[ { "en": "Tom says that he'll never do that.", "ber": "Inna Tom is ur sar yad inni ad issker ayann." }, { "en": "I don't often wear makeup.", "ber": "ur a bahra tgga\u0263 amakyaj" }, { "en": "The robbers dropped whatever he had and ran in different directions.", "ber": "srsn akk\u02b7 imakrn aylli darsn illan rwln s kraygat tasga." }, { "en": "Tom is a bad cook.", "ber": "amnwal ixcnn ad iga tum." }, { "en": "I am reading a book in the library.", "ber": "ar aqqra\u0263 adlis \u0263 tamka\u1e5b\u1e0dit" }, { "en": "I read two books a week.", "ber": "ar aggra\u0263 sin n edlisen \u0263 imalass" }, { "en": "Excuse me.", "ber": "ssurfi" }, { "en": "Tom said that he needed to do that before he left.", "ber": "inna tum ad ig aya smd ad iddu." }, { "en": "It's obvious that she doesn't love her husband.", "ber": "iban is ur da ttira argaz nns." }, { "en": "Tom returned before 2:30.", "ber": "yu\u0263ul d tum smd 2:30." }, { "en": "Where did the money go?", "ber": "mani sg kkan idrimn?" }, { "en": "Sami read that book.", "ber": "da iqqar sami adlis nni." }, { "en": "I don't think you want to hear about my problems.", "ber": "ur nni\u0263 txsd ad tslld i imukrisn inu." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't know how much we need his help.", "ber": "ur issin tun mcta ayd nra tiwisi nns." }, { "en": "I don't want you to quit your job.", "ber": "ur k ri\u0263 ad tfld tawuri nnk." }, { "en": "That's what he was afraid of.", "ber": "aya as sg igg\u02b7d." }, { "en": "I work five days a week.", "ber": "da swuri\u0263 smmus n wussan g yimalass." }, { "en": "She's used to going to the museum on Sundays.", "ber": "tnnum tggur \u0263r tsnni\u0263t." }, { "en": "Tom owns both of them.", "ber": "tum iga ba nsn s sin." }, { "en": "Tom isn't a student.", "ber": "ur iga tum d anlmad." }, { "en": "Just because you didn't know about it doesn't mean it is a lie.", "ber": "maci hlli ur t tssind d ixarriqn." }, { "en": "She allowed him to kiss her.", "ber": "tajj t ad tt issudm." }, { "en": "Everyone's talking about it.", "ber": "ssawaln \u0263ifs akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "Don't let him scream.", "ber": "ad ur t ttajj ad iss\u0263uy." }, { "en": "Music is my life.", "ber": "a\u1e93awan d tudart inu." }, { "en": "Thank you for your help. \"No problem.\"", "ber": "tanmmirt xf twisi nnk. \"ula max.\"" }, { "en": "Why don't we talk about this tomorrow?", "ber": "maymi ur \u0263ifs nssawal askka?" }, { "en": "I would like to know why women live longer than men.", "ber": "xs\u0263 ad isin\u0263 maymi ttdrnt tm\u0263arin ugan n irgazn." }, { "en": "Oh", "ber": " look", "null": [ " they're kissing.", "ar", " \u1e93\u1e5b", " da ttmsudamn." ] }, { "en": "They all smiled.", "ber": "smrnsn akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "What can I tell Tom?", "ber": "ma \u0263a ini\u0263 i tum?" }, { "en": "I go to Australia every October.", "ber": "da ttddu\u0263 \u0263r ust\u1e5balya akk ktub\u1e5b." }, { "en": "I might not leave early.", "ber": "zmr\u0263 ur ttff\u0263 zik." }, { "en": "How did you know I grew up in Boston?", "ber": "mas tssnd mqqr\u0263 g bustun?" }, { "en": "Layla will come back and kill us.", "ber": "ad tdwl layla ad a\u0263 tn\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom went back to Australia in 2013.", "ber": "idwl tum \u0263r ust\u1e5balya g 2013." }, { "en": "I currently live in Beijing.", "ber": "da zdd\u0263e\u0263 d\u0263i g bikin." }, { "en": "Why have you forgotten the word?", "ber": "maymi tettud taguri?" }, { "en": "Do you know where she was born?", "ber": "is tssnd mani tlul?" }, { "en": "Do you remember how we got here?", "ber": "is tktid mamk d yus \u0263r da?" }, { "en": "Tom and I are lawyers.", "ber": "nkk d tum d imstann." }, { "en": "Answer him.", "ber": "rar \u0263ifs." }, { "en": "I had to get back home.", "ber": "ix\u1e63 ad dwl\u0263 \u0263r taddart." }, { "en": "He can speak ten languages.", "ber": "izmr ad issiwl mraw n tutlayin." }, { "en": "I need to tell Tom the news.", "ber": "ix\u1e63 ad ini\u0263 in\u0263misn i tum." }, { "en": "Their religion is not a good one.", "ber": "ur i\u0263udi usgd nnsn." }, { "en": "Tom wants to work with me.", "ber": "ixs tum ad iswuri akidi." }, { "en": "I am speaking Osmani.", "ber": "ssawal\u0263 tusmanit." }, { "en": "I don't want her here.", "ber": "ur tt ri\u0263 da." }, { "en": "Tom has told me he wants to write a book.", "ber": "inna iyi tum ira ad yari yan udlis." }, { "en": "I tried to find you.", "ber": "urm\u0263 ad k af\u0263." }, { "en": "We waited with Tom.", "ber": "n\u1e5bja tum." }, { "en": "When did you start teaching French?", "ber": "maymi tsntid aslmd n tfransist?" }, { "en": "Tom's got to eat something.", "ber": "ix\u1e63 ad icc tum kra." }, { "en": "I'll go myself.", "ber": "ad ddu\u0263 s yixf inu." }, { "en": "If I leave now", "ber": " I should be home by 2:30.", "null": [ "mk ddi\u0263 d\u0263i. ad ili\u0263 g taddart akd 2:30." ] }, { "en": "Sami doesn't even know what to say.", "ber": "ur issin sami min \u0263a yini." }, { "en": "Mennad has a dog.", "ber": "illa waydi \u0263r mnnad." }, { "en": "The island is uninhabited.", "ber": "ur tettwazd\u0263 tgzirt." }, { "en": "Tom knows you can speak French.", "ber": "issn tum is tzmrd ad tssiwld tafransist." }, { "en": "I gave you what you asked for.", "ber": "fki\u0263 ak min tssutrd." }, { "en": "Tom is alive!", "ber": "iddr tum!" }, { "en": "Can you tell us your name?", "ber": "is tzmrd ad a\u0263 tinid ism nnk?" }, { "en": "Sami couldn't sleep.", "ber": "ur izmir sami ad ign?" }, { "en": "She told me that she cried.", "ber": "tnna ayi tru." }, { "en": "The old man approached.", "ber": "yudsd urgaz awssar." }, { "en": "What was Tom afraid of?", "ber": "minzi igg\u02b7d tum?" }, { "en": "I am going out this afternoon.", "ber": "ad ff\u0263e\u0263 tamddit a." }, { "en": "Don't steal honey from bees!", "ber": "ad ur ttakr tammemt sg tzizwa!" }, { "en": "Mary is a farmer", "ber": " isn't she?", "null": [ "tga mary taflla\u1e25t", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "They say they're thirsty.", "ber": "nnan ak ffudn." }, { "en": "Tom said he'd find Mary.", "ber": "inna tum ad yaf mari." }, { "en": "That won't stop Tom.", "ber": "aynn ur isbiddid tum." }, { "en": "Tom didn't have a job last year.", "ber": "ur tkka twuri \u0263r tum az\u0263at." }, { "en": "You must wait for the next bus.", "ber": "ix\u1e63 ad trajid ansmaddu an\u1e0dfa\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Sami went to meet Layla.", "ber": "tdda sami ad tmniggir akd layla." }, { "en": "The boy playing the saxophone is Tom.", "ber": "arba nna ittirarn asaksufun iga tum." }, { "en": "I'll leave.", "ber": "ad ddu\u0263." }, { "en": "I'd like to pay by check.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad xll\u1e63\u0263 s ucik." }, { "en": "Sami wanted to know who did that.", "ber": "ira sami ad yisin min igan aya." }, { "en": "Yes.", "ber": "yah" }, { "en": "I don't know.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263." }, { "en": "I have to go to bed.", "ber": "ix\u1e63 ad ddu\u0263 ad gn\u0263." }, { "en": "What?", "ber": "matta?" }, { "en": "Why?", "ber": "maymi?" }, { "en": "Dead?", "ber": "immut?" }, { "en": "Tom", "ber": " get up!", "null": [ "tum", " kkr!" ] }, { "en": "She didn't yell at him.", "ber": "ur \u0263ifs ts\u0263y." }, { "en": "I hope you'll say yes.", "ber": "sitm\u0263 ad tini yah." }, { "en": "They are in class.", "ber": "llan g tm\u0263rit." }, { "en": "Mennad was crying in the video.", "ber": "ikka ittru mnnad g ufidyu." }, { "en": "Tom didn't want to wait.", "ber": "ur ixs tum ad iraja." }, { "en": "Ajay is poor.", "ber": "ajay d am\u1e93lu\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Does she smoke?", "ber": "is ttkmmu?" }, { "en": "Tom likes to be here.", "ber": "ittira tum ad da yili." }, { "en": "Cows eat grass \u2014 no gluten!", "ber": "ttett tfunast tuga -- maci aglutn!" }, { "en": "I have read a book.", "ber": "\u0263ri\u0263 yan udlis." }, { "en": "The girls talked about fashion.", "ber": "tssiwl trbat xf tamu\u1e0dt." }, { "en": "Now it's your problem.", "ber": "d\u0263i wa d amukris nnk." }, { "en": "I don't want Tom there.", "ber": "ur ri\u0263 tum da." }, { "en": "Tom told me not to eat this.", "ber": "inna iyi tum ur ttett\u0263 aya." }, { "en": "I call Algeria home.", "ber": "qqar\u0263 i dzayr tamazirt." }, { "en": "We were really cold.", "ber": "in\u0263a a\u0263 u\u1e63mmi\u1e0d s tidt." }, { "en": "Where are my pants?", "ber": "mani asrwal inu?" }, { "en": "What made them mad?", "ber": "may tn yajjn xyqn?" }, { "en": "Without money", "ber": " he could do nothing.", "null": [ "bla idrimn", " ur izmir ad ig kra." ] }, { "en": "Dad", "ber": " Maria hit me!", "null": [ "baba", " tut ayi mariya!" ] }, { "en": "You expect a lot", "ber": " don't you?", "null": [ "tettrajid a\u1e6d\u1e6das", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "What is the title of this movie?", "ber": "matta n wzwl n usaru a?" }, { "en": "I love Islam.", "ber": "ttxs islam." }, { "en": "I played tennis with Tom yesterday.", "ber": "rar\u0263 attinis akd tum assnna\u1e6d." }, { "en": "He isn't coming back", "ber": " is he?", "null": [ "ur d idgg\u02b7l", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "Tom learnt that Mary had left the school.", "ber": "issn tum is tff\u0263 mari sg tinml." }, { "en": "We were in Boston last summer.", "ber": "nkka g bus\u1e6dun anbdu amggaru." }, { "en": "I don't know what to write here.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 mayd da \u0263a ara\u0263." }, { "en": "Oh", "ber": " if only that were true!", "null": [ "ah", " hli mara ikka aya d tidt!" ] }, { "en": "They invited their friends to dinner.", "ber": "\u0263rin i ymddukkal nnsn \u0263r umnsi." }, { "en": "I opened the cage.", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93m\u0263 iskni." }, { "en": "Tom is coming over on Monday.", "ber": "ad yas tum aynas." }, { "en": "You hit her in the head.", "ber": "tutid tt \u0263r yixf." }, { "en": "How was your trip to Boston?", "ber": "mamk izri umuddu nnk \u0263r bus\u1e6dun?" }, { "en": "Do you like apples?", "ber": "is ttirid tidffuyin?" }, { "en": "I'm not his type.", "ber": "nkk maci d anaw nns." }, { "en": "China has more than a billion inhabitants.", "ber": "illa \u0263r cinwa uggar n umlya\u1e5b n imzda\u0263n." }, { "en": "There's something on the table.", "ber": "illa kra xf tdabut." }, { "en": "You may have as much as you want.", "ber": "asi aynna trid." }, { "en": "I gave one to Tom", "ber": " too.", "null": [ "ula d tum fki\u0263 ijj." ] }, { "en": "This is sand.", "ber": "wa d ijdi." }, { "en": "You wash yourself.", "ber": "tssiridd." }, { "en": "Why don't you just forget it?", "ber": "maymi ur ttettud?" }, { "en": "He hid his face in his hands.", "ber": "iffr udm nns dg ifassn nns." }, { "en": "Leave it to me!", "ber": "ajji t!" }, { "en": "She returned the shirt because it was too small.", "ber": "trra akrbas acku im\u1e93\u1e93i a\u1e6d\u1e6das." }, { "en": "Drive!", "ber": "ndh!" }, { "en": "Let him go hungry.", "ber": "ajj t ad illu\u1e93." }, { "en": "I haven't eaten for a couple of days.", "ber": "ur cci\u0263 sin wussan ayad" }, { "en": "Tom watched TV until he fell asleep.", "ber": "iqqz tum \u0263 ttilifizyun aylli\u0263 t yiwi yi\u1e0d\u1e63." }, { "en": "Sami sent Layla a picture of his penis.", "ber": "yuzn sami i layla tawlaft n uba\u1e93\u1e93a nns." }, { "en": "What does the cat want?", "ber": "mad ira umucc ?" }, { "en": "Hang on tight.", "ber": "am\u1e93 g ixf nnk mzyan" }, { "en": "She was out when I called.", "ber": "tkka tt inn g brra lli\u0263 as \u0263ri\u0263." }, { "en": "Where was he born and raised?", "ber": "mani g d inkr ?" }, { "en": "Tom didn't run fast enough to catch the bus.", "ber": "ur yuzzl tum mzyan afad ad i\u0263\u02b7i \u1e6d\u1e6dubis" }, { "en": "I'm making a movie.", "ber": "ar skar\u0263 yan ufilm." }, { "en": "I'll tell them tomorrow.", "ber": "rad asn ini\u0263 azkka." }, { "en": "Who knows how this day will end.", "ber": "ma issn mamk s rad ikmml wass ad." }, { "en": "She has two cats. One is white and one is black.", "ber": "t\u1e6d\u1e6daf sin imucciwn. yan d umlil d yan d asggan" }, { "en": "How many people do you work with?", "ber": "mnck n yan ad da tswurit ?" }, { "en": "It's an excellent idea", "ber": " I think.", "null": [ "tawngimt ifulkin ayad", " \u1e25aqqan." ] }, { "en": "Let's have lunch together.", "ber": "yallah ad ncrk tirmt." }, { "en": "His son is a student in New York.", "ber": "iwis iga anlmad g nuyurk." }, { "en": "Your brother is waiting for you", "ber": " Charles.", "null": [ "carl", " ha t g\u02b7mak ar sik ittqql." ] }, { "en": "He wrote them.", "ber": "yura tn." }, { "en": "Sami wants to see that.", "ber": "sami ira ad i\u1e93\u1e5b mayad." }, { "en": "China is a good place to be as an Arabic teacher.", "ber": "ccinwa iga yan ud\u0263ar ifulkin ad gis tilit i\u0263 tgit aslmad n t\u025brabt" }, { "en": "Did you already know that?", "ber": "is yadlli tssnt mayad ?" }, { "en": "Let me talk to her alone.", "ber": "ajj iyi ad sis sawl\u0263 wa\u1e25du a\u0263" }, { "en": "Tom said Mary has always lived in Boston.", "ber": "inna tum mas d mari tzd\u0263 bdda g bu\u1e63\u1e6din." }, { "en": "Many Algerian areas lack access to clean water.", "ber": "tugt n tmna\u1e0din tidzayriyin ur darsnt aman n tissi." }, { "en": "I'm from Tennessee.", "ber": "gi\u0263 zg tinnissi." }, { "en": "Tom told me to wait here.", "ber": "inna iyi tum ad qql\u0263 g \u0263id." }, { "en": "I'd like to kiss you.", "ber": "rad iri\u0263 ad km ssudm\u0263." }, { "en": "Have you ever traveled alone?", "ber": "is jjun tmmuddid i wa\u1e0du nnk?" }, { "en": "My father suffers from osteoporosis.", "ber": "baba ar t ttmrratn ixsan rfufan as." }, { "en": "When I left the shopping center", "ber": " the car wasn't where I had left it.", "null": [ "llig d ffu\u0263\u0263 g wammas nsbab", " ur sul tqqama thirit g ud\u0263ar lli g tt fl\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Tom should've spoken French.", "ber": "illa yadlli f tum ad isawl s tf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "I know Tom meant to do that.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 tum is ira ad iskr mayann." }, { "en": "Tom told me he thought Mary was terrified.", "ber": "inna iyi tum mas i\u0263al is tgg\u02b7d mari." }, { "en": "Tom is the team manager.", "ber": "tum ayd igan anmhal n trbi\u025bt." }, { "en": "Mennad was living together with Baya and their six children.", "ber": "ikka tt inn manad iddr d baya d \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63 tarwa nnsn." }, { "en": "Mennad was living together with Baya and their six children.", "ber": "manad tu\u0263a t ittidir akd baya d \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63 tarwa nnsn." }, { "en": "She cannot have turned down his offer.", "ber": "ur as tufi ad tag\u02b7i askan nns." }, { "en": "Tom treated Mary like a queen.", "ber": "iskr tum \u0263 mari zun d tagllidt." }, { "en": "How often do you have parties?", "ber": "mnnawt tikkal ad dark tiffugliwin." }, { "en": "Congratulations!", "ber": "ayyuz" }, { "en": "Congratulations!", "ber": "ayyuz!" }, { "en": "Action!", "ber": "tigawt!" }, { "en": "Wrong.", "ber": "azgal." }, { "en": "Wrong.", "ber": "tazglt." }, { "en": "Wow!", "ber": "waw!" }, { "en": "Wow!", "ber": "ayyay!" }, { "en": "Welcome.", "ber": "ansuf." }, { "en": "Welcome.", "ber": "brrk." }, { "en": "Certainly.", "ber": "s min turda" }, { "en": "Action!", "ber": "g!" }, { "en": "Actions speak louder than words.", "ber": "igitn ad itt\u1e63kun ur d awal." }, { "en": "Tom has plenty of problems.", "ber": "llan tugt n imukri\u0263ur \u1e6dum" }, { "en": "Tom has no time to do that today.", "ber": "ur tlli tizi dar \u1e6dum \u1e25ma ad ig aynn assa a." }, { "en": "Thanks for your hospitality.", "ber": "tanmmirt \u0263f usnubg nnk." }, { "en": "Thanks for your hospitality.", "ber": "tanmmirt \u0263f usnubg nnm." }, { "en": "Thanks for your hospitality.", "ber": "tanmmirt \u0263f usnubg nnunt" }, { "en": "Thanks for your hospitality.", "ber": "tanmmirt \u0263f usnubg nnun." }, { "en": "What do you want to know about my job?", "ber": "ma ad trid ad t tisind \u0263f twuri inu?" }, { "en": "God has chosen Sami tonight.", "ber": "yiwi \u1e5bbbi sami g yi\u1e0d a." }, { "en": "God has chosen Sami tonight.", "ber": "yuwi \u1e5bbbi sami g yi\u1e0d a." }, { "en": "Tom is also from Australia", "ber": " isn't he?", "null": [ "\u1e6dum awd ntta sg ust\u1e5balya", " n\u0263 d uhu?" ] }, { "en": "He worked in Belgium.", "ber": "iswuri g bljika." }, { "en": "I've got a book.", "ber": "\u0263uri yan udlis." }, { "en": "When I got out of prison", "ber": " my ex-wife and I got remarried.", "null": [ "ntahl da\u0263 nkk d tnallaft inu alli\u0263 d ff\u0263\u0263 sg ubniq." ] }, { "en": "When I got out of prison", "ber": " my ex-wife and I got remarried.", "null": [ "niwl di\u0263 nkk d tnallaft inu alli\u0263 d ff\u0263\u0263 sg ubniq." ] }, { "en": "Did Tom drink all the wine?", "ber": "is d iswa akk\u02b7 \u1e6dum anzir?" }, { "en": "Tom said Mary needs to do that today.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum tusr mari ad tg ayinn ass a." }, { "en": "Tom said Mary needs to do that today.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum tusr mari ad tskr ayinn ass a." }, { "en": "The kids shouldn't see their father like this.", "ber": "ur d iqqan ad \u1e93\u1e5bin wazzann babatsn mka." }, { "en": "The kids shouldn't see their father like this.", "ber": "ur d iqqan ad \u1e93\u1e5bin wazzann babatsn g wddad am wa." }, { "en": "The kids shouldn't see their father like this.", "ber": "ur iliq ad \u1e93\u1e5bin icirran babatsn g am waddad a." }, { "en": "Ziri is kissing Rima.", "ber": "ar issudum ziri rima." }, { "en": "Ziri is kissing Rima.", "ber": "da issudum ziri rima." }, { "en": "Sami didn't kill himself.", "ber": "ur in\u0263i sami i\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "Sami didn't kill himself.", "ber": "ur in\u0263i sami ixf nns." }, { "en": "I was at Harvard the same time Tom and Mary were.", "ber": "lli\u0263 g ha\u1e5bfrd tizi lli nit dgs illa \u1e6dum d mari." }, { "en": "Is your job dangerous?", "ber": "is tga twuri nnk timizit?" }, { "en": "Is your job dangerous?", "ber": "is tga twuri nnm timizit?" }, { "en": "Is your job dangerous?", "ber": "is tga twuri nnun timizit?" }, { "en": "Is your job dangerous?", "ber": "is tga twuri nnunt timizit?" }, { "en": "You were both wrong \u2013 you and your brother.", "ber": "tzglm s sin \u2013 kyy ula g\u02b7mak." }, { "en": "He knows it.", "ber": "issn t." }, { "en": "Is this word known in your dialect?", "ber": "is tettyawssan tguri ad g tntala nnk?" }, { "en": "Is this word known in your dialect?", "ber": "is tettyawssan tguri ad g tntala nnm?" }, { "en": "Is this word known in your dialect?", "ber": "is tettyawssan tguri ad g tntala nnunt?" }, { "en": "Is this word known in your dialect?", "ber": "is tettyawssan tguri ad g tntala nnun?" }, { "en": "Sami bought a bottle of wine.", "ber": "is\u0263a sami yat t\u1e5b\u1e5b\u1e0dumt n unzir." }, { "en": "He works at Tatoeba.", "ber": "ar iswuri g tatuba." }, { "en": "He works at Tatoeba.", "ber": "da iswuri g tatuba" }, { "en": "I need to go to Australia next month.", "ber": "usr\u0263 ad ddu\u0263 \u0263r ust\u1e5balya ayyur d iddan." }, { "en": "I read that book a long time ago.", "ber": "\u0263ri\u0263 adlis ann wahli mnck aya." }, { "en": "Sami didn't want that money anymore.", "ber": "ur yad iri sami idrimn ann." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't think Mary would allow me to do that.", "ber": "ur i\u0263al \u1e6dum is rad iyi tajj mari ad skr\u0263 aya." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't think Mary would allow me to do that.", "ber": "ur i\u0263al \u1e6dum is rad iyi tajj mari ad gg\u0263 ayinn." }, { "en": "He said he wanted to write a book.", "ber": "inna ira ad yara yan udlis." }, { "en": "When I got out of prison", "ber": " my ex-wife and I got remarried.", "null": [ "lli\u0263 d ffu\u0263 sg abniq", "nik d tmallaft inu nrcel da\u0263." ] }, { "en": "You should start off your day with a good breakfast.", "ber": "iqqan d ad tssentit ass nek s u\u0263ujjr icwan." }, { "en": "I quit my job and moved so I could start off with a clean slate.", "ber": "fle\u0263 tawuri nu d mmutti\u0263 bac ad ssenti\u0263 s taflwit i\u1e63f\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "Do you want to learn science with ease? Start off by learning your language.", "ber": "is trid ad tlemd-t- tamassant s t\u0263arast irxan? ssenti s tutlayt nk." }, { "en": "I start off my day with a large mug of coffee.", "ber": "ar ssenti\u0263 ass nu s yan uqbuc mqqurn n t\u0263llust." }, { "en": "Start off on the green light.", "ber": "ddu akud nna ter\u0263a tifawt tazgzawt." }, { "en": "Let's start off on the same page.", "ber": "ajjat a\u0263 a nssenti g yat tifrt." }, { "en": "There's nothing better than a good cup of coffee to start off the day.", "ber": "ur illi ma yufn a tssentit ass nk abla yan uqbuc n t\u0263llust." }, { "en": "Let's not start off on the wrong foot by arguing about whose college was better.", "ber": "ajj ata\u0263 ad ur nssenti s u\u1e0da\u1e5b a\u1e93elma\u1e0d akud lli\u0263 ar nt\u1e93i man asinan lli bahra ifulkin." }, { "en": "Tom took the cable car.", "ber": "tum issuda tihirit itddun s ifalan n umidak." }, { "en": "Some students take the cable car.", "ber": "kra n inlmadn ar tsudun tihirit itddun s ifalan n umidak." }, { "en": "What a nice cable-car this is!", "ber": "menck as tfulki tihirit ad lli itddan s ifalan n umidak." }, { "en": "We went up the mountain by cable car.", "ber": "nuli \u0263r adrar s tihirit itddan s ifalan n uimidak." }, { "en": "Tom took the cable car up the mountain.", "ber": "tum issuda tihirit itddan s ifalan n umidak \u0263r aflla n udrar." }, { "en": "A cable car is a type of vehicle.", "ber": "tihirit itddan s ifalan n umidak tga yan wanaw n tmssudutin." }, { "en": "I'd like to ride the cable car", "ber": " but I'm afraid of heights.", "null": [ "ri\u0263 ad ssudu\u0263 tihirit itddan s ifalan n umidak ", "mac k\u1e63u\u1e0d\u0263 tattuyt." ] }, { "en": "He's a florist.", "ber": "ntta iga bu ijddign." }, { "en": "Tom is a florist.", "ber": "tum iga bu ijddign." }, { "en": "I'm a florist.", "ber": "nek gi\u0263 bu ijddign." }, { "en": "Mary is a florist.", "ber": "mari tga mmu ijddign." }, { "en": "Is Tom a florist?", "ber": "izd tum iga bu ijddign?" }, { "en": "Ziri is a florist.", "ber": "ziri iga bu ijddign." }, { "en": "Ziri became a florist.", "ber": "ziri yu\u0263al iga bu ijddign." }, { "en": "Sami was our family florist.", "ber": "sami ikkatn iga bu ijddign n twacult nne\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom isn't a florist.", "ber": "tum ur igi bu ijddign." }, { "en": "Sami was the florist for our wedding.", "ber": "sami iga bu ijddign n tm\u0263ra nne\u0263." }, { "en": "Sami made an appointment with the florist.", "ber": "sami iskr almuqqar d bu ijddign." }, { "en": "Tom used to work as a florist.", "ber": "tum ikkatn ar iswuri am bu ijddign." }, { "en": "A florist is a person who sells flowers.", "ber": "bu ijddign igat walli izzenzan ijddign." }, { "en": "Stop by the florist's to buy some roses.", "ber": "bid dar bu ijddign a ts\u0263t kra n ijddign." }, { "en": "I know Tom doesn't want to be a florist like his father.", "ber": "ssen\u0263 tum is ur iri ad ig bu ijddign am babas." }, { "en": "I know that Tom doesn't want to be a florist like his father.", "ber": "ssen\u0263 izd tum ur iri ad ig bu ijddign zund babas." }, { "en": "Turning the tide", "ber": " you are on the incoming wave.", "null": [ "akud nna ra tsnifelt aluffuy", "ra tilit g ta\u1e6d\u1e6danga lli d yuckan." ] }, { "en": "Incoming mail can be sorted by name", "ber": " date", "null": [ " or title.", "tibratin lli d yuckan \u1e93\u1e0darn t ad tyaw\u1e93laynt s assa\u0263", "azemz", "azwil." ] }, { "en": "Incoming!", "ber": "lli d yuckan !" }, { "en": "Yanni almost ran into an incoming car.", "ber": "\u025blayn ad ur yut yanni yat tihirit lli d yuckan." }, { "en": "It was pitch-black.", "ber": "tga bahra tasggant am i\u0263 tjder." }, { "en": "Western Europe is too divided to challenge Russia militarily.", "ber": "uruba tataramt tb\u1e0da bahra bac a tbidd i isrdas n rusya." }, { "en": "Ziri is ugly. \"What can he do about it? He didn't create himself.\"", "ber": "ziri ixcn.ma ra za iskr f mayan? ur d nettan ad is\u0263nan ixf ns." }, { "en": "Ziri ran after Rima on the road.", "ber": "ziri i\u1e93\u1e93a \u0263f rima g u\u0263aras." }, { "en": "Ziri ran after Rima on the road.", "ber": "ziri yuzzl deffir n rima g u\u0263aras." }, { "en": "If I could do that again", "ber": " I would.", "null": [ "i\u0263 z\u1e0dar\u0263 ad sker\u0263 mayan da\u0263n", "ra t sker\u0263." ] }, { "en": "I don't have any Shawi dress. \"Well", "ber": " that's why I am here. Let's go shopping for one.\"", "null": [ "ur \u0263uri awd yat tmelsa n cawi. \"yah", "\u0263emkan af d ucki\u0263 s \u0263i.awra a nddu ad ns\u0263 yat." ] }, { "en": "Ziri has invited everyone at school.", "ber": "kraygat yan sg tinml t\u0263rayas ziri s \u0263urs." }, { "en": "Ziri stood frozen and shocked.", "ber": "ziri ibd bidn gis idammn d i\u1e93\u1e93ld ils." }, { "en": "Wrong.", "ber": "izgel" }, { "en": "Louder.", "ber": "s u\u0263ewwet" }, { "en": "Quieter!", "ber": "zga" }, { "en": "Definitely!", "ber": "nit" }, { "en": "What?", "ber": "mit?" }, { "en": "Why?", "ber": "max?" }, { "en": "Sorry...", "ber": "ssurf iyi..." }, { "en": "Hotshot!", "ber": "murran !" }, { "en": "Terrific!", "ber": "murran !" }, { "en": "Brilliant!", "ber": "i\u0263uda !" }, { "en": "Wow!", "ber": "a\u1e25lilli !" }, { "en": "Welcome.", "ber": "berrk ." }, { "en": "Dead?", "ber": "amttan ?" }, { "en": "Speaking.", "ber": "ar sawale\u0263." }, { "en": "Unbelievable!", "ber": "ur ra srs tflest !" }, { "en": "Certainly.", "ber": "nit ." }, { "en": "Obviously.", "ber": "igat wawal" }, { "en": "Naturally.", "ber": "agaman." }, { "en": "Duck!", "ber": "zder." }, { "en": "Duck!", "ber": "zder ixf nnk" }, { "en": "Nonsense!", "ber": "war anamk" }, { "en": "Nonsense!", "ber": "awal war ta\u1e0dfi !" }, { "en": "Study!", "ber": "lmed !" }, { "en": "Achoo!", "ber": "tiyti n tinzi !" }, { "en": "Achoo!", "ber": "l\u1e25es n tinzi !" }, { "en": "Die!", "ber": "mmet !" }, { "en": "Die!", "ber": "ymmut !" }, { "en": "Really?", "ber": "\u0263emkan nit ?" }, { "en": "Hello!", "ber": "azul !" }, { "en": "Perfect!", "ber": "yuckad dids !" }, { "en": "Finally!", "ber": "g taggara !" }, { "en": "Please.", "ber": "i\u0263i tssurft." }, { "en": "Great!", "ber": "icwa !" }, { "en": "Wonderful!", "ber": "ifulki bahra !" }, { "en": "Wonderful!", "ber": "i\u0263uda !" }, { "en": "Fantastic!", "ber": "ifulki bahra !" }, { "en": "Awesome!", "ber": "tilila !" }, { "en": "Bastard!", "ber": "iwis n tsukt !" }, { "en": "Bastard!", "ber": "iwis n tmggant !" }, { "en": "Enough!", "ber": "yuda !" }, { "en": "Fuck!", "ber": "is k tcca !" }, { "en": "Help!", "ber": "talilt !" }, { "en": "Help!", "ber": "awas !" }, { "en": "Stop!", "ber": "bidd" }, { "en": "Thanks!", "ber": "tanmmirt !" }, { "en": "Hungry?", "ber": "ya\u0263 k la\u1e93 ?" }, { "en": "Hungry?", "ber": "tlu\u1e93 t ?" }, { "en": "Crazy!", "ber": "anufl !" }, { "en": "Shit.", "ber": "ixxan." }, { "en": "No.", "ber": "uhu" }, { "en": "Yes.", "ber": "yah." }, { "en": "Blah.", "ber": "askerks." }, { "en": "Precisely!", "ber": "nettat nit !" }, { "en": "Precisely!", "ber": "nican !" }, { "en": "Cheers!", "ber": "awn tg tadusi !" }, { "en": "Whatever!", "ber": "aynna illan !" }, { "en": "Whatever!", "ber": "aynna tga !" }, { "en": "Attention!", "ber": "ta\u0263\u1e0dft !" }, { "en": "Goodbye!", "ber": "ar timlilit !" }, { "en": "Goodbye!", "ber": "ar almuqqar ya\u1e0dnin !" }, { "en": "Hi.", "ber": "azul ." }, { "en": "Yikes!", "ber": "wakwak !" }, { "en": "Hey.", "ber": "is awa tllit." }, { "en": "Checkmate!", "ber": "tigira n izmaz ayad !" }, { "en": "Correct!", "ber": "\u0263\u1e93an" }, { "en": "Correct!", "ber": "\u0263emkan ad iga wawal !" }, { "en": "Correct!", "ber": "yu\u0263d !" }, { "en": "Chapeau!", "ber": "tssuckit tid !" }, { "en": "Chapeau!", "ber": "tsengaddit t" }, { "en": "Jump.", "ber": "n\u1e0der." }, { "en": "Bye!", "ber": "ar tikkelt ya\u1e0dnin." }, { "en": "Hark!", "ber": "sel !" }, { "en": "Wanker.", "ber": "am\u1e63u\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Wanker.", "ber": "anafal." }, { "en": "Hush!", "ber": "fess !" }, { "en": "Hush!", "ber": "zga !" }, { "en": "Idiot!", "ber": "anafal !" }, { "en": "Idiot!", "ber": "am\u1e63u\u1e0d !" }, { "en": "Fool!", "ber": "am\u1e63u\u1e0d !" }, { "en": "Fool!", "ber": "anafal !" }, { "en": "Ridiculous!", "ber": "war anlli !" }, { "en": "Duh.", "ber": "\u0263ikan nit." }, { "en": "Gotcha!", "ber": "tjla nufat !" }, { "en": "Incredible!", "ber": "ur ra srs tflest !" }, { "en": "Alas.", "ber": "mad awddi ri\u0263 mayan." }, { "en": "Shit!", "ber": "awa ha ixxan !" }, { "en": "Interesting.", "ber": "yiwi ti\u1e6d\u1e6d" }, { "en": "Err...", "ber": "hmm....." }, { "en": "Err...", "ber": "ayyih awddi zaydukan......" }, { "en": "Nope.", "ber": "uhu." }, { "en": "Yep.", "ber": "yah." }, { "en": "Remember!", "ber": "iktay !" }, { "en": "Sure!", "ber": "igat wawal !" }, { "en": "Sure!", "ber": "\u0263emkan a tga !" }, { "en": "Sure!", "ber": "\u0263emkan nit !" }, { "en": "Come!", "ber": "ackid !" }, { "en": "Run!", "ber": "azzel" }, { "en": "Impossible.", "ber": "iga awz\u0263i." }, { "en": "Impossible.", "ber": "aylli ur illin." }, { "en": "Nonsense.", "ber": "aylli ur illin." }, { "en": "Nonsense.", "ber": "awal war ta\u1e0dfi" }, { "en": "Strange.", "ber": "ur ityawkaz." }, { "en": "So?", "ber": "d mazza ?" }, { "en": "So?", "ber": "aywa ?" }, { "en": "Enter!", "ber": "kcem d !" }, { "en": "Careful!", "ber": "rar srs anlli !" }, { "en": "Wild!", "ber": "axut !" }, { "en": "Goodnight!", "ber": "timensiwin !" }, { "en": "Damn.", "ber": "ak tut tagat ." }, { "en": "Damn.", "ber": "zzallat." }, { "en": "Jump!", "ber": "n\u1e0der !" }, { "en": "Sorry!", "ber": "ssurf iyi !" }, { "en": "Dumbass!", "ber": "a y am\u1e63u\u1e0d !" }, { "en": "Gangway!", "ber": "sker a\u0263aras !" }, { "en": "Gangway!", "ber": "anf \u0263 u\u0263aras !" }, { "en": "Scram!", "ber": "anf !" }, { "en": "Scram!", "ber": "sker abrid !" }, { "en": "Scram!", "ber": "sker a\u0263aras !" }, { "en": "Whatever.", "ber": "\u0263emkan a tga ." }, { "en": "Whatever.", "ber": "aylli tga ." }, { "en": "Hail!", "ber": "azul !" }, { "en": "Ziri really wanted to say many things to Rima.", "ber": "ziri tra bahra a tini tugt n t\u0263awsiwin i rima." }, { "en": "Tom is hesitant to visit Mary in the hospital.", "ber": "tum izreb ad ik dar mari g usgnaf" }, { "en": "I think Tom was angry.", "ber": "nni\u0263 izd tum isuff." }, { "en": "I think I'll need to ask Tom to help me do that.", "ber": "nni\u0263 ra d sqsa\u0263 tum a yi yaws ad skr\u0263 mayan." }, { "en": "This book is still interesting even after reading it many times.", "ber": "adlis ad isul ila atig meqqar t\u0263rit mnnawt tikkal." }, { "en": "I can't see you without thinking of your mother.", "ber": "ur \u1e93\u1e0dar\u0263 ak \u1e93er\u0263 bla swingem\u0263 g immak." }, { "en": "I wish that I'd told Tom not to go.", "ber": "\u1e93u\u1e93\u1e0d\u0263 mlad is nni\u0263 i tum ad ur iddu." }, { "en": "When was the last time you swept the yard?", "ber": "man tizi igan tamggarut lli\u0263 t\u1e63fet asarag?" }, { "en": "Tom scored three goals.", "ber": "tum issu kra\u1e0dt timssutin." }, { "en": "Have you read today's paper yet?", "ber": "is t\u0263rit a\u0263mis n wassa n\u0263 d urta ?" }, { "en": "She told me she'd sing.", "ber": "tnnayi tra a tll\u0263a." }, { "en": "She told me she'd sing.", "ber": "tnna yi tra a tcnu." }, { "en": "The child sings.", "ber": "azzan ar itll\u0263a." }, { "en": "The child sings.", "ber": "azzan ar itcnu." }, { "en": "I've been doing that for several years.", "ber": "ar skar\u0263 mayan menck n isgg\u02b7asn ayad." }, { "en": "Tom is one of the safest drivers I know.", "ber": "tum iga yan umnhar lli yak\u02b7 ssn\u0263 is ar itnharn s tafelst." }, { "en": "They look like they always do.", "ber": "irwas t is art bdda skarn." }, { "en": "Sami's life was in shambles.", "ber": "tkkatn tudert n sami trwi ak\u02b7." }, { "en": "Tom said he didn't know what Mary did.", "ber": "tum inna ur issin ma tsker mari." }, { "en": "Do you still remember your first plane trip?", "ber": "is sul tk\u02b7tit amuddu nnk amzwaru s taylalt?" }, { "en": "There isn't any need for Tom to do that.", "ber": "ur ak\u02b7 igi bzziz f tum ad iskr mayan." }, { "en": "You want this stuff", "ber": " don't you?", "null": [ "trit ti\u0263awsiwin ad", "ur tnt trit?" ] }, { "en": "This can't continue happening.", "ber": "mayad ur ra sul ityawskar." }, { "en": "This can't continue happening.", "ber": "mayad ur ra sul ittals." }, { "en": "Tom said he knew what Mary needed to do.", "ber": "tum inna is issn ma s iqqan d mari at tskr." }, { "en": "Hold on. I'll check.", "ber": "qql", "null": [ "ran ag\u02b7\u0263." ] }, { "en": "He is known to all the people in the town.", "ber": "ntta ityawssan ak\u02b7 \u0263ur middn n ti\u0263rmt." }, { "en": "I don't know why Tom went to the hospital.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 max tum ad idda \u0263r asganfu." }, { "en": "You nearly poked me in the eye with your pencil.", "ber": "imik ayi ur tsbaqqit ti\u1e6d s ukrraj nnk." }, { "en": "Ziri got crazy stupid last night.", "ber": "ziri yut unufl i\u1e0d lli izrin." }, { "en": "I'm very surprised Tom didn't want to do that.", "ber": "ur n tam\u0263 tum lli\u0263 ur iri ad iskr mayan." }, { "en": "Use a rake and rake up the leaves in the yard.", "ber": "smurs taxbbact tsfe\u1e0dt ifrawn g usarag." }, { "en": "Neither Tom nor Mary plans to go to Boston with us next weekend.", "ber": "tum ula mari ur \u1e25yyeln ad ddun \u0263r bustun imal ass ad yuckan." }, { "en": "How many more years do you think it'll take Tom graduate from college?", "ber": "mnck n isgg\u02b7asn as tnnit ra tn izri tum bac ad yam\u1e93 tassuf\u0263t ns g usinan ?" }, { "en": "It is too difficult to choose.", "ber": "icqqa bahra a tstit." }, { "en": "I've lost my sense of taste.", "ber": "ur sul ssn\u0263 ad m\u1e0di\u0263." }, { "en": "You deserve the best.", "ber": "tuklalt ma yufn." }, { "en": "He fell into the pool.", "ber": "i\u1e0drn g ucucaf." }, { "en": "Is it possible to live together and yet still be alone?", "ber": "is n\u1e93\u1e0dar ang ismunn d kraygat yan ig win ixf ns." }, { "en": "You'll likely get very wet doing that.", "ber": "irwas is ra tbzgt lli ar tskart mayan." }, { "en": "I think there's still a chance that Tom will get here on time.", "ber": "nni\u0263 isul \u1e93her dar tum ad ilk\u02b7m g uzemz." }, { "en": "Tom can swim well.", "ber": "tum i\u1e93\u1e0dar ad icucf mzyan." }, { "en": "Mary said she doesn't mind doing that for Tom.", "ber": "mari tnna ur t ak\u02b7 ya\u0263 yat a tskr mayan i tu." }, { "en": "She told him she wasn't interested in helping him do anything.", "ber": "tnna yas ur t ak\u02b7 gis tiwi ad as taws ad iskr kraygat ta\u0263awsa." }, { "en": "Tom got in the golf cart.", "ber": "tum ikcm tasmattayt n agulf." }, { "en": "Humans have historically been horrible.", "ber": "amzruy n middn iga gar." }, { "en": "I still can't figure that out.", "ber": "ur ta yak\u02b7 \u1e93\u1e0dar\u0263 ad fukku\u0263 mayan." }, { "en": "You're such a good friend.", "ber": "tgit nit amddak\u02b7l icwan." }, { "en": "He said that he wasn't concerned.", "ber": "ntta inna ur t yiwi \u0263 mayan." }, { "en": "Why is Tom worried?", "ber": "max a yusi tum anzgum?" }, { "en": "How farest thou?", "ber": "manka tgit?" }, { "en": "How farest thou?", "ber": "manzakin?" }, { "en": "God opened Sami's heart to Islam.", "ber": "akuc innur\u1e93m ul n sami tanslmt." }, { "en": "We all knew that would be an environmental catastrophe.", "ber": "nssn ak\u02b7 is ra d ig tawa\u0263it n tawnna\u1e0dt." }, { "en": "Ziri has a big sister.", "ber": "ziri \u0263urs ultmas mqqurn." }, { "en": "The longer you stay", "ber": " the more overtime pay you'll get.", "null": [ "annck nna ka tkkit ", "ra d ak frun aylli n tsmedt n izmaz." ] }, { "en": "The boy grew up to be a famous musician.", "ber": "imqqur wazzan bac ad ig bu u\u1e93awan ityawssan." }, { "en": "I doubt that Tom really has the time to do that.", "ber": "ur ak\u02b7 nni\u0263 isd tum i\u1e6d\u1e6daf azmz ma\u0263 iskar mayan." }, { "en": "Water is important for humans.", "ber": "aman gan tudrt i middn." }, { "en": "Water is important for humans.", "ber": "aman gan nit kra i middn." }, { "en": "Will this cause complications later on?", "ber": "is i\u1e93\u1e0dar mayad ad iskr timukrisin sya \u0263r dat?" }, { "en": "Will this cause complications later on?", "ber": "is i\u1e93\u1e0dar mayad ad iskr timukrisin mad yuckan?" }, { "en": "I'll be busy all day.", "ber": "ur ra yid ya\u0263 ma ila wass." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary expect all three of us to go with them.", "ber": "tum d mari \u0263aln is ra yidsn nmun s kra\u1e0d itne\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm the one who should be doing this.", "ber": "nk ad igan walli s iqqan d ad iskr mayad." }, { "en": "What makes you think Tom won't come?", "ber": "mak yujjan a t\u0263alt izd tum ur ra d yack?" }, { "en": "When Layla saw Sami and Salima together", "ber": " she misread the situation.", "null": [ "lli\u0263 t\u1e93\u1e5ba layla sami d salima munn", "tswingm aylli ur icwin." ] }, { "en": "Who was the inventor of the radio?", "ber": "manwa d issuf\u0263n a\u1e63a\u1e0drer ?" }, { "en": "Tom was there", "ber": " but Mary wasn't.", "null": [ "tum illa \u0263in", "macca mari ur gis tlli." ] }, { "en": "After receiving the news", "ber": " the woman tried to commit suicide.", "null": [ "lli\u0263 tid lkmen in\u0263misn", "tam\u0263art turm a tne\u0263 ixf ns." ] }, { "en": "They saw someone.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5ban kra n yan." }, { "en": "Layla announced that she was pregnant.", "ber": "layla tberr\u1e25 is tusi a\u1e25lig." }, { "en": "I know that Tom will probably know how to do that.", "ber": "ssen\u0263 izd tum ra yissan manka iskar mayan." }, { "en": "You're not allowed to take pictures here.", "ber": "ur ak izri a tskert tiwlafin \u0263id." }, { "en": "Dan let Linda go.", "ber": "dan yujja linda a tddu." }, { "en": "You do that so much better than I can.", "ber": "tssnt bahra i mayan uggar lli yas ssn\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom has lived in Boston since he was born.", "ber": "tum iddr g bustun sg lli\u0263 d ilul." }, { "en": "Tom is taking care of that", "ber": " isn't he?", "null": [ "tum ad isalan mayan", "izd ur d nttan ?" ] }, { "en": "I am going to school.", "ber": "ra d ddu\u0263 \u0263r tinmel." }, { "en": "I knew that Tom wouldn't do that yesterday.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 izd tum ur iskr mayan i\u1e0dgam." }, { "en": "What's changed over the years?", "ber": "mad ityawsnafaln mnck n isgg\u02b7asn ayad?" }, { "en": "He took a picture of his dog and sent it to her.", "ber": "iskr yat twlaft i y uydi ns yazn ast." }, { "en": "You're not obligated to answer that question.", "ber": "ur ak\u02b7 fllak igi bzziz a trart f usqsi an." }, { "en": "During hot weather", "ber": " be sure to drink lots of water.", "null": [ "akud n tir\u0263i", "iqqan d a tsut tugt n waman." ] }, { "en": "Tom said that Mary knew that John might be required to do that in the near future.", "ber": "tum inna izd mari tssn izd jun illa fllas ad iskr mayan \u0263 man ur yaggugn." }, { "en": "There was absolutely no doubt.", "ber": "iga nit \u0263mkan ", "null": [ "ur ak\u02b7 gis turda." ] }, { "en": "Dan managed to put out the fire.", "ber": "dan i\u1e93\u1e0dar ad isxsi tims." }, { "en": "Yanni has no intention of going to Algiers.", "ber": "yanni ur t ak\u02b7 yiwi \u0263 ad iddu \u0263r dzayr tamana\u0263t" }, { "en": "I'm not here because of that.", "ber": "ur d ucki\u0263 s \u0263id s umntil n mayan." }, { "en": "Tom wanted to find out who Mary was.", "ber": "tum ira a yissan ma tga mari." }, { "en": "In America", "ber": " you can always find a party. In Soviet Russia", "null": [ " the Party can always find you!", "g mirikan", " ra bdda taft kra n tfugla", "g rusya tasufyat", "tafugla rak bdda taf." ] }, { "en": "He was sitting next to him.", "ber": "ntta ikkatn iggawr mnid ns." }, { "en": "Give me a couple more hours.", "ber": "fki yi sul mnnawt n tsragin." }, { "en": "Farewell!", "ber": "am\u1e63if\u1e0d !" }, { "en": "Good.", "ber": "icwa" }, { "en": "Good.", "ber": "i\u0263uda." }, { "en": "Good.", "ber": "mzyan." }, { "en": "Go!", "ber": "ddu !" }, { "en": "Yes!", "ber": "yah !" }, { "en": "Hurray!", "ber": "nskert !" }, { "en": "Hurray!", "ber": "nssuckat id !" }, { "en": "Read!", "ber": "\u0263er" }, { "en": "No?", "ber": "uhu?" }, { "en": "No?", "ber": "izd ur d \u0263emkan ?" }, { "en": "Fine!", "ber": "icwa !" }, { "en": "Roger!", "ber": "ukze\u0263 !" }, { "en": "Roger!", "ber": "ssen\u0263 mas tnnit !" }, { "en": "Password?", "ber": "awal n uzray ?" }, { "en": "Hurry!", "ber": "\u0263awl !" }, { "en": "Participate!", "ber": "dru !" }, { "en": "Right!", "ber": "a\u0263\u1e93an !" }, { "en": "Right!", "ber": "tidet !" }, { "en": "Leave!", "ber": "fel !" }, { "en": "Listen!", "ber": "ssfld !" }, { "en": "Listen!", "ber": "slla !" }, { "en": "Seriously?", "ber": "z\u025bma nit ?" }, { "en": "Disgusting!", "ber": "ar israra !" }, { "en": "Stay!", "ber": "\u0263ama !" }, { "en": "Stay!", "ber": "ggawr !" }, { "en": "Pull!", "ber": "ldi !" }, { "en": "Southward.", "ber": "tanila n iffus." }, { "en": "Southward.", "ber": "\u0263er iffus." }, { "en": "Southward.", "ber": "\u0263r un\u1e93ul." }, { "en": "Faster!", "ber": "s zzrb !" }, { "en": "Faster!", "ber": "\u0263awl uggar !" }, { "en": "Chicken!", "ber": "amk\u1e63u\u1e0d !" }, { "en": "Chicken!", "ber": "amaggad !" }, { "en": "Done.", "ber": "imda." }, { "en": "Done.", "ber": "ilkm tigira." }, { "en": "Sorry.", "ber": "assurf." }, { "en": "Whoa!", "ber": "waw !" }, { "en": "Wrong!", "ber": "tazgalt !" }, { "en": "Enjoy!", "ber": "zri azmz ifulkin !" }, { "en": "Blast!", "ber": "zzallat !" }, { "en": "Kisses!", "ber": "assudn !" }, { "en": "Start!", "ber": "ssnti !" }, { "en": "Hello?", "ber": "is illa kra n yan \u0263id ?" }, { "en": "Mornin'!", "ber": "tifawin !" }, { "en": "Eat!", "ber": "tc !" }, { "en": "Eat!", "ber": "ctta !" }, { "en": "Food!", "ber": "utci !" }, { "en": "Ah!", "ber": "ay !" }, { "en": "Ah!", "ber": "waw !" }, { "en": "Rubbish!", "ber": "aynna ka !" }, { "en": "Rubbish!", "ber": "awal amssas !" }, { "en": "Congrats!", "ber": "ayyuz !" }, { "en": "Very!", "ber": "bahra !" }, { "en": "Very!", "ber": "guda !" }, { "en": "Ouch!", "ber": "a\u1e25 !" }, { "en": "Ow!", "ber": "uh !" }, { "en": "Timber!", "ber": "hann !" }, { "en": "Alas!", "ber": "tg\u02b7ra\u1e93i yi !" }, { "en": "Enjoy.", "ber": "zri azmz ifulkin." }, { "en": "Run.", "ber": "azzl." }, { "en": "Cool!", "ber": "immim !" }, { "en": "Cool!", "ber": "icwa !" }, { "en": "Cool!", "ber": "zga !" }, { "en": "Chill!", "ber": "zga !" }, { "en": "Chill!", "ber": "s tyawil !" }, { "en": "Impossible!", "ber": "aylli ur illin !" }, { "en": "Probably.", "ber": "iga t wawal." }, { "en": "Savvy?", "ber": "is tssn t ?" }, { "en": "Dunno.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263." }, { "en": "Sweet!", "ber": "ta\u1e0dfi !" }, { "en": "Sweet!", "ber": "immim !" }, { "en": "Walk!", "ber": "tdda !" }, { "en": "Walk!", "ber": "\u0263ar ddu !" }, { "en": "Walk!", "ber": "a\u0263 nn arwas !" }, { "en": "Walk!", "ber": "\u1e0d\u1e5b\u1e5bg udm nk" }, { "en": "Sad.", "ber": "isuff." }, { "en": "Absolutely!", "ber": "\u0263emkan ad iga wawal !" }, { "en": "Absolutely!", "ber": "tgat !" }, { "en": "Sad!", "ber": "yuf !" }, { "en": "Gotcha.", "ber": "nmcucka d." }, { "en": "Gotcha.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 mani s tiwit awal." }, { "en": "Where?", "ber": "mani ?" }, { "en": "No!", "ber": "uhu !" }, { "en": "Behold.", "ber": "smaql." }, { "en": "Behold.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Look.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "How?", "ber": "manka ?" }, { "en": "When?", "ber": "manag\u02b7 ?" }, { "en": "Exactly!", "ber": "\u0263emkan nit !" }, { "en": "Welcome!", "ber": "brrk !" }, { "en": "Nay.", "ber": "uhu." }, { "en": "Right?", "ber": "yak ?" }, { "en": "Likewise.", "ber": "ula d nkk." }, { "en": "Deal?", "ber": "is d nmcucka ?" }, { "en": "Really!", "ber": "s tidt!" }, { "en": "Here?", "ber": "\u0263id ?" }, { "en": "Choose.", "ber": "sti." }, { "en": "Agreed.", "ber": "nmcucka d." }, { "en": "Caution.", "ber": "rar anlli nk." }, { "en": "Caution.", "ber": "hann." }, { "en": "Understood?", "ber": "is ityawkaz ?" }, { "en": "Understood?", "ber": "is ityawssan ?" }, { "en": "Chill.", "ber": "zga." }, { "en": "Chill.", "ber": "s tyawil." }, { "en": "Proceed!", "ber": "dffir !" }, { "en": "Proceed!", "ber": "mad iwalan ?" }, { "en": "False.", "ber": "azgal." }, { "en": "Nevermore!", "ber": "ur jjun d \u0263ika !" }, { "en": "Nevermore!", "ber": "ur sar yili uggar !" }, { "en": "Hmm...", "ber": "hmm" }, { "en": "Fly!", "ber": "frarry !" }, { "en": "Next!", "ber": "bu twala !" }, { "en": "Next!", "ber": "mad iwalan !" }, { "en": "Focus.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5b mzyan." }, { "en": "Listen...", "ber": "sll..." }, { "en": "Listen...", "ber": "ssfld....." }, { "en": "Pardon!", "ber": "assurf !" }, { "en": "Walk.", "ber": "tdda ." }, { "en": "We weren't married.", "ber": "ur niwil." }, { "en": "I'll make an effort to complete the work today.", "ber": "rad nn g\u0263 tuggas ad smd\u0263 tawuri ass a." }, { "en": "Is there anybody in the classroom?", "ber": "is illa kra n yan g tdala n tmsidt?" }, { "en": "Is there anybody in the classroom?", "ber": "is tlla kra n yat g tdala n tmsirdt?" }, { "en": "Yanni always talks about God.", "ber": "da bdda isawal yanni \u0263f wakuc." }, { "en": "It changes your life.", "ber": "isnfl tudrt nnk." }, { "en": "It changes your life.", "ber": "isnfl tudrt nnm." }, { "en": "It changes your life.", "ber": "isnfl tudrt nnun." }, { "en": "It changes your life.", "ber": "isnfl tudrt nnunt." }, { "en": "Don't let him see me!", "ber": "ad t ur tajjd ad iyi i\u1e93\u1e5b!" }, { "en": "He is deaf in one ear.", "ber": "i\u1e0du\u1e5b\u1e0d\u1e5b g yan umzzu\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom's older than me.", "ber": "yugr iyi \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Smile.", "ber": "zmumg." }, { "en": "Lol!", "ber": "ha ha ha !" }, { "en": "Touchdown!", "ber": "nlkm iswi nn\u0263." }, { "en": "Touchdown!", "ber": "awtas nn\u0263." }, { "en": "Unfortunately!", "ber": "aylli ur nri !" }, { "en": "Alternate.", "ber": "snifl." }, { "en": "Alternate.", "ber": "am\u1e93 tawala nk." }, { "en": "Indeed!", "ber": "igat wawal !" }, { "en": "Go.", "ber": "ddu." }, { "en": "Go.", "ber": "ftu." }, { "en": "Gladly.", "ber": "s tumrt." }, { "en": "Fetch!", "ber": "ddu sigl !" }, { "en": "Fetch!", "ber": "ayl !" }, { "en": "Sleep!", "ber": "\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e63 !" }, { "en": "Maybe.", "ber": "waqila." }, { "en": "Always.", "ber": "ar i\u0263zur." }, { "en": "Correct.", "ber": "\u0263mkan nit." }, { "en": "Correct.", "ber": "igat." }, { "en": "Swear!", "ber": "ggal !" }, { "en": "Copier!", "ber": "alsaru !" }, { "en": "Copycat!", "ber": "amalsaru !" }, { "en": "Copycat!", "ber": "tamalsarut !" }, { "en": "Fight!", "ber": "mma\u0263 !" }, { "en": "Howdy!", "ber": "azul !" }, { "en": "Home!", "ber": "tigmmi !" }, { "en": "Kill!", "ber": "n\u0263 !" }, { "en": "Buy!", "ber": "s\u0263 !" }, { "en": "Sell!", "ber": "zznz !" }, { "en": "Sing!", "ber": "cnu !" }, { "en": "Sing!", "ber": "ll\u0263a !" }, { "en": "Play!", "ber": "urar !" }, { "en": "Rest.", "ber": "ssnfu ." }, { "en": "500Gb?", "ber": "500 gb" }, { "en": "Honestly...", "ber": "sg ul......" }, { "en": "Scoundrel!", "ber": "yiws n tsukt !" }, { "en": "Scoundrel!", "ber": "wacc !" }, { "en": "Push.", "ber": "ntu." }, { "en": "Push.", "ber": "d\u1e25i." }, { "en": "Pull.", "ber": "ldi." }, { "en": "Pray.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e93al" }, { "en": "Pray!", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e93al !" }, { "en": "Fly.", "ber": "frarri." }, { "en": "Clap.", "ber": "ut \u1e5b\u1e5bct." }, { "en": "Clap.", "ber": "ut abariq." }, { "en": "Clap!", "ber": "ut \u1e5b\u1e5bct !" }, { "en": "See?", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5b ?" }, { "en": "Sit.", "ber": "ggawr." }, { "en": "Sit.", "ber": "skkiws." }, { "en": "Sit!", "ber": "ggawr !" }, { "en": "Sit!", "ber": "skkiws !" }, { "en": "Live.", "ber": "ddr" }, { "en": "Live!", "ber": "ddr !" }, { "en": "Breathe.", "ber": "sunfs." }, { "en": "Breathe!", "ber": "sunfs !" }, { "en": "Exhale.", "ber": "\u1e0di\u1e0d unfus." }, { "en": "Fuck.", "ber": "ixxan." }, { "en": "Escape.", "ber": "rwl." }, { "en": "Escape.", "ber": "gas tizla." }, { "en": "Escape!", "ber": "rwl !" }, { "en": "Escape!", "ber": "gas tizla !" }, { "en": "Flee.", "ber": "azzl." }, { "en": "Flee!", "ber": "azzl !" }, { "en": "Scream.", "ber": "s\u0263uyyi." }, { "en": "Scream!", "ber": "s\u0263uyyi !" }, { "en": "Talk.", "ber": "sawl." }, { "en": "Talk.", "ber": "utlay." }, { "en": "Talk!", "ber": "siwl !" }, { "en": "Talk!", "ber": "utlay !" }, { "en": "Yell.", "ber": "s\u0263uyyi." }, { "en": "Yell!", "ber": "s\u0263uyyi !" }, { "en": "Climb.", "ber": "ali." }, { "en": "Climb!", "ber": "ali !" }, { "en": "Kick.", "ber": "ut." }, { "en": "Kick.", "ber": "tiyti n u\u1e0da\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Kick!", "ber": "ut !" }, { "en": "Kick!", "ber": "tiyti n u\u1e0da\u1e5b !" }, { "en": "Play.", "ber": "urar." }, { "en": "Work.", "ber": "swuri." }, { "en": "Work!", "ber": "swuri !" }, { "en": "Drive.", "ber": "nh\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Drive.", "ber": "gli." }, { "en": "Drive!", "ber": "nh\u1e5b !" }, { "en": "Drive!", "ber": "gli !" }, { "en": "Stop.", "ber": "bidd." }, { "en": "Begin.", "ber": "ssnti." }, { "en": "Leave.", "ber": "fl." }, { "en": "Die.", "ber": "mmt." }, { "en": "Kill.", "ber": "n\u0263." }, { "en": "Cut!", "ber": "bbi !" }, { "en": "Cut!", "ber": "gzzm !" }, { "en": "Resign.", "ber": "ajj tawuri." }, { "en": "Quit.", "ber": "ff\u0263." }, { "en": "Resign.", "ber": "ff\u0263 g tawuri." }, { "en": "Indeed.", "ber": "mayan nit." }, { "en": "Indeed.", "ber": "iga t wawal." }, { "en": "True.", "ber": "yah." }, { "en": "True.", "ber": "iga t wawal." }, { "en": "True.", "ber": "\u0263mkan ad iga." }, { "en": "Dance!", "ber": "rkz !" }, { "en": "Crap.", "ber": "zzallat." }, { "en": "Crap.", "ber": "lqrina." }, { "en": "Type.", "ber": "ggr." }, { "en": "Type!", "ber": "ggr !" }, { "en": "Think.", "ber": "swingm." }, { "en": "Done?", "ber": "ityawskar ?" }, { "en": "Done?", "ber": "imda ?" }, { "en": "Sorted?", "ber": "ifuk ?" }, { "en": "Sorted?", "ber": "fsint ?" }, { "en": "Surprise!", "ber": "tanatamt !" }, { "en": "Yes?", "ber": "yah ?" }, { "en": "Drink!", "ber": "su !" }, { "en": "Ask!", "ber": "sqsa !" }, { "en": "Quickly!", "ber": "s zzrb !" }, { "en": "Quickly!", "ber": "s u\u0263awl !" }, { "en": "Indubitably.", "ber": "ur gis turda." }, { "en": "Never!", "ber": "jjun !" }, { "en": "Never!", "ber": "ur jjun !" }, { "en": "It's your turn", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "tawala nnk a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "Boring!", "ber": "n\u1e25acat !" }, { "en": "Focus!", "ber": "smaql mzyan !" }, { "en": "Focus!", "ber": "r\u1e93m alln nk !" }, { "en": "Hmm.", "ber": "hmm." }, { "en": "Blarney!", "ber": "lbsalat !" }, { "en": "Slowly!", "ber": "imik s imik !" }, { "en": "Forever!", "ber": "ar i\u0263zur !" }, { "en": "Forever!", "ber": "ar tamttant !" }, { "en": "Capitulate!", "ber": "yull ifassn !" }, { "en": "Immediately!", "ber": "\u0263ilad nit !" }, { "en": "Immediately!", "ber": "nttat ad izwarn !" }, { "en": "Keep.", "ber": "ajj dark." }, { "en": "Sold!", "ber": "inza !" }, { "en": "Telephone!", "ber": "tili\u0263ri !" }, { "en": "Telephone!", "ber": "tilifun !" }, { "en": "Patience!", "ber": "a\u1e93i\u1e0dr !" }, { "en": "Pretty.", "ber": "afulki." }, { "en": "That's her car.", "ber": "ha nn tihirit nns." }, { "en": "Unimaginable!", "ber": "aylli n ur tamt !" }, { "en": "Unimaginable!", "ber": "ur illi zun d ntta !" }, { "en": "Unthinkable!", "ber": "aylli g ur ra tswingmt !" }, { "en": "Inconceivable!", "ber": "aylli n ur tamt !" }, { "en": "Capisce?", "ber": "is tssn t ?" }, { "en": "Capisce?", "ber": "is tukz t awal ?" }, { "en": "Sugar!", "ber": "asukkar !" }, { "en": "LOL.", "ber": "tilila." }, { "en": "Roger.", "ber": "mqqa\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Roger.", "ber": "waxxa." }, { "en": "Come.", "ber": "ackid." }, { "en": "Come.", "ber": "awra." }, { "en": "Funny!", "ber": "tim\u1e63\u1e0d\u1e63it !" }, { "en": "Delicious.", "ber": "immim." }, { "en": "Delicious.", "ber": "ila ta\u1e0dfi." }, { "en": "Proceed.", "ber": "ajjk \u0263mknna." }, { "en": "Proceed.", "ber": "dffrt \u0263mkan." }, { "en": "Motherfucker!", "ber": "yiws n tmggant !" }, { "en": "Fantastic.", "ber": "ifulki bahra." }, { "en": "Fantastic.", "ber": "i\u1e25la." }, { "en": "Fantastic.", "ber": "tifr\u0263i n wa\u1e0du." }, { "en": "Gross!", "ber": "zzallat ayad !" }, { "en": "Ok.", "ber": "mqqar." }, { "en": "Ok.", "ber": "waxxa." }, { "en": "Dinner!", "ber": "imnsi !" }, { "en": "Breakfast!", "ber": "a\u0263ujjr !" }, { "en": "Close!", "ber": "qqn !" }, { "en": "Close!", "ber": "rgl !" }, { "en": "Hahaha!", "ber": "hahaha !" }, { "en": "Lunch!", "ber": "imkli !" }, { "en": "Choose!", "ber": "sti !" }, { "en": "Exactly.", "ber": "nit." }, { "en": "Disappear!", "ber": "\u0263br !" }, { "en": "Undoubtedly.", "ber": "war turda." }, { "en": "Already?!", "ber": "yadlli ? !" }, { "en": "Resist!", "ber": "\u1e93i\u1e0d\u1e5b !" }, { "en": "Murderer!", "ber": "amn\u0263ay !" }, { "en": "Brothers!", "ber": "aytmatn !" }, { "en": "Abracadabra!", "ber": "cayllah !" }, { "en": "Amazing!", "ber": "amagar !" }, { "en": "Amazing!", "ber": "icwa bahra !" }, { "en": "Amazing!", "ber": "yuftn ak\u02b7 !" }, { "en": "Great.", "ber": "yugrtn ak\u02b7." }, { "en": "Great.", "ber": "amagar." }, { "en": "Remember?", "ber": "kti ?" }, { "en": "Shoot!", "ber": "ut s uqryan !" }, { "en": "Shoot!", "ber": "ut s tims !" }, { "en": "Drink.", "ber": "su." }, { "en": "Later.", "ber": "ak da\u0263 \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "Later.", "ber": "ar tikkelt ya\u1e0dnin." }, { "en": "Enter.", "ber": "adf." }, { "en": "Encore!", "ber": "da\u0263 !" }, { "en": "Hey!", "ber": "azul !" }, { "en": "Fag.", "ber": "anfkay." }, { "en": "Nothing!", "ber": "walu !" }, { "en": "Nothing!", "ber": "amya !" }, { "en": "Another!", "ber": "wayya\u1e0d !" }, { "en": "Bastards!", "ber": "ay imhbal !" }, { "en": "Bastards!", "ber": "ay im\u1e63a\u1e0d !" }, { "en": "Clown!", "ber": "baqcic !" }, { "en": "Criminals!", "ber": "imffu\u0263n n u\u0263aras !" }, { "en": "Clowns!", "ber": "id baqcic !" }, { "en": "Lunatic!", "ber": "am\u1e63u\u1e0d !" }, { "en": "Lunatic!", "ber": "amxlaw !" }, { "en": "Madwoman!", "ber": "tamxlawt !" }, { "en": "Madwoman!", "ber": "tam\u1e63u\u1e0dt !" }, { "en": "Call.", "ber": "\u0263r." }, { "en": "Laugh!", "ber": "\u1e0d\u1e63a !" }, { "en": "Sleep.", "ber": "\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e63." }, { "en": "Oi!", "ber": "ay !" }, { "en": "Douchebag!", "ber": "wacc !" }, { "en": "Bingo!", "ber": "nit !" }, { "en": "Wash!", "ber": "ssird !" }, { "en": "Wash!", "ber": "gg\u02b7" }, { "en": "Give!", "ber": "fk !" }, { "en": "Car!", "ber": "tihirit !" }, { "en": "Mashallah.", "ber": "aynna ira rbbi." }, { "en": "Homo.", "ber": "anfkay." }, { "en": "Sure.", "ber": "\u0263mkan nit." }, { "en": "Sure.", "ber": "ur gis turda." }, { "en": "Order!", "ber": "ifssi !" }, { "en": "QED.", "ber": "aylli s i qqan d atid nml." }, { "en": "Exemplify.", "ber": "fk imdyatn." }, { "en": "Hurry.", "ber": "\u0263awl." }, { "en": "Move.", "ber": "mmus." }, { "en": "Goodnight.", "ber": "timnsiwin." }, { "en": "Please!", "ber": "i\u0263 trit !" }, { "en": "Farewell.", "ber": "ar almuggar ya\u1e0dnin." }, { "en": "Farewell.", "ber": "ar tufat." }, { "en": "Comment.", "ber": "tannayt." }, { "en": "Charmed!", "ber": "iga ya\u0263 addur !" }, { "en": "Down!", "ber": "ddaw !" }, { "en": "Down!", "ber": "ar akal !" }, { "en": "Down!", "ber": "s rrg !" }, { "en": "Police!", "ber": "tamsulta" }, { "en": "Police!", "ber": "abulis !" }, { "en": "Silence.", "ber": "ifssi." }, { "en": "Still?", "ber": "sul nit ?" }, { "en": "Open!", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93m !" }, { "en": "Tomorrow?", "ber": "azkka ?" }, { "en": "Boy!", "ber": "icir !" }, { "en": "Boy!", "ber": "azzan !" }, { "en": "Yesterday?", "ber": "i\u1e0dgam ?" }, { "en": "Yesterday?", "ber": "asnna\u1e6d ?" }, { "en": "Her?", "ber": "nttat ?" }, { "en": "Believe.", "ber": "fls." }, { "en": "Throw.", "ber": "\u1e0dggr." }, { "en": "Accelerate.", "ber": "s tizla bahra." }, { "en": "Close.", "ber": "qqn." }, { "en": "Close.", "ber": "rgl." }, { "en": "Remember.", "ber": "kti." }, { "en": "Learn.", "ber": "lmd." }, { "en": "Delicious!", "ber": "immim !" }, { "en": "I don't know who stole my bicycle.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 ma ad iyi yukrn azlalam inu." }, { "en": "I'm a lazy person.", "ber": "gi\u0263 yan umdan amxyyn." }, { "en": "I'm a lazy person.", "ber": "gi\u0263 amxyyn." }, { "en": "I'm a lazy person.", "ber": "gi\u0263 tamxyynt." }, { "en": "How much time do I have left?", "ber": "mnck n tizi ad iyi isuln?" }, { "en": "I help out any way I can.", "ber": "ar ttaws\u0263 s aynna mu \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm not a feminist.", "ber": "ur gi\u0263 tam\u1e93\u1e5buntit." }, { "en": "I only hope you're right.", "ber": "\u1e93u\u1e93\u1e0d\u0263 ad ka ti\u0263\u1e93ind." }, { "en": "What does your father do for work?", "ber": "ma ad igan tawuri n babak?" }, { "en": "What does your father do for work?", "ber": "ma ad igan tawuri n babam?" }, { "en": "What does your father do for work?", "ber": "ma ad igan tawuri n babatun?" }, { "en": "What does your father do for work?", "ber": "ma ad igan tawuri n babatunt?" }, { "en": "Tom is married now", "ber": " so he can't go drinking every weekend with his friends like he used to.", "null": [ "itahl \u1e6dum \u0263ila", " ur sul yufi ad issa d imddukkal nns kraygat imalass mklli imyar." ] }, { "en": "Tom is married now", "ber": " so he can't go drinking every weekend with his friends like he used to.", "null": [ "itahl \u1e6dum d\u0263i", " ur sul i\u0263iy ad issa akd imddukkal nns kraygat imalass mklli imyar." ] }, { "en": "What kind of problems do you have?", "ber": "man anaw n imukrisn ad \u0263urk?" }, { "en": "What kind of problems do you have?", "ber": "man anaw n imukrisn ad \u0263urm?" }, { "en": "What kind of problems do you have?", "ber": "man anaw n imukrisn ad \u0263urun?" }, { "en": "What kind of problems do you have?", "ber": "man anaw n imukrisn ad \u0263urunt?" }, { "en": "Anything less is unacceptable.", "ber": "kra idrusn ur izriy" }, { "en": "Anything less is unacceptable.", "ber": "kra idrusn ur ittuqbil." }, { "en": "Anything less is unacceptable.", "ber": "kra idrusn ur ittudggi." }, { "en": "Anything less is unacceptable.", "ber": "ku ma ayd idrus ur ittudggi." }, { "en": "Anything less is unacceptable.", "ber": "ku ma ad idrusn ur ittuqbil." }, { "en": "My parents were both doctors.", "ber": "gan imarawn inu idukturn s sin." }, { "en": "My parents were both doctors.", "ber": "gan imarawn inu i\u1e0dbibn s sin." }, { "en": "My parents were both doctors.", "ber": "gan akk\u02b7 imarawn inu idukturn." }, { "en": "My parents were both doctors.", "ber": "gan akk\u02b7 imarawn inu i\u1e0dbibn." }, { "en": "I don't think Tom and Mary are listening to me.", "ber": "ur nni\u0263 is ar iyi isflid \u1e6dum d mari." }, { "en": "I did smoke when I was young.", "ber": "kmi\u0263 alli\u0263 gi\u0263 a\u025brrim." }, { "en": "Her lips were warm.", "ber": "r\u0263ant tanfurin nns." }, { "en": "Tom told me that he wasn't very good at French.", "ber": "inna iyi \u1e6dum ur issin mli\u1e25 i tf\u1e5ban\u1e63i\u1e63t." }, { "en": "This isn't over.", "ber": "ur imid uya." }, { "en": "Tom didn't want to let Mary down.", "ber": "ur iri \u1e6dum ad izri mri." }, { "en": "Nobody was in the room.", "ber": "ur illi awd yan g t\u1e25anut." }, { "en": "Mary isn't my daughter. She's my wife.", "ber": "ur tgi mari illi", "null": [ " tam\u0263art inu ad tga." ] }, { "en": "I can send you my Berber dictionary.", "ber": "zmr\u0263 ad ak azn\u0263 amawal inu n tmazi\u0263t." }, { "en": "I can send you my Berber dictionary.", "ber": "zmr\u0263 ad am azn\u0263 amawal inu n tmazi\u0263t." }, { "en": "I can send you my Berber dictionary.", "ber": "zmr\u0263 ad awn azn\u0263 amawal inu n tmazi\u0263t." }, { "en": "I can send you my Berber dictionary.", "ber": "zmr\u0263 ad awnt azn\u0263 amawal inu n tmazi\u0263t." }, { "en": "Mary killed herself in Australia.", "ber": "tn\u0263a mari i\u0263f nns g ust\u1e5balya." }, { "en": "Mary killed herself in Australia.", "ber": "tn\u0263a mari iman nns g ust\u1e5balya." }, { "en": "I had to go home at 2:30.", "ber": "iqqan iyi d ad ddu\u0263 s tgmmi g 2:30." }, { "en": "I had to go home at 2:30.", "ber": "illa flli ad ddu\u0263 \u0263r taddart g 2:30." }, { "en": "I had to go home at 2:30.", "ber": "illa \u0263ifi ad ddu\u0263 \u0263r taddart g 2:30." }, { "en": "Sami didn't want to be friends with Layla.", "ber": "ur iri sami ad ig amddak\u02b7l n layla." }, { "en": "Sami didn't want to be friends with Layla.", "ber": "ur iri sami ad iddukkl d layla." }, { "en": "Japan is a small country.", "ber": "tga yaban tamurt m\u1e93\u1e93iyn." }, { "en": "I stayed home because I was sick.", "ber": "qqim\u0263 g taddart acku u\u1e0dn\u0263." }, { "en": "Rima is sweet.", "ber": "t\u1e25la rima." }, { "en": "Tom asked too many questions.", "ber": "ifka \u1e6dum tugt n isqsitn." }, { "en": "Tom asked too many questions.", "ber": "issig\u02b7t \u1e6dum isqsitn." }, { "en": "Did you have a nice Christmas?", "ber": "is tzzrid akrismas ifulkin?" }, { "en": "Yanni asked Skura to take him to the train station.", "ber": "ittr yani i skura ad t tsslkm i usras n ulaway." }, { "en": "My friends invited me to dinner.", "ber": "\u0263ran iyi imddukkal inu dar imnsi." }, { "en": "My friends invited me to dinner.", "ber": "\u0263ran iyi imddukkal inu s imnsi." }, { "en": "To tell the truth", "ber": " he wasn't up to the work.", "null": [ "ayd igan tidt", " ur illi g uswir n twri." ] }, { "en": "To tell the truth", "ber": " he wasn't up to the work.", "null": [ "ig trid tidt", " ur i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b i twuri." ] }, { "en": "To tell the truth", "ber": " he wasn't up to the work.", "null": [ "ad igan tidt", " ur i\u0263iy i twuri." ] }, { "en": "Where are you?", "ber": "mani g tllid?" }, { "en": "Where are you?", "ber": "mani k?" }, { "en": "Where are you?", "ber": "mani k\u02b7n?" }, { "en": "Where are you?", "ber": "mani g tllam?" }, { "en": "Where are you?", "ber": "mani k\u02b7nt?" }, { "en": "Where are you?", "ber": "mani km?" }, { "en": "Where are you?", "ber": "mani g tllamt?" }, { "en": "Are you happy?", "ber": "is tmmrd?" }, { "en": "Are you happy?", "ber": "is tmmrm?" }, { "en": "Are you happy?", "ber": "is tmmrmt?" }, { "en": "Are you happy?", "ber": "tmmrd?" }, { "en": "Are you happy?", "ber": "tmmrmt?" }, { "en": "Are you happy?", "ber": "tmmrm?" }, { "en": "Are you mad?", "ber": "is tnufld?" }, { "en": "Are you mad?", "ber": "is txlid?" }, { "en": "Are you mad?", "ber": "is txlam?" }, { "en": "Are you mad?", "ber": "is tnuflm?" }, { "en": "Are you mad?", "ber": "is txlamt?" }, { "en": "Are you mad?", "ber": "is tnuflmt?" }, { "en": "You are beautiful.", "ber": "tfulkid." }, { "en": "You are beautiful.", "ber": "tfulkimt." }, { "en": "You are beautiful.", "ber": "tfulkim." }, { "en": "You are teachers.", "ber": "tgam islmadn." }, { "en": "You are teachers.", "ber": "tgamt tislmadin." }, { "en": "You are lying.", "ber": "ar tskirkisd." }, { "en": "You are lying.", "ber": "ar tskirkism." }, { "en": "You are lying.", "ber": "ar tskirkismt." }, { "en": "Everyone likes it here.", "ber": "\u1e25mln t akk\u02b7 \u0263id." }, { "en": "Everyone likes it here.", "ber": "\u1e25mln tt akk\u02b7 \u0263id." }, { "en": "You should at least tell Tom and Mary that they don't need to do that anymore.", "ber": "illa fllak s idrus ad tinid i tum d mari mas d ur usirn ad sul skarn aya." }, { "en": "You should at least tell Tom and Mary that they don't need to do that anymore.", "ber": "illa fllam s idrus ad tinid i tum d mari mas d ur usirn ad sul skarn aya." }, { "en": "This isn't very helpful.", "ber": "aya ur ur issiws mli\u1e25." }, { "en": "Tell him whatever you want.", "ber": "ini as aynna trid." }, { "en": "I'll help them.", "ber": "rad asn aws\u0263." }, { "en": "I'll help them.", "ber": "rad asnt aws\u0263." }, { "en": "David is handsome.", "ber": "ifulki dafid." }, { "en": "David is handsome.", "ber": "dafid ifulki." }, { "en": "I'll see what else I can do.", "ber": "rad \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263 mami ya\u1e0dn zmr ad t skr\u0263." }, { "en": "I've been sick for three weeks.