and low- to middle-income countries. With its aging population having chronic diseases and the growing burden of cancer, Asia is facing the dual challenge of controlling the spread of COVID-19 and at the same time providing and maintaining cancer care.

Title: Liver transplantation in an ICU dominated by COVID-19 Content: The Letter from D'Antiga L about concerns of transplanting patients in the context of COVID19 pandemic is very interesting [1]. COVID-19 designates the infection caused by the SARS-Cov2 virus. This illness originated in December, 2019, in Wuhan, China. Since then, it has been identified in more than 150 countries. The first case of COVID-19 in Portugal was notified in March 02, 2020.

Title: Liver transplantation in an ICU dominated by COVID-19. Content: The Letter from D'Antiga L about concerns of transplanting patients in the context of COVID19 pandemic is very interesting [1]. COVID-19 designates the infection caused by the SARS-Cov2 virus. This illness originated in December, 2019, in Wuhan, China. Since then, it has been identified in more than 150 countries. The first case of COVID-19 in Portugal was notified in March 02, 2020.

Title: Advice regarding COVID‐19 and use of immunomodulators, in patients with severe dermatological diseases Content: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as named by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). There is very limited evidence base to formulate specific advice for dermatology patients on immunomodulators with regards to COVID-19. The following is based on expert opinion, taking into account known risks of influenza (a negative sense single-stranded RNA virus) and other, positive-sense single-stranded, RNA virus infections (such as SARS, MERS, and the common cold). An Australia/New Zealand consensus document is in development.

Title: How did SARS-CoV-19 spread in India from Italy, Iran and China? Genetic surveillance of early cases and virus demography Content: SARS-CoV-19 after emerging from Wuhan, drastically devastated all sectors of human life by crushing down the global economy and increased psychological burden on public, government, and healthcare professionals. We manifested by analyzing 35 early coronavirus cases of India, that virus introduction in India, occurred from Italy, Iran and China and population demography apparently revealed a rapid population expansion after the outbreak with a present steady growth. We depicted nucleotide substitutions in structural genes, drove for the adaptive selection and plead for sequencing more genomes to facilitate identification of new emerged mutants, genetic evolution and disease transmission caused by coronavirus.

Title: COVID-19: A Risk Assessment Perspective Content: [Image: see text] COVID-19 is a newly emerging viral respiratory disease first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The disease is caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which is related to the viruses that cause SARS and MERS. While the case fatality ratio for COVID-19 (5%) is far lower than that for SARS (11%) and MERS (34%), COVID-19 is spreading relatively uncontrolled at this time across the globe. In contrast, SARS appears to be contained, and MERS is controlled. This paper will explore why COVID-19 is able to progress to a global pandemic that affects our daily lives to an extent not known in recent history. The COVID-19 outbreak and spread will be examined based on the current literature, using a researcher’s perspective of risk assessment and risk mitigation; this approach will be related to public health.

Title: The Rheumatologist's Role in Covid-19. Content: The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has spread rapidly throughout the planet. It is believed to have originated in the Wuhan province of China, but this highly contagious respiratory virus has spread to over 140 countries on 6 continents as of mid-March 2020 according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Worldwide, there have been over 164,000 cases identified and over 6,500 deaths attributed to the viral infection. As of March 15, 2020, there are over 3,700 confirmed cases and 68 deaths ascribed to Covid-19 (the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2) in the United States [https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-updates-unitedstates.html].

Title: A case series of chest imaging manifestation of COVID-19 Content: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1]. It started in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, after which quickly spread to many other countries around the world. Chest radiography (CXR) and computed tomography (CT) play key roles in managment and diagnosis of COVID-19. In this case series we are presenting three patients with predominant left-sided changes caused by COVID-19 infection.

