diff --git a/-9E0T4oBgHgl3EQfxAH-/vector_store/index.pkl b/-9E0T4oBgHgl3EQfxAH-/vector_store/index.pkl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..926494b8a3d4a37e9473c22e9295deb0e436b608 --- /dev/null +++ b/-9E0T4oBgHgl3EQfxAH-/vector_store/index.pkl @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:36f4efa43ea50d329d29f00f5d9c3da7d14da7b558a6535236c4cd5c9b489436 +size 112302 diff --git a/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/tmp_files/2301.05524v1.pdf.txt b/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/tmp_files/2301.05524v1.pdf.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..630ec2373470e7ec32bd92929d1cbfd3c023564b --- /dev/null +++ b/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/tmp_files/2301.05524v1.pdf.txt @@ -0,0 +1,843 @@ +Veltman Criteria in Beyond Standard Model Effective Field Theory +of Complex Scalar Triplet +aJaydeb Das 1, bNilanjana Kumar2 +a Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India +bCentre For Cosmology and Science Popularization (CCSP), +SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana-122006, India +Abstract +The Standard Model Higgs mass, not being protected by any symmetry, suffers from large +correction terms due to quadratic divergence coming from the self energy corrections. Veltman +Condition (V.C.) ensures that the coefficient of the quadratic divergent term either vanishes or +becomes negligible. If the Standard Model (SM) is valid upto a scale (Λ) and new physics exists +after that, V.C. demands Λ ≲ 760 GeV. But the non-observation of new physics has pushed the scale +to be ≥ 1 TeV already, making it impossible to satisfy V.C. in the Standard Model without very large +fine tuning. Attempts has been made to satisfy the V.C. in many Beyond Standard Model (BSM) +theories but they fail to satisfy V.C. at large Λ including the scenario of complex triplet scalar +with hypercharge 1. Hence, alternate scenario can be considered where the new physics appears +much above the Electroweak scale, and at low energy it emerges as Standard Model Effective Field +Theory (SMEFT). In this literature, we consider some specific BSM scenarios to appear at a large +scale such that at low energy we get the Beyond Standard Model Effective Field Theory (BSM- +EFT). We found that the V.C. satisfies easily if the BSM is type-II seesaw model with complex +triplet scalar (Y = 1) compared to the other extensions in the BSM-EFT framework. We examine +the model parameter dependence of the Wilson Coefficients (W.C.) in detail and show that the +cancellation of the Wilson Coefficients appearing in the V.C. is highly dependent on some specific +values of the model parameters. +1 +Introduction +The smallness of the observed Higgs mass is confirmed by the experiments [1,2] at the Large Hadron +Collider (LHC). However, in the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics, the scalar mass (mass of +Higgs boson) is not protected by any symmetry. Hence, if SM is valid upto a large scale, Planck scale, +the Higgs mass suffers from quadratic divergence (∼ Λ2). In order to ensure that the mass of the Higgs +boson is small, one has to consider a very large fine tuning in the SM. A way to ensure that the Higgs +mass does not get large correction at a higher scale is coined as Veltman Condition (V.C.) [3]. V.C. +checks if the sum of all quadratically divergent terms coming from the self energy diagrams of the +Higgs boson are either zero or very small. On the other hand, experiments such as the Large Hadron +Collider (LHC) is pushing the New Physics (NP) scale towards > 1 TeV and the Veltman Criteria is +not possible to satisfy in the SM, as it demands Λ to be less than 760 GeV [4]. +Simple extensions of SM has been studied in literature [4–10], where the V.C. is valid but only in +some region of parameter space. Overall, there are two main concerns in these models: (1) These +theories encounter different problems at large scale, such as the potential becomes unstable leading +1jaydebphysics@gmail.com +2nilanjana.kumar@gmail.com +1 +arXiv:2301.05524v1 [hep-ph] 13 Jan 2023 + +to the invalidity of the theory beyond that scale. (2) The non observation of the Beyond Standard +Model (BSM) particles at LHC is pushing their masses above TeV scale [11]. +One may assume that SM is valid upto certain scale (Λ) and above that scale some unknown symmetry +appears to protect the Higgs mass, then the Higgs mass can be stabilised and the fine tuning problem +can also be addressed. For examples, in the Composite Higgs Scenario [12], where the Higgs is dissolved +in higher degrees of freedom above the symmetry breaking scale or in Supersymmetric theories [13], +where the bosonic and fermionic degrees of freedom cancels out exactly – the Higgs mass is maintained +to be finite and small. However these theories also can not avoid certain amount of fine tuning [14,15] +coming from several sources. However, the none of these theories are observed at LHC and other +experiments so far. +These observations raise the question that what if the new physics lie at a very large scale. In such a +scenario, SM can emerge as an Effective Field Theory (SMEFT) [16] by integrating out the dynamics +of the larger theory. The Information of the heavy particles appearing in the loop are absorbed in +the higher dimensional operators in the Effective Field Theory (EFT) and the theory is invariant +under SM symmetries. Ref [17] has shown that the V.C. can be satisfied in the SMEFT framework by +including the higher dimensional operators and their Wilson Coefficients. Only a few of the operators +are relevant to the V.C. and they play a major role in satisfying the V.C. +In this paper, we take one step forward and ask this question what if the theory at a very high +scale (Λ) is governed by the larger symmetries, and how they affect the V.C.? We adopt the Beyond +Standard Model Effective Field theory (BSM-EFT) [18] approach, which has been studied previously +in Ref [18–24]. +In BSM-EFT the Lagrangian becomes invariant under the particular BSM model +in consideration. The motivation to study the V.C. in BSM-EFT framework is two fold. 1) We can +specifically check how many higher dimensional operators are allowed by the model. 2) We can express +the Wilson Coefficients in terms of the model parameters. Hence, the sign dependence of the W.C.’s +come naturally. +We begin with simple BSM scenarios (in BSM-SMEFT) such as, scalar singlet, doublet and triplets +(real or complex). Remarkably, we found that among these models, it is possible to generate all the +SMEFT operators that contributes to the V.C. in the complex scalar triplet model with Y = 1. This +model makes the cancellation easier in V.C. with less fine tuning than the other scenarios3. This +particular model is well motivated in literature from different aspects such as: 1) Neutrino mass +generation through the see-saw mechanism [25], 2) type-II Leptogenesis scenario [26] 3) Enhancement +of the h → γγ branching ratio [27] etc, among many other [28]. Hence we pursue this model only in +detail. +In Section 2, we show how the V.C. depends on the SMEFT operators in the WARSAW basis [29]. +In Section 3, we discuss some specific models in the BSM-EFT scenario, and express the Wilson +coefficients of Y = 1 complex scalar triplet model in terms of the model parameters. In Section 4, we +show how it is possible to satisfy the V.C. by exact cancellation of the Wilson Coefficients at different +scale and interpret the result in terms of the model parameter space. Then in Section 5 we conclude. +3Even type I and type II seesaw models does not generate all these operators. Moreover a recent study [22] has also +shown that these models are also not favored from the fact that the radiative electroweak symmetry breaking can not +be triggered even at the Planck scale. +2 + +2 +SMEFT operators in Veltman Criteria +The physical mass of the Higgs in the Standard Model can be written in terms of the bare mass term +mh(0) and the higher-order self-energy corrections: +m2 +h = m2 +h(0) + δm2 +h = m2 +h(0) + Log Div. Term + Quadratic Div. Term + Finite terms, +(1) +where the assumption is that the SM is valid upto the scale Λ and the correction terms are coming +from the loop diagrams involving scalars, fermions and bosons in the loop. The d = 4 potential in the +Standard Model in terms of Higgs doublet (H) is +V (H) = −m2 +HH†H + λ(H†H)2. +(2) +This leads to the correction to the higgs mass and the quadratic divergent contribution is, +(δm2 +h)SM += +Λ2 +16π2 (6λ + 9 +4g2 +W + 3 +4g2 +Y − 6y2 +t ), +(3) +where, gY and gW are the U(1)Y and SU(2)L gauge couplings respectively and gt = 2mt/v is the top +quark Yukawa coupling. Here we neglect couplings of the lighter quarks and Λ is the cut-off scale. The +Veltman Condition (V.C.) demands that δm2 +h ∼ 0 or at least controllably small. With the observed +Higgs mass at 125 GeV, the condition to make δmh ∼ 0 demands Λ < 760 GeV, which is already ruled +out by LHC. One way to solve this problem is to introduce new particles, which can contribute in the +loops and soften the fine tuning by ensuring exact cancellation or partial as we have already discussed +in the introduction. +A popular way to address this problem is to consider the effects of the higher dimensional operators in +the EFT framework. Let us assume that the New Physics (NP) exists at a very high scale Λ. The effect +of NP can be effectively integrated out at Λ and this will effectively give us SM, plus some effective +operators involving only the SM fields, which holds through out the low energy scale, otherwise known +as the Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT) [16]. The Lagrangian, which incorporates +dimension six SMEFT operators in addition to the Standard Model dimension four operators, can be +expressed as, +L = ∑ +i +C4iQ4i + 1 +Λ2 ∑ +i +C6iQ6i. +(4) +In contrast to C4i, which is the only function of the parameters linked to the degrees of freedom in the +Standard Model, C6i are the Wilson Coefficients, which are functions of the integrated out dynamics +at Λ. These operators can be expanded at any choice of basis, for example, HISZ basis [30], Warsaw +basis [29,32], SILH basis [31] etc. The set of dimension six operators that involves Higgs in Warsaw +basis are: +QH = (H†H)3, QHD = (H†DµH)∗(H†DµH), QH◻ = (H†H) ◻ (H†H) +QHB = (H†H)BµνBµν, QHW = (H†H)W a +µνW a,µν, QGG = (H†H)GA +µνGA,µν +QHWB = (H†τaH)BµνW a +µν +(5) +It can be shown that the last operator does not contribute Higgs self energy correction [17]. The first +operator will also not contribute at one-loop level as the Higgs does not develop a vev at Λ. There can +be the appearance of the operators involving the gluons of the form QGG = (H†H)GA +µνGA,µν. However, +while considering BSM-EFT framework with heavy scalars, this operator does not contribute as scalars +3 + +do not carry any color charge. Note that, these operators can be written in any basis, for example +Ref [17] choose the HISZ basis. +We choose the Warsaw basis because it is self consistent at one +loop [32,33] and easier to check the running of the Wilson coefficients in Warsaw basis. +The correction to the Higgs mass from the higher order terms in the Lagrangian is given by +(δm2 +h)total += +Λ2 +16π2 ∑ +i +fi(C4i,C6i) + +Λ2 +(16π2)2 ∑ +i +gi(C4i,C6i) +(6) +Here fi and gi are one loop and two loop correction to the Higgs mass. The V.C., δm2 +h ∼ 0 translates +into +f(C4i,C6i),g(C4i,C6i) ∼ 0 +(7) +The coefficients, C4i and C6i are function of Λ and the model parameters. Hence Eq:6 can be written +in terms of the SM and higher dimension operators contribution as, +(δm2 +h)total ≡ (δm2 +h)SM(fi(C4i),gi(C4i)) + (δm2 +h)HO(fi(C6i),gi(C6i)) +(8) +Also, it has been shown in Ref [17] that at d ≥ 8, the SMEFT operators are not able to produce any Λ6 +divergence, which will produce any effective Λ2 divergence while calculating the self energy correction +of Higgs mass. There are studies in the literature, where the V.C in terms of EFT has been studied +in detail [17,34,35]. In particular it has been shown in Ref: [17] that it is possible to satisfy the V.C +for appropriate values and sign of the Wilson coefficients at large Λ. +3 +BSM-EFT with Complex Scalar Triplet +In the above section, we see that only four operators are involved in the V.C. Now, we assume that the +new physics at a high scale follow certain symmetries of a BSM model which effectively produces SM as +an EFT. In this BSM-EFT framework, these 4 operators may or may not be possible to generate at one +loop, depending on the underlying symmetry of the model at scale Λ. In Table: 1 we present if these +4 operators can be generated at one loop in some simple BSM-EFT cases with additional scalar(s) or +not 4. For the calculation, we have implemented the Lagrangian of each model in CoDEx [36,37] and +generated the Wilson coefficients as an output 5. +Among all popular SM extensions, we have found that BSM-EFT with complex scalar triplet will +easily address the V.C, as it generates all four Wilson Coefficients at one loop. In other models, the +cancellation will be harder to achieve as the number of operators are less than four. For example +in 2HDM scenario and real scalar singlet + triplet model, only three operators can be generated. +Whereas, in complex scalar singlet model, only 2 operators are generated and the cancellation will be +hard to obtain (hence large fine tuning) in these models compared to the complex scalar triplet model. +Even larger fine tuning will be unavoidble for the real scalar singlet model as it generates only one +operator. The complex scalar triplet with additional doublet also can generate these four operators +but we examine the minimal scenario only with complex scalar triplet model in the following. +4Note that we are not checking non scalar extensions of SM because, the sign of the top-loop contribution (dominant +contribution) or rather fermionic contribution is opposite to the other diagrams with a gauge boson or a scalar in the +loop. Therefore, V.C. is hard to solve by adding non scalar particles such as vector-like quarks or fermions, additional +gauge bosons etc. +5We have also cross checked our result with Matchmakereft [38]. +4 + +Model +Quantum No +QHD +QHB +QHW +QH◻ +Real Scalar Singlet +(1,1,0) + + + + +Real Scalar Triplet +(1,3,0) + + + + +Complex Scalar Triplet +(1,3,1) + + + + +Complex scalar doublets (2HDM) +(1,2,±1/2) + + + + +Real Scalar Singlet + +(1,1,0) + + + + +Real Scalar Triplet +(1,3,0) +Complex Scalar Triplet + +(1,3,1) + + + + +Complex Scalar Doublet +(1,2,1/2) +Table 1: SMEFT operators in Warsaw basis in different BSM-EFT scenarios. +Let us consider that beyond the scale Λ, there exists a heavy complex triplet, ∆, with weak hypercharge +Y = 1. The most general renormalizable tree-level scalar potential of such a model is given by +V (H,∆) += +−m2 +H (H†H) + M2Tr[∆†∆] + (µ∆HT iσ2∆+H + h.c) + λ(H†H) +2 + λ1 (H†H)Tr[∆†∆] ++ +λ2 (Tr[∆†∆]) +2 + λ3Tr[(∆†∆)2] + λ4 (H†∆∆†H). +(9) +The extra Yukawa term for neutrino mass generation is, +LY += +y∆ℓT iCiσ2∆ℓ + h.c. +(10) +Here the trilinear coupling µ∆ can be taken as positive by absorbing its phase into Φ and ∆. The +total Lagrangian is, +L = LY − V (H,∆), +(11) +The detail of this model is summarized in ‘Model Description’ part of the Appendix. +The dimension six operators the Warsaw basis, as listed in Eq:5, can be expanded and the calculation +of the symmetry factors are shown in the ‘Calculation’ part of the Appendix. Hence, the Higgs mass +correction in terms of W.C.’s is found to be, +(δm2 +h)BSM += +Λ2 +16π2 ( − 3CHD + 12CH◻ + 9CHW + 3CHB) ++ +Λ2 +(16π2)2 (54CH − 9 +2(g2 +Y + 3g2 +W )CHD + 108g2 +W CHW ) +(12) +Which leads to the total correction to the Higgs mass to be, +δm2 +h = (δm2 +h)SM + (δm2 +h)BSM +(13) +5 + +We found the the following expressions of the Wilson Coefficients appearing in one loop contribution +in (δm2 +h)BSM: +CHD += +− +g4 +Y +320π2 + 4µ2 +∆ +M2 − +λ2 +4 +24π2 + 11g2 +Y µ2 +∆ +24π2M2 − +8µ4 +∆ +3π2M4 + λ4µ2 +∆ +6π2M2 + 3λµ2 +∆ +8π2M2 +(14) +CH◻ += +− +g4 +W +1920π2 + 2µ2 +∆ +M2 − +λ2 +1 +16π2 − λ1λ4 +16π2 − +λ2 +4 +192π2 − g2 +W µ2 +∆ +96π2M2 + ++ +11g2 +Y µ2 +∆ +96π2M2 − +49µ4 +∆ +12π2M4 + λ1µ2 +∆ +8π2M2 + +λ4µ2 +∆ +48π2M2 + 3λµ2 +∆ +4π2M2 +(15) +CHB += +g2 +Y λ1 +32π2 + g2 +Y λ4 +64π2 + 11g2 +Y µ2 +∆ +64π2M2 +(16) +CHW += +g2 +W λ1 +48π2 + g2 +W λ4 +96π2 + 25g2 +W µ2 +∆ +192π2M2 . +(17) +Here, M is the mass of the heavy triplet. For the theory to be valid, it is sufficient to assume that M +is greater than Λ. We assume the order of magnitude to be the same for M and Λ in our calculation +as a limiting scenario. For M >> Λ, the W.C.’s will obtain smaller values. +4 +Result +We consider the one loop correction to the Higgs mass at first and fix two benchmark scenarios at +large scales, such as 100 TeV, 106 TeV. In Fig: 1 we show the model parameter space of λ1 and +λ4, for which quadratic divergence cancels out exactly, making δm2 +h = 0. The SM input parameters, +such as (gW , yt, gY , λ) are determined at the benchmark scales by solving two loop Renormalized +Group Equation (RGE)’s. λ1 and λ4 are varied in such a way that the Wilson Coefficients obey the +perturbative limit and the running of the Wilson Coefficients from Λ to the EW scale is not varied +much. Note that, the tree level couplings (λ and µH) also get shifted due to the higher dimensional +operators. The parameter λ can not be more than O(1) and this puts an upper limit on the quantity, +µ2 +∆ +2M2 < O(1), where µ∆ = +√ +2v∆M2 +v2 +H +, in the limit of large masses of the triplet (M). Also, recent precission +measurements of the ρ parameter gives ρ = 1.00038 ± 0.00020, resulting in v∆ < 2.56 [39]. +Figure 1: Variation of λ1 and λ4 with µ∆ at two benchmark values of Λ. +6 + +6 +=100 GeV + = 5*104 GeV +3 + = 105 GeV +0 +-3 +A=100TeV +-6 +-50 +-25 +0 +25 +50 +入46 +=100 GeV +=5*108GeV +3 + = 109 GeV +0 +-3 +Λ=10% +Tev +-6 +-50 +-25 +0 +25 +50 +入4From Fig: 1, we can see that the parameter space of (λ1, λ4) is very much constrained from the V.C. +Note that, both positive and negative values of λ1 and λ4 are allowed. The green line represents the +highest possible value of µ∆, which comes from +µ2 +∆ +2M2 ∼ O(1). The V.C. only satisfies over the thin lines +for different values of µ∆. The nature of the plots is highly dependent on the values of µ∆, because the +Wilson coefficients have (µ∆/M)2 and (µ∆/M)4 dependence with additional suppression of 1/16π2. +The freedom to choose the W.C’s in terms of parameters λ1, λ4 and µ∆, allows the exact cancellation +even at a very large scale ( Λ = 106 TeV). The small change in parameter space is due to the running +of the SM parameters. Hence we found that the V.C is insensitive to the scale Λ, and the fine tuning +is appearing only due to the precession of the numbers that the parameters take, which is negligible6. +Figure 2: Variation of the Wilson Coefficients with model parameter λ4 +In Fig: 2, we show the variation of the Wilson Coefficients with the model parameter λ4 at 100 TeV. +The corresponding value(s) of λ1 can be inferred form Fig: 1. The Wilson coefficients show similar +behaviour for the othe benchmark case. For CHD and CH◻, negative values are more preferred, whereas, +for CHW and CHB, both positive and negative values are allowed. However, when λ4 is negative, all +coefficients are negative mostly, except for some values of the CHD and CH◻. Again, when λ4 is positive, +CHW and CHB are always positive but CHD and CH◻ are mostly negative except for some values as +shown in Fig: 2. Thus, it is clearly visible that the cancellation among the Wilson coefficients are not +ad-hoc in V.C., but are controlled by the model parameters. We have also implemented the two loop +6Note that, for other models, where the number of Wilson Coefficient is less than 4 can be generated, the exact +cancellation will be harder to obtain and the amount of fine tuning will also be very high compared to this model. +7 + +10 += 100 GeV + = 5104 GeV +5 +μ = 105 GeV +CHD +- +-5 +Λ= 100 TeV +-10 +-50 +-25 +0 +25 +50 +入42.5 +=100 GeV + = 5*104 GeV +1.5 +μ = 105 GeV +0.5 +CH +0.5 +1.5 +A=100TeV +2.5 +50 +-25 +0 +25 +50 +入40.02 +=100 GeV +M = 5*104 GeV +0.01 +M = 105 GeV +0.00 +0.01 +Λ= 100 TeV +0.02 +-50 +-25 +0 +25 +50 +入40.050 +=100GeV += 5*104GeV +0.025 +M = 105 GeV +0.000 +0.025 +Λ = 100 TeV +-0.050 +-50 +-25 +0 +25 +50 +入4contribution to Higgs mass correction and in V.C. Due to the extra suppression by (1/16π2), the effect +is not visible, hence we do not show that. +HD +H  +100 +104 +106 +108 +-8 +-6 +-4 +-2 +0 +Λ(GeV) +λ1 = 4, λ4 = 40, +μΔ = 1000 GeV +HW +HB +100 +104 +106 +108 +0.000 +0.005 +0.010 +0.015 +0.020 +Λ(GeV) +λ1 = 0.01, λ4 = 40, +μΔ = 1000 GeV +Figure 3: Running of the Wilson Coefficients from Λ = 106 TeV to the cut-off scale for one set of model +parameters. We have kept the value of µ∆ to be fixed at 1 TeV. +We have also checked the running of the Wilson coefficients from the effective scale Λ to the electroweak +scale. We show the running of the Wilson coefficients in Fig: 3 for a particular choice of the model +parameters, λ1 and λ4. We choose λ1 = 4.0 and λ4 = 40 as an input parameter. This particular +choice of parameter represents the maximum possible value of the model parameters as can be seen +in Fig: 2. We found that, the values of these W.C.’s do not change much and also the sign does not +change. The conclusion remains same for other allowed values of λ1 and λ4. The values of W.C’s. +(Ci(1TeV)2/Λ2) are highly constrained at the EW scale [40] from various experiments. The values +of Wilson coefficients (as in Fig: 2,Fig: 3), for which the V.C. is satisfied, is well within the current +experimental limits. +5 +Conclusion +The Veltman Condition can not be satisfied within the framework of the Standard Model because of +significant quadratic divergences to the Higgs self-energy correction if the cutoff scale Λ is ∼ 1 TeV +or higher. However, in addition to the dimension four operators from the Standard Model, we have +also included dimension six operators whose contributions to the Higgs mass correction result from +integrating out the heavy triplet scalar with hypercharge one in terms of the SMEFT operators. We +show how the quadratic divergence of the Higgs self-energy vanishes in this particular model due to +the cancellation among the SM parameters and the Wilson Coefficients. +We have shown the relevant SMEFT operators which contributes in the V.C., and expressed them in +terms of the model parameters. Hence, the sign of the Wilson Coefficients are not ad-hoc, it is driven +by the larger theory, which is a heavy triplet scalar in our case. We found that, in other models the +cancellation is harder to achieve because some of the operators are absent. In other words, one has +to allow for a minimum fine tuning in order to generate the model parameter space which is allowed +by the V.C. However, the values of the Wilson Coefficients will be different in every model, as it is +controlled by the specific model parameters. +In order to achieve the Veltman Condition, it should be noted that the contributions from two par- +ticular dimension six operators QHD and QH◻ play a dominating role in cancelling out the quadratic +8 + +divergences. However, this may or may not be the case in other models. We have observed that +for energy scales Λ = 100 TeV and 106 TeV, the cancellation is almost similar, when the W.C’s are +expressed in terms of λ1 and λ4 for a given µ∆. The minimal change in the parameter space is mainly +due to the running of the SM parameters. If we introduce some relaxation in the V.C., by allowing +some amount of fine tuning, the model parameter space will surely enlarge, but it will get narrower +with the increasing values of Λ. Thus, the Veltman Condition can be easily satisfied in the framwork +of effective field theory, when a scalar triplet exists at a very large scale. The study of this model +as an Effective Field Theory can also be useful to revisit the Type II leptogenesis scenario, where it +will be possible to generate specific dimension six terms which are allowed by the symmetries of the +model. +Acknowledgements: JD acknowledges the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), +Government of India, for the SRF fellowship grant with File No. 09/045(1511)/ 2017-EMR-I. JD also +would like to acknowledge Research Grant No. SERB/CRG/004889/SGBKC/2022/04 of the SERB, +India, for partial financial support. The work of NK is supported by Department of Science and +Technology, Government of India under the SRG grant, Grant Agreement Number SRG/2022/000363. +We also thank Prof. Anirban Kundu and Dr. Supratim Das Bakshi for useful discussion. +6 +Appendix +Model Description +In the type-II seesaw model, the scalar sector is extended by a complex scalar +triplet(∆) with hypercharge 1, in addition to the Higgs doublet (H). Explicitly, +H (1,2,+1/2) = (φ+ +φ0), ∆(1,3,+1) = (∆+/ +√ +2 +∆++ +∆0 +−∆+/ +√ +2) +(18) +with the neutral components: +φ0 = vH + h + iφ3 +√ +2 +, ∆0 = v∆ + δ + iξ +√ +2 +(19) +The numbers in the parentheses represent the charges of SU(3)C × SU(2)L × U(1)Y gauge group of +the SM. The kinetic terms corresponding to the scalar fields are given as +Lkin ⊃ (DµH)†DµH + Tr[(Dµ∆)†(Dµ∆)], +(20) +with the covariant derivatives +DµH += +∂µH − igY +2 W a +µσaH − igW +2 BµH, +Dµ∆ += +∂µ∆ − igY +2 Tr[W a +µσa,∆] − igW +2 Bµ∆. +(21) +Here σa (a = 1, 2, 3) are the Pauli spin matrices and gW and gY are the gauge couplings associated +with SU(2)L and U(1)Y gauge group respectively. +9 + +Calculation +The dimension six SMEFT operators which contribute Higgs mass correction either at +one-loop or two-loop level in this model can be written upto a total derivative as, +QHD += +(H+DµH)∗(H+DµH) ⊃ (∂µH†)HH† (∂µH†) + [g2 +W +4 σaσbH†W a +µHH†W µbH ++ +g2 +Y +4 H†BµHH†BµH] +QH◻ += +(H+H) ◻ (H+H) = −∂µ (H†H)∂µ (H†H) +QHW += +(H+H)W a +µνW a,µν ⊃ 2H†[σa (∂µW a +ν )σb (∂µW νb) − σa (∂µW a +ν )σb (∂νW µb)]H ++ +g2 +W σafabcσpfpqrH†W b +µW c +νW µqW νrH +QHB += +(H+H)BµνBµν ⊃ 2H†[∂µBν∂µBν − ∂µBν∂νBµ]H +QH += +(H†H)3. +(22) +Note that only momentum dependent vertices can generate quartic divergence at one-loop level. 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You, +“Top, +Higgs, +Diboson and +Electroweak Fit to the Standard Model Effective Field Theory,” JHEP 04, 279 (2021) +doi:10.1007/JHEP04(2021)279 [arXiv:2012.02779 [hep-ph]]. +13 + diff --git a/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt b/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c3b21e29b384a005eb34841cdac44231cd5fb9a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt @@ -0,0 +1,735 @@ +filepath=/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf,len=734 +page_content='Veltman Criteria in Beyond Standard Model Effective Field Theory of Complex Scalar Triplet aJaydeb Das 1, bNilanjana Kumar2 a Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India bCentre For Cosmology and Science Popularization (CCSP), SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana-122006, India Abstract The Standard Model Higgs mass, not being protected by any symmetry, suffers from large correction terms due to quadratic divergence coming from the self energy corrections.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Veltman Condition (V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=') ensures that the coefficient of the quadratic divergent term either vanishes or becomes negligible.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' If the Standard Model (SM) is valid upto a scale (Λ) and new physics exists after that, V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' demands Λ ≲ 760 GeV.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' But the non-observation of new physics has pushed the scale to be ≥ 1 TeV already, making it impossible to satisfy V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' in the Standard Model without very large fine tuning.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Attempts has been made to satisfy the V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' in many Beyond Standard Model (BSM) theories but they fail to satisfy V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' at large Λ including the scenario of complex triplet scalar with hypercharge 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hence, alternate scenario can be considered where the new physics appears much above the Electroweak scale, and at low energy it emerges as Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In this literature, we consider some specific BSM scenarios to appear at a large scale such that at low energy we get the Beyond Standard Model Effective Field Theory (BSM- EFT).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We found that the V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' satisfies easily if the BSM is type-II seesaw model with complex triplet scalar (Y = 1) compared to the other extensions in the BSM-EFT framework.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We examine the model parameter dependence of the Wilson Coefficients (W.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=') in detail and show that the cancellation of the Wilson Coefficients appearing in the V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' is highly dependent on some specific values of the model parameters.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1 Introduction The smallness of the observed Higgs mass is confirmed by the experiments [1,2] at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, in the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics, the scalar mass (mass of Higgs boson) is not protected by any symmetry.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hence, if SM is valid upto a large scale, Planck scale, the Higgs mass suffers from quadratic divergence (∼ Λ2).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In order to ensure that the mass of the Higgs boson is small, one has to consider a very large fine tuning in the SM.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A way to ensure that the Higgs mass does not get large correction at a higher scale is coined as Veltman Condition (V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=') [3].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' checks if the sum of all quadratically divergent terms coming from the self energy diagrams of the Higgs boson are either zero or very small.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' On the other hand, experiments such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is pushing the New Physics (NP) scale towards > 1 TeV and the Veltman Criteria is not possible to satisfy in the SM, as it demands Λ to be less than 760 GeV [4].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Simple extensions of SM has been studied in literature [4–10], where the V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' is valid but only in some region of parameter space.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Overall, there are two main concerns in these models: (1) These theories encounter different problems at large scale, such as the potential becomes unstable leading 1jaydebphysics@gmail.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='com 2nilanjana.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='kumar@gmail.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='com 1 arXiv:2301.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='05524v1 [hep-ph] 13 Jan 2023 to the invalidity of the theory beyond that scale.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (2) The non observation of the Beyond Standard Model (BSM) particles at LHC is pushing their masses above TeV scale [11].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' One may assume that SM is valid upto certain scale (Λ) and above that scale some unknown symmetry appears to protect the Higgs mass, then the Higgs mass can be stabilised and the fine tuning problem can also be addressed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For examples, in the Composite Higgs Scenario [12], where the Higgs is dissolved in higher degrees of freedom above the symmetry breaking scale or in Supersymmetric theories [13], where the bosonic and fermionic degrees of freedom cancels out exactly – the Higgs mass is maintained to be finite and small.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However these theories also can not avoid certain amount of fine tuning [14,15] coming from several sources.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, the none of these theories are observed at LHC and other experiments so far.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' These observations raise the question that what if the new physics lie at a very large scale.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In such a scenario, SM can emerge as an Effective Field Theory (SMEFT) [16] by integrating out the dynamics of the larger theory.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Information of the heavy particles appearing in the loop are absorbed in the higher dimensional operators in the Effective Field Theory (EFT) and the theory is invariant under SM symmetries.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Ref [17] has shown that the V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' can be satisfied in the SMEFT framework by including the higher dimensional operators and their Wilson Coefficients.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Only a few of the operators are relevant to the V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' and they play a major role in satisfying the V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In this paper, we take one step forward and ask this question what if the theory at a very high scale (Λ) is governed by the larger symmetries, and how they affect the V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We adopt the Beyond Standard Model Effective Field theory (BSM-EFT) [18] approach, which has been studied previously in Ref [18–24].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In BSM-EFT the Lagrangian becomes invariant under the particular BSM model in consideration.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The motivation to study the V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' in BSM-EFT framework is two fold.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1) We can specifically check how many higher dimensional operators are allowed by the model.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2) We can express the Wilson Coefficients in terms of the model parameters.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hence, the sign dependence of the W.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.’s come naturally.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We begin with simple BSM scenarios (in BSM-SMEFT) such as, scalar singlet, doublet and triplets (real or complex).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Remarkably, we found that among these models, it is possible to generate all the SMEFT operators that contributes to the V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' in the complex scalar triplet model with Y = 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This model makes the cancellation easier in V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' with less fine tuning than the other scenarios3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This particular model is well motivated in literature from different aspects such as: 1) Neutrino mass generation through the see-saw mechanism [25], 2) type-II Leptogenesis scenario [26] 3) Enhancement of the h → γγ branching ratio [27] etc, among many other [28].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hence we pursue this model only in detail.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In Section 2, we show how the V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' depends on the SMEFT operators in the WARSAW basis [29].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In Section 3, we discuss some specific models in the BSM-EFT scenario, and express the Wilson coefficients of Y = 1 complex scalar triplet model in terms of the model parameters.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In Section 4, we show how it is possible to satisfy the V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' by exact cancellation of the Wilson Coefficients at different scale and interpret the result in terms of the model parameter space.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Then in Section 5 we conclude.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 3Even type I and type II seesaw models does not generate all these operators.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Moreover a recent study [22] has also shown that these models are also not favored from the fact that the radiative electroweak symmetry breaking can not be triggered even at the Planck scale.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2 2 SMEFT operators in Veltman Criteria The physical mass of the Higgs in the Standard Model can be written in terms of the bare mass term mh(0) and the higher-order self-energy corrections: m2 h = m2 h(0) + δm2 h = m2 h(0) + Log Div.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Term + Quadratic Div.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Term + Finite terms, (1) where the assumption is that the SM is valid upto the scale Λ and the correction terms are coming from the loop diagrams involving scalars, fermions and bosons in the loop.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The d = 4 potential in the Standard Model in terms of Higgs doublet (H) is V (H) = −m2 HH†H + λ(H†H)2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (2) This leads to the correction to the higgs mass and the quadratic divergent contribution is, (δm2 h)SM = Λ2 16π2 (6λ + 9 4g2 W + 3 4g2 Y − 6y2 t ), (3) where, gY and gW are the U(1)Y and SU(2)L gauge couplings respectively and gt = 2mt/v is the top quark Yukawa coupling.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Here we neglect couplings of the lighter quarks and Λ is the cut-off scale.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Veltman Condition (V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=') demands that δm2 h ∼ 0 or at least controllably small.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' With the observed Higgs mass at 125 GeV, the condition to make δmh ∼ 0 demands Λ < 760 GeV, which is already ruled out by LHC.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' One way to solve this problem is to introduce new particles, which can contribute in the loops and soften the fine tuning by ensuring exact cancellation or partial as we have already discussed in the introduction.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A popular way to address this problem is to consider the effects of the higher dimensional operators in the EFT framework.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Let us assume that the New Physics (NP) exists at a very high scale Λ.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The effect of NP can be effectively integrated out at Λ and this will effectively give us SM, plus some effective operators involving only the SM fields, which holds through out the low energy scale, otherwise known as the Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT) [16].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Lagrangian, which incorporates dimension six SMEFT operators in addition to the Standard Model dimension four operators, can be expressed as, L = ∑ i C4iQ4i + 1 Λ2 ∑ i C6iQ6i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (4) In contrast to C4i, which is the only function of the parameters linked to the degrees of freedom in the Standard Model, C6i are the Wilson Coefficients, which are functions of the integrated out dynamics at Λ.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' These operators can be expanded at any choice of basis, for example, HISZ basis [30], Warsaw basis [29,32], SILH basis [31] etc.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The set of dimension six operators that involves Higgs in Warsaw basis are: QH = (H†H)3, QHD = (H†DµH)∗(H†DµH), QH◻ = (H†H) ◻ (H†H) QHB = (H†H)BµνBµν, QHW = (H†H)W a µνW a,µν, QGG = (H†H)GA µνGA,µν QHWB = (H†τaH)BµνW a µν (5) It can be shown that the last operator does not contribute Higgs self energy correction [17].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The first operator will also not contribute at one-loop level as the Higgs does not develop a vev at Λ.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' There can be the appearance of the operators involving the gluons of the form QGG = (H†H)GA µνGA,µν.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, while considering BSM-EFT framework with heavy scalars, this operator does not contribute as scalars 3 do not carry any color charge.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Note that, these operators can be written in any basis, for example Ref [17] choose the HISZ basis.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We choose the Warsaw basis because it is self consistent at one loop [32,33] and easier to check the running of the Wilson coefficients in Warsaw basis.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The correction to the Higgs mass from the higher order terms in the Lagrangian is given by (δm2 h)total = Λ2 16π2 ∑ i fi(C4i,C6i) + Λ2 (16π2)2 ∑ i gi(C4i,C6i) (6) Here fi and gi are one loop and two loop correction to the Higgs mass.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=', δm2 h ∼ 0 translates into f(C4i,C6i),g(C4i,C6i) ∼ 0 (7) The coefficients, C4i and C6i are function of Λ and the model parameters.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hence Eq:6 can be written in terms of the SM and higher dimension operators contribution as, (δm2 h)total ≡ (δm2 h)SM(fi(C4i),gi(C4i)) + (δm2 h)HO(fi(C6i),gi(C6i)) (8) Also, it has been shown in Ref [17] that at d ≥ 8, the SMEFT operators are not able to produce any Λ6 divergence, which will produce any effective Λ2 divergence while calculating the self energy correction of Higgs mass.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' There are studies in the literature, where the V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C in terms of EFT has been studied in detail [17,34,35].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In particular it has been shown in Ref: [17] that it is possible to satisfy the V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C for appropriate values and sign of the Wilson coefficients at large Λ.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 3 BSM-EFT with Complex Scalar Triplet In the above section, we see that only four operators are involved in the V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Now, we assume that the new physics at a high scale follow certain symmetries of a BSM model which effectively produces SM as an EFT.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In this BSM-EFT framework, these 4 operators may or may not be possible to generate at one loop, depending on the underlying symmetry of the model at scale Λ.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In Table: 1 we present if these 4 operators can be generated at one loop in some simple BSM-EFT cases with additional scalar(s) or not 4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For the calculation, we have implemented the Lagrangian of each model in CoDEx [36,37] and generated the Wilson coefficients as an output 5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Among all popular SM extensions, we have found that BSM-EFT with complex scalar triplet will easily address the V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C, as it generates all four Wilson Coefficients at one loop.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In other models, the cancellation will be harder to achieve as the number of operators are less than four.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For example in 2HDM scenario and real scalar singlet + triplet model, only three operators can be generated.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Whereas, in complex scalar singlet model, only 2 operators are generated and the cancellation will be hard to obtain (hence large fine tuning) in these models compared to the complex scalar triplet model.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Even larger fine tuning will be unavoidble for the real scalar singlet model as it generates only one operator.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The complex scalar triplet with additional doublet also can generate these four operators but we examine the minimal scenario only with complex scalar triplet model in the following.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4Note that we are not checking non scalar extensions of SM because, the sign of the top-loop contribution (dominant contribution) or rather fermionic contribution is opposite to the other diagrams with a gauge boson or a scalar in the loop.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Therefore, V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' is hard to solve by adding non scalar particles such as vector-like quarks or fermions, additional gauge bosons etc.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 5We have also cross checked our result with Matchmakereft [38].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4 Model Quantum No QHD QHB QHW QH◻ Real Scalar Singlet (1,1,0) \x13 \x17 \x17 \x17 Real Scalar Triplet (1,3,0) \x17 \x17 \x13 \x13 Complex Scalar Triplet (1,3,1) \x13 \x13 \x13 \x13 Complex scalar doublets (2HDM) (1,2,±1/2) \x13 \x17 \x13 \x13 Real Scalar Singlet + (1,1,0) \x13 \x17 \x13 \x13 Real Scalar Triplet (1,3,0) Complex Scalar Triplet + (1,3,1) \x13 \x13 \x13 \x13 Complex Scalar Doublet (1,2,1/2) Table 1: SMEFT operators in Warsaw basis in different BSM-EFT scenarios.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Let us consider that beyond the scale Λ, there exists a heavy complex triplet, ∆, with weak hypercharge Y = 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The most general renormalizable tree-level scalar potential of such a model is given by V (H,∆) = −m2 H (H†H) + M2Tr[∆†∆] + (µ∆HT iσ2∆+H + h.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='c) + λ(H†H) 2 + λ1 (H†H)Tr[∆†∆] + λ2 (Tr[∆†∆]) 2 + λ3Tr[(∆†∆)2] + λ4 (H†∆∆†H).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (9) The extra Yukawa term for neutrino mass generation is, LY = y∆ℓT iCiσ2∆ℓ + h.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='c.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (10) Here the trilinear coupling µ∆ can be taken as positive by absorbing its phase into Φ and ∆.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The total Lagrangian is, L = LY − V (H,∆), (11) The detail of this model is summarized in ‘Model Description’ part of the Appendix.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The dimension six operators the Warsaw basis, as listed in Eq:5, can be expanded and the calculation of the symmetry factors are shown in the ‘Calculation’ part of the Appendix.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hence, the Higgs mass correction in terms of W.