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt nn u\u1e0dn\u0263 ti\u0263zi n k\u1e5ba\u1e0d id imalass." }, { "en": "He wrote a children's book.", "ber": "yura yan udlis n tazzanin." }, { "en": "Tom didn't want to play golf with Mary's father.", "ber": "ur iri tum ad yurar agulf akd babas n mari." }, { "en": "Tom's carrying something in his left hand.", "ber": "yusi tum kra g ufus nns a\u1e93lma\u1e0d." }, { "en": "I never eat.", "ber": "ur jju cci\u0263." }, { "en": "Everybody calls him Mac.", "ber": "ar as akk\u02b7 qqarn mak." }, { "en": "Ziri is Sahrawi.", "ber": "ziri iga awniri." }, { "en": "Ziri is Sahrawi.", "ber": "ziri d awniri." }, { "en": "Tom hopes Mary won't cry.", "ber": "ar issitim tum ad ur talla mari." }, { "en": "That isn't the truth.", "ber": "ur igi uya tidt." }, { "en": "That isn't the truth.", "ber": "ur igi uyinn tidt." }, { "en": "There are still some students in the classroom.", "ber": "llan sul kra n inlmadn g tdala." }, { "en": "There are still some students in the classroom.", "ber": "llant sul kra n tnlmadin g tdala." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary refused to do what I asked them to do.", "ber": "yugi tum d mari ad skrn aylli asn ttr\u0263 ad t skrn." }, { "en": "None of us has been to Boston.", "ber": "ur jju d ikki awd yan gign\u0263 bus\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "None of us has been to Boston.", "ber": "ur jju d tkki awd yat gign\u0263 bus\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "I'll help her.", "ber": "rad as aws\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm from Algeria", "ber": " in Africa.", "null": [ "nkk sg dzayr", " g tfriqt." ] }, { "en": "She left her ticket at home.", "ber": "tfl nn tanfult nns g taddart." }, { "en": "She left her ticket at home.", "ber": "tfl tanfult nns \u0263 tgmmi." }, { "en": "She wants to be with him.", "ber": "tra ad dids tili." }, { "en": "She wants to be with him.", "ber": "txs akids tili." }, { "en": "She wants to be with him.", "ber": "tra ad didsn tili." }, { "en": "She wants to be with him.", "ber": "tra ad didunt tili." }, { "en": "Tom put out the fire.", "ber": "issns tum takat." }, { "en": "Tom put out the fire.", "ber": "issns tum timssi." }, { "en": "Tom put out the fire.", "ber": "isxsi tum takat." }, { "en": "Tom put out the fire.", "ber": "isxsi tum timssi." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary are drinking.", "ber": "ar issa tum d mari." }, { "en": "Yesterday we wrote our essays.", "ber": "nara imnnitn nn\u0263 i\u1e0dgam." }, { "en": "Yesterday we wrote our essays.", "ber": "nara amagrad nn\u0263 i\u1e0dgam." }, { "en": "Sami wanted to take some more pictures.", "ber": "ira yadlli sami ad sul iskr yan mnnawt twlafin." }, { "en": "Tom is convinced that Mary doesn't have to do that.", "ber": "in\u1e93a tum mas ur illi \u0263f mari ad tg aya nn." }, { "en": "Tom is convinced that Mary doesn't have to do that.", "ber": "in\u1e93a tum mas ur illi \u0263f mari ad tskr aya nn." }, { "en": "Eureka!", "ber": "ufi\u0263 t!" }, { "en": "Eureka!", "ber": "ufi\u0263 tt!" }, { "en": "Fry.", "ber": "arf." }, { "en": "Fry.", "ber": "ssly." }, { "en": "Fry.", "ber": "ssli." }, { "en": "Greetings!", "ber": "azul!" }, { "en": "Gesundheit!", "ber": "s tdusi." }, { "en": "Goal!", "ber": "timswit!" }, { "en": "Goal!", "ber": "awttas!" }, { "en": "Poppycock.", "ber": "imn\u1e0di\u1e0dan." }, { "en": "Poppycock.", "ber": "abrknnis." }, { "en": "Poppycock.", "ber": "abla\u1e93." }, { "en": "Attaboy!", "ber": "ayyuz!" }, { "en": "Relax!", "ber": "alw!" }, { "en": "Relax!", "ber": "lwu!" }, { "en": "Relax!", "ber": "sgnfu!" }, { "en": "They must be more patient.", "ber": "iqqan d ad \u1e93\u1e93i\u1e0d\u1e5bnt uggar." }, { "en": "They must be more patient.", "ber": "iqqan d ad \u1e93\u1e93i\u1e0d\u1e5bn uggar." }, { "en": "Tom is the boy Mary met the other day.", "ber": "tum ayd iga urba lli tmmaqqar mari ass lli." }, { "en": "In Algeria", "ber": " alcohol isn't sold the supermarket.", "null": [ "ur da inzza cc\u1e5bab g igadazn g dzayr." ] }, { "en": "I watch the birds.", "ber": "matr\u0263 ig\u1e0da\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Again?", "ber": "da\u0263?" }, { "en": "Quiet!", "ber": "fss!" }, { "en": "Excellent!", "ber": "i\u1e93il!" }, { "en": "Excellent!", "ber": "t\u1e93il!" }, { "en": "Wait!", "ber": "ggani!" }, { "en": "Wait!", "ber": "qql!" }, { "en": "Wait!", "ber": "\u1e5baja!" }, { "en": "Speak!", "ber": "sawl!" }, { "en": "Speak!", "ber": "siwl!" }, { "en": "Quick!", "ber": "\u0263awl!" }, { "en": "Quick!", "ber": "zrb!" }, { "en": "Who?", "ber": "man wa?" }, { "en": "Who?", "ber": "man ta?" }, { "en": "Understand?", "ber": "trmsd?" }, { "en": "Understand?", "ber": "trmsmt?" }, { "en": "Understand?", "ber": "trmsm?" }, { "en": "Congratulations!", "ber": "ir\u0263ud ak!" }, { "en": "Congratulations!", "ber": "ir\u0263ud am!" }, { "en": "Congratulations!", "ber": "ir\u0263ud awn!" }, { "en": "Congratulations!", "ber": "ir\u0263ud awnt!" }, { "en": "Louder.", "ber": "all imi." }, { "en": "Louder.", "ber": "s u\u1e93agu." }, { "en": "Louder.", "ber": "all awal." }, { "en": "Louder.", "ber": "s wawal yattuyn" }, { "en": "Louder.", "ber": "s ug\u1e5b\u1e0d yattuyn." }, { "en": "Don't look for trouble.", "ber": "ad ur tsiggild s imukrisn." }, { "en": "Don't look for trouble.", "ber": "ad ur tsiggilm s imukrisn" }, { "en": "Don't look for trouble.", "ber": "ad ur tsiggilmt s imukrisn" }, { "en": "Don't look for trouble.", "ber": "ad ur tettllim s imukrisn." }, { "en": "Don't look for trouble.", "ber": "ad ur tettllimt s imukrisn." }, { "en": "Don't look for trouble.", "ber": "ad ur tettllid s imukrisn." }, { "en": "We're not looking for trouble.", "ber": "ur da nsiggil s imukrisn." }, { "en": "We're not looking for trouble.", "ber": "ur ar nsiggil s imukrisn." }, { "en": "We're not looking for trouble.", "ber": "ur da nrzzu xf imukrisn." }, { "en": "Tom bought a lot of pasta.", "ber": "is\u0263a tum kigan n ba\u1e63\u1e6da." }, { "en": "Tom bought a lot of pasta.", "ber": "is\u0263a tum tugtt n ba\u1e63\u1e6da." }, { "en": "Tom bought a lot of bread.", "ber": "is\u0263a tum tugtt n u\u0263rum." }, { "en": "Tom bought a lot of bread.", "ber": "is\u0263a tum kigan n u\u0263rum." }, { "en": "Tom bought pasta.", "ber": "is\u0263a tum ba\u1e63\u1e6da." }, { "en": "Tom bought pizza.", "ber": "is\u0263a tum bitza." }, { "en": "Tom sells bread.", "ber": "ar izznza tum a\u0263rum." }, { "en": "Tom sells bread.", "ber": "da izznza tum a\u0263rum." }, { "en": "I built this house", "ber": " and you destroyed it.", "null": [ "\u1e63ki\u0263 taddart ad", " txlud tt kyy." ] }, { "en": "I built this house", "ber": " and you destroyed it.", "null": [ "\u1e63ki\u0263 taddart ad", " txlud tt kmm." ] }, { "en": "I built this house", "ber": " and you destroyed it.", "null": [ "\u1e63ki\u0263 taddart ad", " txlum tt k\u02b7nni." ] }, { "en": "I built this house", "ber": " and you destroyed it.", "null": [ "\u1e63ki\u0263 taddart ad", " txlumt tt k\u02b7nnimti." ] }, { "en": "My uncle works in construction.", "ber": "da iswuri \u025bmmi g tu\u1e63ka." }, { "en": "I've never opened a bank account.", "ber": "ur jjin \u1e5b\u1e93im\u0263 kra n umi\u1e0dan abanki." }, { "en": "Tom has already been there three times.", "ber": "ikka d yad tum \u0263inn k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt tkkal." }, { "en": "I'm buying it for me", "ber": " not for you.", "null": [ "nkk a mu t s\u0263i\u0263", " ur d kyy." ] }, { "en": "I'm buying it for me", "ber": " not for you.", "null": [ "nkk a mu tt s\u0263i\u0263", " ur d kyy." ] }, { "en": "Cops can already do that.", "ber": "zmrn ibulisn ad yad skrn aya." }, { "en": "Wrong.", "ber": "ur i\u0263ti." }, { "en": "I used to be poor like you.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt nn \u1e93l\u1e0d\u0263 zun d kyy." }, { "en": "I used to be poor like you.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt nn \u1e93l\u1e0d\u0263 zun d kmm." }, { "en": "I used to be poor like you.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt nn \u1e93l\u1e0d\u0263 zun d knni." }, { "en": "I used to be poor like you.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt nn \u1e93l\u1e0d\u0263 zun d knnimti." }, { "en": "They need money.", "ber": "usrn idrimn." }, { "en": "They need money.", "ber": "usrnt idrimn." }, { "en": "I thought that Tom could help.", "ber": "\u0263al\u0263 is i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b tum ad yaws." }, { "en": "He lives near Nuja's school.", "ber": "izd\u0263 tama n tinml n nuja." }, { "en": "Is this program compatible with Windows XP?", "ber": "is d imsasa u\u0263awas ad akd windawz iks-bi?" }, { "en": "Don't you want to know why Tom is here today?", "ber": "is ur trid ad tssnd ma\u0263f illa tum daha ass a?" }, { "en": "What happened?", "ber": "ma imsarn?" }, { "en": "What happened?", "ber": "ma ijran?" }, { "en": "Good question!", "ber": "asqsi ifulkin!" }, { "en": "And now?", "ber": "d \u0263ila?" }, { "en": "Hello", "ber": " world!", "null": [ "azul", " ama\u1e0dal!" ] }, { "en": "And then?", "ber": "ilmma?" }, { "en": "No swimming.", "ber": "acucf uhu." }, { "en": "Thank you!", "ber": "tanmmirt nnk!" }, { "en": "Thank you!", "ber": "tanmmirt nnm!" }, { "en": "Hands up!", "ber": "all ifassn!" }, { "en": "Fuck you!", "ber": "a\u0263 nn arwass!" }, { "en": "Wake up!", "ber": "duy!" }, { "en": "Wake up!", "ber": "nkr!" }, { "en": "Please come.", "ber": "amur nnk ack d!" }, { "en": "Please come.", "ber": "amur nnm ack d!" }, { "en": "Hey", "ber": " relax.", "null": [ "nnulwu ka!" ] }, { "en": "Stand up!", "ber": "bdd!" }, { "en": "Stand up!", "ber": "nkr!" }, { "en": "She cried.", "ber": "talla." }, { "en": "She walks.", "ber": "ar tzzigiz." }, { "en": "She walks.", "ber": "ar tettddu." }, { "en": "She walks.", "ber": "da tettddu." }, { "en": "You see?", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e5bid?" }, { "en": "You see?", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e5bit?" }, { "en": "Got it!", "ber": "waxxa!" }, { "en": "I will.", "ber": "rad." }, { "en": "Me", "ber": " too.", "null": [ "awd nkki." ] }, { "en": "Me", "ber": " too.", "null": [ "ula nkki." ] }, { "en": "Do you remember me?", "ber": "is fllati tk\u02b7tit?" }, { "en": "Do you remember me?", "ber": "is fllati tk\u02b7tid?" }, { "en": "You have seven children.", "ber": "darun sa tarwa." }, { "en": "You have seven children.", "ber": "dark s tarwa." }, { "en": "You have seven children.", "ber": "darm sa tarwa." }, { "en": "You have seven children.", "ber": "\u0263urk sa warrawn." }, { "en": "My name is Juba.", "ber": "ism inu yuba." }, { "en": "Run fast", "ber": " otherwise you will miss the bus.", "null": [ "azzl s tifssa", " n\u0263 d rad k ifl usnmaddu." ] }, { "en": "Run fast", "ber": " otherwise you will miss the bus.", "null": [ "azzl s tfssa", " n\u0263 d rad km ifl usnmaddu." ] }, { "en": "Run faster", "ber": " otherwise you will miss the train.", "null": [ "azzl s tmmri", " n\u0263 d rad k ifl ulaway." ] }, { "en": "Run faster", "ber": " otherwise you will miss the train.", "null": [ "azzl s tmmri", " n\u0263 d rad km ifl ulaway." ] }, { "en": "Run faster", "ber": " otherwise you will miss the train.", "null": [ "azzl s tmmri", " n\u0263 d rad kn ifl ulaway." ] }, { "en": "Do you want some more pizza?", "ber": "is sul trid bidza ya\u1e0dn?" }, { "en": "Do you want some more pizza?", "ber": "is sul tram bidza ya\u1e0dn?" }, { "en": "Do you like pizza?", "ber": "is k tssusm bidza?" }, { "en": "Do you like pizza?", "ber": "is km tssusm bidza?" }, { "en": "Do you like pizza?", "ber": "is kn tssusm bidza?" }, { "en": "Do you like pizza?", "ber": "is knt tssusm bidza?" }, { "en": "I think you're a liar.", "ber": "nkki nni\u0263 bu tkrkas ayd tgit." }, { "en": "I've cut it into two pieces.", "ber": "bbi\u0263 t \u0263f snat tgzmin." }, { "en": "I've cut it into two pieces.", "ber": "bbi\u0263 tt \u0263f snat tgzmin." }, { "en": "I cut it into two pieces.", "ber": "bbi\u0263 t \u0263f snat tgzmin." }, { "en": "I cut it into two pieces.", "ber": "bbi\u0263 tt \u0263f snat tgzmin." }, { "en": "Sami met Layla.", "ber": "immaqqar sami d layla." }, { "en": "Sami drank and smoked.", "ber": "iswa sami ikmi." }, { "en": "Sami didn't see Layla cry at all.", "ber": "ur akk\u02b7 i\u1e93\u1e5bi sami layla ad talla." }, { "en": "Sami didn't see Layla cry at all.", "ber": "ur akk\u02b7 i\u1e93\u1e5bi sami layla ar talla." }, { "en": "Sami got sick.", "ber": "yu\u1e0dn sami." }, { "en": "Sami called his mother.", "ber": "isawl sami s immis." }, { "en": "Sami called his mother.", "ber": "i\u0263ra sami i immis." }, { "en": "Sami's mouth was open.", "ber": "imi n sami innu\u1e5b\u1e93m." }, { "en": "Sami's mouth was open.", "ber": "innu\u1e5b\u1e93m yimi n sami." }, { "en": "Sami trusted his mom.", "ber": "ifls sami g yimmas." }, { "en": "Sami trusted his mom.", "ber": "ifls sami \u0263 yimmas." }, { "en": "Sami went to bed.", "ber": "idda sami s wusu." }, { "en": "Sami was in Tahiti.", "ber": "illa sami g tahiti." }, { "en": "Sami stole Farid's girlfriend.", "ber": "yukr sami tamddakk\u02b7lt n farid." }, { "en": "Sami couldn't believe Layla was alive.", "ber": "ur iflis sami mas sul tddr layla." }, { "en": "Sami and Farid shared the same prison cell.", "ber": "sami d farid dran yan ubniq." }, { "en": "Sami watched the video.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e5ba sami afidyu." }, { "en": "Sami watched the video to the very end.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e5ba sami afidyu ar tigira." }, { "en": "Sami was watching the video.", "ber": "ikka tt inn sami ar i\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba afidyu." }, { "en": "Sami is watching the video.", "ber": "ar i\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba sami afidyu." }, { "en": "Sami finished watching the videos.", "ber": "ismd sami i\u1e93\u1e5bi n ifidyutn." }, { "en": "Sami lived with his aunt.", "ber": "iddr sami d tanmat nns." }, { "en": "Sami lived with his aunt.", "ber": "iddr sami d xaltis." }, { "en": "Sami was living with his aunt.", "ber": "ikka tt inn sami iddr d xaltis." }, { "en": "Sami was living with his aunt.", "ber": "ikka tt inn sami iddr d tanmat nns." }, { "en": "Only one speaker is working.", "ber": "\u0263s yan umssiwl ayd iswuriyn." }, { "en": "Get up!", "ber": "bdd!" }, { "en": "Grab him.", "ber": "am\u1e93 t." }, { "en": "Grab him.", "ber": "am\u1e93at t!" }, { "en": "Grab him.", "ber": "\u1e6d\u1e6dfat t!" }, { "en": "Well done!", "ber": "i\u1e93il!" }, { "en": "Well done!", "ber": "tawuri i\u1e93iln!" }, { "en": "Well done!", "ber": "tawuri ifulkin!" }, { "en": "No problem!", "ber": "ur illi umukris!" }, { "en": "No problem at all!", "ber": "ur akk\u02b7 illi umukris!" }, { "en": "It works.", "ber": "ar iswuriy." }, { "en": "It worked.", "ber": "iswuri." }, { "en": "Does it work?", "ber": "is ar iswuriy?" }, { "en": "Does it work?", "ber": "is ar tswuriy?" }, { "en": "Could it work?", "ber": "is tzmr ad tswuriy?" }, { "en": "Could it work?", "ber": "is tzmr ad tswuri?" }, { "en": "Is it working?", "ber": "is tmrs?" }, { "en": "It works perfectly.", "ber": "tmrs nit." }, { "en": "Take it!", "ber": "awi t!" }, { "en": "Take it!", "ber": "awi tt!" }, { "en": "Take it easy!", "ber": "imikk s imikk!" }, { "en": "He will take it.", "ber": "rad t yawi." }, { "en": "He will take it.", "ber": "rad tt yawi." }, { "en": "She will take it.", "ber": "rad t tawi." }, { "en": "She will take it.", "ber": "rad tt tawi." }, { "en": "Tell me!", "ber": "ini iyi!" }, { "en": "Tell me!", "ber": "iniyat iyi!" }, { "en": "Tell me!", "ber": "iniyamt iyi!" }, { "en": "Now tell me.", "ber": "\u0263ila ini iyi." }, { "en": "Tell me more.", "ber": "ini iyi uggar." }, { "en": "Tell me everything.", "ber": "ini iyi aylli illan." }, { "en": "Tell me everything.", "ber": "ini iyi akk\u02b7 ma illan." }, { "en": "Tell me again.", "ber": "ini iyi da\u0263." }, { "en": "I think different from you.", "ber": "ar swingim\u0263 s t\u0263arast imzarayn d tinnk." }, { "en": "I think different from you.", "ber": "da swingim\u0263 s t\u0263arast imzarayn d tinnk." }, { "en": "Can you also speak Portuguese?", "ber": "is tzmrt ad tsawalt awd s tbrtqqizt?" }, { "en": "Can you also speak Portuguese?", "ber": "is tzmrd ad tsawald ula s tbrtqqizt?" }, { "en": "We never stop learning.", "ber": "ur jju nsbdd almmud." }, { "en": "Leave the dog outside!", "ber": "ajj aydi g b\u1e5b\u1e5ba!" }, { "en": "Leave the dog outside!", "ber": "ajj aydi \u0263 b\u1e5b\u1e5ba!" }, { "en": "Can you also speak French?", "ber": "is tzmrd ad tsawld awd taf\u1e5ban\u1e63i\u1e63t?" }, { "en": "Can you also speak French?", "ber": "is tufit ad tsawlt ula taf\u1e5ban\u1e63i\u1e63t?" }, { "en": "Has anyone ever faced an ogre?", "ber": "is jju immaqqar kra n yan d wa\u0263\u1e93n?" }, { "en": "Have you ever fought with an ogre?", "ber": "is jju tmma\u0263t d kra n wa\u0263\u1e93n?" }, { "en": "Have you ever fought with an ogre?", "ber": "is jju tmma\u0263d d kra n wa\u0263\u1e93n?" }, { "en": "Are you writing a letter?", "ber": "is ar tettarad kra n tbrat?" }, { "en": "Are you writing a letter?", "ber": "is ar tettarat kra n tbrat?" }, { "en": "He looks young.", "ber": "ar ittuman iga a\u025brrim." }, { "en": "He looks young.", "ber": "da ittuman d a\u025brrim." }, { "en": "Drink water.", "ber": "su aman." }, { "en": "Elephants drink water.", "ber": "ar ssan ilwan aman." }, { "en": "We drink water.", "ber": "ar nssa aman." }, { "en": "Birds drink water.", "ber": "ar ssan ig\u1e0da\u1e0d aman." }, { "en": "He drinks water.", "ber": "ar issa aman." }, { "en": "You drink water.", "ber": "ar tssat aman." }, { "en": "You drink water.", "ber": "ar tssad aman." }, { "en": "I drink water.", "ber": "ar ssa\u0263 aman." }, { "en": "Tom drinks water.", "ber": "ar issa \u1e6dum aman." }, { "en": "Are you dead?", "ber": "is tmmutt?" }, { "en": "Are you dead?", "ber": "is tmmutm?" }, { "en": "Are you sure Tom is dead?", "ber": "is tlknt mas immut \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Are you saying Tom is dead?", "ber": "is ar tettinit mas immut \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "I feel dead.", "ber": "ar syafa\u0263 is mmut\u0263." }, { "en": "I feel dead tired.", "ber": "mmut\u0263 s u\u1e5bmmuy." }, { "en": "I feel dead inside.", "ber": "ar syafa\u0263 mas mmut\u0263 g ugnsu." }, { "en": "I feel more dead than alive.", "ber": "ar syafa\u0263 mas mmut\u0263 uggar n mas ddr\u0263." }, { "en": "Everybody's dead.", "ber": "mmutn akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "Are they dead?", "ber": "is mmutn?" }, { "en": "Is she dead?", "ber": "is tmmut?" }, { "en": "He told me that his father is dead.", "ber": "inna iyi mas immut babs." }, { "en": "Is he dead?", "ber": "is immut?" }, { "en": "What happened to Tom? Is he dead?", "ber": "ma imsarn i \u1e6dum? is immut?" }, { "en": "What happened to Tom? Is he dead?", "ber": "ma ijran i \u1e6dum? is immut?" }, { "en": "Is he alive or dead? \"He's dead.\"", "ber": "is iddr n\u0263 d immut? \"immut.\"" }, { "en": "Is it true that he is dead?", "ber": "is d tidt mas immut?" }, { "en": "Is it true that he is dead?", "ber": "is iga tidt mas immut?" }, { "en": "Tom is never coming back. He's dead.", "ber": "ur rad d sul yurri \u1e6dum. immut." }, { "en": "Wait for me to come with you.", "ber": "qql siti ad dik mun\u0263." }, { "en": "Wait for me to come with you.", "ber": "qql siti ad dik ddu\u0263." }, { "en": "Wait for me to come with you.", "ber": "qql siti ad nn dik ack\u0263." }, { "en": "Why don't you sit down? The place is free.", "ber": "ma \u0263f ad ur tgawrt? ad\u0263ar yuga." }, { "en": "Why don't you sit down? The place is free.", "ber": "ma xf ad ur tqqimd? ad\u0263ar yuga." }, { "en": "He has a lot of problems on his mind.", "ber": "dars tugt n imukrisn g tgrrawt nns." }, { "en": "He has a lot of problems on his mind.", "ber": "\u0263urs tugt n imukrisn g unlli nns." }, { "en": "I do not really remember that girl anymore.", "ber": "ur k\u02b7ti\u0263 xf trbat ann akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "I do not really remember that girl anymore.", "ber": "ur akk\u02b7 kti\u0263 \u0263f tfruxt ann." }, { "en": "Just get out.", "ber": "ff\u0263 ka." }, { "en": "Just get out of here.", "ber": "ff\u0263 ka sg \u0263i." }, { "en": "Just get out of here.", "ber": "ff\u0263 hlli sg \u0263i." }, { "en": "Just get out of here.", "ber": "ff\u0263 hlli sg da." }, { "en": "Let's just get out of here.", "ber": "aywa ad ka nff\u0263 sg \u0263i." }, { "en": "Let's just get out of here.", "ber": "aywa ad hlli nff\u0263 sg da." }, { "en": "I accept the offer.", "ber": "dggi\u0263 askan." }, { "en": "I accepted the offer.", "ber": "dggi\u0263 askan." }, { "en": "That's why I accepted the offer.", "ber": "ayann a \u0263f dggi\u0263 askan." }, { "en": "That's why I accepted the offer.", "ber": "ayann a xf dggi\u0263 askan." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't like to wait.", "ber": "ur da ittiri \u1e6dum ad iqql." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't like to wait.", "ber": "ur ar ittiri \u1e6dum ad iqql." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't like to wait until the last minute to do something.", "ber": "ur da ittiri \u1e6dum ad iqql ar tusdidt iggran afad ad iskr kra." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't like to wait until the last minute to do something.", "ber": "ur ar ittiri \u1e6dum ad iqql ar tusdadt igg\u02b7ran afad ad iskr kra." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't like to be kept waiting.", "ber": "ur da ittiri \u1e6dum ad iqqim ar ittqql." }, { "en": "Please use a plate.", "ber": "amur nnk ssmrs aflwa\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Please use a plate.", "ber": "ig as tufid ssmrs aflwa\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary said they wished you wouldn't do that by yourself.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari nnan mas ssitmn ad ur tskirt ayann s yi\u0263f nnk." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary said they wished you wouldn't do that by yourself.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari nnan mas ssitmn ad ur tskird ayann s yixf nnk." }, { "en": "Tom wondered why Mary never did that again.", "ber": "imsqsa \u1e6dum ma \u0263f mari ur sul tskir ayann." }, { "en": "Tom wondered why Mary never did that again.", "ber": "isestn \u1e6dum ixf nns ma xf mari ur jju da\u0263 tskir ayann." }, { "en": "Tom was surprised when Mary didn't do that.", "ber": "i\u025bjjb \u1e6dum llig ur tskir mari ayann." }, { "en": "You cannot take pictures in the theater without permission.", "ber": "ur tzmird ad tskard tiwlafin g umzgun min turagt." }, { "en": "You cannot take pictures in the theater without permission.", "ber": "ur tzmirt ad tskart tiwlafin g umzgun bla turagt." }, { "en": "You cannot take pictures in the theater without permission.", "ber": "ur t\u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5bt ad tskart tiwlafin g umzgun min turagt." }, { "en": "A black cat is eating a white mouse.", "ber": "yan umaccu asggan ar ictta yan u\u0263rda umlil." }, { "en": "A black cat is eating a white mouse.", "ber": "yan umucc abrkan ar ittetta yan u\u0263rda amllal." }, { "en": "Will Tom come with his wife", "ber": " or alone?", "null": [ "is rad d yack \u1e6dum d tm\u1e6d\u1e6dut nns", " n\u0263 d \u0263s i wa\u1e0du nns." ] }, { "en": "Will Tom come with his wife", "ber": " or alone?", "null": [ "is rad d yack \u1e6dum d tm\u0263art nns", " n\u0263 d \u0263s d yi\u0263f nns." ] }, { "en": "Only Tom came.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ka ayd d yuckan." }, { "en": "Only Tom came.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ka ayd d iddan." }, { "en": "Did she tell the truth?", "ber": "is tnna tidt?" }, { "en": "Do not laugh.", "ber": "ad ur t\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63at." }, { "en": "Do not laugh.", "ber": "ad ur t\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63am." }, { "en": "Do not laugh.", "ber": "ad ur t\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63amt." }, { "en": "There is an empty room in the house.", "ber": "illa \u0263inn yan u\u1e25anu yugan g tgmmi." }, { "en": "There is an empty room in the house.", "ber": "illa dinn yan u\u1e25anu yuran g taddart." }, { "en": "There is an empty room in the house.", "ber": "illa dinn yan tzqqa yuran g taddart." }, { "en": "Kabylia is located in North Africa.", "ber": "tamazirt n iqbayliyn tlla g tfriqt n ugafa." }, { "en": "Kabylia is located in North Africa.", "ber": "tamurt n iqbayliyn tlla g ugafa n tfriqt." }, { "en": "The natives of North Africa are Berbers.", "ber": "imzda\u0263 n tfriqt n ugafa gan imazi\u0263n." }, { "en": "The natives of North Africa are Berbers.", "ber": "imzda\u0263 n tfriqt n ugafa d imazi\u0263n." }, { "en": "You speak like your mother.", "ber": "da tsawald amm immik." }, { "en": "You speak like your mother.", "ber": "ar tsawalt zun d immik." }, { "en": "You speak like your mother.", "ber": "ar tsawalm zun d immitun." }, { "en": "You speak like your mother.", "ber": "ar tsawalmt zun d immitunt." }, { "en": "Where's the rope?", "ber": "mani g illa izikr?" }, { "en": "Tamazight is a family of languages \u200b\u200bspoken in North Africa.", "ber": "tamazi\u0263t tga tawja n tutlayin ittusawaln g tfriqt n ugafa." }, { "en": "Tamazight is a family of languages \u200b\u200bspoken in North Africa.", "ber": "tamazi\u0263t d tawacunt n tutlayin ittusawaln g tfriqt n ugafa." }, { "en": "He who seeks will find.", "ber": "ntta lli isiggiln rad yaf." }, { "en": "He who seeks will find.", "ber": "ntta lli irzzun rad yaf." }, { "en": "He wrote him a message.", "ber": "yura as yat tbrat." }, { "en": "He wrote him a message.", "ber": "yara as yat tbrat." }, { "en": "He wrote her a message.", "ber": "yura as yat tbrat." }, { "en": "He wrote her a message.", "ber": "yara as yat tbrat." }, { "en": "Sami is just sixteen and he's still at school.", "ber": "sami dars \u0263s s\u1e0di\u1e63 d mraw d ar ukan sul yaqqra g tinml." }, { "en": "Sami is just sixteen and he's still at school.", "ber": "sami \u0263urs \u0263s s\u1e0di\u1e63 d mraw d ar ukan sul iqqra g tinml." }, { "en": "Tom will be very hurt.", "ber": "rad bahra ittubray \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Is that a cat or a dog?", "ber": "is d wann iga amaccu n\u0263 d aydi?" }, { "en": "I couldn't find the page I was looking for.", "ber": "ur zmir\u0263 ad af\u0263 tasna lli s ar yadlli siggil\u0263." }, { "en": "I couldn't find the page I was looking for.", "ber": "ur \u0263iy\u0263 ad af\u0263 tasna nna \u0263f yadlli rzi\u0263." }, { "en": "We love milk.", "ber": "da nttiri ak\u02b7fay." }, { "en": "We love milk.", "ber": "ar nttiri ak\u02b7fay." }, { "en": "I'm not one of them.", "ber": "ur gi\u0263 yan sgitsn." }, { "en": "I am not one of them.", "ber": "ur gi\u0263 yan sgitsn." }, { "en": "If you had only listened to me", "ber": " none of this would have happened.", "null": [ "mra is iyi ka tssfldt", " ur akk\u02b7 rad ij\u1e5bu uya." ] }, { "en": "If you had only listened to me", "ber": " none of this would have happened.", "null": [ "mr iyi hlli tssfldd", " awd kra sg uya ur rad imsar." ] }, { "en": "I asked him to come with me and he agreed.", "ber": "ttr\u0263 t ad diti imun ukan idggi." }, { "en": "You may enter.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bd ad tkcmt." }, { "en": "You may enter.", "ber": "tzmrm ad tkcmm." }, { "en": "You may enter.", "ber": "tzmrd ad tadfd." }, { "en": "You may enter.", "ber": "t\u0263iyd ad tkcmd." }, { "en": "You may enter now.", "ber": "tzmrt ad tkcmt \u0263ila." }, { "en": "Marie didn't like that game.", "ber": "mari ur tt tssusm tsurart ann." }, { "en": "Thank you for inviting me to the party.", "ber": "tanmmirt nnk llig iyi t\u0263rit s tfugla." }, { "en": "Thank you for inviting me to the party.", "ber": "tanmmirt nnm llig iyi t\u0263rid s tfugla." }, { "en": "I hope nothing happened to him.", "ber": "ar ttnuruz\u0263 ad as ur ij\u1e5bu yat." }, { "en": "I hope nothing happened to him.", "ber": "da ttnuruz\u0263 ad as ur imsar yat." }, { "en": "Are you going to leave me?", "ber": "is rad iyi tflt?" }, { "en": "Are you going to leave me?", "ber": "is rad iyi tajjt?" }, { "en": "Are you going to leave me?", "ber": "is rad iyi tfld?" }, { "en": "Are you going to leave me?", "ber": "is rad iyi tflm?" }, { "en": "Are you going to leave me?", "ber": "is rad iyi tflmt?" }, { "en": "Aren't you going to join me?", "ber": "ur rad diti tdrut?" }, { "en": "Aren't you going to join me?", "ber": "ur rad diti tdrum?" }, { "en": "Aren't you going to join me?", "ber": "ur rad diti tdrud?" }, { "en": "Are you willing to join me?", "ber": "is rad diti tdrut?" }, { "en": "Don't you have something to do?", "ber": "ur dark kra mayd tskart?" }, { "en": "Don't you have something to do?", "ber": "ur \u0263urk kra ad t tskrd?" }, { "en": "Don't you have something to do?", "ber": "ur darun kra ad t tskrm?" }, { "en": "Don't you have something to do?", "ber": "ur \u0263urm kra ad t tskrd?" }, { "en": "Don't you have something to do?", "ber": "ur darm kra ad t tskrt?" }, { "en": "Don't you have something else to do?", "ber": "ur dark kra ya\u1e0dn ad t tskrt?" }, { "en": "Don't you have something else to do?", "ber": "ur \u0263urk kra ya\u1e0dn ad t tskrd?" }, { "en": "What is over there?", "ber": "ma illan \u0263inn?" }, { "en": "What is over there?", "ber": "ma illan dinn?" }, { "en": "What do you think is over there?", "ber": "mayd tnnid is illa dinn?" }, { "en": "What do you think is over there?", "ber": "ma s tnnit is illa \u0263inn?" }, { "en": "What do you think is over there?", "ber": "mayd t\u0263ald is illa dinn?" }, { "en": "What do you think is over there?", "ber": "mayd t\u0263alt is illa \u0263inn?" }, { "en": "Do you play any sports?", "ber": "is da tetturard kra n tunnunt?" }, { "en": "Do you play any sports?", "ber": "is ar tetturart kra n tunnunt?" }, { "en": "I have to do something.", "ber": "iqqan d ad skr\u0263 kra." }, { "en": "Something must be done!", "ber": "iqqan d ad ittuskar kra!" }, { "en": "Let's play something.", "ber": "aywa ad nurar kra." }, { "en": "Let's play something.", "ber": "aywat ad nurar kra." }, { "en": "Let's play something.", "ber": "aywamt ad nurar kra." }, { "en": "What would you like to do while you're here?", "ber": "mayd trid ad tskrd llig tllid da?" }, { "en": "What would you like to do while you're here?", "ber": "mayd trit ad tskrt llig \u0263id tllit?" }, { "en": "I have to go to sleep.", "ber": "iqqan d ad ddu\u0263 ad gn\u0263." }, { "en": "I have to go to sleep.", "ber": "illa fllati ad ddu\u0263 ad gn\u0263." }, { "en": "Ask Tom and Mary if they want to go swimming with us.", "ber": "sqsa \u1e6dum d mari ig ran ad ditn\u0263 ddun ad ncuccf." }, { "en": "Ask Tom and Mary if they want to go swimming with us.", "ber": "sqsa \u1e6dum d mari mk xsn ad ditn\u0263 ddun ad ncuccf." }, { "en": "This isn't my pen.", "ber": "wa ur igi a\u0263anib inu." }, { "en": "This isn't my pen.", "ber": "ur d a\u0263anib inu aya." }, { "en": "They are reading a book in their room.", "ber": "ar aqqran yan udlis g u\u1e25anu nnsn." }, { "en": "They are reading a book in their room.", "ber": "ar aqqrant yan udlis g u\u1e25anu nnsnt." }, { "en": "The burglar came in through a window.", "ber": "yudf d umakr ann sg us\u1e5b\u1e93m." }, { "en": "The burglar came in through a window.", "ber": "ikcm d umxxar ann z\u0263 us\u1e5b\u1e93m." }, { "en": "Please come and see me whenever it is convenient for you.", "ber": "amur nnk", "null": [ " ack d ad iy t\u1e93\u1e5bt kudnna as tufit." ] }, { "en": "Sami needs to stay here for now.", "ber": "sami yusr ad iqqama \u0263i \u0263ila." }, { "en": "Sami needs to stay here for now.", "ber": "sami yusr ad iqqim da \u0263ila." }, { "en": "I can't see why you don't want to help us.", "ber": "ur zmir\u0263 ad \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263 ma \u0263f ur trid ad a\u0263 tawsd." }, { "en": "I can't see why you don't want to help us.", "ber": "ggammi\u0263 ad \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263 ma \u0263f ur trit ad a\u0263 tawst." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary recognized each other.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari yukz yan nnsn wayya\u1e0d." }, { "en": "I send myself flowers every now and then.", "ber": "ar ttazn\u0263 ijddign i yixf inu tikklt ar tayya\u1e0d." }, { "en": "I send myself flowers every now and then.", "ber": "da ttazn\u0263 ijddign i yi\u0263f inu tikklt ar tayya\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Sami knows how to count.", "ber": "issn sami manimk s da issi\u1e0din." }, { "en": "Sami knows how to count.", "ber": "issn sami ad issi\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "Tom works in advertising.", "ber": "ar iswuriy \u1e6dum \u0263 usussn." }, { "en": "Tom works in advertising.", "ber": "da iswuriy \u1e6dum g usussn." }, { "en": "There's nothing we can't do.", "ber": "ur dinn illi awd kra ur nzmir ad t nskr." }, { "en": "There's nothing we can't do.", "ber": "ur \u0263inn illi awd kra ur nufi ad t nskr." }, { "en": "When's dinner?", "ber": "managu imnsi?" }, { "en": "When's dinner?", "ber": "managu illa imnsi?" }, { "en": "She left her hat in the car.", "ber": "tfl tarazal nns \u0263 thirit." }, { "en": "She left her hat in the car.", "ber": "tfl tarazal nns g thirit." }, { "en": "Mary has lots of things she has to buy.", "ber": "mari dars tugt n t\u0263awsiwin illa fllas ad tn ts\u0263." }, { "en": "Mary has lots of things she has to buy.", "ber": "mari \u0263urs tugt n t\u0263awsiwin illa fllas ad tn ts\u0263." }, { "en": "It saved his life.", "ber": "tjjnjm as tudrt nns." }, { "en": "Mary burned everything Tom gave her.", "ber": "tsskm\u1e0d akk\u02b7 mari aylli as ifka \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Is it yours?", "ber": "is iga winnk?" }, { "en": "Is it yours?", "ber": "is iga winnm?" }, { "en": "Is it yours?", "ber": "is tga tinnk?" }, { "en": "Is it yours?", "ber": "is tga tinnm?" }, { "en": "Is it yours?", "ber": "is iga winnun?" }, { "en": "Is it yours?", "ber": "is iga winnunt?" }, { "en": "Is it yours?", "ber": "is tga tinnun?" }, { "en": "Is it yours?", "ber": "is tga tinnunt?" }, { "en": "He scored 100 points on the Berber test.", "ber": "yiwi d timi\u1e0di n tnqqa\u1e0d g yirim n tmazi\u0263t." }, { "en": "You're going to need one of these.", "ber": "rad tasrd yan sg wi." }, { "en": "You're going to need one of these.", "ber": "rad tasrm yan sg wi." }, { "en": "You're going to need one of these.", "ber": "rad tasrmt yan sg wi." }, { "en": "She is from Hokkaido", "ber": " but is now living in Tokyo.", "null": [ "tga ult hukaydu", " maca d\u0263i tddr g \u1e6dukyu." ] }, { "en": "Islam is beautiful.", "ber": "ifulki lislam." }, { "en": "Islam is beautiful.", "ber": "ifulki yislam." }, { "en": "I'll pay for the tickets.", "ber": "rad fru\u0263 tinfulin." }, { "en": "Admission is free for children.", "ber": "akccum iga abnnan i wazzann." }, { "en": "He's young", "ber": " but he has a white beard.", "null": [ "iga a\u025brrim", " maca \u0263urs tamart imlluln." ] }, { "en": "He's young", "ber": " but he has a white beard.", "null": [ "iga a\u025brrim", " macc dars tamart imlluln." ] }, { "en": "I'm proud to say I know Tom.", "ber": "iga iyi addur ad ini\u0263 mas ssn\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I wish I could help you.", "ber": "ar ssitim\u0263 mra is ufi\u0263 ad ak aws\u0263." }, { "en": "I wish that I could help you.", "ber": "ar ssitim\u0263 mra is ufi\u0263 ad ak aws\u0263." }, { "en": "At the library.", "ber": "g tsdlist." }, { "en": "I love libraries.", "ber": "ar ttiri\u0263 tasdlist." }, { "en": "I love libraries.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 tasdlist." }, { "en": "Where is the library?", "ber": "mani g tlla tsdlist?" }, { "en": "These are library books.", "ber": "wi gan idlisn n tsdlist." }, { "en": "I am reading a book in the library.", "ber": "ar qqra\u0263 yan udlis g tsdlist." }, { "en": "What I wrote is not English.", "ber": "aylli uri\u0263 ur igi tanglizt." }, { "en": "What I wrote is not English.", "ber": "aylli ara\u0263 ur igi tanglizt." }, { "en": "Harry fell seriously ill.", "ber": "is nit yu\u1e0dn hari." }, { "en": "Tom told me that he liked working in Boston.", "ber": "inna iyi \u1e6dum mas t tssusm tawuri \u0263 bu\u1e63\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "Tom told me that he liked working in Boston.", "ber": "inna iyi \u1e6dum mas t tssusm tawuri g bu\u1e63\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "We have six eggs.", "ber": "darn\u0263 \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63t tglay." }, { "en": "Would you like some more bread?", "ber": "is sul trit a\u0263rum?" }, { "en": "Would you like some more bread?", "ber": "is trid a\u0263rum ya\u1e0dn?" }, { "en": "Why wouldn't you allow Tom to do that?", "ber": "ma\u0263f ur tujjit \u1e6dum ad iskar ayann?" }, { "en": "Why wouldn't you allow Tom to do that?", "ber": "maxx ur tujjit \u1e6dum ad iskar ayann?" }, { "en": "I can't do what Tom and Mary do.", "ber": "ur ufi\u0263 ad skr\u0263 aylli iskar \u1e6dum d mari." }, { "en": "I can't do what Tom and Mary do.", "ber": "ur zmir\u0263 ad skr\u0263 aylli iskar \u1e6dum d mari." }, { "en": "I can't do what Tom and Mary do.", "ber": "ur \u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5b\u0263 ad skr\u0263 aylli iskar \u1e6dum d mari." }, { "en": "Maybe later.", "ber": "irwas ard da\u0263." }, { "en": "I fail to see what's so funny.", "ber": "ggammi\u0263 ad \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263 mayd bahra is\u1e0d\u1e63an." }, { "en": "I fail to see what's so funny.", "ber": "guf\u0263 ad \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263 mayd bahra is\u1e0d\u1e63an." }, { "en": "Thanks for having me.", "ber": "tanmmirt llig iy tsbrrkt." }, { "en": "I think that Tom doesn't eat meat.", "ber": "\u0263al\u0263 mas d \u1e6dum ur ar ictta tifyyi." }, { "en": "I think that Tom doesn't eat meat.", "ber": "\u0263al\u0263 mas d \u1e6dum ur da ittetta aksum." }, { "en": "I have things I have to do.", "ber": "dari ti\u0263awsiwin iqqan d ad ttuskarnt." }, { "en": "I still have things left to do.", "ber": "llant sul dari t\u0263awsiwin qqamant ad ttuskarnt." }, { "en": "I have a lot of things to do.", "ber": "dari tugt n t\u0263awsiwin ad ttuskarnt." }, { "en": "I have a lot of things to do.", "ber": "\u0263uri tugt n t\u0263awsiwin ad ttuskarnt." }, { "en": "Could we get out of here?", "ber": "is nufa ad nff\u0263 z\u0263 \u0263i?" }, { "en": "Could we get out of here?", "ber": "is n\u0263iy ad nff\u0263 sg da?" }, { "en": "Could we get out of here?", "ber": "is nzmr ad nff\u0263 sg da?" }, { "en": "He's just like you.", "ber": "iga nit zun d kyyi." }, { "en": "He's just like you.", "ber": "iga \u0263s zun d kyyi." }, { "en": "Tom likes you too", "ber": " Mary. He's just too shy to admit it.", "null": [ "\u1e6dum ar km ittiri ula kmmi", " mari. is ka i\u1e25ccm ad sis issikz." ] }, { "en": "Tom likes you too", "ber": " Mary. He's just too shy to admit it.", "null": [ "\u1e6dum ar km ittiri awd kmmi", " mari. is ka i\u1e25ccm ad sis issikz." ] }, { "en": "She's a yoga teacher.", "ber": "tga taslmadt n yuga." }, { "en": "I didn't need that.", "ber": "ur usir\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "You didn't know that I didn't need to do that", "ber": " did you?", "null": [ "ur tssint mas ur usir\u0263 ad skr\u0263 ayann", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "You didn't know that I didn't need to do that", "ber": " did you?", "null": [ "ur tssind mas ur usir\u0263 ad skr\u0263 ayann", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "You didn't know that I didn't need to do that", "ber": " did you?", "null": [ "ur tssinm mas ur usir\u0263 ad skr\u0263 ayann", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "You have to find something you enjoy doing.", "ber": "iqqan k id ad taft kra lli g ar tettfjjijt s uskkir nns." }, { "en": "You have to find something you enjoy doing.", "ber": "iqqan k id ad taft kra lli g ar tettfjjijt." }, { "en": "You have to let me help you.", "ber": "illa fllak ad iyi tajjt ad ak aws\u0263." }, { "en": "You have to let me help you.", "ber": "iqqan k id ad iyi tajjt ad ak aws\u0263." }, { "en": "What makes you cry like that?", "ber": "mayd k issallan s unct ann?" }, { "en": "What makes you cry like that?", "ber": "mayd k yujjn ad tallat s mkann?" }, { "en": "What makes you cry like that?", "ber": "mayd k yujjn ad tallad s mknna?" }, { "en": "Just don't worry about it", "ber": " OK?", "null": [ "ad k akk\u02b7 ur izziwz ayann", " waxxa?" ] }, { "en": "Just don't worry about it", "ber": " OK?", "null": [ "ad kn akk\u02b7 ur izziwz ayann", " waxxa?" ] }, { "en": "We live near the school.", "ber": "nzd\u0263 \u0263 tama n tinml." }, { "en": "We live near the school.", "ber": "nzd\u0263 g tama n tinml." }, { "en": "I cannot accept this student in my school.", "ber": "ur \u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5b\u0263 ad dggi\u0263 anlmad ad \u0263 tinml inu." }, { "en": "I cannot accept this student in my school.", "ber": "ur zmir\u0263 ad dggi\u0263 anlmad a g tinml inu." }, { "en": "I cannot accept this student in my school.", "ber": "ur \u0263iy\u0263 ad dggi\u0263 anlmad a g tinml inu." }, { "en": "My family is in Australia.", "ber": "tlla twja inu \u0263 u\u1e63\u1e6d\u1e5balya." }, { "en": "My family is in Australia.", "ber": "tlla twja inu g u\u1e63\u1e6d\u1e5balya." }, { "en": "I wish that you'd be more positive.", "ber": "ar ssitim\u0263 ad bahra tgt umnig." }, { "en": "I wish that you'd be more positive.", "ber": "da ssitim\u0263 ad bahra tgd umnig." }, { "en": "I made a lot of poor choices.", "ber": "skr\u0263 kigan n gar istayn." }, { "en": "I made a lot of poor choices.", "ber": "skr\u0263 tugt n gar istayn." }, { "en": "She couldn't find her keys.", "ber": "tggammi ad taf tisura nns." }, { "en": "She couldn't find her keys.", "ber": "ur tzmir ad taf tisura nns." }, { "en": "Tom's thirty.", "ber": "\u1e6dum dars k\u1e5bamraw n usgg\u02b7as." }, { "en": "Tom's thirty.", "ber": "\u1e6dum \u0263urs k\u1e5bamraw n usgg\u02b7as." }, { "en": "Mary said she needed money to buy something to eat.", "ber": "tnna mari mas tusr iqa\u1e5bi\u1e0dn afad ad sisn ts\u0263 kra ad t tcc." }, { "en": "Mary said she needed money to buy something to eat.", "ber": "tnna mari mas tusr idrimn afad ad ts\u0263 kra ad t tcc." }, { "en": "You're the boss!", "ber": "kyyi ayd igan am\u0263ar!" }, { "en": "You're the boss.", "ber": "kyyi ayd igan am\u0263ar." }, { "en": "How come you're not the boss?", "ber": "ma \u0263f ur tgit am\u0263ar?" }, { "en": "Find Tom.", "ber": "af \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Find Tom.", "ber": "afat \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Find Tom.", "ber": "afamt \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Go find Tom.", "ber": "ddu af \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Just find Tom.", "ber": "af ka \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Just find Tom.", "ber": "afat ka \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Just find Tom.", "ber": "afamt ka \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Please find Tom.", "ber": "amur nnk af \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Please find Tom.", "ber": "ig as tufid af \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Please find Tom.", "ber": "i\u0263 as tufit af \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Please find Tom.", "ber": "amur nnun afat \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Come with us", "ber": " please.", "null": [ "mun ditn\u0263", " amur nnk." ] }, { "en": "Come with us", "ber": " please.", "null": [ "mun ditn\u0263", " amur nnm." ] }, { "en": "Shit! Stop!", "ber": "ixxan! bdd!" }, { "en": "Tom doesn't have any family.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ur dars kra n twja." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't have any family.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ur \u0263urs ca n twacult." }, { "en": "I am honored to meet you.", "ber": "iga iyi addur ad dik mmaqqar\u0263." }, { "en": "I am honored to meet you.", "ber": "iga iyi addur ad dim mmaggar\u0263." }, { "en": "We have a history", "ber": " Tom and I.", "null": [ "darn\u0263 amzruy", " nkki d \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "We have a history", "ber": " Tom and I.", "null": [ "\u0263urn\u0263 amzruy", " nkki d \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "I haven't seen you for so long!", "ber": "ur k \u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 mnct aya!" }, { "en": "I haven't seen you for so long!", "ber": "imu\u1e6dl mayd k \u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263." }, { "en": "That's her car.", "ber": "tann tga tihirit nns." }, { "en": "Anything less is unacceptable.", "ber": "aynna idrusn ur izri." }, { "en": "Anything less is unacceptable.", "ber": "ta\u0263awsa nna idrusn ur tettudggi." }, { "en": "Who was the inventor of the radio?", "ber": "ma igan amsnulfu n unzway?" }, { "en": "Where was he born and raised?", "ber": "mani g d ilul d inkr?" }, { "en": "She was out when I called.", "ber": "tkka tt inn \u0263 b\u1e5b\u1e5ba llig \u0263ri\u0263." }, { "en": "There was absolutely no doubt.", "ber": "ur \u0263inn akk\u02b7 kra n turda." }, { "en": "What was Tom afraid of?", "ber": "ma s tt inn ikka \u1e6dum ik\u1e63u\u1e0d t?" }, { "en": "What was Tom afraid of?", "ber": "mayd yadlli igg\u02b7d \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Sami was the florist for our wedding.", "ber": "sami iga bu ijddign n tm\u0263ra nn\u0263." }, { "en": "Nobody was in the room.", "ber": "ur illi yan \u0263 tzqqa." }, { "en": "Mennad was crying in the video.", "ber": "ikka tt inn mnnad ar yalla g ufidyu." }, { "en": "He was sitting next to him.", "ber": "ikka tt inn igiwr \u0263 tama nns." }, { "en": "He was sitting next to him.", "ber": "ikka tt inn iqqim g tama nns." }, { "en": "Sami's life was in shambles.", "ber": "tkka tt inn tudrt n sami tmmrks akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "Sami's life was in shambles.", "ber": "tkka tt inn tudrt n sami tmmrwi akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "How was your trip to Boston?", "ber": "manmk s tzri tnyuddut nnk s bu\u1e63\u1e6dun?" }, { "en": "When was the last time you swept the yard?", "ber": "managu igan tikklt igg\u02b7ran tssf\u1e0dt gis asarag?" }, { "en": "I'm a lazy person.", "ber": "gi\u0263 amdan igan amxin." }, { "en": "I'm a lazy person.", "ber": "gi\u0263 amxin." }, { "en": "They all smiled.", "ber": "zmummgn akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "Tom treated Mary like a queen.", "ber": "imyagga \u1e6dum d mari amm kra n tgllidt." }, { "en": "You must wait for the next bus.", "ber": "iqqan d ad tqqlt s usnmaddu d yuckan." }, { "en": "You must wait for the next bus.", "ber": "illa fllak ad tqqld s usnmaddu an\u1e0dfa\u1e5b." }, { "en": "I tried to find you.", "ber": "mwat\u0263 ad k af\u0263." }, { "en": "I tried to find you.", "ber": "mma\u0263\u0263 ad km af\u0263." }, { "en": "Hold on. I'll check.", "ber": "qql. rad nn agg\u02b7\u0263." }, { "en": "I gave one to Tom", "ber": " too.", "null": [ "fki\u0263 yan i \u1e6dum", " awd ntta." ] }, { "en": "I gave one to Tom", "ber": " too.", "null": [ "fki\u0263 yan i \u1e6dum", " ula ntta." ] }, { "en": "I gave you what you asked for.", "ber": "fki\u0263 ak aylli tettrt." }, { "en": "Mary killed herself in Australia.", "ber": "tn\u0263a mari ixf nns \u0263 ust\u1e5balya." }, { "en": "You wash yourself.", "ber": "da tssiridd i\u0263f nnk." }, { "en": "You wash yourself.", "ber": "da tssiridd i\u0263f nnm." }, { "en": "Ziri stood frozen and shocked.", "ber": "ibdd ziri iqqur", "null": [ " ibh\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "I'm not his type.", "ber": "nkki ur gi\u0263 anaw nns." }, { "en": "I'm a florist.", "ber": "nkki gi\u0263 bu ijddign." }, { "en": "I'm making a movie.", "ber": "ar skar\u0263 yan usaru." }, { "en": "He took a picture of his dog and sent it to her.", "ber": "iskr yat twlaft i waydi nns yazn as tt." }, { "en": "Tom was there", "ber": " but Mary wasn't.", "null": [ "\u1e6dum ikka tt inn \u0263inn", " macc mari uhu." ] }, { "en": "Tom was there", "ber": " but Mary wasn't.", "null": [ "\u1e6dum ikka tt inn dinn", " maca mari uhu." ] }, { "en": "I'm the one who should be doing this.", "ber": "nkki a igan walli s d iqqan ad iskr ayad." }, { "en": "I'm the one who should be doing this.", "ber": "nkki a igan talli s d iqqan ad tskr aya." }, { "en": "I work five days a week.", "ber": "da swuriy\u0263 smmus wussan \u0263 yimalass." }, { "en": "I had to get back home.", "ber": "iqqan d ad urri\u0263 s tgmmi." }, { "en": "I had to get back home.", "ber": "illa fllati ad a\u0263ul\u0263 s taddart." }, { "en": "I like maths.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 tusnakt." }, { "en": "I love math.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 tusnakt." }, { "en": "I hate maths.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 tusnakt." }, { "en": "I hate math.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 tusnakt." }, { "en": "He loves studying math.", "ber": "ar ittiri ad yaqqra tusnakt." }, { "en": "He loves studying math.", "ber": "da ittiri ad izrru tusnakt." }, { "en": "I want to study math.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad \u0263r\u0263 tusnakt." }, { "en": "I want to study math.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad zru\u0263 tusnakt." }, { "en": "John is good at maths.", "ber": "djun issn i tusnakt." }, { "en": "I was a physics professor.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn d aslmad n tsngama." }, { "en": "Learning Physics is not easy.", "ber": "almmud n tsngama ur inhil." }, { "en": "Learning Physics is not easy.", "ber": "almmud n tsngama ur irxi." }, { "en": "Mathematics is more difficult than physics.", "ber": "tusnakt tmra uggar n tsngama." }, { "en": "Did you like the physics book?", "ber": "is k issusm udlis n tsngama?" }, { "en": "Did you like the physics book?", "ber": "is km issusm udlis n tsngama?" }, { "en": "Are you still having difficulty with physics?", "ber": "is ar sul tettafat tamara d tsngama?" }, { "en": "Tom won a Nobel Prize in physics.", "ber": "yiwi \u1e6dum yat tsm\u0263urt n nubl g tsngama." }, { "en": "Believe in science!", "ber": "fls s tussna!" }, { "en": "Science is cool.", "ber": "tussna tfjjij!" }, { "en": "I trust science.", "ber": "fls\u0263 g tussna." }, { "en": "I hate science.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 tussna." }, { "en": "Sport is also science.", "ber": "awd tunnunt tga tussna." }, { "en": "I do not like science.", "ber": "ur iyi tssusm tussna." }, { "en": "I know nothing about science.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 amya g tussna." }, { "en": "I like sports.", "ber": "tssusm iyi tunnunt." }, { "en": "He hates sports.", "ber": "iksn tunnunt." }, { "en": "Tom hates sports.", "ber": "\u1e6dum iksn tunnunt." }, { "en": "Sport is health.", "ber": "tunnunt tga tadusi." }, { "en": "Does she like sports?", "ber": "is tt tssusm tunnunt?" }, { "en": "Does she like sports?", "ber": "is da tettiri tunnunt?" }, { "en": "Soccer is a sport.", "ber": "tawjja n u\u1e0da\u1e5b tga tunnunt." }, { "en": "Language opens worlds.", "ber": "tutlayt da t\u1e5b\u1e93\u1e93m ima\u1e0daln." }, { "en": "This world is difficult.", "ber": "ama\u1e0dal a imra." }, { "en": "Money rules the world.", "ber": "idrimn nb\u1e0dn g uma\u1e0dal." }, { "en": "The world has changed.", "ber": "ama\u1e0dal infl." }, { "en": "Darwin changed the world.", "ber": "darwin issnfl ama\u1e0dal." }, { "en": "The world hates me.", "ber": "ama\u1e0dal iksn i." }, { "en": "The world is dangerous.", "ber": "ama\u1e0dal iga amizay." }, { "en": "The world is big.", "ber": "ama\u1e0dal imqqur." }, { "en": "I know Tom meant to do that.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 mas yumml \u1e6dum ad iskr ayann." }, { "en": "I know that Tom meant to do that.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 mas yumml \u1e6dum ad iskr ayann." }, { "en": "Did you already know that?", "ber": "is yadlli tssnd ayann?" }, { "en": "She wants to be with him.", "ber": "tra ad dis tili." }, { "en": "Sami wants to see that.", "ber": "sami ira ad i\u1e93\u1e5b ayann." }, { "en": "Tom wants to work with me.", "ber": "ira \u1e6dum ad diti iswuri." }, { "en": "Tom has told me he wants to write a book.", "ber": "inna iyi \u1e6dum ira ad yara yan udlis." }, { "en": "Mennad has a dog.", "ber": "mnnad dars aydi." }, { "en": "Mennad has a dog.", "ber": "mnnad \u0263urs aydi." }, { "en": "China has more than a billion inhabitants.", "ber": "illa g ccinwa uggar n yan umlya\u1e5b n imzda\u0263n." }, { "en": "God opened Sami's heart to Islam.", "ber": "i\u1e5b\u1e93m \u1e5bbbi ul n sami i tnslmt." }, { "en": "Is Tom a florist?", "ber": "is iga \u1e6dum bu ijddign?" }, { "en": "The island is uninhabited.", "ber": "tagzirt ur tettuzda\u0263." }, { "en": "David is handsome.", "ber": "i\u1e93il dafid." }, { "en": "Tom isn't a student.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ur igi anlmad." }, { "en": "Japan is a small country.", "ber": "iga uyaban tamazirt m\u1e93\u1e93iyn." }, { "en": "Music is my life.", "ber": "a\u1e93awan iga tudrt inu." }, { "en": "Why is Tom worried?", "ber": "ma \u0263f innzgm \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "It is too difficult to choose.", "ber": "imra kigan ad tstid." }, { "en": "Ajay is poor.", "ber": "ajay iga am\u1e93lu\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Water is important for humans.", "ber": "aman gan izalann i ufgan." }, { "en": "Water is important for humans.", "ber": "aman gan izalann i mddn." }, { "en": "Is there anybody in the classroom?", "ber": "is \u0263inn kra n yan g usmil anmlan?" }, { "en": "Is there anybody in the classroom?", "ber": "is dinn kra n yan g usmil anmlan?" }, { "en": "That isn't the truth.", "ber": "ayann ur igi tidt." }, { "en": "Is this word known in your dialect?", "ber": "is tettussan tguri a \u0263 tntala nnk?" }, { "en": "Tom is the team manager.", "ber": "\u1e6dum iga anmhal n trabbut." }, { "en": "Rima is sweet.", "ber": "tfulki rima." }, { "en": "It changes your life.", "ber": "da issnfal tudrt nnk." }, { "en": "I need to tell Tom the news.", "ber": "usr\u0263 ad ini\u0263 in\u0263misn i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "His son is a student in New York.", "ber": "iwis iga anlmad \u0263 nyuyurk." }, { "en": "Don't let him see me!", "ber": "ad t ur tajjd ad i i\u1e93\u1e5b!" }, { "en": "I don't know what to write here.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 mayd ttara\u0263 \u0263i." }, { "en": "I don't know what to write here.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 mayd ttara\u0263 da." }, { "en": "It's an excellent idea", "ber": " I think.", "null": [ "tawngimt ifulkin ayad", " nni\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Freeze!", "ber": "bdd" }, { "en": "Freeze!", "ber": "grs" }, { "en": "How many animals do you have?", "ber": "mnck n imudar ad dark illan?" }, { "en": "How many animals do you have?", "ber": "mnct n imudar ayd \u0263urk illan?" }, { "en": "The longer you stay", "ber": " the more overtime pay you'll get.", "null": [ "anct nna tkkit", " s ar itturna unct lli rad tam\u1e93t xf twuri lli trnit." ] }, { "en": "See?", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e5bit?" }, { "en": "I want to live.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad ddr\u0263." }, { "en": "I want to live here.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad ddr\u0263 \u0263i." }, { "en": "I want to live here.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad ddr\u0263 da." }, { "en": "I want to live with you.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad dik ddr\u0263." }, { "en": "I want to live with you.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad dim ddr\u0263." }, { "en": "I want to live in peace.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad ddr\u0263 \u0263 ufra." }, { "en": "I want to live in a town.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad ddr\u0263 \u0263 kra n tmdint." }, { "en": "I want to live in a town.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad ddr\u0263 g kra n t\u0263rmt." }, { "en": "I want to live in a town.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad zd\u0263\u0263 g kra n t\u0263rmt." }, { "en": "That's where I want to live!", "ber": "\u0263inn a g ri\u0263 ad ddr\u0263!" }, { "en": "That's another story.", "ber": "tann tga tullist ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "Are you ready now?", "ber": "is tmuttgt \u0263ila?" }, { "en": "Are you ready now?", "ber": "is tujadd \u0263ila?" }, { "en": "It's for a friend.", "ber": "i yan umddakk\u02b7l." }, { "en": "You need our help.", "ber": "tusrt tiwisi nn\u0263." }, { "en": "You need our help.", "ber": "tusrm tiwisi nn\u0263." }, { "en": "Are you the captain?", "ber": "is tgit am\u0263ar?" }, { "en": "Are you the captain?", "ber": "is tgid am\u0263ar?" }, { "en": "At what time?", "ber": "\u0263 man tizi?" }, { "en": "At what time?", "ber": "g man akud?" }, { "en": "They left at what time?", "ber": "ddan g man akud?" }, { "en": "My brain is unable to accept it.", "ber": "anlli inu ur yufi ad t idggi." }, { "en": "My brain is unable to accept it.", "ber": "mall\u0263f inu ur yufi ad tt idggi." }, { "en": "What are the five senses?", "ber": "mayd gant smmust tsfrak?" }, { "en": "What are the five senses?", "ber": "mad gant smmust tsfrak?" }, { "en": "Sight is one of the five senses.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e5bi iga yan sg smmust tsfrak." }, { "en": "Sight is one of the five senses.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e5bi iga yan n smmust tsfrak." }, { "en": "Dan is a linguist.", "ber": "dan iga amsnils." }, { "en": "I want to be a linguist.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad g\u0263 amsnils." }, { "en": "He took a class in Berber linguistics.", "ber": "izzri yat tmsirt g tsnilst tamazi\u0263t." }, { "en": "Do you want to learn science with ease? Start off by learning your language.", "ber": "is trid ad tlmdt tussna s t\u0263arast inhln? ssnti s ulmmud n tutlayt nnk." }, { "en": "Still?", "ber": "ur ta?" }, { "en": "Please!", "ber": "amur nnk!" }, { "en": "Please!", "ber": "amur nnun!" }, { "en": "Please!", "ber": "amur nnm!" }, { "en": "Faster!", "ber": "s tfssa!" }, { "en": "Will you help them?", "ber": "is rad asn tawsd?" }, { "en": "Will you help them?", "ber": "is rad asn tawsm?" }, { "en": "Remember!", "ber": "k\u02b7ti!" }, { "en": "Remember this!", "ber": "k\u02b7ti aya!" }, { "en": "I remember that.", "ber": "k\u02b7ti\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "Why don't we talk about this tomorrow?", "ber": "ma \u0263f ad ur nsawal \u0263f uya azkka?" }, { "en": "What's changed over the years?", "ber": "ma infln g isgg\u02b7asn izrin?" }, { "en": "Clap.", "ber": "ut tidiklt." }, { "en": "Can you program in C?", "ber": "is tzmrd ad tssihild s si?" }, { "en": "Do you know how to program?", "ber": "is tssnt manimk s da tssihilt?" }, { "en": "I don't like this program.", "ber": "ur i issusm wahil a." }, { "en": "I programmed one.", "ber": "ssihl\u0263 yan." }, { "en": "She installed a program.", "ber": "tzzugz yan wahil." }, { "en": "She programmed her computer.", "ber": "tssihl amssi\u1e0dn nns." }, { "en": "David joined the program.", "ber": "dafid idra g wahil." }, { "en": "The program started installing.", "ber": "inti uzzga n wahil." }, { "en": "Where did you program them?", "ber": "mani g tn tssihlt?" }, { "en": "Where did you program them?", "ber": "mani g tnt tssihlm?" }, { "en": "What programs do you watch?", "ber": "man ahiln t\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5bam?" }, { "en": "What programs do you watch?", "ber": "man ahiln tettannayt?" }, { "en": "Breathe!", "ber": "cunc\u1e0d!" }, { "en": "Impossible!", "ber": "d awz\u0263i!" }, { "en": "Impossible!", "ber": "iga awz\u0263i!" }, { "en": "This is impossible!", "ber": "aya iga awz\u0263i!" }, { "en": "Criminals!", "ber": "inbka\u1e0dn!" }, { "en": "Certainly.", "ber": "s ulkan." }, { "en": "Rest.", "ber": "asunfu." }, { "en": "Rest.", "ber": "sunfu." }, { "en": "I'll see what else I can do.", "ber": "rad \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263 ma s zmr\u0263 ad t skr\u0263." }, { "en": "Live.", "ber": "ddr." }, { "en": "Delicious.", "ber": "ya\u1e0dfut." }, { "en": "Delicious.", "ber": "ana\u1e0dfat." }, { "en": "Delicious!", "ber": "ana\u1e0dfat!" }, { "en": "Do you understand?", "ber": "is ar tettrmasm?" }, { "en": "Nothing!", "ber": "amya!" }, { "en": "You are lying.", "ber": "ar tskrkist." }, { "en": "Never!", "ber": "jju!" }, { "en": "Why?", "ber": "ma \u0263f?" }, { "en": "You are beautiful.", "ber": "t\u1e93ilt." }, { "en": "You are beautiful.", "ber": "t\u1e93ilm." }, { "en": "You are beautiful.", "ber": "t\u1e93ilmt." }, { "en": "This can't continue happening.", "ber": "aya ur yallfus ad sul ittmsar." }, { "en": "Impossible.", "ber": "amallfus." }, { "en": "Answer him.", "ber": "rar fllas." }, { "en": "Scream!", "ber": "s\u0263yyu!" }, { "en": "Don't let him scream.", "ber": "ad t ur tajjm ad is\u0263uyyu." }, { "en": "They must be more patient.", "ber": "iqqan d ad bahra gn im\u1e93\u1e93i\u1e0d\u1e5bn." }, { "en": "Tom can swim well.", "ber": "\u1e6dum izmr nit ad icuccf." }, { "en": "I love Islam.