Title: Higher prevalence of asymptomatic or mild COVID‐19 in children, claims and clues Content: The current pandemic of COVID-19 has generated many challenging questions for the scientific community, ranging from queries about the origin of the virus to its pathogenesis and clinical management. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Title: Decoding the evolution and transmissions of the novel pneumonia coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 / HCoV-19) using whole genomic data Content: The outbreak of COVID-19 started in mid-December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Up to 29 February 2020, SARS-CoV-2 (HCoV-19 / 2019-nCoV) had infected more than 85 000 people in the world. In this study, we used 93 complete genomes of SARS-CoV-2 from the GISAID EpiFlu(TM) database to investigate the evolution and human-to-human transmissions of SARS-CoV-2 in the first two months of the outbreak. We constructed haplotypes of the SARS-CoV-2 genomes, performed phylogenomic analyses and estimated the potential population size changes of the virus. The date of population expansion was calculated based on the expansion parameter tau (τ) using the formula t=τ/2u. A total of 120 substitution sites with 119 codons, including 79 non-synonymous and 40 synonymous substitutions, were found in eight coding-regions in the SARS-CoV-2 genomes. Forty non-synonymous substitutions are potentially associated with virus adaptation. No combinations were detected. The 58 haplotypes (31 found in samples from China and 31 from outside China) were identified in 93 viral genomes under study and could be classified into five groups. By applying the reported bat coronavirus genome (bat-RaTG13-CoV) as the outgroup, we found that haplotypes H13 and H38 might be considered as ancestral haplotypes, and later H1 was derived from the intermediate haplotype H3. The population size of the SARS-CoV-2 was estimated to have undergone a recent expansion on 06 January 2020, and an early expansion on 08 December 2019. Furthermore, phyloepidemiologic approaches have recovered specific directions of human-to-human transmissions and the potential sources for international infected cases.

Title: Deaths in healthcare workers due to COVID‐19: the need for robust data and analysis Content: The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly spread across the world from its origin in Wuhan, China in late 2019. The resultant disease (COVID-19) has placed an enormous burden on healthcare systems because of the high transmission rates, prevalence of severe disease and mortality [1]. The risk of viral transmission to healthcare workers has been a concern since the start of the outbreak and the first person to raise concerns about the illness to the international community was Dr Li Wen-Liang, an ophthalmologist in Wuhan who sadly died of the disease that he likely contracted whilst at work [2].

Title: Emergence of Institutional Antithrombotic Protocols for Coronavirus 2019 Content: The coronavirus infection (COVID‐19), first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, is a major public health crisis with new infections increasing exponentially worldwide. COVID‐19 is an acute infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV2) and has contributed to significant morbidity and mortality, including the development of coagulopathy. Similar thrombotic and thromboembolic events have occurred during other viral outbreaks, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS‐CoV), and influenza A H1N1.

Title: COVID-19: A series of important recent clinical and laboratory reports in immunology and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and care of allergy patients Content: The "coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)" outbreak was first reported in December 2019 (China). Since then, this disease has rapidly spread across the globe and in March 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 pandemic.1 Since the outbreak was first announced, our journal has extensively focused on the clinical features, outcomes, diagnosis, immunology, and pathogenesis of COVID-19 and its infectious agent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

Title: SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: The most important research questions Content: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an ongoing global health emergency. Here we highlight nine most important research questions concerning virus transmission, asymptomatic and presymptomatic virus shedding, diagnosis, treatment, vaccine development, origin of virus and viral pathogenesis.

Title: Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) Content: Coronavirus-disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) shows a rapid spread over-the-world. Given scarce resources, non-laboratory diagnostics is crucial. In this cross-sectional study, two-thirds of European patients with polymerase chain reaction confirmed COVID-19 reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunction, indicating the significance of this history in the early diagnostics.

Title: The newly emerged COVID-19 disease: a systemic review Content: Coronaviruses are large family-RNA viruses that belong to the order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, subfamily Coronavirinae. The novel COVID-19 infection, caused by a beta coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2, is a new outbreak that has been emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, cough, and dyspnea. As per the March 12, 2020, WHO report, more than 125,048 confirmed COVID-19 cases and over 4613 deaths have been identified in more than 117 countries. It is now regarded as a pandemic that seriously spread and attack the world. The primary means of transmission is person to person through droplets that occurred during coughing or sneezing, through personal contact (shaking hands), or by touching contaminated objects. So far, there is no effective therapy and vaccine available against this novel virus and therefore, only supportive care is used as the mainstay of management of patients with COVID-19. The mortality rate of COVID-19 is considerable. This work aimed to provide insight on the newly emerged COVID-19, in the hope to gain a better understanding on the general overview, epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical outcomes as well as the prevention and control of COVID-19.