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.’' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='s is found to be,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (δm2 h)BSM = Λ2 16π2 ( − 3CHD + 12CH◻ + 9CHW + 3CHB) + Λ2 (16π2)2 (54CH − 9 2(g2 Y + 3g2 W )CHD + 108g2 W CHW ) (12) Which leads to the total correction to the Higgs mass to be,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='δm2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='h = (δm2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='h)SM + (δm2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='h)BSM ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='(13) ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='We found the the following expressions of the Wilson Coefficients appearing in one loop contribution ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='in (δm2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='h)BSM: ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='CHD ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='= ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='− ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='g4 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='Y ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='320π2 + 4µ2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='∆ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='M2 − ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='λ2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='24π2 + 11g2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='Y µ2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='∆ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='24π2M2 − ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='8µ4 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='∆ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='3π2M4 + λ4µ2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='∆ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='6π2M2 + 3λµ2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='∆ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='8π2M2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='(14) ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='CH◻ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='= ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='− ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='g4 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='W ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='1920π2 + 2µ2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='∆ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='M2 − ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='λ2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='16π2 − λ1λ4 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='16π2 − ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='λ2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='4 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='192π2 − g2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='W µ2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='∆ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='96π2M2 + ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='+ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='11g2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='Y µ2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='∆ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='96π2M2 − ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='49µ4 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='∆ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='12π2M4 + λ1µ2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='∆ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='8π2M2 + ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='λ4µ2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='∆ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='48π2M2 + 3λµ2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='∆ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='4π2M2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='(15) ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='CHB ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='= ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='g2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='Y λ1 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='32π2 + g2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='Y λ4 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='64π2 + 11g2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='Y µ2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='∆ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='64π2M2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='(16) ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='CHW ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='= ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='g2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='W λ1 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='48π2 + g2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='W λ4 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='96π2 + 25g2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='W µ2 ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='∆ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='192π2M2 .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (17) Here, M is the mass of the heavy triplet.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For the theory to be valid, it is sufficient to assume that M is greater than Λ.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We assume the order of magnitude to be the same for M and Λ in our calculation as a limiting scenario.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For M >> Λ, the W.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.’s will obtain smaller values.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4 Result We consider the one loop correction to the Higgs mass at first and fix two benchmark scenarios at large scales, such as 100 TeV, 106 TeV.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In Fig: 1 we show the model parameter space of λ1 and λ4, for which quadratic divergence cancels out exactly, making δm2 h = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The SM input parameters, such as (gW , yt, gY , λ) are determined at the benchmark scales by solving two loop Renormalized Group Equation (RGE)’s.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' λ1 and λ4 are varied in such a way that the Wilson Coefficients obey the perturbative limit and the running of the Wilson Coefficients from Λ to the EW scale is not varied much.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Note that, the tree level couplings (λ and µH) also get shifted due to the higher dimensional operators.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The parameter λ can not be more than O(1) and this puts an upper limit on the quantity, µ2 ∆ 2M2 < O(1), where µ∆ = √ 2v∆M2 v2 H , in the limit of large masses of the triplet (M).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Also, recent precission measurements of the ρ parameter gives ρ = 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='00038 ± 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='00020, resulting in v∆ < 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='56 [39].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure 1: Variation of λ1 and λ4 with µ∆ at two benchmark values of Λ.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 6 6 =100 GeV = 5*104 GeV 3 = 105 GeV 0 3 A=100TeV 6 50 25 0 25 50 入46 =100 GeV =5*108GeV 3 = 109 GeV 0 3 Λ=10% Tev 6 50 25 0 25 50 入4From Fig: 1, we can see that the parameter space of (λ1, λ4) is very much constrained from the V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Note that, both positive and negative values of λ1 and λ4 are allowed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The green line represents the highest possible value of µ∆, which comes from µ2 ∆ 2M2 ∼ O(1).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' only satisfies over the thin lines for different values of µ∆.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The nature of the plots is highly dependent on the values of µ∆, because the Wilson coefficients have (µ∆/M)2 and (µ∆/M)4 dependence with additional suppression of 1/16π2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The freedom to choose the W.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C’s in terms of parameters λ1, λ4 and µ∆, allows the exact cancellation even at a very large scale ( Λ = 106 TeV).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The small change in parameter space is due to the running of the SM parameters.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hence we found that the V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C is insensitive to the scale Λ, and the fine tuning is appearing only due to the precession of the numbers that the parameters take, which is negligible6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Figure 2: Variation of the Wilson Coefficients with model parameter λ4 In Fig: 2, we show the variation of the Wilson Coefficients with the model parameter λ4 at 100 TeV.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The corresponding value(s) of λ1 can be inferred form Fig: 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Wilson coefficients show similar behaviour for the othe benchmark case.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For CHD and CH◻, negative values are more preferred, whereas, for CHW and CHB, both positive and negative values are allowed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, when λ4 is negative, all coefficients are negative mostly, except for some values of the CHD and CH◻.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Again, when λ4 is positive, CHW and CHB are always positive but CHD and CH◻ are mostly negative except for some values as shown in Fig: 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Thus, it is clearly visible that the cancellation among the Wilson coefficients are not ad-hoc in V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=', but are controlled by the model parameters.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We have also implemented the two loop 6Note that, for other models, where the number of Wilson Coefficient is less than 4 can be generated, the exact cancellation will be harder to obtain and the amount of fine tuning will also be very high compared to this model.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 7 10 = 100 GeV = 5104 GeV 5 μ = 105 GeV CHD 5 Λ= 100 TeV 10 50 25 0 25 50 入42.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 =100 GeV = 5*104 GeV 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 μ = 105 GeV 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 CH 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 A=100TeV 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 50 25 0 25 50 入40.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='02 =100 GeV M = 5*104 GeV 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='01 M = 105 GeV 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='00 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='01 Λ= 100 TeV 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='02 50 25 0 25 50 入40.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='050 =100GeV = 5*104GeV 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='025 M = 105 GeV 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='000 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='025 Λ = 100 TeV 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='050 50 25 0 25 50 入4contribution to Higgs mass correction and in V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Due to the extra suppression by (1/16π2), the effect is not visible, hence we do not show that.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' \uf772HD \uf772H \uf3a4 100 104 106 108 8 6 4 2 0 Λ(GeV) λ1 = 4, λ4 = 40, μΔ = 1000 GeV \uf772HW \uf772HB 100 104 106 108 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='000 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='005 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='010 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='015 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='020 Λ(GeV) λ1 = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='01, λ4 = 40, μΔ = 1000 GeV Figure 3: Running of the Wilson Coefficients from Λ = 106 TeV to the cut-off scale for one set of model parameters.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We have kept the value of µ∆ to be fixed at 1 TeV.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We have also checked the running of the Wilson coefficients from the effective scale Λ to the electroweak scale.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We show the running of the Wilson coefficients in Fig: 3 for a particular choice of the model parameters, λ1 and λ4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We choose λ1 = 4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='0 and λ4 = 40 as an input parameter.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This particular choice of parameter represents the maximum possible value of the model parameters as can be seen in Fig: 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We found that, the values of these W.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.’s do not change much and also the sign does not change.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The conclusion remains same for other allowed values of λ1 and λ4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The values of W.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C’s.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (Ci(1TeV)2/Λ2) are highly constrained at the EW scale [40] from various experiments.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The values of Wilson coefficients (as in Fig: 2,Fig: 3), for which the V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' is satisfied, is well within the current experimental limits.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 5 Conclusion The Veltman Condition can not be satisfied within the framework of the Standard Model because of significant quadratic divergences to the Higgs self-energy correction if the cutoff scale Λ is ∼ 1 TeV or higher.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, in addition to the dimension four operators from the Standard Model, we have also included dimension six operators whose contributions to the Higgs mass correction result from integrating out the heavy triplet scalar with hypercharge one in terms of the SMEFT operators.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We show how the quadratic divergence of the Higgs self-energy vanishes in this particular model due to the cancellation among the SM parameters and the Wilson Coefficients.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We have shown the relevant SMEFT operators which contributes in the V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=', and expressed them in terms of the model parameters.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hence, the sign of the Wilson Coefficients are not ad-hoc, it is driven by the larger theory, which is a heavy triplet scalar in our case.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We found that, in other models the cancellation is harder to achieve because some of the operators are absent.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In other words, one has to allow for a minimum fine tuning in order to generate the model parameter space which is allowed by the V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, the values of the Wilson Coefficients will be different in every model, as it is controlled by the specific model parameters.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In order to achieve the Veltman Condition, it should be noted that the contributions from two par- ticular dimension six operators QHD and QH◻ play a dominating role in cancelling out the quadratic 8 divergences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, this may or may not be the case in other models.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We have observed that for energy scales Λ = 100 TeV and 106 TeV, the cancellation is almost similar, when the W.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C’s are expressed in terms of λ1 and λ4 for a given µ∆.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The minimal change in the parameter space is mainly due to the running of the SM parameters.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' If we introduce some relaxation in the V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=', by allowing some amount of fine tuning, the model parameter space will surely enlarge, but it will get narrower with the increasing values of Λ.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Thus, the Veltman Condition can be easily satisfied in the framwork of effective field theory, when a scalar triplet exists at a very large scale.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The study of this model as an Effective Field Theory can also be useful to revisit the Type II leptogenesis scenario, where it will be possible to generate specific dimension six terms which are allowed by the symmetries of the model.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Acknowledgements: JD acknowledges the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India, for the SRF fellowship grant with File No.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 09/045(1511)/ 2017-EMR-I.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' JD also would like to acknowledge Research Grant No.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' SERB/CRG/004889/SGBKC/2022/04 of the SERB, India, for partial financial support.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The work of NK is supported by Department of Science and Technology, Government of India under the SRG grant, Grant Agreement Number SRG/2022/000363.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We also thank Prof.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Anirban Kundu and Dr.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Supratim Das Bakshi for useful discussion.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 6 Appendix Model Description In the type-II seesaw model, the scalar sector is extended by a complex scalar triplet(∆) with hypercharge 1, in addition to the Higgs doublet (H).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Explicitly, H (1,2,+1/2) = (φ+ φ0), ∆(1,3,+1) = (∆+/ √ 2 ∆++ ∆0 −∆+/ √ 2) (18) with the neutral components: φ0 = vH + h + iφ3 √ 2 , ∆0 = v∆ + δ + iξ √ 2 (19) The numbers in the parentheses represent the charges of SU(3)C × SU(2)L × U(1)Y gauge group of the SM.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The kinetic terms corresponding to the scalar fields are given as Lkin ⊃ (DµH)†DµH + Tr[(Dµ∆)†(Dµ∆)], (20) with the covariant derivatives DµH = ∂µH − igY 2 W a µσaH − igW 2 BµH, Dµ∆ = ∂µ∆ − igY 2 Tr[W a µσa,∆] − igW 2 Bµ∆.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (21) Here σa (a = 1, 2, 3) are the Pauli spin matrices and gW and gY are the gauge couplings associated with SU(2)L and U(1)Y gauge group respectively.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 9 Calculation The dimension six SMEFT operators which contribute Higgs mass correction either at one-loop or two-loop level in this model can be written upto a total derivative as,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' QHD = (H+DµH)∗(H+DµH) ⊃ (∂µH†)HH† (∂µH†) + [g2 W 4 σaσbH†W a µHH†W µbH + g2 Y 4 H†BµHH†BµH] QH◻ = (H+H) ◻ (H+H) = −∂µ (H†H)∂µ (H†H) QHW = (H+H)W a µνW a,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='µν ⊃ 2H†[σa (∂µW a ν )σb (∂µW νb) − σa (∂µW a ν )σb (∂νW µb)]H + g2 W σafabcσpfpqrH†W b µW c νW µqW νrH QHB = (H+H)BµνBµν ⊃ 2H†[∂µBν∂µBν − ∂µBν∂νBµ]H QH = (H†H)3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (22) Note that only momentum dependent vertices can generate quartic divergence at one-loop level.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Pos- sible Feynman diagrams originating from these terms are similar to Ref.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' [17].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' References [1] G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Aad et al.' metadata={'source': 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metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Mimasu, V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Sanz and T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' You, “Top, Higgs, Diboson and Electroweak Fit to the Standard Model Effective Field Theory,” JHEP 04, 279 (2021) doi:10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='1007/JHEP04(2021)279 [arXiv:2012.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content='02779 [hep-ph]].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 13' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-9E5T4oBgHgl3EQfRw7N/content/2301.05524v1.pdf'} diff --git a/-NE3T4oBgHgl3EQfrQru/vector_store/index.pkl b/-NE3T4oBgHgl3EQfrQru/vector_store/index.pkl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2fd712d106e86dd11212243d1e2e0e7490d93894 --- /dev/null +++ b/-NE3T4oBgHgl3EQfrQru/vector_store/index.pkl @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:13507e0c5117a4d559c65a09a1c5780c45d64f9dad545934d8e62167fc624373 +size 370513 diff --git a/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/tmp_files/2301.01238v1.pdf.txt b/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/tmp_files/2301.01238v1.pdf.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8d6740c481bd749a85dc60d22959929dab6e7e01 --- /dev/null +++ b/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/tmp_files/2301.01238v1.pdf.txt @@ -0,0 +1,554 @@ +1 +EL ELIXIR DE LA ENERGÍA ETERNA + + + + + + + +Abstract + + The recent announcement of a purported breakthrough result in inertial nuclear fusion at NIF +(Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, USA) has aroused a tide of media and public interest. The +excitement has been generalized to the whole field of research in fusion energy with, in its wake, +announcements of an imminent advent of the cure for the energetic crisis and the aggravating +influence in the climate change associated to the fossil fuels. This opinion article is intended to +show that such expectations are not founded on sound scientific bases and that there is a long way +until the practical production of electricity from nuclear fusion is achieved, if ever. + +Resumen + + El reciente anuncio de un supuestamente trascendental resultado en fusión nuclear inercial en +NIF (Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, EEUU de Norteamérica) ha desatado un enorme interés en el +público y los medios de comunicación. El entusiasmo se ha trasladado a todo el campo de la +investigación en fusión para la producción de energía con, a su estela, anuncios de la llegada +inminente de la solución a la crisis energética y al efecto agravante del cambio climático asociado a +los combustibles fósiles. Este artículo de opinión pretende poner de manifiesto que tales +expectativas no están fundadas en bases científicas sólidas y que hay un largo camino por recorrer +hasta que se logre, a niveles prácticos, la producción de electricidad a partir de la fusión nuclear, si +se consigue alguna vez. + + + Introducción + + Recientemente se anunció con extraordinario aparato mediático un nuevo hito alcanzado en la +fusión nuclear, muy oportunamente publicitado en el contexto actual de crisis energética. En +principio no hay nada que objetar a ello: en la comunidad científica es bien conocida la necesidad +de financiación que tienen los grupos de investigación, y no digamos los grandes laboratorios como +el Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, que deben anunciar sus logros científicos a fin de despertar el +interés de la opinión pública, que busca soluciones tangibles a sus problemas inmediatos, y, con +ello, captar la atención de las instancias políticas, siempre ávidas de réditos demoscópicos. + + No obstante, opino que se está vertiendo con demasiada frecuencia información sesgada que +induce a confusión. Comencemos con el detonante del presente texto, la noticia que ha +desencadenado el frenesí mediático: el DOE (Department of Energy) norteamericano anunció a +bombo y platillo el pasado 13 de diciembre que en la instalación NIF (National Ignition Facility) +del Lawrence Livermore Laboratory se acababa de conseguir superar el breakeven en un +experimento de fusión, lo cual simplemente consiste en conseguir más energía que la suministrada. +Suena muy bien y prometedor, pero conviene puntualizar. En primer lugar, esto se ha conseguido +mediante la compresión con 192 láseres de altísima potencia sincronizados en un brevísimo pulso +del orden de varios nanosegundos1 (la mayor concentración energética mediante láser jamás +José Manuel Quesada Molina +Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear +Universidad de Sevilla + +2 +conseguida) de una diminuta cápsula de diamante conteniendo un pellet ultracongelado con dos +isótopos del hidrógeno, deuterio y tritio (DT)2. Ello es un mecanismo completamente diferente al +confinamiento magnético que se utiliza en los llamados tokamaks3, donde el confinamiento se +consigue mediante campos magnéticos con geometría toroidal (donut). En la actualidad el diseño +tipo tokamak es el más ampliamente utilizado, particularmente en Europa, donde bajo estas +premisas desde comienzos de los años 90 se realizan experimentos en el JET (Joint European +Torus) en Gran Bretaña, con financiación de la Unión Europea (al menos era sí hasta el Brexit, ya +que actualmente está en fase terminal), y actualmente está en construcción el ITER (acrónimo de +International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) en Cadarache, Francia. Por lo tanto, el logro +alcanzado en el NIF es muy difícilmente extrapolable a la apuesta científico-técnica mayoritaria en +curso, que es el confinamiento magnético; es más, dicha vinculación se me escapa por completo. +Por lo tanto, considero que ésta es una matización clave, que se debe realizar claramente desde el +principio: ambos mecanismos (compresión inercial – mediante láser u otro tipo de haces de +partículas - y confinamiento magnético), aunque comparten finalidad, difieren esencialmente y los +pretendidos logros en uno no son trasladables al otro. + +¿Es todo esto como se anuncia y promete? + + A raíz de la noticia, y aprovechando su tirón mediático, he podido leer nuevamente (para mi gran +sorpresa) algo que lleva repitiéndose desde los orígenes del desarrollo de la fusión nuclear: se +trataría de reproducir en la Tierra el proceso que tiene lugar en el Sol y permite la vida; es más, se le +llega a poner fecha: un reactor de fusión conectado a la red eléctrica en 10 años. Lo primero no es +cierto en sentido estricto y lo segundo es, simplemente, un despropósito que prefiero atribuir a una +mala interpretación periodística (que, lamentablemente, cala en el imaginario del público no +avisado). El tiempo dirá y la hemeroteca lo reflejará. + + En el Sol se quema hidrógeno, un recurso inagotable a nuestra escala, para producir partículas +alfa, que son estables, es decir sin producir residuos radiactivos4. Todo extraordinariamente +prometedor, salvo por un detalle: no es posible realizarlo en la Tierra, ya que entra dentro del +dominio de la ciencia ficción. El motivo: la probabilidad de que dos núcleos de hidrógeno (es decir, +dos protones) superen su repulsión eléctrica mutua y se fundan es tan pequeña que ni siquiera ha +podido medirse experimentalmente en un laboratorio. En el Sol ello se produce debido a las +monstruosas (a escala terrestre) densidades de masa que se alcanzan en su interior por la atracción +gravitatoria de su enorme masa (también comparada con la de la Tierra); pero en la Tierra no son +alcanzables tales densidades5. Este es el motivo de que haya que recurrir a otras mezclas de +fusionantes : deuterio-deuterio (DD), la ya mencionada deuterio-tritio (DT), etc.. Es decir, lo que se +pretende realizar en la Tierra es parecido a lo que ocurre en el Sol, pero no es lo mismo; en ambos +casos hay un mecanismo común, pero el combustible es diferente. En particular, la única que se +vislumbra con posibilidades de permitir la fusión para producir energía eléctrica es la combinación +DT6, que es la adoptada en todos los proyectos vigentes que pretenden conducir a ese objetivo. + + El deuterio es abundante (constituye una pequeña fracción del hidrógeno natural) y estable. Pero el +tritio no es ninguna de las dos cosas: es radiactivo y, por lo tanto, no existe naturalmente; es decir, +hay que producirlo. Esto cambia bastante el panorama de supuestas bondades del combustible (casi +infinito, según se anuncia): el tritio, como isótopo del hidrógeno, se comporta químicamente (y, por +lo tanto, biológicamente) exactamente igual que el hidrógeno normal ; es decir, dado el papel +central del hidrógeno en el ciclo de la vida, el tritio se incorpora al mismo sin que haya forma de +separarlo químicamente, porque es hidrógeno (aunque radiactivo). Su vida media de 12.6 años hace +que en ese tiempo su cantidad se reduzca a la mitad, pero en un reactor de fusión ha de producirse +continuamente, para lo cual se coloca en su borde exterior una manta de litio (que debe + +3 +enriquecerse en su minoritario isótopo adecuado), que al ser bombardeada con neutrones +procedentes de las fusiones DT produce el tritio que regenera el consumido. Al menos ese es el +objetivo que se pretende alcanzar (sobre todo, en la tasa suficiente). + + Las consecuencias de la infiltración y fuga del tritio a través de las paredes del reactor a las +enormes temperaturas a las que se pretende que funcione se conocen sólo parcialmente, ya que los +valores que se manejan se basan en extrapolaciones. Por lo tanto el combustible previsto no es casi +infinito, ni es limpio ni seguro ni barato. El tritio es tan problemático7 que en JET se ha trabaja en +la medida de lo posible sólo con hidrógeno o sólo con deuterio, extrapolándose las tasas de +reacción a la mezcla DT. De este modo se obtiene el factor Q (o eficiencia energética, que es el +cociente entre la potencia conseguida y la consumida) extrapolado, con el llamativo resultado de +que cuando se realizó el experimento con la mezcla DT el valor de Q obtenido fue +aproximadamente la mitad; lo cual muestra algo bien conocido en física e ingeniería, que es el +riesgo de las extrapolaciones, a la vez que pone en evidencia la problemática asociada al uso del +tritio. Lo anterior añade otra incógnita más a la pretendida limpieza radiológica de la fusión para +producir energía eléctrica a partir de combustible limpio, accesible e inagotable, según otro lugar +común en muchas declaraciones leídas en la prensa: “porque se extrae del agua del mar”. + +Jugando con las definiciones + + Otro aspecto a destacar de la citada noticia tiene que ver con el ya mencionado logro del breakeven +en el NIF. Este consistió en alcanzar un factor Q de ganancia energética de fusión de 1.54, es +decir que se obtuvo 1.54 veces más energía que la se invirtió . Al margen de otras consideraciones +en las que entraré más adelante, resulta llamativo (por expresarlo suavemente) el cambio de +definición que ha conducido a este anunciado éxito. El NIF cambió hace algunos años la definición +del Q para colocar en el denominador (potencia que hay que suministrar a los láseres para +comprimir y calentar el plasma) sólo la fracción que éstos devuelven en forma de radiación +ultravioleta para comprimir y calentar, es decir sólo la fracción aprovechable. Teniendo en cuenta +que la eficiencia de los láseres es muy baja (en torno al 1%), en rigor hay que dividir por toda la +energía invertida, es decir dividir el aunciado factor de ganancia Q = 1.54 por 100, con lo cual se +está aún muy lejos de recuperar lo invertido. Muy lejos. Obviamente, esta redefinición unilateral +del factor Q por parte del NIF recibió severas críticas8, pero el hecho de que no se haya reflejado en +las noticias esta matización (¡de un factor 100!) por parte de sus voceros (o al menos yo no la he +encontrado) permite hacerse una idea del poder del lobby que hay detrás. + + Toda la discusión anterior se ha realizado omitiendo un detalle adicional que considero +fundamental para tener una visión clara de la situación real: no toda la energía liberada en la fusión +(el numerador del factor Q) es aprovechable para producir calor y, con ello, la energía eléctrica que +se pretende obtener. En la fusión DT el 80% de la energía producida se la llevan los neutrones en +forma de energía cinética, siendo las partículas alfa (que se llevan el 20% restante) las responsables +de la mayor parte del calentamiento9. Por el contrario, en una fisión del combustible típico de las +centrales nucleares de fisión (U235), sólo en torno al 5% de la energía se la llevan los neutrones, +mientras que el resto corresponde a los fragmentos de fisión, núcleos de tamaño medio muy +cargados eléctricamente, que son los responsables del calentamiento de las barras de combustible, +que a su vez calientan el refrigerante (normalmente agua) encargado de transportarlo. Por lo tanto, +incluso sin la redefinición del NIF, el factor Q dista de ser una medida realista de la rentabilidad +energética del proceso de fusión, ya que no sólo una fracción minoritaria de la energía liberada en la +fusión es aprovechable para producir calor, que es lo que interesa. + + +4 + En la misma línea de información sesgada por parte de los gabinetes de comunicación, ITER hizo +oficialmente pública una información que claramente conducía a error de interpretación. +Concretamente, se afirmaba que ITER sería capaz de producir 500 MW10 de potencia a partir de 50 +MW de potencia suministrada. De ahí se infería lógicamente que esos 50 MW suministrados se +referían a la potencia total eléctrica invertida, no a la calorífica finalmente suministrada al plasma +(es decir, igual que en el caso de NIF con los láseres). Ante las críticas recibidas11, tuvieron que +rectificar. Debido a la la eficiencia del proceso de conversión (siempre menor que la unidad, +usualmente mucho menor, al igual que en el caso del NIF), la primera es muy superior, +estimándose en más de 300 MW necesarios para mantener la fusión12. Además, los 500 MW +producidos son totales, de los cuales, como ya se ha indicado, aproximadamente el 80% +corresponde a los neutrones rápidos, que son mucho menos eficientes produciendo calor (sólo son +capaces de transferir una parte del mismo al medio antes de escapar), que, al no ser utilizable para +mantener la temperatura del plasma, ITER propone13 aprovechar calentando el agua del circuito +refrigerante de la manta que envolverá la cámara de vacío para producir electricidad. Toda la +responsabilidad del mantenimiento de la temperatura del plasma recaerá sobre las partículas alfa, +que depositarán directamente en el mismo toda su energía (que, recordemos, es sólo el 20 % de la +energía en cada fusión). La regeneración del tritio (caro, escaso y que debe producirse en reactores +nucleares de fisión, principalmente) necesario para mantener la fusión se pospone para para una +fase posterior de ITER, donde se experimentará con la capacidad del isótopo minoritario Li6 del +litio natural (que debe ser enriquecido para ello) para producirlo en la suficiente cantidad para +mantener la reacción14. Nuevamente nos movemos en el campo de las expectativas, sólo la +experimentación demostrará la viabilidad de la propuesta. + +Un poco de historia + + Las radicales diferencias entre los procesos de fusión y fisión nuclear son la causa de que entre la +primera reacción nuclear explosiva en cadena (Trinity , 16 de julio de 1945 en Alamogordo, Nuevo +México, EEUU) y la primera producción comercial de energía eléctrica mediante la fisión +controlada15 (18 de diciembre 1957, en Shippingport, Pennsylvania, EEUU) transcurriesen +solamente 12 años, mientras que tras la primera explosión termonuclear16 (Ivy Mike, 1 de +noviembre de 1952 en el atolón Enewetak, en las Islas Marshall) aún no se ha conseguido +domesticar la fusión para mantenerla bajo control y producir energía aprovechable. + + En el caso de la fisión se pretende (y consigue desde el año 1942) mantener controlada una +reacción en cadena, donde los garantes de esa continuidad son los neutrones producidos en cada +reacción. En el caso de la fusión los neutrones no juegan ningún papel en mantenimiento de la +misma, sino que el agente garante de la reacción en cadena es el calor producido, que se debe +traducir en temperatura (manteniendo la densidad). Cuando no se pretende el control de la misma +sino todo lo contrario (bombas), ello se hace por fuerza bruta (nunca mejor dicho) recurriendo a la +extraordinaria presión de radiación originada por el fulminante de fisión17, sin que ésta escape antes +de conseguir instantáneamente su objetivo (todo ocurre en unos pocos microsegundos18). En +cambio, para mantener la reacción de fusión en un reactor no se puede, obviamente, recurrir a ese +mecanismo explosivo y se debe conseguir que el calor generado por las reacciones de fusión se +recicle sin escapar para mantener la temperatura, al tiempo que la densidad se mantenga +temporalmente. Una empresa formidable, que aún está por conseguirse. +paral + + + +5 + +¿Por qué se persigue conseguir tan elevadas densidades y temperaturas en un futuro reactor +nuclear de fusión? + + Porque es preciso conseguir que núcleos atómicos ligeros superen la repulsión debida a su carga +eléctrica y se fundan en un núcleo mayor y alguna otra partícula emergente; y además que lo hagan +en la tasa (velocidad a la que se producen las reaccciones) suficiente. La clave radica en que la +suma de las masas de los productos de la reacción es ligeramente inferior a la masa de los +reaccionantes, convirtiéndose esa diferencia de masa m en energía E, según la archiconocida +fórmula de Einstein E=m c2, donde c es la velocidad de la luz. Este mecanismo es el opuesto al de +la fisión nuclear, aunque la consecuencia es la misma: conversión de masa en energía. En la fisión +un núcleo pesado captura un neutrón y se rompe en dos fragmentos de aproximadamente la mitad +de su masa y varios neutrones. Aquí tenemos por tanto una gran diferencia cualitativa: a diferencia +de la fusión, en la fisión el agente desencadenante (el neutrón, que como su nombre indica, carece +de carga eléctrica) no tiene que superar en primer lugar la repulsión eléctrica por parte del núcleo +(donde hay protones y neutrones que, en todo caso, lo atraen por la llamada interacción nuclear o +fuerte, que es de corto alcance). Por ello en la fisión, si se dan las circunstancias adecuadas +(características del núcleo progenitor y energía del neutrón incidente) el núcleo compuesto +resultante, que se forma en un estado excitado, se rompe espontáneamente en busca de una mayor +estabilidad del sistema, es decir fisiona. Nos encontramos ante una situación radicalmente diferente +a la de la fusión, donde los dos intervinientes han de superar su repulsión mutua (ambos están +cargados positivamente), lo cual implica enormes temperaturas para conseguirlo19. Además la +densidad ha de ser altísima para que la tasa de reacción sea la suficiente, como comentaré a +continuación. + +La tasa de reacción es la clave + + La tasa de una reacción nuclear (es decir, el número de reacciones por unidad de tiempo) es +proporcional a la densidad de blancos20, al flujo de proyectiles que los bombardean y a la +probabilidad de que la reacción se produzca una vez que proyectil y blanco colisionan. Esta última +cantidad es a su vez proporcional a una magnitud llamada sección eficaz21, que viene determinada +por la estructura nuclear intrínseca de cada pareja proyectil-blanco y en la cual nuestro margen de +maniobra está limitado a la velocidad relativa, es decir, a la temperatura. Por lo tanto, para cada +pareja de proyectil y blanco reaccionantes (fusionantes o fisionantes), conseguir una tasa de +reacción suficiente exige unos valores adecuados de densidad y temperatura. + + La tasa de reacción es la clave para producir energía aprovechable, porque las reacciones de fusión +se producen rutinariamente en laboratorio mediante el uso de aceleradores (controladas, pero no +automantenidas ya que exigen aporte continuo de energía). Una de las fuentes habituales de +neutrones es la llamada DT (deuterio-tritio), la misma mezcla prevista en ITER, en la cual +mediante un acelerador se bombardea con deuterones un blanco de tritio gaseoso, en cada una de +cuyas reacciones de fusión se liberan unos 17.6 MeV22 de energía, que se reparten entre una +partícula alfa (núcleo de helio, que se lleva aproximadamente el 80% de diche energía) y un neutrón +(de alta energía en la jerga especializada, que se lleva el 20% restante). Pero la producción +energética en forma de calor (debido mayoritariamente a la energía que transportan las partículas +alfa23) es ínfima debido a los valores de las tasas de reacción implicadas. Es decir, esta fusión DT +( y lo mismo se puede decir de las fuentes de neutrones DD) no sirve para producir energía +eléctrica aprovechable, su finalidad es producir neutrones rápidos. + + + +6 + + +El balance energético + + En principio, un argumento en favor de la fusión nuclear frente a la fisión es la energía específica +(o energía por unidad de masa). Vamos a explicarlo. Una característica de los núcleos atómicos, +aunque no exclusiva, ya que lo siguiente es aplicable a cualquier sistema regido por las leyes de la +Física Cuántica (es decir a todos), es que su masa es menor que la suma de las masas de sus +constituyentes por separado. Esa diferencia, traducida en energía por la fórmula de Einstein, es lo +que se conoce como energía de ligadura. Por lo tanto si en una reacción nuclear pasamos de una +situación con menos ligadura (más masa) a otra de más ligadura (menor masa), la diferencia se +transforma en energía cinética de los productos y radiación. Y esa es la energía que, en forma de +calor, se utiliza (en un reactor nuclear de fisión) o debería algún día poder utilizarse (en un reactor +nuclear de fusión) para producir energía eléctrica. Si colocamos los isótopos conocidos (es decir +tipos de núcleos atómicos) en orden creciente con sus masas, comenzando en el hidrógeno, +encontramos que la ligadura por nucleón va aumentando en promedio hasta el Fe56 (núcleo de +hierro con 26 protones y 30 neutrones, donde alcanza casi 9 MeV por nucleón); a partir de ese +punto comienza a disminuir suavemente hasta el final de la tabla , donde llega a unos 7.5 MeV por +nucleón en la región de isótopos que nos interesa (la llamada zona de los actínidos). Ello quiere +decir que, cuando dos isótopos ligeros (por debajo de la masa del Fe56) se fusionan, el resultado +está más ligado en general, es decir tiene menos masa, y esa pérdida de masa se transforma en +energía. Por ejemplo en la típica reaccción DT la ligadura del deuterón son unos 2.2 MeV, es decir +aproximadamente 1.1 MeV por nucleón ; la ligadura del tritio son unos 8.5 MeV, es decir unos 2.8 +MeV por nucleón; la ligadura de la partícula alfa son unos 28.3 MeV, es decir aproximadamente 7.1 +MeV por nucleón. Por lo tanto, se pasa de una ligadura incial en el sistema DT de aproximadamente +10.7 MeV a los 28.3 MeV de la partícula alfa, es decir hay una ganancia de energía ligadura de unos +3.5 MeV por nucleón inicial (~17.6/5) eV. La situación opuesta se presenta en el otro extremo de +la tabla de isótopos cuando un núcleo pesado, por ejemplo el U235, captura un neutrón y fisiona. La +energía de ligadura del U235 son unos 1786.7 MeV, es decir aproximadamente unos 7.6 MeV por +nucleón, y la de dos típicos productos de fisión (recordemos que es un proceso probabilístico) está +próxima a la máxima del Fe56, digamos que en torno a los 8.5 MeV por nucleón; por lo tanto se ha +ganado aproximadamente 0.9 MeV por nucleón en energía de ligadura. Multiplicando esta cantidad +por los 236 nucleones del núcleo compuesto inicial (el de U235 más el neutrón absorbido) resultan +unos 212 MeV de energía liberada en una fisión típica, cantidad bastante próxima a los valores +medidos experimentalmente. Desde este punto de vista, en principio, la fusión DT es claramente +más interesante, ya que la ganancia neta de ligadura por nucleón del combustible es casi 4 veces +mayor (lo cual se traduce en una energía específica unas 4 veces mayor del combustible DT +respecto del U235), pero hay que considerar que la mayor parte de esa energía cinética corresponde +a los neutrones (el ya mencionado 80% típicamente en el caso de la fusión DT, frente al +aproximadamente 5% en el caso de la fisión del U235), que es muy poco aprovechable para +producir calor, es decir, en última instancia energía eléctrica. En resumidas cuentas, un reactor de +fusión es una magnífica fuente de neutrones muy energéticos, otro asunto muy diferente es cómo +aprovechar la energía producida (de la que esos neutrones se llevan lel 80%), ya que sólo una +pequeña parte de ella se podrá transformar en calor y, aún menos, en energía eléctrica a partir de él. + +¿Por qué es tan difícil conseguir la fusión nuclear automantenida? + + En el caso de la fisión, en la que se basan las centrales nucleares actuales, la densidad de núcleos +está fijada por ser el combustible un medio sólido (aunque puede ser líquido, que para el caso es lo +mismo) y la sección eficaz (es decir, la probabilidad de que se produzca la reacción) se hace + +7 +enorme en los núcleos fisionables para una energía adecuada de los neutrones (recordemos que los +neutrones no tienen carga eléctrica, por lo que se cuelan sin obstáculo en los núcleos blanco, y que +la sección eficaz varía con su energía – es decir con la temperatura del medio que los termaliza, es +decir que los frena- debido a los detalles de la estructura nuclear). Por este motivo, para mantener +bajo control la tasa de reacciones nucleares basta con controlar con precisión la población +neutrónica. Con ello se consigue una tasa de reacción que libera la cantidad de calor suficiente +para ser transformado comercialmente en energía eléctrica. + + Por el contrario, en el caso de la fusión (la que nos anuncian como fuente de energía limpia e +inagotable del futuro) la sección eficaz es extraordinariamente pequeña comparada con la de fisión. +Concretamente, en la fusión DT la sección eficaz a la temperatura prevista de unos 150-200 +millones de grados24 es aproximadamente una cienmillonésima de la sección eficaz de fisión de +un núcleo de U235 bombardeado por neutrones termalizados (es decir con energía óptima para +fisionar eficazmente este isótopo) en un reactor convencional refrigerado por agua ligera a presión +(LWR-PWR), que opera a unos 350ºC. Conseguir la temperatura necesaria en el plasma de fusión +(que es la sopa de núcleos y electrones en que se transforma la materia esas temperaturas), es ya en +sí misma una empresa formidable, pero a eso hay que añadir la necesidad de alcanzar una densidad +suficiente de