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 lislam." }, { "en": "Sami couldn't sleep.", "ber": "sami ur yufi ad ign." }, { "en": "I watch the birds.", "ber": "ar ttannay\u0263 ig\u1e0da\u1e0d." }, { "en": "We waited with Tom.", "ber": "nqql d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We waited with Tom.", "ber": "nqql akd \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I think Tom was angry.", "ber": "nni\u0263 mas tt inn ikka \u1e6dum irfa." }, { "en": "I'm not here because of that.", "ber": "ur \u0263id lli\u0263 s usrag n uyann." }, { "en": "Ziri has a big sister.", "ber": "ziri dars ultmas mqqurn." }, { "en": "What is the title of this movie?", "ber": "ma iga uzwl n usaru a?" }, { "en": "Now it's your problem.", "ber": "\u0263ila iga amukris nnk." }, { "en": "Does she smoke?", "ber": "is ar tkmmi?" }, { "en": "Does she smoke?", "ber": "is da tkmmi?" }, { "en": "Give!", "ber": "fk!" }, { "en": "I'll go myself.", "ber": "rad ddu\u0263 s yi\u0263f inu." }, { "en": "We weren't married.", "ber": "ur yadlli niwl." }, { "en": "I remember her.", "ber": "k\u02b7ti\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "You expect a lot", "ber": " don't you?", "null": [ "t\u1e0dk\u1e0dt tugt", " n\u0263 d uhu?" ] }, { "en": "Why are your eyes red?", "ber": "ma \u0263f alln nnk zgg\u02b7a\u0263nt?" }, { "en": "They're mine.", "ber": "gan winu." }, { "en": "They're all mine.", "ber": "gan akk\u02b7 winu." }, { "en": "They're all mine.", "ber": "gant akk\u02b7 tinu." }, { "en": "They're mine.", "ber": "gant tinu." }, { "en": "They're not mine.", "ber": "ur gin winu." }, { "en": "They're not mine.", "ber": "ur gint tinu." }, { "en": "What are you holding?", "ber": "mayd tusid?" }, { "en": "You should listen to her.", "ber": "illa fllak ad as tssfldt." }, { "en": "You should listen to her.", "ber": "iqqan k id ad as tssfldt." }, { "en": "You should listen to her.", "ber": "yuccl ad as tssfldt." }, { "en": "You should listen to her.", "ber": "yuccl ad as tssfldm." }, { "en": "Tom says he'll do that later.", "ber": "ar ittini \u1e6dum mas rad sul iskr ayann." }, { "en": "What did you ask?", "ber": "mayd tettrd?" }, { "en": "What did you ask?", "ber": "mayd tettrm?" }, { "en": "Who makes breakfast for you?", "ber": "mayd ak iskarn a\u0263ujjr?" }, { "en": "Who makes breakfast for you?", "ber": "mayd am iskarn a\u0263ujjr?" }, { "en": "Who makes breakfast for you?", "ber": "mayd awn iskarn a\u0263ujjr?" }, { "en": "Who makes breakfast for you?", "ber": "mayd awnt iskarn a\u0263ujjr?" }, { "en": "Work slowly.", "ber": "swuri s ttawil." }, { "en": "I'll see Tom today.", "ber": "rad \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263 \u1e6dum ass a." }, { "en": "You won?", "ber": "trnit?" }, { "en": "You won?", "ber": "trnam?" }, { "en": "You won?", "ber": "trnamt?" }, { "en": "Do you want to kiss me?", "ber": "is trid ad iyi tssudmd?" }, { "en": "I don't think Tom did it.", "ber": "ur nni\u0263 \u1e6dum ad t iskrn." }, { "en": "Call the cops.", "ber": "sawl s tmsulta." }, { "en": "We're old men now.", "ber": "nga irgazn mqqurn \u0263ila." }, { "en": "Who is your guide?", "ber": "manwa igan amnir nnk?" }, { "en": "Who is your guide?", "ber": "manwa igan anmmal nnk?" }, { "en": "Were you tired?", "ber": "is tt inn tkkam t\u1e5bmim?" }, { "en": "I loved going to the beach.", "ber": "issusm i ad ttddu\u0263 s uslim." }, { "en": "Be here by 2:30.", "ber": "ili \u0263i s 2:30." }, { "en": "Be here by 2:30.", "ber": "iliyat da s 2:30." }, { "en": "Be here by 2:30.", "ber": "iliyamt \u0263i s 2:30." }, { "en": "Do you like this book?", "ber": "is k issusm udlis a?" }, { "en": "Do you like this book?", "ber": "is k ig\u1e5b\u1e93 udlis a?" }, { "en": "Do you like this book?", "ber": "is km issusm udlis a?" }, { "en": "Do you like this book?", "ber": "is kn issusm udlis a?" }, { "en": "Do you like this book?", "ber": "is knt issusm udlis a?" }, { "en": "Have you ever learned any Berber?", "ber": "is jju tlmdt kra n tmazi\u0263t?" }, { "en": "Why doesn't Algeria follow the example of the Asian Tigers?", "ber": "ma \u0263f ur t\u1e0dfi\u1e5b ddzayr amdya n iksiln n wasya?" }, { "en": "Look at the following example.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5b g umdya u\u1e0dfi\u1e5b." }, { "en": "His girlfriend wants to go for a walk this morning.", "ber": "tamddakk\u02b7lt nns tra ad tddu ad tmmurri tufat a." }, { "en": "There is a little water left.", "ber": "qqaman d sul imikk n waman." }, { "en": "We couldn't find anyone to help us.", "ber": "ur nufi yan ad a\u0263 yaws." }, { "en": "Do they understand Kabyle?", "ber": "is da ttrmasn taqbaylit?" }, { "en": "Do they understand Kabyle?", "ber": "is ar ttrmasnt taqbaylit?" }, { "en": "Hold this.", "ber": "am\u1e93 wa." }, { "en": "Somebody stole it from me.", "ber": "kra n yan yukr iyi t." }, { "en": "It's all I can say.", "ber": "ayann akk\u02b7 a s ufi\u0263 ad t ini\u0263." }, { "en": "I don't know how to help Tom.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 manimk s ad aws\u0263 i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "My name is Jack.", "ber": "ism inu jak." }, { "en": "My mother has been sick for two days.", "ber": "immi tu\u1e0dn sin wussan aya." }, { "en": "I'm an American citizen.", "ber": "nkki gi\u0263 anamur amarikan." }, { "en": "I'm an American citizen.", "ber": "nkki gi\u0263 tanamurt tamarikant." }, { "en": "Can you help me translate that into French?", "ber": "is tufit ad iyi tawst ad ssu\u0263l\u0263 ayann s tf\u1e5bansist?" }, { "en": "Can you help me translate that into French?", "ber": "is tzmrd ad iyi tawsd ad ssu\u0263l\u0263 ayann s tf\u1e5bansist?" }, { "en": "Some countries in Europe are not part of the European Union.", "ber": "kra n tmizar g turuft ur gint agzzum sg tamunt tawruft." }, { "en": "Did you get angry?", "ber": "is trfit?" }, { "en": "Did you get angry?", "ber": "is trfid?" }, { "en": "Did you get angry?", "ber": "is trfam?" }, { "en": "Did you get angry?", "ber": "is trfamt?" }, { "en": "Mary is good at mathematics.", "ber": "tfulki mari g tusnakt." }, { "en": "She's a child.", "ber": "tga tazzant." }, { "en": "She's only a child.", "ber": "tga \u0263s tazzant." }, { "en": "She's only a child.", "ber": "tga \u0263ar tazzant." }, { "en": "Take your things with you.", "ber": "awi dik ti\u0263awsiwin nnk." }, { "en": "I lost the watch.", "ber": "zli\u0263 tamsragt." }, { "en": "I lost the watch.", "ber": "jli\u0263 tamsragt." }, { "en": "This is the watch that I'd lost.", "ber": "ta tga tamsragt lli jli\u0263." }, { "en": "This is the same watch that I lost a week ago.", "ber": "ta tga nit tamsragt lli jli\u0263 imalass aya." }, { "en": "Did you know that the Earth is not perfectly round?", "ber": "is tssnt mas d akal ur igi aqlallay akk\u02b7?" }, { "en": "Tom left this for you.", "ber": "ifl ak \u1e6dum aya." }, { "en": "Tom left this for you.", "ber": "ifl am \u1e6dum wa." }, { "en": "Tom left this for you.", "ber": "ifl awn \u1e6dum ta." }, { "en": "I wish he were here now.", "ber": "\u1e93u\u1e93\u1e0d\u0263 mra is \u0263id illa \u0263ila." }, { "en": "I wish he were here now.", "ber": "ar ssitim\u0263 mra is \u0263id illa \u0263ila." }, { "en": "Who woke Tom up this morning?", "ber": "mayd d issnkrn \u1e6dum tufat a?" }, { "en": "Who woke Tom up this morning?", "ber": "mayd d isduyn \u1e6dum tufat a?" }, { "en": "You seem to agree.", "ber": "irwas is tmsasat." }, { "en": "I think Mary has never done that by herself.", "ber": "nni\u0263 mari ur tskir ayann akk\u02b7 s yi\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "Tell me what I should've done.", "ber": "ini iyi mas yadlli iqqan ad skr\u0263." }, { "en": "Tell me what I should've done.", "ber": "iniyat iyi mas yadlli iqqan ad skr\u0263." }, { "en": "I didn't know that somebody was following me.", "ber": "ur yadlli ssin\u0263 mas i i\u1e0dfa\u1e5b kra n yan." }, { "en": "I didn't know that somebody was following me.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 mas d kra n yan i\u1e0dfa\u1e5b i yadlli." }, { "en": "I'm poor.", "ber": "gi\u0263 am\u1e93lu\u1e0d." }, { "en": "I'm very poor.", "ber": "gi\u0263 bahra am\u1e93lu\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Where are the flowers now?", "ber": "manza ijddign \u0263ila?" }, { "en": "Where are the flowers now?", "ber": "mani g llan ijddign \u0263ila?" }, { "en": "He lent it to me.", "ber": "i\u1e5b\u1e0dl iyi t." }, { "en": "He lent it to me.", "ber": "i\u1e5b\u1e0dl iyi tt." }, { "en": "I'm detested.", "ber": "ttuksan\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom can do that for you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum izmr ad ak iskr ayann." }, { "en": "Tom can do that for you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum i\u0263iy ad am iskr ayann." }, { "en": "Tom can do that for you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad awn iskr ayann." }, { "en": "Tom misses Mary.", "ber": "\u1e6dum yu\u1e0dn nn mari." }, { "en": "Tom misses Mary.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ya\u0263 t umarg n mari." }, { "en": "Can I eat that orange?", "ber": "is \u0263iy\u0263 ad cc\u0263 talitcint ann?" }, { "en": "Can I eat that orange?", "ber": "is ufi\u0263 ad cc\u0263 talitcint ann?" }, { "en": "Can I eat that orange?", "ber": "is \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad cc\u0263 talitcint ann?" }, { "en": "I like them.", "ber": "ssusmn i." }, { "en": "She is eating.", "ber": "ar tctta." }, { "en": "I made this for you.", "ber": "skr\u0263 aya fllak." }, { "en": "I made this for you.", "ber": "kyyi a f skr\u0263 aya." }, { "en": "Tom told me he didn't have any enemies.", "ber": "inna iyi \u1e6dum mas dars ur illi kra n uzngu." }, { "en": "What do you want from Tom?", "ber": "mayd trid sg \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "What do you want from Tom?", "ber": "mayd trit z\u0263 \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "I want to go swimming today.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad ddu\u0263 ad cuccf\u0263 ass a." }, { "en": "Tom went to a Halloween party.", "ber": "\u1e6dum idda s tfugla n haluwin." }, { "en": "Tom went to a Halloween party.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ifta s tfugla n haluwin." }, { "en": "I'll be busy all day.", "ber": "ur rad iyi d ya\u0263 ass akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "Are you busy?", "ber": "is k id ur ya\u0263?" }, { "en": "Everybody was looking for you.", "ber": "kkan tt inn akk\u02b7 ar sik siggiln." }, { "en": "Everybody was looking for you.", "ber": "kkan tt inn akk\u02b7 ar sim siggiln." }, { "en": "Catch him.", "ber": "am\u1e93 t." }, { "en": "Catch him.", "ber": "am\u1e93at t." }, { "en": "Catch him.", "ber": "am\u1e93amt t." }, { "en": "She tries to catch him.", "ber": "ar tettma\u0263 ad t tam\u1e93." }, { "en": "We won't catch him.", "ber": "ur rad t nam\u1e93." }, { "en": "Can you add me?", "ber": "is tzmrd ad iyi trnud?" }, { "en": "Can you add me?", "ber": "is tufit ad iyi trnut?" }, { "en": "Can you add me?", "ber": "is t\u0263iym ad iyi trnum?" }, { "en": "You still don't understand.", "ber": "ur ta jju trmist." }, { "en": "You still don't understand.", "ber": "ur ta jju trmisd." }, { "en": "You still don't understand.", "ber": "ur ta jju trmism." }, { "en": "You still don't understand.", "ber": "ur ta jju trmismt." }, { "en": "I still don't understand you.", "ber": "ur ta jju rmis\u0263." }, { "en": "There's still a lot you don't understand.", "ber": "illa sul \u0263inn tugt ur trmist." }, { "en": "I cannot agree with you.", "ber": "ur zmir\u0263 ad dik msasa\u0263." }, { "en": "I cannot agree with you.", "ber": "ur ufi\u0263 ad d dik mcacka\u0263." }, { "en": "That's why I cannot agree with you.", "ber": "ayann a \u0263f ur zmir\u0263 ad dik msasa\u0263." }, { "en": "I cannot agree with you.", "ber": "ur zmir\u0263 ad ditun msasa\u0263." }, { "en": "Do you know Tom's brother?", "ber": "is tssnd umas n \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Do you know Tom's brother?", "ber": "is tssnt g\u02b7mas n \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "When will they arrive?", "ber": "managu rad d lkmn?" }, { "en": "When will they arrive?", "ber": "mantur rad d aw\u1e0dn?" }, { "en": "What a bad life! What a hard reality!", "ber": "matta gar tudrt! matta tilawt imran!" }, { "en": "Tom has said he can't win.", "ber": "\u1e6dum inna mas ur yufi ad irnu." }, { "en": "Tom has said he can't win.", "ber": "\u1e6dum inna mas ur izmir ad irnu." }, { "en": "What are these?", "ber": "mayd gan wi?" }, { "en": "What are these?", "ber": "mayd gant ti?" }, { "en": "What is this?", "ber": "mayd iga wa?" }, { "en": "What is this?", "ber": "mayd tga ta?" }, { "en": "Wait", "ber": " what is this?", "null": [ "qql", " mayd iga wa?" ] }, { "en": "What month is this?", "ber": "ma iga wayyur a?" }, { "en": "What book is this?", "ber": "ma iga udlis a?" }, { "en": "What is causing this?", "ber": "ma isrugn g uya?" }, { "en": "What kind of stone is this?", "ber": "man anaw n u\u1e93\u1e5bu aya?" }, { "en": "What kind of bird is this?", "ber": "man anaw n ig\u1e0da\u1e0d aya?" }, { "en": "What kind of hospital is this?", "ber": "man anaw n usgnaf aya?" }, { "en": "What kind of text is this?", "ber": "man anaw n u\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63 aya?" }, { "en": "Will Tom go with you?", "ber": "is rad dik iddu \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Will Tom go with you?", "ber": "is rad dim iftu \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Will Tom go with you?", "ber": "is rad ditun imun \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Tom is waiting.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ar ittqql." }, { "en": "Tom is waiting for us.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ar sitn\u0263 ittqql." }, { "en": "Look at that dog.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5b g waydi ann." }, { "en": "I don't want to sit with you.", "ber": "ur ri\u0263 ad dik gawr\u0263." }, { "en": "I don't want to sit with you.", "ber": "ur ri\u0263 ad dim qqim\u0263." }, { "en": "I don't want to sit with you.", "ber": "ur ri\u0263 ad ditun gawr\u0263." }, { "en": "That sometimes happens.", "ber": "ayann da ittmsar kra n tkkal." }, { "en": "That sometimes happens.", "ber": "ayann ar ittj\u1e5bu kra n tkkal." }, { "en": "The wind lifted her hair.", "ber": "yull wa\u1e0du azzar nns." }, { "en": "She can speak French.", "ber": "tzmr ad tsawal taf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "She can speak French.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad tsawal taf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "Maybe Tom is sick in bed.", "ber": "irwas \u1e6dum yu\u1e0dn g wusu." }, { "en": "I'm going to do it for you.", "ber": "rad ddu\u0263 ad ak t skr\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm going to do it for you.", "ber": "rad ddu\u0263 ad awn t skr\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm going to do it for you.", "ber": "rad ddu\u0263 ad am tt skr\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm going to do it for you.", "ber": "rad ddu\u0263 ad awn tt skr\u0263." }, { "en": "Come with me to Boston.", "ber": "aywa diti s bu\u1e63\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "Come with me to Boston.", "ber": "ack d diti s bu\u1e63\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "Come with me to Boston.", "ber": "mun diti \u0263r bu\u1e63\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "He sells books.", "ber": "da izznza idlisn." }, { "en": "She doesn't want to talk about it.", "ber": "ur tri ad fllas tsawl." }, { "en": "She doesn't want to talk about it.", "ber": "ur tri ad \u0263ifs tsawl." }, { "en": "I'm coming back for you.", "ber": "urri\u0263 ak nn." }, { "en": "We want to help Tom do that.", "ber": "nra ad naws i \u1e6dum ad iskr ayann." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary are looking for you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari ar sik siggiln." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary are looking for you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari ar sim siggiln." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary are looking for you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari ar situn siggiln." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary are looking for you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari ar situnt siggiln." }, { "en": "It's too bright.", "ber": "ifaw bahra." }, { "en": "We lingered.", "ber": "nmu\u1e6dl." }, { "en": "The cow gives us milk.", "ber": "tafunast da a\u0263 takka ak\u02b7fay." }, { "en": "I don't know how to tell Tom this bad news.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 manimk s rad ini\u0263 gar in\u0263misn a i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I was born in Boston.", "ber": "lul\u0263 g bu\u1e63\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "I'll send flowers.", "ber": "rad azn\u0263 ijddign." }, { "en": "What is she going to do?", "ber": "ma rad tskr?" }, { "en": "Did you wait?", "ber": "is tqqld?" }, { "en": "Did you wait?", "ber": "is tqqlt?" }, { "en": "I eat my breakfast at seven o'clock.", "ber": "da ctta\u0263 a\u0263ujjr inu g tsragt tiss sa." }, { "en": "She will always be with you.", "ber": "rad bdda dik tili." }, { "en": "She will always be with you.", "ber": "rad bdda dim tili." }, { "en": "She will always be with you.", "ber": "rad bdda ditun tili." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't have a lot of time.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ur dars tugt n tizi." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't have a lot of time.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ur \u0263urs tugt n wakud." }, { "en": "Every week I went to the market.", "ber": "ku imalass ddi\u0263 s ugadaz." }, { "en": "Tom forgot to say thank you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ittu ad yini tanmmirt nnk." }, { "en": "You forgot to say \"Thank you.\"", "ber": "tettut ad tinit \"tanmmirt nnk\"." }, { "en": "You forgot to say \"Thank you.\"", "ber": "tettud ad tinid \"tanmmirt nnk\"." }, { "en": "Linguistics is a science that studies human language.", "ber": "tasnilst tga yat tussna nna izrrun tutlayt tanfgant." }, { "en": "Humans invented science.", "ber": "afgan isnulfa tussna." }, { "en": "What is a woman? \"Errr... I think that a woman is a female human being.\" \"No! A woman is any person who thinks they're a woman.\" \"But what about biology?\" \"Biology", "ber": " science... Do you still believe in that bullshit?\"", "null": [ "ma igan tam\u0263art? \"mm... nni\u0263 mas d tam\u0263art tga tawtmt n ufgan.\" \"uhu! tam\u0263art tga ku amdan nna iswingimn mas iga tam\u0263art.\" \"macc ima tasnudrt?\" \"tasnudrt", " tussna... is sul tflst g lkzdabbat ann?\"" ] }, { "en": "You are human.", "ber": "kyyi tgit afgan." }, { "en": "You are human.", "ber": "knni tgam afgan." }, { "en": "You are human.", "ber": "kmmi tgit afgan." }, { "en": "We are human.", "ber": "nkk\u02b7ni nga afgan." }, { "en": "He studied sociology in Algeria.", "ber": "i\u0263ra tasnamunt g ddzayr." }, { "en": "He is doing research in sociology.", "ber": "ar iskar arzzu g tsnamunt." }, { "en": "The field of my research specialty is sociology.", "ber": "igr n t\u1e93layt n urzzu inu iga tasnamunt." }, { "en": "I teach geography.", "ber": "da sslmad\u0263 tasknakalt." }, { "en": "Today I have geography.", "ber": "ass a dari tasknakalt." }, { "en": "Today I have geography.", "ber": "ass a \u0263uri tasknakalt." }, { "en": "I like geography and history.", "ber": "tssusm i tsknakalt d umzruy." }, { "en": "I prefer history to geography.", "ber": "da snyifi\u0263 amzruy \u0263f tsknakalt." }, { "en": "I love geography and history.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 tasknakalt d umzruy." }, { "en": "She is good at geography.", "ber": "tfulki g tsknakalt." }, { "en": "Adil likes anthropology.", "ber": "adil tssusm t tsnfgant." }, { "en": "What's anthropology?", "ber": "mayd tga tsnfgant?" }, { "en": "What's anthropology?", "ber": "mayd igan tasnfgant?" }, { "en": "Have you ever studied anthropology?", "ber": "is jju t\u0263rit tasnfgant?" }, { "en": "This book is about anthropology.", "ber": "adlis a da isawal \u0263f tsnfgant." }, { "en": "Society is changing.", "ber": "amun ar ittnfal." }, { "en": "Society is divided.", "ber": "amun innb\u1e0da." }, { "en": "Leaders serve society.", "ber": "im\u0263arn da snaran amun." }, { "en": "People form society.", "ber": "mddn da ssili\u0263n amun." }, { "en": "Society can change.", "ber": "amun i\u0263iy ad infl." }, { "en": "Society can change.", "ber": "amun izmr ad infl." }, { "en": "Society is sick.", "ber": "amun yu\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "Society is complex.", "ber": "amun iga uddis." }, { "en": "Society is unfair!", "ber": "amun iga aru\u0263dim!" }, { "en": "I miss hanging out with you.", "ber": "u\u1e0dn\u0263 nn tawada dik." }, { "en": "I miss hanging out with you.", "ber": "u\u1e0dn\u0263 nn tawada dim." }, { "en": "A photo on Tom's desk caught my eye.", "ber": "yat twlaft g iggi n usira n \u1e6dum tiwi ti\u1e6d\u1e6d inu." }, { "en": "Did you speak?", "ber": "is tsawld?" }, { "en": "A Mr Smith has come to see you.", "ber": "mass smit yucka d ad k i\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "A Mr Smith has come to see you.", "ber": "mass smit yucka d ad km i\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "A Mr Smith has come to see you.", "ber": "mass smit yucka d ad kn i\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "A Mr Smith has come to see you.", "ber": "mass smit yucka d ad knt i\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Is there anything wrong with you?", "ber": "is k ya\u0263 kra?" }, { "en": "Where's the rest of your money?", "ber": "manza agaluz n yidrimn nnk?" }, { "en": "Where's the rest of your money?", "ber": "manza aylli am d i\u0263aman sg yidrimn nnm?" }, { "en": "How many cars do you have?", "ber": "mnck n thiritin ayd \u0263urk illan?" }, { "en": "How many cars do you have?", "ber": "mnck n thiritin ayd darm illan?" }, { "en": "How many cars do you have?", "ber": "mnct n thiritin ayd darun illan?" }, { "en": "You are joking.", "ber": "ar tettna\u1e93t." }, { "en": "Are you joking?", "ber": "is ar tettna\u1e93t?" }, { "en": "Are you joking?", "ber": "is da tettna\u1e93d?" }, { "en": "I didn't think I'd have so much fun doing that.", "ber": "ur \u0263al\u0263 is rad yadlli fjjij\u0263 s uskkir n uyann." }, { "en": "Doing that isn't easy.", "ber": "askkir n uyann ur inhil." }, { "en": "Eat everything.", "ber": "cc aynna akk\u02b7 illan." }, { "en": "Don't eat everything.", "ber": "ad ur tccd aynna akk\u02b7 illan." }, { "en": "Eat everything on your plate.", "ber": "cc aynna akk\u02b7 illan g u\u1e0db\u1e63il nnk." }, { "en": "Tom isn't ready either.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ur imuttg awd ntta." }, { "en": "You are special.", "ber": "kyyi tgid im\u1e93li." }, { "en": "Spring is green.", "ber": "tafsut tzgzaw." }, { "en": "We're ready for winter.", "ber": "nmuttg i tgrst." }, { "en": "I think I'm in love.", "ber": "irwas is lli\u0263 g tayri." }, { "en": "I think I'm in love with Tom.", "ber": "irwas is ar ttiri\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "He thinks I'm in love with her.", "ber": "i\u0263al is da tt ttiri\u0263." }, { "en": "He thinks I'm in love with her.", "ber": "i\u0263al is ar tt ttiri\u0263." }, { "en": "Sami is tall", "ber": " so he needs a big car.", "null": [ "sami i\u0263zzif", " ilmma yusr tihirit mqqurn." ] }, { "en": "You want answers", "ber": " right?", "null": [ "trid timrarutin", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "You want answers", "ber": " right?", "null": [ "txsm timrarutin", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "You want answers", "ber": " right?", "null": [ "tramt timrarutin", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "I'm not at home now.", "ber": "ur lli\u0263 g tgmmi \u0263ila." }, { "en": "I'm not at home now.", "ber": "ur lli\u0263 g taddart \u0263ila." }, { "en": "He is not stupid.", "ber": "ur idduqqr." }, { "en": "He is not stupid.", "ber": "ur igi amdduqqr." }, { "en": "You should stay in the hospital for treatment.", "ber": "iqqan d ad tqqimd g usgnaf \u0263f usafar." }, { "en": "You should stay in the hospital for treatment.", "ber": "illa fllak ad t\u0263amat \u0263 usgnaf f usafar." }, { "en": "You're a thief.", "ber": "tgid amakr." }, { "en": "Can I keep this Berber dictionary?", "ber": "is zmr\u0263 ad \u0263uri ajj\u0263 asgzawal a amazi\u0263?" }, { "en": "Can I keep this Berber dictionary?", "ber": "is \u0263iy\u0263 ad dari \u1e25\u1e0du\u0263 msmun awal ad amazi\u0263?" }, { "en": "Carry this.", "ber": "asi wa." }, { "en": "Carry this.", "ber": "asi ta." }, { "en": "Carry this.", "ber": "asi aya." }, { "en": "I can't remember her address.", "ber": "ur zmir\u0263 ad k\u02b7ti\u0263 tansa nns." }, { "en": "I can't remember her address.", "ber": "ur \u0263iy\u0263 ad k\u02b7ti\u0263 tansa nns." }, { "en": "Are they still looking for us?", "ber": "is ar sul sitn\u0263 siggiln?" }, { "en": "Tom remembered to close the window.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ik\u02b7ti ad iqqn as\u1e5b\u1e93m." }, { "en": "You are ruined.", "ber": "tetturdalt." }, { "en": "I won't pay for you.", "ber": "ur rad fllak fru\u0263." }, { "en": "I won't pay for you.", "ber": "ur rad fllam fru\u0263." }, { "en": "I won't pay for you.", "ber": "ur rad fllatun fru\u0263." }, { "en": "Be ready for him.", "ber": "muttg as." }, { "en": "Tom is the one who told me Mary didn't like him.", "ber": "\u1e6dum iga walli iyi innan mari ur tt issusm." }, { "en": "Tom is waiting for you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ar sik ittqql." }, { "en": "Tom is waiting for you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ar sim ittqql." }, { "en": "Tom is waiting for you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ar situn ittqql." }, { "en": "Tom is waiting for you inside.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ar sik ittqql g ugnsu." }, { "en": "Tom is waiting for you now.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ar sik ittqql \u0263ila." }, { "en": "Tom is waiting for you", "ber": " Mary.", "null": [ "\u1e6dum ar sim ittqql", " mari." ] }, { "en": "Tom is waiting for you and Mary.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ar sik ittqql d mari." }, { "en": "Tom is waiting for you in your office.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ar sik ittqql g usira nnk." }, { "en": "Tom is waiting for you to help him.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ar sik ittqql ad as tawsd." }, { "en": "Tom is waiting there for you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ar sik \u0263inn ittqql." }, { "en": "Tom is still waiting for you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ar sul sik ittqql." }, { "en": "Tom is going to wait for you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum rad sik iqql." }, { "en": "It'll snow today.", "ber": "rad i\u1e0d\u1e5b udfl ass ad." }, { "en": "The policeman followed him.", "ber": "i\u1e0df\u1e5b t umsaltu." }, { "en": "I'd better tell you the truth.", "ber": "yuf ad ak ini\u0263 tidt." }, { "en": "I'd better tell you the truth.", "ber": "yuf ad am ini\u0263 tidt." }, { "en": "I'd better tell you the truth.", "ber": "yuf ad awn ini\u0263 tidt." }, { "en": "Why don't you want to do that now?", "ber": "ma \u0263f ur trid ad tskrd ayann \u0263ila?" }, { "en": "Why don't you want to do that now?", "ber": "max alli\u0263 ur trit ad tskrt ayann \u0263ila?" }, { "en": "I love the aroma of freshly brewed coffee.", "ber": "ar ttiri\u0263 a\u1e0du n lqhwa inwan." }, { "en": "Who could fill Tom's shoes?", "ber": "ma izmrn ad iktur aburks n \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Tell them to hurry up.", "ber": "ini asn ad \u0263awln." }, { "en": "Tell them to hurry up.", "ber": "ini asn ad ammrn." }, { "en": "I want to stay with you.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad dik \u0263ama\u0263." }, { "en": "I want to stay with you.", "ber": "xs\u0263 ad idun qqim\u0263." }, { "en": "I want to stay with you.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad dim qqama\u0263." }, { "en": "I want to stay with you until next Monday.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad dik \u0263ama\u0263 ar aynas d yuckan." }, { "en": "I want to stay with you until next Monday.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad dim qqim\u0263 ar aynas d yusan." }, { "en": "I don't want to stay with you.", "ber": "ur ri\u0263 ad dik \u0263ama\u0263." }, { "en": "I want you to stay with me.", "ber": "ri\u0263 k ad diti t\u0263amat." }, { "en": "I want you to stay with me.", "ber": "xs\u0263 km ad idi tqqimd." }, { "en": "I want you to stay with me.", "ber": "ri\u0263 k\u02b7n ad diti t\u0263amam." }, { "en": "That's not for you.", "ber": "ayann ur illi \u0263f kyyi." }, { "en": "That's not important for you to know.", "ber": "ayann ur ak ihmmi ad t tssnt." }, { "en": "That's not important for you to know.", "ber": "ayann ur am ihmmi ad t tssnd." }, { "en": "That's not important for you to know.", "ber": "ayann ur awn ihmmi ad t tssnm." }, { "en": "This is just a waste of time.", "ber": "aya iga \u0263s azllu n wakud." }, { "en": "This is just a waste of time.", "ber": "aya iga \u0263ar ajllu n tizi." }, { "en": "They were from Boston.", "ber": "kkan tt inn sg bu\u1e63\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "They were from Boston.", "ber": "kkan tt inn z\u0263 bu\u1e63\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "You seem to be tired.", "ber": "yuman mas t\u1e5bmid." }, { "en": "You seem to be tired.", "ber": "yuman is t\u1e5bmit." }, { "en": "I need to talk with you.", "ber": "usr\u0263 ad dik sawl\u0263." }, { "en": "I need to talk with you.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad dim sawl\u0263." }, { "en": "Mary is my niece.", "ber": "mari tga illis n g\u02b7ma." }, { "en": "Mary is my niece.", "ber": "mari tga illis n uma." }, { "en": "I heard someone whistle.", "ber": "slla\u0263 i usin\u1e63\u1e63g n kra n yan." }, { "en": "Is Egypt in the Middle East or in North Africa?", "ber": "is d mi\u1e63\u1e5b tlla g ugmu\u1e0d anammas n\u0263 d g tfriqt n ugafa?" }, { "en": "Sami doesn't work here.", "ber": "sami ur da iswuriy da." }, { "en": "Sami doesn't work here.", "ber": "sami ur ar iswuriy \u0263id." }, { "en": "Tom escaped to Australia.", "ber": "\u1e6dum irwl s ust\u1e5balya." }, { "en": "Where is the book?", "ber": "manza adlis?" }, { "en": "Where is the book?", "ber": "mani g illa udlis?" }, { "en": "Where is the phrase in this book?", "ber": "manza tawinst \u0263 udlis a?" }, { "en": "Where is the phrase in this book?", "ber": "mani g tlla twinst g udlis ad?" }, { "en": "You are new students.", "ber": "tgam inlmadn imaynutn." }, { "en": "You are new students.", "ber": "k\u02b7nni tgam inlmadn imaynutn." }, { "en": "If he wants to come", "ber": " let him do so. What is preventing him?", "null": [ "ig ira ad d yack", " ajj t ad iskr ayann. mayd t ur yujjin?" ] }, { "en": "Only fifty people came.", "ber": "\u0263s smmumraw n mddn ad d yusan." }, { "en": "Only fifty people came.", "ber": "\u0263ar smmumraw n mddn ad d yuckan." }, { "en": "Call me when you land.", "ber": "\u0263r iyi kudnna trst." }, { "en": "Call me when you land.", "ber": "\u0263rat iyi kudnna tettrsm." }, { "en": "These books aren't Tom's.", "ber": "idlisn ad ur gin win \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Its name is Tom.", "ber": "ism nns \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Thank you", "ber": " I've had enough.", "null": [ "tanmmirt nnk", " yuda i." ] }, { "en": "Thank you", "ber": " I've had enough.", "null": [ "tanmmirt nnm", " yuda i." ] }, { "en": "Thank you", "ber": " I've had enough.", "null": [ "tanmmirt nnun", " yuda i." ] }, { "en": "No", "ber": " thank you. I've had enough.", "null": [ "uhu", " tanmmirt nnk. yuda i." ] }, { "en": "I've had enough", "ber": " thank you.", "null": [ "yuda i", " tanmmirt nnk." ] }, { "en": "Help me.", "ber": "aws iyi." }, { "en": "Bob helped me.", "ber": "bub yiws iyi." }, { "en": "Please help me.", "ber": "amur nnk aws iyi." }, { "en": "Please help me.", "ber": "i\u0263 as tufit aws iyi." }, { "en": "Come help me.", "ber": "ack d aws iyi." }, { "en": "Come on", "ber": " help me.", "null": [ "aywa", " aws iyi." ] }, { "en": "Come here and help me.", "ber": "ack d s \u0263i tawst iyi." }, { "en": "Tom drinks about three liters of water a day.", "ber": "da issa \u1e6dum attayn n k\u1e5ba\u1e0d id litru n waman g wass." }, { "en": "Did he check them?", "ber": "is tn inn yugga?" }, { "en": "You smell nice.", "ber": "ijja wa\u1e0du nnk." }, { "en": "You smell nice.", "ber": "ijja wa\u1e0du nnm." }, { "en": "You smell nice.", "ber": "ijja wa\u1e0du nnun." }, { "en": "You smell nice.", "ber": "ijja wa\u1e0du nnunt." }, { "en": "Who is knocking on the door?", "ber": "ma isduqqurn taggurt?" }, { "en": "Who is knocking on the door?", "ber": "ma isduqqurn tawwurt?" }, { "en": "Did you call them?", "ber": "is asn t\u0263ram?" }, { "en": "Did you call them?", "ber": "is asn t\u0263rid?" }, { "en": "Tom started crying.", "ber": "issnti \u1e6dum am\u1e6d\u1e6da." }, { "en": "Tom started crying.", "ber": "issnti \u1e6dum ar ittru." }, { "en": "Tom sent you something.", "ber": "\u1e6dum yuzn ak kra n t\u0263awsa." }, { "en": "Tom sent you something.", "ber": "\u1e6dum yuzn am kra n t\u0263awsa." }, { "en": "Tom sent you something.", "ber": "\u1e6dum yuzn awn kra n t\u0263awsa." }, { "en": "We're not that far from my place.", "ber": "ur bahra naggug z\u0263 ud\u0263ar inu." }, { "en": "We're not that far from my place.", "ber": "ur naggug a\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63 sg ud\u0263ar inu." }, { "en": "No one will find out.", "ber": "ur rad issn yan." }, { "en": "Peace is preferable to war.", "ber": "afra yuf imn\u0263i." }, { "en": "Peace is preferable to war.", "ber": "afra ittusnyifa \u0263f imn\u0263i." }, { "en": "Give him my greetings.", "ber": "fk as tizuliwin inu." }, { "en": "Who did this for you?", "ber": "manwa ak iskrn aya?" }, { "en": "Who did this for you?", "ber": "manta am iskrn aya?" }, { "en": "Put your hands behind your back.", "ber": "rar ifassn nnk s dffir n tadawt nnk." }, { "en": "Go back to where you came from.", "ber": "urri s mani d tkkid." }, { "en": "Tom opened the letter.", "ber": "\u1e6dum i\u1e5b\u1e93m tabrat." }, { "en": "Tom quickly opened the letter.", "ber": "\u1e6dum i\u1e5b\u1e93m tabrat s tfssa." }, { "en": "Tom quickly opened the letter.", "ber": "\u1e6dum i\u1e5b\u1e93m tabrat s tmmri." }, { "en": "It came apart.", "ber": "ifrukki." }, { "en": "Nobody believed her.", "ber": "ur tt ifls yan." }, { "en": "Nobody will believe her.", "ber": "awd yan ur rad tt ifls." }, { "en": "I have two cousins.", "ber": "dari sin tarwa n \u025bmti." }, { "en": "I have two cousins.", "ber": "\u0263uri sin tarwa n unma." }, { "en": "I have two cousins.", "ber": "dari sin tarwa n \u025bmmi." }, { "en": "He has flowers for you.", "ber": "yiwi ak d ijddign." }, { "en": "He has flowers for you.", "ber": "yiwi am d ijddign." }, { "en": "When did you come back from Boston?", "ber": "managu d tuckit zg bu\u1e63\u1e6dun?" }, { "en": "When did you come back from Boston?", "ber": "mlmi d tusid sg bu\u1e63\u1e6dun?" }, { "en": "Why is February so short?", "ber": "ma \u0263f b\u1e5bay\u1e5b igzzul kigan?" }, { "en": "Why is February so short?", "ber": "max alli\u0263 bahra igzzul b\u1e5bay\u1e5b?" }, { "en": "Please just tell me what Tom said.", "ber": "amur nnk ini iyi hlli ma s inna \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Please just tell me what Tom said.", "ber": "i\u0263 as tufit ini iyi ka ma s inna \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "It isn't polite to stare at people.", "ber": "ur ifulki usqurri g mddn." }, { "en": "Don't be jealous.", "ber": "ad ur tgd anism." }, { "en": "What's Boston like?", "ber": "manimk tga bu\u1e63\u1e6dun?" }, { "en": "They were trying to kill you.", "ber": "kkan tt inn mma\u0263n ad k n\u0263in." }, { "en": "They were trying to kill you.", "ber": "kkan tt inn mwatn ad k\u02b7n n\u0263in." }, { "en": "You can take whatever you like.", "ber": "tzmrd ad tawid aynna k issusmn." }, { "en": "You lost.", "ber": "tettawrnud." }, { "en": "You lost.", "ber": "tettawrnum." }, { "en": "Did Tom tell you why he didn't come to the party?", "ber": "is ak inna \u1e6dum ma \u0263f d ur yucki s tfugla?" }, { "en": "Did Tom tell you why he didn't come to the party?", "ber": "is awn inna \u1e6dum ma \u0263f d ur yucki s tfugla?" }, { "en": "Why don't you do it?", "ber": "ma \u0263f ad t ur tskrd?" }, { "en": "Why don't you do it?", "ber": "ma \u0263f ad t ur tskrm?" }, { "en": "Are you a musician?", "ber": "is tgid kra n um\u1e93awan?" }, { "en": "Are you a musician?", "ber": "is tgit am\u1e93awan?" }, { "en": "Are you a musician?", "ber": "is tgam im\u1e93awann?" }, { "en": "Follow me!", "ber": "\u1e0df\u1e5b i!" }, { "en": "Follow me!", "ber": "\u1e0df\u1e5bat i!" }, { "en": "Follow me!", "ber": "\u1e0df\u1e5bamt i!" }, { "en": "This works.", "ber": "aya da iswuriy." }, { "en": "This works.", "ber": "aya ar iswuriy." }, { "en": "I'm a student", "ber": " too.", "null": [ "awd nkki gi\u0263 anlmad." ] }, { "en": "I'm a student", "ber": " too.", "null": [ "gi\u0263 anlmad", " awd nkki." ] }, { "en": "I'm not afraid any more.", "ber": "ur sul k\u1e63u\u1e0d\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm not afraid any more.", "ber": "ur sul gg\u02b7d\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm not going to tell you until I tell Tom.", "ber": "ur rad ak ini\u0263 ard ini\u0263 i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I'm not going to tell you until I tell Tom.", "ber": "ur rad am ini\u0263 ard ini\u0263 i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Look carefully. I'm going to show you how it's done.", "ber": "smaqql s usmkl. rad ak ml\u0263 manimk s ittuskar." }, { "en": "I'm not naive.", "ber": "ur dduqqr\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm tired of Boston.", "ber": "\u1e5bmi\u0263 sg bu\u1e63\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "I'm not in love with her.", "ber": "ur ar tt ttiri\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm in love with you.", "ber": "ar k ttiri\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm in love with you.", "ber": "ar km ttiri\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm surprised that Tom didn't mention Mary.", "ber": "\u1e93wi\u0263 llig ur ibdir \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "I'm not even going to let Tom see it.", "ber": "ur akk\u02b7 rad ajj\u0263 \u1e6dum ad t i\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "I'm not even going to let Tom see it.", "ber": "ur akk\u02b7 rad ajj\u0263 \u1e6dum ad tt i\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Today", "ber": " I'm staying at home.", "null": [ "ass ad", " qqim\u0263 g uxxam." ] }, { "en": "Today", "ber": " I'm staying at home.", "null": [ "ass ad", " qqama\u0263 g taddart." ] }, { "en": "Today", "ber": " I'm staying at home.", "null": [ "ass a", " \u0263ama\u0263 \u0263 tgmmi." ] }, { "en": "Today", "ber": " I'm staying at home.", "null": [ "ass a", " giwr\u0263 \u0263 tgmmi." ] }, { "en": "I'm playing with my children.", "ber": "ar tturar\u0263 d tarwa inu." }, { "en": "I'm going to help you now.", "ber": "rad awn aws\u0263 \u0263ila." }, { "en": "I'm going to help you now.", "ber": "rad ak aws\u0263 \u0263ila." }, { "en": "I'm eating lunch with my parents today.", "ber": "ar ctta\u0263 imkli d imarawn inu ass a." }, { "en": "I'm going to take tomorrow off.", "ber": "rad am\u1e93\u0263 ass n usunfu azkka." }, { "en": "I'm going to take tomorrow off.", "ber": "rad sunfu\u0263 azkka." }, { "en": "I'm busy.", "ber": "ur i id ya\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm as busy as Tom is.", "ber": "ur i id ya\u0263 zun d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I'm determined to learn.", "ber": "sutti\u0263 ad lmd\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm Orthodox.", "ber": "nkki gi\u0263 u\u1e5b\u1e6du\u1e0duksi." }, { "en": "I'm not in a position to give you advice.", "ber": "ur lli\u0263 g yan usurs n tikki n usmtr." }, { "en": "I'm not eating this.", "ber": "ur ar ctta\u0263 aya." }, { "en": "I'm not eating this.", "ber": "ur ar ctta\u0263 wa." }, { "en": "I'm not interested in any of your theories.", "ber": "ur i thmmi awd yat zg t\u1e93\u1e5biwin nnk." }, { "en": "I'm not interested in any of your theories.", "ber": "ur nnzgm\u0263 s awd yat sg t\u1e93\u1e5biwin nnk." }, { "en": "I'm a little tired", "ber": " that's all.", "null": [ "\u1e5bmi\u0263 yan imikk", " ayann hlli." ] }, { "en": "I'm there for you.", "ber": "lli\u0263 \u0263inn f kyyi." }, { "en": "I'm there for you.", "ber": "lli\u0263 dinn \u0263f kyyi." }, { "en": "I'm still not finished reading this book.", "ber": "ur ta smid\u0263 ti\u0263ri n udlis ad." }, { "en": "I'm now busy writing a book.", "ber": "\u0263ila ur i id ya\u0263 ar ttara\u0263 yan udlis." }, { "en": "I'm going to eat you", "ber": " kid.", "null": [ "rad k cc\u0263 a azzan." ] }, { "en": "Tom", "ber": " I'm happy for you.", "null": [ "\u1e6dum", " mmr\u0263 ak." ] }, { "en": "I'm so happy for you", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "mmr\u0263 ak bahra a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "I'm so happy for you", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "mmr\u0263 ak a\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63 a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "I'm really happy for you", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "mmr\u0263 ak nit a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "I'm glad that you're fine.", "ber": "mmr\u0263 lli\u0263 k ur ya\u0263 yat." }, { "en": "I'm quite hungry.", "ber": "llu\u1e93\u0263 nit." }, { "en": "I'm quite hungry.", "ber": "ya\u0263 i bahra la\u1e93." }, { "en": "I'm thinking of going to Boston tomorrow.", "ber": "ar swingim\u0263 ad ddu\u0263 s bu\u1e63\u1e6dun azkka." }, { "en": "I'm not a poet.", "ber": "ur gi\u0263 amdyaz." }, { "en": "I'm leaving next week.", "ber": "rad ddu\u0263 imalass ad d yusan." }, { "en": "I'm leaving next week.", "ber": "rad ftu\u0263 imalass ad d yuckan." }, { "en": "I'm as old as you.", "ber": "mqqur\u0263 zun d kyyi." }, { "en": "I'm a slow learner.", "ber": "gi\u0263 anlmad i\u1e93\u1e93ayn." }, { "en": "I'm going to Australia next week.", "ber": "rad ddu\u0263 s u\u1e63\u1e6d\u1e5balya imalass d yuckan." }, { "en": "I'm sorry for you.", "ber": "t\u0263amat giti." }, { "en": "I'm sorry for you.", "ber": "t\u0263amam giti." }, { "en": "I'm not Tom's mother.", "ber": "ur gi\u0263 immis n \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I'm willing to do anything you ask me.", "ber": "muttg\u0263 ad skr\u0263 aynna giti tettrd." }, { "en": "At least I'm older than you.", "ber": "s idrus nkki ugr\u0263 k." }, { "en": "I'm going to play soccer.", "ber": "rad urar\u0263 tawjja n u\u1e0da\u1e5b." }, { "en": "I'm not afraid of cops.", "ber": "ur gg\u02b7d\u0263 imsulta." }, { "en": "I'm writing a letter.", "ber": "ar ttqql\u0263 s yat tbrat." }, { "en": "I'm an old friend of Tom's father.", "ber": "gi\u0263 yan umddakk\u02b7l aqbur n babas n \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I'm not kidding.", "ber": "ur ar ttna\u1e93\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm not a kid.", "ber": "ur gi\u0263 azzan." }, { "en": "I'm in the kitchen.", "ber": "lli\u0263 g unwal." }, { "en": "I'm sure that's what I need to do.", "ber": "lkn\u0263 mas d ayann ayd usr\u0263 ad t skr\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm sure that's what I need to do.", "ber": "zggi\u0263 mas d ayann ayd usr\u0263 ad t skr\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm in a bad way.", "ber": "lli\u0263 g gar addad." }, { "en": "I'm coming to you.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 nn dark." }, { "en": "I'm coming to you.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 nn darm." }, { "en": "I'm coming to you.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 nn \u0263urun." }, { "en": "I'm coming to you now.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 nn dark \u0263ila." }, { "en": "I'm going to go wash up.", "ber": "rad ddu\u0263 ad ssird\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm free now.", "ber": "gi\u0263 ilelli \u0263ila." }, { "en": "I'm finally free now.", "ber": "gi\u0263 sul ilelli \u0263ila." }, { "en": "I'm the one who cut her umbilical cord.", "ber": "nkki ayd as ibbin abu\u1e0d." }, { "en": "I'm not winning.", "ber": "ur ar ttrnu\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm sorry it had to be done this way.", "ber": "ssurf iyi iqqan d ad yadlli tettuskar s imka." }, { "en": "I'm not waiting for you.", "ber": "ur ar sik ttqql\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm not waiting for you.", "ber": "ur ar sim ttqql\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm not waiting for you.", "ber": "ur ar situn ttqql\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm not waiting for you.", "ber": "ur ar situnt ttqql\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm not going to call Tom right now.", "ber": "ur rad sawl\u0263 s \u1e6dum \u0263ilad nit." }, { "en": "I'm eating beans.", "ber": "ar ctta\u0263 adlagn." }, { "en": "I'm using a new computer.", "ber": "ar ssmras\u0263 yan umssi\u1e0dn amaynu." }, { "en": "Tom", "ber": " I'm back.", "null": [ "\u1e6dum", " urri\u0263 d." ] }, { "en": "I'm the second deuce.", "ber": "gi\u0263 adaymun wiss sin." }, { "en": "I'm a refugee.", "ber": "nkki gi\u0263 amzwag." }, { "en": "I'm sad.", "ber": "\u0263ilf\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm very happy for you.", "ber": "mmr\u0263 ak bahra." }, { "en": "I'm very happy for you.", "ber": "mmr\u0263 am a\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63." }, { "en": "I'm very happy for you.", "ber": "mmr\u0263 awn kigan." }, { "en": "I'm not sure when I'll get home.", "ber": "ur zggi\u0263 managu rad lkm\u0263 tigmmi." }, { "en": "I'm not sure when I'll get home.", "ber": "ur lkin\u0263 mlmi rad aw\u1e0d\u0263 taddart." }, { "en": "I'm not a terrorist.", "ber": "ur gi\u0263 amssawaf." }, { "en": "I'm not a terrorist.", "ber": "ur gi\u0263 abrsgg\u02b7ad." }, { "en": "I'm talking to a friend. I'll get back to you shortly.", "ber": "ar sawal\u0263 s yan umddakk\u02b7l. rad nn sik urri\u0263 yan imikk." }, { "en": "I'm not at all tired.", "ber": "ur \u1e5bmi\u0263 akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "I'm very happy for her.", "ber": "mmr\u0263 as bahra." }, { "en": "I'm very happy for her.", "ber": "mmr\u0263 as kigan." }, { "en": "I'm very happy for her.", "ber": "mmr\u0263 as a\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63." }, { "en": "I'm Tom's daughter.", "ber": "gi\u0263 illis n \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I'm coming to the hotel.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 nn s usnsu." }, { "en": "I'm your wife and I like to look nice to please you.", "ber": "nkki gi\u0263 tam\u1e6d\u1e6dut nnk d da ttiri\u0263 ad uman\u0263 a\u1e0dfut\u0263 afad ad k ssusm\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm your wife and I like to look nice to please you.", "ber": "nkki gi\u0263 tam\u0263art nnk d ar ttiri\u0263 ad uman\u0263 a\u1e0dfut\u0263 afad ad k ssusm\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm pretty certain Tom is in Australia now.", "ber": "lkn\u0263 nit mas d \u1e6dum illa g u\u1e63\u1e6d\u1e5balya \u0263ila." }, { "en": "I'm sorry I can't go.", "ber": "ssurf iyi ur ufi\u0263 ad ftu\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm sorry I can't go.", "ber": "ssurf iyi ur zmir\u0263 ad ddu\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm going to order some more french fries.", "ber": "rad sul ssutr\u0263 kra n ifritn." }, { "en": "I'm going to order some more french fries.", "ber": "rad sul ttr\u0263 kra n ifritn." }, { "en": "I'm too small.", "ber": "m\u1e93\u1e93iy\u0263 bahra." }, { "en": "I'm too small.", "ber": "m\u1e93\u1e93iy\u0263 kigan." }, { "en": "I'm busy right now", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "ur i id ya\u0263 \u0263ila", " \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "I'm asking you", "ber": " not Tom.", "null": [ "ar k sqsa\u0263 kyyi", " ur d \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "I'm asking you", "ber": " not Tom.", "null": [ "ar km sqsa\u0263 kmmi", " ur d \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "I'm glad you told me about him.", "ber": "mmr\u0263 llig iyi \u0263ifs tsawld." }, { "en": "I'm glad you told me about him.", "ber": "mmr\u0263 lli\u0263 iyi fllas tsawlt." }, { "en": "I'm feeling sad for Tom.", "ber": "ar syafa\u0263 s u\u0263iluf \u0263f \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I'm giving her my phone number.", "ber": "rad as fk\u0263 u\u1e6d\u1e6dun n utilifun inu." }, { "en": "I'm giving her my phone number.", "ber": "rad as fk\u0263 u\u1e6d\u1e6dun n utili\u0263ri inu." }, { "en": "I'm fine.", "ber": "ur i ya\u0263 yat." }, { "en": "I'm fine", "ber": " thank you!", "null": [ "ur i ya\u0263 yat", " tanmmirt nnk!" ] }, { "en": "I'm responsible for you.", "ber": "gi\u0263 fllak ama\u0263laf." }, { "en": "I'm responsible for you.", "ber": "gi\u0263 fllak astggar." }, { "en": "I'm waiting for her to answer me.", "ber": "ar sis ttqql\u0263 ad iyi d trar." }, { "en": "I'm beginning to lose my patience.", "ber": "inti u\u1e93i\u1e0d\u1e5b inu ar ittirdus." }, { "en": "I'm beginning to lose my patience.", "ber": "ssnti\u0263 ar zllu\u0263 a\u1e93i\u1e0d\u1e5b inu." }, { "en": "I'm not for you.", "ber": "ur ak gi\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm not for you.", "ber": "ur gi\u0263 winnk." }, { "en": "I'm not for you.", "ber": "ur am gi\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm not for you.", "ber": "ur gi\u0263 winnm." }, { "en": "I'm having a very difficult time today.", "ber": "ar zzray\u0263 yat tizi bahra imran ass a." }, { "en": "I'm so glad I did this.", "ber": "issusm i bahra llig skr\u0263 aya." }, { "en": "I'm so glad I didn't know.", "ber": "issusm i bahra llig ur ssin\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm sorry I missed your call.", "ber": "ssurf iyi zgl\u0263 a\u0263uri nnk." }, { "en": "I'm sorry I missed your call.", "ber": "ssurf iyi zgl\u0263 a\u0263uri nnm." }, { "en": "I'm sorry I missed your call.", "ber": "ssurfat iyi zgl\u0263 a\u0263uri nnun." }, { "en": "I'm married.", "ber": "iwl\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm married now.", "ber": "iwl\u0263 \u0263ila." }, { "en": "You know I'm married.", "ber": "tssnd mas iwl\u0263." }, { "en": "You know that I'm married.", "ber": "tssnd mas iwl\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm not married.", "ber": "ur iwl\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm still married.", "ber": "iwl\u0263 sul." }, { "en": "I'm already married.", "ber": "iwl\u0263 yad." }, { "en": "I'm reading a letter.", "ber": "ar aqqra\u0263 yat tbrat." }, { "en": "Unfortunately", "ber": " I'm late.", "null": [ "s tmg\u1e5b\u1e93i", " mu\u1e6dl\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Unfortunately", "ber": " I'm late.", "null": [ "s u\u0263iluf", " mu\u1e6dl\u0263." ] }, { "en": "I'm not fighting with you.", "ber": "ur ar dik ttma\u0263\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm sorry that you lost.", "ber": "i\u0263ama giti llig tzlid." }, { "en": "I'm from Kyoto.", "ber": "gi\u0263 sg kyutu." }, { "en": "I'm the one that pays all the bills.", "ber": "nkki ayd igan walli ifrrun tifaturin akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "I'm not giving up on her.", "ber": "ur ar tt ffal\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom says that he'll never do that.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas ur sar iskir ayann." }, { "en": "Tom says he'll never do that.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas ur sar iskir ayann." }, { "en": "I'm not dancing for you.", "ber": "ur ar ak tt\u1e25wac\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm not dancing for you.", "ber": "ur ar am tt\u1e25wac\u0263." }, { "en": "Next year I'm going to America.", "ber": "asgg\u02b7as d yuckan rad ddu\u0263 s marikan." }, { "en": "I'm glad to see you.", "ber": "mmr\u0263 llig k \u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm glad to see you.", "ber": "mmr\u0263 lli\u0263 km \u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm glad to see you!", "ber": "mmr\u0263 llig k \u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263!" }, { "en": "I'm not here to hurt you.", "ber": "ur \u0263id lli\u0263 afad ad k k\u02b7mi\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm not here to hurt you.", "ber": "ur \u0263id lli\u0263 afad ad km k\u02b7mi\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm not here to hurt you.", "ber": "ur \u0263id lli\u0263 afad ad k bri\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm undressing.", "ber": "ar ttkks\u0263 timlsit inu." }, { "en": "I'm used to the heat.", "ber": "myar\u0263 tir\u0263i." }, { "en": "I'm a slave.", "ber": "gi\u0263 ismg." }, { "en": "I'm still married to Tom.", "ber": "iwl\u0263 sul \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I'm not in any big hurry.", "ber": "ur ar tt\u0263awal\u0263 mani." }, { "en": "I'm stranded here at the airport.", "ber": "ttmri\u0263 da g uzag\u02b7z." }, { "en": "I'm stranded here at the airport.", "ber": "ttmri\u0263 \u0263i \u0263 uzag\u02b7z." }, { "en": "I'm still living in her house.", "ber": "zd\u0263\u0263 sul g uxxam nns." }, { "en": "I'm still living in her house.", "ber": "zd\u0263\u0263 sul \u0263 tgmmi nns." }, { "en": "I'm still in Australia.", "ber": "lli\u0263 sul g us\u1e6d\u1e5balya." }, { "en": "I'm still in Australia.", "ber": "lli\u0263 sul \u0263 us\u1e6d\u1e5balya." }, { "en": "I'm still here in Australia.", "ber": "lli\u0263 sul \u0263id g us\u1e6d\u1e5balya." }, { "en": "I'm still living in Australia.", "ber": "zd\u0263\u0263 sul g us\u1e6d\u1e5balya." }, { "en": "I'm so glad you're staying.", "ber": "mmr\u0263 a\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63 llig tqqimd." }, { "en": "I'm so glad you're staying.", "ber": "mmr\u0263 bahra lli\u0263 t\u0263amat." }, { "en": "I'm starting the work on the first day of July.", "ber": "rad ssnti\u0263 tawuri g wass izwarn g yulyu." }, { "en": "I'm sorry that I couldn't do anything to help.", "ber": "ssurf iyi llig ur zmir\u0263 ad skr\u0263 yat afad ad aws\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm not the only one who feels this way.", "ber": "ur d \u0263s nkki ayd isyafan s imka." }, { "en": "I'm not the only one who feels this way.", "ber": "ur d \u0263ar nkki ayd isyafan s imka." }, { "en": "I'm waiting to see how things turn out.", "ber": "ar ttqql\u0263 ad \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263 manimk rad gnt t\u0263awsiwin." }, { "en": "I'm from Australia.", "ber": "gi\u0263 sg us\u1e6d\u1e5balya." }, { "en": "I'm from Australia.", "ber": "gi\u0263 z\u0263 us\u1e6d\u1e5balya." }, { "en": "I'm not angry at them.", "ber": "ur fllasn rfi\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm glad that you found the money that you lost.", "ber": "mmr\u0263 llig tufid idrimn lli tzlid." }, { "en": "I'm glad that you found the money that you lost.", "ber": "mmr\u0263 llig tufam idrimn lli tzlam." }, { "en": "I'm glad that you found the money you lost.", "ber": "mmr\u0263 llig tufid idrimn lli tzlid." }, { "en": "I'm more than a politician; I represent the public.", "ber": "nkki gi\u0263 uggar n \u0263as asrtan; nkki da ttgnses\u0263 agdud." }, { "en": "I'm glad you waited for me.", "ber": "mmr\u0263 llig siti tqqld." }, { "en": "I'm only trying to save you time.", "ber": "mwat\u0263 ad jbr\u0263 akud nnk." }, { "en": "I'm at my parents' house.", "ber": "lli\u0263 g taddart n imarawn inu." }, { "en": "I'm at my parents' house.", "ber": "lli\u0263 g uxxam n imarawn inu." }, { "en": "I'm at my parents' house.", "ber": "lli\u0263 \u0263 tgmmi n imarawn inu." }, { "en": "I'm really starting to hate Australia.", "ber": "ssnti\u0263 s tidt ar ttksan\u0263 us\u1e6d\u1e5balya." }, { "en": "I'm not going to tell Tom how much I weigh.", "ber": "ur rad ini\u0263 i \u1e6dum mnct ayd giti illan g ta\u1e93ayt." }, { "en": "I'm not angry with him.", "ber": "ur fllas rfi\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm sure Tom can win.", "ber": "nkki lkn\u0263 mas d \u1e6dum izmr ad irnu." }, { "en": "I'm sure that Tom can win.", "ber": "nkki lkn\u0263 mas d \u1e6dum izmr ad irnu." }, { "en": "I'm here for you", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "lli\u0263 \u0263id fllak a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "I'm here for you", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "lli\u0263 da \u0263ifk a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "I'm going to go.", "ber": "rad ddu\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm going to go home.", "ber": "rad ddu\u0263 s taddart." }, { "en": "I'm going to go home.", "ber": "rad ftu\u0263 s tgmmi." }, { "en": "I'm going to stay at home tonight.", "ber": "rad gawr\u0263 \u0263 tgmmi i\u1e0d ad." }, { "en": "I'm going to stay at home tonight.", "ber": "rad qqim\u0263 di taddart i\u1e0d ad." }, { "en": "I'm going to stay at home tonight.", "ber": "rad \u0263ama\u0263 g uxxam i\u1e0d ad." }, { "en": "I'm tired and I want to go home.", "ber": "\u1e5bmi\u0263 d ri\u0263 ad ddu\u0263 s tgmmi." }, { "en": "I'm tired and I want to go home.", "ber": "\u1e5bmi\u0263 d xs\u0263 ad ddu\u0263 s uxxam." }, { "en": "I'm sorry", "ber": " but I'll have to go home now.", "null": [ "ssurf iyi", " macc iqqan d ad ddu\u0263 s tgmmi \u0263ila." ] }, { "en": "I'm not expecting guests.", "ber": "ur ar ttqql\u0263 s inbgiwn." }, { "en": "I'm crazy.", "ber": "nufl\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm crazy about you.", "ber": "nufl\u0263 fllak." }, { "en": "I'm crazy about you.", "ber": "nufl\u0263 fllam." }, { "en": "I'm crazy about him!", "ber": "nufl\u0263 fllas!" }, { "en": "Most people think I'm crazy.", "ber": "tugt n mddn \u0263aln is nufl\u0263." }, { "en": "Do you think I'm crazy?", "ber": "is t\u0263ald is nufl\u0263?" }, { "en": "My wife thinks I'm crazy.", "ber": "tam\u1e6d\u1e6dut inu t\u0263al is nufl\u0263." }, { "en": "My wife thinks I'm crazy.", "ber": "tam\u0263art inu t\u0263al is nufl\u0263." }, { "en": "I know that I'm crazy.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 mas nufl\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm on my way to one of my favourite places.", "ber": "lli\u0263 g ubrid inu s yan n id\u0263arn nna snyifi\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm on my way to one of my favourite places.", "ber": "lli\u0263 g u\u0263aras inu s yan n id\u0263arn nna snyifi\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm coming back to Boston in October.", "ber": "rad urri\u0263 s bu\u1e63\u1e6dun \u0263 ktubr." }, { "en": "I'm coming back to Boston in October.", "ber": "rad a\u0263ul\u0263 s bu\u1e63\u1e6dun g ktubr." }, { "en": "I'm counting on you.", "ber": "nnal\u0263 fllak." }, { "en": "I'm from out of town.", "ber": "gi\u0263 sg b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n t\u0263rmt." }, { "en": "As I'm an Algerian Muslim", "ber": " why should I hate all people that don't believe like me?", "null": [ "amm umuslm adzayri", " ma \u0263f i id iqqan ad ksn\u0263 akk\u02b7 mddn nna ur iflisn zun d nkki?" ] }, { "en": "The pen I'm holding now is not yours.", "ber": "a\u0263anib lli usi\u0263 \u0263ila ur igi winnk." }, { "en": "I'm waiting for a bus.", "ber": "ar ttqql\u0263 s unsmaddu." }, { "en": "I'm not certain we can get tickets tonight.", "ber": "ur lkin\u0263 is rad nzmr ad nam\u1e93 tinfulin i\u1e0d ad." }, { "en": "I'm done as well.", "ber": "ula nkki smd\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm done as well.", "ber": "awd nkki smd\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm sure Tom would agree.", "ber": "lkn\u0263 mas rad imsasa \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I'm glad you were there.", "ber": "mmr\u0263 lli\u0263 \u0263inn tllit." }, { "en": "I'm glad you were there.", "ber": "mmr\u0263 llig dinn tllid." }, { "en": "I'm sorry I woke you up.", "ber": "ssurf iyi llig k id ssnkr\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm sorry that I woke you up.", "ber": "ssurf iyi llig k id ssnkr\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm not dating Tom.", "ber": "ur ar ttff\u0263\u0263 d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I'm not busy today.", "ber": "ya\u0263 i id ass a." }, { "en": "I'm afraid I can't decide straight away.", "ber": "gg\u02b7d\u0263 ad ur zmir\u0263 ad \u0263ts\u0263 nnican." }, { "en": "I'm afraid I can't decide straight away.", "ber": "k\u1e63u\u1e0d\u0263 ad ur i\u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5b\u0263 ad \u0263ts\u0263 nnican." }, { "en": "I'm not happy.", "ber": "ur mmir\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm not happy about it.", "ber": "ur sis mmir\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm not happy with my job.", "ber": "ur mmir\u0263 s twuri inu." }, { "en": "I'm not happy with your behavior.", "ber": "ur mmir\u0263 s umuggi nnk." }, { "en": "I'm not happy with your behavior.", "ber": "ur mmir\u0263 s tkli nnk." }, { "en": "I'm not happy about the situation.", "ber": "ur mmir\u0263 s waddad." }, { "en": "I'm not happy about this situation.", "ber": "ur mmir\u0263 s waddad ad." }, { "en": "I'm a doctor.", "ber": "gi\u0263 amsgnaf." }, { "en": "I'm Tom. What's your name?", "ber": "nkki \u1e6dum. ma ism nnk?" }, { "en": "Hello", "ber": " I'm Tom. What's your name?", "null": [ "azul", " nkki \u1e6dum. ma ism nnk?" ] }, { "en": "Hi", "ber": " I'm Tom. What's your name?", "null": [ "azul", " nkki \u1e6dum. ma ism nnk?" ] }, { "en": "I'm now very tired.", "ber": "nkki \u0263ila \u1e5bmi\u0263 bahra." }, { "en": "I'm now very tired.", "ber": "nkki \u0263ila \u1e5bmi\u0263 kigan." }, { "en": "I'm Kabyle.", "ber": "gi\u0263 aqbayli." }, { "en": "Fire!", "ber": "afa!" }, { "en": "Attack!", "ber": "a\u1e93\u1e0dam!" }, { "en": "Charge!", "ber": "ssktr!" }, { "en": "What's new?", "ber": "ma igan amaynu?" }, { "en": "What's new?", "ber": "is illa umaynu?" }, { "en": "They lost the DNA sample.", "ber": "zlan tukkist n smk." }, { "en": "I love the rain.", "ber": "ar ttiri\u0263 an\u1e93a\u1e5b." }, { "en": "I love the sound of rain falling.", "ber": "ar ttiri\u0263 imsli n un\u1e93a\u1e5b i\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e5bn." }, { "en": "Did Tom give the money to Mary?", "ber": "is ifka \u1e6dum idrimn i mari?" }, { "en": "See you next Friday.", "ber": "ad nmm\u1e93\u1e5ba ass n usimwas d iddan." }, { "en": "Crazy!", "ber": "anufl!" }, { "en": "She comes from Germany.", "ber": "tucka d sg lalman." }, { "en": "I know I should've stayed in Boston.