Title: Decoding the evolution and transmissions of the novel pneumonia coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 / HCoV-19) using whole genomic data Content: The outbreak of COVID-19 started in mid-December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Up to 29 February 2020, SARS-CoV-2 (HCoV-19 / 2019-nCoV) had infected more than 85 000 people in the world. In this study, we used 93 complete genomes of SARS-CoV-2 from the GISAID EpiFlu TM database to investigate the evolution and human-to-human transmissions of SARS-CoV-2 in the first two months of the outbreak. We constructed haplotypes of the SARS-CoV-2 genomes, performed phylogenomic analyses and estimated the potential population size changes of the virus. The date of population expansion was calculated based on the expansion parameter tau ( τ) using the formula t= τ/2 u. A total of 120 substitution sites with 119 codons, including 79 non-synonymous and 40 synonymous substitutions, were found in eight coding-regions in the SARS-CoV-2 genomes. Forty non-synonymous substitutions are potentially associated with virus adaptation. No combinations were detected. The 58 haplotypes (31 found in samples from China and 31 from outside China) were identified in 93 viral genomes under study and could be classified into five groups. By applying the reported bat coronavirus genome (bat-RaTG13-CoV) as the outgroup, we found that haplotypes H13 and H38 might be considered as ancestral haplotypes, and later H1 was derived from the intermediate haplotype H3. The population size of the SARS-CoV-2 was estimated to have undergone a recent expansion on 06 January 2020, and an early expansion on 08 December 2019. Furthermore, phyloepidemiologic approaches have recovered specific directions of human-to-human transmissions and the potential sources for international infected cases.

Title: SARS-CoV-2 detection in patients with influenza-like illness Content: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in late December 2019. We re-analysed 640 throat swabs collected from patients in Wuhan with influenza-like-illness from 6 October 2019 to 21 January 2020 and found that 9 of the 640 throat swabs were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by quantitative PCR, suggesting community transmission of SARS-CoV2 in Wuhan in early January 2020.

Title: SARS-CoV-2 detection in patients with influenza-like illness. Content: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in late December 2019. We re-analysed 640 throat swabs collected from patients in Wuhan with influenza-like-illness from 6 October 2019 to 21 January 2020 and found that 9 of the 640 throat swabs were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by quantitative PCR, suggesting community transmission of SARS-CoV2 in Wuhan in early January 2020.

Title: Genomic Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Guangdong Province, China Content: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection and was first reported in central China in December 2019. Extensive molecular surveillance in Guangdong, China's most populous province, during early 2020 resulted in 1,388 reported RNA-positive cases from 1.6 million tests. In order to understand the molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 in China, we generated 53 genomes from infected individuals in Guangdong using a combination of metagenomic sequencing and tiling amplicon approaches. Combined epidemiological and phylogenetic analyses indicate multiple independent introductions to Guangdong, although phylogenetic clustering is uncertain because of low virus genetic variation early in the pandemic. Our results illustrate how the timing, size, and duration of putative local transmission chains were constrained by national travel restrictions and by the province's large-scale intensive surveillance and intervention measures. Despite these successes, COVID-19 surveillance in Guangdong is still required, because the number of cases imported from other countries has increased.