dicho plasma y , además, que ambos parámetros se mantengan durante el tiempo +suficiente para mantener una tasa de reacción que la haga utilizable para producir energía. En las +bombas de fusión (empleadas con fines bélicos) se utilizan una o varias bombas de fisión para +conseguir simultáneamente los objetivos anteriores (compresión y calentamiento), y en ellas, +obviamente, ni el control ni el mantenimiento temporal son necesarios, sino todo lo contrario, +desafortunadamente. Pero evidentemente este mecanismo está excluido para aplicaciones pacíficas, +de forma que el objetivo de mantener el plasma en esas condiciones sólo se plantea de forma +pulsada, ya sea mediante compresión con láseres o confinamiento magnético (con la que se +pretende llegar a varios centenares de segundos). Ello explica el ya mencionado hecho de que +desde Ivy Mike en 1952 hayan transcurrido 70 años sin alcanzar la fusión controlada para la +producción comercial de energía eléctrica, siendo las predicciones más optimistas de unos 30, 40, +¿50? años adicionales para conseguirlo. Porque ITER , cuando funcione, está destinado ser la +prueba de concepto científica de la fusión controlada y automantenida para producir energía +eléctrica. Habrá que esperar a DEMO (como su nombre indica) para la prueba de concepto de +ingeniería, que demuestre que es posible verter energía neta a la red eléctrica. Y mientras tanto +debe continuarse investigando exhaustivamente en los efectos que el extraordinario bombardeo con +neutrones de alta energía a semejantes temperaturas induce en las propiedades de los materiales +estructurales del reactor , en particular la fragilización, aparición de fallas y deformaciones25. Y tras +todo ello, si se alcanza ese punto (cosa que en el mejor de los casos podrán ver nuestros nietos o +bisnietos, porque ninguno de nosotros tendrá la oportunidad de sonreir consultando la hemeroteca) +habrá de demostrarse la viabilidad económica de esta fuente de energía, que dados los enormes +costes de desarrollo y su descomunal consumo energético previo acumulado en forma de consumo +de combustibles fósiles y energía eléctrica de origen nuclear de fisión (hay estudios al respecto) +dista mucho de estar claro. + +El tamaño importa + + Considero también pertinente mencionar el previsible tamaño de una central de fusión para +producción de energía eléctrica, si algún día llega a construirse. Una de las muchas críticas que se +han realizado en contra de las centrales nucleares de fisión es la gran concentración de +infraestructuras y capital que implican y su tamaño, que van radicalmente en contra de una +producción distribuida y cercana a los puntos de consumo. Ello sin olvidar los riesgos inherentes a +dicha concentración provenientes de posibles ataques terroristas. A estas alturas del texto, creo que + +8 +resulta evidente que en una central de fusión estos aspectos criticados en una central de fisión +aumentan hasta dimensiones desconocidas hasta la fecha. No hay más que comparar el tamaño de +ITER con su precursor JET y, aún más, con el previsto para DEMO. Los gabinetes de comunicación +de los proyectos de fusión (NIF, ITER) nos inundan con informaciones grandilocuentes donde +siempre aparece lo más de lo más: los láseres más potentes del mundo (en el caso del NIF), los +imanes superconductores mayores del mundo, la vasija de vacío mayor del mundo, la soldadura +electrónica más sofisticada del mundo, etc .. (en el caso de ITER). Son innegables logros de +ingeniería a gran escala (y puede que ya eso de por sí justifique el esfuerzo y la energía invertidos), +pero no deberían hacernos perder la visión de conjunto: de lo que se trata es de producir energía +aprovechable en un futuro no demasiado lejano. Además, tampoco conviene olvidar que dicho +desarrollo en busca de cuanto más grande mejor (porque esa es la única manera conocida de +alcanzar las extremas condiciones descritas anteriormente) va en el sentido opuesto al seguido en +los modernos prototipos de centrales de fisión modulares, destinados a su instalación a escala local, +de los cual hay ya uno en fase operacional en Rusia26 y otro en China en fase avanzada de +construcción27; hay muchos otros diseños avanzados y prometedores en Japón, Europa y EEUU, +que hasta ahora no se han podido llevar a la práctica. El hecho de que hayan sido precisamente +Rusia y China los países que primero hayan llevado a la práctica esta idea innovadora, dice mucho +del panorama geopolítico actual, donde la segunda (a Rusia aún le quedan rescoldos científicos y +tecnológicos de la época soviética) se ha convertido a pasos agigantados en un referente mundial en +ciencia y tecnología en todas las áreas estratégicas. Igualmente, se continúa investigando +exhaustivamente en el ciclo de fisión del torio28,29, desarrollando la tecnología para reactores más +pequeños (llegando a la escala del MW), más seguros y con menos producción de residuos. No +olvidemos que ITER , cuando entre en funcionamiento, consumirá del orden de 300 MW sólo para +mantener la temperatura del plasma. + +Epílogo + + El proyecto ITER, al igual que la Estación Espacial Internacional (ISS, de sus siglas en inglés) +surgieron en las mismas fechas (años 90) y con los mismos loables propósitos (fomentar la +colaboración científico-técnica internacional), inmediatamente tras el derrumbe del bloque +soviético y el comienzo de una época de absoluto dominio del bloque llamado occidental (aunque +incluye también a Japón, Corea del Sur y, por supuesto, Australia y Nueva Zelanda) liderado por los +EEUU de Norteamérica y la postración absoluta de la otra antigua potencia hegemónica, Rusia; +China, aunque despegando, aún contaba poco. Era la época del famoso Final de la Historia de +Francis Fukuyama. No creo necesario resaltar cómo ha cambiado el panorama internacional. La +ISS, con Rusia retirándose, además de la poca relevancia de los resultados científicos obtenidos, +está abocada a convertirse pronto en un trozo más de chatarra orbital destinada a desintegrarse en +unos 10 años (si no antes, el silencio mediático es poco prometedor en ese sentido). Opino que, +aparte de los innegables avances tecnológicos asociados a su desarrollo, ese es su principal ( y +probablemente) único éxito. + + Los plazos han ido alargándose sin cesar: De la fecha inicialmente prevista de las primeras pruebas +con plasma en ITER, 2016, se pasó a 2025 y hasta 2035 para las pruebas con la mezcla real DT. Los +rumores sugieren insistentemente un nuevo alargamiento y la situación geopolítica mundial (al +margen de los enormes problemas científico-técnicos asociados al proyecto) apunta a ello. Para +DEMO ya ni siquiera se dan fechas concretas, sólo se habla de que será una realidad en la segunda +mitad de la centuria. Vienen a la mente las palabras del Quijote: “Cuán largo me lo fiais, amigo +Sancho”. + + +9 +1 Un nanosegundo es una milésima de una millonésima de segundo. + +2 El núcleo de hidrógeno, que consiste en un único protón, es el más simple de la Naturaleza y, obviamente es estable, es +decir, no radiactivo. El de deuterio o deuterón consiste en un protón más un neutrón y es también estable. El de +tritio consiste en un protón más dos neutrones y es radiactivo, con una semivida de 12.6 años (el tiempo en que +tardan en desintegrarse la mitad de sus núcleos a partir de una población incial). + +3 Inicialmente la idea del tokamak, que es una palabra rusa porque fue un concepto propuesto en la Unión Soviética en +los años 50, fue descartada por los investigadores norteamericanos, que llevaban desde los primeros años 50 +trabajando en la Universidad de Princeton y el Laboratorio Nacional de Los Alamos tratando de controlar la fusión +nuclear para usos civiles mediante confinamiento magnético con la configuración llamada stellarator (de aspecto +exterior muy parecido al tokamak, pero con importantes diferencias conceptuales entre ambos), en paralelo al +desarrollo del programa militar; de hecho ambos proyectos compartían inicialmente gran parte de su nombre en +clave: Matterhorn-B para el militar (la B de bomb) y Matterhorn-S para la civil (con la S de stellarator) . A +comienzos de los años 60 los científicos norteamericanos tuvieron que rendirse a la evidencia de que la idea del +tokamak funcionaba mejor en muchos aspectos y comenzaron a investigar mayoritariamente basándose en ella, +aunque varios grupos continuaron la investigación en la línea original (stellarator), que aún se mantiene hoy en +día. Como puede fácilmente deducirse, la íntima interconexión en el entramado científico-militar norteamericano +era evidente desde los inicios en estas investigaciones. Abundando en esta idea, cabe resaltar que el Livermore +National Laboratory tiene una bien conocida vinculación íntima con la industria militar estadounidense en forma de +contratos de investigación orientada tanto a las armas de fisión nuclear como a las basadas en láseres de alta +potencia (sobre todo a partir de la llamada Guerra de las Galaxias, que promovió su presidente Ronald Reagan en +los años 80). + +4 La explicación del mecanismo de producción de energía en el Sol fue propuesta por Hans Bethe en su genial y +clarividente artículo (uno más entre tantos de los suyos) “Energy Production in Stars”, Physical Review 55 (1939) +p. 434 , considerado uno de los diez mejores de la Historia de la Física moderna en una clasificación del Instituto +Niels Bohr de Copenhague. Como curiosidad, este artículo fue inicialmente retirado por el autor para poder +presentarlo a un concurso de ideas científicas inéditas (que obviamente ganó), con cuyo premio costeó la mudanza +de su madre (judía perseguida en Alemania) a los Estados Unidos de América del Norte. En el mismo, entre otras +muchas especulaciones basadas en las evidencias entonces disponibles, el autor propone una cadena que se inicia +con la fusión de dos núcleos de hidrógeno, es decir dos protones, y que globalmente se traduce en que a partir de 4 +protones se forma una partícula alfa con gran liberación de energía. + +5 A no ser que se consiga crear algún día en la Tierra algo parecido a una estrella de neutrones (en este caso de +protones, vamos, un Sol .. pero necesitaríamos su masa para tener la compresión gravitacional suficiente, es decir, +su tamaño, con lo cual nos quedaríamos sin Tierra ..). Mi imaginación no da para tanto y esto entra dentro del +campo de la ciencia ficción. + +6 Es la combinación que presenta mayor probabilidad de fusión a las temperaturas que, aunque enormes (del orden de +los cien millones de grados), pueden alcanzarse en una central de fusión. + +7 En los experimentos realizados hasta la fecha en JET, la única instalación operativa por confinamiento magnético +capaz de utilizarlo, se ha evitado en lo possible su utilización por las complicaciones que acarrea; de hecho, según +la información de que dispongo, no se utiliza desde 1997. + +8 Clery, Daniel (10 October 2013). "Fusion "Breakthrough" at NIF? Uh, Not Really …". Science. + + +9 Por su ausencia de carga eléctrica, los neutrones son mucho menos eficientes que las partículas cargadas, como las +alfas, para transformar su energía cinética en calor. + +10 1 MW es un millón de vatios. Para hacernos una idea: uno de los últimos reactores nucleares instalados en España +produce del orden de 1000 MW de potencia eléctrica + +11 Steven B. Krivit, “The ITER Power Amplification Myth”. En New Energy Times, 6 Oct. 2017 + +12 Ya que nos movemos en el ámbito de las estimaciones, no encuentro motivo a priori valorar unas más que otras: sólo +la experiencia dará su veredicto. + + +10 + + +13 https://www.iter.org/mach/Blanket + +14 T. Giegerich et al, Development of a viable route for lithium-6 supply of DEMO and future fusion power plants, +Fusion Engineering and Design, Volume 149, December 2019, 111339 + +15 Los primeros reactores nucleares de fisión estuvieron vinculados al programa militar norteamericano (proyecto +Manhattan) . En concreto, la primera reacción en cadena controlada fue en el Pile-1 (“CP-1”, acónimo de Chicago +Pile 1) situado bajo el graderío oeste del campo de fútbol americano de la Universidad de Chicago, bajo la +dirección científica de Enrico Fermi, el 2 de diciembre de 1942. Por ello se puede afirmar que la fisión nuclear +controlada y la explosiva se desarrollaron en paralelo. + +16 El nombre que inicalmente se le dio fue el de bomba de hidrógeno, o simplemente bomba H porque utilizaba isótopos +de hidrógeno para producir la fusión, aunque el detonante fuera una bomba atómica (varias en los diseños +modernos). Como dato se aporta el hecho de que aproximadamente las tres cuartas partes de la energía liberada en +una explosiión termonulear proviene de la fisión, mientras que sólo la cuarta parte restante proviene de la fusión. +Ello es debido a que un detonante central (sparkplug, o bujía, en su denominación inicial) de fisión convencional +(Pu239 en el caso de Ivy Mike), que fisiona bajo el efecto de bombardeo con neutrones lentos, comprime y calienta +la mezcla de isótopos de hidrógeno deuterio y tritio, que fusionan. En cada una de dichas fusiones se produce una +partícula alfa (núcleo de helio) y un neutrón de alta energía que se utiliza para fisionar otro isótopo (U238 en Ivy +Mike, dispuesto en la parte exterior del dispositivo), que precisamente fisiona muy eficientemente bajo el +bombardeo con neutrones muy energéticos (no lo hace con neutrones lentos, por lo cual no es útil en las bombas +atómicas convencionales) . Por lo tanto puede afirmarse que una bomba termonuclear,de hidrógeno o de fusión es +en realidad un amplificador de la fisión mediante la fusión. De hecho, a pesar de su nombre, aproximadamente el +75% de su energía liberada proviene de la fisión. + +17 La energía transportada por la radiación a temperaturas ordinarias es despreciable frente a la asociada a la agitación +cinética a nivel microscópico, pero la primera aumenta con la cuarta ptencia de la temperatura, mientras que la +segunada lo hace linealmente. A las enormes temperaturas alcanzadas en una reacción en una bomba de fisión la +presión de la radiación se comporta como un gigantesco mazo que se utiliza para comprimir y calentar el plasma de +fusión. Ello está descartado, obviamente, para aplicaciones pacíficas. + +18 Un microsegundo es una millonésima de segundo. + +19 La temperatura es una medida de la agitación a nivel microscópico, es decir de la energía cinética (aproximadamente +proporcional a la velodidad al cuadrado en este contexto) de los constituyentes de la materia. + + +20 Número de partículas blanco por unidad de volumen. Obviamente en el caso de la fusión, proyectil y blanco son +intercambiables, ya que ambos están en movimiento en el sistema del laboratorio, a diferencia de la fisión donde los +blancos (usualmente núcleos de U235) están en reposo y son bombardeados por los neutrones. + +21 El cálculo teórico y medida experimental de las secciones eficaces de las diferentes reacciones es, en última +instancia, a lo que nos dedicamos los físicos nucleares. + +22 El MeV es la unidad de energía típica de Física nuclear, siendo la energíacinética que adquiere un electrón acelerado +por una diferencia de potencial de un millón de voltios. + +23 Las particulas cargadas (en este caso las partículas alfa) son las responsables de la generación de la mayor parte del +calor. El proceso es como sigue: al estar cargadas, interaccionan eléctricamente con los átomos del medio, +arrancándoles electroles, es decir produciendo parejas iones positivos y electrones. Estos posteriormente se +recombinan para formar nuevamente átomos neutros, liberándose la energía de ligadura correspondiente en forma +de energías de vibración y rotación de dichos átomos, lo cual macroscópicamente se traduce en el aumento de +temperatura. Los neutrones, por el contrario, son muy poco eficientes para producir calor a partir de su energía +cinética (es decir aumento de temperatura del medio) debido a su carencia de carga eléctrica, que obliga a producir +la ionización sólo indirectamente, a través de partículas cargadas secundarias. + +24 El máximo se alcanza a unos 600 milllones de grados y aumenta unos dos órdenes de magnitud, pero esa temperatura +excede con mucho lo previsiblemente alcanzable. + + +11 + +25 La instalación IFMIF, asociada a la futura instalación DEMO, para la cual la ciudad de Granada es una firme +candidata, estará destinada a investigar los efectos de un bombardeo masivo de neutrones (producidos mediante un +intenso haz de deuterio sobre un blanco de litio) en diferentes materiales que se pretende utilizar en el reactor. + +26 http://fnpp.info/ + +27 https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Linglong-One-reactor-pit-installed-at-Changjiang + +28 http://ithec.org + +29 https://www.thmsr.com/en/ + diff --git a/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt b/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..986e99caa0c1fde4c6eee8e13d20e61151682a75 --- /dev/null +++ b/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt @@ -0,0 +1,270 @@ +filepath=/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf,len=269 +page_content='1 EL ELIXIR DE LA ENERGÍA ETERNA Abstract The recent announcement of a purported breakthrough result in inertial nuclear fusion at NIF (Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, USA) has aroused a tide of media and public interest.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The excitement has been generalized to the whole field of research in fusion energy with, in its wake, announcements of an imminent advent of the cure for the energetic crisis and the aggravating influence in the climate change associated to the fossil fuels.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This opinion article is intended to show that such expectations are not founded on sound scientific bases and that there is a long way until the practical production of electricity from nuclear fusion is achieved, if ever.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Resumen El reciente anuncio de un supuestamente trascendental resultado en fusión nuclear inercial en NIF (Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, EEUU de Norteamérica) ha desatado un enorme interés en el público y los medios de comunicación.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' El entusiasmo se ha trasladado a todo el campo de la investigación en fusión para la producción de energía con, a su estela, anuncios de la llegada inminente de la solución a la crisis energética y al efecto agravante del cambio climático asociado a los combustibles fósiles.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Este artículo de opinión pretende poner de manifiesto que tales expectativas no están fundadas en bases científicas sólidas y que hay un largo camino por recorrer hasta que se logre, a niveles prácticos, la producción de electricidad a partir de la fusión nuclear, si se consigue alguna vez.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Introducción Recientemente se anunció con extraordinario aparato mediático un nuevo hito alcanzado en la fusión nuclear, muy oportunamente publicitado en el contexto actual de crisis energética.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' En principio no hay nada que objetar a ello: en la comunidad científica es bien conocida la necesidad de financiación que tienen los grupos de investigación, y no digamos los grandes laboratorios como el Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, que deben anunciar sus logros científicos a fin de despertar el interés de la opinión pública, que busca soluciones tangibles a sus problemas inmediatos, y, con ello, captar la atención de las instancias políticas, siempre ávidas de réditos demoscópicos.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' No obstante, opino que se está vertiendo con demasiada frecuencia información sesgada que induce a confusión.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Comencemos con el detonante del presente texto, la noticia que ha desencadenado el frenesí mediático: el DOE (Department of Energy) norteamericano anunció a bombo y platillo el pasado 13 de diciembre que en la instalación NIF (National Ignition Facility) del Lawrence Livermore Laboratory se acababa de conseguir superar el breakeven en un experimento de fusión, lo cual simplemente consiste en conseguir más energía que la suministrada.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Suena muy bien y prometedor, pero conviene puntualizar.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' En primer lugar, esto se ha conseguido mediante la compresión con 192 láseres de altísima potencia sincronizados en un brevísimo pulso del orden de varios nanosegundos1 (la mayor concentración energética mediante láser jamás José Manuel Quesada Molina Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear Universidad de Sevilla 2 conseguida) de una diminuta cápsula de diamante conteniendo un pellet ultracongelado con dos isótopos del hidrógeno, deuterio y tritio (DT)2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Ello es un mecanismo completamente diferente al confinamiento magnético que se utiliza en los llamados tokamaks3, donde el confinamiento se consigue mediante campos magnéticos con geometría toroidal (donut).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' En la actualidad el diseño tipo tokamak es el más ampliamente utilizado, particularmente en Europa, donde bajo estas premisas desde comienzos de los años 90 se realizan experimentos en el JET (Joint European Torus) en Gran Bretaña, con financiación de la Unión Europea (al menos era sí hasta el Brexit, ya que actualmente está en fase terminal), y actualmente está en construcción el ITER (acrónimo de International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) en Cadarache, Francia.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Por lo tanto, el logro alcanzado en el NIF es muy difícilmente extrapolable a la apuesta científico-técnica mayoritaria en curso, que es el confinamiento magnético;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' es más, dicha vinculación se me escapa por completo.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Por lo tanto, considero que ésta es una matización clave, que se debe realizar claramente desde el principio: ambos mecanismos (compresión inercial – mediante láser u otro tipo de haces de partículas - y confinamiento magnético), aunque comparten finalidad, difieren esencialmente y los pretendidos logros en uno no son trasladables al otro.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ¿Es todo esto como se anuncia y promete?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A raíz de la noticia, y aprovechando su tirón mediático, he podido leer nuevamente (para mi gran sorpresa) algo que lleva repitiéndose desde los orígenes del desarrollo de la fusión nuclear: se trataría de reproducir en la Tierra el proceso que tiene lugar en el Sol y permite la vida;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' es más, se le llega a poner fecha: un reactor de fusión conectado a la red eléctrica en 10 años.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Lo primero no es cierto en sentido estricto y lo segundo es, simplemente, un despropósito que prefiero atribuir a una mala interpretación periodística (que, lamentablemente, cala en el imaginario del público no avisado).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' El tiempo dirá y la hemeroteca lo reflejará.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' En el Sol se quema hidrógeno, un recurso inagotable a nuestra escala, para producir partículas alfa, que son estables, es decir sin producir residuos radiactivos4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Todo extraordinariamente prometedor, salvo por un detalle: no es posible realizarlo en la Tierra, ya que entra dentro del dominio de la ciencia ficción.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' El motivo: la probabilidad de que dos núcleos de hidrógeno (es decir, dos protones) superen su repulsión eléctrica mutua y se fundan es tan pequeña que ni siquiera ha podido medirse experimentalmente en un laboratorio.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' En el Sol ello se produce debido a las monstruosas (a escala terrestre) densidades de masa que se alcanzan en su interior por la atracción gravitatoria de su enorme masa (también comparada con la de la Tierra);' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' pero en la Tierra no son alcanzables tales densidades5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Este es el motivo de que haya que recurrir a otras mezclas de fusionantes : deuterio-deuterio (DD), la ya mencionada deuterio-tritio (DT), etc.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='. Es decir, lo que se pretende realizar en la Tierra es parecido a lo que ocurre en el Sol, pero no es lo mismo;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' en ambos casos hay un mecanismo común, pero el combustible es diferente.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' En particular, la única que se vislumbra con posibilidades de permitir la fusión para producir energía eléctrica es la combinación DT6, que es la adoptada en todos los proyectos vigentes que pretenden conducir a ese objetivo.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' El deuterio es abundante (constituye una pequeña fracción del hidrógeno natural) y estable.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Pero el tritio no es ninguna de las dos cosas: es radiactivo y, por lo tanto, no existe naturalmente;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' es decir, hay que producirlo.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Esto cambia bastante el panorama de supuestas bondades del combustible (casi infinito, según se anuncia): el tritio, como isótopo del hidrógeno, se comporta químicamente (y, por lo tanto, biológicamente) exactamente igual que el hidrógeno normal ;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' es decir, dado el papel central del hidrógeno en el ciclo de la vida, el tritio se incorpora al mismo sin que haya forma de separarlo químicamente, porque es hidrógeno (aunque radiactivo).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Su vida media de 12.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 años hace que en ese tiempo su cantidad se reduzca a la mitad, pero en un reactor de fusión ha de producirse continuamente, para lo cual se coloca en su borde exterior una manta de litio (que debe 3 enriquecerse en su minoritario isótopo adecuado), que al ser bombardeada con neutrones procedentes de las fusiones DT produce el tritio que regenera el consumido.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Al menos ese es el objetivo que se pretende alcanzar (sobre todo, en la tasa suficiente).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Las consecuencias de la infiltración y fuga del tritio a través de las paredes del reactor a las enormes temperaturas a las que se pretende que funcione se conocen sólo parcialmente, ya que los valores que se manejan se basan en extrapolaciones.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Por lo tanto el combustible previsto no es casi infinito, ni es limpio ni seguro ni barato.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' El tritio es tan problemático7 que en JET se ha trabaja en la medida de lo posible sólo con hidrógeno o sólo con deuterio, extrapolándose las tasas de reacción a la mezcla DT.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' De este modo se obtiene el factor Q (o eficiencia energética, que es el cociente entre la potencia conseguida y la consumida) extrapolado, con el llamativo resultado de que cuando se realizó el experimento con la mezcla DT el valor de Q obtenido fue aproximadamente la mitad;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' lo cual muestra algo bien conocido en física e ingeniería, que es el riesgo de las extrapolaciones, a la vez que pone en evidencia la problemática asociada al uso del tritio.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Lo anterior añade otra incógnita más a la pretendida limpieza radiológica de la fusión para producir energía eléctrica a partir de combustible limpio, accesible e inagotable, según otro lugar común en muchas declaraciones leídas en la prensa: “porque se extrae del agua del mar”.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Jugando con las definiciones Otro aspecto a destacar de la citada noticia tiene que ver con el ya mencionado logro del breakeven en el NIF.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Este consistió en alcanzar un factor Q de ganancia energética de fusión de 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='54, es decir que se obtuvo 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='54 veces más energía que la se invirtió .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Al margen de otras consideraciones en las que entraré más adelante, resulta llamativo (por expresarlo suavemente) el cambio de definición que ha conducido a este anunciado éxito.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' El NIF cambió hace algunos años la definición del Q para colocar en el denominador (potencia que hay que suministrar a los láseres para comprimir y calentar el plasma) sólo la fracción que éstos devuelven en forma de radiación ultravioleta para comprimir y calentar, es decir sólo la fracción aprovechable.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Teniendo en cuenta que la eficiencia de los láseres es muy baja (en torno al 1%), en rigor hay que dividir por toda la energía invertida, es decir dividir el aunciado factor de ganancia Q = 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='54 por 100, con lo cual se está aún muy lejos de recuperar lo invertido.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Muy lejos.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Obviamente, esta redefinición unilateral del factor Q por parte del NIF recibió severas críticas8, pero el hecho de que no se haya reflejado en las noticias esta matización (¡de un factor 100!' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=') por parte de sus voceros (o al menos yo no la he encontrado) permite hacerse una idea del poder del lobby que hay detrás.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Toda la discusión anterior se ha realizado omitiendo un detalle adicional que considero fundamental para tener una visión clara de la situación real: no toda la energía liberada en la fusión (el numerador del factor Q) es aprovechable para producir calor y, con ello, la energía eléctrica que se pretende obtener.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' En la fusión DT el 80% de la energía producida se la llevan los neutrones en forma de energía cinética, siendo las partículas alfa (que se llevan el 20% restante) las responsables de la mayor parte del calentamiento9.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Por el contrario, en una fisión del combustible típico de las centrales nucleares de fisión (U235), sólo en torno al 5% de la energía se la llevan los neutrones, mientras que el resto corresponde a los fragmentos de fisión, núcleos de tamaño medio muy cargados eléctricamente, que son los responsables del calentamiento de las barras de combustible, que a su vez calientan el refrigerante (normalmente agua) encargado de transportarlo.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Por lo tanto, incluso sin la redefinición del NIF, el factor Q dista de ser una medida realista de la rentabilidad energética del proceso de fusión, ya que no sólo una fracción minoritaria de la energía liberada en la fusión es aprovechable para producir calor, que es lo que interesa.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4 En la misma línea de información sesgada por parte de los gabinetes de comunicación, ITER hizo oficialmente pública una información que claramente conducía a error de interpretación.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Concretamente, se afirmaba que ITER sería capaz de producir 500 MW10 de potencia a partir de 50 MW de potencia suministrada.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' De ahí se infería lógicamente que esos 50 MW suministrados se referían a la potencia total eléctrica invertida, no a la calorífica finalmente suministrada al plasma (es decir, igual que en el caso de NIF con los láseres).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Ante las críticas recibidas11, tuvieron que rectificar.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Debido a la la eficiencia del proceso de conversión (siempre menor que la unidad, usualmente mucho menor, al igual que en el caso del NIF), la primera es muy superior, estimándose en más de 300 MW necesarios para mantener la fusión12.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Además, los 500 MW producidos son totales, de los cuales, como ya se ha indicado, aproximadamente el 80% corresponde a los neutrones rápidos, que son mucho menos eficientes produciendo calor (sólo son capaces de transferir una parte del mismo al medio antes de escapar), que, al no ser utilizable para mantener la temperatura del plasma, ITER propone13 aprovechar calentando el agua del circuito refrigerante de la manta que envolverá la cámara de vacío para producir electricidad.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Toda la responsabilidad del mantenimiento de la temperatura del plasma recaerá sobre las partículas alfa, que depositarán directamente en el mismo toda su energía (que, recordemos, es sólo el 20 % de la energía en cada fusión).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' La regeneración del tritio (caro, escaso y que debe producirse en reactores nucleares de fisión, principalmente) necesario para mantener la fusión se pospone para para una fase posterior de ITER, donde se experimentará con la capacidad del isótopo minoritario Li6 del litio natural (que debe ser enriquecido para ello) para producirlo en la suficiente cantidad para mantener la reacción14.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Nuevamente nos movemos en el campo de las expectativas, sólo la experimentación demostrará la viabilidad de la propuesta.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Un poco de historia Las radicales diferencias entre los procesos de fusión y fisión nuclear son la causa de que entre la primera reacción nuclear explosiva en cadena (Trinity ,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 16 de julio de 1945 en Alamogordo,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Nuevo México,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' EEUU) y la primera producción comercial de energía eléctrica mediante la fisión controlada15 (18 de diciembre 1957,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' en Shippingport,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Pennsylvania,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' EEUU) transcurriesen solamente 12 años,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' mientras que tras la primera explosión termonuclear16 (Ivy Mike,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1 de noviembre de 1952 en el atolón Enewetak,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' en las Islas Marshall) aún no se ha conseguido domesticar la fusión para mantenerla bajo control y producir energía aprovechable.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' En el caso de la fisión se pretende (y consigue desde el año 1942) mantener controlada una reacción en cadena, donde los garantes de esa continuidad son los neutrones producidos en cada reacción.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' En el caso de la fusión los neutrones no juegan ningún papel en mantenimiento de la misma, sino que el agente garante de la reacción en cadena es el calor producido, que se debe traducir en temperatura (manteniendo la densidad).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Cuando no se pretende el control de la misma sino todo lo contrario (bombas), ello se hace por fuerza bruta (nunca mejor dicho) recurriendo a la extraordinaria presión de radiación originada por el fulminante de fisión17, sin que ésta escape antes de conseguir instantáneamente su objetivo (todo ocurre en unos pocos microsegundos18).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' En cambio, para mantener la reacción de fusión en un reactor no se puede, obviamente, recurrir a ese mecanismo explosivo y se debe conseguir que el calor generado por las reacciones de fusión se recicle sin escapar para mantener la temperatura, al tiempo que la densidad se mantenga temporalmente.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Una empresa formidable, que aún está por conseguirse.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' paral 5 ¿Por qué se persigue conseguir tan elevadas densidades y temperaturas en un futuro reactor nuclear de fusión?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Porque es preciso conseguir que núcleos atómicos ligeros superen la repulsión debida a su carga eléctrica y se fundan en un núcleo mayor y alguna otra partícula emergente;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' y además que lo hagan en la tasa (velocidad a la que se producen las reaccciones) suficiente.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' La clave radica en que la suma de las masas de los productos de la reacción es ligeramente inferior a la masa de los reaccionantes, convirtiéndose esa diferencia de masa m en energía E, según la archiconocida fórmula de Einstein E=m c2, donde c es la velocidad de la luz.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Este mecanismo es el opuesto al de la fisión nuclear, aunque la consecuencia es la misma: conversión de masa en energía.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' En la fisión un núcleo pesado captura un neutrón y se rompe en dos fragmentos de aproximadamente la mitad de su masa y varios neutrones.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Aquí tenemos por tanto una gran diferencia cualitativa: a diferencia de la fusión, en la fisión el agente desencadenante (el neutrón, que como su nombre indica, carece de carga eléctrica) no tiene que superar en primer lugar la repulsión eléctrica por parte del núcleo (donde hay protones y neutrones que, en todo caso, lo atraen por la llamada interacción nuclear o fuerte, que es de corto alcance).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Por ello en la fisión, si se dan las circunstancias adecuadas (características del núcleo progenitor y energía del neutrón incidente) el núcleo compuesto resultante, que se forma en un estado excitado, se rompe espontáneamente en busca de una mayor estabilidad del sistema, es decir fisiona.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Nos encontramos ante una situación radicalmente diferente a la de la fusión, donde los dos intervinientes han de superar su repulsión mutua (ambos están cargados positivamente), lo cual implica enormes temperaturas para conseguirlo19.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Además la densidad ha de ser altísima para que la tasa de reacción sea la suficiente, como comentaré a continuación.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' La tasa de reacción es la clave La tasa de una reacción nuclear (es decir, el número de reacciones por unidad de tiempo) es proporcional a la densidad de blancos20, al flujo de proyectiles que los bombardean y a la probabilidad de que la reacción se produzca una vez que proyectil y blanco colisionan.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Esta última cantidad es a su vez proporcional a una magnitud llamada sección eficaz21, que viene determinada por la estructura nuclear intrínseca de cada pareja proyectil-blanco y en la cual nuestro margen de maniobra está limitado a la velocidad relativa, es decir, a la temperatura.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Por lo tanto, para cada pareja de proyectil y blanco reaccionantes (fusionantes o fisionantes), conseguir una tasa de reacción suficiente exige unos valores adecuados de densidad y temperatura.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' La tasa de reacción es la clave para producir energía aprovechable, porque las reacciones de fusión se producen rutinariamente en laboratorio mediante el uso de aceleradores (controladas, pero no automantenidas ya que exigen aporte continuo de energía).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Una de las fuentes habituales de neutrones es la llamada DT (deuterio-tritio), la misma mezcla prevista en ITER, en la cual mediante un acelerador se bombardea con deuterones un blanco de tritio gaseoso, en cada una de cuyas reacciones de fusión se liberan unos 17.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 MeV22 de energía, que se reparten entre una partícula alfa (núcleo de helio, que se lleva aproximadamente el 80% de diche energía) y un neutrón (de alta energía en la jerga especializada, que se lleva el 20% restante).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Pero la producción energética en forma de calor (debido mayoritariamente a la energía que transportan las partículas alfa23) es ínfima debido a los valores de las tasas de reacción implicadas.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Es decir, esta fusión DT ( y lo mismo se puede decir de las fuentes de neutrones DD) no sirve para producir energía eléctrica aprovechable, su finalidad es producir neutrones rápidos.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 6 El balance energético En principio, un argumento en favor de la fusión nuclear frente a la fisión es la energía específica (o energía por unidad de masa).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Vamos a explicarlo.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Una característica de los núcleos atómicos, aunque no exclusiva, ya que lo siguiente es aplicable a cualquier sistema regido por las leyes de la Física Cuántica (es decir a todos), es que su masa es menor que la suma de las masas de sus constituyentes por separado.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Esa diferencia, traducida en energía por la fórmula de Einstein, es lo que se conoce como energía de ligadura.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Por lo tanto si en una reacción nuclear pasamos de una situación con menos ligadura (más masa) a otra de más ligadura (menor masa), la diferencia se transforma en energía cinética de los productos y radiación.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Y esa es la energía que, en forma de calor, se utiliza (en un reactor nuclear de fisión) o debería algún día poder utilizarse (en un reactor nuclear de fusión) para producir energía eléctrica.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Si colocamos los isótopos conocidos (es decir tipos de núcleos atómicos) en orden creciente con sus masas, comenzando en el hidrógeno, encontramos que la ligadura por nucleón va aumentando en promedio hasta el Fe56 (núcleo de hierro con 26 protones y 30 neutrones, donde alcanza casi 9 MeV por nucleón);' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' a partir de ese punto comienza a disminuir suavemente hasta el final de la tabla , donde llega a unos 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 MeV por nucleón en la región de isótopos que nos interesa (la llamada zona de los actínidos).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Ello quiere decir que, cuando dos isótopos ligeros (por debajo de la masa del Fe56) se fusionan, el resultado está más ligado en general, es decir tiene menos masa, y esa pérdida de masa se transforma en energía.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Por ejemplo en la típica reaccción DT la ligadura del deuterón son unos 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='2 MeV, es decir aproximadamente 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 MeV por nucleón ;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' la ligadura del tritio son unos 8.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 MeV, es decir unos 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='8 MeV por nucleón;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' la ligadura de la partícula alfa son unos 28.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='3 MeV, es decir aproximadamente 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 MeV por nucleón.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Por lo tanto, se pasa de una ligadura incial en el sistema DT de aproximadamente 10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='7 MeV a los 28.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='3 MeV de la partícula alfa, es decir hay una ganancia de energía ligadura de unos 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 MeV por nucleón inicial (~17.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='6/5) eV.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' La situación opuesta se presenta en el otro extremo de la tabla de isótopos cuando un núcleo pesado, por ejemplo el U235, captura un neutrón y fisiona.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' La energía de ligadura del U235 son unos 1786.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='7 MeV, es decir aproximadamente unos 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 MeV por nucleón, y la de dos típicos productos de fisión (recordemos que es un proceso probabilístico) está próxima a la máxima del Fe56, digamos que en torno a los 8.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 MeV por nucleón;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' por lo tanto se ha ganado aproximadamente 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='9 MeV por nucleón en energía de ligadura.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Multiplicando esta cantidad por los 236 nucleones del núcleo compuesto inicial (el de U235 más el neutrón absorbido) resultan unos 212 MeV de energía liberada en una fisión típica, cantidad bastante próxima a los valores medidos experimentalmente.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Desde este punto de vista,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' en principio,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' la fusión DT es claramente más interesante,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ya que la ganancia neta de ligadura por nucleón del combustible es casi 4 veces mayor (lo cual se traduce en una energía específica unas 4 veces mayor del combustible DT respecto del U235),' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' pero hay que considerar que la mayor parte de esa energía cinética corresponde a los neutrones (el ya mencionado 80% típicamente en el caso de la fusión DT,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' frente al aproximadamente 5% en el caso de la fisión del U235),' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' que es muy poco aprovechable para producir calor,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' es decir,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' en última instancia energía eléctrica.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' En resumidas cuentas, un reactor de fusión es una magnífica fuente de neutrones muy energéticos, otro asunto muy diferente es cómo aprovechar la energía producida (de la que esos neutrones se llevan lel 80%), ya que sólo una pequeña parte de ella se podrá transformar en calor y, aún menos, en energía eléctrica a partir de él.