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 mas yadlli fllati illa ad \u0263ama\u0263 g bu\u1e63\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "I had no idea Tom was a friend of yours.", "ber": "ur akk\u02b7 dari kra n twngimt mas d \u1e6dum iga yadlli amddakk\u02b7l nnk." }, { "en": "I run five miles a day.", "ber": "ar ttazzal\u0263 tam ikilumi\u1e6d\u1e5bn g wass." }, { "en": "I run five miles a day.", "ber": "ar ttazzal\u0263 smmus imiln g wass." }, { "en": "They went on fighting the fire at the risk of their lives.", "ber": "smdn g umwat nnsn ad ssxsin afa smizin s tudrt nnsn." }, { "en": "You can't eat chicken? How do you know if you never try it?", "ber": "ur tzmird ad tccd aya\u1e93i\u1e0d? manimk s tssnd ig jju ur turmd?" }, { "en": "You can't eat chicken? How do you know if you never try it?", "ber": "ur tufit ad tcct afullus? manimk s tssnt i\u0263 jju ur turmt?" }, { "en": "Miraculously", "ber": " none of them died.", "null": [ "s tmkrra", " awd yan sgisn ur immut." ] }, { "en": "Ask him again.", "ber": "sqsa t da\u0263." }, { "en": "Ask her again.", "ber": "sqsa tt da\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom looked like the happiest person in the room.", "ber": "\u1e6dum yuman zun d walli akk\u02b7 immrn g tzqqa." }, { "en": "Tom looked like the happiest person in the room.", "ber": "\u1e6dum yuman zun d walli akk\u02b7 immrn \u0263 u\u1e25anu." }, { "en": "We live in a three-bedroom house.", "ber": "nddr g uxxam g llan k\u1e5ba\u1e0d i\u1e25una n tguni." }, { "en": "We live in a three-bedroom house.", "ber": "nzd\u0263 \u0263 tgmmi \u0263 llan k\u1e5ba\u1e0d i\u1e25una n tguni." }, { "en": "Please don't tell Jamal.", "ber": "amur nnk ad t ur tinid i jamal." }, { "en": "You did this.", "ber": "tskrd aya." }, { "en": "You did this.", "ber": "tskrm aya." }, { "en": "You did this.", "ber": "tskrmt aya." }, { "en": "You caused this.", "ber": "tsrgd g uya." }, { "en": "You caused this.", "ber": "tsrgm g uya." }, { "en": "You caused this.", "ber": "tsrgmt g uya." }, { "en": "Don't call me Uncle. You make me feel so old.", "ber": "ad iyi ur taqqrat s xali. da i tettajjt ad syafa\u0263 mas bahra wsr\u0263." }, { "en": "In Europe and America they regard the dog as a member of the family.", "ber": "g tu\u1e5buft d marikan da \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ban aydi amm yan ugmam sg twja." }, { "en": "Germany was once allied with Italy.", "ber": "tkka tt inn lalman zikk tmsasa d \u1e6d\u1e6dalyan." }, { "en": "She is getting better day by day.", "ber": "ar tettfalkay ass \u0263f wass." }, { "en": "It's on your desk.", "ber": "tlla iggi n usira nnk." }, { "en": "It's on your table.", "ber": "tlla iggi n tdabut nnk." }, { "en": "One of my friends says she wants to meet you.", "ber": "yat n tmddukk\u02b7al inu ar tettini mas tra ad dik tmmaqqar." }, { "en": "One of my friends says she wants to meet you.", "ber": "yat n tmddukk\u02b7al inu ar tettini mas tra ad dim tmmaqqar." }, { "en": "She speaks only about work.", "ber": "da tsawal \u0263s \u0263f twuri." }, { "en": "She speaks only about work.", "ber": "ar tsawal \u0263ar xf twuri." }, { "en": "What do you need four cars for?", "ber": "ma mi tusrd kku\u1e93t thiritin?" }, { "en": "The bus stopped suddenly.", "ber": "ansmaddu ibdd s tu\u1e93wayt." }, { "en": "The museum is open from 9 a.m.", "ber": "tasnni\u0263t da tettu\u1e5b\u1e93am sg 9 n tufat." }, { "en": "Do you think it gives me pleasure to see you destroy your health?", "ber": "is t\u0263alt mas iyi iga addur ad k \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263 ar tettff\u0263t xf tdusi nnk?" }, { "en": "Why aren't you coming with us?", "ber": "ma \u0263f ur ditn\u0263 tmund?" }, { "en": "How did you cut your hand?", "ber": "manimk s tbbid afus nnk?" }, { "en": "Prepare yourself.", "ber": "muttg!" }, { "en": "Prepare yourself.", "ber": "smuttg ixf nnk." }, { "en": "When writing English", "ber": " she rarely makes a mistake.", "null": [ "kudnna tettara s tnglizt", " idrus ma g da tskar azgal." ] }, { "en": "When writing English", "ber": " she rarely makes a mistake.", "null": [ "kudnna tettara s tnglizt", " idrus ma g da tettzgal." ] }, { "en": "Guess where I've been!", "ber": "ak\u02b7z mani g tt inn kki\u0263!" }, { "en": "I woke up at 6:30.", "ber": "nkr\u0263 d g 6:30." }, { "en": "Gold doesn't rust.", "ber": "ur\u0263 ur da t tettam\u1e93 tanikt." }, { "en": "Do you know what to do with this?", "ber": "is tssnd mayd tskard s uya?" }, { "en": "Read my bio for more info.", "ber": "\u0263r tasknudrt inu afad ad tssnd uggar n wumlan." }, { "en": "I gave Tom my old bicycle.", "ber": "fki\u0263 i \u1e6dum azlalam inu aqbur." }, { "en": "Tom is as nervous as I am.", "ber": "\u1e6dum i\u1e25nn\u1e0d amm nkki." }, { "en": "I do what's best for my country.", "ber": "da skar\u0263 ma yufn i tmurt inu." }, { "en": "I do what's best for my country.", "ber": "ar skar\u0263 ma yufn i tmazirt inu." }, { "en": "I tried to call you", "ber": " but couldn't.", "null": [ "mwat\u0263 ad nn sik sawl\u0263", " maca ur as zmir\u0263." ] }, { "en": "I tried to call you", "ber": " but couldn't.", "null": [ "urm\u0263 ad nn sim sawl\u0263", " macc ur as ufi\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Harvard is Tom's alma mater.", "ber": "\u1e6dum i\u0263ra g harfard." }, { "en": "Why didn't Tom come yesterday?", "ber": "ma xf ur d iddi \u1e6dum assna\u1e6d?" }, { "en": "Why didn't Tom come yesterday?", "ber": "ma \u0263f ur d yucki \u1e6dum i\u1e0dgam?" }, { "en": "Teach me how to make a salad.", "ber": "sslmd iyi manimk s da skar\u0263 cala\u1e0da." }, { "en": "Teach me how to make a salad.", "ber": "sslmd iyi ad skar\u0263 cala\u1e0da." }, { "en": "You can't make everyone happy.", "ber": "ur tzmird ad tajjd ku yan ad immr." }, { "en": "Study hard and learn all you can.", "ber": "\u0263r s yimmir", "null": [ " tlmdd aylli mi akk\u02b7 tzmrd." ] }, { "en": "Study hard and learn all you can.", "ber": "\u0263r s yimmir", "null": [ " tlmdd aylli mi akk\u02b7 t\u0263iyd." ] }, { "en": "Tom says he hopes to change that soon.", "ber": "\u1e6dum da ittini mas innurz ad issnfl ayann g mayd d ya\u1e93n." }, { "en": "Tom says he hopes to change that soon.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ar ittini mas innurz ad issnfl ayann \u0263 mad d ya\u1e93n." }, { "en": "Tom was as proud as a peacock.", "ber": "\u1e6dum iburz zun d \u1e6d\u1e6daw\u1e63." }, { "en": "Africa is a continent.", "ber": "tafriqt tga amn\u1e93aw." }, { "en": "Isn't that what you would've done?", "ber": "ur d aya a rad yadlli tskrd?" }, { "en": "You'll wish you had never seen it.", "ber": "rad tssitmm mra is t akk\u02b7 ur t\u1e93\u1e5bim." }, { "en": "You'll wish you had never seen it.", "ber": "rad t\u1e93u\u1e93\u1e0dm mra is t akk\u02b7 ur t\u1e93\u1e5bim." }, { "en": "You'll wish you had never seen it.", "ber": "rad t\u1e93u\u1e93\u1e0dt mra is t akk\u02b7 ur t\u1e93\u1e5bit." }, { "en": "Last year", "ber": " there were more births than deaths.", "null": [ "n\u1e0da\u1e0dana", " willi iluln zrin willi immutn." ] }, { "en": "Strong winds stripped the tree of its leaves.", "ber": "i\u1e0dagg\u02b7n lli idusn ssussn taddagt sg ifrawn nns." }, { "en": "Please don't touch the ice with bare hands.", "ber": "amur nnk ad ur tettggrd i ugris s ifassn izzfn." }, { "en": "We're not in love. We're just good friends.", "ber": "ur tlli tayri gratn\u0263. is ka nga imddukk\u02b7al ifulkin." }, { "en": "Cry out against injustice!", "ber": "bddat mgal tar\u0263dmt!" }, { "en": "He opposes this project.", "ber": "ntta iga mgal asnfar a." }, { "en": "When you cross the bridge", "ber": " don't look down.", "null": [ "kudnna tzgrd amzzgr", " ad ur t\u1e93\u1e5bd g izddar." ] }, { "en": "I can't wear those clothes. They don't fit.", "ber": "ur zmir\u0263 ad ls\u0263 timlsa ann. ur d diti uckin." }, { "en": "Don't act like you don't know what's wrong.", "ber": "ad ur tskard zun d ig ur tssind ma igan azgal." }, { "en": "They're on good terms with their neighbors.", "ber": "mcackan d d inaragn nnsn." }, { "en": "They're on good terms with their neighbors.", "ber": "msasan d inaragn nnsn." }, { "en": "That child wants some friends to play with.", "ber": "azzan ann ira kra n imddukk\u02b7al ad disn itturar." }, { "en": "What's the tallest mountain you've climbed?", "ber": "ma igan adrar akk\u02b7 yattuyn tulid dis?" }, { "en": "Now that you've mentioned it", "ber": " you're right.", "null": [ "\u0263ila llig tbdrd ayann", " hann t\u0263\u1e93and." ] }, { "en": "Tom just stood there with his eyes closed.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ibdd ka \u0263inn s walln nns iqqnn." }, { "en": "Tom has read Shakespeare's complete works.", "ber": "\u1e6dum i\u0263ra tiwuriwin imdan n ciksbir." }, { "en": "I have three friends who can speak French.", "ber": "dari k\u1e5ba\u1e0d imddukk\u02b7al nna i\u0263iyn ad sawaln taf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "I have three friends who can speak French.", "ber": "\u0263usi k\u1e5ba\u1e0d imddukk\u02b7al nna izmrn ad sawaln taf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "I've been teaching French for three years.", "ber": "da ssaqqra\u0263 taf\u1e5bansist sg k\u1e5ba\u1e0d isgg\u02b7asn." }, { "en": "It's been three years since I've seen Tom.", "ber": "zrin k\u1e5ba\u1e0d isgg\u02b7asn sg llig \u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "You should eat this while it's still warm.", "ber": "illa fllak ad tcct aya llig sul ir\u0263a." }, { "en": "You should eat this while it's still warm.", "ber": "iqqan km id ad tcct aya llig sul ir\u0263a." }, { "en": "Tom brushed his teeth and washed his face.", "ber": "is\u0263us \u1e6dum tu\u0263mas nns issird udm nns." }, { "en": "While you're young", "ber": " you should read a lot.", "null": [ "llig tgid a\u025brrim", " iqqan k id ad t\u0263rd tugt." ] }, { "en": "While you're young", "ber": " you should read a lot.", "null": [ "llig tgid a\u025brrim", " illa fllam ad t\u0263rd a\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63." ] }, { "en": "Give us two knives and four forks", "ber": " please.", "null": [ "fk a\u0263 snat tuzzalin d kku\u1e93t tizar", " amur nnk." ] }, { "en": "Please move this stone from here to there.", "ber": "amur nnk smass a\u1e93\u1e5bu ad sg \u0263i s \u0263inn." }, { "en": "There's something wrong with this machine.", "ber": "illa dinn kra n umukris g tmacint a." }, { "en": "There's something wrong with this machine.", "ber": "illa \u0263inn kra n umukris \u0263 tmacint a." }, { "en": "Please turn out the lights when you leave.", "ber": "amur nnk ssxsi tifawin kudnna tddid." }, { "en": "You think you're pretty smart", "ber": " don't you?", "null": [ "t\u0263ald mas bahra t\u0263isd", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "Could you please put that somewhere else?", "ber": "is tzmrd ad nn tsrsd ayann g kra n mani ya\u1e0dn amur nnk?" }, { "en": "Could you please put that somewhere else?", "ber": "is tufid ad nn tsrsd ayann g kra n mani ya\u1e0dn amur nnk?" }, { "en": "There's something they're not telling us.", "ber": "illa dinn kra ur da a\u0263 t ttinin." }, { "en": "There's something they're not telling us.", "ber": "illa \u0263inn kra ur ar a\u0263 t ttinin." }, { "en": "Tom is cooking.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ar issnwa." }, { "en": "Tom didn't know that.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ur issin ayann." }, { "en": "He is a good singer.", "ber": "iga amarir ifulkin." }, { "en": "Algeria has a new government.", "ber": "ddzayr dars tanba\u1e0dt tamaynut." }, { "en": "Algeria has a new government.", "ber": "ddzayr \u0263urs tanba\u1e0dt tamaynut." }, { "en": "Is that a confession?", "ber": "is d asikz ayann?" }, { "en": "Tom finally ate something.", "ber": "\u1e6dum icca sul kra." }, { "en": "Let's stop doing the wrong things.", "ber": "aywa ad nsbdd askkir n t\u0263awsiwin izgln." }, { "en": "One day", "ber": " we will understand.", "null": [ "kra n wass", " rad nrms." ] }, { "en": "You looked at me.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e5bid giti." }, { "en": "He has a pretty house.", "ber": "dars tigmmi i\u1e93iln." }, { "en": "He has a pretty house.", "ber": "\u0263urs taddart i\u1e93iln." }, { "en": "He has a pretty house.", "ber": "\u0263urs axxam i\u1e93iln." }, { "en": "It's quite possible that Tom won't help us at all.", "ber": "yallfus nit mas d \u1e6dum ur rad a\u0263 yaws akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "The speaker is young.", "ber": "amsiwl iga a\u025brrim." }, { "en": "My pet dog was seriously ill.", "ber": "ikka tt inn waydi inu anmyur yu\u1e0dn nit kigan." }, { "en": "My wife is the prettiest.", "ber": "tam\u0263art inu tga tafalkayt akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "My wife is the prettiest.", "ber": "tam\u1e6d\u1e6dut inu tga tam\u1e93ilt akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "I'm selling my car.", "ber": "ar zznza\u0263 tihirit inu." }, { "en": "I knew this day was coming.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 mas rad d yack ass a." }, { "en": "It's clear that Tom doesn't want to talk about it.", "ber": "ifaw mas d \u1e6dum ur iri ad isawl \u0263f uyann." }, { "en": "I want to know who gave that to you.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad ssn\u0263 mayd ak ifkan ayann." }, { "en": "You seemed tired.", "ber": "yuman mas t\u1e5bmid." }, { "en": "Stop! Thief!", "ber": "bdd! amakr!" }, { "en": "Tell Tom I won't leave.", "ber": "ini i \u1e6dum ur rad ddu\u0263." }, { "en": "Does that make sense to you?", "ber": "is dark ila uyann anamk?" }, { "en": "Does that make sense to you?", "ber": "is \u0263urk ila uyann anamk?" }, { "en": "The pH scale is logarithmic.", "ber": "taskala n pH tga talguritmit." }, { "en": "I'll do everything I can.", "ber": "rad skr\u0263 aynna mi ufi\u0263." }, { "en": "He will be a good husband.", "ber": "rad ig argaz ifulkin." }, { "en": "You have to go to them.", "ber": "iqqan k id ad darsn tddud." }, { "en": "You have to go to them.", "ber": "iqqan k id ad \u0263ursn tddud." }, { "en": "She burst into laughter.", "ber": "tbbuqqi s ta\u1e0d\u1e63a." }, { "en": "She burst out laughing.", "ber": "tbbuqqi s ta\u1e0d\u1e63a." }, { "en": "I want another.", "ber": "ri\u0263 wayya\u1e0d." }, { "en": "I want another.", "ber": "xs\u0263 wayya\u1e0d." }, { "en": "What time do you wake up?", "ber": "man akud g da d tnkkrd?" }, { "en": "I don't like to run a risk.", "ber": "ur da ttiri\u0263 asmizi." }, { "en": "Tom and I used to work at the same place.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d nkki nmyar ad nswuriy g yan ud\u0263ar." }, { "en": "I thought you might help.", "ber": "nni\u0263 is tzmrd ad tawsd." }, { "en": "I thought you might help.", "ber": "nni\u0263 is t\u0263iyd ad tawsd." }, { "en": "I don't want to upset you.", "ber": "ur ri\u0263 ad k zziwz\u0263." }, { "en": "I don't want to upset you.", "ber": "ur ri\u0263 ad km zziwz\u0263." }, { "en": "You're so funny.", "ber": "ar bahra ts\u1e0d\u1e63ad." }, { "en": "We drank a lot of coffee.", "ber": "nswa tugt n lqhwa." }, { "en": "We drank a lot of coffee.", "ber": "nswa a\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63 n t\u0263lust." }, { "en": "It was a stressful day.", "ber": "iga yan wass iss\u1e5bmayn." }, { "en": "There are cats everywhere.", "ber": "llan dinn imucca ani nna tkkit." }, { "en": "The alarm clock is ringing.", "ber": "ar ittsrsar umsduy." }, { "en": "I'm dead.", "ber": "mmut\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm dead tired.", "ber": "mmut\u0263 s u\u1e5bmmuy." }, { "en": "Everybody thinks I'm dead.", "ber": "nnan akk\u02b7 is mmut\u0263." }, { "en": "I won't rest until I'm dead.", "ber": "ur rad sunfu\u0263 ard mmt\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm not dead.", "ber": "ur mmut\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm neither alive nor dead.", "ber": "ur ddir\u0263 ur mmut\u0263." }, { "en": "He's very smart", "ber": " and he's handsome too.", "null": [ "i\u0263is kigan", " d i\u1e93il bahra." ] }, { "en": "He's Muslim and he wears a beard.", "ber": "iga amuslm d iskr tamart." }, { "en": "All of them are Canadian.", "ber": "gan akk\u02b7 ikanadiyn." }, { "en": "I have a job for Tom.", "ber": "dari tawuri i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I have a job for Tom.", "ber": "\u0263uri tawuri i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I want to learn how to dance.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad lmd\u0263 manimk s da tt\u1e25wac\u0263." }, { "en": "Maybe I'm in love with him.", "ber": "irwas is ar t ttiri\u0263." }, { "en": "Maybe I'm in love with her.", "ber": "irwas is ar tt ttiri\u0263." }, { "en": "Are our life details all recorded in the Akashic Records?", "ber": "is d ifrarayn n tudrt nn\u0263 ttuzmmamn g tm\u1e25\u1e0dit n akacik?" }, { "en": "Do you know what the rules are?", "ber": "is tssnd mayd gan ilugan?" }, { "en": "This is possible.", "ber": "aya yallfus." }, { "en": "I'm energyless! I haven't slept for three days!", "ber": "ur sul \u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5b\u0263! ur gin\u0263 k\u1e5ba\u1e0d wussan!" }, { "en": "I wrote to her last month.", "ber": "uri\u0263 as ayyur ad izrin." }, { "en": "Tom wants to meet Mary.", "ber": "ira \u1e6dum ad immaqqar d mari." }, { "en": "What have we done?", "ber": "mayd nskr?" }, { "en": "Tom explained how he did that.", "ber": "\u1e6dum issfra manmk s iskr ayann." }, { "en": "Now you know Berber.", "ber": "\u0263ila tssnd tamazi\u0263t." }, { "en": "You can't keep us here.", "ber": "ur tzmird ad a\u0263 tajjd da." }, { "en": "You can't keep us here.", "ber": "ur t\u0263iyd ad a\u0263 tajjd \u0263i." }, { "en": "Did you buy this for her?", "ber": "is as ts\u0263id aya?" }, { "en": "Did you buy this for him?", "ber": "is as ts\u0263id aya?" }, { "en": "Welcome to Algeria.", "ber": "ansuf sik g ddzayr." }, { "en": "Are you free Friday night?", "ber": "is dark tizi g yi\u1e0d n usimwas?" }, { "en": "Are you free Friday night?", "ber": "is \u0263urk akud g yi\u1e0d n usimwas?" }, { "en": "I want you to sell our product at your shop.", "ber": "ri\u0263 k ad tzznzd afaris nn\u0263 g t\u1e25anut nnk." }, { "en": "I want you to sell our product at your shop.", "ber": "ri\u0263 km ad tzznzd afaris nn\u0263 g t\u1e25anut nnm." }, { "en": "I will give you an example.", "ber": "rad ak fk\u0263 yan umdya." }, { "en": "I will give you an example.", "ber": "rad am fk\u0263 yan umdya." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't know that Mary hates me.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ur issin mas d mari tksn i." }, { "en": "You'd better read this.", "ber": "yuf ak ad t\u0263rd aya." }, { "en": "You'd better read this.", "ber": "yuf am ad t\u0263rd aya." }, { "en": "Are you disabled?", "ber": "is tgid an\u025b\u1e0dub?" }, { "en": "Why would we lie to you?", "ber": "ma \u0263f rad fllak nskkrkis?" }, { "en": "I've been looking for a way to do that.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn da siggil\u0263 s kra n t\u0263arast ad skr\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "Making artificial flowers is one of my hobbies.", "ber": "askkir n ijddign iragmawiyn iga yan n tramsutin inu." }, { "en": "It's difficult for me to understand French when it's spoken quickly.", "ber": "imra fllati ad rms\u0263 taf\u1e5bansist kudnna sis sawaln s tmmri." }, { "en": "This is my third marriage.", "ber": "wa iga iwl inu wiss k\u1e5ba\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Your horse is beautiful.", "ber": "ayyis nnk i\u1e93il." }, { "en": "Tom isn't sleepy.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ur ar ittnuddum." }, { "en": "Tom agreed to stay in Boston.", "ber": "\u1e6dum idggi ad iqqim g bu\u1e63\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "Tom agreed to stay in Boston.", "ber": "\u1e6dum idggi ad i\u0263ama g bu\u1e63\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "I forgot about them.", "ber": "ttu\u0263 tn." }, { "en": "I forgot about them.", "ber": "ttu\u0263 tnt." }, { "en": "Don't be so stingy.", "ber": "ad bahra ur tgd asqram." }, { "en": "Don't be so stingy.", "ber": "ad bahra ur tgt aqmmac." }, { "en": "Paul eventually opened the window.", "ber": "bul i\u1e5b\u1e93m sul as\u1e5b\u1e93m." }, { "en": "A car went by.", "ber": "tzri yat thirit." }, { "en": "My plan was to leave early.", "ber": "a\u0263awas inu ikka tt inn ad ddu\u0263 zikk." }, { "en": "Please remember to wake me up at seven tomorrow morning.", "ber": "amur nnk k\u02b7ti ad i id tssnkrt g tiss sat n tufat n uzkka." }, { "en": "My doctor told me to quit taking aspirin.", "ber": "amsgnaf inu inna iyi ad sbdd\u0263 asbirin." }, { "en": "Why aren't you answering me?", "ber": "ma xf ur ar fllati tettrarat?" }, { "en": "Is he a traitor or a hero?", "ber": "is iga amkirrs n\u0263 d anbraz?" }, { "en": "I hit him on the chin.", "ber": "ut\u0263 t g t\u0263smart." }, { "en": "I hit him on the chin.", "ber": "ut\u0263 t \u0263 t\u0263smart." }, { "en": "Tom is likely to die in prison.", "ber": "yallfus ad immt \u1e6dum g u\u0263zu." }, { "en": "I want to go to a region where the ocean is.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad ddu\u0263 s kra n tmna\u1e0dt lli g illa ugaru." }, { "en": "Tom was a very funny man.", "ber": "\u1e6dum iga yan urgaz bahra is\u1e0d\u1e63an." }, { "en": "Her legs are long.", "ber": "i\u1e0da\u1e5bn nns \u0263zzifn." }, { "en": "It's a secret between you and me.", "ber": "iga uffir grak diti." }, { "en": "It's a secret between you and me.", "ber": "iga uffir gram diti." }, { "en": "Turn off the radio.", "ber": "ssxsi anzway." }, { "en": "Turn off the radio.", "ber": "ssxsiyat \u1e5b\u1e5badyu." }, { "en": "Mary said she'd be there tomorrow.", "ber": "tnna mari rad \u0263inn tili azkka." }, { "en": "Mary said she'd be there tomorrow.", "ber": "tnna mari rad dinn tili azkka." }, { "en": "Monday comes after Sunday.", "ber": "da d ittack waynas \u1e0da\u1e5bat n usamas." }, { "en": "She said she didn't have enough time.", "ber": "tnna ur dars akud yudan." }, { "en": "She said she didn't have enough time.", "ber": "tnna ur \u0263urs akud yudan." }, { "en": "Fadil's job left him little time for Layla.", "ber": "tawuri n fa\u1e0dil tfl as imikk n wakud ad t izzri d layla." }, { "en": "Fadil spent long hours on his job.", "ber": "fa\u1e0dil izzri tisragin \u0263zzifnint g twuri nns." }, { "en": "The hospital is open whenever.", "ber": "asgnaf innu\u1e5b\u1e93m bdda." }, { "en": "Do you have anything on Tom?", "ber": "is \u0263urk kra n t\u0263awsa xf \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Do you have anything on Tom?", "ber": "is dark kra n t\u0263awsa f \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "All these are from Tom.", "ber": "wid akk\u02b7 gan sg \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "He has good grades.", "ber": "dars tisk\u02b7fal ifulkin." }, { "en": "He has good grades.", "ber": "\u0263urs tisk\u02b7fal ifulkin." }, { "en": "He had good grades in Berber.", "ber": "dars tisk\u02b7fal ifulkin g tmazi\u0263t." }, { "en": "He had good grades in Berber.", "ber": "\u0263urs tisk\u02b7fal ifulkin g tmazi\u0263t." }, { "en": "I am ready to serve you.", "ber": "nkki muttg\u0263 ad k snar\u0263." }, { "en": "Listening to sad music makes me happy.", "ber": "assfld i u\u1e93awan i\u0263ilfn ar i ittajj ad mmr\u0263." }, { "en": "Where did she buy her car?", "ber": "mani g ts\u0263a tihirit nns?" }, { "en": "Where did he buy his car?", "ber": "mani g is\u0263a tihirit nns?" }, { "en": "I didn't do what I should have done.", "ber": "ur skir\u0263 aylli s d iqqan ad t skr\u0263." }, { "en": "Apple trees are growing in the garden.", "ber": "taddagin n udffuy da ttm\u0263aynt g turtit." }, { "en": "I want to stay longer.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad \u0263ama\u0263 uggar." }, { "en": "I want to stay longer.", "ber": "xs\u0263 ad qqim\u0263 uggar." }, { "en": "Can you handle it?", "ber": "is tufid ad t tskrd?" }, { "en": "I was laughed at by him.", "ber": "i\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63a giti." }, { "en": "Why do cats bury their food?", "ber": "ma \u0263f da m\u1e6d\u1e6dln imucca amtcu nnsn?" }, { "en": "I know Tom is a university student.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 is iga \u1e6dum amzraw g tsdawit." }, { "en": "She's at school.", "ber": "tlla g tinml." }, { "en": "He's at school.", "ber": "illa g tinml." }, { "en": "I didn't think that you could win.", "ber": "ur yadlli nni\u0263 mas tzmrd ad trnud." }, { "en": "You must go to work.", "ber": "illa fllak ad tddud s twuri." }, { "en": "You must go to work.", "ber": "illa fllam ad tddud s twuri." }, { "en": "What did I see?", "ber": "mayd \u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263?" }, { "en": "Mary does that when she's drunk.", "ber": "mari da tskar imknna kudnna tswa." }, { "en": "You will buy the book today.", "ber": "rad ts\u0263d adlis ass a." }, { "en": "We don't live here.", "ber": "ur nzdi\u0263 \u0263i." }, { "en": "We don't live here.", "ber": "ur nddir da." }, { "en": "Tom is still young.", "ber": "\u1e6dum iga sul a\u025brrim." }, { "en": "Tom needs new shoes.", "ber": "\u1e6dum yusr iburksn imaynutn." }, { "en": "We don't drink milk.", "ber": "ur da nssa ak\u02b7fay." }, { "en": "I want to go to Brazil.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad ddu\u0263 s b\u1e5ba\u1e93il." }, { "en": "I'm reading his books.", "ber": "ar aqqra\u0263 idlisn nns." }, { "en": "I'm reading her books.", "ber": "ar aqqra\u0263 idlisn nns." }, { "en": "I'm reading your books.", "ber": "ar aqqra\u0263 idlisn nnk." }, { "en": "There is a difference between bacteria and viruses.", "ber": "illa dinn umzaray gr ubaktirya d infafadn." }, { "en": "There is a difference between bacteria and viruses.", "ber": "illa \u0263inn umzaray gr ubaktirya d ifirusn." }, { "en": "Who's drinking beer?", "ber": "ma issan aman n tm\u1e93in?" }, { "en": "This train does not stop here.", "ber": "alaway ad ur da ittbdad \u0263id." }, { "en": "This train does not stop here.", "ber": "alaway ad ur da ittbdad da." }, { "en": "This train doesn't stop here.", "ber": "alaway a ur da ittbdad \u0263i." }, { "en": "Spring is the season of love.", "ber": "tafsut tga imir n tayri." }, { "en": "His brother is a famous soccer player.", "ber": "g\u02b7mas iga amurar n twjja n u\u1e0da\u1e5b ittussann." }, { "en": "His brother is a famous soccer player.", "ber": "umas iga amurar n tcamma n u\u1e0da\u1e5b ittussann." }, { "en": "But I understand what he says.", "ber": "maca ar ttrmas\u0263 aylli ittini." }, { "en": "But I understand what he says.", "ber": "macc ar ttrmas\u0263 aylli ittini." }, { "en": "She called us.", "ber": "t\u0263ra a\u0263." }, { "en": "He called us.", "ber": "i\u0263ra a\u0263." }, { "en": "I don't have any pens.", "ber": "ur dari kra n u\u0263anib." }, { "en": "I don't have any pens.", "ber": "ur \u0263uri ca n u\u0263anib." }, { "en": "They are gray.", "ber": "gan im\u0263deddiyn." }, { "en": "Tom came back early.", "ber": "\u1e6dum yurri d zikk." }, { "en": "Tom came back early.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ya\u0263ul d zikk." }, { "en": "Give me the car keys.", "ber": "fk iyi tisura n thirit." }, { "en": "Don't let the dog inside.", "ber": "ad ur tajjd aydi g ugnsu." }, { "en": "Don't let the dog inside.", "ber": "ad ur tajjt aydi \u0263 ug\u02b7nns." }, { "en": "There is no US military presence in Algeria.", "ber": "ur dinn tlli trdsa tamarikant g ddzayr." }, { "en": "This is always the way it has been.", "ber": "imka ayd yadlli bdda iga." }, { "en": "We eat rice.", "ber": "da nttetta \u1e5b\u1e5bu\u1e93." }, { "en": "People are talking.", "ber": "mddn ar sawaln." }, { "en": "The compass points north.", "ber": "tabu\u1e63ult ar tmmal agafa." }, { "en": "Do you want me to tell you what Tom did?", "ber": "is i trid ad ak ini\u0263 ma s inna \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Do you want me to tell you what Tom did?", "ber": "is i trid ad am ini\u0263 ma s inna \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "I don't care.", "ber": "ur as fki\u0263 akud." }, { "en": "I'm sure that he'll come on time.", "ber": "lkn\u0263 mas rad d yack g wakud." }, { "en": "The thunder scared the children.", "ber": "iggig i\u1e93\u1e93ma azzann." }, { "en": "Where are Tom's keys?", "ber": "manza tisura n \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Where are Tom's keys?", "ber": "mani g llant tsura n \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Do you really want to help?", "ber": "is nit trid ad tawsd?" }, { "en": "Tom wasn't bald.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ur yadlli igi amjju\u1e0d." }, { "en": "I bought a good camera.", "ber": "s\u0263i\u0263 tamsulaft ifulkin." }, { "en": "I want to buy something to eat.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad s\u0263\u0263 kra ad t cc\u0263." }, { "en": "Mary has already started.", "ber": "mari tssnti yad." }, { "en": "I am more beautiful than you.", "ber": "\u1e93il\u0263 uggar nnk." }, { "en": "I am more beautiful than you.", "ber": "\u1e93il\u0263 uggar nnm." }, { "en": "This is an old type of American clock.", "ber": "wa iga yan wanaw aqbur n tmsragt tamarikant." }, { "en": "Do you miss it?", "ber": "is t inn tu\u1e0dnd?" }, { "en": "Do you miss it?", "ber": "is tt inn tu\u1e0dnd?" }, { "en": "John went to the store.", "ber": "jun idda s t\u1e25anut." }, { "en": "A river divides the town.", "ber": "yan wasif ibbi ti\u0263rmt." }, { "en": "Grammar is fundamental for preserving a language.", "ber": "taj\u1e5b\u1e5bumt tga tarslant i u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n tutlayt." }, { "en": "Everyone says that he's guilty.", "ber": "ar akk\u02b7 ttinin mas iga anbka\u1e0d." }, { "en": "I have two cars.", "ber": "dari snat thiritin." }, { "en": "I have two cars.", "ber": "\u0263uri snat thiritin." }, { "en": "Of course", "ber": " I'll go with you.", "null": [ "\u025bad", " rad dik mun\u0263." ] }, { "en": "That's not a knife. THIS is a knife.", "ber": "tad ur tgi tuzzalt. tad tga tuzzalt." }, { "en": "I wouldn't allow that to happen.", "ber": "ur rad ajj\u0263 ayann ad imsar." }, { "en": "I wouldn't allow that to happen.", "ber": "ur rad ajj\u0263 ayann ad ij\u1e5bu." }, { "en": "That was pretty much perfect.", "ber": "ayann i\u0263uda bahra." }, { "en": "We don't have a dog.", "ber": "ur darn\u0263 aydi." }, { "en": "We don't have a dog.", "ber": "ur \u0263urn\u0263 aydi." }, { "en": "What's it like?", "ber": "mayd trwas?" }, { "en": "What is it like?", "ber": "mayd trwas?" }, { "en": "What does she look like?", "ber": "mayd trwas?" }, { "en": "The tea is hot.", "ber": "atay ir\u0263a." }, { "en": "I had a dream.", "ber": "dari yat twargit." }, { "en": "I had a dream.", "ber": "\u0263uri yat twargit." }, { "en": "I had a dream.", "ber": "tkka tt inn dari yat twargit." }, { "en": "They intend to attack.", "ber": "ran ad \u1e93\u1e0dmn." }, { "en": "Japan has a high population density.", "ber": "ayaban dars tin\u1e93\u1e93i yattuyn n tmzdu\u0263t." }, { "en": "It's very cold this winter.", "ber": "illa bahra u\u1e63mmi\u1e0d tagrst ad." }, { "en": "Do you have to laugh at everything?", "ber": "is d iqqan ad t\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63ad xf kraygatt ta\u0263awsa?" }, { "en": "It'll soon be six o'clock.", "ber": "yan imikk rad tili tasragt tiss \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63t." }, { "en": "Just do it.", "ber": "skr t ka." }, { "en": "Just do it.", "ber": "skr tt hlli." }, { "en": "You go ahead.", "ber": "zwar." }, { "en": "You go ahead.", "ber": "aywa." }, { "en": "I won't go to Australia.", "ber": "ur rad ddu\u0263 s us\u1e6d\u1e5balya." }, { "en": "Should we invite Mary?", "ber": "is d iqqan ad n\u0263r i mari?" }, { "en": "There's a lot of noise here.", "ber": "tlla \u0263inn tugt n taqqurt." }, { "en": "There's a lot of noise here.", "ber": "tlla dinn tugt n taqqurt." }, { "en": "I think I'm pregnant.", "ber": "irwas is usi\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm sorry", "ber": " but there's nothing else I can do.", "null": [ "ssurf iyi", " maca ur dinn kra ya\u1e0dn zmr\u0263 ad tskr\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Close your eyes and go to sleep.", "ber": "qqn alln nnk tddud ad tgnd." }, { "en": "Close your eyes and go to sleep.", "ber": "qqn ti\u1e6d\u1e6dawin nnm tddud ad tgnd." }, { "en": "Close your eyes and go to sleep.", "ber": "qqnat alln nnun tddum ad tgnm." }, { "en": "That's my real name.", "ber": "wann ayd igan ism inu n tidt." }, { "en": "Your body isn't paper", "ber": " so don't cut it.", "null": [ "tafkka nnk ur tgi afrkuk", " iwa ad tt ur tbbid." ] }, { "en": "Your body isn't paper", "ber": " so don't cut it.", "null": [ "tafkka nnm ur tgi afraw", " iwa ad tt ur tbbid." ] }, { "en": "Tom wrote Mary a love letter.", "ber": "\u1e6dum yura i mari tabrat n tayri." }, { "en": "Tom has a lot of work to do this week.", "ber": "\u1e6dum \u0263urs a\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63 n twuri ad tt iskr imalass ad." }, { "en": "Tom has a lot of work to do this week.", "ber": "\u1e6dum dars tugt n twuri ad tt iskr imalass ad." }, { "en": "Have you got a lighter?", "ber": "is dark infd?" }, { "en": "Have you got a lighter?", "ber": "is darm infd?" }, { "en": "Do you have a lighter?", "ber": "is dark infd?" }, { "en": "Do you have a lighter?", "ber": "is \u0263urm infd?" }, { "en": "Do you have a lighter?", "ber": "is darun infd?" }, { "en": "Please read page ninety-four.", "ber": "amun nnk \u0263r tasna tiss t\u1e93amraw d kku\u1e93." }, { "en": "Please read page ninety-four.", "ber": "amun nnm \u0263r tasna tiss t\u1e93amraw d kku\u1e93." }, { "en": "This is a knife.", "ber": "wad iga tuzzalt." }, { "en": "It's a knife.", "ber": "iga tuzzalt." }, { "en": "Which is correct?", "ber": "ma i\u0263tan?" }, { "en": "Which is correct?", "ber": "manwa i\u0263tan?" }, { "en": "Which is correct?", "ber": "manta i\u0263tan?" }, { "en": "These are Tom's.", "ber": "wi gan win \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Those are Tom's.", "ber": "winn gan win \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "These belong to Tom.", "ber": "wid gan win \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Yanni encountered a problem.", "ber": "yanni immaqqar d yan umukris." }, { "en": "People love dogs.", "ber": "mddn da ttirin iydan." }, { "en": "I'll do my best not to disturb your studying.", "ber": "rad skr\u0263 ma mi ufi\u0263 afad ad ur zziw\u0263 ti\u0263ri nnk." }, { "en": "I'll do my best not to disturb your studying.", "ber": "rad skr\u0263 ma mi ufi\u0263 afad ad ur zziw\u0263 tazrawt nnm." }, { "en": "Believe in yourself or no one else will.", "ber": "fls s yi\u0263f nnk n\u0263 d ur illi ma rad gik ifls." }, { "en": "Believe in yourself or no one else will.", "ber": "fls s yixf nnm n\u0263 d ur illi ma rad gim ifls." }, { "en": "I'll agree to the terms if you lower the price.", "ber": "rad dggi\u0263 tifadiwin mk tzzugzd atig." }, { "en": "I'll agree to the terms if you lower the price.", "ber": "rad msasa\u0263 xf tfadiwin ig tzzugzd atig." }, { "en": "Tom has a house in Boston.", "ber": "\u1e6dum dars tigmmi g bu\u1e63\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "Tom has a house in Boston.", "ber": "\u1e6dum \u0263urs axxam g bu\u1e63\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "Tom has a house in Boston.", "ber": "\u1e6dum \u0263urs taddart g bu\u1e63\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "Tom owns a house in Boston.", "ber": "\u1e6dum dars tigmmi g bu\u1e63\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "Tom owns a house in Boston.", "ber": "\u1e6dum \u0263urs axxam g bu\u1e63\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "You may go.", "ber": "t\u0263iyd ad tddud." }, { "en": "You may go.", "ber": "tzmrd ad tddud." }, { "en": "The animals which live on farms are domesticated.", "ber": "imudar lli ittddrn g tb\u1e25irin gan inmyarn." }, { "en": "I'm afraid for his life.", "ber": "k\u1e63u\u1e0d\u0263 xf tudrt nns." }, { "en": "I'm proud of you.", "ber": "burz\u0263 sik." }, { "en": "I'm proud of you.", "ber": "burz\u0263 sim." }, { "en": "I am proud of you.", "ber": "burz\u0263 sik." }, { "en": "Monday is a hard day.", "ber": "aynas iga ass imran." }, { "en": "Monday is a difficult day.", "ber": "aynas iga ass imran." }, { "en": "Do it right now!", "ber": "skr t \u0263ila!" }, { "en": "Do it right now!", "ber": "skr tt \u0263ila!" }, { "en": "Do it now.", "ber": "skr t \u0263ila." }, { "en": "Do it now.", "ber": "skr tt \u0263ila." }, { "en": "Do it now.", "ber": "skr ayann \u0263ila." }, { "en": "Tom appreciated Mary's support.", "ber": "\u1e6dum issutg asnal n mari." }, { "en": "He who is born in Brazil is Brazilian.", "ber": "ntta lli iluln g b\u1e5ba\u1e93il iga ab\u1e5ba\u1e93ili." }, { "en": "Welcome!", "ber": "ansuf sik!" }, { "en": "Welcome!", "ber": "ansuf sim!" }, { "en": "Excuse me...", "ber": "ssurf iyi..." }, { "en": "Sorry...", "ber": "asurf..." }, { "en": "Follow me.", "ber": "\u1e0df\u1e5b i." }, { "en": "It is raining.", "ber": "illa un\u1e93a\u1e5b." }, { "en": "It rained.", "ber": "izri un\u1e93a\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Study!", "ber": "zru!" }, { "en": "Study!", "ber": "\u0263r!" }, { "en": "Study!", "ber": "zrru!" }, { "en": "Study!", "ber": "aqqra!" }, { "en": "Study!", "ber": "qqra!" }, { "en": "Study!", "ber": "\u0263rat!" }, { "en": "Have you read today's paper yet?", "ber": "is ta t\u0263rid a\u0263mis n wass a?" }, { "en": "Have you read today's newspaper yet?", "ber": "is ta t\u0263rid a\u0263mis n wass a?" }, { "en": "He called a taxi for me.", "ber": "i\u0263ra iyi i utaksi." }, { "en": "The bucket was full of water.", "ber": "ikka tt inn waga iktur s waman." }, { "en": "How happy I am today!", "ber": "mkad mmr\u0263 ass a!" }, { "en": "It is just five o'clock.", "ber": "tasragt tiss smmust nit aya." }, { "en": "No", "ber": " thanks. I am tired.", "null": [ "uhu", " tanmmirt. nkki \u1e5bmi\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Turtles are reptiles.", "ber": "ifkran gan im\u1e25rurdn." }, { "en": "Will you forgive me?", "ber": "is rad iyi tssurfd?" }, { "en": "Will you ever forgive me?", "ber": "is rad iyi jju tssurfd?" }, { "en": "I love you!", "ber": "da k ttiri\u0263!" }, { "en": "I love you!", "ber": "da km ttiri\u0263!" }, { "en": "I love you!", "ber": "da k\u02b7n ttiri\u0263!" }, { "en": "Do you believe me?", "ber": "is siti tflsd?" }, { "en": "Do you believe me?", "ber": "is i tflsd?" }, { "en": "Do you believe me?", "ber": "is i tflsm?" }, { "en": "Do you believe me?", "ber": "is siti tflsm?" }, { "en": "The West lies.", "ber": "ataram da iskrkis." }, { "en": "The garden is small.", "ber": "turtit tm\u1e93\u1e93iy." }, { "en": "The garden is small.", "ber": "turtit tga tam\u1e93yant." }, { "en": "Tom", "ber": " what's your problem?", "null": [ "\u1e6dum", " ma iga umukris nnk?" ] }, { "en": "Do you know Noah's ark?", "ber": "is tssnd a\u0263rrabu n nu\u1e25?" }, { "en": "Do you know Noah's ark?", "ber": "is tssnm a\u0263rrabu n nu\u1e25?" }, { "en": "Who gave you permission to do that?", "ber": "manwa ak ifkan turagt ad tskrd ayann?" }, { "en": "Do you want to dance with me?", "ber": "is trid ad diti t\u1e25wwcd?" }, { "en": "Do you want to dance with me?", "ber": "is trid ad diti trkzd?" }, { "en": "It was a bad choice.", "ber": "iga gar astay." }, { "en": "Has anyone ever told you how beautiful you are?", "ber": "is ak jju inna kra n yan mnct ayd s t\u1e93ild?" }, { "en": "Has anyone ever told you how beautiful you are?", "ber": "is am jju inna kra n yan mnck ayd s t\u1e93ild?" }, { "en": "What part of Spain are you from?", "ber": "man aggzum n ssblyun ayd sg tgid?" }, { "en": "What is so funny?", "ber": "mayd bahra is\u1e0d\u1e63an?" }, { "en": "Our planet is beautiful.", "ber": "amtiwg nn\u0263 i\u1e93il." }, { "en": "They began dancing.", "ber": "ssntin arkaz." }, { "en": "They began dancing.", "ber": "ssntin a\u1e25wac." }, { "en": "I'm in the midst of a crisis.", "ber": "lli\u0263 g tu\u1e93\u1e93umt n tassast." }, { "en": "She is obstinate.", "ber": "iqqur yi\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "You're obstinate.", "ber": "iqqur yixf nnk." }, { "en": "My father lives and works in Tokyo.", "ber": "baba izd\u0263 d ar iswuriy g \u1e6dukyu." }, { "en": "I want to live in Brazil.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad ddr\u0263 g b\u1e5ba\u1e93il." }, { "en": "Please do not take photos here.", "ber": "amur nnk ad \u0263id ur tssulafd." }, { "en": "Please do not take photos here.", "ber": "amur nnm ad \u0263id ur tssulafd." }, { "en": "Did you know that before?", "ber": "is yadlli tssnd ayann?" }, { "en": "Did you know that before?", "ber": "is yadlli tssnm ayann?" }, { "en": "Did you already know that?", "ber": "is yadlli tssnm ayann?" }, { "en": "I need somebody who understands me.", "ber": "usr\u0263 kra n yan i ittrmasn." }, { "en": "Take care!", "ber": "rar taynit!" }, { "en": "Write me.", "ber": "ara iyi d." }, { "en": "Write me.", "ber": "ttara iyi d." }, { "en": "Apples are my favourite fruit.", "ber": "adffuy iga agmmu inu amufay." }, { "en": "My favourite fruit is the apple.", "ber": "agmmu inu amufay iga t udffuy." }, { "en": "It's 8:30.", "ber": "tlla 8:30." }, { "en": "It's half past eight.", "ber": "tlla tiss tamt d uzgn." }, { "en": "It's eight-thirty.", "ber": "tlla tiss tamt d uzgn." }, { "en": "How many questions did you answer?", "ber": "mnck n isqsitn a xf trurid?" }, { "en": "He sang him a song.", "ber": "yirir as yan yizli." }, { "en": "Can you delete this photo?", "ber": "is tzmrd ad tssf\u1e0dd tawlaft ad?" }, { "en": "Save your energy.", "ber": "\u1e25\u1e0du tafasa nnk." }, { "en": "Save your energy.", "ber": "\u1e25\u1e0du tafasa nnm." }, { "en": "Algeria produces energy.", "ber": "ddzayr da tettfaras tafasa." }, { "en": "Ziri wasted energy.", "ber": "ziri izla tafasa." }, { "en": "Value your energy.", "ber": "ssutg tafasa nnk." }, { "en": "Value your energy.", "ber": "ssutg tafasa nnm." }, { "en": "I wasted energy.", "ber": "zli\u0263 tafasa." }, { "en": "Sami lost energy.", "ber": "sami izla tafasa." }, { "en": "Be powerful!", "ber": "g amdus!" }, { "en": "Be strong!", "ber": "g amdus!" }, { "en": "Knowledge is power.", "ber": "tamssna tga ta\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bt." }, { "en": "Knowledge is power.", "ber": "tamssna tga tazmrt." }, { "en": "Knowledge is power.", "ber": "tamussni tga adwas." }, { "en": "He is powerful.", "ber": "idus." }, { "en": "Power brings corruption.", "ber": "anba\u1e0d da d ittawi agufsu." }, { "en": "Wealth begets power.", "ber": "tab\u0263urt da d tettawi anba\u1e0d." }, { "en": "She is powerful.", "ber": "tdus." }, { "en": "Cut the power!", "ber": "bbi amzaz!" }, { "en": "I have many abilities.", "ber": "dari mnnawt tzmmar." }, { "en": "I have many abilities.", "ber": "\u0263uri mnnawt tzmmar." }, { "en": "She has psychic abilities.", "ber": "dars tizmmar tinimanin." }, { "en": "Yanni doubts his abilities.", "ber": "yanni yurda g tzmmar nns." }, { "en": "I believe in my abilities.", "ber": "fls\u0263 s tzmmar inu." }, { "en": "This job is beyond my ability.", "ber": "tawuri ad tzri tazmrt inu." }, { "en": "I have confidence in my abilities.", "ber": "dari taflst g tzmmar inu." }, { "en": "I have confidence in my abilities.", "ber": "\u0263uri taflst g tzmmar inu." }, { "en": "I didn't doubt my abilities.", "ber": "ur urdi\u0263 g tzmmar inu." }, { "en": "I'm very confident in my abilities.", "ber": "fls\u0263 bahra g tzmmar inu." }, { "en": "Draw everything you saw.", "ber": "ssun\u0263 aynna t\u1e93\u1e5bid." }, { "en": "Put the chair near the window", "ber": " please.", "null": [ "srs as\u0263im g tama n us\u1e5b\u1e93m", " amur nnk." ] }, { "en": "Put the chair near the window", "ber": " please.", "null": [ "srs as\u0263im g tama n us\u1e5b\u1e93m", " amur nnm." ] }, { "en": "He loves music and plays the piano.", "ber": "da ittiri a\u1e93awan d da itturar abyanu." }, { "en": "He loves music and plays the guitar.", "ber": "da ittiri a\u1e93awan d da itturar agi\u1e6da\u1e5b." }, { "en": "I need that as soon as possible.", "ber": "usr\u0263 ayann g mayd d ya\u1e93n." }, { "en": "What did Tom ask you for?", "ber": "mayd ak ittr \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "What did Tom ask you for?", "ber": "ma xf k isqsa \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "You have no idea how many times I've heard that.", "ber": "ur \u0263urk kra n twngimt mnck n tkkal ayd slla\u0263 i uyann." }, { "en": "He is always yelling at his children.", "ber": "da bdda is\u0263uyyu \u0263f tarwa nns." }, { "en": "Let me see if Tom has changed his mind.", "ber": "ajj i ad \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263 is issnfl \u1e6dum tagrrawt nns." }, { "en": "Let me see if Tom has changed his mind.", "ber": "ajj i ad \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263 is issnfl \u1e6dum anlli nns." }, { "en": "We must pray to God.", "ber": "illa flla\u0263 ad n\u1e93\u1e93all i \u1e5bbbi." }, { "en": "Tom dug a grave for his dog.", "ber": "i\u0263za \u1e6dum asm\u1e0dl i waydi nns." }, { "en": "Tom dug a hole to bury his dog.", "ber": "i\u0263za \u1e6dum yan ug\u1e0di afad ad im\u1e0dl aydi nns." }, { "en": "Children are new people.", "ber": "azzann gan mddn imaynutn." }, { "en": "The picture is in black and white.", "ber": "tawlaft tlla s usggan d wumlil." }, { "en": "The picture is in black and white.", "ber": "tugna tlla s ubrkan d wumlil." }, { "en": "This is a very old problem.", "ber": "aya iga amukris bahra iqburn." }, { "en": "This is a very old problem.", "ber": "wa iga amukris bahra iqburn." }, { "en": "I think Tom is a loser.", "ber": "nni\u0263 is iga \u1e6dum am\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Sami visited a mosque.", "ber": "\u1e6dum irzf d yat tmzgida." }, { "en": "Do you have these in other colors?", "ber": "is dark wid s yik\u02b7lan ya\u1e0dn?" }, { "en": "Do you have these in other colors?", "ber": "is \u0263urk wid s yik\u02b7lan ya\u1e0dn?" }, { "en": "Do you have these in other colors?", "ber": "is darm wid s yik\u02b7lan ya\u1e0dn?" }, { "en": "Was it a surprise?", "ber": "is tga tu\u1e93wayt?" }, { "en": "Tom graduated.", "ber": "issuf\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom graduated.", "ber": "yum\u1e93 \u1e6dum adiblum nns." }, { "en": "Mennad graduated.", "ber": "mnnad issuf\u0263." }, { "en": "Sami graduated", "ber": " too.", "null": [ "awd sami issuf\u0263." ] }, { "en": "He never graduated.", "ber": "ur jju issuf\u0263." }, { "en": "I graduated university.", "ber": "ssuf\u0263\u0263 g tsdawit." }, { "en": "Has Tom graduated?", "ber": "issuf\u0263 \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Only Ziri graduated.", "ber": "ziri ka ayd issuf\u0263n." }, { "en": "Only Ziri graduated.", "ber": "\u0263s ziri ayd issuf\u0263n." }, { "en": "Are you graduating?", "ber": "is ar tssufu\u0263d?" }, { "en": "He graduated from Harvard.", "ber": "issuf\u0263 g harfard." }, { "en": "Tom is a graduate.", "ber": "\u1e6dum iga amssuf\u0263." }, { "en": "This is hot", "ber": " not cold.", "null": [ "aya ir\u0263a", " ur i\u1e63mmi\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Do you guys work?", "ber": "is ar tswuriym a imddukk\u02b7al?" }, { "en": "The man is eating an apple.", "ber": "argaz ar ictta yat tdffuyt." }, { "en": "Why are you helping him?", "ber": "ma \u0263f ar as tettawsd?" }, { "en": "We're talking to Mary.", "ber": "ar nsawal s mari." }, { "en": "We're speaking with Mary.", "ber": "ar nsawal d mari." }, { "en": "Even Tom waited.", "ber": "awd \u1e6dum iqql." }, { "en": "I don't play games.", "ber": "ur da tturar\u0263 tisurarin." }, { "en": "Go on foot.", "ber": "ddu xf i\u1e0da\u1e5bn." }, { "en": "Go on foot.", "ber": "ddu s u\u1e0da\u1e5b." }, { "en": "You're very skinny.", "ber": "tamumd bahra." }, { "en": "You're very thin.", "ber": "tamumd bahra." }, { "en": "We're skinny.", "ber": "namum bahra." }, { "en": "You study religion.", "ber": "da tqqrad as\u0263an." }, { "en": "You study religion.", "ber": "ar taqqrad as\u0263an." }, { "en": "The room is empty.", "ber": "a\u1e25anu yuga." }, { "en": "The room is empty.", "ber": "tazqqa tuga." }, { "en": "Many wise men and many wise women.", "ber": "mnnaw irgazn un\u1e93i\u1e93n d mnnawt tm\u0263arin tun\u1e93i\u1e93in." }, { "en": "Many wise men and many wise women.", "ber": "mnnaw irgazn un\u1e93i\u1e93n d mnnawt tm\u1e6d\u1e6dutin tun\u1e93i\u1e93in." }, { "en": "From their enemies", "ber": " wise men learn many things.", "null": [ "sg iznga nnsn", " da ttlmadn irgazn un\u1e93i\u1e93n tugt n t\u0263awsiwin." ] }, { "en": "Women are beautiful and wise.", "ber": "tim\u0263arin fulkint gnt tun\u1e93i\u1e93in." }, { "en": "Women are beautiful and wise.", "ber": "tim\u1e6d\u1e6dutin \u1e93ilnt gnt tun\u1e93i\u1e93in." }, { "en": "Have a biscuit.", "ber": "am\u1e93 abiskwi." }, { "en": "Have a cookie.", "ber": "cc takukit." }, { "en": "Have a biscuit.", "ber": "cc abiskwi." }, { "en": "I live in this house.", "ber": "zd\u0263\u0263 g tgmmi a." }, { "en": "I live in this house.", "ber": "zd\u0263\u0263 g taddart a." }, { "en": "I live in this house.", "ber": "zd\u0263\u0263 g uxxam a." }, { "en": "Don't you hear it?", "ber": "is da as ur tettsllad?" }, { "en": "What a clever boy you are!", "ber": "matta urba i\u0263isn lli tgid!" }, { "en": "I was an idealist.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn gi\u0263 ams\u0263udu." }, { "en": "I have brown eyes.", "ber": "dari alln idmmann." }, { "en": "I have brown eyes.", "ber": "\u0263uri ti\u1e6d\u1e6dawin tidmmanin." }, { "en": "I believe your words.", "ber": "fls\u0263 s tguriwin nnk." }, { "en": "I believe your words.", "ber": "fls\u0263 s tguriwin nnm." }, { "en": "I came back to life.", "ber": "urri\u0263 d s tudrt." }, { "en": "I came back to life.", "ber": "a\u0263ul\u0263 d s tudrt." }, { "en": "I died yesterday.", "ber": "mmut\u0263 assna\u1e6d." }, { "en": "I died yesterday.", "ber": "mmut\u0263 i\u1e0dgam." }, { "en": "She is Cambodian.", "ber": "tga takambudit." }, { "en": "He is Cambodian.", "ber": "iga akambudi." }, { "en": "Those men are Cambodian.", "ber": "irgazn ann gan ikambudiyn." }, { "en": "These men are Cambodian.", "ber": "irgazn ad gan ikambudiyn." }, { "en": "When did you come to Cambodia?", "ber": "managu d tuckid s kambudya?" }, { "en": "When did you come to Cambodia?", "ber": "mlmi d tusid \u0263r kambudya?" }, { "en": "Is Spanish spoken in Mexico?", "ber": "is da sawaln tasbanyut g miksik?" }, { "en": "The doctors examined the X-ray.", "ber": "imsgnafn zzrin i i\u1e93n\u1e93a\u1e5bn isiniyn." }, { "en": "He wants to learn Tibetan.", "ber": "ira ad ilmd tatibit." }, { "en": "I'm a cat.", "ber": "gi\u0263 amaccu." }, { "en": "I am a cat.", "ber": "gi\u0263 amaccu." }, { "en": "Empty your bag.", "ber": "ssugu aqrab nnk." }, { "en": "Empty your bag.", "ber": "ssugu aqrab nnm." }, { "en": "Hold my bag.", "ber": "am\u1e93 aqrab inu." }, { "en": "I want to understand life.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad rms\u0263 tudrt." }, { "en": "Is he your son?", "ber": "is iga iwik?" }, { "en": "Is he your son?", "ber": "is iga memmik?" }, { "en": "Is he your son?", "ber": "is iga iwim?" }, { "en": "Are they your sons?", "ber": "is gan tarwa nnk?" }, { "en": "Tom isn't making coffee.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ur ar iskar lqhwa." }, { "en": "He is lazy.", "ber": "iga amxin." }, { "en": "She is lazy.", "ber": "tga tamxint." }, { "en": "My dog wants to play.", "ber": "aydi inu ira ad yurar." }, { "en": "Every country is different.", "ber": "ku tamurt tmzaray." }, { "en": "Every country is different.", "ber": "ku tamazirt na\u1e25ya tt." }, { "en": "I don't need those things.", "ber": "ur usir\u0263 ti\u0263awsiwin ann." }, { "en": "I don't need those.", "ber": "ur usir\u0263 winn." }, { "en": "Do you have the documents?", "ber": "is dark tintamin?" }, { "en": "Do you have the documents?", "ber": "is darm tintamin?" }, { "en": "Do you have the documents?", "ber": "is \u0263urk tintamin?" }, { "en": "They want to leave.", "ber": "ran ad ddun." }, { "en": "You speak very slowly.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e93ayd bahra g wawal." }, { "en": "She's afraid of the sea.", "ber": "tk\u1e63u\u1e0d ill." }, { "en": "She's afraid of the sea.", "ber": "tgg\u02b7d ill." }, { "en": "I am swimming in the lake.", "ber": "ar ttccf\u0263 g uglmam." }, { "en": "The lake is big.", "ber": "aglmam imqqur." }, { "en": "The lake is big.", "ber": "aglmam d amqran." }, { "en": "I regard him as an enemy.", "ber": "gi\u0263 t d azngu." }, { "en": "I regard him as an enemy.", "ber": "da t smuqqul\u0263 iga acngu." }, { "en": "I consider him an enemy.", "ber": "da t smuqqul\u0263 iga acngu." }, { "en": "I swam in the lake.", "ber": "ccf\u0263 g uglmam." }, { "en": "The sea is green.", "ber": "ill iga azgzaw." }, { "en": "The lake is blue.", "ber": "aglmam iga anili." }, { "en": "Your penis is big.", "ber": "aba\u1e93\u1e93a nnk imqqur." }, { "en": "Your penis is small.", "ber": "aba\u1e93\u1e93a nnk d am\u1e93yan." }, { "en": "An elephant is eating bananas.", "ber": "yan yilw ar ictta ti\u0263ragganin." }, { "en": "The elephant ate some bananas.", "ber": "ilw icca kra n t\u0263ragganin." }, { "en": "The elephant ate some bananas.", "ber": "ilw icca kra n tbananin." }, { "en": "Is that a problem?", "ber": "is d amukris ayann?" }, { "en": "Is it a problem?", "ber": "is iga amukris?" }, { "en": "It's a cockroach.", "ber": "aban\u1e0d\u1e5biw ayann." }, { "en": "It's a cockroach.", "ber": "ibin\u1e0d\u1e5b ayann." }, { "en": "Heroes don't do that.", "ber": "inbrazn ur da skarn ayann." }, { "en": "She's my cousin.", "ber": "tga illis n \u025bmmi." }, { "en": "He's my cousin.", "ber": "iga iwis n \u025bmmi." }, { "en": "He's my cousin.", "ber": "iga memmis n xali." }, { "en": "He'll kill me.", "ber": "rad i in\u0263." }, { "en": "He's going to kill me.", "ber": "rad i in\u0263." }, { "en": "I see a man.", "ber": "ar \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u0263 yan urgaz." }, { "en": "I see a man.", "ber": "da \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u0263 yan urgaz." }, { "en": "I never wash the windows.", "ber": "ur da akk\u02b7 ssirid\u0263 is\u1e5b\u1e93am." }, { "en": "Uranus is full of methane.", "ber": "u\u1e5banus iktur s umitan." }, { "en": "Have you been smoking?", "ber": "is da yadlli tkmmid?" }, { "en": "Tom is a known liar.", "ber": "\u1e6dum iga bu tkrkas ittussann." }, { "en": "Dogs are very smart.", "ber": "iydan gan bahra imi\u0263isn." }, { "en": "I love dogs and cats.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 iydan d imucca." }, { "en": "Dogs aren't very smart.", "ber": "iydan ur bahra gin imi\u0263isn." }, { "en": "Someone did this.", "ber": "kra n yan iskr aya." }, { "en": "Parents are people.", "ber": "imarawn gan mddn." }, { "en": "Spiders", "ber": " scorpions", "null": [ " and ticks are arachnids.", "tib\u0263aynuzin", " i\u0263ardmiwn", " d isllufn gan sg twja n ib\u0263aynuzn." ] }, { "en": "I found out where Tom lives.", "ber": "ufi\u0263 mani g izd\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Women have another logic.", "ber": "tim\u0263arin darsnt tam\u1e93la ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "Women have another logic.", "ber": "tim\u1e6d\u1e6dutin \u0263ursnt tam\u1e93la ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "I meditate in the forest.", "ber": "da ttkrbbu\u0263 g tagant." }, { "en": "What's our goal?", "ber": "ma iga usa\u0263d nn\u0263?" }, { "en": "What's our goal?", "ber": "ma iga yiswi nn\u0263?" }, { "en": "Ziri's dog is strong.", "ber": "aydi n ziri idus." }, { "en": "I wanted Tom to hear it.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad as islla \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "She's a jealous girl.", "ber": "tga yat trbat tanismt." }, { "en": "What's the name of this island?", "ber": "ma iga yism n tgzirt ad?" }, { "en": "The world is a very difficult place.", "ber": "ama\u1e0dal iga ad\u0263ar bahra imran." }, { "en": "Should we wait for you?", "ber": "is flla\u0263 illa ad sik nqql?" }, { "en": "Should we wait for you?", "ber": "is a\u0263 d iqqan ad sik nqql?" }, { "en": "Should we wait for you?", "ber": "is flla\u0263 illa ad sim nqql?" }, { "en": "Mary gave birth to a boy she named Tom.", "ber": "turw mari yan urba tsmmu as \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I'll be there all day.", "ber": "rad \u0263inn ili\u0263 ma ila wass." }, { "en": "I'll be there all day.", "ber": "rad dinn ili\u0263 ass akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "You are rebels.", "ber": "tgam i\u0263wwa\u0263n." }, { "en": "Who lent you that book?", "ber": "manwa ak i\u1e5b\u1e0dln adlis ann?" }, { "en": "Who lent you that book?", "ber": "manta am i\u1e5b\u1e0dln adlis ann?" }, { "en": "Please turn off the radio and turn on the TV.", "ber": "amur nnk ssxsi anzway tssr\u0263d tili\u1e93\u1e5bi." }, { "en": "Please turn off the radio and turn on the TV.", "ber": "amur nnk ssxsi \u1e5b\u1e5badyu tssr\u0263d tilifizyun." }, { "en": "Why don't they say it?", "ber": "ma xf ur da t ttinin?" }, { "en": "Tom wanted Mary to stop what she was doing.", "ber": "ira \u1e6dum sg mari ad tsbdd aylli yadlli tskar." }, { "en": "He understands everything.", "ber": "da ittrmas kraygatt ta\u0263awsa." }, { "en": "Please open the windows.", "ber": "amur nnk \u1e5b\u1e93m is\u1e5b\u1e93am." }, { "en": "Please open the windows.", "ber": "amur nnm \u1e5b\u1e93m is\u1e5b\u1e93am." }, { "en": "Did you expect such success?", "ber": "is t\u1e0dk\u1e0dd zun d amurs a?" }, { "en": "The teacher talked about mathematical theories.", "ber": "aslmad isawl \u0263f t\u1e93\u1e5biwin tisnaktanin." }, { "en": "Ziri has a talent.", "ber": "ziri dars tinfkit." }, { "en": "Ziri has a talent.", "ber": "ziri \u0263urs tinfkit." }, { "en": "Is this real life?", "ber": "is d tudrt tanilawt aya?" }, { "en": "This is real.", "ber": "aya iga anilaw." }, { "en": "It's the truth.", "ber": "tga tidt." }, { "en": "It's true.", "ber": "iga tidt." }, { "en": "Bigfoot is real.", "ber": "bigfut illa." }, { "en": "Bigfoot really exists.", "ber": "bigfut illa nit." }, { "en": "Open up now!", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93m \u0263ila!" }, { "en": "They opened fire.", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93mn i wafa." }, { "en": "Yanni opened Skype.", "ber": "yanni i\u1e5b\u1e93m skayb." }, { "en": "I'm not like the other girls.", "ber": "ur gi\u0263 zun d tirbatin ya\u1e0dnin." }, { "en": "Why doesn't the list of languages include Maltese?", "ber": "ma \u0263f talgamt n tutlayin ur gis tamal\u1e6dit?" }, { "en": "In my opinion", "ber": " you ought to let Tom go.", "null": [ "g tannayt inu", " iqqan k id ad tajjd \u1e6dum ad iddu." ] }, { "en": "I think you ought to let Tom leave.", "ber": "g tannayt inu", "null": [ " iqqan k id ad tajjd \u1e6dum ad iddu." ] }, { "en": "I opened one.", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93m\u0263 yan." }, { "en": "Stop doing that!", "ber": "sbdd askkir n uyann!" }, { "en": "Tom shouldn't have said that.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ur fllas illi ad yini ayann." }, { "en": "Are you my friend?", "ber": "is tgid amddakk\u02b7l inu?" }, { "en": "Death to the invader!", "ber": "tamttant i umsddurri!" }, { "en": "Did you enjoy reading this book?", "ber": "is tfjjijd s t\u0263ri n udlis ad?" }, { "en": "I know that Tom is nearby.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 mas d \u1e6dum ya\u1e93." }, { "en": "The body hasn't yet been identified.", "ber": "tafkka ur ta tettyakaz." }, { "en": "It hasn't been easy for her.", "ber": "ur as yadlli inhil." }, { "en": "He didn't steal my wallet.", "ber": "ur yukr tacckart inu." }, { "en": "Religion is a lie.", "ber": "as\u0263an iga tikrkist." }, { "en": "Are there any questions?", "ber": "is \u0263inn kra n isqsitn?" }, { "en": "Are there any questions?", "ber": "is dinn ca n isqsitn?" }, { "en": "The doctor arrived in time to save her.", "ber": "amsgnaf ilkm g tizi afad ad tt illil." }, { "en": "The doctor arrived in time to save her.", "ber": "amsgnaf yiw\u1e0d g wakud afad ad tt illil." }, { "en": "What city are you from?", "ber": "man ti\u0263rmt sg tgid?" }, { "en": "No one understands you.", "ber": "awd yan ur da k ittrmas." }, { "en": "No one understands you.", "ber": "awd yan ur da km ittrmas." }, { "en": "Stay away from him.", "ber": "aggug nn sgiti." }, { "en": "Please stay away from me.", "ber": "amur nnk aggug nn sgiti." }, { "en": "She can say her word.", "ber": "tzmr ad tini taguri nns." }, { "en": "She can say her word.", "ber": "t\u0263iy ad tini awal nns." }, { "en": "You cannot say a word.", "ber": "ur tzmirm ad tinim kra n tguri." }, { "en": "I admit there are a few problems.", "ber": "ssikz\u0263 mas \u0263inn kra n imukrisn." }, { "en": "Freedom is the breath of life.", "ber": "tilelli tga unfus n tudrt." }, { "en": "What is the weather in Athens?", "ber": "manmk iga unzwi g atina?" }, { "en": "I refused to be paid.", "ber": "ugi\u0263 ad iyi frun." }, { "en": "Be quiet!", "ber": "dkt!" }, { "en": "Be quiet!", "ber": "fss!" }, { "en": "Be quiet!", "ber": "dktat!" }, { "en": "Be quiet!", "ber": "fssat!" }, { "en": "Be yourself!", "ber": "g i\u0263f nnk!" }, { "en": "Be yourself!", "ber": "g ixf nnm!" }, { "en": "Be realistic!", "ber": "g am\u1e93\u1e5bilaw!" }, { "en": "Be happy!", "ber": "fjjij!" }, { "en": "Be happy!", "ber": "mmr!" }, { "en": "Be bold!", "ber": "b\u0263s!" }, { "en": "Be bold!", "ber": "g anb\u0263as!" }, { "en": "Be patient.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e93i\u1e0d\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Ghosts exist.", "ber": "imn\u1e0d\u1e5bn llan." }, { "en": "God exists.", "ber": "\u1e5bbbi illa." }, { "en": "Berber exists.", "ber": "tamazi\u0263t tlla." }, { "en": "Tamazight exists.", "ber": "tamazi\u0263t tlla." }, { "en": "I exist.", "ber": "lli\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom exists.", "ber": "\u1e6dum illa." }, { "en": "Do you exist?", "ber": "is tllid?" }, { "en": "Do you exist?", "ber": "is tllam?" }, { "en": "Do you exist?", "ber": "is tllamt?" }, { "en": "Does he exist?", "ber": "is illa?" }, { "en": "Does it exist?", "ber": "is illa?" }, { "en": "Does she exist?", "ber": "is tlla?" }, { "en": "Do we exist?", "ber": "is nlla?" }, { "en": "Do they exist?", "ber": "is llan?" }, { "en": "It never existed.", "ber": "ur jju llin." }, { "en": "He never existed.", "ber": "ur jju illi." }, { "en": "She never existed.", "ber": "ur jju tlli." }, { "en": "Does love exist?", "ber": "is tlla tayri?" }, { "en": "Indeed God exists.", "ber": "g tilawt \u1e5bbbi illa." }, { "en": "Does God exist?", "ber": "is illa \u1e5bbbi?" }, { "en": "Supernatural beings exist.", "ber": "imttwa\u0263nutn iflgamann llan." }, { "en": "Do aliens exist?", "ber": "is llan imsayrarn?" }, { "en": "Slavery still exists.", "ber": "tissumga tlla sul." }, { "en": "Do souls exist?", "ber": "is llan iman?" }, { "en": "Because it exists.", "ber": "acku illa." }, { "en": "Because it exists.", "ber": "acku tlla." }, { "en": "Sami never existed.", "ber": "ur jju illi sami." }, { "en": "I already exist.", "ber": "lli\u0263 yadlli." }, { "en": "Berbers still exist.", "ber": "imazi\u0263n llan sul." }, { "en": "Tamazight still exists.", "ber": "tamazi\u0263t tlla sul." }, { "en": "Flying fishes exist.", "ber": "islman ittaylaln llan." }, { "en": "My god exists.", "ber": "\u1e5bbbi illa." }, { "en": "True love exists.", "ber": "tayri n tidt tlla." }, { "en": "Existence determines conscience.", "ber": "tillit da tsuttaw afrak." }, { "en": "Prove Tom exists.", "ber": "ssn\u1e93i mas illa \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Do chairs exist?", "ber": "is llan is\u0263imn?" }, { "en": "Some variants exist.", "ber": "kra n tmzarayin llant." }, { "en": "Love doesn't exist.", "ber": "tayri ur tlli." }, { "en": "Can an illusion exist?", "ber": "is izmr ad yili umarur?" }, { "en": "I believe love exists.", "ber": "fls\u0263 mas tlla tayri." }, { "en": "Perfection doesn't exist.", "ber": "as\u0263udu ur illi." }, { "en": "This sentence already exists.", "ber": "tawinst ad tlla yad." }, { "en": "Does that still exist?", "ber": "is sul illa uyann?" }, { "en": "Why do we exist?", "ber": "ma \u0263f nlla?" }, { "en": "Do they really exist?", "ber": "is nit llan?" }, { "en": "I do run.", "ber": "ar ttazzal\u0263." }, { "en": "I do run.", "ber": "da ttazzal\u0263." }, { "en": "I remember.", "ber": "da k\u02b7tti\u0263." }, { "en": "I remember.", "ber": "k\u02b7ti\u0263." }, { "en": "I do nothing.", "ber": "skr\u0263 amya." }, { "en": "I do nothing.", "ber": "ur skir\u0263 yat." }, { "en": "I do that.", "ber": "skr\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "Yes", "ber": " unfortunately.", "null": [ "yah", " s tmg\u1e5b\u1e93i." ] }, { "en": "Yes", "ber": " unfortunately.", "null": [ "yah", " s u\u0263iluf." ] }, { "en": "I do it.", "ber": "da t skar\u0263." }, { "en": "I do it.", "ber": "da tt skar\u0263." }, { "en": "Can I do the same?", "ber": "is zmr\u0263 ad skr\u0263 zun d imknna?" }, { "en": "I do the laundry on Sundays.", "ber": "da ssirid\u0263 timlsa ass n usamas." }, { "en": "I do the laundry on Sundays.", "ber": "da ttgg\u02b7a\u0263 timlsa ass n usamas." }, { "en": "I do my job well.", "ber": "da skar\u0263 tawuri inu s t\u0263arast i\u0263udan." }, { "en": "What is he doing?", "ber": "mayd iskar?" }, { "en": "Can he do it?", "ber": "is i\u0263iy ad t iskr?" }, { "en": "Can he do it?", "ber": "is izmr ad tt iskr?" }, { "en": "What did he do?", "ber": "mayd iskr?" }, { "en": "How is he?", "ber": "manmk iga?" }, { "en": "Want one?", "ber": "trid yan?" }, { "en": "Want one?", "ber": "trid yat?" }, { "en": "Want one?", "ber": "tram yan?" }, { "en": "Want it?", "ber": "trid t?" }, { "en": "Want it?", "ber": "trid tt?" }, { "en": "I wanted.", "ber": "ri\u0263." }, { "en": "Want a drink?", "ber": "trid kra n tmssuyt?" }, { "en": "Want a drink?", "ber": "tram kra n tmssuyt?" }, { "en": "I want money.", "ber": "ri\u0263 idrimn." }, { "en": "Want to know?", "ber": "trid ad tssnd?" }, { "en": "Want to know?", "ber": "tram ad tssnm?" }, { "en": "If you want.", "ber": "ig trid." }, { "en": "If you want.", "ber": "mk tram." }, { "en": "I want more.", "ber": "ri\u0263 uggar." }, { "en": "Nobody wants it.", "ber": "awd yan ur t iri." }, { "en": "Nobody wants it.", "ber": "awd yan ur tt iri." }, { "en": "They wanted protection.", "ber": "ran yadlli aray." }, { "en": "I want coffee.