Title: The Indian perspective of COVID-19 outbreak Content: The emerging infection of COVID-19 was initiated from Wuhan, China, have been spread to more than 210 countries around the globe including India. The clinical symptoms of COVID-19 are very similar to other respiratory viruses. The number of laboratory-confirmed cases and associated deaths are increasing regularly in various parts of the World. Seven coronaviruses (229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1, SARS, MERS and, COVID-19) can naturally infect human beings. Out of these four (229E-CoV, NL63-CoV, OC43-CoV, HKU1-CoV) are responsible for mild upper respiratory infections, while SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19 are well known for their high mortality. Few mild strains of coronaviruses are circulating in India but there is no evidence of SARS and MERS outbreaks. The COVID-19 is an emerging viral infection responsible for pandemics. Fortunately, the mortality of COVID-19 is low as compared with SARS and MERS, the majority of its cases are recovered. The death toll of COVID-19 is high even after its low mortality because COVID-19 causes a pandemic while SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV cause epidemics only. COVID-19 influenced the large segments of the world population, which led to a public health emergency of international concern, putting all health organizations on high alert. COVID-19 is the first coronavirus after Spanish Flu 1918–1919, who has extremely influenced the health system, economy, and psychology of India. The present study review is on the general continent, virology, pathogenesis, global epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and control of COVID-19 with the reference to India.

Title: Innate Immune Signaling and Proteolytic Pathways in the Resolution or Exacerbation of SARS-CoV-2 in Covid-19: Key Therapeutic Targets? Content: COVID-19 is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (Cov)-2, an enveloped virus with a positive-polarity, single-stranded RNA genome. The initial outbreak of the pandemic began in December 2019, and it is affecting the human health of the global community. In common with previous pandemics (Influenza H1N1 and SARS-CoV) and the epidemics of Middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, CoVs target bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells. Virus protein ligands (e.g., haemagglutinin or trimeric spike glycoprotein for Influenza and CoV, respectively) interact with cellular receptors, such as (depending on the virus) either sialic acids, Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), or angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Host proteases, e.g., cathepsins, furin, or members of the type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSP) family, such as Transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), are involved in virus entry by proteolytically activating virus ligands. Also involved are Toll Like Receptor (TLR) family members, which upregulate anti-viral and pro-inflammatory mediators [interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 and type I and type III Interferons among others], through the activation of Nuclear Factor (NF)-kB. When these events (virus cellular entry and innate immune responses) are uncontrolled, a deleterious systemic response is sometimes encountered in infected patients, leading to the well-described "cytokine storm" and an ensuing multiple organ failure promoted by a downregulation of dendritic cell, macrophage, and T-cell function. We aim to describe how the lung and systemic host innate immune responses affect survival either positively, through downregulating initial viral load, or negatively, by triggering uncontrolled inflammation. An emphasis will be put on host cellular signaling pathways and proteases involved with a view on tackling these therapeutically.

Title: COVID-19: The first documented coronavirus pandemic in history Content: The novel human coronavirus disease COVID-19 has become the fifth documented pandemic since the 1918 flu pandemic. COVID-19 was first reported in Wuhan, China, and subsequently spread worldwide. The coronavirus was officially named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses based on phylogenetic analysis. SARS-CoV-2 is believed to be a spillover of an animal coronavirus and later adapted the ability of human-to-human transmission. Because the virus is highly contagious, it rapidly spreads and continuously evolves in the human population. In this review article, we discuss the basic properties, potential origin, and evolution of the novel human coronavirus. These factors may be critical for studies of pathogenicity, antiviral designs, and vaccine development against the virus.

Title: Pandemia COVID-19, la nueva emergencia sanitaria de preocupación internacional: una revisión./ [Pandemic COVID-19, the new health emergency of international concern: a review] Content: In late December 2019, some cases of atypical pneumonia, at that time of unknown origin, were reported in Wuhan, China. Days later, the etiologic agent was identified as a new coronavirus. This new coronavirus was called SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it produces was named COVID-19. The origin of this new virus is presumed zoonotic, with bats being its probable vector. Due to the rapid number of infections and deaths that occurred first in China and later around the world, the infection of this virus quickly went from being an isolated outbreak in a Chinese region to becoming a health emergency of international concern and later, a pandemic. The purpose of this review is to study the most relevant and current information on the pathogen, as well as epidemiology, pathology, clinical features, transmission, prevention, and treatment of the disease.