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ¿Por qué es tan difícil conseguir la fusión nuclear automantenida?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' En el caso de la fisión,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' en la que se basan las centrales nucleares actuales,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' la densidad de núcleos está fijada por ser el combustible un medio sólido (aunque puede ser líquido,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' que para el caso es lo mismo) y la sección eficaz (es decir,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' la probabilidad de que se produzca la reacción) se hace 7 enorme en los núcleos fisionables para una energía adecuada de los neutrones (recordemos que los neutrones no tienen carga eléctrica,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' por lo que se cuelan sin obstáculo en los núcleos blanco,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' y que la sección eficaz varía con su energía – es decir con la temperatura del medio que los termaliza,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' es decir que los frena- debido a los detalles de la estructura nuclear).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Por este motivo, para mantener bajo control la tasa de reacciones nucleares basta con controlar con precisión la población neutrónica.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Con ello se consigue una tasa de reacción que libera la cantidad de calor suficiente para ser transformado comercialmente en energía eléctrica.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Por el contrario, en el caso de la fusión (la que nos anuncian como fuente de energía limpia e inagotable del futuro) la sección eficaz es extraordinariamente pequeña comparada con la de fisión.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Concretamente, en la fusión DT la sección eficaz a la temperatura prevista de unos 150-200 millones de grados24 es aproximadamente una cienmillonésima de la sección eficaz de fisión de un núcleo de U235 bombardeado por neutrones termalizados (es decir con energía óptima para fisionar eficazmente este isótopo) en un reactor convencional refrigerado por agua ligera a presión (LWR-PWR), que opera a unos 350ºC.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Conseguir la temperatura necesaria en el plasma de fusión (que es la sopa de núcleos y electrones en que se transforma la materia esas temperaturas), es ya en sí misma una empresa formidable, pero a eso hay que añadir la necesidad de alcanzar una densidad suficiente de dicho plasma y , además, que ambos parámetros se mantengan durante el tiempo suficiente para mantener una tasa de reacción que la haga utilizable para producir energía.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' En las bombas de fusión (empleadas con fines bélicos) se utilizan una o varias bombas de fisión para conseguir simultáneamente los objetivos anteriores (compresión y calentamiento), y en ellas, obviamente, ni el control ni el mantenimiento temporal son necesarios, sino todo lo contrario, desafortunadamente.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Pero evidentemente este mecanismo está excluido para aplicaciones pacíficas, de forma que el objetivo de mantener el plasma en esas condiciones sólo se plantea de forma pulsada, ya sea mediante compresión con láseres o confinamiento magnético (con la que se pretende llegar a varios centenares de segundos).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Ello explica el ya mencionado hecho de que desde Ivy Mike en 1952 hayan transcurrido 70 años sin alcanzar la fusión controlada para la producción comercial de energía eléctrica, siendo las predicciones más optimistas de unos 30, 40, ¿50?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' años adicionales para conseguirlo.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Porque ITER , cuando funcione, está destinado ser la prueba de concepto científica de la fusión controlada y automantenida para producir energía eléctrica.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Habrá que esperar a DEMO (como su nombre indica) para la prueba de concepto de ingeniería, que demuestre que es posible verter energía neta a la red eléctrica.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Y mientras tanto debe continuarse investigando exhaustivamente en los efectos que el extraordinario bombardeo con neutrones de alta energía a semejantes temperaturas induce en las propiedades de los materiales estructurales del reactor , en particular la fragilización, aparición de fallas y deformaciones25.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Y tras todo ello,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' si se alcanza ese punto (cosa que en el mejor de los casos podrán ver nuestros nietos o bisnietos,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' porque ninguno de nosotros tendrá la oportunidad de sonreir consultando la hemeroteca) habrá de demostrarse la viabilidad económica de esta fuente de energía,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' que dados los enormes costes de desarrollo y su descomunal consumo energético previo acumulado en forma de consumo de combustibles fósiles y energía eléctrica de origen nuclear de fisión (hay estudios al respecto) dista mucho de estar claro.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' El tamaño importa Considero también pertinente mencionar el previsible tamaño de una central de fusión para producción de energía eléctrica, si algún día llega a construirse.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Una de las muchas críticas que se han realizado en contra de las centrales nucleares de fisión es la gran concentración de infraestructuras y capital que implican y su tamaño, que van radicalmente en contra de una producción distribuida y cercana a los puntos de consumo.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Ello sin olvidar los riesgos inherentes a dicha concentración provenientes de posibles ataques terroristas.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A estas alturas del texto, creo que 8 resulta evidente que en una central de fusión estos aspectos criticados en una central de fisión aumentan hasta dimensiones desconocidas hasta la fecha.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' No hay más que comparar el tamaño de ITER con su precursor JET y, aún más, con el previsto para DEMO.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Los gabinetes de comunicación de los proyectos de fusión (NIF, ITER) nos inundan con informaciones grandilocuentes donde siempre aparece lo más de lo más: los láseres más potentes del mundo (en el caso del NIF), los imanes superconductores mayores del mundo, la vasija de vacío mayor del mundo, la soldadura electrónica más sofisticada del mundo, etc .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='. (en el caso de ITER).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Son innegables logros de ingeniería a gran escala (y puede que ya eso de por sí justifique el esfuerzo y la energía invertidos), pero no deberían hacernos perder la visión de conjunto: de lo que se trata es de producir energía aprovechable en un futuro no demasiado lejano.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Además, tampoco conviene olvidar que dicho desarrollo en busca de cuanto más grande mejor (porque esa es la única manera conocida de alcanzar las extremas condiciones descritas anteriormente) va en el sentido opuesto al seguido en los modernos prototipos de centrales de fisión modulares, destinados a su instalación a escala local, de los cual hay ya uno en fase operacional en Rusia26 y otro en China en fase avanzada de construcción27;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' hay muchos otros diseños avanzados y prometedores en Japón, Europa y EEUU, que hasta ahora no se han podido llevar a la práctica.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' El hecho de que hayan sido precisamente Rusia y China los países que primero hayan llevado a la práctica esta idea innovadora, dice mucho del panorama geopolítico actual, donde la segunda (a Rusia aún le quedan rescoldos científicos y tecnológicos de la época soviética) se ha convertido a pasos agigantados en un referente mundial en ciencia y tecnología en todas las áreas estratégicas.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Igualmente, se continúa investigando exhaustivamente en el ciclo de fisión del torio28,29, desarrollando la tecnología para reactores más pequeños (llegando a la escala del MW), más seguros y con menos producción de residuos.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' No olvidemos que ITER , cuando entre en funcionamiento, consumirá del orden de 300 MW sólo para mantener la temperatura del plasma.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Epílogo El proyecto ITER,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' al igual que la Estación Espacial Internacional (ISS,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' de sus siglas en inglés) surgieron en las mismas fechas (años 90) y con los mismos loables propósitos (fomentar la colaboración científico-técnica internacional),' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' inmediatamente tras el derrumbe del bloque soviético y el comienzo de una época de absoluto dominio del bloque llamado occidental (aunque incluye también a Japón,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Corea del Sur y,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' por supuesto,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Australia y Nueva Zelanda) liderado por los EEUU de Norteamérica y la postración absoluta de la otra antigua potencia hegemónica,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Rusia;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' China, aunque despegando, aún contaba poco.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Era la época del famoso Final de la Historia de Francis Fukuyama.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' No creo necesario resaltar cómo ha cambiado el panorama internacional.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' La ISS, con Rusia retirándose, además de la poca relevancia de los resultados científicos obtenidos, está abocada a convertirse pronto en un trozo más de chatarra orbital destinada a desintegrarse en unos 10 años (si no antes, el silencio mediático es poco prometedor en ese sentido).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Opino que, aparte de los innegables avances tecnológicos asociados a su desarrollo, ese es su principal ( y probablemente) único éxito.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Los plazos han ido alargándose sin cesar: De la fecha inicialmente prevista de las primeras pruebas con plasma en ITER, 2016, se pasó a 2025 y hasta 2035 para las pruebas con la mezcla real DT.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Los rumores sugieren insistentemente un nuevo alargamiento y la situación geopolítica mundial (al margen de los enormes problemas científico-técnicos asociados al proyecto) apunta a ello.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Para DEMO ya ni siquiera se dan fechas concretas, sólo se habla de que será una realidad en la segunda mitad de la centuria.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Vienen a la mente las palabras del Quijote: “Cuán largo me lo fiais, amigo Sancho”.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 9 1 Un nanosegundo es una milésima de una millonésima de segundo.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2 El núcleo de hidrógeno, que consiste en un único protón, es el más simple de la Naturaleza y, obviamente es estable, es decir, no radiactivo.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' El de deuterio o deuterón consiste en un protón más un neutrón y es también estable.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' El de tritio consiste en un protón más dos neutrones y es radiactivo, con una semivida de 12.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='6 años (el tiempo en que tardan en desintegrarse la mitad de sus núcleos a partir de una población incial).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 3 Inicialmente la idea del tokamak,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' que es una palabra rusa porque fue un concepto propuesto en la Unión Soviética en los años 50,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' fue descartada por los investigadores norteamericanos,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' que llevaban desde los primeros años 50 trabajando en la Universidad de Princeton y el Laboratorio Nacional de Los Alamos tratando de controlar la fusión nuclear para usos civiles mediante confinamiento magnético con la configuración llamada stellarator (de aspecto exterior muy parecido al tokamak,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' pero con importantes diferencias conceptuales entre ambos),' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' en paralelo al desarrollo del programa militar;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' de hecho ambos proyectos compartían inicialmente gran parte de su nombre en clave: Matterhorn-B para el militar (la B de bomb) y Matterhorn-S para la civil (con la S de stellarator) .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A comienzos de los años 60 los científicos norteamericanos tuvieron que rendirse a la evidencia de que la idea del tokamak funcionaba mejor en muchos aspectos y comenzaron a investigar mayoritariamente basándose en ella, aunque varios grupos continuaron la investigación en la línea original (stellarator), que aún se mantiene hoy en día.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Como puede fácilmente deducirse, la íntima interconexión en el entramado científico-militar norteamericano era evidente desde los inicios en estas investigaciones.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Abundando en esta idea, cabe resaltar que el Livermore National Laboratory tiene una bien conocida vinculación íntima con la industria militar estadounidense en forma de contratos de investigación orientada tanto a las armas de fisión nuclear como a las basadas en láseres de alta potencia (sobre todo a partir de la llamada Guerra de las Galaxias, que promovió su presidente Ronald Reagan en los años 80).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4 La explicación del mecanismo de producción de energía en el Sol fue propuesta por Hans Bethe en su genial y clarividente artículo (uno más entre tantos de los suyos) “Energy Production in Stars”, Physical Review 55 (1939) p.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 434 , considerado uno de los diez mejores de la Historia de la Física moderna en una clasificación del Instituto Niels Bohr de Copenhague.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Como curiosidad, este artículo fue inicialmente retirado por el autor para poder presentarlo a un concurso de ideas científicas inéditas (que obviamente ganó), con cuyo premio costeó la mudanza de su madre (judía perseguida en Alemania) a los Estados Unidos de América del Norte.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' En el mismo, entre otras muchas especulaciones basadas en las evidencias entonces disponibles, el autor propone una cadena que se inicia con la fusión de dos núcleos de hidrógeno, es decir dos protones, y que globalmente se traduce en que a partir de 4 protones se forma una partícula alfa con gran liberación de energía.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 5 A no ser que se consiga crear algún día en la Tierra algo parecido a una estrella de neutrones (en este caso de protones, vamos, un Sol .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='. pero necesitaríamos su masa para tener la compresión gravitacional suficiente, es decir, su tamaño, con lo cual nos quedaríamos sin Tierra .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='.).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Mi imaginación no da para tanto y esto entra dentro del campo de la ciencia ficción.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 6 Es la combinación que presenta mayor probabilidad de fusión a las temperaturas que, aunque enormes (del orden de los cien millones de grados), pueden alcanzarse en una central de fusión.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 7 En los experimentos realizados hasta la fecha en JET, la única instalación operativa por confinamiento magnético capaz de utilizarlo, se ha evitado en lo possible su utilización por las complicaciones que acarrea;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' de hecho, según la información de que dispongo, no se utiliza desde 1997.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 8 Clery, Daniel (10 October 2013).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' "Fusion "Breakthrough" at NIF?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Uh, Not Really …".' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Science.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 9 Por su ausencia de carga eléctrica, los neutrones son mucho menos eficientes que las partículas cargadas, como las alfas, para transformar su energía cinética en calor.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 10 1 MW es un millón de vatios.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Para hacernos una idea: uno de los últimos reactores nucleares instalados en España produce del orden de 1000 MW de potencia eléctrica 11 Steven B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Krivit, “The ITER Power Amplification Myth”.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' En New Energy Times, 6 Oct.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2017 12 Ya que nos movemos en el ámbito de las estimaciones, no encuentro motivo a priori valorar unas más que otras: sólo la experiencia dará su veredicto.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 10 13 https://www.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='iter.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='org/mach/Blanket 14 T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Giegerich et al, Development of a viable route for lithium-6 supply of DEMO and future fusion power plants, Fusion Engineering and Design, Volume 149, December 2019, 111339 15 Los primeros reactores nucleares de fisión estuvieron vinculados al programa militar norteamericano (proyecto Manhattan) .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' En concreto, la primera reacción en cadena controlada fue en el Pile-1 (“CP-1”, acónimo de Chicago Pile 1) situado bajo el graderío oeste del campo de fútbol americano de la Universidad de Chicago, bajo la dirección científica de Enrico Fermi, el 2 de diciembre de 1942.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Por ello se puede afirmar que la fisión nuclear controlada y la explosiva se desarrollaron en paralelo.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 16 El nombre que inicalmente se le dio fue el de bomba de hidrógeno, o simplemente bomba H porque utilizaba isótopos de hidrógeno para producir la fusión, aunque el detonante fuera una bomba atómica (varias en los diseños modernos).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Como dato se aporta el hecho de que aproximadamente las tres cuartas partes de la energía liberada en una explosiión termonulear proviene de la fisión, mientras que sólo la cuarta parte restante proviene de la fusión.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Ello es debido a que un detonante central (sparkplug, o bujía, en su denominación inicial) de fisión convencional (Pu239 en el caso de Ivy Mike), que fisiona bajo el efecto de bombardeo con neutrones lentos, comprime y calienta la mezcla de isótopos de hidrógeno deuterio y tritio, que fusionan.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' En cada una de dichas fusiones se produce una partícula alfa (núcleo de helio) y un neutrón de alta energía que se utiliza para fisionar otro isótopo (U238 en Ivy Mike, dispuesto en la parte exterior del dispositivo), que precisamente fisiona muy eficientemente bajo el bombardeo con neutrones muy energéticos (no lo hace con neutrones lentos, por lo cual no es útil en las bombas atómicas convencionales) .' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Por lo tanto puede afirmarse que una bomba termonuclear,de hidrógeno o de fusión es en realidad un amplificador de la fisión mediante la fusión.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' De hecho, a pesar de su nombre, aproximadamente el 75% de su energía liberada proviene de la fisión.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 17 La energía transportada por la radiación a temperaturas ordinarias es despreciable frente a la asociada a la agitación cinética a nivel microscópico, pero la primera aumenta con la cuarta ptencia de la temperatura, mientras que la segunada lo hace linealmente.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A las enormes temperaturas alcanzadas en una reacción en una bomba de fisión la presión de la radiación se comporta como un gigantesco mazo que se utiliza para comprimir y calentar el plasma de fusión.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Ello está descartado, obviamente, para aplicaciones pacíficas.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 18 Un microsegundo es una millonésima de segundo.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 19 La temperatura es una medida de la agitación a nivel microscópico, es decir de la energía cinética (aproximadamente proporcional a la velodidad al cuadrado en este contexto) de los constituyentes de la materia.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 20 Número de partículas blanco por unidad de volumen.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Obviamente en el caso de la fusión, proyectil y blanco son intercambiables, ya que ambos están en movimiento en el sistema del laboratorio, a diferencia de la fisión donde los blancos (usualmente núcleos de U235) están en reposo y son bombardeados por los neutrones.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 21 El cálculo teórico y medida experimental de las secciones eficaces de las diferentes reacciones es, en última instancia, a lo que nos dedicamos los físicos nucleares.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 22 El MeV es la unidad de energía típica de Física nuclear, siendo la energíacinética que adquiere un electrón acelerado por una diferencia de potencial de un millón de voltios.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 23 Las particulas cargadas (en este caso las partículas alfa) son las responsables de la generación de la mayor parte del calor.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' El proceso es como sigue: al estar cargadas, interaccionan eléctricamente con los átomos del medio, arrancándoles electroles, es decir produciendo parejas iones positivos y electrones.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Estos posteriormente se recombinan para formar nuevamente átomos neutros, liberándose la energía de ligadura correspondiente en forma de energías de vibración y rotación de dichos átomos, lo cual macroscópicamente se traduce en el aumento de temperatura.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Los neutrones, por el contrario, son muy poco eficientes para producir calor a partir de su energía cinética (es decir aumento de temperatura del medio) debido a su carencia de carga eléctrica, que obliga a producir la ionización sólo indirectamente, a través de partículas cargadas secundarias.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 24 El máximo se alcanza a unos 600 milllones de grados y aumenta unos dos órdenes de magnitud, pero esa temperatura excede con mucho lo previsiblemente alcanzable.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 11 25 La instalación IFMIF, asociada a la futura instalación DEMO, para la cual la ciudad de Granada es una firme candidata, estará destinada a investigar los efectos de un bombardeo masivo de neutrones (producidos mediante un intenso haz de deuterio sobre un blanco de litio) en diferentes materiales que se pretende utilizar en el reactor.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 26 http://fnpp.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='info/ 27 https://www.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='world nuclear news.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='org/Articles/Linglong One reactor pit installed at Changjiang 28 http://ithec.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='org 29 https://www.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='thmsr.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} +page_content='com/en/' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dAzT4oBgHgl3EQfSvvG/content/2301.01238v1.pdf'} diff --git a/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/tmp_files/2301.03544v1.pdf.txt b/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/tmp_files/2301.03544v1.pdf.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..082ecca6ead153a0013d39d441f810cbde5cb4a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/tmp_files/2301.03544v1.pdf.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1020 @@ + +© 2023 Steven Fraser and Dennis Mancl +Report on the Future of Conferences +Steven Fraser, Innoxec, Santa Clara CA USA, sdfraser@acm.org +Dennis Mancl, MSWX Software Experts, Bridgewater NJ USA, dmancl@acm.org +January 9, 2023 +ABSTRACT +In 2020, virtual conferences became almost the only alternative to cancellation. Now that the pandemic is subsiding, +the pros and cons of virtual conferences need to be reevaluated. In this report, we scrutinize the dynamics and +economics of conferences and highlight the history of successful virtual meetings in industry. We also report on the +attitudes of conference attendees from an informal survey we ran in spring 2022. +1. Conferences must evolve +In March 2020, catalyzed by the need for “social distancing” due to the COVID-19 pandemic, conferences, trade +shows, symposia, workshops, and other “mass” meetings were canceled, postponed, or moved to virtual (online) +formats for the balance of the year. Government travel restrictions and individual health concerns made in-person +conferences difficult, if not impossible, to organize. +The authors wholeheartedly endorse the adoption and growth of virtual and hybrid conferences, even as the +pandemic subsides. We strongly believe that conference organizers must increase conference accessibility by +reducing the cost for attendees. Accessibility is improved and costs are reduced by the adoption of virtual and hybrid +conference strategies. Communities that sponsor conferences need to create new and more open conference models +to foster increased diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility while decreasing attendee cost and carbon footprint. +Pre-COVID, conferences were organized as face-to-face assemblies with participants congregating at convention +centers, hotel complexes, resorts, or on company/university campuses. Attendees would meet, talk, give +presentations, present papers, receive feedback, market and sell products/ideas, network, build community, and have +some fun together. +Based on experiences of the past two years, participants extol the benefits of no-travel conferences. Virtual events +eliminate conference-associated risks from the pandemic, reduce climate change impact, and increase accessibility +for those with limited travel budgets or government travel restrictions. Others yearn for a return to face-to-face +meetings, driven by a desire to return a pre-pandemic status quo with in-person networking and the attraction of +interesting destinations. The authors believe that each side of the debate has merits. However, we strongly believe +that virtual and hybrid public conferences will flourish, in spite of the nostalgia for pre-pandemic in-person +conferences. +Our report will explore aspects of in-person, virtual, and hybrid conferences. We will examine motivations, +logistics, technology, finances, and new ways of enabling interactions. +In the course of our study of conferences, the authors ran a community survey in spring 2022 to probe for opinions +about the value of in-person, virtual, and hybrid conferences [1]. +This report will not address the pandemic-era trend to “work from home” or the more recent debate over a “return to +the office.” We have already seen many recent changes in vision of the workplace of the future, including work from +open-plan offices, coworking spaces, work from home, work from anywhere, and hybrid models (a mix of +workplaces). A discussion of the workplace of the future is beyond the scope of this report. +This report is a general discussion of the structure of past and future conferences – and it is aimed at conference +attendees, organizers, and sponsors. The historical discussion is a recap of information that is already familiar to +frequent academic conference veterans. Even so, to better understand the pros and cons of virtual conferences, it is +useful to revisit the benefits of traditional conferences. + + + +Page 2 +1.1. A look back at history +Stepping back in time, many advances in technologies over the past 250 years have changed how civilization works, +learns, communicates, and plays. +Commercialization of inventions such as the steam engine (accelerating manufacturing and transportation), +electricity (working longer than daylight hours), telecommunications (telegraphy and telephony), aviation, and the +internet have each played a role in changing society. +Inter-personal communication has made enormous progress in 25 years. Emergent technologies have enabled the +virtualization of retail commerce, the evolution of print media from paper to websites, blogs, Twitter, and other +digital social media platforms, and the migration from POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) to multi-media +platforms enabling text, images, voice, video, virtual reality, and augmented reality. +In the intervening years, internet technology has been adopted for general use in homes, offices, and schools. +Business has somewhat reluctantly embraced “work-from-home” virtual meeting technologies as a result of the +pandemic. Other virtual applications are emergent, from distance learning, tele-justice, tele-health, media live- +streams, internet-gaming, to social networking. This brings us to the question of virtual conferences. Could +conferences be the next domain where “virtual” achieves a more significant level of adoption above the plateau +achieved during the pandemic? +Let us pose two questions before we delve into our prognostications on the future of conferences. +1.2. What is a conference? +For the purposes of this report, a conference is a meeting to share, discuss, and expand knowledge. Some exemplars +of conferences are: +• +Academic conferences are sponsored by professional societies, industry associations, or academic entities. +The core part of an academic conference often consists of peer-reviewed research paper presentations and +prepared talks; attendees come to learn, discuss, and network. Examples include the ACM/IEEE ICSE and +ACM SPLASH Conferences. Key characteristics are: Low registration fees, discounts for students, all +participants pay; size may range from small to large. +• +Commercial conferences are organized by media companies like InfoQ and O’Reilly and feature tutorials, +keynotes, and panels delivered by industry experts. Registration fees in comparison to academic +conferences are higher and speakers are paid to present. Conference size is generally large. +• +Developer conferences are focused on company product ecosystems, e.g., JavaOne, AWS Summit. +Conference size is generally large. +• +Trade association conferences are organized to showcase the latest products and innovations in an +industry. Participants market products to increase sales, e.g., CES, Interop, Mobile World Congress. +Conference size is generally large to ultra large with many tens of thousands of attendees. +• +Government/NGO conferences initiate and continue discussions on policies and innovations with societal +breadth – for example, the 2021 UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow. Conference size varies from +small to ultra large. +1.3. What factors influence conferences? +Factor #1: Conference stakeholders. +It is important to understand the set of stakeholders (the people who are connected directly and indirectly to +conference registration and conference events) to ensure that future conferences deliver value. +Within each stakeholder category, the set of conference participants is constantly evolving. The conference +community is growing more global and diverse, especially in the domain of scientific and technical conferences. +Conferences have created a competitive ecosystem, but there is also a place for effective collaboration among the +stakeholders. + Key stakeholders include: +• +Attendees – individuals who will benefit directly from participation through making presentations, +learning, and marketing ideas/products + + + +Page 3 +• +Attendee Proxies and Sponsors (companies, universities, or funding agencies that pay for attendees to +attend a conference) +• +Conference Organizers (individuals, companies, professional societies, NGOs, governments) +• +Conference Sponsors – organizations that support conferences through paid sponsorships or gifts +• +Venue Sponsors – tourism/hospitality businesses and regional development government interests +Factor #2: Motivations for attendance differentiated by “personal” or “organizational” benefits: +Personal +Self-improvement +Learning +Ideation +Problem Solving +Publishing +Networking +Fun +Company, University, or +Organization Benefit + +Learning +Scouting Trends +Recruiting +Marketing/Selling Products +Enhancing Reputation +Motivations for Attending Conferences +In general, a conference is a great place to create and communicate, and there is almost always some reward in terms +of individual self-improvement. +“Learning” appears twice in the table above because Individuals and organizations both may benefit from the +conference “learning experience.” For example, a company may send a group of employees to a conference tutorial +or workshop. +Factor #3: Conference finances must be economically sound. +Revenues must balance costs. The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that it is not simply a matter of “build it +and they will come.” Conference stakeholders (organizers, attendees, and sponsors), each have a different +perspective on economics. +Organizers orchestrate conference logistics by soliciting, curating, and marketing content to put on “the show” (i.e., +the conference). Organizers assume financial risks, and their “rewards” depend on the nature of the conference. In +some cases, conferences are commercial ventures where the organizers hope to turn a profit (with revenue greater +than the event’s costs). For academic conferences, success might be measured by “breaking even” after taking into +account government grants and sponsorships. Other conferences are organized by professional societies with some +costs offset by society membership fees. +Conference organizers need to balance costs and revenues. Some costs are fixed (independent of the number of +attendees): +Fixed conference costs +Insurance and legal +Registration services +Professional staff +Most IT services +Marketing/Advertising +Conference publications +(proceedings, Open Access fees) +Security +(physical and electronic) +Speaker costs +Other costs are variable (proportional to the number of conference attendees): + + + +Page 4 +Variable conference costs +Meeting room logistics +IT services +(wi-fi, streaming, attendee support) +Food and beverage +Support staff +Hotel logistics +Conference publications +Whether a conference is small or large, seed funding is required to cover initial planning, marketing, and deposits +when booking venues or reserving IT services. +As with any personal purchase, prospective attendees should assess the advertised value of a conference before +attempting to convince their “management” (corporate or academic) to “buy” a registration. Post-conference, +attendees (and their proxies and sponsors) will need to assess whether they received positive value for their time and +investment (registration cost and travel/living costs). This value can be demonstrated through conference reports, +inspiration, key learnings, and personal experience (fun, learning, and network growth). In times of economic +restraint, corporate employees might be fortunate enough to get time-off-with-pay while having to self-fund +conference travel and registration. Virtual conferences, with reduced costs, can prove attractive to budget-conscious +attendees. +To evaluate the delivered value of a conference, sponsors evaluate changes in sales, market opportunities, recruiting, +and other business goals. However, these are often impossible to directly quantify in the short term – and corporate +sponsorships frequently depend on a company’s desire to do “social good” or as part of a targeted marketing +campaign. Some conference sponsors are government agencies who have ongoing programs to provide funds for the +support of research, regional development, and information exchanges in selected fields. +Factor #4: Nostalgia for past conference experiences +Conferences of the “Future” will change as technology, social norms, and government policy evolve. Nostalgia +shouldn’t be ignored, but how many times should progress be sacrificed to satisfy a core set of repeat attendees? It is +useful to reflect on the following questions: +• +Which parts of traditional conference experiences are most attractive to attendees and organizers? +• +Will new conference formats be sufficiently engaging to attract “repeat attendees?” +Technology changes may make virtual meetings increasingly more effective. Over time, virtual meetings will feel +less awkward, especially as more people use video telephony for chatting with family and friends. Government +policies may constrain travel to react to worldwide crises: carbon offset requirements (global warming), quarantines +(pandemics), or diplomatic issues (sanctions, armed conflicts) that may make international travel impossible. Social +norms may also change – reducing the desire to travel or interact face-to-face. +Fifty years ago, if one had mentioned “games” – one would have imagined face-to-face participation on an outdoor +playing field, indoor gymnasium, or across a table. Today, over 3 billion people participate in “game” experiences +online – not in-person. Technology has also catalyzed everything from the evolution of retail sales from bricks-and- +mortar to virtual retail shops on the web – to matchmaking. +The “Future of Conferences” will depend more than we can imagine on the evolution of technology, social norms, +and government policy. +2. Origins of virtual conferences +Virtual meetings weren’t “invented” as a result of the pandemic in the spring 2020. Virtual meetings emerged in the +late 1980s for companies to reduce costs [2]. In the 2010s, learned institutions experimented with virtual +conferencing to reduce their carbon footprint – for example, the Nearly Carbon-Neutral (NCN) conferences (UCSB) +[3]. In April 2020, an ACM task force published a report on best practices for virtual conferences [4]. +Multinational companies were already embracing virtual meeting technology in the late 20th century, which they +used for business meetings and large company events. Virtual meetings helped cut travel costs and reduced “out-of- +office” time. Internal company meetings made increasing use of virtual meeting technology in the late 20th century, + + + +Page 5 +even though public conferences remained in-person. Some large companies sponsor internal virtual forums: multi- +site events to share best practices across business units [5]. +As technology developed, company meetings became hybrid with a mix of in-person and virtual participation. +Companies used the best communications technologies they could afford: teleconferencing in the 1980s, multi-site +video rooms (ISDN-based) in late 1980s to 2000s, telepresence systems beginning in the mid-1990s, and evolving +desktop video collaboration applications starting in the early 2000s. Early telepresence systems were costly to run +and required: specialized rooms, high performance equipment, and special low latency high bandwidth networking. +Companies welcomed the advent of desktop video collaboration applications – the earliest desktop applications +(such as WebEx and Skype) were primitive, but they were cheaper, easier to use, more accessible, and scalable +across enterprises. +There are social challenges associated with today’s virtual meeting technology. In a hybrid meeting, with a mix of +in-person and virtual, some virtual attendees feel they are “second-class” participants. Virtual attendees miss side +conversations and are limited in how they can influence the course of a meeting. Virtual attendees don’t always hear +what was said or miss attendee body language cues. In-person interactions have a much higher “social bandwidth” +than virtual interactions. +A recent ACM conference paper made this point: “[T]he most challenging asymmetry is the diverse experience +between co-located and remote meeting participants. Remote participants often feel isolated, while co-located +participants dominate the interaction. [6]” +For public conferences, virtual technology did not gain traction before 2020, even though there were some trials, +such as ACM and IEEE’s ICSE conference experiment with MBone (multicast backbone) in 1995 [7]. In the world +of “virtual meeting technology,” public conferences were late adopters. +Why wasn’t virtual technology adopted by public conferences, even though it was being used widely in company +business meetings? At the time, the authors believe, a transition to virtual public conferences would have been a +disruptive change in the participation and economic models. Most decision makers (conference organizers and long- +time conference attendees) were likely reluctant to make changes to successful in-person conference models. In +contrast, internal company meetings are another matter: a company could easily realize significant travel savings +and time savings by going virtual. +Today, progressive conference organizers should consider the need to improve conference accessibility for students, +young professionals, women, and others with less influence in the conference hierarchy. A virtual conference +structure might serve to expand and diversify the conference community [8]. +3. Conferences are a business +Conferences and other in-person business meetings have been “big business.” The conference business exploits the +dimensions of entertainment, tourism, and wanderlust (the appeal of travel, especially to exotic locations). The +economic influence of a trillion dollar conference and event industry is difficult to resist [9]. The business meeting +industry advertises the charms of their meeting venues and cities to conference decision makers. In addition to the +business or academic attraction of conference content, a tourist destination will attract attendees wishing to mix +business and pleasure. The authors suspect that exotic conference locations raise the popularity of a conference – but +it has been difficult to obtain comparative statistics. +Virtual conferences are boring in comparison to “destination” conferences. +4. Logistics for virtual and hybrid conferences +During the pandemic, conferences borrowed many ideas from the classroom – adapting techniques for both “all- +virtual” and “hybrid” learning. Schools chose to employ virtual and hybrid to keep students and teachers safe – +choosing “all-virtual” when the local infection rate was high, transitioning to a hybrid mix of in-person and virtual +instruction as infection rates declined. +Hybrid enabled students to be “socially distant” in a half-full classroom, and it also helped students feel less isolated +after months of virtual schooling. Teachers complained about the logistical challenges: it is very difficult to organize +classroom activities that can deliver an equivalent learning experience for in-person and virtual students. + + + +Page 6 +The motivation for choosing a virtual or hybrid structure is different for schools and conferences. For schools, the +main motivation has been local health concerns. On the other hand, conferences are a very different context from +schools. Differences for conferences (in contrast to schools) include: +• +No grades +• +No attendance requirements +• +Sharing new information on the leading edge +• +Audience a mix of experts and non-experts +• +Participants from multiple time zones +• +Global participants with expensive travel costs +• +Condensed time schedule (few days versus school year) +• +Participants attracted by well-known experts on the program +• +Participants attracted by the conference’s focus +4.1. Virtual presentations can be live or recorded +In all-virtual conferences, there are four major variations for making virtual talks and sessions available to virtual +attendees: +1. Live Program: Program is presented as a sequence of “live” presentations; attendees may ask questions in +real-time (Zoom, WebEx, …). +2. Recorded presentations with “live” Q&A: Each presenter pre-records their presentation which is +displayed in sequence; attendees may ask questions in real-time following recorded presentation. +3. Recorded “on-demand” presentations: Pre-recorded presentations may be viewed by attendees in any +order. +4. Mix of Live and Recorded Presentations: Presentations with Q&A are recorded in real time; conference +attendees have two additional choices for viewing: to watch a “mirror” replay at a designated time (e.g., 4, +6, 8, 12 hours) later the same day, or “on demand” (at any time after the “live” session). +“On demand” is ideal to avoid attendee “schedule conflicts” (two or more talks scheduled at the same time). +Attendees with large time zone offsets (more than 2 hours) appreciate options to view presentations at a more +convenient time. +However, “on demand” does not support interactions between the presenters and the audience. Live interactions are +possible only in options 1 and 2. In those options, organizers usually include a short question and answer session for +each talk – and this “feedback and interaction” can be the most interesting part of a conference session. Interactive +sessions need to be engaging and structured to support in-person and virtual participants equitably. Virtual/hybrid +conferences can be more staffing-intensive: a standard research paper session requires multiple facilitators per +session, including an in-person chair who works to keep all attendees engaged and several behind-the-scenes +production assistants. +Virtual conference panels enable global participation by experts who