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ta\u0263lust." }, { "en": "I want coffee.", "ber": "xs\u0263 ta\u0263lust." }, { "en": "She wants him.", "ber": "tra t." }, { "en": "I want it.", "ber": "ri\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I want it.", "ber": "ri\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "I want snow.", "ber": "ri\u0263 adfl." }, { "en": "Tom wants attention.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ira ta\u0263\u1e0dft." }, { "en": "He wants more.", "ber": "ira uggar." }, { "en": "She wants more.", "ber": "tra uggar." }, { "en": "I want one!", "ber": "ri\u0263 yan!" }, { "en": "I want one!", "ber": "ri\u0263 yat!" }, { "en": "She wants one.", "ber": "tra yan." }, { "en": "She wants one.", "ber": "tra yat." }, { "en": "They want more.", "ber": "ran uggar." }, { "en": "We want justice.", "ber": "nra ta\u0263dmt." }, { "en": "Anytime you want.", "ber": "kudnna trid." }, { "en": "Anytime you want.", "ber": "kudnna tram." }, { "en": "I want revenge.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ti\u0263awt." }, { "en": "I want vengeance.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ti\u0263awt." }, { "en": "She wants vengeance.", "ber": "tra ti\u0263awt." }, { "en": "I want kids.", "ber": "ri\u0263 azzann." }, { "en": "I want Mary.", "ber": "ri\u0263 mari." }, { "en": "I want that.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "I want them.", "ber": "ri\u0263 tn." }, { "en": "I want them.", "ber": "ri\u0263 tnt." }, { "en": "I want this.", "ber": "ri\u0263 aya." }, { "en": "We want Tom.", "ber": "nra \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Who wants it?", "ber": "manwa t iran?" }, { "en": "Who wants it?", "ber": "manwa tt iran?" }, { "en": "I wanted this.", "ber": "ri\u0263 aya." }, { "en": "We want candy.", "ber": "ri\u0263 timimin." }, { "en": "We want peace.", "ber": "nra afra." }, { "en": "We want peace.", "ber": "n\u0263s afra." }, { "en": "We wanted Tom.", "ber": "nra \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We wanted you.", "ber": "nra k." }, { "en": "We wanted you.", "ber": "nra km." }, { "en": "We wanted you.", "ber": "nra k\u02b7n." }, { "en": "We wanted you.", "ber": "nra k\u02b7nt." }, { "en": "Who wants tea?", "ber": "ma iran atay?" }, { "en": "You want this?", "ber": "trid aya?" }, { "en": "I want details.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ifrarayn." }, { "en": "I want children.", "ber": "ri\u0263 tarwa." }, { "en": "They want peace.", "ber": "ran afra." }, { "en": "They want peace.", "ber": "rant afra." }, { "en": "Tom wanted more.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ira yadlli uggar." }, { "en": "Tom wanted money.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ira yadlli idrimn." }, { "en": "Tom wants advice.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ira asmtr." }, { "en": "Tom wants dessert.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ira tasgrit." }, { "en": "Who wants cookies?", "ber": "ma iran tikukiyin?" }, { "en": "Everybody wants Tom.", "ber": "ku yan ira \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Everyone wants something.", "ber": "ku yan ira kra n t\u0263awsa." }, { "en": "Everybody wants recognition.", "ber": "ku yan ira asikz." }, { "en": "Who wants freedom?", "ber": "mnwa iran tilelli?" }, { "en": "Who wants freedom?", "ber": "mnta iran tilelli?" }, { "en": "Tom wanted information.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ira yadlli umlan." }, { "en": "Tom wants answers.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ira timrarutin." }, { "en": "Tom wants evidence.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ira an\u1e93a." }, { "en": "Tom wants it.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ira t." }, { "en": "Tom wants it.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ira tt." }, { "en": "Tom wants Mary.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ira mari." }, { "en": "Tom wants me.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ira i." }, { "en": "Tom wants results.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ira tiyafutin." }, { "en": "Tom wants time.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ira akud." }, { "en": "We want information.", "ber": "nra umlan." }, { "en": "We want meat.", "ber": "nxs aksum." }, { "en": "We want meat.", "ber": "nra tifiyi." }, { "en": "We want one.", "ber": "nra yan." }, { "en": "We want one.", "ber": "nra yat." }, { "en": "They wanted proof.", "ber": "ran yadlli an\u1e93a." }, { "en": "Tom wanted that.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ira yadlli ayann." }, { "en": "I want eggs.", "ber": "ri\u0263 tiglay." }, { "en": "I want everything.", "ber": "ri\u0263 aynna illan." }, { "en": "I want justice.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ta\u0263dmt." }, { "en": "I want mine.", "ber": "ri\u0263 winu." }, { "en": "I want mine.", "ber": "ri\u0263 tinu." }, { "en": "I want proof.", "ber": "ri\u0263 an\u1e93a." }, { "en": "I want soup.", "ber": "ri\u0263 askkif." }, { "en": "I want pizza!", "ber": "ri\u0263 bidza!" }, { "en": "I want names.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ismawn." }, { "en": "Who knows?", "ber": "ma issnn?" }, { "en": "Who knows?", "ber": "manwa issnn?" }, { "en": "Who knows?", "ber": "manta issnn?" }, { "en": "I know.", "ber": "ssn\u0263." }, { "en": "I know!", "ber": "ssn\u0263!" }, { "en": "Nobody knows.", "ber": "ur issin yan." }, { "en": "Nobody knows.", "ber": "awd yan ur issin." }, { "en": "Tom knows.", "ber": "\u1e6dum issn." }, { "en": "Allah knows.", "ber": "\u1e5bbbi issn." }, { "en": "She knows.", "ber": "tssn." }, { "en": "Everyone knows.", "ber": "ku yan issn." }, { "en": "Sami knows.", "ber": "sami issn." }, { "en": "He knows.", "ber": "issn." }, { "en": "You know.", "ber": "tssnd." }, { "en": "You know?", "ber": "tssnd?" }, { "en": "They know.", "ber": "ssnn." }, { "en": "You know something?", "ber": "tssnd kra n t\u0263awsa?" }, { "en": "Yes", "ber": " I know.", "null": [ "yah", " ssn\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Anybody knows it.", "ber": "kraygatt yan issn t." }, { "en": "Anybody knows it.", "ber": "kraygatt yan issn tt." }, { "en": "I know him.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I know you.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 k." }, { "en": "I know you.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 km." }, { "en": "I know you.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 k\u02b7n." }, { "en": "I know them.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 tn." }, { "en": "I know them.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 tnt." }, { "en": "We know him.", "ber": "nssn t." }, { "en": "Only God knows.", "ber": "\u1e5bbbi ka issnn." }, { "en": "He knows lots.", "ber": "issn kigan." }, { "en": "They know us.", "ber": "ssnn a\u0263." }, { "en": "They know us.", "ber": "ssnnt a\u0263." }, { "en": "She knows me.", "ber": "tssn i." }, { "en": "You know what?", "ber": "tssnd mit?" }, { "en": "I know everything.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 kraygatt ta\u0263awsa." }, { "en": "I know her.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "No one knows.", "ber": "awd yan ur issin." }, { "en": "No one knows.", "ber": "ur illi ma issnn." }, { "en": "Ask Alex.", "ber": "sqsa aliks." }, { "en": "Nobody asked.", "ber": "ur illi ma isqsa." }, { "en": "Nobody asked.", "ber": "ur isqsa yan." }, { "en": "Nobody asked.", "ber": "awd yan ur isqsa." }, { "en": "Ask around.", "ber": "sqsa tama nnk." }, { "en": "Just asking.", "ber": "sqsa ka." }, { "en": "Just asking.", "ber": "sqsa hlli." }, { "en": "Just asking.", "ber": "sestn ka." }, { "en": "Ask him.", "ber": "sqsa tn." }, { "en": "Ask him.", "ber": "sqsa tnt." }, { "en": "Ask her.", "ber": "sqsa tt." }, { "en": "Ask dad!", "ber": "sqsa baba!" }, { "en": "Ask dad!", "ber": "sestn baba!" }, { "en": "Ask freely.", "ber": "sqsa s tlelli." }, { "en": "Ask mom!", "ber": "sqsa immi!" }, { "en": "Ask questions.", "ber": "fk isqsitn." }, { "en": "Stop asking!", "ber": "sbdd isqsitn!" }, { "en": "Ask me.", "ber": "sqsa i." }, { "en": "Ask Ziri.", "ber": "sqsa ziri." }, { "en": "Ask Ziri.", "ber": "ttr ziri." }, { "en": "You asked.", "ber": "tsqsad." }, { "en": "You asked.", "ber": "tsestnd." }, { "en": "Ask forgiveness.", "ber": "ttr asurf." }, { "en": "Ask anything.", "ber": "sqsa \u0263f kraygatt ta\u0263awsa." }, { "en": "Ask everybody.", "ber": "sqsa kraygatt yan." }, { "en": "Ask everybody.", "ber": "sqsa ku yan." }, { "en": "Ask inside.", "ber": "sqsa g ugnsu." }, { "en": "Ask something.", "ber": "sqsa xf kra n t\u0263awsa." }, { "en": "Ask something.", "ber": "ttr kra n t\u0263awsa." }, { "en": "Ask elsewhere.", "ber": "sqsa g mani ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "Ask me anything!", "ber": "sqsa i xf kraygatt ta\u0263awsa!" }, { "en": "Ask your question.", "ber": "fk asqsi nnk." }, { "en": "Ask your question.", "ber": "fk asqsi nnm." }, { "en": "Don't ask.", "ber": "ad ur tsqsad." }, { "en": "Don't ask.", "ber": "ad ur tsaqsad." }, { "en": "Ask a policeman!", "ber": "sqsa kra n umsaltu!" }, { "en": "Ask the policeman.", "ber": "sqsa amsaltu." }, { "en": "I asked Tom.", "ber": "sqsa\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Let's ask.", "ber": "aywa ad nsqsa." }, { "en": "Ask for Tom.", "ber": "sqsa \u0263f \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Ask Tom again.", "ber": "sqsa da\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Ask Tom again.", "ber": "ttr da\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Just ask Tom.", "ber": "sqsa ka \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom asked why.", "ber": "\u1e6dum isqsa ma\u0263f." }, { "en": "Tom never asked.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ur jju isqsa." }, { "en": "Tom never asked.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ur jju ittr." }, { "en": "Go on!", "ber": "smd!" }, { "en": "Go on!", "ber": "smdat!" }, { "en": "Go there.", "ber": "ddu s dinn." }, { "en": "Go there.", "ber": "ftu s \u0263inn." }, { "en": "Go quicker!", "ber": "ddu s tmmri!" }, { "en": "Go home.", "ber": "ddu s uxxam." }, { "en": "Go home.", "ber": "ftu s tgmmi." }, { "en": "Go now.", "ber": "ddu \u0263ila." }, { "en": "Go slow.", "ber": "ddu s l\u1e25il." }, { "en": "Go inside.", "ber": "kcm." }, { "en": "Go inside.", "ber": "kcmat." }, { "en": "Go inside.", "ber": "kcmamt." }, { "en": "Go inside.", "ber": "kcm s ugnsu." }, { "en": "Please go.", "ber": "amur nnk ddu." }, { "en": "Your go.", "ber": "tawala nnk." }, { "en": "Your go.", "ber": "tawala nnm." }, { "en": "Just go!", "ber": "ddu ka!" }, { "en": "Go outside.", "ber": "ff\u0263 s b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "Let go.", "ber": "ajj." }, { "en": "Wanna go?", "ber": "rad tddud?" }, { "en": "Please go!", "ber": "amur nnk ddu!" }, { "en": "Go straight.", "ber": "ddu nnican." }, { "en": "Go study.", "ber": "ddu ad t\u0263rd." }, { "en": "Go study.", "ber": "ddu ad tzrud." }, { "en": "Go back!", "ber": "urri!" }, { "en": "Go back!", "ber": "a\u0263ul!" }, { "en": "Go back!", "ber": "a\u0263ul s dffir!" }, { "en": "Go forthward.", "ber": "ftu s mnid." }, { "en": "Go forthward.", "ber": "ddu s dat." }, { "en": "Go backward.", "ber": "ddu s dffir." }, { "en": "Go left!", "ber": "ddu \u0263f u\u1e93lma\u1e0d!" }, { "en": "Go left!", "ber": "ddu s u\u1e93lma\u1e0d!" }, { "en": "Enter.", "ber": "kcm." }, { "en": "Go slower.", "ber": "ddu s l\u1e25il." }, { "en": "Go together.", "ber": "munat." }, { "en": "Go across!", "ber": "zgr!" }, { "en": "Go west.", "ber": "ddu \u0263r utaram." }, { "en": "Go eat!", "ber": "ddu ad tccd!" }, { "en": "Go early.", "ber": "ddu zikk." }, { "en": "Go first.", "ber": "zwar." }, { "en": "Give tea.", "ber": "fk atay." }, { "en": "Give examples.", "ber": "fk imdyatn." }, { "en": "Give! Giiive!!!", "ber": "fk! fk!!!" }, { "en": "Give me!", "ber": "fk iyi!" }, { "en": "I give up.", "ber": "\u1e5bmi\u0263." }, { "en": "Give the password.", "ber": "fk taguri n uzray." }, { "en": "Give me time.", "ber": "fk iyi akud." }, { "en": "Give him time.", "ber": "fk as akud." }, { "en": "Give a way.", "ber": "anf a\u0263aras." }, { "en": "Give a way.", "ber": "anf abrid." }, { "en": "Cows give milk.", "ber": "tifunasin da akkant ak\u02b7fay." }, { "en": "Give it back!", "ber": "rar t id!" }, { "en": "Give it back!", "ber": "rar tt id!" }, { "en": "Give us peace!", "ber": "fk a\u0263 afra!" }, { "en": "Union gives strength.", "ber": "tamunt da takka adwas." }, { "en": "They give nothing.", "ber": "ur da akkan yat." }, { "en": "Give me five!", "ber": "fk iyi smmus!" }, { "en": "High five!", "ber": "ut tidiklt!" }, { "en": "Give me half.", "ber": "fk iyi azgn." }, { "en": "Give them money.", "ber": "fk asn idrimn." }, { "en": "Give me that.", "ber": "fk iyi ayann." }, { "en": "Give me that.", "ber": "fk iyi wann." }, { "en": "Give me those.", "ber": "fk iyi winn." }, { "en": "Give her time.", "ber": "fk as akud." }, { "en": "Give me water.", "ber": "fk iyi aman." }, { "en": "Give me everything.", "ber": "fk iyi aynna illan." }, { "en": "Give it time.", "ber": "fk as akud." }, { "en": "Give Tom time.", "ber": "fk akud i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Give your opinion.", "ber": "fk tannayt nnk." }, { "en": "Give us those.", "ber": "fk a\u0263 winn." }, { "en": "Give me this.", "ber": "fk iyi wad." }, { "en": "Give it here.", "ber": "fk t \u0263id." }, { "en": "Give me that!", "ber": "fk iyi ayann!" }, { "en": "Give me that!", "ber": "fk iyi wann!" }, { "en": "Give me one.", "ber": "fk iyi yan." }, { "en": "Give me one.", "ber": "fk iyi yat." }, { "en": "Give yourself time.", "ber": "fk akud i yi\u0263f nnk." }, { "en": "Give yourself time.", "ber": "fk akud i yixf nnm." }, { "en": "Give them water!", "ber": "fk asn aman!" }, { "en": "Give him water!", "ber": "fk as aman!" }, { "en": "Give her water!", "ber": "fk as aman!" }, { "en": "Give him money!", "ber": "fk as idrimn!" }, { "en": "Give them money!", "ber": "fk asn idrimn!" }, { "en": "Give me some!", "ber": "fk iyi imikk!" }, { "en": "Give an example.", "ber": "fk yan umdya." }, { "en": "Give me yours!", "ber": "fk iyi winnk!" }, { "en": "Give me yours!", "ber": "fk iyi winnm!" }, { "en": "Give Tom one.", "ber": "fk i \u1e6dum yan." }, { "en": "Give Tom one.", "ber": "fk i \u1e6dum yat." }, { "en": "Give people time.", "ber": "fk akud i mddn." }, { "en": "Give yourself value.", "ber": "fk azal i yixf nnk." }, { "en": "Give him some.", "ber": "fk as imikk." }, { "en": "Give me peace!", "ber": "fk iyi afra!" }, { "en": "Give me another.", "ber": "fk iyi wayya\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Give me your money.", "ber": "fk iyi idrimn nnk." }, { "en": "Give me your money.", "ber": "fk iyi idrimn nnm." }, { "en": "See below.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5b izdar." }, { "en": "See above.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5b aflla." }, { "en": "We see.", "ber": "ar n\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba" }, { "en": "We see.", "ber": "da n\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba" }, { "en": "See you.", "ber": "ar timlilit." }, { "en": "See you.", "ber": "ad da\u0263 nmm\u1e93\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "I see.", "ber": "ar \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u0263." }, { "en": "I see.", "ber": "da \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u0263." }, { "en": "She sees.", "ber": "da t\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "She sees.", "ber": "ar t\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "He sees.", "ber": "ar i\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "He sees.", "ber": "da i\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "They see.", "ber": "da \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ban." }, { "en": "They see.", "ber": "ar \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ban." }, { "en": "They see.", "ber": "ar \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5bant." }, { "en": "Nice seeing you!", "ber": "mmr\u0263 llig k \u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263!" }, { "en": "Nice seeing you!", "ber": "mmr\u0263 llig km \u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263!" }, { "en": "See you again.", "ber": "ad k da\u0263 \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "See you again.", "ber": "ad km da\u0263 \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "See you again.", "ber": "ad da\u0263 nmm\u1e93\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "See you soon!", "ber": "ad nmm\u1e93\u1e5ba g tizi d ya\u1e93n!" }, { "en": "See you then.", "ber": "ard da\u0263 nmm\u1e93\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "Let me see.", "ber": "ajj i ad \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "Let me see.", "ber": "ajjat i ad \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "Let me see.", "ber": "Ajjat iy ad \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "You'll see.", "ber": "rad t\u1e93\u1e5bd." }, { "en": "You'll see.", "ber": "rad t\u1e93\u1e5bm." }, { "en": "You'll see.", "ber": "rad t\u1e93\u1e5bmt." }, { "en": "We shall see.", "ber": "iqqan d ad n\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "I see Dan.", "ber": "da \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u0263 dan." }, { "en": "They see Dan.", "ber": "da \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ban dan." }, { "en": "See you tomorrow.", "ber": "ad nmm\u1e93\u1e5ba azkka." }, { "en": "It sees me.", "ber": "da i i\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "Let's see...", "ber": "aywa ad n\u1e93\u1e5b..." }, { "en": "Wait and see.", "ber": "qql t\u1e93\u1e5bd." }, { "en": "See you there.", "ber": "ad dinn nmm\u1e93\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "See you there.", "ber": "ad k \u0263inn \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "See you there.", "ber": "ad km \u0263inn \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "You see me.", "ber": "da i t\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5bad." }, { "en": "You see me.", "ber": "ar i t\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5bad." }, { "en": "I see them.", "ber": "da tn \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u0263." }, { "en": "I see them.", "ber": "ar tn \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u0263." }, { "en": "I see them.", "ber": "ar tnt \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u0263." }, { "en": "Can you see?", "ber": "is tzmrd ad t\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5bad?" }, { "en": "Can you see?", "ber": "is t\u0263iyd ad t\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5bad?" }, { "en": "See for yourself.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5b s yi\u0263f nnk." }, { "en": "We'll see.", "ber": "rad n\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "I see Tom.", "ber": "ar \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I see Tom.", "ber": "da \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom sees things.", "ber": "\u1e6dum da i\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba ti\u0263awsiwin." }, { "en": "Tom sees things.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ar i\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba ti\u0263awsiwin." }, { "en": "Come and see.", "ber": "ack d t\u1e93\u1e5bd." }, { "en": "Come see me.", "ber": "ack d \u1e93\u1e5b i." }, { "en": "Come see me.", "ber": "ack d ad i t\u1e93\u1e5bd." }, { "en": "I see something.", "ber": "da \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u0263 kra." }, { "en": "I see something.", "ber": "ar \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u0263 kra n t\u0263awsa." }, { "en": "I see him.", "ber": "da t \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u0263." }, { "en": "I see him.", "ber": "ar t \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u0263." }, { "en": "See you tonight.", "ber": "ad k \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263 i\u1e0d ad." }, { "en": "See you tonight.", "ber": "ad km \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263 i\u1e0d ad." }, { "en": "See you tonight.", "ber": "ad nmm\u1e93\u1e5ba i\u1e0d ad." }, { "en": "Can I see?", "ber": "is \u0263iy\u0263 ad \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263?" }, { "en": "Can I see?", "ber": "is zmr\u0263 ad \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263?" }, { "en": "Can I see?", "ber": "is \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263?" }, { "en": "I see someone.", "ber": "da \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u0263 kra n yan." }, { "en": "I see someone.", "ber": "ar \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u0263 kra n yan." }, { "en": "I saw.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263." }, { "en": "I saw nothing.", "ber": "ur \u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 yat." }, { "en": "I saw nothing.", "ber": "awd kra ur t \u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263." }, { "en": "I saw Dana.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 dana." }, { "en": "I saw him.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I saw everything.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 kra illan." }, { "en": "Nobody saw me.", "ber": "ur i i\u1e93\u1e5bi yan." }, { "en": "Everybody saw it.", "ber": "ku yan i\u1e93\u1e5ba t." }, { "en": "Everybody saw it.", "ber": "kraygatt yan i\u1e93\u1e5ba tt." }, { "en": "Somebody saw you.", "ber": "kra n yan i\u1e93\u1e5ba k." }, { "en": "Somebody saw you.", "ber": "kra n yan i\u1e93\u1e5ba km." }, { "en": "Tom saw her.", "ber": "\u1e6dum i\u1e93\u1e5ba tt." }, { "en": "Tom saw him.", "ber": "\u1e6dum i\u1e93\u1e5ba t." }, { "en": "Tom saw it.", "ber": "\u1e6dum i\u1e93\u1e5ba t." }, { "en": "Tom saw Mary.", "ber": "\u1e6dum i\u1e93\u1e5ba mari." }, { "en": "Tom saw it.", "ber": "\u1e6dum i\u1e93\u1e5ba tt." }, { "en": "Tom saw me.", "ber": "\u1e6dum i\u1e93\u1e5ba i." }, { "en": "Tom saw nothing.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ur i\u1e93\u1e5bi yat." }, { "en": "Tom saw someone.", "ber": "\u1e6dum i\u1e93\u1e5ba kra n yan." }, { "en": "Tom saw them.", "ber": "\u1e6dum i\u1e93\u1e5ba tn." }, { "en": "Tom saw them.", "ber": "\u1e6dum i\u1e93\u1e5ba tnt." }, { "en": "Tom saw us.", "ber": "\u1e6dum i\u1e93\u1e5ba a\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom saw you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum i\u1e93\u1e5ba k." }, { "en": "Tom saw you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum i\u1e93\u1e5ba km." }, { "en": "We saw Tom.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e5ba \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We saw it.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e5ba t." }, { "en": "We saw it.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e5ba tt." }, { "en": "We saw you.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e5ba k." }, { "en": "We saw you.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e5ba km." }, { "en": "They saw me.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5ban i." }, { "en": "They saw Tom.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5ban \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I saw Tom.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Was she seen?", "ber": "is tettu\u1e93\u1e5ba?" }, { "en": "You were seen.", "ber": "tettu\u1e93\u1e5bad." }, { "en": "I was seen.", "ber": "ttu\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263." }, { "en": "The earth rotates.", "ber": "da ittsutul wakal." }, { "en": "What on earth?", "ber": "ma illan g wakal?" }, { "en": "Welcome to Earth.", "ber": "ansuf g wakal." }, { "en": "Welcome to Earth.", "ber": "brrk g wakal." }, { "en": "The earth is round.", "ber": "akal iga aqlallay." }, { "en": "Earth is a planet.", "ber": "akal iga yan umtiwg." }, { "en": "We live on Earth.", "ber": "nddr g umtiwg akal." }, { "en": "We live on Earth.", "ber": "nddr g wakal." }, { "en": "The earth is flat.", "ber": "akal iga aflwa\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Today is Earth day.", "ber": "ass ad iga ass n wakal." }, { "en": "Tonight the earth trembled.", "ber": "i\u1e0d ad indudi wakal." }, { "en": "Earth orbits the Sun.", "ber": "akal da ittsutul i tafukt." }, { "en": "The earth is beautiful.", "ber": "akal i\u1e93il." }, { "en": "The earth is sick.", "ber": "akal yu\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "The earth is sick.", "ber": "yu\u1e0dn wakal." }, { "en": "Martians have occupied Earth.", "ber": "ayt umzwi\u0263 sddurrin akal." }, { "en": "Jonas left the Earth.", "ber": "junas ifl akal." }, { "en": "Karl returned to Earth.", "ber": "karl yurri d s wakal." }, { "en": "Karl returned to Earth.", "ber": "karl ya\u0263ul d s wakal." }, { "en": "Lukas died on Earth.", "ber": "lukas immut g wakal." }, { "en": "I skinned one.", "ber": "uzi\u0263 yan." }, { "en": "I have dry skin.", "ber": "dari ilm iqqurn." }, { "en": "I have dry skin.", "ber": "\u0263uri ilm iqqurn." }, { "en": "I have greasy skin.", "ber": "dari ilm idumsln." }, { "en": "Her skin is smooth.", "ber": "ilm nns ilgg\u02b7a\u0263." }, { "en": "You have nice skin.", "ber": "dark ilm ifulkin." }, { "en": "The skin is soft.", "ber": "ilm ilgg\u02b7a\u0263." }, { "en": "The skin is rough.", "ber": "ilm iga amknkr." }, { "en": "Face forward.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5b mnid." }, { "en": "Face reality.", "ber": "mnad tilawt." }, { "en": "Wash your face.", "ber": "ssird udm nnk." }, { "en": "Wash your face.", "ber": "ssird udm nnm." }, { "en": "Wash your face.", "ber": "ssirdat udm nnun." }, { "en": "Wash your face.", "ber": "ssirdamt udm nnunt." }, { "en": "His face brightened.", "ber": "ifaw wudm nnk." }, { "en": "Her face reddened.", "ber": "izgg\u02b7a\u0263 wudm nns." }, { "en": "Wash your face!", "ber": "ssird udm nnk!" }, { "en": "Wash your face!", "ber": "ssird udm nnm!" }, { "en": "Read books.", "ber": "\u0263r idlisn." }, { "en": "Read this book.", "ber": "\u0263r adlis a." }, { "en": "He writes books.", "ber": "da ittara idlisn." }, { "en": "Close your book.", "ber": "qqn adlis nnk." }, { "en": "Close your book.", "ber": "qqn adlis nnm." }, { "en": "I read books.", "ber": "da qqar\u0263 idlisn." }, { "en": "I read books.", "ber": "ar aqqra\u0263 idlisn." }, { "en": "You borrow books.", "ber": "da t\u1e5b\u1e6d\u1e6dld idlisn." }, { "en": "Choose books carefully.", "ber": "sti idlisn s usmkl." }, { "en": "Get the book.", "ber": "awi adlis." }, { "en": "Read your book.", "ber": "\u0263r adlis nnk." }, { "en": "Read your book.", "ber": "\u0263r adlis nnm." }, { "en": "Read a book!", "ber": "\u0263r kra n udlis!" }, { "en": "Open your books!", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93m adlis nnk!" }, { "en": "Open your books!", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93m adlis nnm!" }, { "en": "Hello", "ber": " girls.", "null": [ "azul", " tirbatin." ] }, { "en": "Hello", "ber": " girls.", "null": [ "azul", " tifrxin." ] }, { "en": "Hi", "ber": " girls.", "null": [ "azul", " tirbatin." ] }, { "en": "Hi", "ber": " girls.", "null": [ "azul", " tifrxin." ] }, { "en": "Poor girl.", "ber": "tigllint n trbatin." }, { "en": "Poor girl.", "ber": "tigllint n tfrxin." }, { "en": "Bad girl!", "ber": "gar tafruxt!" }, { "en": "Bad girl!", "ber": "gar tarbat!" }, { "en": "Girls cry.", "ber": "ar allant trbatin." }, { "en": "Girls cry.", "ber": "ar ttrunt tfrxin." }, { "en": "The girl.", "ber": "tarbat." }, { "en": "The girl.", "ber": "tafruxt." }, { "en": "The girls won.", "ber": "tifrxin rnant." }, { "en": "The girls won.", "ber": "tirbatin rnant." }, { "en": "Boy!", "ber": "arba!" }, { "en": "Boy!", "ber": "afrux!" }, { "en": "Hello", "ber": " boys!", "null": [ "azul", " irban!" ] }, { "en": "Hello", "ber": " boys!", "null": [ "azul", " ifrxan!" ] }, { "en": "Bad boy!", "ber": "gar arba!" }, { "en": "Bad boy!", "ber": "gar afrux!" }, { "en": "Good boy.", "ber": "arba ifulkin." }, { "en": "Good boy.", "ber": "afrux ifulkin." }, { "en": "Lazy boy!", "ber": "arba amxin!" }, { "en": "Fish", "ber": " please.", "null": [ "islman", " amur nnk." ] }, { "en": "Fish again?", "ber": "islman da\u0263?" }, { "en": "I like fish.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 islman." }, { "en": "I went fishing.", "ber": "ddi\u0263 ad gmr\u0263 islman." }, { "en": "I went fishing.", "ber": "fti\u0263 ad g\u02b7mr\u0263 islman." }, { "en": "He loves fishing.", "ber": "da ittiri tagmrt n islman." }, { "en": "They went fishing.", "ber": "ddan ad gmrn islman." }, { "en": "Some fish fly.", "ber": "kra n islman da ttaylaln." }, { "en": "I only caught one fish.", "ber": "um\u1e93\u0263 \u0263ar yat tslmt." }, { "en": "I only caught one fish.", "ber": "gmr\u0263 \u0263s yat tslmt." }, { "en": "Bring the key.", "ber": "awi d tasarut." }, { "en": "Get your keys.", "ber": "am\u1e93 tisura nnk." }, { "en": "Keep the keys.", "ber": "ajj dark tisura." }, { "en": "Keep the keys.", "ber": "ajj \u0263urm tisura." }, { "en": "Leave the key.", "ber": "fl tasarut." }, { "en": "Use your key.", "ber": "ssmrs tasarut nnk." }, { "en": "Use your key.", "ber": "ssmrs tasarut nnm." }, { "en": "The keys", "ber": " please.", "null": [ "tisura", " amur nnk." ] }, { "en": "Throw the keys.", "ber": "ssak\u02b7i tisura." }, { "en": "Throw the keys.", "ber": "gr tisura." }, { "en": "Use my key.", "ber": "ssmrs tasarut inu." }, { "en": "Take the keys.", "ber": "am\u1e93 tisura." }, { "en": "Press any key.", "ber": "adr \u0263f kra n tsarut." }, { "en": "Take my key.", "ber": "am\u1e93 tasarut inu." }, { "en": "Press the key.", "ber": "adr xf tsarut." }, { "en": "Here are your keys.", "ber": "ha tisura nnk." }, { "en": "Here are your keys.", "ber": "ha tisura nnm." }, { "en": "Bring me the key.", "ber": "awi iyi d tasarut." }, { "en": "He will see.", "ber": "rad i\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Yanni will see.", "ber": "yanni rad i\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "I will see!", "ber": "rad \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263!" }, { "en": "Tom will see us.", "ber": "\u1e6dum rad a\u0263 i\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Tom will see you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum rad k i\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Tom will see you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum rad km i\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Tom will see you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum rad k\u02b7n i\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Tom will see you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum rad k\u02b7nt i\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Someone will see us!", "ber": "kra n yan rad a\u0263 i\u1e93\u1e5b!" }, { "en": "Sami will see it.", "ber": "\u1e6dum rad t i\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Sami will see it.", "ber": "\u1e6dum rad tt i\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "He will see her.", "ber": "rad tt i\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Tom will see it.", "ber": "\u1e6dum rad t i\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Tom will see it.", "ber": "\u1e6dum rad tt i\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "We will see her.", "ber": "rad tt n\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "I will see them.", "ber": "rad tn \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "I will see them.", "ber": "rad tnt \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "Nobody will see us.", "ber": "ur illi ma rad a\u0263 i\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Nobody will see us.", "ber": "awd yan ur rad a\u0263 i\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "I will see you home.", "ber": "rad k \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263 g tgmmi." }, { "en": "I will see you home.", "ber": "rad km \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263 g taddart." }, { "en": "I will see you home.", "ber": "rad nmm\u1e93\u1e5ba g uxxam." }, { "en": "I will see you home.", "ber": "rad nmmaqqar g tgmmi." }, { "en": "You will see the difference.", "ber": "rad t\u1e93\u1e5bd amzaray." }, { "en": "Whoever comes will see me.", "ber": "wanna d yuckan rad i i\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "I still have so many questions to ask you.", "ber": "llan sul dari tugt n isqsitn ad k gisn sqsa\u0263." }, { "en": "I still have so many questions to ask you.", "ber": "llan sul \u0263uri tugt n isqsitn ad k gisn sqsa\u0263." }, { "en": "Islam isn't the enemy.", "ber": "lislam ur igi acngu." }, { "en": "Images appeared in the mirror.", "ber": "umannt tugniwin g tisit." }, { "en": "I want to eat too!", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad cc\u0263 awd nkki!" }, { "en": "What animal is brown?", "ber": "man amudr igan admman?" }, { "en": "You speak quickly.", "ber": "da tsawald s tmmri." }, { "en": "You speak quickly.", "ber": "da tsawalm s tmmri." }, { "en": "He doesn't need a girlfriend.", "ber": "ur yusir tamddakk\u02b7lt." }, { "en": "You bumped into me.", "ber": "tnggsd i." }, { "en": "You bumped into me.", "ber": "tnggsm i." }, { "en": "This website is very useful.", "ber": "ansa a iga bahra umris." }, { "en": "I like this singer.", "ber": "issusm i umarir ad." }, { "en": "Food's ready!", "ber": "amtcu imuttg!" }, { "en": "Food's ready!", "ber": "amtcu yujad!" }, { "en": "Stop pushing.", "ber": "sbdd ad\u1e25ay." }, { "en": "NASA had a plan to save the world.", "ber": "nasa illa yadlli dars yan u\u0263awas afad ad tssnjm ama\u1e0dal." }, { "en": "We'll cook some meat.", "ber": "rad nssnu imikk n uksum." }, { "en": "We'll cook some meat.", "ber": "rad nssnu imikk n tfiyi." }, { "en": "Kalman slept in a bed.", "ber": "ign kalman g yan wusu." }, { "en": "Yesterday I was late for school.", "ber": "assnna\u1e6d mu\u1e6dl\u0263 \u0263f tinml." }, { "en": "Yesterday I was late for school.", "ber": "i\u1e0dgam mu\u1e6dl\u0263 f tinml." }, { "en": "She is our daughter.", "ber": "tga illitn\u0263." }, { "en": "I don't have books.", "ber": "ur dari idlisn." }, { "en": "I don't have books.", "ber": "ur \u0263uri idlisn." }, { "en": "He won't sell at that price.", "ber": "ur rad izznz s watig ann." }, { "en": "What is the name of this tea?", "ber": "ma iga yism n watay ad?" }, { "en": "Where is Beirut?", "ber": "mani g tlla bayrut?" }, { "en": "Algeria borders Morocco.", "ber": "ddzayr tlla g iwtta d murakuc." }, { "en": "France colonized Morocco.", "ber": "f\u1e5ban\u1e63a tsddurri murakuc." }, { "en": "He lives in Morocco.", "ber": "izd\u0263 g murakuc." }, { "en": "They live in Morocco.", "ber": "zd\u0263n g murakuc." }, { "en": "We live in Morocco.", "ber": "nzd\u0263 g murakuc." }, { "en": "Tiziri lives in Morocco.", "ber": "tzd\u0263 tiziri g murakuc." }, { "en": "I live in Morocco.", "ber": "zd\u0263\u0263 g murakuc." }, { "en": "What's Morocco like?", "ber": "manmk iga murakuc?" }, { "en": "Is the fish still alive?", "ber": "is sul tddr tslmt?" }, { "en": "I still remember Tom.", "ber": "ar sul k\u02b7tti\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I come from America.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d sg marikan." }, { "en": "Go to the hospital.", "ber": "ddu s usgnaf." }, { "en": "This is a newspaper.", "ber": "wa iga a\u0263mis." }, { "en": "I have a dream.", "ber": "tlla dari yat twargit." }, { "en": "I have a dream.", "ber": "tlla \u0263uri yat twargit." }, { "en": "She sleeps with two pillows.", "ber": "da tggan xf snat tsumtin." }, { "en": "Look under the bed.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5b dduw n wusu." }, { "en": "I woke up at eleven.", "ber": "nkr\u0263 d g tiss yat d mrawt." }, { "en": "When do you get up?", "ber": "managu d tnkkrd?" }, { "en": "When do you get up?", "ber": "mlmi d tnkkrd?" }, { "en": "The dog is dead.", "ber": "aydi immut." }, { "en": "I hate myself.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 i\u0263f inu." }, { "en": "Tom is short.", "ber": "\u1e6dum igzzul." }, { "en": "You are a student.", "ber": "tgid anlmad." }, { "en": "I need to know.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad ssn\u0263." }, { "en": "Cows eat grass.", "ber": "tifunasin da cttant tuga." }, { "en": "Cows have horns.", "ber": "tifunasin \u1e6d\u1e6dafnt askiwn." }, { "en": "Sami loves cows.", "ber": "sami i\u1e25ml tifunasin." }, { "en": "The cow left.", "ber": "tdda tfunast." }, { "en": "The cow left.", "ber": "tfta tfunast." }, { "en": "Tom has cows.", "ber": "tum i\u1e6d\u1e6daf tifunasin." }, { "en": "Cows give us milk.", "ber": "tifunasin da a\u0263 akkant ak\u02b7fay." }, { "en": "He has ten cows.", "ber": "i\u1e6d\u1e6daf mrawt tfunasin." }, { "en": "Milk comes from cows.", "ber": "ak\u02b7fay da d ittkka sg tfunasin." }, { "en": "Tom milked the cow.", "ber": "tum i\u1e93\u1e93g tafunast." }, { "en": "This is my cow.", "ber": "tafunast inu aya." }, { "en": "This is my cow.", "ber": "ta d tafunast inu." }, { "en": "This is my cow.", "ber": "ta tga tafunast inu." }, { "en": "This is my cow.", "ber": "ha tafunast inu." }, { "en": "I milked the cow.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e93g\u0263 tafunast." }, { "en": "You milked the cow.", "ber": "kmm t\u1e93\u1e93gd tafunast." }, { "en": "You milked the cow.", "ber": "kyy t\u1e93\u1e93gd tafunast." }, { "en": "He milked the cow.", "ber": "ntta i\u1e93\u1e93g tafunast." }, { "en": "She milked the cow.", "ber": "nttat t\u1e93\u1e93g tafunast." }, { "en": "Mary milked the cow.", "ber": "mari t\u1e93\u1e93g tafunast." }, { "en": "We milked the cow.", "ber": "nkkni n\u1e93\u1e93g tafunast." }, { "en": "We milked the cow.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e93g tafunast." }, { "en": "They milked the cow.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e93gn tafunast." }, { "en": "They milked the cow.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e93gnt tafunast." }, { "en": "They milked the cow.", "ber": "nttni \u1e93\u1e93gn tafunast." }, { "en": "They milked the cow.", "ber": "nttnti \u1e93\u1e93gnt tafunast." }, { "en": "I will see you tomorrow.", "ber": "rad k \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263 azkka." }, { "en": "I will see you tomorrow.", "ber": "rad km \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263 azkka." }, { "en": "I surrender.", "ber": "slk\u0263." }, { "en": "Choose a book carefully.", "ber": "sti kra n udlis s usmkl." }, { "en": "Tom wants updates.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ira istrirn." }, { "en": "Windows is updating.", "ber": "windawz ar ittustrer." }, { "en": "Answer!", "ber": "rar!" }, { "en": "Answer me.", "ber": "rar fllati." }, { "en": "Tom answered.", "ber": "irura d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Answer Tom.", "ber": "rar \u0263f \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I answered.", "ber": "ruri\u0263." }, { "en": "They answered.", "ber": "ruran d." }, { "en": "Answer them.", "ber": "rar fllasn." }, { "en": "Speak clearly.", "ber": "ssisfiw awal." }, { "en": "You speak.", "ber": "ar tsawald." }, { "en": "Speak Italian!", "ber": "sawl ta\u1e6dalyanit!" }, { "en": "Speak", "ber": " please.", "null": [ "sawl", " amur nnk." ] }, { "en": "Speak", "ber": " please.", "null": [ "sawl", " amur nnm." ] }, { "en": "Speak slowly!", "ber": "sawl s ttawil!" }, { "en": "It speaks.", "ber": "da isawal." }, { "en": "It speaks.", "ber": "ar isawal." }, { "en": "We speak.", "ber": "da nsawal." }, { "en": "We speak.", "ber": "ar nsawal." }, { "en": "Tom speaks.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ar isawal." }, { "en": "You! Speak!", "ber": "kyyi! sawl!" }, { "en": "Speak Berber!", "ber": "sawl tamazi\u0263t." }, { "en": "Speak Tamazight.", "ber": "sawl tamazi\u0263t." }, { "en": "Speak Tamazight.", "ber": "Sawl Tamazi\u0263t." }, { "en": "He speaks.", "ber": "ar isawal." }, { "en": "Speak English.", "ber": "sawl tanglizt." }, { "en": "He spoke.", "ber": "isawl." }, { "en": "Who spoke?", "ber": "manwa isawln?" }, { "en": "Who spoke?", "ber": "manta isawln?" }, { "en": "Tom spoke.", "ber": "\u1e6dum isawl." }, { "en": "She spoke.", "ber": "tsawl." }, { "en": "They spoke.", "ber": "sawln." }, { "en": "Everyone spoke.", "ber": "kraygatt yan isawl." }, { "en": "Ziri spoke.", "ber": "ziri isawl." }, { "en": "I spoke.", "ber": "sawl\u0263." }, { "en": "Yanni spoke.", "ber": "yanni isawl." }, { "en": "Nobody spoke.", "ber": "awd yan ur isawl." }, { "en": "He spoke truth.", "ber": "inna tidt." }, { "en": "She spoke rapidly.", "ber": "isawl s tfssi." }, { "en": "She spoke rapidly.", "ber": "isawl s tmmri." }, { "en": "We spoke yesterday.", "ber": "nsawl i\u1e0dgam." }, { "en": "We spoke yesterday.", "ber": "nsawl assnna\u1e6d." }, { "en": "Tom spoke calmly.", "ber": "\u1e6dum isawl s udkat." }, { "en": "Tom spoke first.", "ber": "\u1e6dum isawl s izwir." }, { "en": "Use simple sentences.", "ber": "ssmrs tiwinas tifrarin." }, { "en": "This is a simple sentence.", "ber": "tad tga tawinst tafrart." }, { "en": "Switzerland has several official languages.", "ber": "swisra dars tugt n tutlayin timaddudin." }, { "en": "Switzerland has several official languages.", "ber": "swisra \u0263urs kigan n tutlayin timaddudin." }, { "en": "Berber is an official language.", "ber": "tamazi\u0263t tga tutlayt tamaddudt." }, { "en": "Algeria has two official languages.", "ber": "ddzayr dars snat tutlayin timaddudin." }, { "en": "Berber is now an official language.", "ber": "tamazi\u0263t tga \u0263ila yat tutlayt tamaddudt." }, { "en": "Is Python a programming language?", "ber": "is tga baytun tutlayt n usihl?" }, { "en": "Tom is learning programming.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ar ittlmad asihl." }, { "en": "JavaScript is a programming language.", "ber": "jafaskribt tga yat tutlayt n usihl." }, { "en": "FORTRAN is a programming language.", "ber": "furtran tga yat tutlayt n usihl." }, { "en": "PHP is a programming language.", "ber": "bitcbi tga yat tutlayt n usihl." }, { "en": "Tom is good at programming.", "ber": "\u1e6dum issn i usihl." }, { "en": "What is your favorite TV program?", "ber": "ma iga wahil atilifizyun nnk amufay?" }, { "en": "What is your favorite TV program?", "ber": "ma iga wahil atilifizyun nna tsnyifid?" }, { "en": "PHP is a web programming language.", "ber": "bitcbi tga yat tutlayt n usihl n uwib." }, { "en": "Hello world is the universal computer program.", "ber": "azul ama\u1e0dal iga ahil n umssi\u1e0dn am\u0263radan." }, { "en": "Is this program compatible with Windows XP?", "ber": "is imsasa wahil ad d windawz iks-bi?" }, { "en": "We're programmers.", "ber": "nga imssihln." }, { "en": "Tom is a programmer.", "ber": "\u1e6dum iga amssihl." }, { "en": "I'm a programmer.", "ber": "gi\u0263 amssihl." }, { "en": "He became a programmer.", "ber": "ya\u0263ul iga amssihl." }, { "en": "He became a programmer.", "ber": "yurri iga amssihl." }, { "en": "Don't speak.", "ber": "ad ur tsawld." }, { "en": "Don't speak.", "ber": "ad ur tsawald." }, { "en": "This is not Hebrew. It's Yiddish.", "ber": "tad ur tgi ta\u025bibrit. tga tayidict." }, { "en": "Finally!", "ber": "g tgira!" }, { "en": "You should sleep for eight hours a day.", "ber": "illa fllak ad tggand tamt tsragin g wass." }, { "en": "You should sleep for eight hours a day.", "ber": "illa fllam ad tggand tamt tsragin g wass." }, { "en": "Oh shit!", "ber": "a\u1e25\u1e25 ixxan!" }, { "en": "Mary kissed me before she left.", "ber": "mari tssudm i dat ad tddu." }, { "en": "I know Kurdish.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 takurdit." }, { "en": "Several rivers overflowed.", "ber": "tugt n isaffn ngin." }, { "en": "He looks like a sixty-year-old.", "ber": "iga zun d ig dars \u1e63\u1e0dimraw n usgg\u02b7as." }, { "en": "Who's hitting who?", "ber": "manwa ikkatn manwa?" }, { "en": "In which university did you study?", "ber": "g man tasdawit a g t\u0263rid?" }, { "en": "Good night", "ber": " sweet dreams.", "null": [ "timnsiwin", " tiwargiwin iflujjan." ] }, { "en": "Belynda is my little sister.", "ber": "bilinda tga ultma m\u1e93\u1e93iyn." }, { "en": "Take control.", "ber": "am\u1e93 i\u0263f nnk." }, { "en": "Ziri died.", "ber": "ziri immut." }, { "en": "Yesterday we went to the movies.", "ber": "assnna\u1e6d ndda s ssinima." }, { "en": "Yesterday we went to the movies.", "ber": "i\u1e0dgam ndda s ssinima." }, { "en": "I can't remember what happened next.", "ber": "ur zmir\u0263 ad k\u02b7ti\u0263 mayd sul imsarn." }, { "en": "You have to turn the electricity off.", "ber": "yuccl ad tbbid a\u1e93a\u1e5bu\u1e5b." }, { "en": "They went back to their hometown.", "ber": "urrin s tmazirt nnsn." }, { "en": "I'll write him tomorrow.", "ber": "rad as ara\u0263 azkka." }, { "en": "Tom never called Mary.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ur akk\u02b7 i\u0263ri i mari." }, { "en": "My mum let me go to the movies.", "ber": "immi tujj i ad ddu\u0263 s ssinima." }, { "en": "You won't fool me.", "ber": "ur rad giti ttn\u1e93d." }, { "en": "May I go", "ber": " too?", "null": [ "is zmr\u0263 ad ddu\u0263 awd nkki?" ] }, { "en": "Tom helped me a little bit.", "ber": "\u1e6dum yiws i yan imikk." }, { "en": "I'm Mary.", "ber": "gi\u0263 mari." }, { "en": "I'm Mary.", "ber": "nkki mari." }, { "en": "Tom is my friend.", "ber": "\u1e6dum iga amddakk\u02b7l inu." }, { "en": "Yes or no?", "ber": "yah n\u0263 d uhu?" }, { "en": "Please give me some water.", "ber": "amur nnk fk i kra n waman." }, { "en": "Please give me some water.", "ber": "amur nnm fk i kra n waman." }, { "en": "Coffee", "ber": " please.", "null": [ "lqhwa", " amur nnk." ] }, { "en": "Coffee", "ber": " please.", "null": [ "ta\u0263lust", " amur nnk." ] }, { "en": "Come back to him.", "ber": "urri sis." }, { "en": "Come back to him.", "ber": "a\u0263ul iss." }, { "en": "Tell me what you did last summer vacation.", "ber": "ini iyi mayd tskrd g tnu\u1e5b\u1e93mt n unbdu izrin." }, { "en": "Is it still possible?", "ber": "is sul yallfus?" }, { "en": "Tom doesn't know where Mary went.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ur issin mani s tdda mari." }, { "en": "Why do you need a knife?", "ber": "ma mi tusrd tuzzalt?" }, { "en": "I'll remember that.", "ber": "rad k\u02b7ti\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "I don't have the water.", "ber": "ur dari aman." }, { "en": "I don't have the water.", "ber": "ur \u0263uri aman." }, { "en": "Tom never did like Mary.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ur jju iskr zun d mari." }, { "en": "Will we arrive on time?", "ber": "is rad nlkm g tizi?" }, { "en": "Will we arrive on time?", "ber": "is rad naw\u1e0d g wakud?" }, { "en": "Stand straight!", "ber": "bdd a\u0263d!" }, { "en": "Run fast!", "ber": "azzl s tmmri!" }, { "en": "Run fast!", "ber": "azzl s tfssi!" }, { "en": "How did you get there?", "ber": "manmk s tlkmd \u0263inn?" }, { "en": "How did you get there?", "ber": "manmk s tiw\u1e0dd dinn?" }, { "en": "Hear! Hear!", "ber": "slla! slla!" }, { "en": "We hear!", "ber": "ar nttslla!" }, { "en": "We hear!", "ber": "da nttslla!" }, { "en": "I hear music.", "ber": "da nttslla i u\u1e93awan." }, { "en": "I hear something.", "ber": "ar ttslla\u0263 i kra." }, { "en": "I hear you.", "ber": "ar ak ttslla\u0263." }, { "en": "I hear you.", "ber": "ar am ttslla\u0263." }, { "en": "You hear me.", "ber": "ar iyi tettsllad." }, { "en": "You hear me.", "ber": "ar iyi tettsllam." }, { "en": "I hear voices.", "ber": "ar ttslla\u0263 i imslitn." }, { "en": "I hear laughing.", "ber": "ar ttslla\u0263 i ta\u1e0d\u1e63a." }, { "en": "We can hear.", "ber": "nzmr ad nslla." }, { "en": "We can hear.", "ber": "n\u0263iy ad nslla." }, { "en": "Can you hear?", "ber": "is tzmrd ad tsllad?" }, { "en": "Can you hear?", "ber": "is t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bd ad tsllad?" }, { "en": "Hear me out.", "ber": "slla iyi." }, { "en": "I hear that.", "ber": "ar ttslla\u0263 i uyann." }, { "en": "Sami hears it.", "ber": "sami ar as ittslla." }, { "en": "Did you hear?", "ber": "is tsllad?" }, { "en": "I hear nothing.", "ber": "ur slla\u0263 i yat." }, { "en": "We hear you.", "ber": "ar ak nttslla." }, { "en": "We hear you.", "ber": "ar am nttslla." }, { "en": "I can hear.", "ber": "zmr\u0263 ad ttslla\u0263." }, { "en": "We hear music.", "ber": "ar nttslla i u\u1e93awan." }, { "en": "You hear me?", "ber": "ar iyi tettsllad?" }, { "en": "I hear someone.", "ber": "ar ttslla\u0263 i kra n yan." }, { "en": "I hear cats.", "ber": "ar ttslla\u0263 i imucca." }, { "en": "I never hear anything.", "ber": "ur jju slla\u0263 i kra." }, { "en": "Let me hear it.", "ber": "ajj iyi ad as slla\u0263." }, { "en": "Can you hear anything?", "ber": "is t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bd ad tettsllad i kra?" }, { "en": "Can you hear anything?", "ber": "is tzmrd ad tettsllad i kra?" }, { "en": "Can you hear me?", "ber": "is tzmrd ad iyi tettsllad?" }, { "en": "Can you hear me?", "ber": "is t\u0263iyd ad iyi tettsllad?" }, { "en": "Hear me out", "ber": " please.", "null": [ "slla iyi", " amur nnk." ] }, { "en": "Hear me out", "ber": " please.", "null": [ "slla iyi", " amur nnm." ] }, { "en": "I hear the phone.", "ber": "ar ttslla\u0263 i tilifun." }, { "en": "What did you hear?", "ber": "ma mi tsllad?" }, { "en": "Did you hear me?", "ber": "is iyi tsllad?" }, { "en": "Tom lost his hearing.", "ber": "\u1e6dum izla timsliwt nns." }, { "en": "Did you hear that?", "ber": "is tsllad i uyann?" }, { "en": "Can you hear us?", "ber": "is tufid ad a\u0263 tettsllad?" }, { "en": "Can you hear us?", "ber": "is t\u0263iyd ad a\u0263 tettsllad?" }, { "en": "Tom can hear you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad ak islla." }, { "en": "Tom can hear you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum izmr ad am islla." }, { "en": "Did you hear it?", "ber": "is as tsllad?" }, { "en": "Did you hear it?", "ber": "is as tsllam?" }, { "en": "Did you hear something?", "ber": "is tsllad i kra?" }, { "en": "Did you hear something?", "ber": "is tsllam i kra?" }, { "en": "Did somebody hear something?", "ber": "is islla kra n yan i kra?" }, { "en": "Did someone hear something?", "ber": "is islla kra n yan i kra?" }, { "en": "Tom is hearing something.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ar ittslla i kra." }, { "en": "Did anyone hear me?", "ber": "is iyi islla kra n yan?" }, { "en": "Tom will hear me.", "ber": "\u1e6dum rad iyi islla." }, { "en": "Tom will hear you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum rad ak islla." }, { "en": "Tom will hear you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum rad am islla." }, { "en": "Tom will hear you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum rad awn islla." }, { "en": "They'll hear us.", "ber": "rad a\u0263 sllan." }, { "en": "Let's hear it.", "ber": "aywa ad as nslla." }, { "en": "Let's hear it.", "ber": "ajjat a\u0263 ad as nslla." }, { "en": "What do you hear?", "ber": "ma mi tettsllad?" }, { "en": "I can hear Tom.", "ber": "zmr\u0263 ad sll\u0263 i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I can hear Tom.", "ber": "\u0263iy\u0263 ad slla\u0263 i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I can hear Tom.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad slla\u0263 i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I can hear you.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad am slla\u0263." }, { "en": "I can hear you.", "ber": "zmr\u0263 ad ak sll\u0263." }, { "en": "I hear only you.", "ber": "ar ttslla\u0263 \u0263s i kyyi." }, { "en": "I hear only you.", "ber": "ar ttslla\u0263 \u0263ar i kyyi." }, { "en": "I hear the noise.", "ber": "ar ttslla\u0263 i taqqurt." }, { "en": "Can they hear us?", "ber": "is zmrn ad a\u0263 sllan?" }, { "en": "Can they hear us?", "ber": "is \u0263iyn ad a\u0263 sllan?" }, { "en": "Can you hear them?", "ber": "is t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bd ad asn tsllad?" }, { "en": "Can you hear them?", "ber": "is tzmrd ad asn tsllad?" }, { "en": "Can you hear that?", "ber": "is tzmrd ad tsllad i uyann?" }, { "en": "Can you hear that?", "ber": "is t\u0263iyd ad tsllad i uyann?" }, { "en": "Do you hear it?", "ber": "is ar as tettsllat?" }, { "en": "They might hear us.", "ber": "zmrn ad a\u0263 sllan." }, { "en": "They might hear us.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn ad a\u0263 sllan." }, { "en": "Do you hear voices?", "ber": "is ar tettsllad i imslitn?" }, { "en": "Please hear me out.", "ber": "amur nnk slla iyi." }, { "en": "Please hear me out.", "ber": "amur nnm slla iyi." }, { "en": "I can hear him.", "ber": "zmr\u0263 ad as slla\u0263." }, { "en": "I can hear him.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad as slla\u0263." }, { "en": "I hear you well.", "ber": "ar ak ttslla\u0263 mli\u1e25." }, { "en": "We heard.", "ber": "nslla." }, { "en": "I heard.", "ber": "slla\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom heard.", "ber": "\u1e6dum islla." }, { "en": "You heard.", "ber": "tsllad." }, { "en": "You heard.", "ber": "tsllam." }, { "en": "You heard.", "ber": "tsllamt." }, { "en": "He heard.", "ber": "islla." }, { "en": "She heard.", "ber": "tslla." }, { "en": "Skura heard.", "ber": "skura tslla." }, { "en": "They heard.", "ber": "sllan." }, { "en": "They heard.", "ber": "sllant." }, { "en": "Ziri heard.", "ber": "ziri islla." }, { "en": "I heard you.", "ber": "slla\u0263 ak." }, { "en": "I heard you.", "ber": "slla\u0263 am." }, { "en": "I heard you.", "ber": "slla\u0263 awn." }, { "en": "I heard you.", "ber": "slla\u0263 awnt." }, { "en": "I heard voices.", "ber": "islla i imslitn." }, { "en": "I heard everything.", "ber": "slla\u0263 i kra illan." }, { "en": "I heard something.", "ber": "slla\u0263 i kra." }, { "en": "I heard Tom.", "ber": "slla\u0263 i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We heard Tom.", "ber": "nslla i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We heard you.", "ber": "nslla ak." }, { "en": "We heard you.", "ber": "nslla am." }, { "en": "We heard you.", "ber": "nslla awn." }, { "en": "They heard it.", "ber": "sllan as." }, { "en": "They heard it.", "ber": "sllant as." }, { "en": "They heard Tom.", "ber": "sllan i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "They heard Tom.", "ber": "sllant i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I heard coughing.", "ber": "slla\u0263 i tusut?" }, { "en": "I heard it.", "ber": "slla\u0263 as." }, { "en": "I heard screaming.", "ber": "slla\u0263 i t\u0263yyut." }, { "en": "I heard screams.", "ber": "slla\u0263 i is\u0263uyyutn." }, { "en": "I heard that.", "ber": "slla\u0263 i uyann." }, { "en": "Tom heard something.", "ber": "\u1e6dum islla i kra." }, { "en": "He heard it.", "ber": "islla as." }, { "en": "She heard it.", "ber": "tslla as." }, { "en": "Tom heard it.", "ber": "\u1e6dum islla as." }, { "en": "We heard it.", "ber": "nslla as." }, { "en": "He heard Tom.", "ber": "islla i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "She heard Tom.", "ber": "tslla i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "He'll hear me.", "ber": "rad iyi islla." }, { "en": "Tom will hear us.", "ber": "\u1e6dum rad a\u0263 islla." }, { "en": "I doubt Tom will hear us.", "ber": "urdi\u0263 is rad a\u0263 islla \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I hope you will hear me out.", "ber": "nnurz\u0263 is rad a\u0263 tsllad." }, { "en": "Shut up otherwise they will hear us.", "ber": "fss n\u0263 d rad a\u0263 sllan." }, { "en": "He'll hear you.", "ber": "rad ak islla." }, { "en": "He'll hear you.", "ber": "rad am islla." }, { "en": "He'll hear you.", "ber": "rad awn islla." }, { "en": "She'll hear me.", "ber": "rad iyi tslla." }, { "en": "They'll hear me.", "ber": "rad iyi sllan." }, { "en": "Shhh", "ber": " she'll hear you!", "null": [ "ccc", " rad ak tslla!" ] }, { "en": "Shhh", "ber": " she'll hear you!", "null": [ "ccc", " rad am tslla!" ] }, { "en": "Shut up!", "ber": "fss!" }, { "en": "Shut up!", "ber": "fssat!" }, { "en": "Shut up!", "ber": "fssamt!" }, { "en": "Shut up!", "ber": "qqn imi nnk!" }, { "en": "I shut up.", "ber": "fss\u0263." }, { "en": "Please shut up.", "ber": "amur nnk fss." }, { "en": "Tom shut up.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ifss." }, { "en": "They shut up.", "ber": "fssn." }, { "en": "They shut up.", "ber": "fssnt." }, { "en": "Just shut up.", "ber": "fss ka." }, { "en": "Just shut up.", "ber": "fssat hlli." }, { "en": "Now shut up.", "ber": "\u0263ila fss." }, { "en": "Shut up", "ber": " bitch!", "null": [ "fss a tamggant!" ] }, { "en": "He shut up.", "ber": "ifss." }, { "en": "Shut up", "ber": " stupid.", "null": [ "fss a amdduqqr." ] }, { "en": "She shut up.", "ber": "tfss." }, { "en": "Shut up and listen!", "ber": "fss tssfldd!" }, { "en": "Translate and shut up!", "ber": "ssu\u0263l tfssd!" }, { "en": "I said shut up!", "ber": "nni\u0263 ak fss!" }, { "en": "I said shut up!", "ber": "nni\u0263 fssat!" }, { "en": "I said shut up!", "ber": "nni\u0263 fss!" }, { "en": "Will you shut up?", "ber": "is rad tfssd?" }, { "en": "Can you shut up?", "ber": "is tzmrd ad tfssd?" }, { "en": "I should shut up.", "ber": "illa fllati ad fss\u0263." }, { "en": "Shut up and eat.", "ber": "fss tccd." }, { "en": "You better shut up.", "ber": "yuf ak ad tfssd." }, { "en": "You better shut up.", "ber": "yuf am ad tfssd." }, { "en": "I will shut him up.", "ber": "rad t sfss\u0263." }, { "en": "They wrote a book.", "ber": "uran yan udlis." }, { "en": "Have you read these letters?", "ber": "is t\u0263rid tibratin ad?" }, { "en": "How is the weather today?", "ber": "manmk iga unzwi ass a?" }, { "en": "Aren't you hungry yet?", "ber": "is ur ta k ya\u0263 la\u1e93?" }, { "en": "Did you find any gold?", "ber": "is tufid kra n wur\u0263?" }, { "en": "Did you find any gold?", "ber": "is tufam kra n wur\u0263?" }, { "en": "I'm the new teacher.", "ber": "gi\u0263 aslmad amaynu." }, { "en": "Can you stop a minute?", "ber": "is tufid ad tbdded yat tusdidt?" }, { "en": "He learned Latin at school.", "ber": "ilmd talatint g tinml." }, { "en": "Show yourself!", "ber": "ml d i\u0263f nnk!" }, { "en": "Show yourself!", "ber": "ml d ixf nnm!" }, { "en": "Show me.", "ber": "ml iyi." }, { "en": "Show me.", "ber": "mlat iyi." }, { "en": "Show me.", "ber": "mlamt iyi." }, { "en": "Show yourselves.", "ber": "mlat i\u0263fawn nnun." }, { "en": "Show yourselves.", "ber": "mlamt i\u0263fawn nnunt." }, { "en": "Show him.", "ber": "ml as." }, { "en": "Show him.", "ber": "mlat as." }, { "en": "Show your cards.", "ber": "ml tika\u1e5b\u1e0diwin nnk." }, { "en": "Show your cards.", "ber": "ml tika\u1e5b\u1e0diwin nnm." }, { "en": "Show me yours!", "ber": "ml iyi winnk!" }, { "en": "Show me yours!", "ber": "ml iyi winnm!" }, { "en": "Show me everything.", "ber": "ml iyi aynna illan." }, { "en": "Does it show?", "ber": "is ar tettuman?" }, { "en": "Tom never showed.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ur jju yuman." }, { "en": "Show me again.", "ber": "ml iyi da\u0263." }, { "en": "Show me again.", "ber": "mlat iyi da\u0263." }, { "en": "Show me how.", "ber": "ml iyi manmk." }, { "en": "Show me how.", "ber": "mlat iyi manmk." }, { "en": "Show me more.", "ber": "ml iyi uggar." }, { "en": "Show me more.", "ber": "mlat iyi uggar." }, { "en": "Show me that.", "ber": "ml iyi uyann." }, { "en": "I showed one.", "ber": "mli\u0263 yan." }, { "en": "Show them out.", "ber": "ml tn d." }, { "en": "Show them out.", "ber": "ml tnt d." }, { "en": "Show the money.", "ber": "ml idrimn." }, { "en": "Eat!", "ber": "cc!" }, { "en": "Eat everything.", "ber": "cc aynna illan." }, { "en": "I eat.", "ber": "ar ctta\u0263." }, { "en": "I eat.", "ber": "da ttetta\u0263." }, { "en": "Eat fruits!", "ber": "cc igumma!" }, { "en": "Eat snow.", "ber": "cc adfl." }, { "en": "Eat slowly.", "ber": "cc s imikk." }, { "en": "Eat me!", "ber": "cc i!" }, { "en": "Eat fruit!", "ber": "cc agmmu!" }, { "en": "Eat something.", "ber": "cc kra." }, { "en": "You eat.", "ber": "ar tcttad." }, { "en": "You eat.", "ber": "da ttettad." }, { "en": "We eat.", "ber": "ar nctta." }, { "en": "We eat.", "ber": "da nttetta." }, { "en": "I saw you with a girl.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 k d yat trbat." }, { "en": "I have a big cat.", "ber": "dari amaccu imqqurn." }, { "en": "I have a big cat.", "ber": "\u0263uri amaccu amqran." }, { "en": "They eat.", "ber": "ar cttan." }, { "en": "They eat.", "ber": "da ttettan." }, { "en": "Eat it!", "ber": "cc t!" }, { "en": "Eat it!", "ber": "cc tt!" }, { "en": "Please eat.", "ber": "amur nnk cc." }, { "en": "Please eat.", "ber": "amur nnm cc." }, { "en": "He eats.", "ber": "ar ictta." }, { "en": "He eats.", "ber": "da ittetta." }, { "en": "She eats.", "ber": "ar tctta." }, { "en": "She eats.", "ber": "da ttetta." }, { "en": "Eat fruit.", "ber": "cc agmmu." }, { "en": "Eat healthily.", "ber": "cc amtcu idusn." }, { "en": "Eat soup.", "ber": "cc askkif." }, { "en": "Eat vegetables.", "ber": "cc icakan." }, { "en": "Eat meat.", "ber": "cc tifiyi." }, { "en": "Eat meat.", "ber": "cc aksum." }, { "en": "Eat bread.", "ber": "cc a\u0263rum." }, { "en": "Finish eating.", "ber": "smd utci." }, { "en": "Eat some!", "ber": "cc kra!" }, { "en": "Eat", "ber": " eat!", "null": [ "cc! cc!" ] }, { "en": "Eat slowly!", "ber": "cc s imikk!" }, { "en": "Stop eating.", "ber": "sbdd utci." }, { "en": "Eat dates.", "ber": "cc tiyni." }, { "en": "Eat well.", "ber": "s tdusi." }, { "en": "Before eating?", "ber": "dat utci?" }, { "en": "After eating?", "ber": "\u1e0da\u1e5bt utci?" }, { "en": "Eat now.", "ber": "cc \u0263ila." }, { "en": "Eat here.", "ber": "cc \u0263id." }, { "en": "Eat here.", "ber": "cc da." }, { "en": "Eat more.", "ber": "cc uggar." }, { "en": "Eat some.", "ber": "cc kra." }, { "en": "Eat less.", "ber": "cc imikk." }, { "en": "Eat and drink.", "ber": "cc tsud." }, { "en": "He is eating.", "ber": "ar ictta." }, { "en": "He is eating.", "ber": "ar ittetta." }, { "en": "I eat here.", "ber": "ar ctta\u0263 \u0263id." }, { "en": "I eat here.", "ber": "da ttetta\u0263 da." }, { "en": "They eat chocolate.", "ber": "da ttettan cckla\u1e6d." }, { "en": "They eat chocolate.", "ber": "ar cttan cckla\u1e6d." }, { "en": "She is eating.", "ber": "ar ttetta." }, { "en": "We eat here.", "ber": "da nttetta da." }, { "en": "We eat here.", "ber": "ar nctta \u0263id." }, { "en": "Eat more vegetables.", "ber": "cc uggar n icakan." }, { "en": "Do not eat.", "ber": "ad ur tcttad." }, { "en": "Do not eat.", "ber": "ad ur ttettad." }, { "en": "Eat the bread!", "ber": "cc a\u0263rum!" }, { "en": "I will eat.", "ber": "rad cc\u0263." }, { "en": "Eating is good.", "ber": "utci ifulki." }, { "en": "Somebody is eating.", "ber": "kra n yan ar ictta." }, { "en": "Somebody is eating.", "ber": "kra n yan ar ittetta." }, { "en": "The cat eats.", "ber": "amaccu ar ictta." }, { "en": "The cat eats.", "ber": "amaccu da ittetta." }, { "en": "I'm eating.", "ber": "ar ctta\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm eating.", "ber": "ar ttetta\u0263." }, { "en": "You eat food.", "ber": "da ttettad amtcu." }, { "en": "You eat food.", "ber": "da tcttad amtcu." }, { "en": "I am eating.", "ber": "ar ctta\u0263." }, { "en": "I am eating.", "ber": "ar ttetta\u0263." }, { "en": "Eat your food.", "ber": "cc amtcu nnk." }, { "en": "Eat your food.", "ber": "cc amtcu nnm." }, { "en": "Can I eat?", "ber": "is zmr\u0263 ad cc\u0263?" }, { "en": "Can I eat?", "ber": "is \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad cc\u0263?" }, { "en": "Tom eats slowly.", "ber": "\u1e6dum da ittetta s imikk." }, { "en": "Tom eats slowly.", "ber": "\u1e6dum da ictta s imikk." }, { "en": "Let's eat.", "ber": "aywa ad ncc." }, { "en": "You should eat.", "ber": "illa fllak ad tccd." }, { "en": "You should eat.", "ber": "illa fllam ad tccd." }, { "en": "I eat bread.", "ber": "da ttetta\u0263 a\u0263rum." }, { "en": "I eat bread.", "ber": "da ctta\u0263 a\u0263rum." }, { "en": "Eat your veggies.", "ber": "cc icakan nnk." }, { "en": "Eat your veggies.", "ber": "cc icakan nnm." }, { "en": "Time to eat!", "ber": "akud n wutci!" }, { "en": "I eat everything.", "ber": "da ttetta\u0263 aynna illan." }, { "en": "I eat everything.", "ber": "da ctta\u0263 aynna illan." }, { "en": "Did Tom eat?", "ber": "is icca \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "We eat early.", "ber": "da nttetta zikk." }, { "en": "We eat early.", "ber": "da nctta zikk." }, { "en": "Is Tom eating?", "ber": "is ar ictta \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Is Tom eating?", "ber": "is ar ittetta \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Eat with us.", "ber": "cc ditn\u0263." }, { "en": "You must eat.", "ber": "illa fllak ad tccd." }, { "en": "You must eat.", "ber": "illa fllam ad tccd." }, { "en": "You will eat.", "ber": "rad tccd." }, { "en": "You will eat.", "ber": "rad tccm." }, { "en": "They eat meat.", "ber": "da cttan tifiyi." }, { "en": "They eat meat.", "ber": "da ttettan aksum." }, { "en": "I eat meat.", "ber": "da ttetta\u0263 aksum." }, { "en": "I eat meat.", "ber": "da ctta\u0263 tifiyi." }, { "en": "Tom was eating.