Title: The Indian perspective of COVID-19 outbreak Content: The emerging infection of COVID-19 was initiated from Wuhan, China, have been spread to more than 210 countries around the globe including India. The clinical symptoms of COVID-19 are very similar to other respiratory viruses. The number of laboratory-confirmed cases and associated deaths are increasing regularly in various parts of the World. Seven coronaviruses (229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1, SARS, MERS and, COVID-19) can naturally infect human beings. Out of these four (229E-CoV, NL63-CoV, OC43-CoV, HKU1-CoV) are responsible for mild upper respiratory infections, while SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19 are well known for their high mortality. Few mild strains of coronaviruses are circulating in India but there is no evidence of SARS and MERS outbreaks. The COVID-19 is an emerging viral infection responsible for pandemics. Fortunately, the mortality of COVID-19 is low as compared with SARS and MERS, the majority of its cases are recovered. The death toll of COVID-19 is high even after its low mortality because COVID-19 causes a pandemic while SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV cause epidemics only. COVID-19 influenced the large segments of the world population, which led to a public health emergency of international concern, putting all health organizations on high alert. COVID-19 is the first coronavirus after Spanish Flu 1918-1919, who has extremely influenced the health system, economy, and psychology of India. The present study review is on the general continent, virology, pathogenesis, global epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and control of COVID-19 with the reference to India.

Title: Characterizing the transmission and identifying the control strategy for COVID-19 through epidemiological modeling Content: The outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19, originating from Wuhan, China in early December, has infected more than 70,000 people in China and other countries and has caused more than 2,000 deaths. As the disease continues to spread, the biomedical society urgently began identifying effective approaches to prevent further outbreaks. Through rigorous epidemiological analysis, we characterized the fast transmission of COVID-19 with a basic reproductive number 5.6 and proved a sole zoonotic source to originate in Wuhan. No changes in transmission have been noted across generations. By evaluating different control strategies through predictive modeling and Monte carlo simulations, a comprehensive quarantine in hospitals and quarantine stations has been found to be the most effective approach. Government action to immediately enforce this quarantine is highly recommended.

Title: Active Monitoring of Persons Exposed to Patients with Confirmed COVID-19 - United States, January-February 2020. Content: In December 2019, an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2, began in Wuhan, China (1). The disease spread widely in China, and, as of February 26, 2020, COVID-19 cases had been identified in 36 other countries and territories, including the United States. Person-to-person transmission has been widely documented, and a limited number of countries have reported sustained person-to-person spread.* On January 20, state and local health departments in the United States, in collaboration with teams deployed from CDC, began identifying and monitoring all persons considered to have had close contact† with patients with confirmed COVID-19 (2). The aims of these efforts were to ensure rapid evaluation and care of patients, limit further transmission, and better understand risk factors for transmission.

Title: HRS/EHRA/APHRS/LAHRS/ACC/AHA worldwide practice update for telehealth and arrhythmia monitoring during and after a pandemic Content: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), started in the city of Wuhan late in 2019. Within a few months, the disease spread toward all parts of the world and was declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020. The current health care dilemma worldwide is how to sustain the capacity for quality services not only for those suffering from COVID‐19 but also for non‐COVID‐19 patients, all while protecting physicians, nurses, and other allied health care workers.

Title: Tracking the origin of early COVID-19 cases in Canada Content: Abstract The original coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan, China has become a global pandemic. By tracking the earliest 118 COVID-19 cases in Canada, we produced a Voronoi treemap to show the travel origins of the country’s earliest COVID-19 cases. By March 11, 2020, even though the majority (64.1%) of the world’s COVID-19 confirmed cases still had their origin in China, only 7.6% of Canada’s first 118 COVID-19 cases arose due in travelers to China. The most commonly reported travel history among the 118 cases originated from the Middle East, the United States, and Europe. Thus, in retrospect, broadening of early screening tools and travel restrictions to countries and regions outside China may help control global COVID-19 spread.