would not otherwise attend the conference in +person. For example, the authors recently organized ICSE and SPLASH virtual panels with diverse panelists from +four continents unlikely to attend ICSE or SPLASH. +4.2. Hybrid conference options +While in-person and virtual conferences are fairly straightforward to explain, hybrid conferences have different +options. A hybrid conference will include both in-person and virtual elements. +A hybrid conference could be “asynchronous,” consisting of a separate in-person conference and virtual conference +that are separated in time. +For example, ACM/IEEE ICSE 2022 had a virtual conference (May 10-13, 2022) and an in-person conference two +weeks later (May 25-27, 2022). At “asynchronous hybrid ICSE,” most of the in-person presenters were able to +present their talks for both conferences, but some presenters in the virtual conference were unable to travel and give +their presentations a second time at the in-person conference. + + + +Page 7 +Another hybrid conference option is “synchronous,” such as SPLASH 2022 (December 5-10, 2022). At “hybrid +SPLASH,” some presenters were in-person, others were virtual. In-person attendees and virtual attendees could view +any of the talks. Last but not least, a hybrid conference could be a blend of synchronous and asynchronous events. +Below are two tables summarizing key characteristics of in-person, virtual, and hybrid conferences. + +In-Person Conference +Virtual Conference +“Live” presentations +Traditional in-person conference: +Live in-person presenters and +attendees +Virtual conference: all presenters and +attendees are virtual and presentations +occur in “real time” +“Recorded” presentations +In-person attendees view +prerecorded conference +presentations during conference +Virtual attendees view recorded +conference sessions/presentations at +any time during or following the +conference +In-Person and Virtual conference characteristics + + +Synchronous Hybrid +Conference +(overlap of in-person and +virtual sessions) +Blended Synchronous and +Asynchronous Hybrid +Conference Options +Asynchronous Hybrid Conference +(no overlap of in-person and virtual +sessions) +Attendees may be +in-person or virtual: Sessions +are synchonous +(SPLASH 2022) +Synchronous sessions for virtual +attendees plus presentations for +“local” attendees at conference hubs +In-person sessions are separated in time +from virtual sessions days or weeks apart +(ICSE 2022) +Hybrid conference options +A hybrid conference may have one or more “hubs” – a hub is a location where attendees can meet in-person, and +where some presenters may deliver in-person talks. In a hybrid conference with multiple hubs in different time +zones, it is preferable that virtual sessions be held at a time that is convenient for a majority of attendees. For +example, if there is a North America hub and a European hub, virtual sessions could be held in the afternoon for +Europe (in the morning for North America). Each hub could host a “local program” at a time most convenient to the +local in-person attendees. For corporate hybrid conferences – e.g., Cisco, Qualcomm, Nortel – conference “hubs” +were the regional R&D Labs plus the corporate headquarters. +5. Motivation for attending conferences: networking and learning +Conferences can be a place to share knowledge in a “formal” manner. In many scientific fields, publishing new +research work in conference papers can be preferable to (and faster than) publishing articles in scientific journals +[10]. +Conferences can also be a way to share ideas informally. Conferences offer an excellent opportunity to make new +connections, build networks, and to renew friendships. Conferences bring people with shared interests together. +Even if they are sometimes distracted by technology (e.g., cellphones, email, Facebook, Twitter, and TikTok), +attendees become more energized when they break out of their day-to-day universe of familiar faces. +The value of making new contacts is difficult to estimate. One approach might be to assess the value of increasing a +“personal network” by applying Metcalfe’s Law. Metcalfe’s Law proclaims that the value of a computer network is +proportional to the square of the number of connected users. +Extrapolating Metcalfe’s Law to social networks suggests that personal network growth is more impactful for +individuals with smaller personal networks. + + + +Page 8 +For an individual with a 10-person network, adding 10 more contacts increases the network’s value by 300%, while +those with a 50-person network, adding 10 more contacts increases the network’s value by only 44%. +Even if we choose a much more modest value model, such as “proportional to Nlog(N)” (as suggested by Briscoe, +et.al. [11]), the impact of expanding the network is still much more significant for people with small networks. +Adding 10 people to a 10-person network adds 160% to the network’s value, adding 10 people to a 50-person +network adds 26%. +Based on the premise of network value, the individuals who might benefit most from the networking opportunities at +an in-person conference are those least likely to be able to afford to travel: students, early-career professionals, and +individuals who have high travel costs – or visa related challenges. +A return to an in-person-only format is very short-sighted, in terms of attempts to foster greater diversity, equity, and +inclusiveness of conference participation. There is a large potential to help more people build more diverse +networks, if and only if we can organize our virtual conferences to support more effective interactions. +6. The dynamics of building personal networks +6.1. Conferences have both one-way and multi-way communication +Many conferences are centered around keynotes, tutorials, and paper presentations. These talks are similar to +university lectures: a one-way form of communication with limited audience interaction. Attendees also participate +in interactive (multi-way) activities, such as workshops, hands-on demos, and “shows” – be they artistic, musical, +multi-media, or product-oriented in nature. Other more casual settings for interaction and information sharing may +include social events and informal serendipitous conversations. +6.2. Knowledge transfer through personal contacts +Conference participation helps disseminate and incubate knowledge that is not yet widely available. One-on-one +networking is a key part of the knowledge transfer process, even in a world that has a wealth of information in +electronic media. +Today, the research community depends on the materials held in digital libraries, open-source repositories, open +access journals, and online forums. Static material is complemented by online education options which help the +global community of software professionals upskill and expand their knowledge. +But there are pitfalls relying exclusively on non-peer reviewed knowledge sources due to a low signal-to-noise ratio +(lots of noise). The internet serves up an amazing supply of scientific and technical information, practical YouTube +videos, and useful social media discussions; it also hosts misinformation and conspiracy theories. +Face-to-face conference discussions make it possible to ask questions directly. Tapping into personal networks via +an informal conversation or email exchange can help accelerate research. +Without personal interaction, “asking a quick question” or “having a conversation” is slowed by the constraints of +distance. The personal touch matters – interaction at a conference helps build long-term relationships with experts. +Conversing with an expert can be more helpful than a computer search engine inquiry. +A conference is an ideal setting for informal discussions. At home, our focus is on day-to-day job software +development, research experiments, meetings, writing and reading reports, and office bureaucracy. +6.3. Impromptu discussions and serendipitous interactions +Information exchanges are built on discussions and interactions, and in-person meetings improve the +communication. In contrast, interactions that use or apply technology (virtual collaboration tools) can be awkward. +The standard rules of interpersonal interaction have not caught up to the new wave of networking tools. In general, +the authors believe that face-to-face interactions still provide better support for ideation and incubation of +friendships and partnerships. +As humans, we gain insight from the tone of voice, body language, and eye contact. Interpersonal interactions at +conferences are not preprogrammed or prerecorded. The interactions are made much richer by: +• +impromptu discussions – without previous preparation + + + +Page 9 +• +serendipitous encounters – random meetings with individuals one is unlikely to meet elsewhere +• +serendipitous discussions – leading to valuable or interesting revelations +Conference attendees are uniquely positioned to learn from in-person impromptu discussions – ideas that are +difficult to acquire in any other fashion. For example, an in-person discussion may help to understand results or +spark new approaches. Serendipity often contributes to new connections and ideas. A dialog might start with +introductions followed by an exchange of recent experiences: “What did you try? Did it work? Was it a key +learning? A best practice? Or something to be avoided?” A short conversation can trigger an insight, inspire a +concept, or initiate a collaboration. +Serendipity happens “by chance” at a conference: at sessions, during breaks, or even on conference travel. For +example, Kent Beck tells the story of how he and Erich Gamma had a useful software design session on a flight +from Switzerland to the United States on their journey to attend ACM’s OOPSLA 1997. In three hours of +discussions, they collaborated to write the first version of the popular JUnit automated unit test framework [12]. +A serendipitous conversation is more than an opportunity to exchange social networking profiles or business cards – +it could inspire new ideas and collaborations. +6.4. Do virtual conferences support serendipity? +Most virtual conferences as currently designed have limited support for one-on-one serendipitous meetings. +There are two forces at work that limit serendipitous conversations in a virtual conference: technology obstacles and +social norms. The key obstacle for virtual conference technology is the inability to communicate “presence.” In day- +to-day conversations, we often read body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice. With virtual meeting +technology, it isn’t easy to read non-verbal cues across meeting participants. The camera sees only speakers’ faces, +video resolution is poor, and audio can be masked by background noise. +Virtual conference attendees have low expectations for interactions with other attendees. They are resigned to being +a “viewer” – watching the set of “canned” presentations without interacting either with the speaker or other +attendees. Virtual conferees might be multi-tasking with non-conference activities – too busy for side conversations +with other conferees. +But even if current expectations are low for virtual technology, there is hope for both the present and the future. A +well-designed virtual conference program is not required to follow the same structure or timeline as an in-person +conference. There are many creative options for building an effective virtual conference program to catalyze more +active participation. +6.5. Engaging virtual conference attendees +The structure of conferences must evolve to better serve virtual attendees. In-person attendees benefit more from in- +person contacts, impromptu discussions, and serendipity. Virtual attendees need similar benefits – conference +activities that give them a chance to be active participants, make connections with other attendees, and establish +opportunities for dialog with other conferees after the conference is over. +Conference organizers should leverage experiences from social media to get participants more engaged. Conference +organizers should increase participant engagement by borrowing community-building practices from social media. +A simple approach to get participants engaged is to use real-time polling throughout the conference. A session chair +could use a web-based tool like MentiMeter or Slido to run frequent audience polls to sustain audience engagement. +Social media can also support multiway discussions during a virtual conference. Today’s social media users have +opinionated exchanges with people they have never met in real life. Virtual conference participants could convene +an impromptu panel discussion with participants selected via real-time social media metrics. The panelists could be +the most frequent conference Twitter or Facebook posters – the posters who get the most likes or text responses to +their real-time blogging of conference talks. +In many conferences, virtual participants are totally anonymous, for example, when presentations are streamed via +YouTube. In other conferences, the virtual participants connect to an online conference platform, which displays a +list of session attendees – and no other valuable session context, e.g., organizational affiliation, contact information, +or chat links. + + + +Page 10 +While some platforms encourage attendees to add a “personal profile” associated with their conference login, there +is generally no incentive for participants to enter personal information, so most profiles are left blank. +To encourage participants to add to their profile, conference organizers can provide motivation through: +• +registration discounts +• +post-conference access to premium conference content +• +forums to enable post-conference conversations among attendees with similar interests +However, it is necessary to be mindful of GDPR [13] and other privacy concerns – and to be mindful of possible +abuses. Profiles are a useful way to connect attendees who have similar (or dissimilar) interests and backgrounds – +while offering privacy and diversity safeguards. Different conferences will likely require different templates. To +assist attendees profile information could be suggested from personal websites and public databases, with the +opportunity for participants to customize as they choose. +In order to support participant interactions during the conference (via chat or web video), it isn’t necessary to have +the conference platform be a “completely immersive environment.” Conference participants may have other ways to +chat. A conference platform ought to include some impromptu text chat or user-configurable small-group video +meeting capabilities. Conference attendees would then have the option to establish their own one-on-one +communications (using email, Twitter, LinkedIn, Slack, Skype, or whatever) during or after conference sessions. +Some of the experts in the conference community might also volunteer to host small-group informal chat sessions – +an opportunity for non-experts to meet some of the stars in the field. This is a practice that has started to become +commonplace. Some recent conferences have offered virtual sessions titled “Ask Me Anything” with a keynote +speaker or another notable person. +7. Virtual conferences – commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion +Conference attendance costs include registration, travel, and time away from home and office. With virtual +conferences, conference costs are lower because physical logistics are unnecessary (food, meeting rooms, etc.), +participant travel costs are reduced (no need for transportation or hotels), and “away time” from home and office are +reduced (at least proportionally to travel time). That said, some would argue that getting away from “home and +office” is the attraction of attending a conference. Crista Lopes postulated that escaping to conference “destinations” +at the expense of your employer or grant agency is a key motivator for some to attend a conference [14]. +But in-person conferences might not be a “safe” environment for some attendees. Some people in the technical +community can be outright hostile to newcomers. Some of the hostility may include racism and sexism. But a subtle +hostility is elitism – rejecting academics from lower-rated universities, company participants who are not from +highly-ranked research programs, and “practitioners” who just come to learn. +As noted earlier, virtual conferences are much easier for students to attend, and many people who are unable to +travel appreciate the opportunity to attend conferences from home. At a town hall meeting discussion at ICSE 2022, +one attendee suggested that 50 students can attend a virtual ICSE for the cost of sending one person to the in-person +ICSE [15]. +Hybrid conferences can draw virtual attendees who live nearby. In metropolitan areas, traffic and parking can be an +enormous obstacle to attending a meeting – it may take more than an hour to navigate rush-hour traffic, especially in +congested metro regions. Hybrid conferences are a way to encourage more local participants. +8. Financial issues +The rise of virtual conferences has created many new revenue opportunities for conference organizers, but virtual +also adds new challenges. During the pandemic, organizers found it difficult to monetize virtual conferences since +attendees associated conference “cost” with in-person expenses (food & beverage plus physical meeting logistics). +In-person conferences fees are usually tiered by content elements, e.g., for an entire multi-day program – or by day, +by track, by workshop, or by tutorial. Different categories of attendees may be assessed different fees – for example: +presenters, industry participants, students, academics, members (ACM, IEEE), etc. + + + +Page 11 +For a virtual conference, the charging model can be more fine-grained. For example, if the conference presentations +are organized in one-quarter, one-third, or half day blocks, there could be a charge per block. It is one way to attract +attendees who are interested in a group of specialized talks, or just the keynotes. Fine-grained session charges are +likely more useful for conferences with large attendance. +With conference collateral such as session recordings, organizers have the choice between making these freely +available after the conference to registered conference attendees or to charge premium access fees to a wider +audience. However, organizers need to be mindful of digital rights issues. Without securing blanket permissions +from all attendees, only the presentations can be shared – but not the recordings of the Q&A sessions – assuming +that presenter permissions are a conference participation prerequisite. +Another question is how to set pricing for virtual attendance since attendees have expectations that virtual should be +cheaper than an in-person registration. This expectation is based on the assumption that there will be no cost +expenditures for physical rooms, coffee breaks, lunches, meals, or social events. However, the IT and production +costs may be higher for virtual conferences that go beyond simple video conferencing (Teams, WebEx, Zoom, etc.). +Advanced virtual conference services may require paid production staff, which can result in a higher per-attendee +cost than in-person food and beverage services. +Recruiting, training, and supporting volunteers is a significant burden on the conference organizers. There is a +tradeoff: Working with volunteers can help keep costs low. In contrast, paid staff may require less training and +support. +There are many more practical suggestions for virtual and hybrid conferences in the “High-Level Planning” section +of the report of the ACM Task Force on virtual conferences [4]. +9. What factors will drive the future of conferences? +The future of conferences depends on three key issues: +• +Increasing costs [financial and carbon footprint] and the inconvenience of travel. +• +Emerging technologies topics spawn new conferences. Research funding and commercial investments +incubate new communities that need to share and innovate. New virtual conferences have a low cost of +entry. This may stimulate fragmentation of existing conferences. +• +New collaboration technologies will enable new conference formats. Examples may include Virtual +Reality, Augmented Reality, and Gamification. +10. Attitudes of conference attendees: a community survey +To learn more about current attitudes about in-person and virtual conferences, the authors ran a community survey +in spring 2022 [1]. Although the survey population was not a random sample of the universe of all conference +attendees, it did include a range of geographies (70% of survey respondents were from North America, 23% from +Europe, 7% from the rest of the world) and there were respondents from industry (77%), academia (19%), and other +(4%). +The primary result of the survey: “hybrid” was the preferred conference mode. +• +54% said they preferred hybrid +• +36% preferred in-person +• +9% preferred virtual +It is possible that hybrid was preferred by many because they wanted to have the option to attend an in-person event +after two years of pandemic-imposed isolation. On the other hand, hybrid might have been the top option because +many respondents are still nervous about traveling – but they didn’t want to bar others from being able to attend a +face-to-face conference. +In the survey’s text comments, respondents shared a range of opinions. Some had serious issues with virtual +attendance and made a good case for choosing in-person conferences. Comments included: +• +Nothing today can replace the human networking and high-intensity one-on-one networking that happens at +an in-person conference + + + +Page 12 +• +Virtual is too much one-way broadcast +• +Virtual conferences are absolutely abysmal experiences +• +Virtual – I find it really difficult to pay attention +Other respondents found virtual or hybrid conferences valuable: +• +I especially value the global participation of virtual conferences, this democratizes technology development +and sharing +• +Hybrid offers flexibility that can meet the needs and constraints of diverse potential attendees +• +Hybrid is the way of the future +• +Hybrid allows me to make the choice of how to attend +We asked the survey participants to list the conferences they attended. Respondents replied with an amazingly +diverse set of conferences. The 331 survey respondents reported attending over 500 different conferences, +everything from AAAI to ICSE to JavaOne to SPLASH to Zoomtopia. The most frequent conferences attended were +software engineering conferences (such as ICSE and SPLASH), consumer products gatherings (CES), agile +development conferences (sponsored by Agile Alliance or Scrum Alliance). +The survey asked respondents to rate potential obstacles for virtual and in-person conferences. The purpose of these +questions was to solicit improvements for conference program design and logistics. Responses identified aspects of +virtual and in-person conferences that might limit participation. +Identified challenges for virtual conferences were: +• +Ineffective support for casual discussions +• +Ineffective tools for interactive discussions +• +Time zone issues +• +Fatigue due to long virtual meetings +Identified challenges for in-person conferences were: +• +Registration and travel costs are too high +• +Ongoing pandemic related health risks +• +Time away from family or work +The challenges for virtual conferences focused on communications and interactions – while the obstacles for in- +person conferences related to economic and health issues (cost, travel, and time). +We asked how many conferences participants attended in 2021 and how many conferences they planned to attend in +2022. +• +86% of respondents reported attending at least one virtual or hybrid conference in 2021 +• +79% said they would attend at least one virtual or hybrid conference in 2022 +Also, the average number of “conferences attended” rose significantly per survey respondent. +• +The mean number of 2021 conferences attended = 2.1 +• +The mean number of planned 2022 conferences = 3.5 +This ratio held firm across several job roles: managers, university faculty, and industry software developers. +To increase the viability of virtual conferences, enabling casual discussions and interactive discussions requires +creativity and effort by organizers and attendees. Conference organizers need to incorporate conference activities +that will help the online conference community to get to know one another. Online participants will get more out of +their conference experience if they would be willing to do more than just “view” talks. Questions and dialog +between conference attendees help increase understanding. +Our survey suggests that in order to increase the value of in-person conferences, conference organizers need to +convert at least part of their meetings to a virtual event – to attract attendees who would not normally participate + + + +Page 13 +because of cost and travel barriers. Organizers need to keep in mind that the effectiveness of virtual and hybrid +events will vary depending on the conference content and structure. +11. Keep conferences simple, understand motivations of the participants +11.1. Practices for virtual and hybrid conferences +To reduce the complexity and increase the appeal of virtual and/or hybrid conferences, here are some practices the +authors have found useful: +• +Smaller conferences (fewer talks, fewer tracks, fewer days) that simplify logistics +• +Shorter conference days (4 hours of conference program per day instead of 6 or 8 hours) +• +Keynote talks in “the middle of day” to anchor the program +• +Moderated Q&A: host-curated questions received via chat +• +Easy-to-navigate conference program: with hyperlinks to program elements +• +Web-based conference programs: attendee sees the schedule with automatic time zone localization for their +time zone +• +Support: a “help line” for technical assistance (either via chat or phone) +• +Be kind to presenters: avoid scheduling 3:00 a.m. presentations +• +Registration options: sell registrations “by program element” for broad spectrum conferences; also sell an +“all-access” registration +Less helpful strategies (“antipatterns”) include: +• +“Live” anonymous chat feeds – with inappropriate, vitriolic, or profane comments +• +Conference program that is difficult to navigate +• +Incomplete presenter and attendee profiles +11.2. Motivations for attendees and organizers +Many conference activities are linked to the “motivations for conference attendance.” Virtual conferences can +adequately address some of them – but there are some activities that work much better at in-person conferences. +[Note that ratings in these tables are the subjective opinions of the authors.] +Attendee +Motivation +Conference Program +Element +In-person +Virtual +Learning +All program elements ++++ +++ +Ideation & +Problem Solving +Collaborative workshops ++++ ++ +Publishing +Conference papers ++++ ++++ +Networking +Social networking ++++ ++ +Fun +Social activities ++++ ++ +Relative Value of Conference Program Elements (for attendee self-development) + + + +Page 14 +Attendee/Organization Goal +Conference Program Element +In-person +Virtual +Cost-effective Learning +Presentations, Tutorials, Workshops ++ ++++ +Scout Trends +Expert chats, Demos, Exhibits, Posters ++++ ++ +Social Networking +Snacks/Lunch/Dinner/Hallway chats ++++ ++ +Recruiting +Presentations, +Social networking +++ +++ +Marketing Products +Special events, +Sponsor receptions, Tradeshows ++++ +++ +Enhancing Reputation +Peer reviewed papers, +Organization success stories, +Sponsor keynotes ++++ +++ +Relative Effectiveness of In-person vs Virtual Conference Program Elements +In the opinion of the authors, the list of “goals” in the left column are the principal benefits to organizations when +their employees attend conferences. Recruiting and marketing are much more effective when done in person. On the +other hand, cost-effective learning is a key motivation for companies to have their staff attend virtual conferences. +Conference organizers need to monitor the primary motivations of their attendees to ensure that activities will meet +the needs of both repeat attendees and conference newbies. +Conference Organizer Objective +How +In-person +Virtual +Education / Training +Feature “hot topics” +attractive to attendees +Tutorials and workshops that +support “collaborative and +experiential learning” +++ +++ +Maximize Revenue +Hot topics +Feature “experts” +Targeted marketing/discounts ++++ ++ +Community Building +Targeted marketing +Feature community experts +Community sponsors +++ ++ +Increased Accessibility +Global marketing +Sponsor attendees ++ ++++ +Showcase University or Company +Promote location benefits ++++ ++ +Relative Value of In-Person vs Virtual Conferences for Organizers +Again, these relative assessments are the opinions of the authors. Our framework is a starting point for the reader to +evaluate the most relevant tradeoffs for conference attendees, sponsors, and organizers. +A virtual conference may have a different mission than an in-person conference – and it may be judged as +“successful” even if it doesn’t achieve all of the goals listed above. +11.3. Motivations for conference presenters +Conference presenters have a wide range of motivations. Most of their goals are similar to conference attendees – +especially for presenters who are members of the core community. Presenters may also attend the full conference to +learn, scout tech trends, recruit, and market products. One of the most important collateral benefits of being a +conference presenter is the potential for an increase in reputation as a subject matter expert. + + + +Page 15 +Some non-community members (i.e., individuals who have not attended previous conferences associated with the +community) may be invited to participate in a conference program as a keynote speaker or panelist. Each conference +has its own guidelines for keynotes and speaker compensation. Featured speakers might include: +• +Famous researchers, authors, and experts +• +Celebrities: executives, entertainers, athletes, writers, and inspirational individuals +Compensation can be an issue for speakers. An invited speaker may have a mercenary interest. Speaker bureaus +have a reputation for negotiating high appearance fees for famous individuals. Other invited speakers may be willing +to forego direct compensation, because they view their appearance as a publicity and marketing opportunity for their +company’s products and services. +“Virtual speakers” – speakers who aren’t required to travel – can sometimes be less expensive. Most speakers are +more willing to deliver a virtual talk, because they can avoid the time and inconvenience of travel. “Virtual” can +simplify scheduling, and it is especially useful for organizing panel sessions – where panelists might participate +from any continent. +On the other hand, when a virtual talk is broadcast online to a large conference audience, it raises the question of +“digital rights management” which if not addressed might lead to the illegal bootlegging of screen-capture +recordings by conference attendees – however this can now be a challenge for in-person conferences too! +Alternatively, speakers might desire larger fees for a wider distribution of their presentations – although in the age of +YouTube videos and TedTalks – the world is moving slowly towards “Open Access.” +12. Reflecting on the past, trying new things in the future +12.1. Conference surveys, retrospectives, and experiments +It is essential that conference organizers keep asking questions of their stakeholders – to sustain a conference’s +relevance. Every conference should run a post-conference survey to identify trends (year over year) and run a +retrospective to learn and improve. Also, because the best practices for virtual and hybrid conferences are evolving, +organizers should experiment with new approaches. +Conference organizers need to track the changing attitudes of their own community of conference attendees and +presenters, just as the authors’ (Fraser/Mancl) community survey in the spring of 2022 gathered opinions from +people who attend a spectrum of conferences. There are many things for conference organizers to assess: +• +Are attendees satisfied with the conference’s virtual platform? If not – why not? +• +Is the conference is serving the needs its community? For example, if the conference is intended to serve an +international audience, how successful is its marketing? How effective is the conference at delivering +value? +• +What changes might improve accessibility and attract a diverse community? +A “retrospective” is an essential management practice for conference stakeholders to drive ongoing improvements to +a conference. A retrospective is an informal meeting of conference organizers after the event to reflect on which +strategies worked well or what to consider for the next event (assuming a conference series). +A survey is an essential part of the feedback process. Why collect opinions from conference attendees? The views of +community members evolve over time. Organizers might believe a virtual or hybrid conference cannot be successful +based on a dated pre-pandemic survey. Attitudes change. Expanding access, reaching out to an international +community, and improving diversity are also increasingly important goals for conferences in the third decade of the +21st century. +12.2. Attendee self-assessment after a conference +The authors have attended many conferences, and we are still learning. We have personally assessed our likes and +dislikes about in-person, virtual, and hybrid conferences – because we perform our own “self-assessment” after each +conference experience. +For example, we have both worked for many years in a corporate culture where technical staff members would write +and present short “trip reports” following any outside activities. A good conference report focuses on two things. + + + +Page 16 +• +What did the conference attendee learn at the conference? (short summaries of interesting presentations, +ideas collected from hallway conversations) +• +How well did the attendee’s conference activities meet personal and corporate goals? (learning specific +technology trends, recruiting new staff, or doing targeted marketing) +With a series of self-assessment reports for conferences, the value of participation becomes more evident. In the mix +of in-person, virtual, and hybrid conferences, reports help us to assess the effectiveness of each type of conference +participation. Although it requires daily effort during the conference, a report doesn’t need to be a long narrative. A +report might consist of one or two paragraphs summarizing each day’s program – an outline of conference topics, +good questions from the conference sessions, and a short list of “new contacts.” +The authors look forward to learning more about the evolution of conferences from new surveys shared by +conference organizers and informal conference reports shared by our colleagues. +12.2. Attendee multi-tasking at a conference +Two situations to consider unrelated to the conference focus: (1) an in-person conference where attendees are +distracted for reasons directly unrelated to the conference (work or personal); or (2) a virtual conference where +attendees are multi-tasking on non-conference related matters. The degree of “distraction” is likely due to an +attendee not being fully engaged by the conference or not having any conference related “deliverables.” For +example, will they be evaluated post-conference via a trip report/presentation which requires them to remain focused +– or is their personal value self-assessed? +13. The future? +Although “virtual” changed the conference experience in the early stages of the pandemic, the flexibility of virtual +participation has had important side benefits. Virtual has led to increased conference accessibility through lower +attendee travel costs (money, time, carbon, government visas), and reduced expenditures by companies, universities, +and governments. One conference category where “virtual” meeting technologies are not making a significant +difference currently – are trade shows. For example, the annual Consumer Technology Association’s CES 2022 +reported a 75% drop in attendance (40,000 attendees instead of the pre-pandemic 170,000 attendees) [16]. +Areas ripe for “virtual” improvement include: +• +Increased support for casual serendipitous interactions +• +Support for interactive discussions for ideation +• +Convenient post-event access to video and presentation content +• +Sustainable revenue models for virtual events +While “online fatigue” is an issue for virtual conferences, it is not obvious whether this is more than the fatigue +experienced with travel to an in-person conference. While some might argue that the lure of a conference destination +mitigates travel fatigue – the authors suggest that more data and research is required to assess the comparative +impact of online versus travel fatigue on conference attendees. In-person conferences appear to catalyze increased +attendee interaction. In comparison, virtual conference environments, as currently implemented, seem to foster less +engagement between attendees. +The questions of in-person, virtual, or hybrid conferences – and the appropriate ways to apply advances in virtual +technology – need to be answered in the context of global and personal issues. The world is facing a climate crisis. +Society is becoming more aware of diversity and equity issues. All of us are facing individual challenges: keeping +our knowledge and skills up to date, expanding our set of personal contacts, and protecting our health by reducing +unnecessary travel. Our employers and sponsors are trying to get maximum value at the lowest cost. There is no +single simple answer for conference organizers, but we should all work together to try new ideas. +The authors believe that it is short-sighted and reduces accessibility if all conferences return to an in-person format. +Our informal survey suggests that individuals prefer conference attendance options. While there is more work to be +done to make virtual conferences truly effective and collaborative – we should all recognize that reducing travel and +carbon footprints is a good thing. In our view, we all need to foster the adoption of virtual conferences – beyond the +plateau achieved during the pandemic. + + + +Page 17 +“The only thing we know about the future is that it will be different.” – Peter Drucker +“Alone we can do so little; together we can do so much.” – Helen Keller +14. About the authors +This report reflects the opinions and the combined 50+ years’ experience with in-person, virtual, and hybrid +conferences of the authors. Fraser and Mancl have participated and presented at over one hundred ACM, IEEE, +Agile Alliance, and university hosted conferences and workshops – including the 2000, 2021, and 2022 virtual and +hybrid ACM SPLASH, ACM/IEEE ICSE, and Agile Alliance’s XP conferences. +Fraser pioneered virtual hybrid corporate forums at Nortel, Qualcomm, and Cisco Systems starting in the 1990s with +ISDN based videoconferencing (25+ sites worldwide). The Nortel Design Forum (a global internal hybrid technical +conference with 30+ ISDN video meeting room hubs and audio/web desktop participation) attracted up to 2,000 +attendees per forum and ran through more than a dozen editions featuring peer-reviewed paper presentations, +keynotes, and interactive workshops. The hybrid QTech and CTech forums at Qualcomm and Cisco used a +combination of desktop video applications (e.g., WebEx) and TelePresence – with the program anchored by in- +person presentations at corporate headquarters. +Mancl has been a presenter at internal technical conferences on software tools and technology at Lucent and Alcatel- +Lucent beginning in 1990. He also has worldwide experience in corporate education and training, developing a wide +range of software technology courses and delivering them in person and virtually using multiple generations of +collaboration technology. +ACKNOWLEDGMENTS +Thanks to our anonymous reviewers and a special thanks to Moshe Vardi, Crista Lopes, and Dave Parnas for their +perspectives on conferences. We would also like to thank Robert Crawhall and Steve McConnell for feedback on a +draft of this report. Lastly, we would like to thank Teresa Foster and Ellen Grove from the Agile Alliance for their +support of our community survey on conference preferences that the authors ran in the spring 2022. +REFERENCES +[1] Steven Fraser and Dennis Mancl. 2022. The Future of Conferences Research Survey, +https://manclswx.com/survey2022.html, Accessed 5 Jan 2023. +[2] Clarence A. Ellis, Simon J. Gibbs, and Gail Rein. 1991. Groupware: some issues and experiences. +Communications of the ACM 34, 1 (Jan. 1991), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.1145/99977.99987 +[3] Ken Hiltner. A Nearly Carbon-Neutral (NCN) Conference Model, 2016, +https://hiltner.english.ucsb.edu/index.php/ncnc-guide/, Accessed 5 Jan 2023. +[4] ACM Presidential Task Force on What Conferences Can Do to Replace Face to Face Meetings. Virtual +Conferences, A Guide to Best Practices, 2020, https://www.acm.org/virtual-conferences, Accessed 5 Jan 2023. +[5] Steven Fraser. 2021. Five Strategies for the Future of Work: Accelerating Innovation through Tech Transfer. +Experience report from XP 2021 Conference. https://www.agilealliance.org/wp- +content/uploads/2021/06/S.Fraser.Five-Strategies-for-the-Future-of-Work-Accelerating-Innovation-through- +Tech-Transfer.pdf. Accessed 5 Jan 2023. +[6] Marios Constantinides and Daniele Quercia. 2022. The Future of Hybrid Meetings. In 2022 Symposium on +Human-Computer Interaction for Work (CHIWORK 2022). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, +NY, USA, Article 6, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1145/3533406.3533415 +[7] Kevin Sullivan, Interview with Michael Gorlick: On the Mbone. In Will Tracz (editor). 1995. 17th International +Conference on Software Engineering: Window on the World. SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes 20, 3 (July +1995), 18-19. https://doi.org/10.1145/219308.773575 +[8] Alexandra Ridgway. 2022. “Conference water-cooler moments are not accessible to everyone,” Times Higher +Education (THE), https://www.timeshighereducation.com/opinion/conference-water-cooler-moments-are-not- +accessible-everyone, Accessed 5 Jan 2023. + + + +Page 18 +[9] Liang Zhao. 2020. How the Trillion Dollar Global Business Events Industry Is Adjusting to a Rapid Shift +Online, Grit Daily, June 11, 2020, https://gritdaily.com/how-the-trillion-dollar-global-business-events-industry- +is-adjusting-to-a-rapid-shift-online/, Accessed 5 Jan 2023. +[10] Moshe Y. Vardi. 2020. Reboot the computing-research publication systems. Communications of the ACM 64, 1 +(January 2021), 7. https://doi.org/10.1145/3437991 +[11] Bob Briscoe, Andrew Odlyzko and Benjamin Tilly. 2016. Metcalfe’s law is wrong - communications networks +increase in value as they add members-but by how much? IEEE Spectrum, vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 34-39, July 2006, +https://doi.org/10.1109/MSPEC.2006.1653003 +[12] Kent Beck. 2005. Video interview with Kent Beck at the Agile 2005 Conference, July 22, 2005. +https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zaCvLVU70o starting at 10:13], Accessed 5 Jan 2023. +[13] European Union GDPR website, https://gdpr.eu/what-is-gdpr/, Accessed 5 Jan 2023. +[14] Crista Lopes. The Future of Conferences, Strange Loop 2022 conference, +https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LkJNA88R_5w, Accessed 5 Jan 2023. +[15] Dennis Mancl. 2022. Personal notes from ICSE 2022 conference, +https://manclswx.com/notes/icse2022_report.html#icse_town_meeting, Accessed 5 Jan 2023. +[16] Richard N. Velotta. 2022. “CES attendance down more than 75%, organizers say,” Las Vegas Review-Journal, +January 7, 2022. https://www.reviewjournal.com/business/conventions/ces/ces-attendance-down-more-than-75- +organizers-say-2509439/, Accessed 5 Jan 2023. + +© 2023 Steven Fraser and Dennis Mancl + +This report is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 +International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which +permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or +format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the +source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes +were made. + +BY \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt b/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2e4033a155ddf352e220b25a7970bb747f0b6e41 --- /dev/null +++ b/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt @@ -0,0 +1,707 @@ +filepath=/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf,len=706 +page_content='© 2023 Steven Fraser and Dennis Mancl Report on the Future of Conferences Steven Fraser, Innoxec, Santa Clara CA USA, sdfraser@acm.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='org Dennis Mancl, MSWX Software Experts, Bridgewater NJ USA, dmancl@acm.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='org January 9, 2023 ABSTRACT In 2020, virtual conferences became almost the only alternative to cancellation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Now that the pandemic is subsiding, the pros and cons of virtual conferences need to be reevaluated.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In this report, we scrutinize the dynamics and economics of conferences and highlight the history of successful virtual meetings in industry.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We also report on the attitudes of conference attendees from an informal survey we ran in spring 2022.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Conferences must evolve In March 2020, catalyzed by the need for “social distancing” due to the COVID-19 pandemic, conferences, trade shows, symposia, workshops, and other “mass” meetings were canceled, postponed, or moved to virtual (online) formats for the balance of the year.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Government travel restrictions and individual health concerns made in-person conferences difficult, if not impossible, to organize.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The authors wholeheartedly endorse the adoption and growth of virtual and hybrid conferences, even as the pandemic subsides.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We strongly believe that conference organizers must increase conference accessibility by reducing the cost for attendees.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Accessibility is improved and costs are reduced by the adoption of virtual and hybrid conference strategies.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Communities that sponsor conferences need to create new and more open conference models to foster increased diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility while decreasing attendee cost and carbon footprint.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Pre-COVID, conferences were organized as face-to-face assemblies with participants congregating at convention centers, hotel complexes, resorts, or on company/university campuses.