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ikka tt inn ar ictta." }, { "en": "Tom was eating.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ikka tt inn da ittetta." }, { "en": "He will eat.", "ber": "rad icc." }, { "en": "Tom will eat.", "ber": "\u1e6dum rad icc." }, { "en": "We will eat here.", "ber": "rad ncc \u0263id." }, { "en": "We will eat here.", "ber": "rad ncc da." }, { "en": "You will eat bread.", "ber": "rad tccd a\u0263rum." }, { "en": "I will eat it.", "ber": "rad t cc\u0263." }, { "en": "I will eat it.", "ber": "rad tt cc\u0263." }, { "en": "She will eat it.", "ber": "rad t tcc." }, { "en": "She will eat it.", "ber": "rad tt tcc." }, { "en": "Ziri will eat apples.", "ber": "ziri rad icc adffuy." }, { "en": "I will eat oranges.", "ber": "rad cc\u0263 litcin." }, { "en": "Tom will eat with us.", "ber": "\u1e6dum rad ditn\u0263 icc." }, { "en": "You will eat an apple.", "ber": "rad tccd yat tdffuyt." }, { "en": "Who will eat the apple?", "ber": "manwa rad icc tadffuyt?" }, { "en": "I will eat your bananas.", "ber": "rad cc\u0263 ti\u0263ragganin nnk." }, { "en": "I will eat your bananas.", "ber": "rad cc\u0263 ti\u0263ragganin nnm." }, { "en": "They will eat our bread.", "ber": "rad ccn a\u0263rum nn\u0263." }, { "en": "You will eat my orange.", "ber": "rad tccd talitcint inu." }, { "en": "I will eat an orange.", "ber": "rad cc\u0263 yat tlitcint." }, { "en": "I ate.", "ber": "cci\u0263." }, { "en": "Who ate?", "ber": "manwa iccan?" }, { "en": "Who ate?", "ber": "manta iccan?" }, { "en": "Tom ate.", "ber": "\u1e6dum icca." }, { "en": "They ate.", "ber": "ccan." }, { "en": "They ate.", "ber": "ccant." }, { "en": "We ate.", "ber": "ncca." }, { "en": "He ate.", "ber": "icca." }, { "en": "Everyone ate.", "ber": "ku yan icca." }, { "en": "Yanni ate.", "ber": "yanni icca." }, { "en": "Ziri ate.", "ber": "ziri icca." }, { "en": "I ate caviar.", "ber": "cci\u0263 akafyar." }, { "en": "I already ate.", "ber": "cci\u0263 yad." }, { "en": "We already ate.", "ber": "ncca yad." }, { "en": "We ate eggs.", "ber": "ncca tiglay." }, { "en": "I ate it.", "ber": "cci\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I ate it.", "ber": "cci\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "I ate her.", "ber": "cci\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "I ate him.", "ber": "cci\u0263 t." }, { "en": "He ate out.", "ber": "ncca g b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "I ate one.", "ber": "ncca yan." }, { "en": "I ate one.", "ber": "ncca yat." }, { "en": "You ate nothing.", "ber": "ur ncci yat." }, { "en": "I just ate.", "ber": "cci\u0263 ka." }, { "en": "I just ate.", "ber": "cci\u0263 hlli." }, { "en": "Tom ate nothing.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ur icci yat." }, { "en": "They ate supper.", "ber": "ccan imnsi." }, { "en": "I won't say another word.", "ber": "ur rad ini\u0263 taguri ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "I am human.", "ber": "gi\u0263 afgan." }, { "en": "Tom loves humanity.", "ber": "\u1e6dum da ittiri tiffugna." }, { "en": "We're human.", "ber": "nga afgan." }, { "en": "Thanks", "ber": " man.", "null": [ "tanmmirt a argaz." ] }, { "en": "Which man?", "ber": "man argaz?" }, { "en": "The man blushed.", "ber": "izgg\u02b7a\u0263 urgaz." }, { "en": "The man awakens.", "ber": "da d inkkr urgaz." }, { "en": "Nice job", "ber": " man!", "null": [ "tawuri ifjjijn a argaz!" ] }, { "en": "Be a man.", "ber": "g argaz." }, { "en": "Merry Christmas.", "ber": "talalit tamggazt." }, { "en": "Merry Christmas!", "ber": "talalit tamggazt!" }, { "en": "Tom drinks.", "ber": "\u1e6dum da issa." }, { "en": "Tom drinks.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ar issa." }, { "en": "I drink.", "ber": "da ssa\u0263." }, { "en": "I drink.", "ber": "ar ssa\u0263." }, { "en": "Drink something.", "ber": "su kra." }, { "en": "Drink something.", "ber": "su kra n t\u0263awsa." }, { "en": "He drinks.", "ber": "da issa." }, { "en": "He drinks.", "ber": "ar issa." }, { "en": "Sami drinks.", "ber": "sami da issa." }, { "en": "Sami drinks.", "ber": "sami ar issa." }, { "en": "Drink this.", "ber": "su aya." }, { "en": "Drink coffee.", "ber": "su lqhwa." }, { "en": "Drink coffee.", "ber": "su ta\u0263lust." }, { "en": "Drink milk!", "ber": "su ak\u02b7fay!" }, { "en": "Mennad drinks.", "ber": "mnnad da issa." }, { "en": "Mennad drinks.", "ber": "mnnad ar issa." }, { "en": "Drink tea.", "ber": "su atay." }, { "en": "Stop drinking.", "ber": "sbdd tissi." }, { "en": "Drink water!", "ber": "su aman!" }, { "en": "Drink it.", "ber": "su t." }, { "en": "Drink it.", "ber": "su tt." }, { "en": "She drinks.", "ber": "da tssa." }, { "en": "She drinks.", "ber": "ar tssa." }, { "en": "Drink me.", "ber": "su i." }, { "en": "Ziri drinks.", "ber": "ziri da issa." }, { "en": "Ziri drinks.", "ber": "ziri ar issa." }, { "en": "Drink something!", "ber": "su kra." }, { "en": "We drink.", "ber": "ar nssa." }, { "en": "We drink.", "ber": "da nssa." }, { "en": "You drink.", "ber": "ar tssad." }, { "en": "You drink.", "ber": "da tssad." }, { "en": "They drink.", "ber": "ar ssan." }, { "en": "They drink.", "ber": "da ssan." }, { "en": "Drink it down.", "ber": "su t." }, { "en": "Drink it down.", "ber": "su tt." }, { "en": "Drink some tea.", "ber": "su kra n watay." }, { "en": "Drink some tea.", "ber": "su imikk n watay." }, { "en": "We drink everything.", "ber": "da nssa aynna illan." }, { "en": "We drink everything.", "ber": "ar nssa aynna illan." }, { "en": "Drink the medicine.", "ber": "su asafar." }, { "en": "I drink coffee.", "ber": "ar ssa\u0263 lqhwa." }, { "en": "I drink coffee.", "ber": "da ssa\u0263 ta\u0263lust." }, { "en": "I never drink.", "ber": "ur jju swi\u0263." }, { "en": "I drink alcohol.", "ber": "da ssa\u0263 i\u0263ism." }, { "en": "Let's drink.", "ber": "aywa ad nsu." }, { "en": "Are you drinking?", "ber": "is ar tssad?" }, { "en": "Are you drinking?", "ber": "is ar tssam?" }, { "en": "Are you drinking?", "ber": "is ar tssamt?" }, { "en": "Drink some water.", "ber": "su kra n waman." }, { "en": "Drink your milk.", "ber": "su ak\u02b7fay nnk." }, { "en": "Drink your milk.", "ber": "su ak\u02b7fay nnm." }, { "en": "Finish your drink.", "ber": "smd tamssuyt nnk." }, { "en": "Finish your drink.", "ber": "smd tamssuyt nnm." }, { "en": "Now drink up.", "ber": "\u0263ila su." }, { "en": "He drinks beer.", "ber": "da issa aman n tm\u1e93in." }, { "en": "Please drink tea.", "ber": "amur nnk su atay." }, { "en": "Please drink tea.", "ber": "amur nnm su atay." }, { "en": "Do you drink?", "ber": "is da tssad?" }, { "en": "Do you drink?", "ber": "is da tssam?" }, { "en": "Do you drink?", "ber": "is da tssamt?" }, { "en": "Drink more water.", "ber": "su sul aman." }, { "en": "Drink more water.", "ber": "swat sul aman." }, { "en": "I'm drinking.", "ber": "ar ssa\u0263." }, { "en": "I drink milk.", "ber": "da ssa\u0263 ak\u02b7fay." }, { "en": "I drink milk.", "ber": "ar ssa\u0263 ak\u02b7fay." }, { "en": "Sami drank.", "ber": "sami iswa." }, { "en": "Tom drank.", "ber": "\u1e6dum iswa." }, { "en": "Tom drank.", "ber": "iswa \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I drank.", "ber": "swi\u0263." }, { "en": "You drank.", "ber": "tswid." }, { "en": "You drank.", "ber": "tswam." }, { "en": "You drank.", "ber": "tswamt." }, { "en": "Mennad drank.", "ber": "mnnad iswa." }, { "en": "Mennad drank.", "ber": "iswa mnnad." }, { "en": "He drank.", "ber": "iswa." }, { "en": "Yanni drank.", "ber": "iswa yanni." }, { "en": "Ziri drank.", "ber": "iswa ziri." }, { "en": "Ziri drank.", "ber": "ziri iswa." }, { "en": "We drank.", "ber": "nswa." }, { "en": "I drank milk.", "ber": "swi\u0263 ak\u02b7fay." }, { "en": "They all drank.", "ber": "swan akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "I drank one.", "ber": "swi\u0263 yan." }, { "en": "I drank one.", "ber": "swi\u0263 yat." }, { "en": "She drank milk.", "ber": "tswa ak\u02b7fay." }, { "en": "Tom drank milk.", "ber": "iswa \u1e6dum ak\u02b7fay." }, { "en": "I drank tea.", "ber": "swi\u0263 atay." }, { "en": "He drank milk.", "ber": "iswa ak\u02b7fay." }, { "en": "Sami drank more.", "ber": "iswa sami uggar." }, { "en": "Sami drank vodka.", "ber": "sami iswa tafudkat." }, { "en": "Sami drank pee.", "ber": "iswa sami ib\u1e93\u1e0dan." }, { "en": "I drank it.", "ber": "swi\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I drank it.", "ber": "swi\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "She drank coffee.", "ber": "tswa lqhwa." }, { "en": "She drank coffee.", "ber": "tswa ta\u0263lust." }, { "en": "Mennad drank water.", "ber": "iswa mnnad aman." }, { "en": "I am drinking.", "ber": "ar ssa\u0263." }, { "en": "I am drinking milk.", "ber": "ar ssa\u0263 ak\u02b7fay." }, { "en": "I am drinking water.", "ber": "ar ssa\u0263 aman." }, { "en": "I am thirsty", "ber": " give me a drink", "null": [ " please.", "ya\u0263 i irifi", " fk iyi kra n tmssuyt", " amur nnk." ] }, { "en": "I drink water because I am thirsty.", "ber": "ar ssa\u0263 aman acku ya\u0263 i irifi." }, { "en": "I am going to drink my coffee.", "ber": "rad su\u0263 ta\u0263lust inu." }, { "en": "I am thirsty", "ber": " I want to drink.", "null": [ "ya\u0263 i irifi", " ri\u0263 ad su\u0263." ] }, { "en": "I am the man who drinks tea.", "ber": "gi\u0263 argaz lli issan atay." }, { "en": "I am thirsty. Give me something to drink!", "ber": "ya\u0263 i irifi. fk iyi kra ad t su\u0263." }, { "en": "I am drinking coffee at a cafe.", "ber": "ar ssa\u0263 lqhwa g yat talqhwat." }, { "en": "What am I drinking?", "ber": "mayd ssa\u0263?" }, { "en": "I am a slave to drink.", "ber": "gi\u0263 ismg n tissi." }, { "en": "Come!", "ber": "ack d!" }, { "en": "Coming!", "ber": "g u\u0263aras!" }, { "en": "Come on!", "ber": "aywa!" }, { "en": "Come here.", "ber": "ack d s \u0263id." }, { "en": "Come here.", "ber": "ack d s da." }, { "en": "Come along.", "ber": "ack d ditn\u0263." }, { "en": "Come quick!", "ber": "ack d s tfssi!" }, { "en": "Please come.", "ber": "amur nnk ack d." }, { "en": "Please come.", "ber": "amur nnm ack d." }, { "en": "Come in.", "ber": "kcm d." }, { "en": "Come home.", "ber": "ack d s tgmmi." }, { "en": "Come home.", "ber": "ack d s taddart." }, { "en": "Come now.", "ber": "ack d \u0263ila." }, { "en": "Come outside.", "ber": "ack d s b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "Come back.", "ber": "urri d." }, { "en": "Come quickly!", "ber": "ack d s tfssi!" }, { "en": "Come inside.", "ber": "ack d s ugnsu." }, { "en": "Come forward.", "ber": "ack d s mnid." }, { "en": "Come closer.", "ber": "a\u1e93 d." }, { "en": "Come early.", "ber": "ack d zikk." }, { "en": "Come dance!", "ber": "ack d \u1e25wwc!" }, { "en": "Come dance!", "ber": "ack d rkz!" }, { "en": "Come anytime.", "ber": "ack d kudnna ka." }, { "en": "Come try.", "ber": "ack d arm." }, { "en": "Come home!", "ber": "ack d s tgmmi!" }, { "en": "I come.", "ber": "da d ttack\u0263." }, { "en": "We come.", "ber": "da d nttack." }, { "en": "You come.", "ber": "da d tettackd." }, { "en": "She comes.", "ber": "da d ittack." }, { "en": "They come.", "ber": "da d ttackn." }, { "en": "Come help.", "ber": "ack d aws." }, { "en": "Come", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "ack d a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "Come today.", "ber": "ack d ass a." }, { "en": "Come watch.", "ber": "ack d \u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Summer has come.", "ber": "yucka d unbdu." }, { "en": "Come if possible.", "ber": "ack d ig yallfus." }, { "en": "Come if possible.", "ber": "ack d ig as tufid." }, { "en": "Please come again.", "ber": "amur nnk ack d da\u0263." }, { "en": "Please come again.", "ber": "amur nnm ack d da\u0263." }, { "en": "Here he comes.", "ber": "hat id yucka d." }, { "en": "Can you come?", "ber": "is tzmrd ad d tackd?" }, { "en": "Can you come?", "ber": "is t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bd ad d tackd?" }, { "en": "I'm coming.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 nn." }, { "en": "Come back soon.", "ber": "urri d g mayd d ya\u1e93n." }, { "en": "Come home early.", "ber": "ack d s tgmmi zikk." }, { "en": "I came yesterday.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d i\u1e0dgam." }, { "en": "I came yesterday.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d assnna\u1e6d." }, { "en": "I came back.", "ber": "urri\u0263." }, { "en": "I came back.", "ber": "a\u0263ul\u0263." }, { "en": "I came early.", "ber": "urri\u0263 d zikk." }, { "en": "I came early.", "ber": "a\u0263ul\u0263 d zikk." }, { "en": "But I came.", "ber": "maca ucki\u0263 d." }, { "en": "But I came.", "ber": "macc ucki\u0263 d." }, { "en": "I came in.", "ber": "kcm\u0263." }, { "en": "I came inside.", "ber": "kcm\u0263 s ugnns." }, { "en": "I came over.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d." }, { "en": "I came out.", "ber": "ff\u0263\u0263." }, { "en": "I came first.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d s izwir." }, { "en": "I came today.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d ass ad." }, { "en": "I came from China.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d sg ccinwa." }, { "en": "I came here yesterday.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d s \u0263id i\u1e0dgam." }, { "en": "I came here yesterday.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d s da assnna\u1e6d." }, { "en": "I came for you.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d fllak." }, { "en": "I came on foot.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d s u\u1e0da\u1e5b." }, { "en": "I came for Tom.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d \u0263f \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I came with Tom.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I came with Tom.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 akd \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I came back home.", "ber": "urri\u0263 d s tgmmi." }, { "en": "I came back home.", "ber": "a\u0263ul\u0263 d s uxxam." }, { "en": "I came by bus.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d s unsmaddu." }, { "en": "I came to help.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d ad aws\u0263." }, { "en": "Yesterday I came here.", "ber": "i\u1e0dgam ucki\u0263 d s \u0263id." }, { "en": "Yesterday I came here.", "ber": "assnna\u1e6d ucki\u0263 d s da." }, { "en": "I came from Switzerland.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d sg swisra." }, { "en": "I came from Iran.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d sg iran." }, { "en": "I came with him.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d dis." }, { "en": "I came with her.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d dis." }, { "en": "I came for him.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d fllas." }, { "en": "I came to talk.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d ad sawl\u0263." }, { "en": "I came by car.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d s thirit." }, { "en": "I came by myself.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d s yi\u0263f inu." }, { "en": "I came by train.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d s ulaway." }, { "en": "I came by taxi.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d s ttaksi." }, { "en": "I came home crying.", "ber": "urri\u0263 d s tgmmi ar alla\u0263." }, { "en": "I came home crying.", "ber": "a\u0263ul\u0263 d s taddart ar ttru\u0263." }, { "en": "I came by bike.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d s uzlalam." }, { "en": "I came to play.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d ad urar\u0263." }, { "en": "I came to know him.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d ad t ssn\u0263." }, { "en": "I came with my friends.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d d imddukk\u02b7al inu." }, { "en": "I came here to study.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 s \u0263id ad \u0263r\u0263." }, { "en": "I came to kill him.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d ad t n\u0263\u0263." }, { "en": "I came back for you.", "ber": "urri\u0263 d fllak." }, { "en": "I came back for you.", "ber": "a\u0263ul\u0263 d fllam." }, { "en": "I came to say hi.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d ad ini\u0263 azul." }, { "en": "I came to see Tom.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d ad \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I came looking for you.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d ar sik siggil\u0263." }, { "en": "I came to save you.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d ad k llil\u0263." }, { "en": "I came to see you.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d ad k \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "I came here to learn.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d s \u0263id ad lmd\u0263." }, { "en": "That's why I came.", "ber": "ayann a \u0263f d ucki\u0263." }, { "en": "I came only for you.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d \u0263s \u0263f kyyi." }, { "en": "I came to find you.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d ad k af\u0263." }, { "en": "I came home empty handed.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d s tgmmi s ifassn yugan." }, { "en": "He will come.", "ber": "rad d yack." }, { "en": "Tom will come.", "ber": "rad d yack \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "They will come.", "ber": "rad d ackn." }, { "en": "I will come.", "ber": "rad d ack\u0263." }, { "en": "We will come.", "ber": "rad d nack." }, { "en": "Nobody will come.", "ber": "ur rad d yack yan." }, { "en": "She will come.", "ber": "rad d tack." }, { "en": "You will come.", "ber": "rad d tackd." }, { "en": "It will come.", "ber": "rad d yack." }, { "en": "It will come.", "ber": "rad d tack." }, { "en": "He will come tomorrow.", "ber": "rad d yack azkka." }, { "en": "He will come back.", "ber": "rad d yurri." }, { "en": "He will come back.", "ber": "rad d ya\u0263ul." }, { "en": "Tom will come back.", "ber": "rad d yurri \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom will come back.", "ber": "rad d ya\u0263ul \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Your time will come.", "ber": "rad d yack wakud nnk." }, { "en": "Your time will come.", "ber": "rad d yack wakud nnm." }, { "en": "He will come later.", "ber": "rad d sul yack." }, { "en": "I will come tomorrow.", "ber": "rad d ack\u0263 azkka." }, { "en": "No one will come.", "ber": "ur rad d yack yan." }, { "en": "Chris will come here.", "ber": "rad d yack kris s \u0263id." }, { "en": "Sami will come tomorrow.", "ber": "rad d yack sami azkka." }, { "en": "Sami will come back.", "ber": "rad d yurri sami." }, { "en": "Sami will come back.", "ber": "rad d ya\u0263ul sami." }, { "en": "My turn will come.", "ber": "rad d tack twala inu." }, { "en": "Our turn will come.", "ber": "rad d tack twala nn\u0263." }, { "en": "Ziri will come later.", "ber": "rad d sul yack ziri." }, { "en": "Our day will come.", "ber": "rad d yack wass nn\u0263." }, { "en": "Ziri will come back.", "ber": "rad d yurri ziri." }, { "en": "Ziri will come back.", "ber": "rad d ya\u0263ul ziri." }, { "en": "Karl will come back.", "ber": "rad d yurri karl." }, { "en": "Karl will come back.", "ber": "rad d ya\u0263ul karl." }, { "en": "Your turn will come.", "ber": "rad d tack twala nnk." }, { "en": "Your turn will come.", "ber": "rad d tack twala nnm." }, { "en": "Your turn will come.", "ber": "rad d tack twala nnun." }, { "en": "Love will come in time.", "ber": "tayri rad d tack g wakud." }, { "en": "This dream will come true.", "ber": "tawargit ad rad sul tg tidt." }, { "en": "I will come with you.", "ber": "rad d dik ack\u0263." }, { "en": "No doubt he will come.", "ber": "ur gis turda is rad d yack." }, { "en": "Is there anything Tom won't do?", "ber": "is dinn kra ur rad t iskir \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "I don't like this book.", "ber": "ur i issusm udlis ad." }, { "en": "It's true that I want to know it.", "ber": "iga tidt mas ri\u0263 ad t ssn\u0263." }, { "en": "He's guilty.", "ber": "iga anbka\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Carry me.", "ber": "asi i." }, { "en": "Carry it.", "ber": "asi t." }, { "en": "Carry it.", "ber": "asi tt." }, { "en": "I carried one.", "ber": "usi\u0263 yan." }, { "en": "I carried one.", "ber": "usi\u0263 yat." }, { "en": "You carried nothing.", "ber": "ur tusid yat." }, { "en": "Mosquitoes carry malaria.", "ber": "wabiba da ittasi malarya." }, { "en": "Rats carry diseases.", "ber": "i\u0263rdayn da ttasin a\u1e6d\u1e6dann." }, { "en": "Dogs carry diseases.", "ber": "iydan da ttasin a\u1e6d\u1e6dann." }, { "en": "Sami carried Layla.", "ber": "yusi sami layla." }, { "en": "Sami carried Layla.", "ber": "sami yusi layla." }, { "en": "I carried Tom.", "ber": "usi\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We carried Tom.", "ber": "nusi \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Carry on", "ber": " Ziri.", "null": [ "smd a ziri." ] }, { "en": "Ziri carried on.", "ber": "ismd ziri." }, { "en": "Ziri carried Rima.", "ber": "ziri yusi rima." }, { "en": "I carried on.", "ber": "smd\u0263." }, { "en": "He carried on.", "ber": "ismd." }, { "en": "I carried Mina.", "ber": "usi\u0263 mina." }, { "en": "He carried Mina.", "ber": "yusi mina." }, { "en": "She carried Mina.", "ber": "tusi mina." }, { "en": "We carried Mina.", "ber": "nusi mina." }, { "en": "They carried Mina.", "ber": "usin mina." }, { "en": "Are you carrying?", "ber": "is ar tettasid?" }, { "en": "Carry this for me.", "ber": "asi iyi wa." }, { "en": "Carry this for me.", "ber": "asi iyi ta." }, { "en": "Carry your head high.", "ber": "all afus nnk s uflla." }, { "en": "Carry your head high.", "ber": "all afus nnm s uflla." }, { "en": "I carried three books.", "ber": "usi\u0263 k\u1e5ba\u1e0d idlisn." }, { "en": "Let me carry it.", "ber": "ajj i ad t asi\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom was carrying something.", "ber": "\u1e6dum yusi yadlli kra." }, { "en": "I'll carry it.", "ber": "rad t asi\u0263." }, { "en": "I'll carry it.", "ber": "rad tt asi\u0263." }, { "en": "I'll carry you.", "ber": "rad k asi\u0263." }, { "en": "I'll carry you.", "ber": "rad km asi\u0263." }, { "en": "I'll carry you.", "ber": "rad k\u02b7n asi\u0263." }, { "en": "Let Tom carry it.", "ber": "ajj \u1e6dum ad t yasi." }, { "en": "I can carry that.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad asi\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "I can carry that.", "ber": "zmr\u0263 ad asi\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "He carried her bag.", "ber": "yusi aqrab nns." }, { "en": "I'll carry this.", "ber": "rad asi\u0263 aya." }, { "en": "He'll carry you.", "ber": "rad k yasi." }, { "en": "He'll carry you.", "ber": "rad km yasi." }, { "en": "She'll carry you.", "ber": "rad k tasi." }, { "en": "She'll carry you.", "ber": "rad km tasi." }, { "en": "We will carry you.", "ber": "rad k nasi." }, { "en": "They will carry you.", "ber": "rad k asin." }, { "en": "They will carry you.", "ber": "rad km asin." }, { "en": "Good day!", "ber": "ass ifjjijn!" }, { "en": "Beautiful day.", "ber": "ass i\u1e93iln." }, { "en": "Another day passed.", "ber": "izri ass ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "The future began.", "ber": "inti yimal." }, { "en": "I have no future.", "ber": "ur dari kra n yimal." }, { "en": "Think about your future.", "ber": "swingm g yimal nnk." }, { "en": "Think about your future.", "ber": "swingm g yimal nnm." }, { "en": "Nobody knows the future.", "ber": "ur illi ma issnn imal." }, { "en": "Tom changed the future.", "ber": "\u1e6dum issnfl imal." }, { "en": "This is the future.", "ber": "aya ayd igan imal." }, { "en": "This is the future.", "ber": "wa ayd igan imal." }, { "en": "You have a future.", "ber": "dark imal." }, { "en": "You have a future.", "ber": "\u0263urm imal." }, { "en": "You have a future.", "ber": "darun imal." }, { "en": "Think of your future.", "ber": "swingm g yimal nnk." }, { "en": "Think of your future.", "ber": "swingm g yimal nnm." }, { "en": "The future is unknowable.", "ber": "imal ur ittussan." }, { "en": "Is that the future?", "ber": "is d imal ayann?" }, { "en": "Children are our future.", "ber": "tarwa gan imal nn\u0263." }, { "en": "The future is now.", "ber": "imal iga t \u0263ila." }, { "en": "That's our future.", "ber": "imal nn\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "I have future goals.", "ber": "dari isa\u0263dn n yimal." }, { "en": "I have future goals.", "ber": "\u0263uri isa\u0263dn n yimal." }, { "en": "Space is the future.", "ber": "asayrar iga imal." }, { "en": "Sami has no future.", "ber": "sami ur dars kra n yimal." }, { "en": "The future is here.", "ber": "imal illa \u0263id." }, { "en": "The future is here.", "ber": "imal illa da." }, { "en": "I saw the future.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 imal." }, { "en": "We have no future.", "ber": "ur darn\u0263 kra n yimal." }, { "en": "Religion has no future.", "ber": "as\u0263an ur dars kra n yimal." }, { "en": "My future remains uncertain.", "ber": "imal inu i\u0263ama ur ifaw." }, { "en": "I know my future.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 imal inu." }, { "en": "You have no future.", "ber": "ur dark kra n yimal." }, { "en": "You have no future.", "ber": "ur darm kra n yimal." }, { "en": "They're our future.", "ber": "gan imal nn\u0263." }, { "en": "Ziri knows the future.", "ber": "issn ziri imal." }, { "en": "The future is ours.", "ber": "imal iga winn\u0263." }, { "en": "You've no future.", "ber": "ur dark kra n yimal." }, { "en": "They are the future.", "ber": "gan imal." }, { "en": "A new future began.", "ber": "yan yimal amaynu inti." }, { "en": "We know the future.", "ber": "nssn imal." }, { "en": "She knows the future.", "ber": "tssn imal." }, { "en": "Enjoy life.", "ber": "fjjij g tudrt." }, { "en": "Life first!", "ber": "tudrt zwar!" }, { "en": "Live life!", "ber": "ddr tudrt!" }, { "en": "Life is beautiful.", "ber": "tudrt thyya." }, { "en": "Life is beautiful.", "ber": "tudrt tfjjij." }, { "en": "Life is beautiful.", "ber": "tudrt t\u1e93il." }, { "en": "Life is sweet.", "ber": "tudrt tmmim." }, { "en": "This is life!", "ber": "tudrt aya!" }, { "en": "How's life?", "ber": "manmk tga tudrt?" }, { "en": "Life is fun.", "ber": "tudrt tfjjij." }, { "en": "Life goes on.", "ber": "tudrt da tzzigiz." }, { "en": "That's life.", "ber": "tudrt ayann." }, { "en": "Life is unfair.", "ber": "tudrt tga taru\u0263dimt." }, { "en": "Life is hard.", "ber": "tudrt tmra." }, { "en": "Life is short.", "ber": "tudrt tgzzul." }, { "en": "I love life.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 tudrt." }, { "en": "Life is difficult.", "ber": "tudrt tmra." }, { "en": "Life is good.", "ber": "tudrt tfulki." }, { "en": "Water is life.", "ber": "aman gan tudrt." }, { "en": "Live your life!", "ber": "ddr tudrt nnk!" }, { "en": "Live your life!", "ber": "ddr tudrt nnm!" }, { "en": "Enjoy your life.", "ber": "fjjij g tudrt nnk." }, { "en": "Sami loves life.", "ber": "sami ar ittiri tudrt." }, { "en": "Why? \"Because!\"", "ber": "ma \u0263f? \"acku!\"" }, { "en": "Why? \"Just because.\"", "ber": "ma xf? \"\u0263s acku.\"" }, { "en": "Because of what?", "ber": "s usrag n mit?" }, { "en": "Because he invited me.", "ber": "acku i\u0263ra iyi." }, { "en": "Because it is there.", "ber": "acku illa \u0263inn." }, { "en": "Because it is there.", "ber": "acku illa dinn." }, { "en": "Because I speak Chinese.", "ber": "acku da sawal\u0263 tacinwit." }, { "en": "Because I hate you.", "ber": "acku ksn\u0263 k." }, { "en": "Because I hate you.", "ber": "acku ksn\u0263 km." }, { "en": "Because I said so.", "ber": "acku nni\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "Because I love you.", "ber": "acku ar k ttiri\u0263." }, { "en": "Because I love you.", "ber": "acku da km ttiri\u0263." }, { "en": "Because you want it.", "ber": "acku trid t." }, { "en": "Because you want it.", "ber": "acku trid tt." }, { "en": "Because I deserve it.", "ber": "acku uklal\u0263 t." }, { "en": "Because I deserve it.", "ber": "acku uklal\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "Because it's too big.", "ber": "acku iga bahra amqran." }, { "en": "Tom died because of me.", "ber": "immut \u1e6dum s usrag inu." }, { "en": "Tom left because of you.", "ber": "idda \u1e6dum s usrag nnk." }, { "en": "This is because of you.", "ber": "aya s usrag nnk." }, { "en": "Why? Because I said so.", "ber": "ma \u0263f? acku nni\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "I came because of Tom.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d s usrag n \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Because you are an idiot!", "ber": "acku tgid amdduqqr!" }, { "en": "She died because of you.", "ber": "tmmut s usrag nnk." }, { "en": "She died because of you.", "ber": "tmmut s usrag nnm." }, { "en": "I suffer because of you.", "ber": "mrrt\u0263 s usrag nnk." }, { "en": "I suffer because of you.", "ber": "mrrt\u0263 s usrag nnm." }, { "en": "Large or small?", "ber": "amqran n\u0263 d am\u1e93yan?" }, { "en": "Coffee or tea?", "ber": "ta\u0263lust n\u0263 d atay?" }, { "en": "Enter or exit.", "ber": "kcm n\u0263 tff\u0263d." }, { "en": "Enter or exit.", "ber": "kcm n\u0263 ff\u0263." }, { "en": "Buy or die!", "ber": "s\u0263 n\u0263 mmt!" }, { "en": "Victory", "ber": " or death!", "null": [ "tarnawt n\u0263 tamttant!" ] }, { "en": "God or nature.", "ber": "\u1e5bbbi n\u0263 agama." }, { "en": "God or nature.", "ber": "illu n\u0263 agama." }, { "en": "Fight or die.", "ber": "mma\u0263 n\u0263 mmt." }, { "en": "Now or never.", "ber": "\u0263ila n\u0263 ur jju." }, { "en": "You or I?", "ber": "kyyi n\u0263 nkki?" }, { "en": "You or I?", "ber": "kyyi n\u0263 d nkki?" }, { "en": "You or I?", "ber": "kmmi n\u0263 d nkki?" }, { "en": "All or nothing.", "ber": "akk\u02b7 n\u0263 amya." }, { "en": "Fight or flight.", "ber": "mma\u0263 n\u0263 rwl." }, { "en": "With pleasure!", "ber": "s tumrt!" }, { "en": "Come with us.", "ber": "ack d ditn\u0263." }, { "en": "Come with us.", "ber": "ddu d ditn\u0263." }, { "en": "Come with me.", "ber": "ack d diti." }, { "en": "Come with me.", "ber": "ackat d diti." }, { "en": "Stay with us.", "ber": "\u0263ama ditn\u0263." }, { "en": "Stay with us.", "ber": "qqim idn\u0263." }, { "en": "Deal with it!", "ber": "myagga dis!" }, { "en": "Stay with Tom.", "ber": "qqim akd \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Stay with Tom.", "ber": "\u0263ama d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Go with Tom.", "ber": "ddu d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Go with Tom.", "ber": "ddu akd \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Sing with us.", "ber": "ttirir ditn\u0263." }, { "en": "Walk with me.", "ber": "fttu diti." }, { "en": "Walk with me.", "ber": "ttddu diti." }, { "en": "Speak with me.", "ber": "sawal diti." }, { "en": "Go with them!", "ber": "ddu disn!" }, { "en": "Go with them!", "ber": "ddu disnt!" }, { "en": "Go with them!", "ber": "dduyat disn!" }, { "en": "Go with them!", "ber": "dduyat disnt!" }, { "en": "Go with me.", "ber": "ddu diti." }, { "en": "Go with me.", "ber": "mun diti." }, { "en": "Stay with them.", "ber": "qqim idsn." }, { "en": "Stay with them.", "ber": "qqim idsnt." }, { "en": "Stay with them.", "ber": "\u0263ama disn." }, { "en": "Stay with them.", "ber": "\u0263ama disnt." }, { "en": "Go with him.", "ber": "ddu dis." }, { "en": "Go with him.", "ber": "mun dis." }, { "en": "Go with her.", "ber": "mun dis." }, { "en": "Go with her.", "ber": "ddu dis." }, { "en": "Play with me.", "ber": "urar diti." }, { "en": "But why?", "ber": "maca ma \u0263f?" }, { "en": "But why?", "ber": "macc ma xf?" }, { "en": "No buts!", "ber": "ur illi maca!" }, { "en": "But look!", "ber": "maca \u1e93\u1e5b!" }, { "en": "But look!", "ber": "macc \u1e93\u1e5b!" }, { "en": "But", "ber": " what happened?", "null": [ "maca", " ma imsarn?" ] }, { "en": "Thanks", "ber": " but no.", "null": [ "tanmmirt", " maca uhu." ] }, { "en": "I can but wait.", "ber": "zmr\u0263 maca qql." }, { "en": "I can but wait.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 macc qql." }, { "en": "But it does move!", "ber": "maca da ittmussu!" }, { "en": "But where are we?", "ber": "maca mani g nlla?" }, { "en": "But it's true.", "ber": "maca d tidt!" }, { "en": "But it's true.", "ber": "macc iga tidt!" }, { "en": "But it's true.", "ber": "maca tga tidt." }, { "en": "But it's true!", "ber": "macc iga tidt!" }, { "en": "But it's true!", "ber": "maca d tidt!" }, { "en": "But you know that!", "ber": "maca tssnd ayann!" }, { "en": "She eats but little.", "ber": "da ttetta maca \u0263s imikk." }, { "en": "She eats but little.", "ber": "ar tctta macc \u0263ar imikk." }, { "en": "But life is hard.", "ber": "maca tudrt tmra." }, { "en": "Without a doubt!", "ber": "min turda!" }, { "en": "Tea without ice.", "ber": "atay min adfl." }, { "en": "Go without me!", "ber": "ddu min nkki!" }, { "en": "Go without me!", "ber": "ddu bla nkki!" }, { "en": "Continue without me.", "ber": "smd min nkki." }, { "en": "Without a doubt.", "ber": "min turda." }, { "en": "Go without us.", "ber": "ddu min nkkni." }, { "en": "Go without us.", "ber": "ddu bla nkk\u02b7ni." }, { "en": "When?", "ber": "managu?" }, { "en": "Since when?", "ber": "sg managu?" }, { "en": "Since when?", "ber": "sg mlmi?" }, { "en": "Til when?", "ber": "ar mlmi?" }, { "en": "Til when?", "ber": "ar managu?" }, { "en": "Until when?", "ber": "ar mlmi?" }, { "en": "Say when.", "ber": "ini mlmi." }, { "en": "Say when.", "ber": "ini managu." }, { "en": "When? \"Never.\"", "ber": "managu? \"jju.\"" }, { "en": "When? \"Never.\"", "ber": "managu? \"akk\u02b7.\"" }, { "en": "When in Rome...", "ber": "mlmi g \u1e5buma..." }, { "en": "When was that?", "ber": "mlmi illa ayann?" }, { "en": "When was that?", "ber": "managu illa ayann?" }, { "en": "Tell me when.", "ber": "ini iyi managu." }, { "en": "Tell me when.", "ber": "ini iyi mlmi." }, { "en": "Where and when?", "ber": "mani d mlmi?" }, { "en": "Where and when?", "ber": "mani d managu?" }, { "en": "When do we arrive?", "ber": "managu rad nlkm?" }, { "en": "When do we arrive?", "ber": "mlmi rad naw\u1e0d?" }, { "en": "When is your birthday?", "ber": "managu igan ass n tlalit nnk?" }, { "en": "When is your birthday?", "ber": "mlmi igan ass n tlalit nnm?" }, { "en": "When does it begin?", "ber": "mlmi intti?" }, { "en": "When do you work?", "ber": "mlmi tswuriyd?" }, { "en": "When do you work?", "ber": "managu tswuriyd?" }, { "en": "When were you born?", "ber": "managu tluld?" }, { "en": "When were you born?", "ber": "mlmi tluld?" }, { "en": "When will you leave?", "ber": "mlmi rad tddud?" }, { "en": "When will you leave?", "ber": "managu rad tftud?" }, { "en": "When will they arrive?", "ber": "mlmi rad aw\u1e0dn?" }, { "en": "When was it built?", "ber": "managu ittu\u1e93ka?" }, { "en": "When did you return?", "ber": "managu d turrid?" }, { "en": "When did you return?", "ber": "mlmi d ta\u0263uld?" }, { "en": "The dog didn't eat the meat.", "ber": "aydi ur icci aksum." }, { "en": "The dog didn't eat the meat.", "ber": "ur icci waydi tifiyi." }, { "en": "She wrote a book about animals.", "ber": "tura yan udlis \u0263f imudar." }, { "en": "What languages do you speak?", "ber": "man tutlayin tsawald?" }, { "en": "How should we solve the problem?", "ber": "manmk s d iqqan ad nfsi amukris?" }, { "en": "I have no time to wait.", "ber": "ur dari akud ad qql\u0263." }, { "en": "I have no time to wait.", "ber": "ur \u0263uri akud ad qql\u0263." }, { "en": "Did you wash the dishes?", "ber": "is tssirdd ifcka?" }, { "en": "Did you wash the dishes?", "ber": "is tssirdm ifcka?" }, { "en": "I do not read his novels.", "ber": "ur da aqqra\u0263 ungaln nns." }, { "en": "I do not read his novels.", "ber": "ur da qqar\u0263 ungaln nns." }, { "en": "We live in a house.", "ber": "nzd\u0263 g yan uxxam." }, { "en": "We live in a house.", "ber": "nzd\u0263 g yat tgmmi." }, { "en": "We live in a house.", "ber": "nzd\u0263 g yat taddart." }, { "en": "Where is the food?", "ber": "manza amtcu?" }, { "en": "Where is the food?", "ber": "mani g illa umtcu?" }, { "en": "What did you learn at school today?", "ber": "mayd tlmdd g tinml ass ad?" }, { "en": "What did you learn at school today?", "ber": "mayd tlmdm g tinml ass ad?" }, { "en": "My house is in this village.", "ber": "tigmmi inu tlla g t\u0263rmt ad." }, { "en": "My house is in this village.", "ber": "axxam inu illa g tmdint ad." }, { "en": "I won't buy that.", "ber": "ur rad s\u0263\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "Put it there.", "ber": "srs t \u0263inn." }, { "en": "Put it there.", "ber": "srs tt dinn." }, { "en": "Put it down.", "ber": "srs t." }, { "en": "Put it down.", "ber": "srs tt." }, { "en": "Put it back.", "ber": "rar t s ud\u0263ar nns." }, { "en": "Put that away.", "ber": "saggug nn ayann." }, { "en": "You stay put.", "ber": "qqim g ud\u0263ar nnk." }, { "en": "You stay put.", "ber": "\u0263ama g ud\u0263ar nnk." }, { "en": "Put Islam first.", "ber": "srs lislam g umzwaru." }, { "en": "Put yourself first.", "ber": "srs i\u0263f nnk g umzwaru." }, { "en": "Put your hands down!", "ber": "zzugz ifassn nnk!" }, { "en": "Put your hands down!", "ber": "zzugz ifassn nnm!" }, { "en": "Put your hands down!", "ber": "zzugzat ifassn nnun!" }, { "en": "Put on your shoes.", "ber": "ls iburksn nnk." }, { "en": "Put on your shoes.", "ber": "ls iburksn nnm." }, { "en": "Put down your pencil.", "ber": "srs ak\u1e5b\u1e5baj nnk." }, { "en": "Put down your pencil.", "ber": "srs ak\u1e5b\u1e5baj nnm." }, { "en": "Put the garbage outside.", "ber": "ssuf\u0263 arras s b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "Put on your coat.", "ber": "ls akbbu\u1e0d nnk." }, { "en": "Put on your coat.", "ber": "ls akbbu\u1e0d nnm." }, { "en": "Put away your toys.", "ber": "ssaggug nn tisurarin nnk." }, { "en": "Put your hands up!", "ber": "all ifassn nnk!" }, { "en": "Put your hands up!", "ber": "all ifassn nnm!" }, { "en": "Put your hands up!", "ber": "allat ifassn nnun!" }, { "en": "Put your hands up!", "ber": "allamt ifassn nnunt!" }, { "en": "Put your hat on.", "ber": "ls tarazal nnk." }, { "en": "Put your hat on.", "ber": "ls tarazal nnm." }, { "en": "Put your books away.", "ber": "sitti nn idlisn nnk." }, { "en": "Put your books away.", "ber": "sitti nn idlisn nnm." }, { "en": "Put out the light.", "ber": "ssxsi tifawt." }, { "en": "Put on your cap.", "ber": "ls tarazal nnk." }, { "en": "Put your hand down.", "ber": "srs ifassn nnk s izdar." }, { "en": "Put your hand down.", "ber": "srs ifassn nnm s izdar." }, { "en": "Put away the bread.", "ber": "sitti nn a\u0263rum." }, { "en": "Put down your weapons!", "ber": "srsat ikrradn nnun s izdar!" }, { "en": "Put your glasses on.", "ber": "ls tismaqqalin nnk." }, { "en": "Put your glasses on.", "ber": "ls tismaqqalin nnm." }, { "en": "Put the book there.", "ber": "srs adlis \u0263inn." }, { "en": "Put the book there.", "ber": "srs adlis dinn." }, { "en": "Put some clothes on.", "ber": "ls kra n imk\u1e5ba\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Put it down", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "srs t a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "Put it down", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "srs tt a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "Put all jokes aside!", "ber": "min tatnna\u1e93it!" }, { "en": "Put your camera away.", "ber": "sitti nn tamsulaft nnk." }, { "en": "Put your camera away.", "ber": "sitti nn tamsulaft nnm." }, { "en": "Where should we put it?", "ber": "mani g d iqqan ad t nsrs?" }, { "en": "Where should we put it?", "ber": "mani g d iqqan ad tt nsrs?" }, { "en": "What did you put there?", "ber": "mayd \u0263inn tsrsd?" }, { "en": "What did you put there?", "ber": "mayd dinn tsrsd?" }, { "en": "Tom put down the newspaper.", "ber": "isrs \u1e6dum a\u0263mis." }, { "en": "Could I put this here?", "ber": "is ufi\u0263 ad srs\u0263 aya \u0263id?" }, { "en": "Could I put this here?", "ber": "is zmr\u0263 ad srs\u0263 aya da?" }, { "en": "They put me in jail.", "ber": "srsn i g u\u0263zu." }, { "en": "They put me in jail.", "ber": "gan i g u\u0263zu." }, { "en": "Put your attention on that.", "ber": "rar taynit nnk s uyann." }, { "en": "Put your attention on that.", "ber": "rar taynit nnm s uyann." }, { "en": "She put away her phone.", "ber": "tsitti nn ttilifun nns." }, { "en": "I put one away.", "ber": "sitti\u0263 nn yan." }, { "en": "I put one away.", "ber": "sitti\u0263 nn yat." }, { "en": "I put it back.", "ber": "ruri\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I put it back.", "ber": "ruri\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "I put up my umbrella.", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93m\u0263 taran\u1e93a\u1e5b." }, { "en": "May I put it here?", "ber": "is ufi\u0263 ad t srs\u0263 \u0263id?" }, { "en": "May I put it here?", "ber": "is \u0263iy\u0263 ad tt srs\u0263 da?" }, { "en": "I put it here somewhere.", "ber": "srs\u0263 t g kra n mani \u0263i." }, { "en": "I put it here somewhere.", "ber": "srs\u0263 tt g kra n mani da." }, { "en": "Where did I put it?", "ber": "mani g t srs\u0263?" }, { "en": "Where did I put it?", "ber": "mani g tt srs\u0263?" }, { "en": "How should I put it?", "ber": "manmk s rad t srs\u0263?" }, { "en": "I put the book down.", "ber": "srs\u0263 adlis." }, { "en": "He put up a flag.", "ber": "yull yan ucnyal." }, { "en": "He put on a hat.", "ber": "ilsa tarazal." }, { "en": "She put on her hat.", "ber": "tlsa tarazal nns." }, { "en": "Where will she put it?", "ber": "mani g rad t tsrs?" }, { "en": "Where will she put it?", "ber": "mani g rad tt tsrs?" }, { "en": "Where will she put them?", "ber": "mani g rad tn tsrs?" }, { "en": "Where will she put them?", "ber": "mani g rad tnt tsrs?" }, { "en": "She put down her spoon.", "ber": "tsrs ta\u0263njawt nns." }, { "en": "I try.", "ber": "ar ttarm\u0263." }, { "en": "I try.", "ber": "da ttarm\u0263." }, { "en": "I try.", "ber": "mwat\u0263." }, { "en": "I laughed.", "ber": "\u1e0d\u1e63a\u0263." }, { "en": "I overslept.", "ber": "ssgut\u0263 i\u1e0d\u1e63." }, { "en": "I run.", "ber": "da ttazzal\u0263." }, { "en": "I run.", "ber": "ar ttazzal\u0263." }, { "en": "I agree.", "ber": "msasa\u0263." }, { "en": "May I?", "ber": "is zmr\u0263?" }, { "en": "May I?", "ber": "is \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263?" }, { "en": "I apologize.", "ber": "ssurf iyi." }, { "en": "I study.", "ber": "da qqar\u0263." }, { "en": "I study.", "ber": "ar aqqra\u0263." }, { "en": "I study.", "ber": "da zrru\u0263." }, { "en": "I walk.", "ber": "da ttddu\u0263." }, { "en": "I read.", "ber": "da qqar\u0263." }, { "en": "I read.", "ber": "ar aqqra\u0263." }, { "en": "I work.", "ber": "da swuriy\u0263." }, { "en": "I won!", "ber": "rni\u0263!" }, { "en": "I chuckled.", "ber": "\u1e0d\u1e63a\u0263." }, { "en": "I misunderstood.", "ber": "zgl\u0263 g urmas." }, { "en": "I disagree.", "ber": "ur msasa\u0263." }, { "en": "I contributed.", "ber": "iws\u0263." }, { "en": "I confessed.", "ber": "ssikz\u0263." }, { "en": "I waited.", "ber": "qql\u0263." }, { "en": "I survived.", "ber": "njm\u0263." }, { "en": "I stayed.", "ber": "\u0263ama\u0263." }, { "en": "I stayed.", "ber": "qqim\u0263." }, { "en": "I tried.", "ber": "urm\u0263." }, { "en": "I tried.", "ber": "mwat\u0263." }, { "en": "I sing.", "ber": "da ttirir\u0263." }, { "en": "I left.", "ber": "ddi\u0263." }, { "en": "I agreed.", "ber": "msasa\u0263." }, { "en": "I failed.", "ber": "guf\u0263." }, { "en": "I wish!", "ber": "ar ssitim\u0263!" }, { "en": "I wish!", "ber": "da ssitim\u0263!" }, { "en": "I wish!", "ber": "\u1e93u\u1e93\u1e0d\u0263!" }, { "en": "I slept.", "ber": "gn\u0263." }, { "en": "I screamed.", "ber": "s\u0263uyy\u0263." }, { "en": "I drowned.", "ber": "g\u1e0di\u0263." }, { "en": "I smiled.", "ber": "zmummg\u0263." }, { "en": "I fell.", "ber": "\u1e0d\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "I refuse.", "ber": "ugi\u0263." }, { "en": "I lied.", "ber": "skrks\u0263." }, { "en": "I smoked.", "ber": "kmi\u0263." }, { "en": "I fought.", "ber": "mma\u0263\u0263." }, { "en": "I walked.", "ber": "ddi\u0263." }, { "en": "I counted.", "ber": "ssi\u1e0dn\u0263." }, { "en": "I swam.", "ber": "ccf\u0263." }, { "en": "I died.", "ber": "mmut\u0263." }, { "en": "I worked.", "ber": "swuri\u0263." }, { "en": "I vomited.", "ber": "ruri\u0263." }, { "en": "I blushed.", "ber": "zgg\u02b7a\u0263\u0263." }, { "en": "Can I?", "ber": "is zmr\u0263?" }, { "en": "Can I?", "ber": "is \u0263iy\u0263?" }, { "en": "Can I?", "ber": "is \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263?" }, { "en": "I showered.", "ber": "cuccf\u0263." }, { "en": "I called.", "ber": "\u0263ri\u0263." }, { "en": "I called.", "ber": "sawl\u0263." }, { "en": "I arrived.", "ber": "lkm\u0263." }, { "en": "I arrived.", "ber": "aw\u1e0d\u0263." }, { "en": "I knew.", "ber": "ssn\u0263." }, { "en": "I ran.", "ber": "uzzl\u0263." }, { "en": "I won.", "ber": "rni\u0263." }, { "en": "I paid.", "ber": "fri\u0263." }, { "en": "I swim.", "ber": "da ttccff\u0263." }, { "en": "I bowed.", "ber": "kni\u0263." }, { "en": "I cried.", "ber": "alla\u0263." }, { "en": "I dozed.", "ber": "nnuddm\u0263." }, { "en": "I drive.", "ber": "da nddh\u0263." }, { "en": "I drove.", "ber": "ndh\u0263." }, { "en": "I moved.", "ber": "mmutti\u0263." }, { "en": "I snore.", "ber": "da sxurriy\u0263." }, { "en": "I stood.", "ber": "bdd\u0263." }, { "en": "I swore.", "ber": "ggull\u0263." }, { "en": "I burped.", "ber": "grr\u025b\u0263." }, { "en": "I danced.", "ber": "\u1e25wwc\u0263." }, { "en": "I danced.", "ber": "rkz\u0263." }, { "en": "I helped.", "ber": "iws\u0263." }, { "en": "I jumped.", "ber": "nggz\u0263." }, { "en": "I jumped.", "ber": "fn\u1e6d\u1e93\u0263." }, { "en": "I looked.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263." }, { "en": "I looked.", "ber": "smuqql\u0263." }, { "en": "I paused.", "ber": "bdd\u0263." }, { "en": "I prayed.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e93ull\u0263." }, { "en": "I shaved.", "ber": "\u1e25ffif\u0263." }, { "en": "I shaved.", "ber": "kks\u0263 azzar." }, { "en": "I talked.", "ber": "sawl\u0263." }, { "en": "I yawned.", "ber": "fa\u0263." }, { "en": "I approve.", "ber": "dggi\u0263." }, { "en": "I blinked.", "ber": "smrqqc\u0263." }, { "en": "I changed.", "ber": "nfl\u0263." }, { "en": "I cheated.", "ber": "\u0263cci\u0263." }, { "en": "I crashed.", "ber": "\u1e0d\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "I escaped.", "ber": "rwl\u0263." }, { "en": "I giggled.", "ber": "\u1e0d\u1e63a\u0263." }, { "en": "I relaxed.", "ber": "nnulwi\u0263." }, { "en": "I relaxed.", "ber": "sunfi\u0263." }, { "en": "I slipped.", "ber": "cc\u1e0d\u0263." }, { "en": "I sneezed.", "ber": "nzi\u0263." }, { "en": "I sneezed.", "ber": "tud i tnzi." }, { "en": "I stopped.", "ber": "bdd\u0263." }, { "en": "I listened.", "ber": "ssfld\u0263." }, { "en": "I shivered.", "ber": "rgagi\u0263." }, { "en": "I whistled.", "ber": "sin\u1e63g\u0263." }, { "en": "I disagreed.", "ber": "ur msasa\u0263." }, { "en": "I struggled.", "ber": "mwat\u0263." }, { "en": "I succeeded.", "ber": "murs\u0263." }, { "en": "I went.", "ber": "fti\u0263." }, { "en": "I went.", "ber": "ddi\u0263." }, { "en": "I swear!", "ber": "ar ttgalla\u0263!" }, { "en": "I swear!", "ber": "ggull\u0263!" }, { "en": "I travel.", "ber": "da ttmuddu\u0263." }, { "en": "I travel.", "ber": "ar ttmuddu\u0263." }, { "en": "I am travelling.", "ber": "ar ttmuddu\u0263." }, { "en": "I can.", "ber": "zmr\u0263." }, { "en": "I can.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "I can.", "ber": "\u0263iy\u0263." }, { "en": "I clapped.", "ber": "ut\u0263 tidiklt." }, { "en": "I hope.", "ber": "nnurz\u0263." }, { "en": "I hope.", "ber": "da ttnuruz\u0263." }, { "en": "I hope.", "ber": "ar ttnuruz\u0263." }, { "en": "I studied.", "ber": "\u0263ri\u0263." }, { "en": "I studied.", "ber": "zri\u0263." }, { "en": "I sang.", "ber": "irir\u0263." }, { "en": "I teach.", "ber": "da sslmad\u0263." }, { "en": "I teach.", "ber": "ar sslmad\u0263." }, { "en": "I smoke.", "ber": "da kmmi\u0263." }, { "en": "I go.", "ber": "da ttddu\u0263." }, { "en": "I speak.", "ber": "da sawal\u0263." }, { "en": "I speak.", "ber": "ar sawal\u0263." }, { "en": "I translated.", "ber": "ssu\u0263l\u0263." }, { "en": "I chewed.", "ber": "f\u1e93\u1e93\u0263." }, { "en": "I wrote.", "ber": "uri\u0263." }, { "en": "I closed.", "ber": "qqn\u0263." }, { "en": "I opened.", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93m\u0263." }, { "en": "I pray.", "ber": "ar tt\u1e93all\u0263." }, { "en": "I cursed.", "ber": "rgm\u0263." }, { "en": "I lingered.", "ber": "qqim\u0263." }, { "en": "I lingered.", "ber": "\u0263ama\u0263." }, { "en": "I spat.", "ber": "ssufs\u0263." }, { "en": "I work!", "ber": "ar swuriy\u0263!" }, { "en": "I work!", "ber": "da swuriy\u0263!" }, { "en": "I win.", "ber": "rni\u0263." }, { "en": "I breastfed.", "ber": "ssu\u1e6d\u1e0d\u0263." }, { "en": "I think.", "ber": "da swingim\u0263." }, { "en": "I think.", "ber": "\u0263al\u0263." }, { "en": "I suppose.", "ber": "urdi\u0263." }, { "en": "I think.", "ber": "dmi\u0263." }, { "en": "I started.", "ber": "ssnti\u0263." }, { "en": "I suffer.", "ber": "da ttmrrat\u0263." }, { "en": "I learn.", "ber": "da ttlmad\u0263." }, { "en": "I pass.", "ber": "ar zzray\u0263." }, { "en": "I pass.", "ber": "da zzray\u0263." }, { "en": "I pass.", "ber": "da zray\u0263." }, { "en": "I reversed.", "ber": "urri\u0263 s t\u0263rdin." }, { "en": "I reversed.", "ber": "a\u0263ul\u0263 s dffir." }, { "en": "I refused.", "ber": "ugi\u0263." }, { "en": "I wish.", "ber": "\u1e93u\u1e93\u1e0d\u0263." }, { "en": "I wish.", "ber": "da ssitim\u0263." }, { "en": "I have.", "ber": "dari." }, { "en": "I have.", "ber": "\u0263uri." }, { "en": "I married.", "ber": "iwl\u0263." }, { "en": "I translate.", "ber": "da ssu\u0263ul\u0263." }, { "en": "I traveled.", "ber": "mmuddi\u0263." }, { "en": "I count.", "ber": "da ssi\u1e0din\u0263." }, { "en": "I count.", "ber": "ar ssi\u1e0din\u0263." }, { "en": "I hunt.", "ber": "ar g\u02b7mmr\u0263." }, { "en": "I hunt.", "ber": "da gmmr\u0263." }, { "en": "I suffered.", "ber": "mrrt\u0263." }, { "en": "I masturbate.", "ber": "ar nn ttgg\u0263 tumma\u1e93t." }, { "en": "I passed.", "ber": "zri\u0263." }, { "en": "I played.", "ber": "urar\u0263." }, { "en": "I smell.", "ber": "da ttk\u1e0du\u0263." }, { "en": "I crawled.", "ber": "ctutl\u0263." }, { "en": "I crawled.", "ber": "\u1e25rurd\u0263." }, { "en": "I floated.", "ber": "aywul\u0263." }, { "en": "I knocked.", "ber": "sduqqr\u0263." }, { "en": "You tried.", "ber": "turmd." }, { "en": "You tried.", "ber": "turmm." }, { "en": "You tried.", "ber": "turmmt." }, { "en": "Hey", "ber": " you.", "null": [ "hih", " kyyi." ] }, { "en": "You called?", "ber": "tsawld d?" }, { "en": "After you.", "ber": "\u1e0da\u1e5bt ak." }, { "en": "And you?", "ber": "d kyyi?" }, { "en": "And you?", "ber": "d kmmi?" }, { "en": "You run.", "ber": "da tettazzald." }, { "en": "You run.", "ber": "da tettazzalm." }, { "en": "You disappear.", "ber": "da tettntald." }, { "en": "You disappear.", "ber": "da tettntalm." }, { "en": "Damn you!", "ber": "ad k in\u025bl \u1e5bbbi!" }, { "en": "You again?", "ber": "kyyi da\u0263?" }, { "en": "You again?", "ber": "kmmi da\u0263?" }, { "en": "You again?", "ber": "k\u02b7nni da\u0263?" }, { "en": "You recovered.", "ber": "tjjid." }, { "en": "You recovered.", "ber": "tjjim." }, { "en": "You recovered.", "ber": "tjjimt." }, { "en": "You dead.", "ber": "tmmutd." }, { "en": "You dead.", "ber": "tmmutm." }, { "en": "You dead.", "ber": "tmmutmt." }, { "en": "You lie.", "ber": "da tskrkisd." }, { "en": "You lie.", "ber": "da tskrkism." }, { "en": "You lie.", "ber": "da tskrkismt." }, { "en": "You decide.", "ber": "t\u0263tsd." }, { "en": "You survived.", "ber": "tnjmd." }, { "en": "You survived.", "ber": "tnjmm." }, { "en": "You survived.", "ber": "tnjmmt." }, { "en": "You promised.", "ber": "t\u1e0dwld." }, { "en": "You promised.", "ber": "t\u1e0dwlm." }, { "en": "You cheated.", "ber": "t\u0263ccid." }, { "en": "You missed.", "ber": "tzgld." }, { "en": "You missed.", "ber": "tzglm." }, { "en": "You missed.", "ber": "tzglmt." }, { "en": "You won.", "ber": "trnid." }, { "en": "You too.", "ber": "awd kyyi." }, { "en": "You too.", "ber": "awd kmmi." }, { "en": "You matter.", "ber": "tlid azal." }, { "en": "You matter.", "ber": "dark atig." }, { "en": "You matter.", "ber": "\u0263urm azal." }, { "en": "You played.", "ber": "turard." }, { "en": "You played.", "ber": "turarm." }, { "en": "You played.", "ber": "turarmt." }, { "en": "You returned.", "ber": "turrid." }, { "en": "You returned.", "ber": "turrid d." }, { "en": "You returned.", "ber": "turrim d." }, { "en": "You returned.", "ber": "ta\u0263uld." }, { "en": "You returned.", "ber": "ta\u0263ulm." }, { "en": "You returned.", "ber": "ta\u0263ulmt." }, { "en": "You fell.", "ber": "t\u1e0d\u1e5bd." }, { "en": "You fell.", "ber": "t\u1e0d\u1e5bm." }, { "en": "You fell.", "ber": "t\u1e0d\u1e5bmt." }, { "en": "You entered.", "ber": "tkcmd." }, { "en": "You entered.", "ber": "tkcmm." }, { "en": "You entered.", "ber": "tkcmmt." }, { "en": "You died.", "ber": "tmmutd." }, { "en": "You died.", "ber": "tmmutm." }, { "en": "You died.", "ber": "tmmutmt." }, { "en": "You traitor!", "ber": "a amkirrs!" }, { "en": "You fainted.", "ber": "tsxfd." }, { "en": "You fainted.", "ber": "tsxfm." }, { "en": "You fainted.", "ber": "tsxfmt." }, { "en": "You fled.", "ber": "trwld." }, { "en": "You fled.", "ber": "trwlm." }, { "en": "You fled.", "ber": "trwlmt." }, { "en": "You danced.", "ber": "t\u1e25wwcd." }, { "en": "You danced.", "ber": "trkzd." }, { "en": "You danced.", "ber": "trkzm." }, { "en": "You danced.", "ber": "t\u1e25wwcm." }, { "en": "You pig!", "ber": "a ilf!" }, { "en": "You drove.", "ber": "tndhd." }, { "en": "You first.", "ber": "kyyi zwar." }, { "en": "You first.", "ber": "kmmi zwar." }, { "en": "You escaped.", "ber": "trwld." }, { "en": "You escaped.", "ber": "trwlm." }, { "en": "You escaped.", "ber": "trwlmt." }, { "en": "You wish!", "ber": "t\u1e93u\u1e93\u1e0dd!" }, { "en": "You wish!", "ber": "da tssitimd!" }, { "en": "You stink.", "ber": "t\u1e93jid." }, { "en": "You stink.", "ber": "t\u1e93jam." }, { "en": "You smile.", "ber": "da tzmummugd." }, { "en": "You coughed.", "ber": "tusud." }, { "en": "You miss!", "ber": "tzgld!" }, { "en": "You miss!", "ber": "tzglm!" }, { "en": "After you!", "ber": "\u1e0da\u1e5bt ak!" }, { "en": "For you?", "ber": "\u0263f kyyi?" }, { "en": "For you?", "ber": "xf kmmi?" }, { "en": "Love you.", "ber": "ar k ttiri\u0263." }, { "en": "Love you.", "ber": "ar km ttiri\u0263." }, { "en": "You learned.", "ber": "tlmdd." }, { "en": "You learned.", "ber": "tlmdm." }, { "en": "You learned.", "ber": "tlmdmt." }, { "en": "You called.", "ber": "t\u0263rid." }, { "en": "You called.", "ber": "tsawld." }, { "en": "Oh", "ber": " you!", "null": [ "ah", " kyyi!" ] }, { "en": "You won!", "ber": "trzid!" }, { "en": "You succeeded!", "ber": "imurs!" }, { "en": "You succeeded!", "ber": "tmursm!" }, { "en": "You succeeded!", "ber": "tmursmt!" }, { "en": "You talk!", "ber": "da tsawald!" }, { "en": "You coward!", "ber": "a mik\u1e63u\u1e0d!" }, { "en": "You led.", "ber": "tglid." }, { "en": "You paying?", "ber": "ar tfrrud?" }, { "en": "You left.", "ber": "tftit." }, { "en": "You left.", "ber": "tddid." }, { "en": "You ran.", "ber": "tuzzld." }, { "en": "You ran.", "ber": "tuzzlm." }, { "en": "You ran.", "ber": "tuzzlmt." }, { "en": "You smoked.", "ber": "tkmid." }, { "en": "You smoked.", "ber": "tkmim." }, { "en": "You smoked.", "ber": "tkmimt." }, { "en": "You wrote.", "ber": "turid." }, { "en": "You wrote.", "ber": "turam." }, { "en": "You wrote.", "ber": "tarad." }, { "en": "You wrote.", "ber": "turamt." }, { "en": "You listened.", "ber": "tssfldd." }, { "en": "You listened.", "ber": "tssfldm." }, { "en": "You listened.", "ber": "tssfldmt." }, { "en": "You dined.", "ber": "tccid imnsi." }, { "en": "You dined.", "ber": "tccam imnsi." }, { "en": "You dined.", "ber": "tccamt imnsi." }, { "en": "You moved.", "ber": "tmmuttid." }, { "en": "You moved.", "ber": "tmmuttim." }, { "en": "You moved.", "ber": "tmmuttimt." }, { "en": "You started.", "ber": "tssntid." }, { "en": "You started.", "ber": "tssntim." }, { "en": "You started.", "ber": "tssntimt." }, { "en": "You counted.", "ber": "tssi\u1e0dnd." }, { "en": "You counted.", "ber": "tssi\u1e0dnm." }, { "en": "You counted.", "ber": "tssi\u1e0dnmt." }, { "en": "You understood.", "ber": "trmsd t." }, { "en": "You understood.", "ber": "trmsm." }, { "en": "You understood.", "ber": "trmsmt." }, { "en": "You hunted.", "ber": "tg\u02b7mrt." }, { "en": "You hunted.", "ber": "tgmrd." }, { "en": "You hunted.", "ber": "tgmrm." }, { "en": "You hunted.", "ber": "tgmrmt." }, { "en": "You sang.", "ber": "tirird." }, { "en": "You burned.", "ber": "tsskm\u1e0dd." }, { "en": "You burned.", "ber": "tsskm\u1e0dm." }, { "en": "You burned.", "ber": "tsskm\u1e0dmt." }, { "en": "You landed.", "ber": "trsd." }, { "en": "You landed.", "ber": "trsm." }, { "en": "You landed.", "ber": "trsmt." }, { "en": "You waited.", "ber": "tqqld." }, { "en": "You waited.", "ber": "tqqlm." }, { "en": "You waited.", "ber": "tqqlmt." }, { "en": "You barked.", "ber": "ta\u0263d." }, { "en": "You sank.", "ber": "tg\u1e0dad." }, { "en": "You sank.", "ber": "tg\u1e0dam." }, { "en": "You sank.", "ber": "tg\u1e0damt." }, { "en": "You taught.", "ber": "tsslmdd." }, { "en": "You taught.", "ber": "tsslmdm." }, { "en": "You taught.", "ber": "tsslmdmt." }, { "en": "You flew.", "ber": "tuyld." }, { "en": "You flew.", "ber": "tuylm." }, { "en": "You flew.", "ber": "tuylmt." }, { "en": "You stole.", "ber": "tukrd." }, { "en": "You stole.", "ber": "tukrm." }, { "en": "You stole.", "ber": "tukrmt." }, { "en": "Hey you.", "ber": "hih kyyi." }, { "en": "You swim.", "ber": "da tettccffd." }, { "en": "You swim.", "ber": "da tettccffm." }, { "en": "You swim.", "ber": "ar tettccfft." }, { "en": "You again!", "ber": "kyyi da\u0263!" }, { "en": "You again!", "ber": "kmmi da\u0263!" }, { "en": "You agreed.", "ber": "tmsasad." }, { "en": "You agreed.", "ber": "tmsasam." }, { "en": "You swam.", "ber": "tccffd." }, { "en": "You grow.", "ber": "da tettim\u0263urd." }, { "en": "You grow.", "ber": "da tettim\u0263urm." }, { "en": "You moron.", "ber": "a amdduqqr." }, { "en": "You moron.", "ber": "a tamdduqqrt." }, { "en": "You concentrated.", "ber": "tsnmsd." }, { "en": "You concentrated.", "ber": "tsnmsm." }, { "en": "You write.", "ber": "ar tettarat." }, { "en": "You write.", "ber": "da tettarad." }, { "en": "You write.", "ber": "da tettaram." }, { "en": "You write.", "ber": "da tettaramt." }, { "en": "You showered.", "ber": "tcuccfd." }, { "en": "You showered.", "ber": "tcuccfm." }, { "en": "You shrank.", "ber": "tkrid." }, { "en": "You shrank.", "ber": "tkrim." }, { "en": "You shrank.", "ber": "tkrimt." }, { "en": "You read.", "ber": "da tqqard." }, { "en": "You read.", "ber": "ar taqqrad." }, { "en": "You read.", "ber": "da tqqarm." }, { "en": "You read.", "ber": "da tqqarmt." }, { "en": "You read.", "ber": "ar taqqramt." }, { "en": "You overpaid.", "ber": "tfrid uggar." }, { "en": "You overpaid.", "ber": "tfram uggar." }, { "en": "You overpaid.", "ber": "tframt uggar." }, { "en": "Listen", "ber": " you.", "null": [ "ssfld kyyi." ] }, { "en": "Listen", "ber": " you.", "null": [ "ssfld kmmi." ] }, { "en": "Listen", "ber": " you.", "null": [ "ssfldat k\u02b7nni." ] }, { "en": "You yawned.", "ber": "tfad." }, { "en": "You yawned.", "ber": "tfam." }, { "en": "You hunt.", "ber": "da tg\u02b7mmrd." }, { "en": "You hunt.", "ber": "da tgmmrm." }, { "en": "You hunt.", "ber": "da tgmmrmt." }, { "en": "You jumped.", "ber": "tnggzd." }, { "en": "You jumped.", "ber": "tnggzm." }, { "en": "You jumped.", "ber": "tfn\u1e6d\u1e93d." }, { "en": "You jumped.", "ber": "tfn\u1e6d\u1e93m." }, { "en": "You wish.", "ber": "t\u1e93u\u1e93\u1e0dd." }, { "en": "You wish.", "ber": "t\u1e93u\u1e93\u1e0dm." }, { "en": "You wish.", "ber": "da tssitimm." }, { "en": "You wish.", "ber": "da tssitimd." }, { "en": "You fool!", "ber": "a anafal!" }, { "en": "You fool!", "ber": "a amxlaw!" }, { "en": "You cannot.", "ber": "ur as tufid." }, { "en": "You cannot.", "ber": "ur t\u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5bd." }, { "en": "You cannot.", "ber": "ur tzmird." }, { "en": "You cannot.", "ber": "ur tzmirm." }, { "en": "You continued.", "ber": "tsmdd." }, { "en": "You continued.", "ber": "tsmdm." }, { "en": "You stopped.", "ber": "tbdded." }, { "en": "You stopped.", "ber": "tbddm." }, { "en": "You stopped.", "ber": "tbddmt." }, { "en": "You teach.", "ber": "da tsslmadd." }, { "en": "You teach.", "ber": "da tsslmadm." }, { "en": "You teach.", "ber": "da tsslmadmt." }, { "en": "You smoke.", "ber": "da tkmmid." }, { "en": "You smoke.", "ber": "da tkmmim." }, { "en": "You smoke.", "ber": "da tkmmimt." }, { "en": "You spat.", "ber": "tssufsd." }, { "en": "You spat.", "ber": "tssufsm." }, { "en": "You spat.", "ber": "tssufsmt." }, { "en": "You cooked.", "ber": "tssnwid." }, { "en": "You cooked.", "ber": "tssnwam." }, { "en": "You cooked.", "ber": "tssnwamt." }, { "en": "You too?", "ber": "ula k\u02b7nni?" }, { "en": "You too?", "ber": "awd k\u02b7nni?" }, { "en": "You too?", "ber": "awd kyyi?" }, { "en": "You too?", "ber": "awd kmmi?" }, { "en": "Can you?", "ber": "is as tufid?" }, { "en": "Can you?", "ber": "is tzmrd?" }, { "en": "Can you?", "ber": "is tzmrm?" }, { "en": "Can you?", "ber": "is t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bd?" }, { "en": "Can you?", "ber": "is t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bm?" }, { "en": "You devil!", "ber": "a iblis!" }, { "en": "You devil!", "ber": "a adaymun!" }, { "en": "You hid.", "ber": "tntld." }, { "en": "You hid.", "ber": "tntlm." }, { "en": "You hid.", "ber": "tntlmt." }, { "en": "You hid.", "ber": "tffrd." }, { "en": "You hid.", "ber": "tffrm." }, { "en": "You hid.", "ber": "tffrmt." }, { "en": "You smell.", "ber": "da tettk\u1e0dud." }, { "en": "You smell.", "ber": "da tettk\u1e0dum." }, { "en": "You smell.", "ber": "da tettk\u1e0dumt." }, { "en": "You cook.", "ber": "da tssnwad." }, { "en": "You cook.", "ber": "da tssnwam." }, { "en": "You cook.", "ber": "da tssnwamt." }, { "en": "Poor you!", "ber": "a igllin!" }, { "en": "You snore.", "ber": "da tsxurriyd." }, { "en": "You snore.", "ber": "da tsxurriym." }, { "en": "You move.", "ber": "da tettmussud." }, { "en": "You move.", "ber": "da tettmussum." }, { "en": "You move.", "ber": "da tettmussumt." }, { "en": "You prayed.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e93ulld." }, { "en": "You prayed.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e93ullm." }, { "en": "You prayed.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e93ullmt." }, { "en": "You rock.", "ber": "a asulil." }, { "en": "Thank you?", "ber": "tanmmirt nnk?" }, { "en": "You wimp!", "ber": "a mik\u1e63u\u1e0d!" }, { "en": "You asked.", "ber": "tsqsam." }, { "en": "You first!", "ber": "kyyi zwar!" }, { "en": "You first!", "ber": "kmmi zwar!" }, { "en": "You first!", "ber": "k\u02b7nni zwar!" }, { "en": "You can.", "ber": "tzmrd." }, { "en": "You can.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bd." }, { "en": "You can.", "ber": "tzmrm." }, { "en": "You can.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bm." }, { "en": "You can.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bmt." }, { "en": "You can.", "ber": "tzmrmt." }, { "en": "You vomited.", "ber": "trurid." }, { "en": "You vomited.", "ber": "truram." }, { "en": "You vomited.", "ber": "truramt." }, { "en": "You remarried?", "ber": "is da\u0263 tiwld?" }, { "en": "You paint?", "ber": "da tssunu\u0263d?" }, { "en": "You cry.", "ber": "da tallad." }, { "en": "You cry.", "ber": "da tallam." }, { "en": "You cry.", "ber": "da tallamt." }, { "en": "You smiled.", "ber": "tzmummgd." }, { "en": "You smiled.", "ber": "tzmummgm." }, { "en": "You smiled.", "ber": "tzmummgmt." }, { "en": "You explain.", "ber": "da tssfrawd." }, { "en": "You explain.", "ber": "da tssfrawm." }, { "en": "You explain.", "ber": "da tssfrawmt." }, { "en": "You drown.", "ber": "da tettga\u1e0dd." }, { "en": "You drown.", "ber": "da tlqqid." }, { "en": "You screamed.", "ber": "ts\u0263uyyd." }, { "en": "You screamed.", "ber": "ts\u0263uyym." }, { "en": "You screamed.", "ber": "ts\u0263uyymt." }, { "en": "You bitch!", "ber": "a tamggant!" }, { "en": "You go.", "ber": "da tettddud." }, { "en": "You succeeded.", "ber": "tmursd." }, { "en": "You succeeded.", "ber": "tmursm." }, { "en": "You succeeded.", "ber": "tmursmt." }, { "en": "You thought.", "ber": "tdmid." }, { "en": "You thought.", "ber": "tdmam." }, { "en": "You thought.", "ber": "tdmamt." }, { "en": "You thought.", "ber": "t\u0263ald." }, { "en": "You thought.", "ber": "t\u0263alm." }, { "en": "You thought.", "ber": "t\u0263almt." }, { "en": "You breathe.", "ber": "da tsunfusd." }, { "en": "You breathe.", "ber": "ar tsunfusd." }, { "en": "You breathe.", "ber": "da tsunfusm." }, { "en": "You breathe.", "ber": "da tsunfusmt." }, { "en": "You breathe.", "ber": "ar tsunfusm." }, { "en": "I miss you.", "ber": "u\u1e0dn\u0263 k inn." }, { "en": "I miss you.", "ber": "u\u1e0dn\u0263 km inn." }, { "en": "I miss you.", "ber": "ya\u0263 i umarg nnk." }, { "en": "I miss you.", "ber": "ya\u0263 i umarg nnm." }, { "en": "You should sleep.", "ber": "illa fllak ad tgnd." }, { "en": "You should sleep.", "ber": "illa fllam ad tgnd." }, { "en": "You should sleep.", "ber": "illa fllatun ad tgnm." }, { "en": "You should sleep.", "ber": "illa fllatunt ad tgnmt." }, { "en": "Are you sure?", "ber": "is tlknd?" }, { "en": "Are you sure?", "ber": "is tlknm?" }, { "en": "Are you sure?", "ber": "is tlknmt?" }, { "en": "You look stupid.", "ber": "yuman is tdduqqrd." }, { "en": "You look stupid.", "ber": "da tettumand tdduqqrd." }, { "en": "You work hard.", "ber": "da tswuriym mli\u1e25." }, { "en": "You should apologize.", "ber": "illa fllak ad tssutrd asurf." }, { "en": "You look pale.", "ber": "tumand twrr\u0263d." }, { "en": "You like fruit.", "ber": "da tettirid agummu." }, { "en": "Can you swim?", "ber": "is t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bd ad tccffd?" }, { "en": "Can you swim?", "ber": "is t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bm ad tccffm?" }, { "en": "Can you swim?", "ber": "is tzmrd ad tccffd?" }, { "en": "Can you swim?", "ber": "is tzmrm ad tccffm?" }, { "en": "You are tallest.", "ber": "tgid akk\u02b7 u\u0263zif." }, { "en": "Where were you?", "ber": "mani g tt inn tkkid?" }, { "en": "Where were you?", "ber": "mani g tt inn tkkam?" }, { "en": "I believe you.", "ber": "da k ttflas\u0263." }, { "en": "I believe you.", "ber": "da km ttflas\u0263." }, { "en": "You are hopeless.", "ber": "ur gik iffu\u0263 umya." }, { "en": "You are hopeless.", "ber": "ur gim iffu\u0263 umya." }, { "en": "You are hopeless.", "ber": "ur gitun iffu\u0263 umya." }, { "en": "Green suits you.", "ber": "yucka d dik uzgzaw." }, { "en": "Green suits you.", "ber": "yucka d dim uzgzaw." }, { "en": "You go first.", "ber": "ftu zwar kyyi." }, { "en": "You go first.", "ber": "ddu zwar kyyi." }, { "en": "You go first.", "ber": "ddu zwar kmmi." }, { "en": "You go first.", "ber": "dduyat zwar k\u02b7nni." }, { "en": "You go first.", "ber": "dduyat zwar k\u02b7nninti." }, { "en": "You", "ber": " be quiet!", "null": [ "kyyi", " dkt!" ] }, { "en": "You", "ber": " be quiet!", "null": [ "kmmi", " dkt!" ] }, { "en": "You", "ber": " be quiet!", "null": [ "k\u02b7nni", " dktat!" ] }, { "en": "You come here.", "ber": "ack d s \u0263id." }, { "en": "You come here.", "ber": "ack d s da." }, { "en": "You startled me!", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e93mid i!" }, { "en": "You startled me!", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e93mam i!" }, { "en": "Are you mad?", "ber": "is trfid?" }, { "en": "You are doctors.", "ber": "tgam imsgnafn." }, { "en": "You are doctors.", "ber": "tgamt timsgnafin." }, { "en": "You like elephants.", "ber": "da tettirid ilwan." }, { "en": "You like elephants.", "ber": "da tettirim ilwan." }, { "en": "You like elephants.", "ber": "da tettirimt ilwan." }, { "en": "You drink tea.", "ber": "ar tssad atay." }, { "en": "You drink tea.", "ber": "da tssad atay." }, { "en": "You drink tea.", "ber": "da tssam atay." }, { "en": "You drink tea.", "ber": "da tssamt atay." }, { "en": "You study English.", "ber": "ar taqqrad tanglizt." }, { "en": "You study English.", "ber": "da tzrrud tanglizt." }, { "en": "You study English.", "ber": "da taqqram tanglizt." }, { "en": "You study English.", "ber": "da taqqramt tanglizt." }, { "en": "You study English.", "ber": "da tqqarm tanglizt." }, { "en": "You like balls.", "ber": "da tettirid tiwjjatin." }, { "en": "You like balls.", "ber": "da tettirim tiwjjatin." }, { "en": "You like balls.", "ber": "da tettirimt tiwjjatin." }, { "en": "Are you crazy?", "ber": "is tnufld?" }, { "en": "Are you crazy?", "ber": "is tnuflm?" }, { "en": "Are you crazy?", "ber": "is tgid anafal?" }, { "en": "Are you crazy?", "ber": "is tnuflmt?" }, { "en": "Do you remember?", "ber": "is tk\u02b7tid?" }, { "en": "Do you remember?", "ber": "is tk\u02b7tim?" }, { "en": "Do you remember?", "ber": "is tk\u02b7timt?" }, { "en": "Do you remember?", "ber": "is da tk\u02b7ttid?" }, { "en": "Do you remember?", "ber": "is da tk\u02b7ttim?" }, { "en": "You all right?", "ber": "ur k ya\u0263 kra?" }, { "en": "You all right?", "ber": "ur km ya\u0263 kra?" }, { "en": "Are you there?", "ber": "is \u0263inn tllid?" }, { "en": "Are you there?", "ber": "is \u0263inn tllam?" }, { "en": "Are you there?", "ber": "is dinn tllid?" }, { "en": "Are you there?", "ber": "is dinn tllam?" }, { "en": "Are you there?", "ber": "is \u0263inn tllamt?" }, { "en": "No", "ber": " thank you.", "null": [ "uhu", " tanmmirt nnk." ] }, { "en": "No", "ber": " thank you.", "null": [ "uhu", " tanmmirt nnm." ] }, { "en": "No", "ber": " thank you.", "null": [ "uhu", " tanmmirt nnun." ] }, { "en": "You're disgusting!", "ber": "da tsrarad!" }, { "en": "You're disgusting!", "ber": "da tsraram!" }, { "en": "You're disgusting!", "ber": "da tsraramt!" }, { "en": "You helped Mommy?", "ber": "is tiwsd i immi?" }, { "en": "You helped Mommy?", "ber": "is tiwsm i immi?" }, { "en": "You helped Mommy?", "ber": "is tiwsmt i inna?" }, { "en": "You're sick!", "ber": "kyyi tu\u1e0dnd!" }, { "en": "You're sick!", "ber": "tu\u1e0dnm!" }, { "en": "You're sick!", "ber": "tu\u1e0dnmt!" }, { "en": "Yes", "ber": " you must.", "null": [ "yah", " illa fllak." ] }, { "en": "Yes", "ber": " you must.", "null": [ "yah", " illa fllam." ] }, { "en": "There you are.", "ber": "hak inn \u0263inn." }, { "en": "There you are.", "ber": "hak inn dinn." }, { "en": "You said it!", "ber": "tnnid t!" }, { "en": "You said it!", "ber": "tnnid tt!" }, { "en": "You said it!", "ber": "tnnam t!" }, { "en": "You said it!", "ber": "tnnam tt!" }, { "en": "You look tired.", "ber": "yuman is t\u1e5bmid." }, { "en": "You look tired.", "ber": "yuman is t\u1e5bmim." }, { "en": "You always sing.", "ber": "da bdda tettirird." }, { "en": "You always sing.", "ber": "da bdda tettirirm." }, { "en": "You always sing.", "ber": "da bdda tettirirmt." }, { "en": "You are wrong.", "ber": "tzgld." }, { "en": "You are wrong.", "ber": "tzglm." }, { "en": "You are wrong.", "ber": "tzglmt." }, { "en": "You are drunk!", "ber": "tswid!" }, { "en": "You are drunk!", "ber": "tswam!" }, { "en": "You are drunk!", "ber": "tswamt!" }, { "en": "You're overworked.", "ber": "t\u1e5bmid bahra." }, { "en": "Whatever you like.", "ber": "aynna trid." }, { "en": "Whatever you like.", "ber": "aynna tram." }, { "en": "Whatever you like.", "ber": "aynna tramt." }, { "en": "Thank you", "ber": " brothers.", "null": [ "tanmmirt nnun a aytma." ] }, { "en": "You look busy.", "ber": "tumand ur tsalad." }, { "en": "You were busy.", "ber": "ur yadlli tsalad." }, { "en": "You look busy.", "ber": "tumand ur k id ya\u0263." }, { "en": "You were busy.", "ber": "ur k id yaddli ya\u0263." }, { "en": "Are you studying?", "ber": "is ar taqqrad?" }, { "en": "Are you studying?", "ber": "is ar tqqard?" }, { "en": "Are you studying?", "ber": "is ar taqqram?" }, { "en": "Are you studying?", "ber": "is ar tqqarm?" }, { "en": "Are you studying?", "ber": "is ar taqqramt?" }, { "en": "You will study.", "ber": "rad t\u0263rd." }, { "en": "You will study.", "ber": "rad tzrud." }, { "en": "You will study.", "ber": "rad t\u0263rm." }, { "en": "You will study.", "ber": "rad t\u0263rmt." }, { "en": "You are sharp.", "ber": "tmsadd." }, { "en": "You are sharp.", "ber": "tmsadm." }, { "en": "You are sharp.", "ber": "tmsadmt." }, { "en": "You guessed right.", "ber": "tcuckid tt id." }, { "en": "Can you drive?", "ber": "is tzmrd ad tndhd?" }, { "en": "You were mine.", "ber": "tgid yadlli winu." }, { "en": "You were mine.", "ber": "tgam yadlli winu." }, { "en": "You were mine.", "ber": "tgid yadlli tinu." }, { "en": "You are stupid.", "ber": "tdduqqrd." }, { "en": "You are stupid.", "ber": "tdduqqrm." }, { "en": "You are crazy.", "ber": "tnufld." }, { "en": "You are crazy.", "ber": "tnuflm." }, { "en": "You have everything.", "ber": "dark kraygatt ta\u0263awsa." }, { "en": "You have everything.", "ber": "\u0263urk ti\u0263awsiwin akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "You have everything.", "ber": "\u0263urm ti\u0263awsiwin akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "You cannot climb!", "ber": "ur tzmird ad talid!" }, { "en": "You cannot climb!", "ber": "ur t\u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5bd ad talid!" }, { "en": "Whatever you say.", "ber": "aynna tettinid." }, { "en": "Are you students?", "ber": "is tgam inlmadn?" }, { "en": "Are you students?", "ber": "is tgamt tinlmadin?" }, { "en": "Are you students?", "ber": "is tgam imzrawn?" }, { "en": "Are you students?", "ber": "is tgamt timzrawin?" }, { "en": "You've changed.", "ber": "tnfld." }, { "en": "You've changed.", "ber": "tnflm." }, { "en": "You've changed.", "ber": "tnflmt." }, { "en": "I found you.", "ber": "ufi\u0263 k." }, { "en": "I found you.", "ber": "ufi\u0263 km." }, { "en": "I found you.", "ber": "ufi\u0263 k\u02b7n." }, { "en": "I found you.", "ber": "ufi\u0263 k\u02b7nt." }, { "en": "Are you working?", "ber": "is ar tswuriyd?" }, { "en": "Are you working?", "ber": "is ar tswuriym?" }, { "en": "Are you working?", "ber": "is ar tswuriymt?" }, { "en": "I thank you.", "ber": "ar k snimmir\u0263." }, { "en": "I thank you.", "ber": "da k snimmir\u0263." }, { "en": "I thank you.", "ber": "ar km snimmir\u0263." }, { "en": "I thank you.", "ber": "ar k\u02b7n snimmir\u0263." }, { "en": "I thank you.", "ber": "ar k\u02b7nt snimmir\u0263." }, { "en": "You will melt.", "ber": "rad tfsid." }, { "en": "You will melt.", "ber": "rad tfsim." }, { "en": "You will melt.", "ber": "rad tfsimt." }, { "en": "Are you kidding?", "ber": "is ar tettna\u1e93d?" }, { "en": "Are you kidding?", "ber": "is ar tettna\u1e93m?" }, { "en": "Are you kidding?", "ber": "is ar tettna\u1e93mt?" }, { "en": "Thank you", "ber": " Doctor.", "null": [ "tanmmirt nnk a amsgnaf." ] }, { "en": "Shame on you!", "ber": "iga fllak azawar!" }, { "en": "Shame on you!", "ber": "iga fllam azawar!" }, { "en": "You are late.", "ber": "tmu\u1e6dld." }, { "en": "You are late.", "ber": "tmu\u1e6dlm." }, { "en": "You are late.", "ber": "tmu\u1e6dlmt." }, { "en": "Are you lost?", "ber": "is tjlam?" }, { "en": "Are you lost?", "ber": "is tjlamt?" }, { "en": "Are you single?", "ber": "is tgid amyiwn?" }, { "en": "You look sick.", "ber": "yuman gik is tu\u1e0dnd." }, { "en": "You look sick.", "ber": "yuman gim is tu\u1e0dnd." }, { "en": "Are you tired?", "ber": "is t\u1e5bmid?" }, { "en": "Are you tired?", "ber": "is t\u1e5bmim?" }, { "en": "Are you tired?", "ber": "is t\u1e5bmimt?" }, { "en": "Do you follow?", "ber": "is ar tett\u1e0dfa\u1e5bd?" }, { "en": "Do you follow?", "ber": "is ar tett\u1e0dfa\u1e5bm?" }, { "en": "Do you follow?", "ber": "is ar tett\u1e0dfa\u1e5bmt?" }, { "en": "You know what?", "ber": "tssnm mit?" }, { "en": "You know what?", "ber": "tssnmt mit?" }, { "en": "You changed it?", "ber": "tssnfld t?" }, { "en": "You changed it?", "ber": "tssnfld tt?" }, { "en": "You changed it?", "ber": "tssnflm t?" }, { "en": "You changed it?", "ber": "tssnflmt t?" }, { "en": "Are you sleepy?", "ber": "is da tettnuddumd?" }, { "en": "Are you sleepy?", "ber": "is ar tettnuddumd?" }, { "en": "Are you sleepy?", "ber": "is ar tettnuddumm?" }, { "en": "Are you sleepy?", "ber": "is ar tettnuddummt?" }, { "en": "Good for you.", "ber": "ifulki ak." }, { "en": "Good for you.", "ber": "ifulki am." }, { "en": "Good for you.", "ber": "ifulki awn." }, { "en": "Good for you.", "ber": "ifulki awnt." }, { "en": "Who are you?", "ber": "mayd tgid?" }, { "en": "Who are you?", "ber": "mayd tgam?" }, { "en": "Who are you?", "ber": "mayd tgamt?" }, { "en": "Who are you?", "ber": "manwa tgid?" }, { "en": "Who are you?", "ber": "manta tgid?" }, { "en": "You are rich.", "ber": "tgid anb\u0263ur." }, { "en": "You are rich.", "ber": "tgid tanb\u0263urt." }, { "en": "You are rich.", "ber": "tgam inb\u0263urn." }, { "en": "You are rich.", "ber": "tgamt tinb\u0263urin." }, { "en": "Are you serious?", "ber": "is tgid amaglay?" }, { "en": "Are you serious?", "ber": "is ar nit tsawald s tidt?" }, { "en": "Are you ready?", "ber": "is tmuttgd?" }, { "en": "Are you ready?", "ber": "is tmuttgm?" }, { "en": "Are you ready?", "ber": "is tmuttgmt?" }, { "en": "Fine. And you?", "ber": "tfra. ima kyyi?" }, { "en": "Fine. And you?", "ber": "tfra. ima kmmi?" }, { "en": "You seem distant.", "ber": "irwas is taggugd." }, { "en": "You seem distant.", "ber": "irwas is taggugm." }, { "en": "You seem distant.", "ber": "irwas is taggugmt." }, { "en": "Are you alone?", "ber": "is tgid amyiwn?" }, { "en": "I missed you.", "ber": "ya\u0263 i umarg nnk." }, { "en": "I missed you.", "ber": "ya\u0263 i umarg nnm." }, { "en": "I missed you.", "ber": "u\u1e0dn\u0263 k inn." }, { "en": "I missed you.", "ber": "u\u1e0dn\u0263 km inn." }, { "en": "You're right.", "ber": "t\u0263\u1e93and." }, { "en": "You're right.", "ber": "t\u0263\u1e93anm." }, { "en": "You're right.", "ber": "t\u0263\u1e93anmt." }, { "en": "Are you married?", "ber": "is tiwld?" }, { "en": "Are you married?", "ber": "is tiwlm?" }, { "en": "Are you married?", "ber": "is tiwlmt?" }, { "en": "You need this.", "ber": "tusrd aya." }, { "en": "You need this.", "ber": "tusrm aya." }, { "en": "You need this.", "ber": "tusrmt aya." }, { "en": "You like it?", "ber": "tssusm k?" }, { "en": "You like it?", "ber": "tssusm km?" }, { "en": "As you order!", "ber": "imklli s tettrd!" }, { "en": "Are you new?", "ber": "is tgid amaynu?" }, { "en": "Are you new?", "ber": "is tgam imaynutn?" }, { "en": "Are you new?", "ber": "is tgamt timaynutin?" }, { "en": "Were you shot?", "ber": "is tettuttd?" }, { "en": "Look behind you.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5b dffir nnk." }, { "en": "Look behind you.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5b dffir nnm." }, { "en": "Did you call?", "ber": "is t\u0263rid?" }, { "en": "Did you call?", "ber": "is tsawld?" }, { "en": "Did you call?", "ber": "is t\u0263ram?" }, { "en": "Did you call?", "ber": "is tsawlm?" }, { "en": "You're kidding!", "ber": "ar tettna\u1e93d!" }, { "en": "You're kidding!", "ber": "ar tettna\u1e93m!" }, { "en": "You're kidding!", "ber": "ar tettna\u1e93mt!" }, { "en": "You're joking!", "ber": "ar tettna\u1e93d!" }, { "en": "Are you free?", "ber": "is tgid ilelli?" }, { "en": "Are you free?", "ber": "is tgid tilellit?" }, { "en": "Are you free?", "ber": "is tgam ilelliyn?" }, { "en": "Are you free?", "ber": "is tgamt tilelliyin?" }, { "en": "Have you finished?", "ber": "is tsmdd?" }, { "en": "Have you finished?", "ber": "is tsmdm?" }, { "en": "Have you finished?", "ber": "is tsmdmt?" }, { "en": "I adore you.", "ber": "da fllak ttmtat\u0263." }, { "en": "I adore you.", "ber": "da fllam ttmtat\u0263." }, { "en": "I adore you.", "ber": "da k bahra ttiri\u0263." }, { "en": "I adore you.", "ber": "da km bahra ttiri\u0263." }, { "en": "You must go.", "ber": "illa fllak ad tddud." }, { "en": "You must go.", "ber": "illa fllam ad tddud." }, { "en": "You must go.", "ber": "illa fllatun ad tddum." }, { "en": "You must go.", "ber": "illa fllatunt ad tddumt." }, { "en": "I trust you.", "ber": "da gik ttflas\u0263." }, { "en": "I trust you.", "ber": "ar gik ttflas\u0263." }, { "en": "I trust you.", "ber": "ar gim ttflas\u0263." }, { "en": "I trust you.", "ber": "ar gitun ttflas\u0263." }, { "en": "I trust you.", "ber": "ar gitunt ttflas\u0263." }, { "en": "Are you angry?", "ber": "is trfid?" }, { "en": "Are you angry?", "ber": "is trfam?" }, { "en": "Are you angry?", "ber": "is trfamt?" }, { "en": "Do you smoke?", "ber": "is da tkmmid?" }, { "en": "Do you smoke?", "ber": "is da tkmmim?" }, { "en": "Do you smoke?", "ber": "is da tkmmimt?" }, { "en": "If you want.", "ber": "mk t\u0263smt." }, { "en": "Are you Japanese?", "ber": "is tgid ayabani?" }, { "en": "Can you imagine?", "ber": "is tzmrd ad tssugnd?" }, { "en": "Can you imagine?", "ber": "is t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bt ad tssugnd?" }, { "en": "What are you?", "ber": "mayd tgid?" }, { "en": "What are you?", "ber": "mayd tgam?" }, { "en": "What are you?", "ber": "mayd tgamt?" }, { "en": "Are you well?", "ber": "yak ur k ya\u0263 kra?" }, { "en": "Are you well?", "ber": "yak ur km ya\u0263 kra?" }, { "en": "Do you know?", "ber": "is tssnd?" }, { "en": "Do you know?", "ber": "is tssnm?" }, { "en": "Do you know?", "ber": "is tssnmt?" }, { "en": "Jesus hates you.", "ber": "iksn k yasu\u025b." }, { "en": "Jesus hates you.", "ber": "iksn km yasu\u025b." }, { "en": "You're crazy!", "ber": "tnufld!" }, { "en": "You're crazy!", "ber": "tnuflm!" }, { "en": "You're crazy!", "ber": "tnuflmt!" }, { "en": "You are children.", "ber": "tgam azzann." }, { "en": "You are hot!", "ber": "tr\u0263id!" }, { "en": "You are hot!", "ber": "tr\u0263am!" }, { "en": "You are hot!", "ber": "tr\u0263amt!" }, { "en": "You are welcome.", "ber": "brrk." }, { "en": "You are welcome.", "ber": "ansuf sik." }, { "en": "You are welcome.", "ber": "ansuf isk." }, { "en": "You are welcome.", "ber": "ansuf sim." }, { "en": "You are welcome.", "ber": "ansuf situn." }, { "en": "You are welcome.", "ber": "ansuf situnt." }, { "en": "You made it!", "ber": "tskrd t!" }, { "en": "You made it!", "ber": "tskrd tt!" }, { "en": "You made it!", "ber": "tskrm tt!" }, { "en": "You made it!", "ber": "tskrmt tt!" }, { "en": "You need money?", "ber": "tusrd idrimn?" }, { "en": "You need money?", "ber": "tusrm idrimn?" }, { "en": "You need money?", "ber": "tusrmt idrimn?" }, { "en": "You teach Arabic.", "ber": "da tsslmadd ta\u025b\u1e5babt." }, { "en": "You teach Arabic.", "ber": "da tsslmadm ta\u025b\u1e5babt." }, { "en": "You teach Arabic.", "ber": "da tsslmadmt ta\u025b\u1e5babt." }, { "en": "You will fail.", "ber": "rad tgufd." }, { "en": "You will fail.", "ber": "rad tgufm." }, { "en": "Who teaches you?", "ber": "mayd k isslmadn?" }, { "en": "Who teaches you?", "ber": "mayd km issaqqran?" }, { "en": "Who teaches you?", "ber": "manwa k isslmadn?" }, { "en": "Who teaches you?", "ber": "manta k isslmadn?" }, { "en": "I understand you.", "ber": "da k ttrmas\u0263." }, { "en": "I understand you.", "ber": "da km ttrmas\u0263." }, { "en": "I understand you.", "ber": "da k\u02b7n ttrmas\u0263." }, { "en": "I understand you.", "ber": "da k\u02b7nt ttrmas\u0263." }, { "en": "Thank you", "ber": " sir.", "null": [ "tanmmirt nnk a mass." ] }, { "en": "What hurts you?", "ber": "mayd k ik\u02b7mmin?" }, { "en": "What hurts you?", "ber": "mayd k ibrrin?" }, { "en": "What hurts you?", "ber": "mayd km ibrrin?" }, { "en": "What hurts you?", "ber": "mayd km ik\u02b7mmin?" }, { "en": "Are you John?", "ber": "is tgid jun?" }, { "en": "Are you John?", "ber": "is d kyyi a igan jun?" }, { "en": "You are blushing.", "ber": "ar tettizg\u02b7i\u0263d." }, { "en": "You are blushing.", "ber": "ar tettizg\u02b7i\u0263m." }, { "en": "You are blushing.", "ber": "ar tettizg\u02b7i\u0263mt." }, { "en": "You went there.", "ber": "tddid s \u0263inn." }, { "en": "You went there.", "ber": "tddid s dinn." }, { "en": "You went there.", "ber": "tddam s \u0263inn." }, { "en": "You went there.", "ber": "tddamt s \u0263inn." }, { "en": "I hear you.", "ber": "ar awn ttslla\u0263." }, { "en": "I hear you.", "ber": "ar awnt ttslla\u0263." }, { "en": "Are you listening?", "ber": "is ar tssflidd?" }, { "en": "Are you listening?", "ber": "is ar tssflidm?" }, { "en": "Are you listening?", "ber": "is ar tssflidmt?" }, { "en": "I beg you.", "ber": "amur nnk." }, { "en": "I beg you.", "ber": "amur nnm." }, { "en": "Jesus loves you.", "ber": "da k ittiri \u025bisa." }, { "en": "Jesus loves you.", "ber": "da km ittiri \u025bisa." }, { "en": "I hate you.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 k." }, { "en": "I hate you.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 km." }, { "en": "I hate you.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 k\u02b7n." }, { "en": "I hate you.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 k\u02b7nt." }, { "en": "You're going?", "ber": "rad tddud?" }, { "en": "You're going?", "ber": "rad tddum?" }, { "en": "You're going?", "ber": "rad tddumt?" }, { "en": "Are you lonely?", "ber": "is tgid amyiwn?" }, { "en": "Are you lonely?", "ber": "is tgid tamyiwnt?" }, { "en": "Are you Andalusian?", "ber": "is tgid andalusi?" }, { "en": "You'll fall!", "ber": "rad t\u1e0d\u1e5bd!" }, { "en": "You'll fall!", "ber": "rad t\u1e0d\u1e5bm!" }, { "en": "You'll fall!", "ber": "rad t\u1e0d\u1e5bmt!" }, { "en": "Could you elaborate?", "ber": "is tzmrd ad tssisfiwd?" }, { "en": "Could you elaborate?", "ber": "is t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bt ad tssisfiwt?" }, { "en": "Could you elaborate?", "ber": "is tzmrm ad tssisfiwm?" }, { "en": "Could you elaborate?", "ber": "is tzmrmt ad tssisfiwmt?" }, { "en": "I get you.", "ber": "rms\u0263 k." }, { "en": "I get you.", "ber": "rms\u0263 km." }, { "en": "I get you.", "ber": "rms\u0263 k\u02b7n." }, { "en": "I get you.", "ber": "rms\u0263 k\u02b7nt." }, { "en": "You love coffee.", "ber": "da tettirid ta\u0263lust." }, { "en": "You love coffee.", "ber": "da tettirim lqhwa." }, { "en": "You love coffee.", "ber": "da tettirimt ta\u0263lust." }, { "en": "You recovered quickly.", "ber": "tjjid s tmmri." }, { "en": "You recovered quickly.", "ber": "tjjim s tmmri." }, { "en": "You recovered quickly.", "ber": "tjjimt s tmmri." }, { "en": "Are you OK?", "ber": "yak ur k ya\u0263 kra?" }, { "en": "Are you OK?", "ber": "yak ur km ya\u0263 kra?" }, { "en": "Are you OK?", "ber": "yak ur k\u02b7n ya\u0263 kra?" }, { "en": "Are you OK?", "ber": "yak ur k\u02b7nt ya\u0263 kra?" }, { "en": "Have you eaten?", "ber": "is tccid?" }, { "en": "Have you eaten?", "ber": "is tccam?" }, { "en": "Have you eaten?", "ber": "is tccamt?" }, { "en": "You look amazing.", "ber": "tumand t\u0263udid." }, { "en": "You look amazing.", "ber": "tumanm t\u0263udam." }, { "en": "You look beautiful.", "ber": "tumand t\u1e93ild." }, { "en": "You look European.", "ber": "trwasd awrufi." }, { "en": "You look exhausted.", "ber": "yuma gik is t\u1e5bmid." }, { "en": "You look Japanese.", "ber": "trwasd ayabani." }, { "en": "Are you alright?", "ber": "yak ur k ya\u0263 kra?" }, { "en": "Are you alright?", "ber": "yak ur km ya\u0263 kra?" }, { "en": "Are you alright?", "ber": "yak ur k\u02b7n ya\u0263 kra?" }, { "en": "Are you alright?", "ber": "yak ur k\u02b7nt ya\u0263 kra?" }, { "en": "Are dragons real?", "ber": "is gan ibatrurn tidt?" }, { "en": "Kill the dragon.", "ber": "n\u0263 abatrur." }, { "en": "Kill the dragons.", "ber": "n\u0263 ibatrurn." }, { "en": "The dragon escaped.", "ber": "irwl ubatrur." }, { "en": "Are you awake?", "ber": "is tnkrd?" }, { "en": "Are you awake?", "ber": "is tnkrm?" }, { "en": "Are you awake?", "ber": "is tnkrmt?" }, { "en": "Dragons are imaginary animals.", "ber": "ibatrurn gan imudar usginn." }, { "en": "You learn English.", "ber": "da tettlmadd tanglizt." }, { "en": "You learn English.", "ber": "da tettlmadm tanglizt." }, { "en": "You learn English.", "ber": "da tettlmadmt tanglizt." }, { "en": "Where are my dragons?", "ber": "mani g llan ibatrurn inu?" }, { "en": "You're pretty.", "ber": "t\u1e93ild." }, { "en": "You're pretty.", "ber": "t\u1e93ilm." }, { "en": "Dragons are imaginary creatures.", "ber": "ibatrurn gan imttwa\u0263nutn usginn." }, { "en": "You're pretty.", "ber": "t\u1e93ilmt." }, { "en": "What do dragons eat?", "ber": "mayd cttan ibatrurn?" }, { "en": "You're what?", "ber": "tgid mit?" }, { "en": "You're what?", "ber": "tgam mit?" }, { "en": "You're what?", "ber": "tgamt mit?" }, { "en": "It's a dragon.", "ber": "abatrur aya." }, { "en": "Are you healthy?", "ber": "is tdusd?" }, { "en": "Are you healthy?", "ber": "is tdusm?" }, { "en": "Dragons are dangerous creatures.", "ber": "ibatrurn gan imttwa\u0263nutn imiziyn." }, { "en": "Are you healthy?", "ber": "is tdusmt?" }, { "en": "You are John.", "ber": "tgid jun." }, { "en": "You are John.", "ber": "tgit jun." }, { "en": "It's a dragon!", "ber": "abatrur aya." }, { "en": "Dragons are powerful creatures.", "ber": "ibatrurn gan imttwa\u0263nutn dusnin." }, { "en": "Are you Chinese?", "ber": "is tgid acinwi?" }, { "en": "How are you", "ber": " Dragon?", "null": [ "manmk tgid a abatrur?" ] }, { "en": "Are you Chinese?", "ber": "is tgid tacinwit?" }, { "en": "Are you Chinese?", "ber": "is tgam icinwiyn?" }, { "en": "Are you Chinese?", "ber": "is tgamt ticinwiyin?" }, { "en": "Tom killed the dragon.", "ber": "tum in\u0263a abatrur." }, { "en": "Is that a dragon?", "ber": "is d abatrur aya?" }, { "en": "Dragons aren't pets.", "ber": "ibatrurn ur gin inmyarn." }, { "en": "Are you breathing?", "ber": "is ar tsunfusd?" }, { "en": "Gabriel killed a dragon.", "ber": "gabryil in\u0263a yan ubatrur." }, { "en": "Are you breathing?", "ber": "is ar tsunfusm?" }, { "en": "Are you breathing?", "ber": "is ar tsunfusmt?" }, { "en": "I found the dragon.", "ber": "ufi\u0263 abatrur." }, { "en": "You got it.", "ber": "trmsd t." }, { "en": "You got it.", "ber": "trmsd tt." }, { "en": "The dragon can be defeated.", "ber": "abatrur ur ar ittunra." }, { "en": "The dragon cannot be defeated.", "ber": "abatrur ur ar ittunra." }, { "en": "Are you hurt?", "ber": "is k ya\u0263 kra?" }, { "en": "The dragon cannot be killed.", "ber": "abatrur ur ar ittun\u0263a." }, { "en": "The dragon cannot be killed.", "ber": "abatrur ur yallfus ad ittun\u0263a." }, { "en": "Are you hurt?", "ber": "is tettubrayd?" }, { "en": "You're surrounded.", "ber": "issutl ak." }, { "en": "Are you deaf?", "ber": "is tgid a\u1e0d\u1e5b\u1e0du\u1e5b?" }, { "en": "Are you deaf?", "ber": "is tgam i\u1e0d\u1e5b\u1e0da\u1e5b?" }, { "en": "Are you deaf?", "ber": "is tgamt ti\u1e0d\u1e5b\u1e0da\u1e5b?" }, { "en": "Are you deaf?", "ber": "is tgid ta\u1e0d\u1e5b\u1e0du\u1e5bt?" }, { "en": "She betrayed you.", "ber": "tkrrs k." }, { "en": "She betrayed you.", "ber": "tkrrs km." }, { "en": "He betrayed you.", "ber": "ikrrs k." }, { "en": "He betrayed you.", "ber": "ikrrs km." }, { "en": "They betrayed you.", "ber": "krrsn k." }, { "en": "I betrayed you.", "ber": "krrs\u0263 k." }, { "en": "You did it!", "ber": "tskrd t!" }, { "en": "You did it!", "ber": "tskrd tt!" }, { "en": "You did it!", "ber": "tskrm tt!" }, { "en": "You did it!", "ber": "tskrmt tt!" }, { "en": "You know English?", "ber": "tssnd tanglizt?" }, { "en": "You know English?", "ber": "tssnm tanglizt?" }, { "en": "You know English?", "ber": "tssnmt tanglizt?" }, { "en": "Are you dead?", "ber": "is tmmutmt?" }, { "en": "You are good.", "ber": "tfulkid." }, { "en": "You are good.", "ber": "tfulkim." }, { "en": "You are good.", "ber": "tfulkimt." }, { "en": "You fix it.", "ber": "sgadda t." }, { "en": "You fix it.", "ber": "sgaddat t." }, { "en": "You fix it.", "ber": "sgadda tt." }, { "en": "You fix it.", "ber": "sgaddamt tt." }, { "en": "You fix it.", "ber": "sgaddamt t." }, { "en": "You are big.", "ber": "tmqqurd." }, { "en": "You are big.", "ber": "tmqqurm." }, { "en": "You are big.", "ber": "tmqqurmt." }, { "en": "You are important.", "ber": "tlid azal." }, { "en": "You are important.", "ber": "tlam azal." }, { "en": "You are important.", "ber": "tlamt azal." }, { "en": "Are you home?", "ber": "is tllid g tgmmi?" }, { "en": "Are you home?", "ber": "is tllamt g uxxam?" }, { "en": "Are you home?", "ber": "is tllam g taddart?" }, { "en": "The dragon can be killed.", "ber": "abatrur yallfus ad ittun\u0263a." }, { "en": "Can you really?", "ber": "is nit tzmrd?" }, { "en": "Can you really?", "ber": "is nit tzmrm?" }, { "en": "Can you really?", "ber": "is nit tzmrmt?" }, { "en": "Can you really?", "ber": "is nit t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bd?" }, { "en": "Look around you.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5b tama nnk." }, { "en": "Look around you.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5b tama nnm." }, { "en": "The dragon is an imaginary creature.", "ber": "ibatrurn gan imttwa\u0263nutn usginn." }, { "en": "You are watching.", "ber": "ar tettannayd." }, { "en": "You are watching.", "ber": "ar tettannaym." }, { "en": "You are watching.", "ber": "ar tettannaymt." }, { "en": "You are coming.", "ber": "tuckid d." }, { "en": "I greet you.", "ber": "ar k zzul\u0263." }, { "en": "You are hilarious.", "ber": "ar ts\u1e0d\u1e63ad." }, { "en": "You are hilarious.", "ber": "ar ts\u1e0d\u1e63am." }, { "en": "I observe you.", "ber": "mutr\u0263 k." }, { "en": "You were right.", "ber": "t\u0263\u1e93and." }, { "en": "You were right.", "ber": "t\u0263\u1e93anm." }, { "en": "You were right.", "ber": "t\u0263\u1e93anmt." }, { "en": "He was eaten by a dragon.", "ber": "ittca sg yan ubatrur." }, { "en": "Do you come?", "ber": "is da d tettackd?" }, { "en": "They were eaten by a dragon.", "ber": "ttcan sg yan ubatrur." }, { "en": "Did you speak?", "ber": "is tsawlm?" }, { "en": "Did you speak?", "ber": "is tsawlmt?" }, { "en": "Tom ate at the Golden Dragon.", "ber": "tum icca abatrur awr\u0263an." }, { "en": "You deserve it.", "ber": "tuklald t." }, { "en": "You deserve it.", "ber": "tuklalm t." }, { "en": "You deserve it.", "ber": "tuklalmt t." }, { "en": "You deserve it.", "ber": "tuklald tt." }, { "en": "I wish I were a dragon.", "ber": "ar ssitim\u0263 mr gi\u0263 abatrur." }, { "en": "I do the dragon's voice.", "ber": "ar skar\u0263 imsli n ubatrur." }, { "en": "You understand me.", "ber": "da i tettrmasd." }, { "en": "You understand me.", "ber": "da i tettrmasm." }, { "en": "You understand me.", "ber": "da i tettrmasmt." }, { "en": "The dragon is fighting the hero.", "ber": "abatrur ar ittmn\u0263a d unbraz." }, { "en": "You're welcome!", "ber": "\u0263f umya!" }, { "en": "You're welcome!", "ber": "s ta\u1e0dfi!" }, { "en": "Ziri transformed into a strong dragon.", "ber": "ziri ittusnflal\u0263 s ubatrur idusn." }, { "en": "Did you forget?", "ber": "is tettud?" }, { "en": "Did you forget?", "ber": "is tettum?" }, { "en": "Did you forget?", "ber": "is tettumt?" }, { "en": "Mark saved Jessica from a dragon.", "ber": "ma\u1e5bk issnjm jisika sg yan ubatrur." }, { "en": "You scare me.", "ber": "da i t\u1e93\u1e93mawd." }, { "en": "You scare me.", "ber": "ar i t\u1e93\u1e93mawm." }, { "en": "You scare me.", "ber": "ar i t\u1e93\u1e93mawmt." }, { "en": "Get that dragon out of here!", "ber": "\u1e0di abatrur nna sg \u0263i." }, { "en": "The dragons are born in the fire.", "ber": "ibatrurn da ttluln sg wafa." }, { "en": "The village was destroyed by the dragon.", "ber": "usun itturdal sg ubatrur." }, { "en": "Have you chosen?", "ber": "is tstid?" }, { "en": "Have you chosen?", "ber": "is tstim?" }, { "en": "Have you chosen?", "ber": "is tstimt?" }, { "en": "I wish that I were a dragon.", "ber": "ar ssitim\u0263 mr gi\u0263 abatrur." }, { "en": "Is it you?", "ber": "is d kyyi aya?" }, { "en": "Is it you?", "ber": "is d kmmi aya?" }, { "en": "Is it you?", "ber": "is d k\u02b7nni aya?" }, { "en": "Is it you?", "ber": "is d k\u02b7nninti aya?" }, { "en": "You are gorgeous.", "ber": "t\u1e93ild." }, { "en": "You are pregnant.", "ber": "tusid." }, { "en": "You should exercise.", "ber": "illa fllak ad tllu\u0263md." }, { "en": "You should exercise.", "ber": "illa fllak ad tskrd tunnunt." }, { "en": "Are you drunk?", "ber": "is tswid?" }, { "en": "Are you drunk?", "ber": "is tswam?" }, { "en": "Are you drunk?", "ber": "is tswamt?" }, { "en": "You're young.", "ber": "tgid a\u025brrim." }, { "en": "You're young.", "ber": "tgid ta\u025brrimt." }, { "en": "You're young.", "ber": "tgam i\u025brrimn." }, { "en": "You're young.", "ber": "tgamt ti\u025brrimin." }, { "en": "You must work.", "ber": "illa fllak ad tswurid." }, { "en": "You must work.", "ber": "illa fllam ad tswurid." }, { "en": "You must work.", "ber": "illa fllatun ad tswurim." }, { "en": "You must work.", "ber": "illa fllatunt ad tswurimt." }, { "en": "You can come.", "ber": "tzmrd ad d tackd." }, { "en": "You can come.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bm ad d tackm." }, { "en": "You can come.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bmt ad d tackmt." }, { "en": "Catch you later.", "ber": "ard da\u0263 nmm\u1e93\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "Silence", "ber": " you fool!", "null": [ "fss a amdduqqr!" ] }, { "en": "Silence", "ber": " you fool!", "null": [ "fss a tamdduqqrt!" ] }, { "en": "You seem content.", "ber": "irwas mas tdggid." }, { "en": "You know something.", "ber": "tssnd kra." }, { "en": "You know something.", "ber": "tssnm kra." }, { "en": "You know something.", "ber": "tssnmt kra." }, { "en": "Are you available?", "ber": "is tsalad?" }, { "en": "Are you available?", "ber": "is tsalam?" }, { "en": "Are you available?", "ber": "is tsalamt?" }, { "en": "I forgive you.", "ber": "ssurf\u0263 ak." }, { "en": "I forgive you.", "ber": "ssurf\u0263 am." }, { "en": "I forgive you.", "ber": "ssurf\u0263 awn." }, { "en": "I forgive you.", "ber": "ssurf\u0263 awnt." }, { "en": "Will you go?", "ber": "is rad tddud?" }, { "en": "Will you go?", "ber": "is rad tftud?" }, { "en": "Will you go?", "ber": "is rad tddum?" }, { "en": "Will you go?", "ber": "is rad tddumt?" }, { "en": "You hurt him.", "ber": "tbrid t." }, { "en": "You hurt him.", "ber": "tbrim t." }, { "en": "You hurt him.", "ber": "tk\u02b7mid t." }, { "en": "You hurt him.", "ber": "tk\u02b7mim t." }, { "en": "You are deranged.", "ber": "tngarad d yi\u0263f nnk." }, { "en": "You are rapacious.", "ber": "tgid am\u1e93u\u1e93." }, { "en": "You always fight!", "ber": "da bdda tettma\u0263d!" }, { "en": "You always fight!", "ber": "da bdda tettma\u0263m!" }, { "en": "You always fight!", "ber": "da bdda tettma\u0263mt!" }, { "en": "As you wish.", "ber": "imknna trid." }, { "en": "As you wish.", "ber": "imknna tram." }, { "en": "As you wish.", "ber": "imknna tramt." }, { "en": "You understand", "ber": " right?", "null": [ "trmsd", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "You understand", "ber": " right?", "null": [ "trmsm", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "You understand", "ber": " right?", "null": [ "trmsmt", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "You never know.", "ber": "ur jju tssind." }, { "en": "You never know.", "ber": "ur jju tssinm." }, { "en": "You never know.", "ber": "ur jju tssinmt." }, { "en": "Are you full?", "ber": "is tjjawnd?" }, { "en": "Are you full?", "ber": "is tkturd?" }, { "en": "Are you coming?", "ber": "is rad d tackd?" }, { "en": "Are you coming?", "ber": "is rad d tackm?" }, { "en": "Are you coming?", "ber": "is rad d tackmt?" }, { "en": "You are lazy!", "ber": "tgid amxin!" }, { "en": "You are lazy!", "ber": "tgid tamxint!" }, { "en": "You are lazy!", "ber": "tgam imxinn!" }, { "en": "You are lazy!", "ber": "tgamt timxinin!" }, { "en": "You ruined everything.", "ber": "tsmmrwid aylli illan." }, { "en": "You hurt me.", "ber": "tbrid i." }, { "en": "You hurt me.", "ber": "tbrim i." }, { "en": "You hurt me.", "ber": "tk\u02b7mid i." }, { "en": "You hurt me.", "ber": "tk\u02b7mim i." }, { "en": "Can you walk?", "ber": "is tzmrd ad tettddud?" }, { "en": "Can you walk?", "ber": "is tzmrm ad tettddud?" }, { "en": "Can you walk?", "ber": "is t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bd ad tettddud?" }, { "en": "Can you walk?", "ber": "is t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bm ad tettddud?" }, { "en": "Are you afraid?", "ber": "is tk\u1e63u\u1e0dd?" }, { "en": "Are you afraid?", "ber": "is tgg\u02b7dm?" }, { "en": "Are you afraid?", "ber": "is tk\u1e63u\u1e0dmt?" }, { "en": "Are you Tom?", "ber": "kyyi ayd igan \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Yes", "ber": " you did.", "null": [ "yah", " tskrd." ] }, { "en": "Yes", "ber": " you did.", "null": [ "yah", " tskrm." ] }, { "en": "Yes", "ber": " you did.", "null": [ "yah", " tskrmt." ] }, { "en": "Were you drinking?", "ber": "is da yadlli tssam?" }, { "en": "Were you drinking?", "ber": "is da yadlli tssamt?" }, { "en": "Were you drinking?", "ber": "is da yadlli tssad?" }, { "en": "You need it.", "ber": "tusrd t." }, { "en": "You need it.", "ber": "tusrd tt." }, { "en": "You need it.", "ber": "tusrm t." }, { "en": "You need it.", "ber": "tusrm tt." }, { "en": "You kill me!", "ber": "da i tnqqad!" }, { "en": "You kill me!", "ber": "da i tnqqam!" }, { "en": "You kill me!", "ber": "da i tnqqamt!" }, { "en": "You can go.", "ber": "tzmrd ad tddud." }, { "en": "You can go.", "ber": "tzmrm ad tddum." }, { "en": "You can go.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bd ad tddud." }, { "en": "You can go.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bm ad tddum." }, { "en": "Tom", "ber": " behind you!", "null": [ "\u1e6dum", " dffir ak!" ] }, { "en": "Tom", "ber": " behind you!", "null": [ "\u1e6dum", " ti\u0263rdin nnk!" ] }, { "en": "Could you help?", "ber": "is tzmrd ad tawsd?" }, { "en": "Could you help?", "ber": "is t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bm ad tawsm?" }, { "en": "Could you help?", "ber": "is t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bmt ad tawsmt?" }, { "en": "Have you decided?", "ber": "is t\u0263tsd?" }, { "en": "Have you decided?", "ber": "is t\u0263tsm?" }, { "en": "Have you decided?", "ber": "is t\u0263tsmt?" }, { "en": "You're afraid?", "ber": "tk\u1e63u\u1e0dd?" }, { "en": "You're afraid?", "ber": "tk\u1e63u\u1e0dm?" }, { "en": "You're afraid?", "ber": "tk\u1e63u\u1e0dmt?" }, { "en": "You're afraid?", "ber": "tgg\u02b7dd?" }, { "en": "You're afraid?", "ber": "tgg\u02b7dm?" }, { "en": "You're afraid?", "ber": "tgg\u02b7dmt?" }, { "en": "What about you?", "ber": "ima kyyi?" }, { "en": "What about you?", "ber": "ima kmmi?" }, { "en": "What about you?", "ber": "ima k\u02b7nni?" }, { "en": "What about you?", "ber": "ima k\u02b7nninti?" }, { "en": "Who hired you?", "ber": "manwa k ismahln?" }, { "en": "Who hired you?", "ber": "manta km ismahln?" }, { "en": "No", "ber": " you misunderstood.", "null": [ "uhu", " tzgld g urmas." ] }, { "en": "No", "ber": " you misunderstood.", "null": [ "uhu", " tzglm g urmas." ] }, { "en": "They trusted you.", "ber": "flsn gik." }, { "en": "They trusted you.", "ber": "flsn gim." }, { "en": "They trusted you.", "ber": "flsn gitun." }, { "en": "They trusted you.", "ber": "flsn gitunt." }, { "en": "He trusted you.", "ber": "ifls gik." }, { "en": "He trusted you.", "ber": "ifls gim." }, { "en": "He trusted you.", "ber": "ifls gitun." }, { "en": "He trusted you.", "ber": "ifls gitunt." }, { "en": "She trusted you.", "ber": "tfls gim." }, { "en": "She trusted you.", "ber": "tfls gik." }, { "en": "You deserved it.", "ber": "tuklald t." }, { "en": "You deserved it.", "ber": "tuklald tt." }, { "en": "You deserved it.", "ber": "tuklalm t." }, { "en": "You deserved it.", "ber": "tuklalmt t." }, { "en": "You assemble trucks.", "ber": "da tsmunam imkkalutn." }, { "en": "You need sleep.", "ber": "tusrd taguni." }, { "en": "You met friends.", "ber": "tmmaqqard imddukk\u02b7al." }, { "en": "If you like.", "ber": "ig trid." }, { "en": "If you like.", "ber": "ig tram." }, { "en": "If you like.", "ber": "ig tramt." }, { "en": "Are you sad?", "ber": "is t\u0263ilfd?" }, { "en": "Are you sad?", "ber": "is t\u0263ilfm?" }, { "en": "Are you sad?", "ber": "is t\u0263ilfmt?" }, { "en": "You're gay.", "ber": "tgid alugnus." }, { "en": "We need you.", "ber": "nusr k." }, { "en": "We need you.", "ber": "nusr km." }, { "en": "We need you.", "ber": "nusr k\u02b7n." }, { "en": "We need you.", "ber": "nusr k\u02b7nt." }, { "en": "She needs you.", "ber": "tusr k." }, { "en": "She needs you.", "ber": "tusr km." }, { "en": "He needs you.", "ber": "yusr k." }, { "en": "He needs you.", "ber": "yusr km." }, { "en": "You wanna fight?", "ber": "rad tmma\u0263d?" }, { "en": "You wanna fight?", "ber": "rad tmma\u0263m?" }, { "en": "Is that you?", "ber": "is d kyyi ayann?" }, { "en": "Is that you?", "ber": "is d kmmi ayann?" }, { "en": "You love us.", "ber": "da a\u0263 tettirim." }, { "en": "You love us.", "ber": "da a\u0263 tettirimt." }, { "en": "You love us.", "ber": "da a\u0263 tettirid." }, { "en": "You help us.", "ber": "da a\u0263 tettawsd." }, { "en": "You help us.", "ber": "da a\u0263 tettawsm." }, { "en": "You help us.", "ber": "ar a\u0263 tettawst." }, { "en": "You anger us.", "ber": "da a\u0263 tssrfawd." }, { "en": "You anger us.", "ber": "da a\u0263 tssrfawm." }, { "en": "You need us.", "ber": "tusrd a\u0263." }, { "en": "You need us.", "ber": "tusrm a\u0263." }, { "en": "Are you hiring?", "ber": "is ar tsmahald?" }, { "en": "Who hit you?", "ber": "manwa k yutn?" }, { "en": "Who hit you?", "ber": "manta km yutn?" }, { "en": "Who hit you?", "ber": "manwa k\u02b7n yutn?" }, { "en": "Who hit you?", "ber": "manwa km yutn?" }, { "en": "Are you finished?", "ber": "is tsalad?" }, { "en": "Are you finished?", "ber": "is tsmdd?" }, { "en": "Are you finished?", "ber": "is tsmdm?" }, { "en": "Were you there?", "ber": "is yadlli \u0263inn tllid?" }, { "en": "Were you there?", "ber": "is yadlli dinn tllid?" }, { "en": "Mary likes you.", "ber": "ar k tettiri mari." }, { "en": "I believed you.", "ber": "fls\u0263 k." }, { "en": "I believed you.", "ber": "fls\u0263 km." }, { "en": "You prefer coffee.", "ber": "da tsnyifid ta\u0263lust." }, { "en": "I trusted you.", "ber": "fls\u0263 gik." }, { "en": "I trusted you.", "ber": "fls\u0263 gim." }, { "en": "You said nothing.", "ber": "ur tnnid yat." }, { "en": "You said nothing.", "ber": "ur tnnim amya." }, { "en": "Tom misses you.", "ber": "yu\u1e0dn k inn \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom misses you.", "ber": "yu\u1e0dn km inn \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom hates you.", "ber": "iksn k \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom hates you.", "ber": "iksn km \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom hates you.", "ber": "iksn k\u02b7n \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom hates you.", "ber": "iksn k\u02b7nt \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "You look fine.", "ber": "ur k ya\u0263 yat." }, { "en": "You look fine.", "ber": "ur km ya\u0263 yat." }, { "en": "Have you slept?", "ber": "is tgnd?" }, { "en": "Have you slept?", "ber": "is tgnm?" }, { "en": "Have you slept?", "ber": "is tgnmt?" }, { "en": "Are you positive?", "ber": "is tgid umnig?" }, { "en": "Are you positive?", "ber": "is tgam umnign?" }, { "en": "Are you popular?", "ber": "is tgid a\u0263rfan?" }, { "en": "Are you hiding?", "ber": "is ar tnttld?" }, { "en": "Are you hiding?", "ber": "is ar tnttlm?" }, { "en": "Are you crying?", "ber": "is ar tallad?" }, { "en": "Are you crying?", "ber": "is ar tallam?" }, { "en": "What scared you?", "ber": "mayd k i\u1e93\u1e93man?" }, { "en": "What scared you?", "ber": "mayd km i\u1e93\u1e93man?" }, { "en": "Were you successful?", "ber": "is yadlli tmursd?" }, { "en": "Were you successful?", "ber": "is yadlli tmursm?" }, { "en": "You're funny.", "ber": "da ts\u1e0d\u1e63ad." }, { "en": "You're funny.", "ber": "da ts\u1e0d\u1e63am." }, { "en": "You're dreaming.", "ber": "ar tettwargad." }, { "en": "You're dreaming.", "ber": "ar tettwargam." }, { "en": "You're dreaming.", "ber": "ar tettwargamt." }, { "en": "You're annoying.", "ber": "ar tzziwizm." }, { "en": "You're annoying.", "ber": "ar tzziwizd." }, { "en": "You underestimate Tom.", "ber": "da tsslkawd \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "You smell good.", "ber": "ijja wa\u1e0du nnk." }, { "en": "You smell good.", "ber": "ijja wa\u1e0du nnm." }, { "en": "You should come.", "ber": "illa fllak ad d tackd." }, { "en": "You should come.", "ber": "illa fllam ad d tackd." }, { "en": "You disgust me.", "ber": "ar i tsrarad." }, { "en": "You disgust me.", "ber": "ar i tsraram." }, { "en": "You betrayed me.", "ber": "tkrrsd i." }, { "en": "You almost died.", "ber": "tmmutd nit." }, { "en": "You almost died.", "ber": "tmmutm nit." }, { "en": "Are you looking?", "ber": "is ar t\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5bad?" }, { "en": "Are you looking?", "ber": "is ar t\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5bam?" }, { "en": "Are you looking?", "ber": "is ar t\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5bamt?" }, { "en": "Do you disagree?", "ber": "is ur tmsasad?" }, { "en": "Do you disagree?", "ber": "is ur tmsasam?" }, { "en": "Do you disagree?", "ber": "is ur tmsasamt?" }, { "en": "You're lying!", "ber": "ar tskrkisd!" }, { "en": "You're lying!", "ber": "ar tskrkism!" }, { "en": "You're lying!", "ber": "ar tskrkismt!" }, { "en": "I motivated you.", "ber": "zuccn\u0263 k." }, { "en": "Are you American?", "ber": "is tgid amarikani?" }, { "en": "Are you American?", "ber": "is tgid tamarikanit?" }, { "en": "Did you vote?", "ber": "is tstid?" }, { "en": "Did you vote?", "ber": "is tstim?" }, { "en": "Who sent you?", "ber": "manwa k yuznn?" }, { "en": "Who sent you?", "ber": "manwa km yuznn?" }, { "en": "Who sent you?", "ber": "manwa k\u02b7n yuznn?" }, { "en": "Who sent you?", "ber": "manwa k\u02b7nt yuznn?" }, { "en": "You deserve more.", "ber": "tuklald uggar." }, { "en": "You deserve more.", "ber": "tuklalm uggar." }, { "en": "Are you ill?", "ber": "is tu\u1e0dnd?" }, { "en": "Are you ill?", "ber": "is tu\u1e0dnm?" }, { "en": "Are you ill?", "ber": "is tu\u1e0dnmt?" }, { "en": "You remember it?", "ber": "tk\u02b7tid fllas?" }, { "en": "You remember it?", "ber": "tk\u02b7tim fllas?" }, { "en": "Were you happy?", "ber": "is yadlli tmmrd?" }, { "en": "Were you happy?", "ber": "is yadlli tmmrm?" }, { "en": "You look happy.", "ber": "ar tettumand tmmrd." }, { "en": "You look happy.", "ber": "ar tettumanm tmmrm." }, { "en": "You seem happy.", "ber": "ar tettumand tmmrd." }, { "en": "I thought Tom was still in prison.", "ber": "nni\u0263 is ukan sul illa \u1e6dum g u\u0263zu." }, { "en": "Do you know her well?", "ber": "is tt bahra tssnd?" }, { "en": "Do you know her well?", "ber": "is tt bahra tssnm?" }, { "en": "I haven't done this before.", "ber": "ur akk\u02b7 jju skr\u0263 zun d aya." }, { "en": "How much did you buy it for?", "ber": "mnct ayd s tt ts\u0263id?" }, { "en": "He corrected himself.", "ber": "iss\u0263ta i yi\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "Flavio decided to go to the right.", "ber": "i\u0263ts flafyu ad iddu s ufasi." }, { "en": "I've done what I can do.", "ber": "skr\u0263 aylli s \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad t skr\u0263." }, { "en": "Have you finished your question?", "ber": "is tsmdd asqsi nnk?" }, { "en": "Have you finished your question?", "ber": "is tsmdd asqsi nnm?" }, { "en": "I sell weapons.", "ber": "da zznza\u0263 ikrradn." }, { "en": "Would you like to go for a walk with me?", "ber": "is trid ad diti tmund ad nzzigiz?" }, { "en": "I did that just for fun.", "ber": "skr\u0263 ayann \u0263s afad ad fjjij\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom visited Mary in Boston last spring.", "ber": "irzf \u1e6dum dar mari tafsut lli izrin." }, { "en": "Some Germans work for only one euro an hour.", "ber": "kra n ilimann da swuriyn \u0263s s yan u\u1e5bu g tsragt." }, { "en": "Let's learn Berber.", "ber": "aywa ad nlmd tamazi\u0263t." }, { "en": "Ziri was trying to move fast.", "ber": "ar yadlli ittarm ziri ad immass s tmmri." }, { "en": "Ziri was trying to move fast.", "ber": "imwat yadlli ziri ad immass s tmmri." }, { "en": "You went there without telling me!", "ber": "tddid s \u0263inn bla iyi t tnnid!" }, { "en": "You went there without telling me!", "ber": "tddid s dinn min ad iyi t tinnid!" }, { "en": "You went there without telling me!", "ber": "tddam s \u0263inn bla iyi t tnnam!" }, { "en": "Where were you last spring?", "ber": "mani g nn tllid g tfsut lli izrin?" }, { "en": "Where were you last spring?", "ber": "mani g nn tllam g tfsut lli izrin?" }, { "en": "Where were you last spring?", "ber": "mani g nn tllamt g tfsut lli izrin?" }, { "en": "You ought to stay in Boston.", "ber": "illa fllak ad t\u0263amad g bu\u1e63\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "You ought to stay in Boston.", "ber": "illa fllak ad tqqimd g bu\u1e63\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "Can someone please explain it to me?", "ber": "is i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b kra n yan ig as yufa ad iyi t issfru?" }, { "en": "Can someone please explain it to me?", "ber": "is izmr kra n yan mk as yufa ad iyi t issfru?" }, { "en": "He's trying hard.", "ber": "imma\u0263." }, { "en": "If you have any questions", "ber": " I'm here to help.", "null": [ "ig dark kra n isqsitn", " hayyi \u0263id afad ad aws\u0263." ] }, { "en": "If you have any questions", "ber": " I'm here to help.", "null": [ "mk \u0263urk kra n isqsitn", " hayyi da afad ad aws\u0263." ] }, { "en": "If you have any questions", "ber": " I'm here to help.", "null": [ "i\u0263 darm kra n isqsitn", " hayyi \u0263id afad ad aws\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Tom didn't want to speak French.", "ber": "ur iri \u1e6dum ad isawl taf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "I suspect Tom and Mary are upset.", "ber": "urdi\u0263 mas d \u1e6dum d mari \u0263ilfn." }, { "en": "Tom tried to pry the door open.", "ber": "yurm \u1e6dum ad i\u1e5b\u1e93m taggurt." }, { "en": "Tom tried to pry the door open.", "ber": "yurm \u1e6dum ad i\u1e5b\u1e93m tawwurt." }, { "en": "Sami was also scared.", "ber": "sami ula ntta ik\u1e63u\u1e0d yadlli." }, { "en": "Mary drinks a lot of water.", "ber": "da tssa mari tugt n waman." }, { "en": "How many hours has Tom spent helping you so far?", "ber": "mnck n tsragt ad ikka \u1e6dum g twisi nnk ar \u0263ila?" }, { "en": "Tom never learned to dance.", "ber": "ur akk\u02b7 ilmid \u1e6dum ad ittrkaz." }, { "en": "Everyone hates her.", "ber": "ku yan iksn tt." }, { "en": "Everyone hates her.", "ber": "ksnn tt akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "Tom knows that he isn't going to win.", "ber": "issn \u1e6dum mas ur rad irnu." }, { "en": "What time did he return to the mosque?", "ber": "man tizi g d yurri s tmzgida?" }, { "en": "What time did he return to the mosque?", "ber": "man akud g ya\u0263ul \u0263r tmzgida?" }, { "en": "Mary said she wasn't thirty.", "ber": "tnna mari mas ur dars k\u1e5bamraw n usgg\u02b7as." }, { "en": "Mary said she wasn't thirty.", "ber": "tnna mari mas ur \u0263urs k\u1e5bamraw n usgg\u02b7as." }, { "en": "Mary says she spoke French last week.", "ber": "ar tettini mari mas tsawl taf\u1e5bansist imalass lli izrin." }, { "en": "Here I am again.", "ber": "hayyi da\u0263." }, { "en": "She's still the same", "ber": " isn't she?", "null": [ "tga sul imklli yadlli", " n\u0263 d uhu?" ] }, { "en": "Tom threw the bag over the fence.", "ber": "igr \u1e6dum s usaku iggi n yifrig." }, { "en": "Everybody seems to be hungry.", "ber": "ar d ittbayan kra iga tt yan is illu\u1e93." }, { "en": "Everybody seems to be hungry.", "ber": "da d ttnfalaln is tn ya\u0263 la\u1e93 akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "The owner of this dog is an idiot.", "ber": "idduqqr bab n waydi ad." }, { "en": "The owner of this dog is an idiot.", "ber": "ijmmk wad ilan aydi ad." }, { "en": "The owner of this dog is an idiot.", "ber": "yan unguf ayd iga bu waydi ad." }, { "en": "Was that the first time you rode a horse?", "ber": "is d tikklt izwarn ayad ad tssudut kra n wayyis?" }, { "en": "Tobias finally went to sleep.", "ber": "\u1e6dubayas", "null": [ " yiwi t sul yi\u1e0ds." ] }, { "en": "Tobias finally went to sleep.", "ber": "idda sul \u1e6dubayas ma g ad iggan." }, { "en": "Tell it to us.", "ber": "ini a\u0263 tt id." }, { "en": "Tell it to us.", "ber": "ini a\u0263 tt id nkk\u02b7ni." }, { "en": "Ziri is a doctor.", "ber": "a\u1e0dbib ayd iga ziri." }, { "en": "Ziri is a doctor.", "ber": "ziri", "null": [ " iga amsgnaf." ] }, { "en": "It's easy to find friends; it's harder to keep them.", "ber": "ifssus ad taft imddukkal; yimru ad tn t\u1e25\u1e0dut." }, { "en": "I knew too much.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 yad kigan." }, { "en": "Who told Tom to do it?", "ber": "mad innan i \u1e6dum ad tt iskr?" }, { "en": "She said she's never met him.", "ber": "tnna mas d ur jju d nttat ad dids immaggarn." }, { "en": "She said she's never met him.", "ber": "tnna mas d ur d jju dids tmmiggir." }, { "en": "I know Tom used to teach French.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 is tt inn ikka \u1e6dum ar issaqqra taf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "He's watching the bug.", "ber": "imatr abxxuy." }, { "en": "He's watching the bug.", "ber": "i\u1e0duf abxxuy." }, { "en": "Have Tom and Mary ever worked together?", "ber": "is jju iswurri \u1e6dum akd mari?" }, { "en": "Have Tom and Mary ever worked together?", "ber": "is jju imswurri \u1e6dum nttan d mari?" }, { "en": "We've got to get off at the next stop.", "ber": "iqqan a\u0263 d ad ngg\u02b7z g ubddi d yuckan." }, { "en": "We've got to get off at the next stop.", "ber": "illa flla\u0263 ad ngg\u02b7z g ubddi d iddan." }, { "en": "Sorry", "ber": " dude", "null": [ " but you don't stand a chance. She's way out of your league.", "ssurf iyi", " a dadda", " macc ha nn ur as tsugirt yat. yattuy fllak uswir nns nttat s kigan." ] }, { "en": "God", "ber": " give me a sign.", "null": [ "rbbi", " fk iyi d kra n tmatart." ] }, { "en": "God", "ber": " give me a sign.", "null": [ "a bab nn\u0263", " ml iyi d kra n tmatart." ] }, { "en": "Let me take you there.", "ber": "ajj iyi ad k awi\u0263 s dinna." }, { "en": "Let me take you there.", "ber": "ajj iyi ad km awi\u0263 s dinna." }, { "en": "Sami asked Layla to meet him at the bridge.", "ber": "ittr sami i layla ad nn dids tmnaggar dar tlgg\u02b7it." }, { "en": "Sami asked Layla to meet him at the bridge.", "ber": "inna sami i layla ad nn mnaggarn g tlgg\u02b7it." }, { "en": "Tom made me come down here.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ayd iyi d is\u0263\u02b7in ad d ack\u0263 s \u0263id." }, { "en": "Tom made me come down here.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ayd iyi d iwin s dad." }, { "en": "Salas and Skura opened the bag.", "ber": "salas d skura", "null": [ " r\u1e93mn asaku." ] }, { "en": "Salas and Skura opened the bag.", "ber": "ir\u1e93am salas nttan d skura asaku." }, { "en": "She doesn't look happy to see us.", "ber": "ur d gis infalal is tummr llig a\u0263 t\u1e93\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "She doesn't look happy to see us.", "ber": "ur nn digs unni\u0263 is tt issusm waddad llig a\u0263 tzra." }, { "en": "I wasn't the one who killed Tom's dog.", "ber": "ur d nkkin ayd in\u0263an aydi n \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I work hard in the garden in the morning.", "ber": "da kkat\u0263 tammara ammas n wurti g tifawt n wass." }, { "en": "Tom is mad", "ber": " isn't he?", "null": [ "irfa \u1e6dum", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "Everyone in the town knows about it.", "ber": "kra illan ammas n tmdint is issn mayann." }, { "en": "Everyone in the town knows about it.", "ber": "kullu mad illan g tmdint is d yiwi an\u0263mis i uynna." }, { "en": "Am I not pretty enough?", "ber": "is ur fuknnic\u0263 s unck lli d iqqan?" }, { "en": "Am I not pretty enough?", "ber": "is ur \u1e93il\u0263 s unct nna ira waddad?" }, { "en": "Did anyone kiss Tom?", "ber": "is issudm kra n yan \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "What's Tom getting ready for?", "ber": "ma mi itt\u1e25yyal \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "What's Tom getting ready for?", "ber": "ma mi ittbkkas \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "I did another test.", "ber": "zzri\u0263 yan yirim ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "How do I learn Berber fast?", "ber": "manmk a s rad lmd\u0263 tamazi\u0263t d\u0263ya?" }, { "en": "How do I learn Berber fast?", "ber": "manmk a s rad lmd\u0263 tamazi\u0263t s tfssi?" }, { "en": "Tom said Mary would eat later.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas d ur rad tcc mari ar ki\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom began to shiver uncontrollably.", "ber": "ibda \u1e6dum ar ittrgigiy ur iba\u1e0d i yixf nns." }, { "en": "There are more women than men studying Japanese.", "ber": "yugr wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun n tm\u0263arin nna ittlmadn tayabanit win yirgazn." }, { "en": "There are more women than men studying Japanese.", "ber": "ggutnt tm\u0263arin nna ittlmadn tayabnit uggar n yirgazn." }, { "en": "She banged her head against the wall repeatedly.", "ber": "tut agayyu nns d u\u0263rab mnnawt tkkal." }, { "en": "She banged her head against the wall repeatedly.", "ber": "ar tkkat tizi ann agayyu nns d u\u0263rab tals as da\u0263." }, { "en": "Maybe I should slow down.", "ber": "irwas is iyi d iqqan ad cww\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "Oleg was very happy about that meeting.", "ber": "ulig", "null": [ " issusm t bahra unmuggar ann." ] }, { "en": "Do fools see God?", "ber": "is da ttannayn yingufn \u1e5bbbi?" }, { "en": "Do fools see God?", "ber": "is ssfawn yibhlaln ayuc?" }, { "en": "Ziri decided to skip a week.", "ber": "i\u0263ts ziri ad issiki yan yimalass." }, { "en": "Ziri decided to skip a week.", "ber": "iskr ziri ad issiki yan yimalass." }, { "en": "She's retired now", "ber": " isn't she?", "null": [ "tggawr \u0263il ad g twuri", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "No one spoke to me all weekend.", "ber": "ur iyi d isawl awd yan tigira n yimalass ad akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "No one spoke to me all weekend.", "ber": "ur didi isawil yan mayd tla tgira n yimalass." }, { "en": "They told you what happened", "ber": " didn't they?", "null": [ "nnan ak mad imsarn", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "They told you what happened", "ber": " didn't they?", "null": [ "ulsn ak mayd imsarn", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "You aren't going to tell Tom the truth", "ber": " are you?", "null": [ "ur rad tinit i \u1e6dum tidt", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "You aren't going to tell Tom the truth", "ber": " are you?", "null": [ "ur rad taslt i \u1e6dum aynna idttan", " n\u0263 d uhu?" ] }, { "en": "He lives far from his high school.", "ber": "yaggug \u0263illi g izd\u0263 ntta i tinml nns tasinant n usmdi." }, { "en": "I think that Tom doesn't like to ski.", "ber": "irwas is ur i\u1e25mil \u1e6dum sski." }, { "en": "I don't think that I really have to do that.", "ber": "ur nni\u0263 is nit flli illa ad skr\u0263 mayann." }, { "en": "I don't think that I really have to do that.", "ber": "ur nni\u0263 is iyi d iqqan ad nit skr\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "Boris left Rima there alone.", "ber": "buris", "null": [ " ifl nn rima dinna i wa\u1e0du nns." ] }, { "en": "He received a call from her.", "ber": "ilkm t id yan u\u0263uri sg dars." }, { "en": "Along with his children he fled the country.", "ber": "nttan d tarwa nns", "null": [ " rwln sg tmazirt." ] }, { "en": "These customs are different from our country's.", "ber": "mzaraynt tmyurin ad d tilli illan g tmazirt nn\u0263." }, { "en": "These customs are different from our country's.", "ber": "na\u1e25ya timyurin ad d tilli llanin g tmazirt nn\u0263 nkk\u02b7ni." }, { "en": "Tom was the one who did that for you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ayd ak iskrn mayann." }, { "en": "Yanni heard Skura scream obscenities in Berber.", "ber": "islla yanni i skura ar ts\u0263uyyu s kra n yizawarn n tmazi\u0263t." }, { "en": "Yanni heard Skura scream obscenities in Berber.", "ber": "islla yanni i skura ar ts\u0263uyyu s kra n gar awal n tmazi\u0263t." }, { "en": "Are you still looking for work?", "ber": "is d ar sul tsiggilt tawuri?" }, { "en": "Are you still looking for work?", "ber": "is tsult ar turzzut kra n twuri?" }, { "en": "Ziri is a cat lover.", "ber": "ziri", "null": [ " iga wad i\u1e25mln imucca." ] }, { "en": "Ziri is a cat lover.", "ber": "ziri", "null": [ " iga bu yimacciwn." ] }, { "en": "Ziri is a cat lover.", "ber": "da ittiri ziri imacciwn." }, { "en": "Tom should be told not to do that anymore.", "ber": "iqqan d ad ittuynna i \u1e6dum ad sul ur iskar ayann." }, { "en": "I still think you shouldn't be doing that.", "ber": "irwas is k id ur iqqan ad ur tskart imk ann." }, { "en": "All of that sounds great to me!", "ber": "issusm iyi akk\u02b7 uyda mi slla\u0263 kigan!" }, { "en": "Mary says she misses her family a lot.", "ber": "ar tettini mari mas tt ya\u0263 umarg n twja nns kigan." }, { "en": "Mary says she misses her family a lot.", "ber": "ar tettini mari mas tt wala tn\u0263a t\u0263ufi n ayt dars." }, { "en": "Can someone open the door please?", "ber": "i \u1e5bbbi", "null": [ " is yufa kra n yan ad d ir\u1e93m taggurt?" ] }, { "en": "Can someone open the door please?", "ber": "amur nnun", "null": [ " is yufa kra n yan ad d ir\u1e93m tiflut?" ] }, { "en": "I know Tom learned how to do that from Mary.