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Attendees would meet, talk, give presentations, present papers, receive feedback, market and sell products/ideas, network, build community, and have some fun together.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Based on experiences of the past two years, participants extol the benefits of no-travel conferences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Virtual events eliminate conference-associated risks from the pandemic, reduce climate change impact, and increase accessibility for those with limited travel budgets or government travel restrictions.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Others yearn for a return to face-to-face meetings, driven by a desire to return a pre-pandemic status quo with in-person networking and the attraction of interesting destinations.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The authors believe that each side of the debate has merits.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, we strongly believe that virtual and hybrid public conferences will flourish, in spite of the nostalgia for pre-pandemic in-person conferences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Our report will explore aspects of in-person, virtual, and hybrid conferences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We will examine motivations, logistics, technology, finances, and new ways of enabling interactions.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the course of our study of conferences, the authors ran a community survey in spring 2022 to probe for opinions about the value of in-person, virtual, and hybrid conferences [1].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This report will not address the pandemic-era trend to “work from home” or the more recent debate over a “return to the office.” We have already seen many recent changes in vision of the workplace of the future, including work from open-plan offices, coworking spaces, work from home, work from anywhere, and hybrid models (a mix of workplaces).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A discussion of the workplace of the future is beyond the scope of this report.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This report is a general discussion of the structure of past and future conferences – and it is aimed at conference attendees, organizers, and sponsors.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The historical discussion is a recap of information that is already familiar to frequent academic conference veterans.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Even so, to better understand the pros and cons of virtual conferences, it is useful to revisit the benefits of traditional conferences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Page 2 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A look back at history Stepping back in time, many advances in technologies over the past 250 years have changed how civilization works, learns, communicates, and plays.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Commercialization of inventions such as the steam engine (accelerating manufacturing and transportation), electricity (working longer than daylight hours), telecommunications (telegraphy and telephony), aviation, and the internet have each played a role in changing society.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Inter-personal communication has made enormous progress in 25 years.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Emergent technologies have enabled the virtualization of retail commerce, the evolution of print media from paper to websites, blogs, Twitter, and other digital social media platforms, and the migration from POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) to multi-media platforms enabling text, images, voice, video, virtual reality, and augmented reality.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the intervening years, internet technology has been adopted for general use in homes, offices, and schools.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Business has somewhat reluctantly embraced “work-from-home” virtual meeting technologies as a result of the pandemic.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Other virtual applications are emergent, from distance learning, tele-justice, tele-health, media live- streams, internet-gaming, to social networking.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This brings us to the question of virtual conferences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Could conferences be the next domain where “virtual” achieves a more significant level of adoption above the plateau achieved during the pandemic?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Let us pose two questions before we delve into our prognostications on the future of conferences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' What is a conference?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For the purposes of this report, a conference is a meeting to share, discuss, and expand knowledge.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Some exemplars of conferences are: Academic conferences are sponsored by professional societies, industry associations, or academic entities.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The core part of an academic conference often consists of peer-reviewed research paper presentations and prepared talks;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' attendees come to learn, discuss, and network.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Examples include the ACM/IEEE ICSE and ACM SPLASH Conferences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Key characteristics are: Low registration fees, discounts for students, all participants pay;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' size may range from small to large.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Commercial conferences are organized by media companies like InfoQ and O’Reilly and feature tutorials, keynotes, and panels delivered by industry experts.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Registration fees in comparison to academic conferences are higher and speakers are paid to present.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Conference size is generally large.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Developer conferences are focused on company product ecosystems, e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=', JavaOne, AWS Summit.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Conference size is generally large.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Trade association conferences are organized to showcase the latest products and innovations in an industry.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Participants market products to increase sales, e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=', CES, Interop, Mobile World Congress.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Conference size is generally large to ultra large with many tens of thousands of attendees.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Government/NGO conferences initiate and continue discussions on policies and innovations with societal breadth – for example, the 2021 UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Conference size varies from small to ultra large.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' What factors influence conferences?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Factor #1: Conference stakeholders.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' It is important to understand the set of stakeholders (the people who are connected directly and indirectly to conference registration and conference events) to ensure that future conferences deliver value.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Within each stakeholder category, the set of conference participants is constantly evolving.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The conference community is growing more global and diverse, especially in the domain of scientific and technical conferences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Conferences have created a competitive ecosystem, but there is also a place for effective collaboration among the stakeholders.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Key stakeholders include: Attendees – individuals who will benefit directly from participation through making presentations,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' learning,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' and marketing ideas/products Page 3 Attendee Proxies and Sponsors (companies,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' universities,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' or funding agencies that pay for attendees to attend a conference) Conference Organizers (individuals,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' companies,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' professional societies,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' NGOs,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' governments) Conference Sponsors – organizations that support conferences through paid sponsorships or gifts Venue Sponsors – tourism/hospitality businesses and regional development government interests Factor #2: Motivations for attendance differentiated by “personal” or “organizational” benefits: Personal Self-improvement Learning Ideation Problem Solving Publishing Networking Fun Company,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' University,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' or Organization Benefit Learning Scouting Trends Recruiting Marketing/Selling Products Enhancing Reputation Motivations for Attending Conferences In general,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' a conference is a great place to create and communicate,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' and there is almost always some reward in terms of individual self-improvement.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' “Learning” appears twice in the table above because Individuals and organizations both may benefit from the conference “learning experience.” For example, a company may send a group of employees to a conference tutorial or workshop.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Factor #3: Conference finances must be economically sound.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Revenues must balance costs.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that it is not simply a matter of “build it and they will come.” Conference stakeholders (organizers, attendees, and sponsors), each have a different perspective on economics.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Organizers orchestrate conference logistics by soliciting, curating, and marketing content to put on “the show” (i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=', the conference).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Organizers assume financial risks, and their “rewards” depend on the nature of the conference.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In some cases, conferences are commercial ventures where the organizers hope to turn a profit (with revenue greater than the event’s costs).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For academic conferences, success might be measured by “breaking even” after taking into account government grants and sponsorships.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Other conferences are organized by professional societies with some costs offset by society membership fees.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Conference organizers need to balance costs and revenues.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Some costs are fixed (independent of the number of attendees): Fixed conference costs Insurance and legal Registration services Professional staff Most IT services Marketing/Advertising Conference publications (proceedings,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Open Access fees) Security (physical and electronic) Speaker costs Other costs are variable (proportional to the number of conference attendees): Page 4 Variable conference costs Meeting room logistics IT services (wi-fi,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' streaming,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' attendee support) Food and beverage Support staff Hotel logistics Conference publications Whether a conference is small or large,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' seed funding is required to cover initial planning,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' marketing,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' and deposits when booking venues or reserving IT services.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' As with any personal purchase, prospective attendees should assess the advertised value of a conference before attempting to convince their “management” (corporate or academic) to “buy” a registration.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Post-conference, attendees (and their proxies and sponsors) will need to assess whether they received positive value for their time and investment (registration cost and travel/living costs).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This value can be demonstrated through conference reports, inspiration, key learnings, and personal experience (fun, learning, and network growth).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In times of economic restraint, corporate employees might be fortunate enough to get time-off-with-pay while having to self-fund conference travel and registration.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Virtual conferences, with reduced costs, can prove attractive to budget-conscious attendees.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To evaluate the delivered value of a conference, sponsors evaluate changes in sales, market opportunities, recruiting, and other business goals.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, these are often impossible to directly quantify in the short term – and corporate sponsorships frequently depend on a company’s desire to do “social good” or as part of a targeted marketing campaign.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Some conference sponsors are government agencies who have ongoing programs to provide funds for the support of research, regional development, and information exchanges in selected fields.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Factor #4: Nostalgia for past conference experiences Conferences of the “Future” will change as technology, social norms, and government policy evolve.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Nostalgia shouldn’t be ignored, but how many times should progress be sacrificed to satisfy a core set of repeat attendees?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' It is useful to reflect on the following questions: Which parts of traditional conference experiences are most attractive to attendees and organizers?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Will new conference formats be sufficiently engaging to attract “repeat attendees?”' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Technology changes may make virtual meetings increasingly more effective.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Over time, virtual meetings will feel less awkward, especially as more people use video telephony for chatting with family and friends.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Government policies may constrain travel to react to worldwide crises: carbon offset requirements (global warming), quarantines (pandemics), or diplomatic issues (sanctions, armed conflicts) that may make international travel impossible.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Social norms may also change – reducing the desire to travel or interact face-to-face.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Fifty years ago, if one had mentioned “games” – one would have imagined face-to-face participation on an outdoor playing field, indoor gymnasium, or across a table.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Today, over 3 billion people participate in “game” experiences online – not in-person.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Technology has also catalyzed everything from the evolution of retail sales from bricks-and- mortar to virtual retail shops on the web – to matchmaking.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The “Future of Conferences” will depend more than we can imagine on the evolution of technology, social norms, and government policy.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Origins of virtual conferences Virtual meetings weren’t “invented” as a result of the pandemic in the spring 2020.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Virtual meetings emerged in the late 1980s for companies to reduce costs [2].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the 2010s, learned institutions experimented with virtual conferencing to reduce their carbon footprint – for example, the Nearly Carbon-Neutral (NCN) conferences (UCSB) [3].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In April 2020, an ACM task force published a report on best practices for virtual conferences [4].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Multinational companies were already embracing virtual meeting technology in the late 20th century, which they used for business meetings and large company events.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Virtual meetings helped cut travel costs and reduced “out-of- office” time.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Internal company meetings made increasing use of virtual meeting technology in the late 20th century, Page 5 even though public conferences remained in-person.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Some large companies sponsor internal virtual forums: multi- site events to share best practices across business units [5].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' As technology developed, company meetings became hybrid with a mix of in-person and virtual participation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Companies used the best communications technologies they could afford: teleconferencing in the 1980s, multi-site video rooms (ISDN-based) in late 1980s to 2000s, telepresence systems beginning in the mid-1990s, and evolving desktop video collaboration applications starting in the early 2000s.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Early telepresence systems were costly to run and required: specialized rooms, high performance equipment, and special low latency high bandwidth networking.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Companies welcomed the advent of desktop video collaboration applications – the earliest desktop applications (such as WebEx and Skype) were primitive, but they were cheaper, easier to use, more accessible, and scalable across enterprises.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' There are social challenges associated with today’s virtual meeting technology.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In a hybrid meeting, with a mix of in-person and virtual, some virtual attendees feel they are “second-class” participants.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Virtual attendees miss side conversations and are limited in how they can influence the course of a meeting.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Virtual attendees don’t always hear what was said or miss attendee body language cues.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In-person interactions have a much higher “social bandwidth” than virtual interactions.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A recent ACM conference paper made this point: “[T]he most challenging asymmetry is the diverse experience between co-located and remote meeting participants.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Remote participants often feel isolated, while co-located participants dominate the interaction.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' [6]” For public conferences, virtual technology did not gain traction before 2020, even though there were some trials, such as ACM and IEEE’s ICSE conference experiment with MBone (multicast backbone) in 1995 [7].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the world of “virtual meeting technology,” public conferences were late adopters.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Why wasn’t virtual technology adopted by public conferences, even though it was being used widely in company business meetings?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' At the time, the authors believe, a transition to virtual public conferences would have been a disruptive change in the participation and economic models.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Most decision makers (conference organizers and long- time conference attendees) were likely reluctant to make changes to successful in-person conference models.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In contrast, internal company meetings are another matter: a company could easily realize significant travel savings and time savings by going virtual.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Today, progressive conference organizers should consider the need to improve conference accessibility for students, young professionals, women, and others with less influence in the conference hierarchy.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A virtual conference structure might serve to expand and diversify the conference community [8].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Conferences are a business Conferences and other in-person business meetings have been “big business.” The conference business exploits the dimensions of entertainment, tourism, and wanderlust (the appeal of travel, especially to exotic locations).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The economic influence of a trillion dollar conference and event industry is difficult to resist [9].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The business meeting industry advertises the charms of their meeting venues and cities to conference decision makers.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In addition to the business or academic attraction of conference content, a tourist destination will attract attendees wishing to mix business and pleasure.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The authors suspect that exotic conference locations raise the popularity of a conference – but it has been difficult to obtain comparative statistics.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Virtual conferences are boring in comparison to “destination” conferences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Logistics for virtual and hybrid conferences During the pandemic, conferences borrowed many ideas from the classroom – adapting techniques for both “all- virtual” and “hybrid” learning.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Schools chose to employ virtual and hybrid to keep students and teachers safe – choosing “all-virtual” when the local infection rate was high, transitioning to a hybrid mix of in-person and virtual instruction as infection rates declined.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hybrid enabled students to be “socially distant” in a half-full classroom, and it also helped students feel less isolated after months of virtual schooling.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Teachers complained about the logistical challenges: it is very difficult to organize classroom activities that can deliver an equivalent learning experience for in-person and virtual students.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Page 6 The motivation for choosing a virtual or hybrid structure is different for schools and conferences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For schools, the main motivation has been local health concerns.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' On the other hand, conferences are a very different context from schools.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Differences for conferences (in contrast to schools) include: No grades No attendance requirements Sharing new information on the leading edge Audience a mix of experts and non-experts Participants from multiple time zones Global participants with expensive travel costs Condensed time schedule (few days versus school year) Participants attracted by well-known experts on the program Participants attracted by the conference’s focus 4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Virtual presentations can be live or recorded In all-virtual conferences, there are four major variations for making virtual talks and sessions available to virtual attendees: 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Live Program: Program is presented as a sequence of “live” presentations;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' attendees may ask questions in real-time (Zoom, WebEx, …).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Recorded presentations with “live” Q&A: Each presenter pre-records their presentation which is displayed in sequence;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' attendees may ask questions in real-time following recorded presentation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Recorded “on-demand” presentations: Pre-recorded presentations may be viewed by attendees in any order.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Mix of Live and Recorded Presentations: Presentations with Q&A are recorded in real time;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' conference attendees have two additional choices for viewing: to watch a “mirror” replay at a designated time (e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=', 4, 6, 8, 12 hours) later the same day, or “on demand” (at any time after the “live” session).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' “On demand” is ideal to avoid attendee “schedule conflicts” (two or more talks scheduled at the same time).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Attendees with large time zone offsets (more than 2 hours) appreciate options to view presentations at a more convenient time.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, “on demand” does not support interactions between the presenters and the audience.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Live interactions are possible only in options 1 and 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In those options, organizers usually include a short question and answer session for each talk – and this “feedback and interaction” can be the most interesting part of a conference session.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Interactive sessions need to be engaging and structured to support in-person and virtual participants equitably.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Virtual/hybrid conferences can be more staffing-intensive: a standard research paper session requires multiple facilitators per session, including an in-person chair who works to keep all attendees engaged and several behind-the-scenes production assistants.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Virtual conference panels enable global participation by experts who would not otherwise attend the conference in person.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For example, the authors recently organized ICSE and SPLASH virtual panels with diverse panelists from four continents unlikely to attend ICSE or SPLASH.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hybrid conference options While in-person and virtual conferences are fairly straightforward to explain, hybrid conferences have different options.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A hybrid conference will include both in-person and virtual elements.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A hybrid conference could be “asynchronous,” consisting of a separate in-person conference and virtual conference that are separated in time.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For example, ACM/IEEE ICSE 2022 had a virtual conference (May 10-13, 2022) and an in-person conference two weeks later (May 25-27, 2022).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' At “asynchronous hybrid ICSE,” most of the in-person presenters were able to present their talks for both conferences, but some presenters in the virtual conference were unable to travel and give their presentations a second time at the in-person conference.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Page 7 Another hybrid conference option is “synchronous,” such as SPLASH 2022 (December 5-10, 2022).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' At “hybrid SPLASH,” some presenters were in-person, others were virtual.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In-person attendees and virtual attendees could view any of the talks.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Last but not least, a hybrid conference could be a blend of synchronous and asynchronous events.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Below are two tables summarizing key characteristics of in-person, virtual, and hybrid conferences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='In-Person Conference ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Virtual Conference ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='“Live” presentations ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Traditional in-person conference: ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Live in-person presenters and ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='attendees ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Virtual conference: all presenters and ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='attendees are virtual and presentations ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='occur in “real time” ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='“Recorded” presentations ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='In-person attendees view ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='prerecorded conference ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='presentations during conference ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Virtual attendees view recorded ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='conference sessions/presentations at ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='any time during or following the ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='conference ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='In-Person and Virtual conference characteristics ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Synchronous Hybrid ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Conference ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='(overlap of in-person and ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='virtual sessions) ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Blended Synchronous and ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Asynchronous Hybrid ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Conference Options ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Asynchronous Hybrid Conference ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='(no overlap of in-person and virtual ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='sessions) ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Attendees may be ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='in-person or virtual: Sessions ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='are synchonous ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='(SPLASH 2022) ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Synchronous sessions for virtual ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='attendees plus presentations for ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='“local” attendees at conference hubs ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='In-person sessions are separated in time ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='from virtual sessions days or weeks apart ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='(ICSE 2022) ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Hybrid conference options ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='A hybrid conference may have one or more “hubs” – a hub is a location where attendees can meet in-person,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' and where some presenters may deliver in-person talks.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In a hybrid conference with multiple hubs in different time zones, it is preferable that virtual sessions be held at a time that is convenient for a majority of attendees.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For example, if there is a North America hub and a European hub, virtual sessions could be held in the afternoon for Europe (in the morning for North America).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Each hub could host a “local program” at a time most convenient to the local in-person attendees.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For corporate hybrid conferences – e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=', Cisco, Qualcomm, Nortel – conference “hubs” were the regional R&D Labs plus the corporate headquarters.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Motivation for attending conferences: networking and learning Conferences can be a place to share knowledge in a “formal” manner.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In many scientific fields, publishing new research work in conference papers can be preferable to (and faster than) publishing articles in scientific journals [10].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Conferences can also be a way to share ideas informally.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Conferences offer an excellent opportunity to make new connections, build networks, and to renew friendships.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Conferences bring people with shared interests together.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Even if they are sometimes distracted by technology (e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=', cellphones, email, Facebook, Twitter, and TikTok), attendees become more energized when they break out of their day-to-day universe of familiar faces.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The value of making new contacts is difficult to estimate.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' One approach might be to assess the value of increasing a “personal network” by applying Metcalfe’s Law.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Metcalfe’s Law proclaims that the value of a computer network is proportional to the square of the number of connected users.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Extrapolating Metcalfe’s Law to social networks suggests that personal network growth is more impactful for individuals with smaller personal networks.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Page 8 For an individual with a 10-person network, adding 10 more contacts increases the network’s value by 300%, while those with a 50-person network, adding 10 more contacts increases the network’s value by only 44%.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Even if we choose a much more modest value model, such as “proportional to N\uf0d7log(N)” (as suggested by Briscoe, et.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' [11]), the impact of expanding the network is still much more significant for people with small networks.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Adding 10 people to a 10-person network adds 160% to the network’s value, adding 10 people to a 50-person network adds 26%.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Based on the premise of network value, the individuals who might benefit most from the networking opportunities at an in-person conference are those least likely to be able to afford to travel: students, early-career professionals, and individuals who have high travel costs – or visa related challenges.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A return to an in-person-only format is very short-sighted, in terms of attempts to foster greater diversity, equity, and inclusiveness of conference participation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' There is a large potential to help more people build more diverse networks, if and only if we can organize our virtual conferences to support more effective interactions.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The dynamics of building personal networks 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Conferences have both one-way and multi-way communication Many conferences are centered around keynotes, tutorials, and paper presentations.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' These talks are similar to university lectures: a one-way form of communication with limited audience interaction.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Attendees also participate in interactive (multi-way) activities, such as workshops, hands-on demos, and “shows” – be they artistic, musical, multi-media, or product-oriented in nature.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Other more casual settings for interaction and information sharing may include social events and informal serendipitous conversations.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Knowledge transfer through personal contacts Conference participation helps disseminate and incubate knowledge that is not yet widely available.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' One-on-one networking is a key part of the knowledge transfer process, even in a world that has a wealth of information in electronic media.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Today, the research community depends on the materials held in digital libraries, open-source repositories, open access journals, and online forums.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Static material is complemented by online education options which help the global community of software professionals upskill and expand their knowledge.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' But there are pitfalls relying exclusively on non-peer reviewed knowledge sources due to a low signal-to-noise ratio (lots of noise).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The internet serves up an amazing supply of scientific and technical information, practical YouTube videos, and useful social media discussions;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' it also hosts misinformation and conspiracy theories.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Face-to-face conference discussions make it possible to ask questions directly.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Tapping into personal networks via an informal conversation or email exchange can help accelerate research.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Without personal interaction, “asking a quick question” or “having a conversation” is slowed by the constraints of distance.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The personal touch matters – interaction at a conference helps build long-term relationships with experts.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Conversing with an expert can be more helpful than a computer search engine inquiry.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A conference is an ideal setting for informal discussions.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' At home, our focus is on day-to-day job software development, research experiments, meetings, writing and reading reports, and office bureaucracy.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Impromptu discussions and serendipitous interactions Information exchanges are built on discussions and interactions, and in-person meetings improve the communication.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In contrast, interactions that use or apply technology (virtual collaboration tools) can be awkward.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The standard rules of interpersonal interaction have not caught up to the new wave of networking tools.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In general, the authors believe that face-to-face interactions still provide better support for ideation and incubation of friendships and partnerships.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' As humans, we gain insight from the tone of voice, body language, and eye contact.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Interpersonal interactions at conferences are not preprogrammed or prerecorded.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The interactions are made much richer by: impromptu discussions – without previous preparation Page 9 serendipitous encounters – random meetings with individuals one is unlikely to meet elsewhere serendipitous discussions – leading to valuable or interesting revelations Conference attendees are uniquely positioned to learn from in-person impromptu discussions – ideas that are difficult to acquire in any other fashion.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For example, an in-person discussion may help to understand results or spark new approaches.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Serendipity often contributes to new connections and ideas.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A dialog might start with introductions followed by an exchange of recent experiences: “What did you try?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Did it work?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Was it a key learning?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A best practice?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Or something to be avoided?”' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A short conversation can trigger an insight, inspire a concept, or initiate a collaboration.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Serendipity happens “by chance” at a conference: at sessions, during breaks, or even on conference travel.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For example, Kent Beck tells the story of how he and Erich Gamma had a useful software design session on a flight from Switzerland to the United States on their journey to attend ACM’s OOPSLA 1997.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In three hours of discussions, they collaborated to write the first version of the popular JUnit automated unit test framework [12].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A serendipitous conversation is more than an opportunity to exchange social networking profiles or business cards – it could inspire new ideas and collaborations.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Do virtual conferences support serendipity?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Most virtual conferences as currently designed have limited support for one-on-one serendipitous meetings.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' There are two forces at work that limit serendipitous conversations in a virtual conference: technology obstacles and social norms.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The key obstacle for virtual conference technology is the inability to communicate “presence.” In day- to-day conversations, we often read body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' With virtual meeting technology, it isn’t easy to read non-verbal cues across meeting participants.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The camera sees only speakers’ faces, video resolution is poor, and audio can be masked by background noise.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Virtual conference attendees have low expectations for interactions with other attendees.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' They are resigned to being a “viewer” – watching the set of “canned” presentations without interacting either with the speaker or other attendees.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Virtual conferees might be multi-tasking with non-conference activities – too busy for side conversations with other conferees.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' But even if current expectations are low for virtual technology, there is hope for both the present and the future.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A well-designed virtual conference program is not required to follow the same structure or timeline as an in-person conference.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' There are many creative options for building an effective virtual conference program to catalyze more active participation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Engaging virtual conference attendees The structure of conferences must evolve to better serve virtual attendees.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In-person attendees benefit more from in- person contacts, impromptu discussions, and serendipity.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Virtual attendees need similar benefits – conference activities that give them a chance to be active participants, make connections with other attendees, and establish opportunities for dialog with other conferees after the conference is over.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Conference organizers should leverage experiences from social media to get participants more engaged.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Conference organizers should increase participant engagement by borrowing community-building practices from social media.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A simple approach to get participants engaged is to use real-time polling throughout the conference.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A session chair could use a web-based tool like MentiMeter or Slido to run frequent audience polls to sustain audience engagement.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Social media can also support multiway discussions during a virtual conference.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Today’s social media users have opinionated exchanges with people they have never met in real life.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Virtual conference participants could convene an impromptu panel discussion with participants selected via real-time social media metrics.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The panelists could be the most frequent conference Twitter or Facebook posters – the posters who get the most likes or text responses to their real-time blogging of conference talks.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In many conferences, virtual participants are totally anonymous, for example, when presentations are streamed via YouTube.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In other conferences, the virtual participants connect to an online conference platform, which displays a list of session attendees – and no other valuable session context, e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=', organizational affiliation, contact information, or chat links.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Page 10 While some platforms encourage attendees to add a “personal profile” associated with their conference login, there is generally no incentive for participants to enter personal information, so most profiles are left blank.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To encourage participants to add to their profile, conference organizers can provide motivation through: registration discounts post-conference access to premium conference content forums to enable post-conference conversations among attendees with similar interests However, it is necessary to be mindful of GDPR [13] and other privacy concerns – and to be mindful of possible abuses.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Profiles are a useful way to connect attendees who have similar (or dissimilar) interests and backgrounds – while offering privacy and diversity safeguards.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Different conferences will likely require different templates.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To assist attendees profile information could be suggested from personal websites and public databases, with the opportunity for participants to customize as they choose.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In order to support participant interactions during the conference (via chat or web video), it isn’t necessary to have the conference platform be a “completely immersive environment.” Conference participants may have other ways to chat.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A conference platform ought to include some impromptu text chat or user-configurable small-group video meeting capabilities.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Conference attendees would then have the option to establish their own one-on-one communications (using email, Twitter, LinkedIn, Slack, Skype, or whatever) during or after conference sessions.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Some of the experts in the conference community might also volunteer to host small-group informal chat sessions – an opportunity for non-experts to meet some of the stars in the field.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This is a practice that has started to become commonplace.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Some recent conferences have offered virtual sessions titled “Ask Me Anything” with a keynote speaker or another notable person.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 7.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Virtual conferences – commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion Conference attendance costs include registration, travel, and time away from home and office.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' With virtual conferences, conference costs are lower because physical logistics are unnecessary (food, meeting rooms, etc.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ), participant travel costs are reduced (no need for transportation or hotels), and “away time” from home and office are reduced (at least proportionally to travel time).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' That said, some would argue that getting away from “home and office” is the attraction of attending a conference.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Crista Lopes postulated that escaping to conference “destinations” at the expense of your employer or grant agency is a key motivator for some to attend a conference [14].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' But in-person conferences might not be a “safe” environment for some attendees.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Some people in the technical community can be outright hostile to newcomers.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Some of the hostility may include racism and sexism.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' But a subtle hostility is elitism – rejecting academics from lower-rated universities, company participants who are not from highly-ranked research programs, and “practitioners” who just come to learn.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' As noted earlier, virtual conferences are much easier for students to attend, and many people who are unable to travel appreciate the opportunity to attend conferences from home.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' At a town hall meeting discussion at ICSE 2022, one attendee suggested that 50 students can attend a virtual ICSE for the cost of sending one person to the in-person ICSE [15].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hybrid conferences can draw virtual attendees who live nearby.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In metropolitan areas, traffic and parking can be an enormous obstacle to attending a meeting – it may take more than an hour to navigate rush-hour traffic, especially in congested metro regions.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Hybrid conferences are a way to encourage more local participants.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 8.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Financial issues The rise of virtual conferences has created many new revenue opportunities for conference organizers, but virtual also adds new challenges.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' During the pandemic, organizers found it difficult to monetize virtual conferences since attendees associated conference “cost” with in-person expenses (food & beverage plus physical meeting logistics).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In-person conferences fees are usually tiered by content elements, e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=', for an entire multi-day program – or by day, by track, by workshop, or by tutorial.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Different categories of attendees may be assessed different fees – for example: presenters, industry participants, students, academics, members (ACM, IEEE), etc.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Page 11 For a virtual conference, the charging model can be more fine-grained.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For example, if the conference presentations are organized in one-quarter, one-third, or half day blocks, there could be a charge per block.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' It is one way to attract attendees who are interested in a group of specialized talks, or just the keynotes.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Fine-grained session charges are likely more useful for conferences with large attendance.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' With conference collateral such as session recordings, organizers have the choice between making these freely available after the conference to registered conference attendees or to charge premium access fees to a wider audience.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, organizers need to be mindful of digital rights issues.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Without securing blanket permissions from all attendees, only the presentations can be shared – but not the recordings of the Q&A sessions – assuming that presenter permissions are a conference participation prerequisite.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Another question is how to set pricing for virtual attendance since attendees have expectations that virtual should be cheaper than an in-person registration.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This expectation is based on the assumption that there will be no cost expenditures for physical rooms, coffee breaks, lunches, meals, or social events.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, the IT and production costs may be higher for virtual conferences that go beyond simple video conferencing (Teams, WebEx, Zoom, etc.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Advanced virtual conference services may require paid production staff, which can result in a higher per-attendee cost than in-person food and beverage services.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Recruiting, training, and supporting volunteers is a significant burden on the conference organizers.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' There is a tradeoff: Working with volunteers can help keep costs low.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In contrast, paid staff may require less training and support.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' There are many more practical suggestions for virtual and hybrid conferences in the “High-Level Planning” section of the report of the ACM Task Force on virtual conferences [4].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 9.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' What factors will drive the future of conferences?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The future of conferences depends on three key issues: Increasing costs [financial and carbon footprint] and the inconvenience of travel.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Emerging technologies topics spawn new conferences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Research funding and commercial investments incubate new communities that need to share and innovate.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' New virtual conferences have a low cost of entry.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This may stimulate fragmentation of existing conferences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' New collaboration technologies will enable new conference formats.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Examples may include Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, and Gamification.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Attitudes of conference attendees: a community survey To learn more about current attitudes about in-person and virtual conferences, the authors ran a community survey in spring 2022 [1].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Although the survey population was not a random sample of the universe of all conference attendees, it did include a range of geographies (70% of survey respondents were from North America, 23% from Europe, 7% from the rest of the world) and there were respondents from industry (77%), academia (19%), and other (4%).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The primary result of the survey: “hybrid” was the preferred conference mode.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 54% said they preferred hybrid 36% preferred in-person 9% preferred virtual It is possible that hybrid was preferred by many because they wanted to have the option to attend an in-person event after two years of pandemic-imposed isolation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' On the other hand, hybrid might have been the top option because many respondents are still nervous about traveling – but they didn’t want to bar others from being able to attend a face-to-face conference.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the survey’s text comments, respondents shared a range of opinions.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Some had serious issues with virtual attendance and made a good case for choosing in-person conferences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Comments included: Nothing today can replace the human networking and high-intensity one-on-one networking that happens at an in-person conference Page 12 Virtual is too much one-way broadcast Virtual conferences are absolutely abysmal experiences Virtual – I find it really difficult to pay attention Other respondents found virtual or hybrid conferences valuable: I especially value the global participation of virtual conferences,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' this democratizes technology development and sharing Hybrid offers flexibility that can meet the needs and constraints of diverse potential attendees Hybrid is the way of the future Hybrid allows me to make the choice of how to attend We asked the survey participants to list the conferences they attended.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Respondents replied with an amazingly diverse set of conferences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The 331 survey respondents reported attending over 500 different conferences, everything from AAAI to ICSE to JavaOne to SPLASH to Zoomtopia.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The most frequent conferences attended were software engineering conferences (such as ICSE and SPLASH), consumer products gatherings (CES), agile development conferences (sponsored by Agile Alliance or Scrum Alliance).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The survey asked respondents to rate potential obstacles for virtual and in-person conferences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The purpose of these questions was to solicit improvements for conference program design and logistics.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Responses identified aspects of virtual and in-person conferences that might limit participation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Identified challenges for virtual conferences were: Ineffective support for casual discussions Ineffective tools for interactive discussions Time zone issues Fatigue due to long virtual meetings ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Identified challenges for in-person conferences were: Registration and travel costs are too high Ongoing pandemic related health risks Time away from family or work ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='The challenges for virtual conferences focused on communications and interactions – while the obstacles for in- ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='person conferences related to economic and health issues (cost,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' travel,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' and time).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We asked how many conferences participants attended in 2021 and how many conferences they planned to attend in 2022.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 86% of respondents reported attending at least one virtual or hybrid conference in 2021 79% said they would attend at least one virtual or hybrid conference in 2022 Also, the average number of “conferences attended” rose significantly per survey respondent.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The mean number of 2021 conferences attended = 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 The mean number of planned 2022 conferences = 3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='5 This ratio held firm across several job roles: managers, university faculty, and industry software developers.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To increase the viability of virtual conferences, enabling casual discussions and interactive discussions requires creativity and effort by organizers and attendees.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Conference organizers need to incorporate conference activities that will help the online conference community to get to know one another.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Online participants will get more out of their conference experience if they would be willing to do more than just “view” talks.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Questions and dialog between conference attendees help increase understanding.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Our survey suggests that in order to increase the value of in-person conferences, conference organizers need to convert at least part of their meetings to a virtual event – to attract attendees who would not normally participate Page 13 because of cost and travel barriers.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Organizers need to keep in mind that the effectiveness of virtual and hybrid events will vary depending on the conference content and structure.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 11.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Keep conferences simple, understand motivations of the participants 11.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Practices for virtual and hybrid conferences To reduce the complexity and increase the appeal of virtual and/or hybrid conferences,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' here are some practices the authors have found useful: Smaller conferences (fewer talks,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' fewer tracks,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' fewer days) that simplify logistics Shorter conference days (4 hours of conference program per day instead of 6 or 8 hours) Keynote talks in “the middle of day” to anchor the program Moderated Q&A: host-curated questions received via chat Easy-to-navigate conference program: with hyperlinks to program elements Web-based conference programs: attendee sees the schedule with automatic time zone localization for their ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='time zone Support: a “help line” for technical assistance (either via chat or phone) Be kind to presenters: avoid scheduling 3:00 a.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='m.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' presentations Registration options: sell registrations “by program element” for broad spectrum conferences;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' also sell an “all-access” registration Less helpful strategies (“antipatterns”) include: “Live” anonymous chat feeds – with inappropriate, vitriolic, or profane comments Conference program that is difficult to navigate Incomplete presenter and attendee profiles 11.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Motivations for attendees and organizers Many conference activities are linked to the “motivations for conference attendance.” Virtual conferences can adequately address some of them – but there are some activities that work much better at in-person conferences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' [Note that ratings in these tables are the subjective opinions of the authors.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='] Attendee Motivation Conference Program Element In-person Virtual Learning All program elements +++ ++ Ideation & Problem Solving Collaborative workshops +++ + Publishing Conference papers +++ +++ Networking Social networking +++ + Fun Social activities +++ + Relative Value of Conference Program Elements (for attendee self-development) Page 14 Attendee/Organization Goal Conference Program Element In-person Virtual Cost-effective Learning Presentations,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Tutorials,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Workshops + +++ Scout Trends Expert chats,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Demos,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Exhibits,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Posters +++ + Social Networking Snacks/Lunch/Dinner/Hallway chats +++ + Recruiting Presentations,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Social networking ++ ++ Marketing Products Special events,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Sponsor receptions,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Tradeshows +++ ++ Enhancing Reputation Peer reviewed papers,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Organization success stories,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Sponsor keynotes +++ ++ Relative Effectiveness of In-person vs Virtual Conference Program Elements In the opinion of the authors,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' the list of “goals” in the left column are the principal benefits to organizations when their employees attend conferences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Recruiting and marketing are much more effective when done in person.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' On the other hand, cost-effective learning is a key motivation for companies to have their staff attend virtual conferences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Conference organizers need to monitor the primary motivations of their attendees to ensure that activities will meet the needs of both repeat attendees and conference newbies.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Conference Organizer Objective ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='How ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='In-person ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Virtual ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Education / Training ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Feature “hot topics” ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='attractive to attendees ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Tutorials and workshops that ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='support “collaborative and ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='experiential learning” ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='++ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='++ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Maximize Revenue ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Hot topics ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Feature “experts” ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Targeted marketing/discounts ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='+++ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='+ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Community Building ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Targeted marketing ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Feature community experts ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Community sponsors ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='++ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='+ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Increased Accessibility ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Global marketing ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Sponsor attendees ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='+ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='+++ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Showcase University or Company ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Promote location benefits ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='+++ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='+ ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Relative Value of In-Person vs Virtual Conferences for Organizers ' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Again,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' these relative assessments are the opinions of the authors.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Our framework is a starting point for the reader to evaluate the most relevant tradeoffs for conference attendees, sponsors, and organizers.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A virtual conference may have a different mission than an in-person conference – and it may be judged as “successful” even if it doesn’t achieve all of the goals listed above.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 11.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='3.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Motivations for conference presenters Conference presenters have a wide range of motivations.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Most of their goals are similar to conference attendees – especially for presenters who are members of the core community.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Presenters may also attend the full conference to learn, scout tech trends, recruit, and market products.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' One of the most important collateral benefits of being a conference presenter is the potential for an increase in reputation as a subject matter expert.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Page 15 Some non-community members (i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=', individuals who have not attended previous conferences associated with the community) may be invited to participate in a conference program as a keynote speaker or panelist.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Each conference has its own guidelines for keynotes and speaker compensation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Featured speakers might include: Famous researchers, authors, and experts Celebrities: executives, entertainers, athletes, writers, and inspirational individuals Compensation can be an issue for speakers.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' An invited speaker may have a mercenary interest.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Speaker bureaus have a reputation for negotiating high appearance fees for famous individuals.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Other invited speakers may be willing to forego direct compensation, because they view their appearance as a publicity and marketing opportunity for their company’s products and services.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' “Virtual speakers” – speakers who aren’t required to travel – can sometimes be less expensive.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Most speakers are more willing to deliver a virtual talk, because they can avoid the time and inconvenience of travel.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' “Virtual” can simplify scheduling, and it is especially useful for organizing panel sessions – where panelists might participate from any continent.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' On the other hand, when a virtual talk is broadcast online to a large conference audience, it raises the question of “digital rights management” which if not addressed might lead to the illegal bootlegging of screen-capture recordings by conference attendees – however this can now be a challenge for in-person conferences too!' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Alternatively, speakers might desire larger fees for a wider distribution of their presentations – although in the age of YouTube videos and TedTalks – the world is moving slowly towards “Open Access.” 12.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Reflecting on the past, trying new things in the future 12.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Conference surveys, retrospectives, and experiments It is essential that conference organizers keep asking questions of their stakeholders – to sustain a conference’s relevance.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Every conference should run a post-conference survey to identify trends (year over year) and run a retrospective to learn and improve.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Also, because the best practices for virtual and hybrid conferences are evolving, organizers should experiment with new approaches.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Conference organizers need to track the changing attitudes of their own community of conference attendees and presenters, just as the authors’ (Fraser/Mancl) community survey in the spring of 2022 gathered opinions from people who attend a spectrum of conferences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' There are many things for conference organizers to assess: Are attendees satisfied with the conference’s virtual platform?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' If not – why not?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Is the conference is serving the needs its community?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For example, if the conference is intended to serve an international audience, how successful is its marketing?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' How effective is the conference at delivering value?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' What changes might improve accessibility and attract a diverse community?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A “retrospective” is an essential management practice for conference stakeholders to drive ongoing improvements to a conference.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A retrospective is an informal meeting of conference organizers after the event to reflect on which strategies worked well or what to consider for the next event (assuming a conference series).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A survey is an essential part of the feedback process.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Why collect opinions from conference attendees?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The views of community members evolve over time.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Organizers might believe a virtual or hybrid conference cannot be successful based on a dated pre-pandemic survey.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Attitudes change.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Expanding access, reaching out to an international community, and improving diversity are also increasingly important goals for conferences in the third decade of the 21st century.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 12.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Attendee self-assessment after a conference The authors have attended many conferences, and we are still learning.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We have personally assessed our likes and dislikes about in-person, virtual, and hybrid conferences – because we perform our own “self-assessment” after each conference experience.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For example, we have both worked for many years in a corporate culture where technical staff members would write and present short “trip reports” following any outside activities.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A good conference report focuses on two things.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Page 16 What did the conference attendee learn at the conference?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (short summaries of interesting presentations, ideas collected from hallway conversations) How well did the attendee’s conference activities meet personal and corporate goals?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (learning specific technology trends, recruiting new staff, or doing targeted marketing) With a series of self-assessment reports for conferences, the value of participation becomes more evident.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the mix of in-person, virtual, and hybrid conferences, reports help us to assess the effectiveness of each type of conference participation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Although it requires daily effort during the conference, a report doesn’t need to be a long narrative.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' A report might consist of one or two paragraphs summarizing each day’s program – an outline of conference topics, good questions from the conference sessions, and a short list of “new contacts.” The authors look forward to learning more about the evolution of conferences from new surveys shared by conference organizers and informal conference reports shared by our colleagues.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 12.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Attendee multi-tasking at a conference Two situations to consider unrelated to the conference focus: (1) an in-person conference where attendees are distracted for reasons directly unrelated to the conference (work or personal);' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' or (2) a virtual conference where attendees are multi-tasking on non-conference related matters.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The degree of “distraction” is likely due to an attendee not being fully engaged by the conference or not having any conference related “deliverables.” For example, will they be evaluated post-conference via a trip report/presentation which requires them to remain focused – or is their personal value self-assessed?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 13.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The future?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Although “virtual” changed the conference experience in the early stages of the pandemic, the flexibility of virtual participation has had important side benefits.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Virtual has led to increased conference accessibility through lower attendee travel costs (money, time, carbon, government visas), and reduced expenditures by companies, universities, and governments.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' One conference category where “virtual” meeting technologies are not making a significant difference currently – are trade shows.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For example, the annual Consumer Technology Association’s CES 2022 reported a 75% drop in attendance (40,000 attendees instead of the pre-pandemic 170,000 attendees) [16].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Areas ripe for “virtual” improvement include: Increased support for casual serendipitous interactions Support for interactive discussions for ideation Convenient post-event access to video and presentation content Sustainable revenue models for virtual events While “online fatigue” is an issue for virtual conferences, it is not obvious whether this is more than the fatigue experienced with travel to an in-person conference.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' While some might argue that the lure of a conference destination mitigates travel fatigue – the authors suggest that more data and research is required to assess the comparative impact of online versus travel fatigue on conference attendees.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In-person conferences appear to catalyze increased attendee interaction.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In comparison, virtual conference environments, as currently implemented, seem to foster less engagement between attendees.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The questions of in-person, virtual, or hybrid conferences – and the appropriate ways to apply advances in virtual technology – need to be answered in the context of global and personal issues.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The world is facing a climate crisis.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Society is becoming more aware of diversity and equity issues.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' All of us are facing individual challenges: keeping our knowledge and skills up to date, expanding our set of personal contacts, and protecting our health by reducing unnecessary travel.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Our employers and sponsors are trying to get maximum value at the lowest cost.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' There is no single simple answer for conference organizers, but we should all work together to try new ideas.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The authors believe that it is short-sighted and reduces accessibility if all conferences return to an in-person format.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Our informal survey suggests that individuals prefer conference attendance options.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' While there is more work to be done to make virtual conferences truly effective and collaborative – we should all recognize that reducing travel and carbon footprints is a good thing.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In our view, we all need to foster the adoption of virtual conferences – beyond the plateau achieved during the pandemic.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Page 17 “The only thing we know about the future is that it will be different.” – Peter Drucker “Alone we can do so little;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' together we can do so much.” – Helen Keller 14.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' About the authors This report reflects the opinions and the combined 50+ years’ experience with in-person, virtual, and hybrid conferences of the authors.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Fraser and Mancl have participated and presented at over one hundred ACM, IEEE, Agile Alliance, and university hosted conferences and workshops – including the 2000, 2021, and 2022 virtual and hybrid ACM SPLASH, ACM/IEEE ICSE, and Agile Alliance’s XP conferences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Fraser pioneered virtual hybrid corporate forums at Nortel, Qualcomm, and Cisco Systems starting in the 1990s with ISDN based videoconferencing (25+ sites worldwide).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Nortel Design Forum (a global internal hybrid technical conference with 30+ ISDN video meeting room hubs and audio/web desktop participation) attracted up to 2,000 attendees per forum and ran through more than a dozen editions featuring peer-reviewed paper presentations, keynotes, and interactive workshops.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The hybrid QTech and CTech forums at Qualcomm and Cisco used a combination of desktop video applications (e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=', WebEx) and TelePresence – with the program anchored by in- person presentations at corporate headquarters.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Mancl has been a presenter at internal technical conferences on software tools and technology at Lucent and Alcatel- Lucent beginning in 1990.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' He also has worldwide experience in corporate education and training, developing a wide range of software technology courses and delivering them in person and virtually using multiple generations of collaboration technology.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks to our anonymous reviewers and a special thanks to Moshe Vardi, Crista Lopes, and Dave Parnas for their perspectives on conferences.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' We would also like to thank Robert Crawhall and Steve McConnell for feedback on a draft of this report.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Lastly, we would like to thank Teresa Foster and Ellen Grove from the Agile Alliance for their support of our community survey on conference preferences that the authors ran in the spring 2022.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' REFERENCES [1] Steven Fraser and Dennis Mancl.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2022.' metadata={'source': 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'/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='php/ncnc-guide/, Accessed 5 Jan 2023.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' [4] ACM Presidential Task Force on What Conferences Can Do to Replace Face to Face Meetings.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Virtual Conferences, A Guide to Best Practices, 2020, https://www.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='acm.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='org/virtual-conferences, Accessed 5 Jan 2023.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' [5] Steven Fraser.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2021.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Five Strategies for the Future of Work: Accelerating Innovation through Tech Transfer.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Experience report from XP 2021 Conference.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' https://www.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='agilealliance.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='org/wp- content/uploads/2021/06/S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Fraser.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='Five-Strategies-for-the-Future-of-Work-Accelerating-Innovation-through- Tech-Transfer.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='pdf.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Accessed 5 Jan 2023.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' [6] Marios Constantinides and Daniele Quercia.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2022.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Future of Hybrid Meetings.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In 2022 Symposium on Human-Computer Interaction for Work (CHIWORK 2022).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 6, 1–6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' https://doi.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} 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'/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes 20, 3 (July 1995), 18-19.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' https://doi.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='org/10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='1145/219308.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='773575 [8] Alexandra Ridgway.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2022.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' “Conference water-cooler moments are not accessible to everyone,” Times Higher Education (THE), https://www.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='timeshighereducation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='com/opinion/conference-water-cooler-moments-are-not- accessible-everyone, Accessed 5 Jan 2023.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Page 18 [9] Liang Zhao.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2020.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' How the Trillion Dollar Global Business Events Industry Is Adjusting to a Rapid Shift Online, Grit Daily, June 11, 2020, https://gritdaily.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='com/how-the-trillion-dollar-global-business-events-industry- is-adjusting-to-a-rapid-shift-online/, Accessed 5 Jan 2023.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' [10] Moshe Y.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Vardi.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2020.' metadata={'source': 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'/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Metcalfe’s law is wrong - communications networks increase in value as they add members-but by how much?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' IEEE Spectrum, vol.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 43, no.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 7, pp.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 34-39, July 2006, https://doi.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='org/10.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='1109/MSPEC.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='2006.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='1653003 [12] Kent Beck.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2005.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Video interview with Kent Beck at the Agile 2005 Conference, July 22, 2005.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' https://www.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='youtube.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='com/watch?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='v=1zaCvLVU70o starting at 10:13], Accessed 5 Jan 2023.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' [13] European Union GDPR website, https://gdpr.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='eu/what-is-gdpr/, Accessed 5 Jan 2023.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' [14] Crista Lopes.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Future of Conferences, Strange Loop 2022 conference, https://www.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='youtube.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='com/watch?' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='v=LkJNA88R_5w, Accessed 5 Jan 2023.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' [15] Dennis Mancl.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2022.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Personal notes from ICSE 2022 conference, https://manclswx.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='com/notes/icse2022_report.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content='html#icse_town_meeting, Accessed 5 Jan 2023.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' [16] Richard N.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Velotta.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/-dE1T4oBgHgl3EQf8QXB/content/2301.03544v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2022.' metadata={'source': 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University, Huzhou 313000, China +4Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China +(Dated: January 10, 2023) +Based on the ultra-relativistic quantum molecular dynamics (UrQMD) model, the impacts of +momentum dependent interaction, symmetry energy and near-threshold NN → N∆ cross sections +on isospin sensitive collective flow and pion observables are investigated. Our results confirm that +the elliptic flow of neutrons and charged particles, i.e. vn +2 and vch +2 , are sensitive to the strength +of momentum dependence interaction and the elliptic flow ratio, i.e., vn +2 /vch +2 , is sensitive to the +stiffness of symmetry energy. For describing the pion multiplicity near the threshold energy, accurate +NN → N∆ cross sections are crucial. With the updated momentum dependent interaction and +NN → N∆ cross sections in UrQMD model, seven observables, such as directed flow and elliptic +flow of neutrons and charged particles, the elliptic flow ratio of neutrons to charged particles, charged +pion multiplicity and its ratio π−/π+, can be well described by the parameter sets with the slope +of symmetry energy from 5 MeV to 70 MeV. To describe the constraints of symmetry energy at +the densities probed by the collective flow and pion observables, the named characteristic density +is investigated and used. Our analysis found that the flow characteristic density is around 1.2ρ0 +and pion characteristic density is around 1.5ρ0, and we got the constrains of symmetry energy at +characteristic densities are S(1.2ρ0) = 34 ± 4 MeV and S(1.5ρ0) = 36 ± 8 MeV. These results are +consistent with previous analysis by using pion and flow observable with different transport models, +and demonstrate a reasonable description of symmetry energy constraint should be presented at the +characteristic density of isospin sensitive observables. +I. +INTRODUCTION +The isospin asymmetric nuclear equation of state is +crucial for understanding the isospin asymmetric objects, +such as the structure of neutron-rich nuclei, mechanism +of neutron-rich heavy ion collisions, the properties of neu- +tron stars including neutron star mergers and core col- +lapse supernovae[1–4]. +The symmetric part of isospin +asymmetric equation of state has been well constrained +by using the flow and Kaon condensation[5]. However, +the symmetry energy away from the normal density still +have large uncertainty, and it leads that the constraint +of symmetry energy becomes one of the important goal +in nuclear physics[6, 7]. +The ultimate goal of symmetry energy constraint is to +obtain the density dependence of symmetry energy over +a wide range, and many efforts have been devoted to con- +strain the symmetry energy from subsaturation density +to suprasaturation density. For probing the symmetry +energy at suprasaturation density, the isospin sensitive +observables in heavy ion collisions (HICs), such as the +ratio of elliptic flow of neutrons to charged particles, hy- +drogen isotopes or protons (vn +2 /vch +2 , vn +2 /vH +2 or vn +2 /vp +2)[8– +12] and the multiplicity ratio of charged pions (i.e., +∗ liuyangyang@ciae.ac.cn +† zhyx@ciae.ac.cn +‡ wangyongjia@zjhu.edu.cn +§ liqf@zjhu.edu.cn +M(π−)/M(π+) or named as π−/π+)[13–23], were mainly +used. +By comparing the calculations to transverse- +momentum-dependent or integrated FOPI/LAND and +ASY-EOS elliptic flow data of nucleons and hydrogen +isotopes, a moderately soft to linear symmetry energy +is obtained with UrQMD[8, 10, 11] and T¨ubingen quan- +tum molecular dynamics (T¨uQMD) models[9]. The lower +limit of the slope of symmetry energy L obtained with the +flow ratio data is L > 60 MeV[24], which overlaps with +the upper limits of the constraints from nuclear structure +and isospin diffusion, i.e., L ≈ 60±20 MeV[25–27]. How- +ever, the constraints of symmetry energy from π−/π+ +show strong model dependence[15–21, 28], and the ex- +tracted L values ranges from 5 MeV to 144 MeV. It may +be caused by the different treatments on the nucleonic +potential, ∆ potential, threshold effects, pion potential, +Pauli blocking, in-medium cross sections and so on, and +also by the different numerical technical for solving the +transport equations. +To reduce the model dependence and enhance the reli- +ability of the constraints of symmetry energy, especially +at suprasaturation density, the transport model evalu- +ations are required. +The transport model evaluation +project has made important progress on benchmarking +the treatment of particle-particle collision[29, 30] and +nucleonic mean field potential[31] in both Boltzmann- +Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) type and Quantum molecu- +lar dynamics (QMD) type models. For simulating the +collisions or decay of resonance particles, the time-step- +arXiv:2301.03066v1 [nucl-th] 8 Jan 2023 + +2 +free method is suggested[29, 30] since this method au- +tomatically determine whether the resonance will col- +lide or decay according to their collision time or decay +time. In the UrQMD model, the time-step-free method +is adopted in the collision part[29, 30], and the nucleonic +potential is also involved for extending its applications +in low-intermediate energy HICs[10, 21]. +This model +has been successfully used to study the HICs from low- +intermediate energy to high energies[10, 21, 24, 32, 33]. +Another method to reduce the model uncertainties is si- +multaneously describing the observables data (or named +doing combination analysis), such as isospin sensitive col- +lective flow and pion observables. For the combination +analysis on the isospin sensitive nucleonic and pion ob- +servables, there were few works to simultaneously inves- +tigate them except the T¨uQMD model[20] as far as we +know. +Thus, it will be interesting to do combination +analysis on nucleonic and pion observables back-to-back +by the UrQMD model for increasing the reliability of the +constraints of symmetry energy in the community. +In previous analysis on the neutrons to protons or +to hydrogen isotopes elliptic flow ratios[10] or π−/π+ +ratios[21] by UrQMD model, the momentum dependent +interaction (MDI) form, i.e., t4 ln2(1+t5(p1−p2)2)δ(r1− +r2), was used. This form was extracted from the Arnold’s +optical potential data [34, 35]. In 1990’s, the real part +of the global Dirac optical potential (Schr¨odinger equiv- +alent potential) was published by Hama et al. [36], in +which angular distribution and polarization quantities +in proton-nucleus elastic scattering were analyzed in the +range of 10 MeV to 1 GeV. The Hama’s data generated +Lorentzian-type momentum-dependent interaction [35], +which give a stronger momentum dependent potential +than the Arnold’s form at high momentum, have been +used in many version of transport models[37–42] for +studying high energy HICs. In another, the cross sections +of NN → N∆ channel, i.e.,σNN→N∆, used in UrQMD +model are obtained by fitting CERN data [43], and the +fitting formula underestimate σNN→N∆ near the thresh- +old energy which will be shown in Figure 2. Thus, the +refinements of MDI and formula of NN → N∆ cross +section σNN→N∆ near the threshold are necessary for si- +multaneously describing the flow and pion observables. +In this work, we will address these issues with the +UrQMD model and investigate their influence on nucle- +onic flow and pion observables. Further, the constraints +of symmetry energy at suprasaturation density are dis- +cussed with the updated version of UrQMD model. The +paper is organized as follows: in Sect.II, we briefly intro- +duce the nucleonic potential, momentum dependent in- +teraction and refined cross sections of NN → N∆ chan- +nel. In Set.III, the impacts of momentum dependent in- +teraction, symmetry energy and refined NN → N∆ cross +sections on flow and pion observables are presented and +discussed. By comparing the calculations with the ASY- +EOS flow data and FOPI pion data, the constraints of +symmetry energy at characteristic density are discussed. +Sec.IV is the summary of this work. +II. +URQMD MODEL +The version of UrQMD model we used is the same as +that in Ref.[21], in which the cross sections of N∆ → +NN channel are replaced with a more delicate form by +considering the ∆-mass dependence of the M-matrix in +the calculation of N∆ → NN cross section[44]. +This +version has been successfully used to describe the FOPI +experimental data of multiplicity and ratio of charged +pion[21], but did not use to simultaneously describe the +pion and flow observables. +Since we focus on the effects of different forms of MDI, +symmetry energy, and cross sections of NN → N∆, we +briefly introduce them in the following. The nucleonic +potential energy U is calculated from the potential energy +density, i.e., U = +� +ud3r. The u reads as +u = α +2 +ρ2 +ρ0 ++ +β +η + 1 +ρη+1 +ρη +0 +(1) ++gsur +2ρ0 +(∇ρ)2 + gsur,iso +ρ0 +[∇(ρn − ρp)]2 ++umd + usym. +The parameters α, β, and η are related to the two, three- +body interaction term. The third and fourth terms are +isospin independent and isospin dependent surface term, +respectively. The umd is from the MDI term, and we will +adopt two forms in this work. The usym is the symmetry +energy term. +The energy density associated with the MDI, i.e., umd, +is calculated according to the following relationship, +umd = +� +ij +� +d3p1d3p2fi (⃗r, ⃗p1) fj (⃗r, ⃗p2) vmd(∆p12). +(2) +The form of vmd(∆p12) is assumed as, +vmd(∆p12) = t4 ln2(1 + t5∆p2 +12) + C, +(3) +where ∆p12 = |p1 − p2|, and the parameters t4, t5 and +C are obtained by fitting the data of the real part of +optical potential. In details, we fit the data of real part +of nucleon-nucleus optical potential Vmd(p) according to +the following ansatz, +Vmd(p1) = +� +p2 35 +MeV, we use the simple power law form of symmetry en- +ergy. As an example, we present the density dependence +of symmetry energy in Fig.1 (b) for L = 20, 144 MeV at +S0=30 and 34 MeV. +TABLE II. Parameters of symmetry energy and effective mass +used in the calculations. +Para. Name +Values +Description +S0 +[30, 34] +symmetry energy coefficient +L +[5,144] +slope of symmetry energy +m∗/m +0.635,0.77 +isoscalar effective mass +0 +300 +600 +900 +-50 +0 +50 +100 +0.00 +0.16 +0.320 +40 +80 + + +Re Uopt (MeV) +Ekin (MeV) +Arnold +Hama + v +Arnold +md + v +Hama +md +(a) +L=20 MeV + S0=30 MeV + S0=34 MeV + S(r) (MeV) +L=144 MeV +r (fm-3) +(b) +FIG. 1. (a) Real part of the optical potential Vmd and momen- +tum dependent interaction vmd. The symbols are the optical +potential data obtained from Arnold et al. [34] and Hama et +al. [36]. Lines are the vArnold +md +and vHama +md +obtained through +Eq.(4). (b) density dependence of the symmetry energy with +different S0 and L values. +In the collision term, the medium modified nucleon- +nucleon elastic cross sections are used as the same as that +in our previous works[24]. For the NN → N∆ cross sec- +tions, we found that the default formula used in UrQMD +model in Ref. [32] underestimates the data [43] near the +threshold energy. The discrepancy is shown in Fig.2 (a), +where the blue line is the fitting formula in Ref. [32] and +solid symbols are the data taken from Ref. [43]. +Thus, one can expect that we have to use an accurate +form of NN → N∆ cross section near the threshold en- +ergy for describing the pion production at 0.4A GeV. To +refine the fitting of NN → N∆ cross section near the +threshold energy, we adopt a Hubbert function form to +describe the NN → N∆ cross sections at √s < 2.21 +GeV. That is, +σNN→N∆(√s) = A1 + 4A2 ∗ e−(√s−A3)/A4 +(1 + e−(√s−A3)/A4)2 , +(6) +√s < 2.21GeV. +In which, A1=-1.11 mb, A2=26.30 mb, A3=2.24 GeV, +and A4=0.05 GeV. We named it as σHub +NN→N∆ to distin- +guish the default form in Ref.[32]. The fitting results are +represented as the red line in Fig.2 (a). Above 2.21 GeV, +the original fitting function is used. +As shown in Fig.2 (a), the σHub +NN→N∆ is closer to the +experimental data than the original formula. The right +panels show that the ratio of R = σHub/σDefault, and one +can see that the cross sections σHub +NN→N∆ are increased +by a factor of 8.56 at the beam energy of 0.4A GeV. +Consequently, one can expect a higher pion multiplicity +with σHub +NN→N∆ than the one with σDefault +NN→N∆. The N∆ → +NN cross sections are obtained based on the detailed +balance, in which a ∆ mass dependent N∆ → NN cross +sections was also considered as in Refs. [21, 44]. + +4 +2.0 +2.1 +2.2 +0 +20 +40 +2.0 +2.1 +2.2 +0 +5 +10 +2 +3 +4 +0 +20 + +s +Default +NN→ND + s +Hub +NN→ND +s1/2 (GeV) +sNN→ND (mb) +(a) +0.4A GeV +(b) +8.56 +0.4A GeV +R=s +Hub/s +Default +s1/2 (GeV) + DATA +(c) +FIG. 2. (a) The cross section of NN → N∆ channel used in +the default UrQMD model σDefault +NN→N∆ and obtained by refitting +the experimental data with Hubbert function σHub +NN→N∆ near +threshold energy. (b) The ratio of σHub +NN→N∆ over σDefault +NN→N∆ +as a function of √s. +III. +RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS +The collective flow reflects the directional features of +the transverse collective motion, and it can be quantified +in terms of the moments of the azimuthal angle relative +to the reaction plane, i.e., vn = ⟨cos(nφ)⟩, n = 1, 2, 3, · · · . +Among the vn, the elliptic flow v2 has been used to de- +termine the MDI [46], and the ratio between v2 of neu- +trons and protons, i.e., vn +2 /vp +2, or ratio between v2 of neu- +trons and charged particles, i.e., vn +2 /vch +2 , are proposed to +determine the symmetry energy at suprasaturation den- +sity [10–12]. It is known that pions are mainly produced +through ∆ resonance decay in suprasaturation density re- +gion at early stage; and the multiplicity ratio of charged +pions, i.e., π−/π+, was also supposed as a probe to con- +strain the symmetry energy at suprasaturation density +and widely studied[13–17, 20, 21]. In this work, we first +investigate the nucleonic flow observables to determine +the form of MDI and pion production to determine the +form of NN → N∆ cross sections near the threshold en- +ergy. Then, the symmetry energy at suprasaturation den- +sity will be extracted by comparing the UrQMD calcula- +tions of vn +2 /vch +2 to ASY-EOS data and comparing π−/π+ +results to FOPI data. +A. +collective flow and pion observable +In this work, we perform the calculations of Au+Au +collision at 0.4A GeV witsubsectionh 200,000 events at +each impact parameter. +The final observables are ob- +tained by integrating over b from 0 ot bmax with a certain +weight. The weight of b is reconstructed by the central- +ity selection used in the experiments where the Zbound +or Zrat and the detected charge particle multiplicity or +the ratio of total transverse to longitudinal kinetic en- +ergies in the center-of-mass (c.m.) system are used as +in Refs. [11, 47]. The corresponding impact parameter +distributes in a wide range and the weight of b is a Gaus- +sian shape rather than a triangular shape [11], which also +have been discussed in Refs.[48–50]. The seven observ- +ables are investigated in the following analysis, as listed +in Table.III. +TABLE III. Seven experimental observables used in this work. +obsevable +rapidity y0 cut +θlab cut +< b > +vn +1 (pt/A) +−0.5 − 0.5 +37◦ − 53◦ 5.69 fm [11] +vch +1 (pt/A) +−0.5 − 0.5 +37◦ − 53◦ 5.69 fm[11] +vn +2 (pt/A) +−0.5 − 0.5 +37◦ − 53◦ 5.69 fm[11] +vch +2 (pt/A) +−0.5 − 0.5 +37◦ − 53◦ 5.69 fm[11] +vn +2 /vch +2 (pt/A) +−0.5 − 0.5 +37◦ − 53◦ 5.69 fm [11] +M(π) +− +− +<2a[47] +π−/π+ +− +− +<2a[47] +a We did not put the average b value here since experimental +paper only provides b/bmax < 0.15, which is obtained by +estimating the impact parameter b from the measured +differential cross sections for the ERAT under a geometrical +sharp-cut approximation. +-0.2 +0.0 +0.2 +0.2 +0.4 +0.6 +-0.1 +0.0 +0.2 +0.4 +0.6 +0.8 + +v1 +neutrons +(c) +L=20 MeV +L=144 MeV +(a) + + +v2 +pt/A (GeV/c) +ASY-EOS + +(d) +Au+Au Ebeam=0.4A GeV +Charged particles +V +Arnold s +Default +V +Hama s +Default +V +Hama s +Hub +(b) + +pt/A (GeV/c) +FIG. 3. +Panel (a) v1(pt/A) for neutrons; (b) v1(pt/A) for +charged particles; (c) v2(pt/A) for neutrons, and (d) v2(pt/A) +for charged particles. +The green lines are for V Arnold +md +and +σDefault +NN→N∆, blue lines for V Hama +md +and σDefault +NN→N∆, and red lines +for V Hama +md +and σHub +NN→N∆. The dash and solid lines represent +the results with L = 20 MeV and L = 144 MeV. The ASY- +EOS data of collective flow for neutrons and charged particles +are shown as circle and triangle symbols[11]. +Fig.3 (a) and (b) show directed flow as a function +of pt/A for neutrons vn +1 (pt/A) and for charged parti- +cles vch +1 (pt/A) at given rapidity region and angle cut. +The symbols are the ASY-EOS data from Ref.[11]. The +lines represent the results of UrQMD calculations with +different forms of MDI, symmetry energy and different + +5 +NN → N∆ cross sections. The green lines are the re- +sults with vArnold +md +and σDefault +NN→N∆, blue lines are the results +with vHama +md +and σDefault +NN→N∆. By comparing the green and +blue lines, one can understand the effects of MDI. The red +lines are the results for vHama +md +and σHub +NN→N∆. By com- +paring the blue lines and red lines, the effects of σNN→N∆ +can be understood. The dashed lines and solid lines rep- +resent the results with L = 20 MeV and L = 144 MeV at +S0 = 32.5 MeV, respectively. The calculations show that +the vn +1 (pt/A) and vch +1 (pt/A) increase from negative val- +ues to positive values with the increasing of pt/A, and the +sign of v1 changes around pt/A ≈ 0.5 GeV/c. Further- +more, the calculations show that there is no sensitivities +of v1 to L, MDI and σNN→N∆ at the selected rapidity +region, due to the spectator matter blocking effect. In +addition, the calculations with different combination of +L, MDI and σNN→N∆ falls in the data region. +Fig.3 (c) and (d) show the elliptic flow for neutrons +vn +2 (pt/A) and for charged particles vch +2 (pt/A), with differ- +ent L, MDI and σNN→N∆. The symbols and lines have +the same meaning as in panels (a) and (b). Both the vn +2 +and vch +2 +have negative values and decrease with pt/A in- +creasing, which means a preference for particle emission +out of the reaction plane, towards 90◦ and 270◦. The im- +portant point is that both vn +2 and vch +2 +at high pt region +are strongly sensitive to the strength of MDI and L, but +hardly influenced by the forms of σNN→N∆. The reason +is that only 6% of NN collisions belong to NN → N∆ +collision in the present studied beam energy [21]. The +values of v2 obtained with the vHama +md +are always lower +than that with vArnold +md +due to the stronger momentum +dependence of vHama +md +than that of vArnold +md +. The calcula- +tions of vn +2 and vch +2 +with vHama +md +are more closed to the +ASY-EOS experiment data than the one obtained with +vArnold +md +, which means that the vHama +md +is favored. Thus, +the following analyzing on the symmetry energy effects +are based on the MDI of vHama +md +. +In addition, both the vn +2 and vch +2 exhibit some sensitiv- +ity to the stiffness of the symmetry energy. As shown in +Fig.3 (c), the values of vn +2 obtained with L = 144 MeV +(stiff) are lower than that with L = 20 MeV (soft) case. +The reason is that the stiff symmetry energy provides +the stronger repulsive force on neutrons at suprasatu- +ration density than that for soft symmetry energy cases. +For charged particles, as shown in panel (d), vch +2 obtained +with stiff symmetry energy case are higher than that with +soft symmetry energy case. This is because the emitted +charged particles are mainly composed of free protons, +which feel stronger attractive interaction for stiff symme- +try energy case than that for soft symmetry energy case +at suprasaturation density. However, vn +2 or vch +2 cannot be +used individually to constrain the symmetry energy, be- +cause both vn +2 and vch +2 +not only depend on the symmetry +energy but also on the MDI and incompressibility. For +example, the calculations with different incompressibility +can lead to different results of the elliptic flow[51]. +To isolate the contributions from the isocalar poten- +tial, vn +2 /vch +2 +ratio was proposed to probe symmetry en- +ergy and several analysis have been performed by using +the UrQMD model or T¨uQMD model[11, 20]. Fig.4 (a) +shows the calculations for vn +2 /vch +2 +as a function of pt/A +obtained with vHama +md +. The symbols are the data points. +The upper two lines are the calculations with L = 144 +MeV, and the lower two lines are for L = 20 MeV. The vi- +olet lines are for S0=30 MeV and red lines are for S0=34 +MeV. The calculations show that vn +2 /vch +2 +is sensitive to +L, especially at the low pt region in which the mean-field +play more important role. The values of vn +2 /vch +2 obtained +with stiff symmetry energy cases are larger than that +with soft symmetry energy case. This behavior can be +understood from Fig.3 (c) and (d). By comparing the +calculations of vn +2 /vch +2 +to ASY-EOS experimental data +and doing a χ2 analysis, one can find the data favored +parameter sets. In our work, the parameter sets are dis- +tinguished by the values of S0 and L. Our conclusion +is that the parameter sets with L = 5 − 70 MeV and +S0 = 30 − 34 MeV can describe the data. +0.30 +0.45 +0.60 +0 +1 +2 +0 +50 +100 +1500 +10 +20 +30 +L=144 MeV +L=20 MeV + ASY-EOS + 197Au+ +197Au Ebeam=0.4A GeV +vn2 / vch +2 + + +pt/A (GeV/c) +(a) +S0=34 MeV +(b) +c +2 + +L(MeV) +S0=30 MeV +FIG. 4. Panel (a) vn +2 /vch +2 +as a function of pt/A for L = 20 +MeV and 144 MeV at S0=30 MeV (violet line) and S0=34 +MeV (red line). The black symbols represent the ASY-EOS +experimental data[11]; (b) χ2 as a function of L with different +S0. +Fig.5 (a) shows the calculated Mπ/Apart as a func- +tion of L with vHama +md +, under different forms of σNN→N∆. +Apart is the nucleon number of the participant, which is +90% of the number of system. The blue lines represent +the calculations obtained with σDefault +NN→N∆ in the UrQMD +model. +By using the σDefault +NN→N∆, Mπ/Apart is underes- +timated by about 30% relative to the data. +This dis- +crepancy can be understood from the underestimation of +NN → N∆ cross sections by using the default formula +σDefault +NN→N∆ in UrQMD model, as shown in Fig. 2. The vi- +olet and red lines represent the results obtained with the +σHub +NN→N∆ at S0 varying from 30 to 34 MeV. The calcu- +lated results of Mπ/Apart fall into the data region since +the σHub +NN→N∆ enhance the cross sections by a factor of +8.56 at 0.4A GeV relative to the default formula. But +Mπ/Apart can not be used to probe L, since Mπ/Apart is +insensitive to L based on the calculations. + +6 +0 +50 +100 +0.00 +0.01 +0.02 +0 +50 +100 +1502.0 +2.5 +3.0 +3.5 + +FOPI +L(MeV) +Mp/Apart +(a) +S0=34 MeV +p +-/p ++ +(b) + sHub + sDefault +L(MeV) +S0=30 MeV +FIG. 5. Mπ/Apart and π−/π+ as a function of L with two +forms of σNN→N∆. +The blue shaded region is the FOPI +data[47]. +The blue dashed lines represent the calculations +obtained with σDefault +NN→N∆, and the violet and red lines are the +calculations with σHub +NN→N∆ for S0 = 30 and 34 MeV. +In Fig.5 (b), we present the calculated ratios π−/π+ as +a function of L with different forms of σNN→N∆. Calcu- +lations show that π−/π+ is sensitive to L for both forms +of σNN→N∆. Even the calculations with σDefault +NN→N∆ can +reproduce the π−/π+ (blue line), one can not believe the +conclusion since the pion multiplicity is underestimated +relative to the data. For the calculations with σHub +NN→N∆, +both the multiplicity of charged pion and its ratio π−/π+ +can be reproduced. By comparing the calculations to the +FOPI data, the parameter sets with L = 5 − 70 MeV are +also favored at S0 = 30 − 34 MeV. +B. +Characteristic density of nucleonic flow +observable and symmetry energy constraints +Before extracting the constraints of symmetry en- +ergy at suprasaturation density with collective flow and +charged pion production, it is interesting to check the +characteristic density probed by charged pion produc- +tion and nucleonic flow observable. For pion observable, +the characteristic density is obtained by averaging the +compressed density with pion production rate and force +acting on ∆s in spatio-temporal domain in our previous +work[21], and the calculations show that the character- +istic density of pion observable is around 1.5±0.5 times +normal density. +For the collective flow of neutrons and charged par- +ticles, the idea of calculating characteristic density is +as same as pion characteristic density in our previ- +ous work[21], but the weight is replaced by momentum +change of nucleons. The momentum changes of nucleons +during the time interval reflect the strength of the driven +force for the collective motion of emitted particles, and +can be used to understand the origins of v1 and v2. In the +following calculations, two kinds of momentum change of +nucleons are used. One is the momentum change in x- +direction, +⟨ρc, flow ⟩|∆px| = +� t1 +t0 Σi +��∆pi +x(t)/∆t +�� ρc(t)dt +� t1 +t0 Σi |∆pix(t)/∆t| dt +(7) +and another is the momentum change in tranverse direc- +tion, +⟨ρc, flow ⟩|∆pt| = +� t1 +t0 Σi +��∆pi +t(t)/∆t +�� ρc(t)dt +� t1 +t0 Σi +��∆pi +t(t)/∆t +�� dt +. +(8) +The summation over i runs over the nucleons belong- +ing to the emitted nucleons and particles. More details, +|∆pi +x/t(t)/∆t| = |(pi +x/t(t) − pi +x/t(t − ∆t))/∆t|, i.e., the +momentum changes of nucleon during the time interval. +ρc(t) is obtained in a spherical region centered at c.m. +of the system and with a radius of 3.35 fm. The region +is used to represent the overlap region in semi-peripheral +collisions of Au+Au. +In Figure.6 (a), we plot the time evolution of the aver- +aged central density ρc(t) for a semi-peripheral collision +of Au+Au. +The averaged central density beyond nor- +mal density from 8 fm/c to 28 fm/c and reaches maxi- +mum values of 1.8ρ0 at 16 fm/c with the interactions we +adopted. For convenience, we use ∆p/∆t to represent the +momentum change per nucleon for nucleons and emitted +particles, i.e., +∆p +∆t = Σi +��∆pi(t)/∆t +�� +N(t) +, +(9) +N(t) is the total number of nucleons in the emitted nucle- +ons and particles. Panel (b) shows the average momen- +tum changes of emitted particles ∆p +∆t as a function of time +in x-direction and transverse direction. It illustrates that +the drastic momentum changes of nucleons occur around +16 fm/c when the participant region reaches the maxi- +mum density. It confirms that nucleonic flow observables +mainly carry the EOS information at high density. Two +forms of symmetry energy are tested, and they did not +change the results dramatically. +By using Eq.(7) and Eq.(8), the characteristic density +for the collective flow are obtained, and they are around +1.2 ± 0.6ρ0. It is consistent with the characteristic den- +sity obtained in the Ref.[52] and Ref.[53], but is smaller +than the characteristic density obtained with pion ob- +servable. Thus, by comparing the calculations of vn +2 /vch +2 +and π−/π+ to data, one can give the constraints of sym- +metry energy at two densities, i.e., 1.2 ρ0 and 1.5 ρ0. The +values of them we got are S(1.2ρ0) = 34 ± 4 MeV and +S(1.5ρ0) = 36 ± 8 MeV, and we present them as black +symbols in Fig.7. +The important point is that the constraints of S(ρ) at +flow characteristic density, i.e., at 1.2ρ0, are consistent +with the analysis of elliptic flow ratios or elliptic flow +difference by UrQMD[10] or T¨uQMD calculations[9, 12] +which are presented by blue symbols. The constraints of + +7 +0 +20 +40 +0 +1 +2 +0 +20 +40 +600.00 +0.02 +time (fm/c) + + +rc/r0 +197Au+ +197Au + 0.4A GeV +(a) + L=20 MeV + L=144 MeV +(b) + Dp + +x/Dt + Dp + +t/Dt +time (fm/c) + +Dp/Dt (GeV/fm) +FIG. 6. +(a) Time evolution of the averaged density in the +center of reaction system, (b) time evolution of momen- +tum changes in x direction ∆px/∆t and transverse direction +∆pt/∆t . +S(ρ) at pion characteristic density, i.e., at 1.5ρ0, is consis- +tent with our previous analysis[21] and constraints from +the analysis of SπRIT by using dcQMD[23] and isospin- +dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (IBUU) [22], +analysis of FOPI data by using T¨uQMD[20], IBUU [15] +and isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Langevian (IBL) [17] +within statistical uncertainties, +except for the con- +straints obtained by Lanzhou quantum molecular dy- +namics (LQMD) model[16]. Furthermore, if we extrap- +olate our constraints to subsaturation density, it also +consists with the one at its characteristic density from +the neutrons to protons yield ratios in HIC (n/p)[54], +isospin diffusion in HIC (isodiff)[55], mass calculated +by the Skyrme[56] and density functional theory (DFT) +theory[57], Isobaric analog state (IAS)[58], electric dipole +polarization αD[59], at their sensitive density, which are +decoded by Lynch and Betty in Ref.[60]. Further, the ex- +trapolated region is also consistent with the results from +theoretical calculation with chiral effective field theory +(χEFT)[61]. +IV. +SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK +In summary, we have investigated the influence of dif- +ferent momentum dependent interactions, symmetry en- +ergy and NN → N∆ cross sections on nucleonic ob- +servables and pion observables, such as vn +1 , vch +1 , vn +2 , +vch +2 , vn +2 /vch +2 , M(π) and π−/π+, with UrQMD model for +Au+Au at the beam energy of 0.4A GeV. Our results +confirm that the elliptic flow of neutrons and charged +particles, i.e. vn +2 and vch +2 , are sensitive to the momentum +dependence potential. The ASY-EOS flow data favors +the calculations with a strong momentum dependent in- +teraction, i.e., vHama +md +. +However, the calculations with +vHama +md +underestimate the pion multiplicity by about 30% +relative to FOPI data if the σDefault +NN→N∆ is adopted. Our +calculations illustrate that the underestimation can be +fixed by considering an accurate NN → N∆ cross sec- +0.0 +0.5 +1.0 +1.5 +2.0 +0 +20 +40 +60 +80 +30 +40 +50 +vn +2/vH +2 , Russotto +vn +2/vH +2 , Wang +vn +2/vp +2 , Cozma +vn +2/vp +2 , Wang +vn +2-vp +2 , Cozma +vn +2-vp +2 , Wang +vn +2/vch +2 , Russotto +vn +2-vH +2 , Wang +vn +2/vH,p,ch +2 +, Cozma + p-/p+, Xiao + p-/p+, Feng + p-/p+, Xie + p-/p+, Cozma + p-/p+, Liu + p-/p+, Yong + p-/p+, Estee + HIC (n/p) + HIC (isodiff) + Mass (skyrme + IAS + Mass (DFT) + aD + PREX-II + Lynch + + cEFT +S(r) (MeV) +r/r0 + + + + + +FIG. 7. +The constrains of the density dependence of symme- +try energy at the collective flow characteristic density 1.2ρ0 +and the pion characteristic density 1.5ρ0. +tions σHub +NN→N∆ in UrQMD model. +Further, the constraints on the symmetry energy at +flow and pion characteristic densities are investigated +with the updated UrQMD model. +The characteristic +density probed by flow is around 1.2ρ0, which is smaller +than the pion characteristic density 1.5ρ0[21]. By simul- +taneously describing the data of vn +2 /vch +2 +and π−/π+ with +UrQMD calculations, the favored effective interaction pa- +rameter sets are obtained and we got the S(1.2ρ0) = +34±4 MeV and S(1.5ρ0) = 36±8 MeV. These results are +consistent with previous analysis by using pion and flow +observable with different transport models, and the con- +sistency suggests that the reliable description of the con- +straints on symmetry energy should be presented at the +characteristic density of isospin sensitive observables. By +using more than one isospin sensitive observables which +have different characteristic densities, the reliable of the +extrapolation of symmetry energy at normal density can +be enhanced. The extrapolated values of L in this work +are in 5−70 MeV within 2σ uncertainty for S0 = 30−34 +MeV, which is below the analysis of PREX-II results with +a specific class of relativistic energy density functional, +but is consistent with the constrains from charged ra- +dius of 54Ni, from the combining astrophysical data with +PREX-II and chiral effective field theory, and the SπRIT +pion data for Sn+Sn at 0.27A GeV. +ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS +The authors thank the discussions on the transport +model and symmetry energy constraints at TMEP weekly +meeting. This work was supported by the National Natu- +ral Science Foundation of China Nos.11875323, 12275359, + +8 +12205377, 11875125, U2032145, 11790320, 11790323, +11790325, and 11961141003, the National Key R&D Pro- +gram of China under Grant No. +2018 YFA0404404, +the Continuous Basic Scientific Research Project (No. +WDJC-2019-13), and the funding of China Institute of +Atomic Energy (No. YZ222407001301), and the Lead- +ing Innovation Project of the CNNC under Grant No. +LC192209000701, No. +LC202309000201. +We acknowl- +edge support by the computing server C3S2 in Huzhou +University. +[1] B. A. Li, L. W. Chen, and C. M. Ko, Phys. Rept. 464, +113 (2008). +[2] C. J. Horowitz, E. F. Brown, Y. Kim, W. G. Lynch, +R. Michaels, A. Ono, J. Piekarewicz, M. B. Tsang, and +H. H. Wolter, J. Phys. G 41, 093001 (2014). +[3] J. M. Lattimer and M. 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Lett. 125, 202702 (2020). + diff --git a/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt b/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..201e802ff2426d4e5b6c4bfa71a399818ca50baa --- /dev/null +++ b/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1131 @@ +filepath=/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf,len=1130 +page_content='Impacts of momentum dependent interaction,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' symmetry energy and near-threshold NN → N∆ cross sections on isospin sensitive flow and pion observables Yangyang Liu,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='1,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ∗ Yingxun Zhang,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='1,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' † Junping Yang,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='1 Yongjia Wang,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='3,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' ‡ Qingfeng Li,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='3,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 4,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' § and Zhuxia Li1 1China Institute of Atomic Energy,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Beijing 102413,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' China 2Guangxi Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Guangxi Normal University,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Guilin,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 541004,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' China 3School of Science,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Huzhou University,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Huzhou 313000,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' China 4Institute of Modern Physics,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Chinese Academy of Sciences,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Lanzhou 730000,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' China (Dated: January 10,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' 2023) Based on the ultra-relativistic quantum molecular dynamics (UrQMD) model,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' the impacts of momentum dependent interaction,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' symmetry energy and near-threshold NN → N∆ cross sections on isospin sensitive collective flow and pion observables are investigated.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Our results confirm that the elliptic flow of neutrons and charged particles, i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' vn 2 and vch 2 , are sensitive to the strength of momentum dependence interaction and the elliptic flow ratio, i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=', vn 2 /vch 2 , is sensitive to the stiffness of symmetry energy.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For describing the pion multiplicity near the threshold energy, accurate NN → N∆ cross sections are crucial.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' With the updated momentum dependent interaction and NN → N∆ cross sections in UrQMD model, seven observables, such as directed flow and elliptic flow of neutrons and charged particles, the elliptic flow ratio of neutrons to charged particles, charged pion multiplicity and its ratio π−/π+, can be well described by the parameter sets with the slope of symmetry energy from 5 MeV to 70 MeV.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To describe the constraints of symmetry energy at the densities probed by the collective flow and pion observables, the named characteristic density is investigated and used.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Our analysis found that the flow characteristic density is around 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='2ρ0 and pion characteristic density is around 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='5ρ0, and we got the constrains of symmetry energy at characteristic densities are S(1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='2ρ0) = 34 ± 4 MeV and S(1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='5ρ0) = 36 ± 8 MeV.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' These results are consistent with previous analysis by using pion and flow observable with different transport models, and demonstrate a reasonable description of symmetry energy constraint should be presented at the characteristic density of isospin sensitive observables.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' I.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' INTRODUCTION The isospin asymmetric nuclear equation of state is crucial for understanding the isospin asymmetric objects, such as the structure of neutron-rich nuclei, mechanism of neutron-rich heavy ion collisions, the properties of neu- tron stars including neutron star mergers and core col- lapse supernovae[1–4].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The symmetric part of isospin asymmetric equation of state has been well constrained by using the flow and Kaon condensation[5].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' However, the symmetry energy away from the normal density still have large uncertainty, and it leads that the constraint of symmetry energy becomes one of the important goal in nuclear physics[6, 7].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The ultimate goal of symmetry energy constraint is to obtain the density dependence of symmetry energy over a wide range, and many efforts have been devoted to con- strain the symmetry energy from subsaturation density to suprasaturation density.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For probing the symmetry energy at suprasaturation density, the isospin sensitive observables in heavy ion collisions (HICs), such as the ratio of elliptic flow of neutrons to charged particles, hy- drogen isotopes or protons (vn 2 /vch 2 , vn 2 /vH 2 or vn 2 /vp 2)[8– 12] and the multiplicity ratio of charged pions (i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=', ∗ liuyangyang@ciae.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='ac.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='cn † zhyx@ciae.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='ac.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='cn ‡ wangyongjia@zjhu.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='edu.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='cn § liqf@zjhu.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='edu.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='cn M(π−)/M(π+) or named as π−/π+)[13–23], were mainly used.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' By comparing the calculations to transverse- momentum-dependent or integrated FOPI/LAND and ASY-EOS elliptic flow data of nucleons and hydrogen isotopes, a moderately soft to linear symmetry energy is obtained with UrQMD[8, 10, 11] and T¨ubingen quan- tum molecular dynamics (T¨uQMD) models[9].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The lower limit of the slope of symmetry energy L obtained with the flow ratio data is L > 60 MeV[24], which overlaps with the upper limits of the constraints from nuclear structure and isospin diffusion, i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=', L ≈ 60±20 MeV[25–27].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' How- ever, the constraints of symmetry energy from π−/π+ show strong model dependence[15–21, 28], and the ex- tracted L values ranges from 5 MeV to 144 MeV.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' It may be caused by the different treatments on the nucleonic potential, ∆ potential, threshold effects, pion potential, Pauli blocking, in-medium cross sections and so on, and also by the different numerical technical for solving the transport equations.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' To reduce the model dependence and enhance the reli- ability of the constraints of symmetry energy, especially at suprasaturation density, the transport model evalu- ations are required.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The transport model evaluation project has made important progress on benchmarking the treatment of particle-particle collision[29, 30] and nucleonic mean field potential[31] in both Boltzmann- Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) type and Quantum molecu- lar dynamics (QMD) type models.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For simulating the collisions or decay of resonance particles, the time-step- arXiv:2301.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='03066v1 [nucl-th] 8 Jan 2023 2 free method is suggested[29, 30] since this method au- tomatically determine whether the resonance will col- lide or decay according to their collision time or decay time.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In the UrQMD model, the time-step-free method is adopted in the collision part[29, 30], and the nucleonic potential is also involved for extending its applications in low-intermediate energy HICs[10, 21].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This model has been successfully used to study the HICs from low- intermediate energy to high energies[10, 21, 24, 32, 33].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Another method to reduce the model uncertainties is si- multaneously describing the observables data (or named doing combination analysis), such as isospin sensitive col- lective flow and pion observables.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' For the combination analysis on the isospin sensitive nucleonic and pion ob- servables, there were few works to simultaneously inves- tigate them except the T¨uQMD model[20] as far as we know.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Thus, it will be interesting to do combination analysis on nucleonic and pion observables back-to-back by the UrQMD model for increasing the reliability of the constraints of symmetry energy in the community.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In previous analysis on the neutrons to protons or to hydrogen isotopes elliptic flow ratios[10] or π−/π+ ratios[21] by UrQMD model, the momentum dependent interaction (MDI) form, i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=', t4 ln2(1+t5(p1−p2)2)δ(r1− r2), was used.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This form was extracted from the Arnold’s optical potential data [34, 35].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In 1990’s, the real part of the global Dirac optical potential (Schr¨odinger equiv- alent potential) was published by Hama et al.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' [36], in which angular distribution and polarization quantities in proton-nucleus elastic scattering were analyzed in the range of 10 MeV to 1 GeV.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The Hama’s data generated Lorentzian-type momentum-dependent interaction [35], which give a stronger momentum dependent potential than the Arnold’s form at high momentum, have been used in many version of transport models[37–42] for studying high energy HICs.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In another, the cross sections of NN → N∆ channel, i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=',σNN→N∆, used in UrQMD model are obtained by fitting CERN data [43], and the fitting formula underestimate σNN→N∆ near the thresh- old energy which will be shown in Figure 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Thus, the refinements of MDI and formula of NN → N∆ cross section σNN→N∆ near the threshold are necessary for si- multaneously describing the flow and pion observables.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In this work, we will address these issues with the UrQMD model and investigate their influence on nucle- onic flow and pion observables.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Further, the constraints of symmetry energy at suprasaturation density are dis- cussed with the updated version of UrQMD model.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The paper is organized as follows: in Sect.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='II, we briefly intro- duce the nucleonic potential, momentum dependent in- teraction and refined cross sections of NN → N∆ chan- nel.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In Set.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='III, the impacts of momentum dependent in- teraction, symmetry energy and refined NN → N∆ cross sections on flow and pion observables are presented and discussed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' By comparing the calculations with the ASY- EOS flow data and FOPI pion data, the constraints of symmetry energy at characteristic density are discussed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Sec.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='IV is the summary of this work.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' II.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' URQMD MODEL The version of UrQMD model we used is the same as that in Ref.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' [21], in which the cross sections of N∆ → NN channel are replaced with a more delicate form by considering the ∆-mass dependence of the M-matrix in the calculation of N∆ → NN cross section[44].' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' This version has been successfully used to describe the FOPI experimental data of multiplicity and ratio of charged pion[21], but did not use to simultaneously describe the pion and flow observables.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' Since we focus on the effects of different forms of MDI, symmetry energy, and cross sections of NN → N∆, we briefly introduce them in the following.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The nucleonic potential energy U is calculated from the potential energy density, i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=', U = � ud3r.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The u reads as u = α 2 ρ2 ρ0 + β η + 1 ρη+1 ρη 0 (1) +gsur 2ρ0 (∇ρ)2 + gsur,iso ρ0 [∇(ρn − ρp)]2 +umd + usym.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The parameters α, β, and η are related to the two, three- body interaction term.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The third and fourth terms are isospin independent and isospin dependent surface term, respectively.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The umd is from the MDI term, and we will adopt two forms in this work.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The usym is the symmetry energy term.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' The energy density associated with the MDI, i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=', umd, is calculated according to the following relationship, umd = � ij � d3p1d3p2fi (⃗r, ⃗p1) fj (⃗r, ⃗p2) vmd(∆p12).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' (2) The form of vmd(∆p12) is assumed as, vmd(∆p12) = t4 ln2(1 + t5∆p2 12) + C, (3) where ∆p12 = |p1 − p2|, and the parameters t4, t5 and C are obtained by fitting the data of the real part of optical potential.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/39E1T4oBgHgl3EQfSgNA/content/2301.03066v1.pdf'} +page_content=' In details, we fit the data of real part of nucleon-nucleus optical potential Vmd(p) according to the following ansatz, Vmd(p1) = � p2