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 is ilmd \u1e6dum manmk a rad iskar imk ann sg dar mari." }, { "en": "Sorry", "ber": " I can't come into work today because I'm feeling under the weather.", "null": [ "ssurf iyi", " ur ufi\u0263 ad nn ack\u0263 s twuri ass ad acku ssyafa\u0263 s yi\u0263f inu is iyi ya\u0263 kra." ] }, { "en": "Tom knows he has to do that soon.", "ber": "issn \u1e6dum is t id iqqan ad iskr mayann g mad nn ur yaggugn." }, { "en": "It's surprising that Tom doesn't know anything about it.", "ber": "nkki ur nn tam\u0263 ad ur issin \u1e6dum amya \u0263f uynna." }, { "en": "It's surprising that Tom doesn't know anything about it.", "ber": "ur dmi\u0263 mas d ur rad fllas issin \u1e6dum amya." }, { "en": "I'll tell you if you promise me you won't get mad.", "ber": "rad ak ini\u0263", "null": [ " \u0263as mk iyi tfkit awal mas d ur rad trfut." ] }, { "en": "Alberto decided to not contact the cops.", "ber": "i\u0263ts walbir\u1e6du ad ur inyalkam d yibulisyn." }, { "en": "I wonder whether Tom is home.", "ber": "saw is illa \u1e6dum g tgmmi." }, { "en": "I wonder whether Tom is home.", "ber": "a wi issnn is illa \u1e6dum g taddart." }, { "en": "Tom drowned in his pool last week.", "ber": "ing\u02b7\u1e0d nn \u1e6dum g tmda nns imalass izrin." }, { "en": "I'm not going to beat around the bush.", "ber": "ur rad ttsutul\u0263 i wawal." }, { "en": "He tried to kill himself but it ended in failure.", "ber": "yurm ad in\u0263 i\u0263f nns imil ur as tmuris." }, { "en": "Tom couldn't shake the feeling that Mary was hiding something from him.", "ber": "iggammi \u1e6dum ad nn gis isitti assyafa ann as ittinin mas fllas tssntl mari kra." }, { "en": "Ziri has quit his job.", "ber": "ifl ziri tawuri nns." }, { "en": "Ziri has quit his job.", "ber": "iffu\u0263 ziri sg twuri nns." }, { "en": "Have someone read it to you.", "ber": "ajj kra n yan ad ak tt yaqqra." }, { "en": "They live far away.", "ber": "zd\u0263n g mad nn yaggugn." }, { "en": "They live far away.", "ber": "yaggug \u0263illi g zd\u0263n nttni." }, { "en": "We respect people.", "ber": "da nttzrak middn." }, { "en": "I get along well with her.", "ber": "da d ttmsasa\u0263 bahra nkkin dids." }, { "en": "I want everybody to love me and it hurts me so when anybody doesn't.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad iyi akk\u02b7 \u1e25mln mddn d ar iyi digi itt\u0263ama waddad kud nna ur iskir kra n yan imk ann." }, { "en": "He immediately realised the situation.", "ber": "ifrk s waddad g yimir ann nit." }, { "en": "He immediately realised the situation.", "ber": "yukz addad nnican." }, { "en": "These horses are without a master.", "ber": "ur lin yiysan ad bab nnsn." }, { "en": "You'd better not repeat such an error.", "ber": "yuf ak ad sul ur talst zun d izggaln ann." }, { "en": "How may I help you?", "ber": "ma s ufi\u0263 ad ak aws\u0263?" }, { "en": "Give us a little more.", "ber": "fk a\u0263 d yan yimikk sul." }, { "en": "They were in their bedrooms", "ber": " studying.", "null": [ "kkan tt inn g yi\u1e25una nnsn n tguni ar aqqran." ] }, { "en": "It seems that he knows everything.", "ber": "zzi\u0263 d is issn kra illan." }, { "en": "It seems that he knows everything.", "ber": "issn zzi\u0263 d kra illan." }, { "en": "I'll do it by myself.", "ber": "rad tt skr\u0263 nkk nit s yi\u0263f inu." }, { "en": "Get off your butt and do something!", "ber": "mmatti dinna tsalat kra!" }, { "en": "Tom was buried at sea.", "ber": "ittum\u1e0dal \u1e6dum ammas n yill." }, { "en": "This room is cramped.", "ber": "innukma u\u1e25anu ad." }, { "en": "This room is cramped.", "ber": "ikrru\u1e93 yim\u1e63ri ad." }, { "en": "It wasn't easy for me to say goodbye.", "ber": "ur flli ifssus akud ann ad ini\u0263 ar timlilit." }, { "en": "All questions have answers.", "ber": "isqsitn akk\u02b7 darsn timrarutin." }, { "en": "All questions have answers.", "ber": "isqsitn akk\u02b7 \u0263ursn timrarutin." }, { "en": "The man was immediately arrested.", "ber": "ittyama\u1e93 urgaz dinn dinn." }, { "en": "The man was immediately arrested.", "ber": "itt\u0263\u02b7i urgaz d yimir." }, { "en": "Fyodor went to that mosque at midnight.", "ber": "idda fyudur s tmzgid g tu\u1e93\u1e93umt n yi\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Men love to talk.", "ber": "da ttirin irgazn ad sawaln." }, { "en": "You smell bad.", "ber": "izzumma wa\u1e0du nnk." }, { "en": "I can't raise our child by myself.", "ber": "ur zmir\u0263 ad d ssnkr\u0263 azzan nn\u0263 s yi\u0263f inu." }, { "en": "From that moment on we lived pretending that everything was fine.", "ber": "sg wakud ann ad nddr amm i\u0263 ur illi yat." }, { "en": "I can't raise our child by myself.", "ber": "ur \u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5b\u0263 ad d ssnkr\u0263 azzan nn\u0263 s yixf inu." }, { "en": "This place is overpriced.", "ber": "i\u0263\u02b7la watig ammas n \u0263id." }, { "en": "Tom was very old and ill.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum yussr kigan", "null": [ " ig ama\u1e0dun." ] }, { "en": "Do you understand her?", "ber": "is d ar tt ttrmast?" }, { "en": "He wrote me a love letter.", "ber": "yura iyi d yat tbrat n tayri." }, { "en": "I thought that you couldn't speak French.", "ber": "\u0263al\u0263 is ur tssint ad tsawalt s tf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "He'll never forget her.", "ber": "ur tt sar ittu." }, { "en": "He'll never forget her.", "ber": "ur rad tt sar ittu." }, { "en": "I wish it was that easy.", "ber": "\u1e93u\u1e93\u1e0d\u0263 mr ifssus uynna ar anct ann." }, { "en": "We're all here except for him.", "ber": "nlla akk\u02b7 \u0263id sli d nttan." }, { "en": "Why do you want to learn a foreign language?", "ber": "ma \u0263f trid ad tlmdd yat tutlayt tab\u1e5b\u1e5banit?" }, { "en": "Why do you want to learn a foreign language?", "ber": "ma \u0263f tram ad tlmdm yat tutlayt tab\u1e5b\u1e5banit?" }, { "en": "Tom said that he didn't think Mary would let him do that.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas d ur yad lli i\u0263al is rad as txxa mari ad iskr ayann." }, { "en": "Let's leave next week instead of tomorrow.", "ber": "ajj a\u0263 ad nftu imalass d iddan g ud\u0263ar n uskka." }, { "en": "Tom told me Mary was his girlfriend.", "ber": "inna iyi \u1e6dum mas tga mari tasmunt nns." }, { "en": "We saw a strange object in the sky.", "ber": "n\u1e93ra nn yat tazzit igan tam\u1e5bunt ammas n yignna." }, { "en": "Tom wasn't able to conceal his sadness.", "ber": "iggammi \u1e6dum ad nn irar tagu\u1e0di nns s ugns." }, { "en": "This is an African lion.", "ber": "wad iga yan yizm awfriq." }, { "en": "Adriano wishes he could go back to school.", "ber": "i\u1e93u\u1e93\u1e0d adryanu mr yufa ad yurri s tinml." }, { "en": "Sometimes she tried talking to him about India.", "ber": "turm kra n tkkal ad as tsawl \u0263f uhind." }, { "en": "He's counting on you.", "ber": "hat ibidd fllak." }, { "en": "He's counting on you.", "ber": "hat ibdd fllam." }, { "en": "I don't think I know Tom.", "ber": "ur nni\u0263 is ssn\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom writes and sings his own songs.", "ber": "da ittara \u1e6dum tulli\u0263in nns yirir tnt nttan nit." }, { "en": "Sami isn't your friend.", "ber": "ur igi sami amddakk\u02b7l nnk." }, { "en": "Mary told Tom what she wants to eat.", "ber": "tnna mari i \u1e6dum mad tra ad t tcc." }, { "en": "They grew up together.", "ber": "nkrn d d yingratsn." }, { "en": "They grew up together.", "ber": "nkrn d s sin itsn." }, { "en": "My husband is having dinner.", "ber": "ar ictta urgaz inu imnsi." }, { "en": "I don't have the time for reading this book.", "ber": "ur iyi d ya\u0263 s t\u0263ri n udlis ad." }, { "en": "I don't have the time for reading this book.", "ber": "ur sala\u0263 af ad aqqra\u0263 adlis ad." }, { "en": "Girl", "ber": " what beautiful hair you have.", "null": [ "ahya ta", " imk ad ifulki wazzar nnm." ] }, { "en": "Girl", "ber": " what beautiful hair you have.", "null": [ "a tarbat", " anckd ad i\u1e93il wazzar nnm." ] }, { "en": "Most Americans say they don't know a Muslim.", "ber": "amata g yimirikaniyn", "null": [ " da ttinin mas d ur ssinn kra n umuslm." ] }, { "en": "Tom is not far off the mark.", "ber": "ur wala yaga \u1e6dum d yiswi." }, { "en": "Tom is not far off the mark.", "ber": "ur bahra yaggug \u1e6dum i wawttas." }, { "en": "I want help doing that.", "ber": "ri\u0263 mad iyi digs ittawsn." }, { "en": "I want help doing that.", "ber": "ri\u0263 mad iyi yakkan tiwizi g uynna." }, { "en": "What do you think of that guy?", "ber": "mad tnnit g urgaz ann?" }, { "en": "What do you think of that guy?", "ber": "mad nn tunnit g urgaz ann?" }, { "en": "If you're not going to help", "ber": " stay at home.", "null": [ "i\u0263 ur rad d tgt afus nnk", " \u0263ama nn g tgmmi nnk." ] }, { "en": "If you're not going to help", "ber": " stay at home.", "null": [ "mk ur rad tawst", " qqim g taddart." ] }, { "en": "I finished writing a letter.", "ber": "smd\u0263 tirra n yat tbrat." }, { "en": "He looks like he's jealous.", "ber": "ar d ittnfalal amm i\u0263 gis llant tusmin." }, { "en": "Sami didn't pay attention.", "ber": "ur irur sami ta\u0263\u02b7\u1e0dft." }, { "en": "How many times have I told you guys to stay out of my room?", "ber": "mnnawt tkkal ad awn nni\u0263 ad nn tittim sg tm\u1e63rit inu?" }, { "en": "I think this one's better than that one.", "ber": "nni\u0263 nkki tuf tad tann ya\u1e0dni." }, { "en": "Where the hell did I put them?", "ber": "mani g tnt inn hlli sul gi\u0263?" }, { "en": "Where the hell did I put them?", "ber": "ixxan! mani g tnt inn sul srs\u0263?" }, { "en": "Don't get them mixed up.", "ber": "ad tnt ur tsmrkst." }, { "en": "Don't get them mixed up.", "ber": "ad tnt ur tsmrwit." }, { "en": "You still haven't done that", "ber": " have you?", "null": [ "ur ta tskrt ayann", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "She does this every single time.", "ber": "ar tskar imk ad kra iga tt tikklt." }, { "en": "She does this every single time.", "ber": "tad", "null": [ " ar tt tskar kra iga tt tikklt." ] }, { "en": "He's afraid I'll get lost.", "ber": "ik\u1e63u\u1e0d ad jlu\u0263." }, { "en": "He's afraid I'll get lost.", "ber": "igg\u02b7d ad acck\u0263." }, { "en": "That was the moment of truth.", "ber": "tkka tt inn tann ad igan tizi n tidt." }, { "en": "That was the moment of truth.", "ber": "tizi n tidt ayann akud ann." }, { "en": "She must have thought I was an idiot.", "ber": "irwas is t\u0263al mas d kra n ubahlal ad gi\u0263 nkki." }, { "en": "He said he found his keys.", "ber": "inna mas yufa tisura nns." }, { "en": "What does she look like?", "ber": "manmk ad tga nttat?" }, { "en": "What does she look like?", "ber": "mad trwas nttat?" }, { "en": "The dog was walking down the street.", "ber": "ikka tt inn waydi ar izzigiz ammas n u\u0263aras." }, { "en": "Tom was mentioned.", "ber": "ittubdar \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "She told me that she'd be back.", "ber": "tnna iyi mas d rad d turri." }, { "en": "Tom heard someone crying.", "ber": "islla \u1e6dum i kra ar yalla." }, { "en": "Ziri is totally OK.", "ber": "ziri", "null": [ " thnna dars." ] }, { "en": "You went away.", "ber": "tddit." }, { "en": "You went away.", "ber": "tftit." }, { "en": "You went away.", "ber": "tafu\u1e0dt." }, { "en": "I'm really happy that Tom was able to be here.", "ber": "is nit ummr\u0263 llig yufa \u1e6dum ad yili dad." }, { "en": "Tom didn't know anyone at the party.", "ber": "ur issin \u1e6dum awd yan ammas n tfugla." }, { "en": "Who scored the goal?", "ber": "mad izmmimn iswi?" }, { "en": "Who scored the goal?", "ber": "mad issa\u0263n iswi?" }, { "en": "I get around.", "ber": "da ttsllak\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom has no authority to do that.", "ber": "ur tlli dar \u1e6dum awd kra n tinnub\u1e0da ma s iskar mayann." }, { "en": "She washed her dirty hands before the meal.", "ber": "tsslil ifassn nns rkanin dat n tirmt." }, { "en": "Bulgarian is a lot like Russian.", "ber": "tabul\u0263arit", "null": [ " trwas tarusit kigan." ] }, { "en": "Why don't we take Tom with us?", "ber": "max ad ur nawi \u1e6dum akidnn\u0263?" }, { "en": "Where are the apples that I bought?", "ber": "manda tidffuyin nna s\u0263i\u0263?" }, { "en": "You're a bit taller than I am", "ber": " aren't you?", "null": [ "t\u0263zzift s yimikk uggar inu nkkin", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "I can go there", "ber": " wherever you want.", "null": [ "\u0263iy\u0263 ad ddu\u0263 s dinn", " aynna ka trit." ] }, { "en": "They told me that they weren't married.", "ber": "nnan iyi mas d ur iwiln." }, { "en": "I'd like you to meet a friend of mine.", "ber": "ri\u0263 k ad tmmaggart d yan umddakk\u02b7l inu." }, { "en": "I don't associate with people like Tom.", "ber": "ur da ttmuna\u0263 d mddn zun d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I finally contacted him by phone.", "ber": "nnyalkam\u0263 sul dids s utilifun." }, { "en": "Janos turned and sprinted back to the cabin.", "ber": "ib\u1e5b\u1e5bm yanus", "null": [ " yazzl nit s a\u1e25cuc nna d ikka." ] }, { "en": "That's a very bad omen.", "ber": "gar tamatart imqqurn ad tga tanna." }, { "en": "Mary has done all she can.", "ber": "tskr mari akk\u02b7 aynna mi tz\u1e0da\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Ziri asked Rima if he could borrow her measuring cups.", "ber": "isqsa ziri rima is tufa ad as d tr\u1e0dl ikasn nns n us\u0263al." }, { "en": "I often wear sandals during warm weather.", "ber": "g umata n tkkal", "null": [ " da ttqqn\u0263 tur\u1e93in g unzwi yulban." ] }, { "en": "She obviously hates me.", "ber": "ur intil is iyi tksn." }, { "en": "I managed to improve my Berber.", "ber": "sugr\u0263 sul ad ss\u0263udu\u0263 tamazi\u0263t inu." }, { "en": "Life can't be stopped", "ber": " it always goes on.", "null": [ "ur tzmir tudrt ad tbdd", " iqqan tt id ad nn bdda tzzigiz." ] }, { "en": "Tom died in 2013 in a car accident.", "ber": "immut \u1e6dum g 2013 s yan ungas n tmubilin." }, { "en": "He did the right thing.", "ber": "iskr tad inmn." }, { "en": "He did the right thing.", "ber": "iskr aylli d iqqan." }, { "en": "Sami is my first-born son.", "ber": "sami ayd igan iwi amnzu." }, { "en": "I want to be just like my father when I grow up.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad g\u0263 zun d baba nnican i\u0263 d mqqur\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom is being sued by more than one person.", "ber": "ittusra\u1e0d \u1e6dum sg dar mnnaw yimdann ur d \u0263as yan." }, { "en": "Tom has a powerful voice.", "ber": "i\u1e6d\u1e6daf \u1e6dum yan yimsli idusn." }, { "en": "Something in the corner of the cabin drew Igor's attention.", "ber": "tukr kra n t\u0263awsa g u\u0263mmir n u\u1e25cuc ta\u0263\u1e0dft n yigur." }, { "en": "I wish I'd married another man.", "ber": "zuz\u1e0d\u0263 mr iwl\u0263 kra n urgaz ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "I don't think Tom knows whether Mary can swim or not.", "ber": "ur nni\u0263 is issn \u1e6dum", "null": [ " is tz\u1e0da\u1e5b mari ad tettccf n\u0263 d uhu." ] }, { "en": "Mary could read when she was three.", "ber": "tz\u1e0dar mari ad taqqra sg llig dars llan k\u1e5ba\u1e0d yisgg\u02b7asn." }, { "en": "Sami can't say this.", "ber": "ur i\u0263iy sami ad yini ayad." }, { "en": "Have you had lunch yet?", "ber": "is tmmklut?" }, { "en": "Tom owns a very valuable piece of property.", "ber": "ila \u1e6dum yan umur n wayda mi imqqur watig." }, { "en": "Boldi found himself in some dark part of the cities.", "ber": "tufa nn buldi i\u0263f nns ammas n kra n yidasiwn llasnin g tmdint." }, { "en": "She has done it.", "ber": "tskr tt." }, { "en": "Ziri and Rima had a good time.", "ber": "izzri ziri nttan d rima yat tizi ifjjijn." }, { "en": "I needed information.", "ber": "lkm\u0263 \u0263f wumlan." }, { "en": "I don't need to leave yet.", "ber": "ur ta flli illi ad ddu\u0263." }, { "en": "Today I don't feel like doing anything.", "ber": "ass ad", "null": [ " ur digi mad iskarn amya." ] }, { "en": "Is any of it dangerous?", "ber": "is illa yimizi g kra sgis?" }, { "en": "He began to make excuses.", "ber": "ibda nit ar yakka tis\u025b\u1e0dar." }, { "en": "He began to make excuses.", "ber": "issnta ar ikkat tis\u025b\u1e0dar." }, { "en": "You can buy anything you want.", "ber": "tufit ad ts\u0263t aynna trit." }, { "en": "I must have lost the key en route.", "ber": "irwas is iyi t\u1e0d\u1e5b tsarut llig um\u1e93\u0263 abrid." }, { "en": "Why is everybody talking about Tom?", "ber": "max allig ar akk\u02b7 sawaln mddn \u0263f \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Why is Tom so sleepy?", "ber": "maxf allig da ittnuddum \u1e6dum kigan?" }, { "en": "Tom isn't the type of person who gossips.", "ber": "ur igi \u1e6dum anaw nna n mddn nna da ittmraran iwnnan." }, { "en": "Have you ever been in Okinawa?", "ber": "is d jju tkkit ukinawa?" }, { "en": "Tom holds grudges.", "ber": "da ittam\u1e93 \u1e6dum ti\u1e25sifin." }, { "en": "What was so funny about that?", "ber": "mayd digs issa\u1e0dsan?" }, { "en": "If you figure it out", "ber": " let me know.", "null": [ "i\u0263 tt tukzt tinit iyi tt." ] }, { "en": "You made spaghetti", "ber": " didn't you?", "null": [ "tgit nn sbagiti", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "You made spaghetti", "ber": " didn't you?", "null": [ "tssnwit sbagiti", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "Tom used to stay home on Mondays.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum ar itt\u0263ama g tgmmi g id waynas." }, { "en": "Come take a walk with me.", "ber": "ack d ad nmmarri nkki didk." }, { "en": "Bruno had no fingers left.", "ber": "brunu", "null": [ " ur d sul dars yagur mqqar d yan u\u1e0da\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Ziri saved his friend.", "ber": "issnjm ziri amddakk\u02b7l nns." }, { "en": "Tom said that he wouldn't sit next to me.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas d ur rad iskkus tama nu." }, { "en": "Sit down and be quiet.", "ber": "qqim", "null": [ " tqqnt imi nnk." ] }, { "en": "We stayed at home because it was raining.", "ber": "n\u0263ama g tgmmi acku ikka tt inn un\u1e93ar ar i\u1e6d\u1e6dar." }, { "en": "They only wanted to watch.", "ber": "ran yad lli ad hlli ttf\u1e5b\u1e5bajn." }, { "en": "Tom isn't really sick", "ber": " is he?", "null": [ "\u1e6dum ur yu\u1e0din walu", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "Sami got Layla a job at a club.", "ber": "i\u1e0dbbr sami i layla \u0263f yat twuri ammas n ugraw." }, { "en": "I don't approve of that.", "ber": "ur qbil\u0263 s uyann." }, { "en": "I hear that you did that yesterday.", "ber": "nnan iyi mas tskrt mayann i\u1e0dgam." }, { "en": "I hear that you did that yesterday.", "ber": "slla\u0263 is tskrt ayann i\u1e0dlli." }, { "en": "Tom said he hopes you'll help him.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas innurz ad as tawst." }, { "en": "The police are onto something.", "ber": "yuki ubulis s kra." }, { "en": "God pays you.", "ber": "da ak ifrru \u1e5bbbi." }, { "en": "God pays you.", "ber": "da am ifrru \u1e5bbbi." }, { "en": "Anybody see you?", "ber": "is da k i\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba kra n yan?" }, { "en": "Anybody see you?", "ber": "is da km i\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba kra n yan?" }, { "en": "Everybody likes you.", "ber": "da k akk\u02b7 ttirin." }, { "en": "Everybody likes you.", "ber": "da km akk\u02b7 ttirin." }, { "en": "I always take what Tom says with a grain of salt.", "ber": "nkki ur ar tt bahra ttawi\u0263 g uynna ittini \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "How long has this box been here?", "ber": "mnck ad \u0263id ikka usn\u1e0duq ad?" }, { "en": "You screwed her?", "ber": "tqqid tt?" }, { "en": "How long has this box been here?", "ber": "sg managu illa usn\u1e0duq ad dad?" }, { "en": "You screwed her?", "ber": "tqqam tt?" }, { "en": "Listen to what she's saying.", "ber": "ssfld i mad tettini." }, { "en": "Tell me how you feel about Tom.", "ber": "ini iyi manmk ad nn srk iga \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tell me how you feel about Tom.", "ber": "ini mad igan assyafa nnm \u0263f \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "You've tried.", "ber": "turmd." }, { "en": "You've tried.", "ber": "turmm." }, { "en": "You've tried.", "ber": "turmmt." }, { "en": "The doctors were treating the wounded.", "ber": "kkan tt inn yi\u1e0dbibn ar ssifirn imugas." }, { "en": "They've got a telephone next to their bed.", "ber": "\u1e6d\u1e6dafn yan utilifun tama n wusu nnsn." }, { "en": "You've grown.", "ber": "tmqqurd." }, { "en": "You've grown.", "ber": "tmqqurm." }, { "en": "You've grown.", "ber": "tmqqurmt." }, { "en": "She didn't go far.", "ber": "ur tlkim mani yaggugn." }, { "en": "You're different.", "ber": "tmzarayd." }, { "en": "You're different.", "ber": "tmzaraym." }, { "en": "You're different.", "ber": "tmzaraymt." }, { "en": "Ziri will never have a second chance.", "ber": "ur sar ila ziri kra n tmlda tis snat." }, { "en": "I can rest.", "ber": "ufi\u0263 ad sunfu\u0263." }, { "en": "You look fat.", "ber": "da tettumand t\u1e0dnid." }, { "en": "You look fat.", "ber": "da tettumanm t\u1e0dnim." }, { "en": "Hell awaits you.", "ber": "arwass da sik ittqql." }, { "en": "Hell awaits you.", "ber": "arwass da sim ittqql." }, { "en": "I knew Tom had forgotten to do that.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 is ittu \u1e6dum ad tt iskr." }, { "en": "I'm not currently planning on doing that.", "ber": "ur ummil\u0263 tizi ad skr\u0263 maynna." }, { "en": "We challenge you.", "ber": "ar k nttna\u1e93a\u1e5b." }, { "en": "We challenge you.", "ber": "ar km nttna\u1e93a\u1e5b." }, { "en": "We have two sons.", "ber": "n\u1e6d\u1e6daf sin warrawn." }, { "en": "He was my only friend.", "ber": "ikka tt inn nttan ayd igan amddakk\u02b7l inu amyiwn." }, { "en": "It snowed all week.", "ber": "ar ikkat udfl mayd ila yimalass." }, { "en": "I touched the bottom of the pool.", "ber": "ggr\u0263 i udalsil n tmda." }, { "en": "I didn't know you used to be married to Tom.", "ber": "ur illi g yi\u0263f inu is tiwlt \u1e6dum g mayd izrin." }, { "en": "You should not judge a person by his appearance alone.", "ber": "ur fllak illi ad tsrust idkku\u1e0dn nnk \u0263f kra n yan \u0263as s imk nna iga s umu\u0263li nns." }, { "en": "He will come in a moment.", "ber": "\u0263ikk s d yucka." }, { "en": "He will come in a moment.", "ber": "imikk s d idda." }, { "en": "The zoo in Prague is not so big.", "ber": "urti n yimudar nna illan g brag", "null": [ " ur wala imqqur." ] }, { "en": "Tom and Mary looked like they were miserable.", "ber": "infalal d \u1e6dum nttan akd mari amm i\u0263 asn ixub wa\u1e0du." }, { "en": "Does Tom snore?", "ber": "is d ar isbuxrur \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Tom asked Mary for a divorce.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " issutr uluf sg mari." ] }, { "en": "Tom asked Mary for a divorce.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " ittr i mari ad as tllf." ] }, { "en": "I was wearing a tie.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn lsi\u0263 yat tgrafa\u1e0dt." }, { "en": "Look at all those birds.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5b ig\u1e0da\u1e0d ann akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "I'm turning thirteen on Monday.", "ber": "rad qqn\u0263 mraw d k\u1e5ba\u1e0d yisgg\u02b7asn ass n waynass." }, { "en": "It's a good idea", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "tawngimt i\u0263udan ayad a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "You are lucky.", "ber": "tjja ak." }, { "en": "You are lucky.", "ber": "tgit al\u1e25yan." }, { "en": "You are lucky.", "ber": "a\u025brit nnk." }, { "en": "You are lucky.", "ber": "tlit tafult." }, { "en": "Do you mean that you've never seen a panda?", "ber": "is trit ad twatst s wawal nnk mas d ur jju t\u1e93rit kra n uban\u1e0da?" }, { "en": "Tom is still a little confused.", "ber": "inxabbal ukan sul \u1e6dum yan yimikk." }, { "en": "That hat is mine.", "ber": "tinu ayd tga ta\u1e6d\u1e6drbuct ann." }, { "en": "Who loves you?", "ber": "manta k ittirin?" }, { "en": "Who loves you?", "ber": "manwa km ittirin?" }, { "en": "We're not going to make money doing this.", "ber": "ur rad nskr idrimn mk nsala mayad." }, { "en": "I'm only here to help her.", "ber": "nkki lli\u0263 dad \u0263as af ad as aws\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm only here to help her.", "ber": "tiwizi nns ka \u0263f \u0263id lli\u0263 nkkin." }, { "en": "Are you gay?", "ber": "is tgid alugnus?" }, { "en": "How could you?", "ber": "manmk s tzmrd?" }, { "en": "He who makes a beast of himself gets rid of the pain of being a man.", "ber": "wanna igan i\u0263f nns d buxxu da ittanf i urfufn n tffugna." }, { "en": "You've failed.", "ber": "tgufd." }, { "en": "He is not coming", "ber": " either.", "null": [ "ur rad d yack d\u0263 ntta." ] }, { "en": "You've failed.", "ber": "tgufm." }, { "en": "I don't understand Tom's strategy.", "ber": "ur rmis\u0263 tast\u1e5batijit n \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "You've misunderstood.", "ber": "tzgld g urmas." }, { "en": "You've misunderstood.", "ber": "tzglm g urmas." }, { "en": "I saw an old man fall on his back in the street.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 yan uwssar i\u1e0d\u1e5b \u0263f tadawt nns ammas n usuk." }, { "en": "Let's play by ourselves.", "ber": "ajjat an\u0263 ad nurar \u0263as d yi\u0263fawn nn\u0263." }, { "en": "You filthy pig!", "ber": "a ilf i\u1e93jan!" }, { "en": "I understand Scottish Gaelic", "ber": " but I can't speak it.", "null": [ "da ttrmas\u0263 tagaylikt taskutlandit", " maca ur ssin\u0263 ad iss sawal\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Tom isn't afraid", "ber": " is he?", "null": [ "ur igg\u02b7id \u1e6dum", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "You're articulate.", "ber": "ifra wawal nnk." }, { "en": "Excuse me", "ber": " I mistook you for a friend of mine.", "null": [ "ssurf iyi", " trwast iyi yan umddakk\u02b7l inu." ] }, { "en": "Do you think it'll be raining again tomorrow?", "ber": "is rad da\u0263 i\u1e0d\u1e5b un\u1e93ar s tannayt nnk askka?" }, { "en": "Tom wrote three books in three years.", "ber": "yura \u1e6dum k\u1e5ba\u1e0d yidlisn g k\u1e5ba\u1e0d yisgg\u02b7asn." }, { "en": "I don't like what's going on. \"Neither do I.\"", "ber": "ur \u1e25mil\u0263 ayda ittmsarn. \"imk ann d nkkin.\"" }, { "en": "You're athletic.", "ber": "tgid amanun." }, { "en": "You're awesome.", "ber": "t\u1e93ild." }, { "en": "You're awesome.", "ber": "t\u1e93ilm." }, { "en": "You're bad.", "ber": "txxad." }, { "en": "You're bad.", "ber": "tgid gar." }, { "en": "You're bad.", "ber": "tgam gar." }, { "en": "You're brave.", "ber": "tb\u0263sd." }, { "en": "You're brave.", "ber": "tb\u0263sm." }, { "en": "You're brave.", "ber": "tgid anb\u0263us." }, { "en": "You're callous.", "ber": "tqqur tasa nnk." }, { "en": "You're callous.", "ber": "tqqur tasa nnm." }, { "en": "You're clever.", "ber": "t\u0263isd." }, { "en": "You're clever.", "ber": "t\u0263ism." }, { "en": "You're clever.", "ber": "tgid ami\u0263is." }, { "en": "You're correct.", "ber": "t\u0263tid." }, { "en": "You're correct.", "ber": "t\u0263\u1e93and." }, { "en": "You're correct.", "ber": "t\u0263\u1e93anm." }, { "en": "He's crazy for her.", "ber": "tcca as anlli nns." }, { "en": "He's crazy for her.", "ber": "da fllas ittmtat." }, { "en": "You're courageous.", "ber": "tb\u0263sd." }, { "en": "You're courageous.", "ber": "tb\u0263sm." }, { "en": "You're courageous.", "ber": "tb\u0263smt." }, { "en": "Why did she let Yidir win?", "ber": "max allig tujja idir ad innru?" }, { "en": "You're courageous.", "ber": "tgid anb\u0263us." }, { "en": "Tom eats hotdogs whenever he can.", "ber": "da ictta \u1e6dum i\u1e0du\u1e0dan n uksum kud nna as yufa" }, { "en": "You're cultured.", "ber": "tgid amdlas." }, { "en": "You're cultured.", "ber": "tgam imdlasn." }, { "en": "She has a small", "ber": " black dog.", "null": [ "te\u1e6d\u1e6daf yan waydi im\u1e93\u1e93in", " ig asggan." ] }, { "en": "Nobody trusts Tom.", "ber": "ur iflis awd yan g \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "You're difficult.", "ber": "tmrid." }, { "en": "You're difficult.", "ber": "tmram." }, { "en": "You're difficult.", "ber": "tmramt." }, { "en": "You're direct.", "ber": "tgid usrid." }, { "en": "You're direct.", "ber": "tgid nnican." }, { "en": "That looks more like a snake than a fish.", "ber": "irwas uynna kra n yifi\u0263r uggar n yislm." }, { "en": "You're direct.", "ber": "tgam usridn." }, { "en": "I'm looking for a clothes shop.", "ber": "ar ttlli\u0263 s kra n u\u1e25anu n tmlsa." }, { "en": "He tries.", "ber": "da ittarm." }, { "en": "He accelerated.", "ber": "innmrir." }, { "en": "He accelerated.", "ber": "i\u0263awl." }, { "en": "We wanted to listen.", "ber": "nkka tt inn nra ad nssflid." }, { "en": "I had no idea that you were here.", "ber": "ur yad lli illi g yi\u0263f inu is \u0263id tllit." }, { "en": "He laughed.", "ber": "i\u1e0d\u1e63a." }, { "en": "He ran.", "ber": "yuzzl." }, { "en": "I'd like for you to help me get my car running.", "ber": "ri\u0263 k ad iyi tawst ad sfttu\u0263 tihirit inu." }, { "en": "She held her hand out.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e93l afus nns." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary only swear when they're angry.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari", "null": [ " ur da rggmn amr i\u0263 rfan." ] }, { "en": "He runs.", "ber": "da ittazzal." }, { "en": "Tell me what'll happen.", "ber": "ini iyi ma rad imsar." }, { "en": "He shaved.", "ber": "i\u1e25ffif." }, { "en": "He shaved.", "ber": "ikks azzar." }, { "en": "Tom isn't out of prison yet.", "ber": "ur ta d iff\u0263 \u1e6dum g ubniq." }, { "en": "Aren't you angry with Tom?", "ber": "is ur trfit \u0263f \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "He came.", "ber": "yucka d." }, { "en": "No one cares what she thinks.", "ber": "ur tt yiwi yan g uynna tettini nttat" }, { "en": "He smiled.", "ber": "izmummg." }, { "en": "Tom left the water running all night.", "ber": "ifl \u1e6dum aman ar d ttffin ma ila yi\u1e0d." }, { "en": "The sound of the stream lulled me to sleep.", "ber": "ishnunnu iyi yimsli n umzaz ann aylli\u0263 \u1e6d\u1e6das\u0263." }, { "en": "He disappeared.", "ber": "intl." }, { "en": "He doesn't know where to look for her.", "ber": "ur issin mani g rad srs ittlli." }, { "en": "He squinted.", "ber": "iqzziz." }, { "en": "He squinted.", "ber": "ismuqql." }, { "en": "He succeeded.", "ber": "imurs." }, { "en": "He began.", "ber": "inta." }, { "en": "All of them wanted to kill me.", "ber": "ran ad iyi n\u0263n akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "He began.", "ber": "issnta." }, { "en": "Why don't you enlighten us?", "ber": "max ad a\u0263 ur tssisfiwt?" }, { "en": "Why don't you enlighten us?", "ber": "ssisfiw a\u0263 za." }, { "en": "He tried.", "ber": "yurm." }, { "en": "He tried.", "ber": "imwat." }, { "en": "He left.", "ber": "idda." }, { "en": "Sami didn't fully close the door.", "ber": "ur iqqin sami taggurt ann s tmmad nns." }, { "en": "He lies.", "ber": "da iskrkis." }, { "en": "He never told me to read the Quran.", "ber": "ur iyi d jju inni ad aqqra\u0263 lqran." }, { "en": "He coughed.", "ber": "yusu." }, { "en": "Gabriel found the rest of them.", "ber": "yufa gabril aynna iqqaman digsn." }, { "en": "He played.", "ber": "yurar." }, { "en": "We have to buy it from abroad.", "ber": "iqqan a\u0263 d ad tt id ns\u0263 sg b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n tmurt." }, { "en": "He dived.", "ber": "ing\u1e0d." }, { "en": "The door is now closed.", "ber": "taggurt", "null": [ " tqqn \u0263il ad." ] }, { "en": "He walks.", "ber": "ar ifttu." }, { "en": "He walks.", "ber": "da ittddu." }, { "en": "He blinked.", "ber": "ismrqc." }, { "en": "He bought land for the purpose of building a house.", "ber": "is\u0263a akal af ad d i\u1e63ku yat tgmmi." }, { "en": "Would you like to have dinner at my place tonight?", "ber": "is trit ad nmmklu g dari i\u1e0d ad?" }, { "en": "What did you read?", "ber": "mad t\u0263rit?" }, { "en": "Yanni completely changed.", "ber": "infl yanni s tmmad nns." }, { "en": "Yanni completely changed.", "ber": "infl yanni s wudm ummid." }, { "en": "They could do that.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn as." }, { "en": "You're free to say what you want.", "ber": "tgit ilelli ad tinit aynna trit." }, { "en": "He died.", "ber": "immut." }, { "en": "You're free to say what you want.", "ber": "tlit azrf ad tinit kra trit." }, { "en": "Sami is going to know.", "ber": "irad issan sami." }, { "en": "He went.", "ber": "ifta." }, { "en": "He went.", "ber": "idda." }, { "en": "He agreed.", "ber": "imsasa." }, { "en": "Antonio saw a fox in the woods.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e5ba nn un\u1e6dunyu yan uba\u0263u\u0263 ammas n tagant." }, { "en": "He agreed.", "ber": "idggi." }, { "en": "I wanted to go outside and get a breath of fresh air.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn ri\u0263 ad ffu\u0263 s b\u1e5b\u1e5ba af ad k\u1e0du\u0263 imikk n wa\u1e0du izuzwan." }, { "en": "He reacts.", "ber": "da ittmyagga." }, { "en": "I'll tell Tom we aren't ready.", "ber": "rad ini\u0263 i \u1e6dum mas d ur ta nujad." }, { "en": "He smoked.", "ber": "ikmi." }, { "en": "I don't want to go anywhere this evening.", "ber": "ur ri\u0263 ad ddu\u0263 s mani tadgg\u02b7at ad." }, { "en": "He exaggerates!", "ber": "da issugut!" }, { "en": "He procrastinates.", "ber": "da ismu\u1e6dul." }, { "en": "It is necessary for you to study harder.", "ber": "iqqan k id ad nn tgt tamssummant nnk g t\u0263ri." }, { "en": "I'm still their neighbor.", "ber": "gi\u0263 sul anarag nnsn." }, { "en": "He phoned.", "ber": "isawl." }, { "en": "He phoned.", "ber": "i\u0263ra." }, { "en": "He recovered.", "ber": "ijji." }, { "en": "All Ziri ever talks about is cats.", "ber": "imacciwn ka \u0263f da isawal ziri." }, { "en": "It's not October yet.", "ber": "ur ta d ikcim ktub\u1e5b." }, { "en": "He cries.", "ber": "ar yalla." }, { "en": "He cries.", "ber": "da ittru." }, { "en": "Then his mother thought about it.", "ber": "tswangm ilmma gis mas." }, { "en": "He succeeded!", "ber": "imurs!" }, { "en": "I've got stuff to do.", "ber": "illa dari mad ittuskarn." }, { "en": "Tom thought Mary wasn't in her office.", "ber": "i\u0263al \u1e6dum is ur tlli mari g usira nns." }, { "en": "Gunter was petrified by what he saw.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e93ma guntr s uynna i\u1e93\u1e5ba" }, { "en": "I work more than you.", "ber": "da swurri\u0263 uggar nnk." }, { "en": "He lies!", "ber": "da iskrkis!" }, { "en": "He teaches.", "ber": "da isslmad." }, { "en": "He understands.", "ber": "da ittrmas." }, { "en": "He lost.", "ber": "ijla." }, { "en": "He lost.", "ber": "izla." }, { "en": "He forgot.", "ber": "ittu." }, { "en": "Tom has been busy since last week.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " ur t id ya\u0263 sg yimalass ad izrin." ] }, { "en": "He slipped.", "ber": "icc\u1e0d." }, { "en": "He slept.", "ber": "ign." }, { "en": "I thought that you said that you had a dog.", "ber": "\u0263al\u0263 is iyi tnnit mas dark illa waydi." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't like mathematics.", "ber": "ur i\u1e25mil \u1e6dum tussnakt." }, { "en": "He slept.", "ber": "i\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e63." }, { "en": "Tom must pay for all of this.", "ber": "iqqan d ad ifru \u1e6dum ayad akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "He learned.", "ber": "ilmd." }, { "en": "Gabriel made a fatal mistake.", "ber": "iskr gabril yan uzggal inqqan." }, { "en": "He waited.", "ber": "iqql." }, { "en": "He landed.", "ber": "irs." }, { "en": "Carlos talked about his success.", "ber": "isawl ka\u1e5blus \u0263f umurs nns." }, { "en": "He flew.", "ber": "yuyll." }, { "en": "He smokes.", "ber": "da ikmmi." }, { "en": "Mennad went through the same thing as Baya.", "ber": "izri mnnad g uynna tzzri baya d\u0263 nttat." }, { "en": "He drove.", "ber": "da inddh." }, { "en": "He arrived.", "ber": "ilkm." }, { "en": "I didn't dream last night.", "ber": "ur warga\u0263 i\u1e0d izrin." }, { "en": "He arrived.", "ber": "yiw\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Are you sitting on the floor?", "ber": "is tskkust g wakal?" }, { "en": "He apologized.", "ber": "ittr asurf." }, { "en": "He escaped.", "ber": "irwal." }, { "en": "He wants to read this book.", "ber": "ira ad i\u0263r adlis ad." }, { "en": "Mary is a YouTuber.", "ber": "tga mari tayutubrt." }, { "en": "He failed.", "ber": "iguf." }, { "en": "He frowned.", "ber": "iknsr." }, { "en": "Tom is out of sugar.", "ber": "ismar uskk\u02b7a\u1e5b dar \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I'm not going to do it anymore.", "ber": "ur rad tt sul skr\u0263." }, { "en": "He studied.", "ber": "izra." }, { "en": "He studied.", "ber": "i\u0263ra." }, { "en": "He won.", "ber": "irna." }, { "en": "He lied.", "ber": "iskrks." }, { "en": "He paid.", "ber": "ifra." }, { "en": "He fell.", "ber": "i\u1e0d\u1e5b." }, { "en": "He swam.", "ber": "iccf." }, { "en": "He fled.", "ber": "irwl." }, { "en": "For you", "ber": " Skura", "null": [ " anything!", "aflla nnm kmmin a skura", " kra trit!" ] }, { "en": "He spit.", "ber": "issufs." }, { "en": "For you", "ber": " Skura", "null": [ " anything!", "\u0263f wudm nnm kmmin a skura", " aynna trit!" ] }, { "en": "He sang.", "ber": "yirir." }, { "en": "He moved.", "ber": "immutti." }, { "en": "I think it matches.", "ber": "nni\u0263 nkki myawant." }, { "en": "I think it matches.", "ber": "nni\u0263 nkki aksuln." }, { "en": "I think it matches.", "ber": "nni\u0263 nkki msasan d." }, { "en": "He stood.", "ber": "ibdd." }, { "en": "He voted.", "ber": "isti." }, { "en": "He works.", "ber": "ar iswuriy." }, { "en": "He works.", "ber": "da iswuriy." }, { "en": "He bowed.", "ber": "ik\u02b7na." }, { "en": "Move.", "ber": "mmass." }, { "en": "Ziri has to cross the field.", "ber": "ziri", "null": [ " iqqan t id ad izgr igr." ] }, { "en": "She's old!", "ber": "nttat tussr!" }, { "en": "She's old!", "ber": "tawssart ad tga!" }, { "en": "It's like a childhood dream.", "ber": "iga zun d kra n twargit n tm\u1e93i." }, { "en": "Where did you get all this wisdom?", "ber": "mani d srk tkka tn\u1e93e\u1e93t ad akk\u02b7?" }, { "en": "We went with Tom.", "ber": "ndda akd \u1e6dum" }, { "en": "Tom has been doing that since 2013.", "ber": "ar iskar \u1e6dum mayann sg 2013." }, { "en": "He swore.", "ber": "iggull." }, { "en": "Please eat it while it's still hot.", "ber": "amur nnk", "null": [ " cc t kud tr\u0263a" ] }, { "en": "He swims.", "ber": "da ittccf." }, { "en": "He froze.", "ber": "igrs." }, { "en": "He cooks.", "ber": "da issnwa." }, { "en": "He reads.", "ber": "da iqqar." }, { "en": "He reads.", "ber": "ar yaqqra." }, { "en": "It's been a long time since I last spoke French.", "ber": "wahli mnck ayad ur sawl\u0263 taf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "I pretended to work.", "ber": "skr\u0263 zun d i\u0263 ar swurri\u0263." }, { "en": "Sometimes I don't get you.", "ber": "kra n tkkal ur ar k ttrmas\u0263." }, { "en": "Sometimes I don't get you.", "ber": "kra n tkkal ur ar k ttak\u02b7z\u0263." }, { "en": "He nodded.", "ber": "ismuss i\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "He's now able to do that by himself.", "ber": "iz\u1e0dar \u0263il ad ad iskr ayann s yi\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "He yawned.", "ber": "ifa." }, { "en": "Wake up", "ber": " dear.", "null": [ "mmatti d a tasa nu." ] }, { "en": "He snores.", "ber": "da isxurriy." }, { "en": "He moaned.", "ber": "ismummi." }, { "en": "He looked.", "ber": "ismuqql." }, { "en": "He jumped.", "ber": "yuki." }, { "en": "He jumped.", "ber": "inggz." }, { "en": "He jumped.", "ber": "ifn\u1e6d\u1e93." }, { "en": "He helped.", "ber": "yiws." }, { "en": "He fought.", "ber": "imma\u0263." }, { "en": "He drives.", "ber": "da inddh." }, { "en": "He cheats.", "ber": "da itt\u0263ccu." }, { "en": "He called.", "ber": "isawl." }, { "en": "He called.", "ber": "i\u0263ra." }, { "en": "He agrees.", "ber": "imsasa." }, { "en": "He agrees.", "ber": "da ittmsasa." }, { "en": "He prayed.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e93ull." }, { "en": "He stayed.", "ber": "iqqama." }, { "en": "He stayed.", "ber": "iqqim." }, { "en": "He talked.", "ber": "isawl." }, { "en": "He walked.", "ber": "izzigz." }, { "en": "He worked.", "ber": "iswuri." }, { "en": "He paused.", "ber": "ibdd." }, { "en": "We've met a few times before.", "ber": "nmmggar yad yan mnnawt tkkal g mad izrin." }, { "en": "Luckily", "ber": " Mary doesn't smoke.", "null": [ "tjja a\u0263", " llig ur da tkmmi mari." ] }, { "en": "That fire burned the entire town to ashes.", "ber": "tjdr tmssi ann tamdint kullu tt allig tga i\u0263d." }, { "en": "You said you won't touch beer for a month.", "ber": "tnnit mas d ur rad tggrt i yibirratn kra ikka wayyur." }, { "en": "Shloyme wants to be a writer.", "ber": "ira cluymi ad ig amara." }, { "en": "Now", "ber": " why didn't I think of that?", "null": [ "a wa \u0263il ad", " max allig hlli ur swingim\u0263 g uynna?" ] }, { "en": "I prefer taking my shirt off when I go for a run.", "ber": "da smyafa\u0263 ad kks\u0263 asiki nu mk ri\u0263 ad ttazzal\u0263." }, { "en": "I know that your work is not easy.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 is ur tfssus twuri nnk." }, { "en": "Please bring the others.", "ber": "amur nnk", "null": [ " awi d wiyya\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "I took all the coins out of my piggy bank because I didn't have any money and wasn't getting paid until next week.", "ber": "ldi\u0263 d akk\u02b7 timuzunin sg tgdurt inu n yiqari\u1e0dn acku ur dari llin yidrmin akud ann", "null": [ " d ur rad d am\u1e93\u0263 ti\u0263ra\u1e0d inu ar imalass d iddan." ] }, { "en": "I wanted to write myself a little note.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn ri\u0263 ad ara\u0263 i yi\u0263f inu yat tuzmmimt im\u1e93\u1e93in." }, { "en": "He was not conscious of my presence here.", "ber": "ur siti ifrik is lli\u0263 dad." }, { "en": "He was not conscious of my presence here.", "ber": "ikka tt inn ur ifrik s tilit inu ammas n \u0263id." }, { "en": "There is milk in the refrigerator.", "ber": "illa uk\u02b7fay g tmssismi\u1e0dt." }, { "en": "There is milk in the refrigerator.", "ber": "ha nn ak\u02b7fay g tmssismi\u1e0dt." }, { "en": "Has Tom said anything to you?", "ber": "is ak inna \u1e6dum kra?" }, { "en": "What's the most beautiful language in the world?", "ber": "mad igan tutlayt nna akk\u02b7 ifulkin g uma\u1e0dal?" }, { "en": "If it's bitter", "ber": " I don't want it. \"Drink it!\" \"I don't like anything bitter.\"", "null": [ "mk ir\u1e93ag", " ha nn ur t ri\u0263. \u2013 \"su t!\" \u2013 \"ur \u1e25mil\u0263 mad ir\u1e93agn.\"" ] }, { "en": "This prisoner's not to be trusted.", "ber": "ad ur ittyaman u\u1e25bbas ad." }, { "en": "This prisoner's not to be trusted.", "ber": "ad ur ittiyflas unkruf ad." }, { "en": "Let's send for the doctor.", "ber": "ajjat a\u0263 ad d nazn s u\u1e0dbib." }, { "en": "Let's send for the doctor.", "ber": "nikkrat a\u0263 ad d nazn s u\u1e0dbib." }, { "en": "She said she felt like crying.", "ber": "tnna mas as bddn yim\u1e6d\u1e6dawn g walln nns." }, { "en": "She said she felt like crying.", "ber": "tnna mas tssyafa amm i\u0263 rad talla." }, { "en": "Don't hesitate!", "ber": "ad ur ttrkkakt!" }, { "en": "Deaf people can converse in sign language.", "ber": "\u0263iyn yi\u1e93n\u1e93am ad nnyalkamn s tutlayt n tmitar." }, { "en": "How about running?", "ber": "mad nn tunnit g tizzla?" }, { "en": "How about running?", "ber": "mad tnnit \u0263f tizzla?" }, { "en": "How about running?", "ber": "amma za tizzla?" }, { "en": "She's scared.", "ber": "nttat", "null": [ " tk\u1e63u\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "She's scared.", "ber": "nttat", "null": [ " tgg\u02b7d." ] }, { "en": "Tom undressed and got into bed.", "ber": "ikks \u1e6dum timlsa nns ya\u0263 nn usu." }, { "en": "Vladimir is the middle child.", "ber": "fladimir ad igan arraw anammas." }, { "en": "Germany is Europe's largest and most prosperous economy.", "ber": "almanya ad igan tadamsa nna akk\u02b7 imqqurn d tad akk\u02b7 imursn g wurubba." }, { "en": "Could you please tell me how much this is worth?", "ber": "i \u1e5bbbi is tufit ad iyi tinit mnck ad iskar uyad?" }, { "en": "Could you please tell me how much this is worth?", "ber": "is tufit amur nnk ad iyi tinit mnck ad iga watig n uyad?" }, { "en": "Why don't you give it a try?", "ber": "max da ad tt inn ur tarmt?" }, { "en": "Did anyone see you walking your dog that night?", "ber": "is k i\u1e93\u1e5ba kra n yan llig ar tsmarrit aydi nnk g yi\u1e0d ann?" }, { "en": "We'll still do that whenever we can.", "ber": "rad sul nskr mayann kud nna as nufa." }, { "en": "He followed the sound of her voice and her call.", "ber": "i\u1e0dfa\u1e5b imsli n ugr\u1e0d nns d u\u0263uri nns." }, { "en": "Do you have any pictures of Tom?", "ber": "is llant dark kra n twlafin n \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "I'm going to need more than that.", "ber": "rad asr\u0263 uggar n unct nna." }, { "en": "Oleg was home alone because his parents were at work.", "ber": "ikka tt inn ulig g tgmmi i wa\u1e0du nns acku imarawn nns kkan tt inn g twuri." }, { "en": "First and foremost", "ber": " I'd like to thank you all.", "null": [ "s izwar", " ri\u0263 ad k\u02b7n snimmr\u0263 akk\u02b7." ] }, { "en": "First and foremost", "ber": " I'd like to thank you all.", "null": [ "s umzawru", " ri\u0263 ad awn ini\u0263 tanmmirt akk\u02b7." ] }, { "en": "First and foremost", "ber": " I'd like to thank you all.", "null": [ "asnimmr nnun akk\u02b7 ad d izwarn kra illan." ] }, { "en": "I know that Tom knows when I did that.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 is issn \u1e6dum managu skr\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "We've been waiting for that to happen.", "ber": "nkka tt inn ar nttqql s uyann ad d imsar." }, { "en": "Don't do it like Tom", "ber": " please.", "null": [ "ad tt ur tskrt a \u1e6dum", " amur nnk." ] }, { "en": "I'm sure Tom will agree with me.", "ber": "tffu\u0263 tt turda is rad d didi imsacka." }, { "en": "Maybe Tom should go to bed.", "ber": "\u1e25aqqan iqqan d i \u1e6dum ad iddu ma g ad iggan." }, { "en": "It's going to explode.", "ber": "irad ibbaqqi." }, { "en": "It's going to explode.", "ber": "idda iyann ad i\u1e6d\u1e6diqqs." }, { "en": "The dogs remembered him and were happy to see him.", "ber": "k\u02b7tin t id yi\u1e0dan", "null": [ " mmrn kigan llig t \u1e93\u1e5ban." ] }, { "en": "Tom said he knew that you wouldn't win.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas issn is ur rad tnnrut." }, { "en": "I'm so glad you love it.", "ber": "mmr\u0263 kigan llig k tssusm." }, { "en": "He grew up in poverty.", "ber": "inkr d ammas n uzla\u1e0d." }, { "en": "She wrote down her phone number.", "ber": "tura d u\u1e6d\u1e6dun nns n utilifun." }, { "en": "Whoever speaks the truth will have to tie up the donkey.", "ber": "wanna innan tidt", "null": [ " irad fllas yili ad ig askrf i u\u0263yul." ] }, { "en": "Fadil recognized Dania and called the police.", "ber": "yukz fa\u1e0dil danya i\u0263r nit i ubulis." }, { "en": "Mary grew up in poverty.", "ber": "tnkr d mari g uzla\u1e0d." }, { "en": "And he said to him: I have dreamed dreams", "ber": " and there is no one that can expound them: Now I have heard that thou art very wise at interpreting them.", "null": [ "inna as ilmma: hat warga\u0263 tiwargiwin", " d ur illi mad iz\u1e0darn ad tnt issfsr: d\u0263i", " slla\u0263 is tgit un\u1e93i\u1e93 g ufasr nnsnt." ] }, { "en": "Kate wants to work in Italy", "ber": " so she's learning Italian.", "null": [ "tra kiyt ad tswurri g yi\u1e6dalya", " ayann af da tettlmad ta\u1e6dalyanit." ] }, { "en": "Mary said she wanted to be your friend.", "ber": "tnna mari mas tra ad tg tamddakk\u02b7lt nnk." }, { "en": "Mary said she wanted to be your friend.", "ber": "tnna mari mas tra ad didk tddukkl." }, { "en": "I'm coming from the garden.", "ber": "hayyi ucki\u0263 nn sg wurti." }, { "en": "I'm coming from the garden.", "ber": "hayyi g u\u0263aras inu sg wurti." }, { "en": "I'm coming from the garden.", "ber": "hayyi kki\u0263 d a\u0263aras sg wurti." }, { "en": "Skura is wearing skinny jeans.", "ber": "tlsa skura idjinn sdidnin." }, { "en": "We've sold all the tickets.", "ber": "nzznza akk\u02b7 tanfulin." }, { "en": "The dog is trained to watch for thieves.", "ber": "yanun waydi \u0263f ti\u1e0daf n yimxxarn." }, { "en": "Press this button.", "ber": "adr i ubu\u1e6dun ad." }, { "en": "I wish I could figure out how to do that.", "ber": "mr ka ssn\u0263 manmk a rad skr\u0263 i uyann." }, { "en": "I want you to find him.", "ber": "ri\u0263 k ad t taft." }, { "en": "I want you to find him.", "ber": "ri\u0263 gik ad t taft." }, { "en": "Do you believe in love at first sight? \"I hardly believe in love at all.\"", "ber": "is tfslt g tayri n usmaqql amzwaru? \u2013 \"ur akk\u02b7 flis\u0263 g tayri nttat nit s yi\u0263f nns.\"" }, { "en": "I didn't know Tom was looking for me.", "ber": "ur illi g yi\u0263f inu is d ar siti ittlli \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I didn't know Tom was looking for me.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 is tt inn ikka \u1e6dum ar iyi ittnada." }, { "en": "No", "ber": " I didn't see anyone.", "null": [ "uhu", " ur \u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 awd yan." ] }, { "en": "There is no place like home.", "ber": "ur illi kra n mani zun d tigmmi." }, { "en": "There is no place like home.", "ber": "ur illi mayd yufn taddart." }, { "en": "She can't do everything by herself.", "ber": "ur tz\u1e0dar nttat ad tskr akk\u02b7 ma illan s yi\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "I have made a mess.", "ber": "skr\u0263 yan urwway." }, { "en": "I have made a mess.", "ber": "ssrwi\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "Mary fooled them all.", "ber": "tssknd tn mari kullu tn." }, { "en": "Yanni watched a lot of music videos.", "ber": "if\u1e5b\u1e5bj yanni g ugudi n yifidyutn n u\u1e93awan." }, { "en": "Get out your notebooks.", "ber": "ssuf\u0263at d idftarn nnun n uzmmem." }, { "en": "Tom loves soccer.", "ber": "da ittiri \u1e6dum takurt n u\u1e0da\u1e5b." }, { "en": "I don't have enough money to buy that.", "ber": "ur dari mad yudan g yidrimn af ad s\u0263\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "I'm the only one who ever really knew Tom.", "ber": "nkkin ka ad issnn \u1e6dum s tidt." }, { "en": "Tom is struggling to earn a living.", "ber": "da ittma\u0263 \u1e6dum \u0263f tubbict n u\u0263rum." }, { "en": "Tom is struggling to earn a living.", "ber": "da ikkat \u1e6dum tamara \u0263f tubbict n u\u0263rum." }, { "en": "You and I should go out again.", "ber": "iqqan d ad da\u0263 nffu\u0263 nkki didm." }, { "en": "I know you helped her.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 is as tuwst." }, { "en": "Yanni was walking down the road.", "ber": "ikka tt inn yanni ar izzigiz g u\u0263aras." }, { "en": "Translating is hard work.", "ber": "tmra twuri n usu\u0263l." }, { "en": "They got out of the car.", "ber": "ffu\u0263n d sg thirit." }, { "en": "Tom had his lunch at the cafeteria.", "ber": "immukla \u1e6dum ammas n tkafitirit." }, { "en": "I study French occasionally.", "ber": "da qqar\u0263 taf\u1e5bansist tikk\u02b7al." }, { "en": "I'm starving!", "ber": "in\u0263a iyi la\u1e93!" }, { "en": "She said she knew this would happen.", "ber": "tnna ak tssn yad is rad imsar uyad." }, { "en": "I peed myself laughing.", "ber": "ffi\u0263 tn inn s ta\u1e0d\u1e63a." }, { "en": "I've been waiting for this moment for a long time.", "ber": "ar ttgannay\u0263 tizi ad sg wahli mnck ayad." }, { "en": "I didn't even know Tom was born in Australia.", "ber": "ur akk\u02b7 ssin\u0263 nkki is ilul \u1e6dum g wus\u1e6dralya." }, { "en": "Everyone's going to be tired.", "ber": "rad \u1e5bmin s mad akk\u02b7 llan." }, { "en": "How can I make Tom pay more attention to me?", "ber": "manmk s \u0263iy\u0263 ad ajj\u0263 \u1e6dum ad iyi ittrra taynit uggar?" }, { "en": "The boy has grown out of all his old clothes.", "ber": "imqqur d urba \u0263f yihdumn nns iqburn akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "Shall we start the meeting now?", "ber": "is nufa ad nssntu anmuggar \u0263il ad?" }, { "en": "Some of us have to work this weekend.", "ber": "illa dign\u0263 mad t id iqqan ad iswurri tigira n yimalass ad." }, { "en": "He said he wanted to talk to me.", "ber": "inna mas ira ad didi imsawal." }, { "en": "David went to school with his dad.", "ber": "imun dafid s tinml akd babas." }, { "en": "This dog ran fast.", "ber": "yuzzl waydi s tmmri." }, { "en": "Tom is scared to talk to Mary.", "ber": "igg\u02b7d \u1e6dum ad isawl d mari." }, { "en": "Why are you moving into Yuri's room before he has even left the house?", "ber": "max allig tmmuttit s im\u1e63\u1e5bi n yuri waxxa ur ta jju ifl tigmmi?" }, { "en": "Is everyone still alive?", "ber": "is suln sul mddn akk\u02b7?" }, { "en": "Is everyone still alive?", "ber": "is ddrn sul akk\u02b7 middn?" }, { "en": "You're the oldest.", "ber": "kyyin ayd imqqurn." }, { "en": "You're the oldest.", "ber": "kyyin ayd igan awssar akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "Tom isn't good at French", "ber": " is he?", "null": [ "ur wala ifulls \u1e6dum g tf\u1e5bansist", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "Tom wasn't forgiven.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " ur as ittufka usaruf." ] }, { "en": "Sami was direct and unapologetic about his opinions.", "ber": "sami g mad izdin d tannayin nns; ikka tt inn iga nnican d ur ar yakka tis\u025b\u1e0dar." }, { "en": "I'm scared to do that.", "ber": "gg\u02b7d\u0263 ad skr\u0263 mayann." }, { "en": "He tried to trick me.", "ber": "yurm ad iyi issknd." }, { "en": "Come with us!", "ber": "mun didn\u0263!" }, { "en": "Come with us!", "ber": "ack d didn\u0263!" }, { "en": "He tried to trick me.", "ber": "yurm ad tt flli izzri." }, { "en": "What makes you think that you're better than me?", "ber": "mad k yujjan ad t\u0263alt is iyi tuft?" }, { "en": "She said that I can ride with her.", "ber": "tnna iyi mas ufi\u0263 ad dids ssudu\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom has to stay in Australia.", "ber": "illa \u0263f \u1e6dum ad i\u0263ama g wus\u1e6d\u1e5balya." }, { "en": "Don't you have any idea where Tom is now?", "ber": "is ur dark tlli kra n twngmit mani g rad yili \u1e6dum d\u0263i?" }, { "en": "I don't think anyone can do this.", "ber": "ur nni\u0263 is i\u0263iy kra n yan ad iskr ayad." }, { "en": "That's the life that Sami has built.", "ber": "tann ayd igan tudrt nna ibna sami." }, { "en": "That's the life that Sami has built.", "ber": "imk ann ad tga tudrt nna i\u1e63ka sami." }, { "en": "He's at a party.", "ber": "illa g yat tfugla." }, { "en": "I know what you thought.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 mad tnnit d yi\u0263f nnk." }, { "en": "I ate an apple.", "ber": "cci\u0263 yat tdffuyt." }, { "en": "Tom's parents never visited Tom when he was in the hospital.", "ber": "imarawn n \u1e6dum", "null": [ " ur nn jju uggin s \u1e6dum llig tt inn ikka g umsgnaf." ] }, { "en": "Sami and Layla became Facebook friends.", "ber": "sami nttan d layla", "null": [ " a\u0263uln gan imddukkal g faysbuk." ] }, { "en": "I'm used to no one liking me.", "ber": "myar\u0263 ad iyi ur i\u1e25mil awd yan." }, { "en": "I am sick.", "ber": "gi\u0263 ama\u1e0dun." }, { "en": "I am sick.", "ber": "nkkin u\u1e0dn\u0263." }, { "en": "He wasn't like that at first.", "ber": "ur tt inn ikki zun d imk ann g tzwiri." }, { "en": "He wasn't like that at first.", "ber": "ur yad lli igi imk ann g tzwiri." }, { "en": "We weren't able to find Mary's house.", "ber": "nggammi tizi ann ad naf tigmmi n mari." }, { "en": "I've never been abroad before.", "ber": "ur jju d nkkin ad d ikkan b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n tmurt." }, { "en": "How long will Tom stay here?", "ber": "mnck a rad \u0263id igawr \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Matthew simply stood there in the rain", "ber": " watching Linda.", "null": [ "is ka dinn ibdd matyu ammas n un\u1e93ar", " ar ismuqqul g linda." ] }, { "en": "I can't dance.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 ad rkkz\u0263." }, { "en": "Sami is back home now.", "ber": "yurri d sami d\u0263i s taddart." }, { "en": "She was only half alive.", "ber": "tkka tt inn tddr \u0263as s uzgn." }, { "en": "Sami was about to go.", "ber": "ikka tt inn sami dru\u0263 ad iddu." }, { "en": "Tom was only trying to save a little money.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum ar ittarm ad ka ismun imikk n yidrimn." }, { "en": "Tom didn't finish the song he was singing.", "ber": "ur ismid \u1e6dum tall\u0263at nna g ar ittirir." }, { "en": "The fire destroyed ten houses.", "ber": "trdl tmssi mrawt tg\u02b7mma." }, { "en": "She couldn't come because she was ill.", "ber": "ur tufi ad d tack acku tkka tt inn tu\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "He gave them food and money.", "ber": "ifka asn utci d yidrimn." }, { "en": "That's too dear for me. Can't you make it any cheaper?", "ber": "i\u0263la flli uyann kigan. is ur tufit ad as tzzugzt atig?" }, { "en": "Tom was looking for trouble.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum ar irzzu imukrisn." }, { "en": "How dare you call me skinny and ugly!", "ber": "mani d srk tkka ta\u0263art n wudm ad iyi tlhut tanamumt tlhut iyi tuxcint!" }, { "en": "Some people can understand me.", "ber": "\u0263iyn kra n mddn ad iyi ttrmasn." }, { "en": "I haven't paid for the tickets yet.", "ber": "ur ta fri\u0263 atig n tnfulin." }, { "en": "I know Tom didn't intentionally hurt Mary.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 is ur iskir \u1e6dum ad ibri mari." }, { "en": "I know Tom didn't intentionally hurt Mary.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 is ur iwats \u1e6dum ad ibri mari." }, { "en": "He will wash dishes.", "ber": "irad issird irukutn." }, { "en": "I'm glad to see you", "ber": " but there's nothing you can do here.", "null": [ "mmr\u0263 llig k \u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263", " maca hat ur dark mad \u0263id tskart." ] }, { "en": "It was a confusing time.", "ber": "ikka tt inn iga yan uzmz isnxabbaln." }, { "en": "Felix paused the music.", "ber": "isbdd filiks a\u1e93awan." }, { "en": "I know that Tom is a lot shorter than I am.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 is igzzul \u1e6dum uggar inu kigan." }, { "en": "Tom has decided to buy the island.", "ber": "i\u0263ts \u1e6dum ad is\u0263 tagzirt." }, { "en": "Who did you play tennis with?", "ber": "mad d turart atinis?" }, { "en": "Who did you play tennis with?", "ber": "kyyin d mit ayd yurarn atinis?" }, { "en": "Do Tom and Mary always eat lunch at the same time every day?", "ber": "is d ar bdda ictta \u1e6dum nttan mari imkli g wakud igan yan", "null": [ " kra iga tt ass?" ] }, { "en": "Mary thinks Tom isn't very smart.", "ber": "ar tettini mari mas d ur wala ica\u1e6dr \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Mary thinks Tom isn't very smart.", "ber": "s tannayt n mari", "null": [ " \u1e6dum ur nit igi ami\u0263is." ] }, { "en": "Tom has just started studying French.", "ber": "\u1e25ra issnta \u1e6dum ar yaqqra taf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "She's grounded.", "ber": "ittugdal fllas wufu\u0263." }, { "en": "I need to go back to Australia.", "ber": "iqqan iyi d ad nn u\u0263ul\u0263 s us\u1e6dralya." }, { "en": "You're a sky full of stars.", "ber": "tgit ignna iktarn s yitran." }, { "en": "I prefer that it remains that way.", "ber": "yuf dari ad t\u0263ama imk ann." }, { "en": "I prefer that it remains that way.", "ber": "ar smyafa\u0263 ad tqqim s yimk nna." }, { "en": "You know that that's not true.", "ber": "tssnt mas d ur igi uyann tidt." }, { "en": "You know that that's not true.", "ber": "tssnt is ur idtti uynna." }, { "en": "In short", "ber": " he's a genius.", "null": [ "s ussgzl", " iga yan umi\u0263is." ] }, { "en": "Tom told Mary that he didn't think Alice was beautiful.", "ber": "inna as \u1e6dum i mari", "null": [ " mas d ur i\u0263al ntta is tfulki walis." ] }, { "en": "How many flowers do you buy?", "ber": "mnnaw yijddign ad tssa\u0263t?" }, { "en": "Yanni came upon a gang of baboons.", "ber": "iffu\u0263 nn yanni g yat tgrumma n yibabunn." }, { "en": "Ziri was out there", "ber": " helping Rima.", "null": [ "ikka tt inn ziri dinn", " ar ittaws i rima." ] }, { "en": "It's the bitter truth.", "ber": "tidt ir\u1e93agn ayann." }, { "en": "Why don't we visit Tom this weekend?", "ber": "max ad d ur nkk dar \u1e6dum tigira n yimalass ad?" }, { "en": "That shirt doesn't fit you very well.", "ber": "ur d didk yucki uriki ann kigan." }, { "en": "I didn't realize it was so late.", "ber": "ur frik\u0263 is bahra ya\u0263 uzal." }, { "en": "I didn't realize it was so late.", "ber": "ur frik\u0263 is wala izri uzmz." }, { "en": "Tom wished he didn't have to get rid of his old car.", "ber": "izuz\u1e0d \u1e6dum mr fllas ur illi ad nn isitti tihirit nns taqburt." }, { "en": "She gave an expensive watch to him.", "ber": "tfka as yat tmagant i\u0263lan." }, { "en": "Everybody knows Tom and Mary like each other.", "ber": "akk\u02b7 mad illan is issn mas d \u1e6dum d mari ar ttirin gratsn." }, { "en": "We need transportation.", "ber": "ns\u0263awsa s wassay." }, { "en": "We need transportation.", "ber": "nusr assay." }, { "en": "I think that Tom is still asleep.", "ber": "nni\u0263 nkki \u1e25aqqan is sul i\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I think that Tom is still asleep.", "ber": "\u025bni\u0263 isul \u1e6dum i\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63." }, { "en": "This isn't a believable story.", "ber": "ur tgi tullist ad mad ittflas yan." }, { "en": "It's best to go home now.", "ber": "yuf i\u0263 ndda d\u0263i s taddart." }, { "en": "Please call me whenever it's convenient for you.", "ber": "amur nnk", "null": [ " \u0263r iyi d kud nna as tufit." ] }, { "en": "His hair has gone grey.", "ber": "ulin as d yiciban aflla n wazzar." }, { "en": "Now that Tom has left we can talk freely.", "ber": "d\u0263i llig ifta \u1e6dum ayd nzmr ad nmsawal s tlelli." }, { "en": "The Greeks did many important things.", "ber": "skrn yigrikn mnnawt t\u0263awsiwin nna mi \u0263ur illa waddur." }, { "en": "I always thought I could work with anyone.", "ber": "\u0263al\u0263 yad lli bdda is ufi\u0263 ad swurri\u0263 d wanna ka." }, { "en": "He ruined the wedding.", "ber": "ismmrwi tam\u0263ra" }, { "en": "The thieves tied him up and escaped through the window.", "ber": "krfn t yimxxarn rwln ilmma sg usatm." }, { "en": "Ziri didn't expect Rima to give him dirty looks.", "ber": "ur idmu ziri ad t tut rima s gar asmaqql." }, { "en": "Tom is in the waiting room.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " illa g txamt n tuqqla." ] }, { "en": "Tom", "ber": " I'm scared we're going to get in trouble.", "null": [ "\u1e6dum", " hat gg\u02b7d\u0263 ad n\u1e0dr g kra n umukris." ] }, { "en": "Tom slapped his forehead with the palm of his hand.", "ber": "i\u1e0dmmc \u1e6dum ignzi nns s tdiklt n ufus nns." }, { "en": "He is deaf.", "ber": "iga a\u1e93n\u1e93um." }, { "en": "Why don't you get lost.", "ber": "ad k ili\u1e25 uhu?" }, { "en": "Why don't you get lost.", "ber": "ad nn ta\u0263t arwass uhu?" }, { "en": "Why don't you get lost.", "ber": "a\u0263 nn arwass!" }, { "en": "Why don't you get lost.", "ber": "suss!" }, { "en": "He dances.", "ber": "da ittrkaz." }, { "en": "He dances.", "ber": "ar itt\u1e25wac." }, { "en": "He rested.", "ber": "isunfa." }, { "en": "He rested.", "ber": "isgunfa." }, { "en": "He paints.", "ber": "da ikllu." }, { "en": "He paints.", "ber": "ar i\u0263mma." }, { "en": "He cursed.", "ber": "irgm." }, { "en": "He limped.", "ber": "isbi\u1e0d\u1e5b." }, { "en": "He blushed.", "ber": "izgg\u02b7a\u0263." }, { "en": "Ziri asked Rima questions about her grandmother all day long.", "ber": "ar tettsistin ziri g rima \u0263f jddas ma ila wass." }, { "en": "We shouldn't have let Tom escape.", "ber": "ur a\u0263 d yad lli iqqan ad najj \u1e6dum ad irwl." }, { "en": "The book is to the left of the cup.", "ber": "illa udlis \u0263f uzlma\u1e0d n u\u0263rraf." }, { "en": "Today I'm going home.", "ber": "rad ddu\u0263 ass ad s tgmmi." }, { "en": "Today I'm going home.", "ber": "ass ad", "null": [ " ri\u0263 taddart." ] }, { "en": "He often makes people angry.", "ber": "da issrfu middn g umata n tkkal." }, { "en": "I used to be Catholic.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn gi\u0263 akatulik." }, { "en": "Life never stays the same.", "ber": "ur ar jju tett\u0263ama tudrt imk nna tga." }, { "en": "I want it all.", "ber": "ri\u0263 tt akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "He inhaled.", "ber": "isskcm unfus." }, { "en": "He fainted.", "ber": "isxf." }, { "en": "He exhaled.", "ber": "issuf\u0263 unfus." }, { "en": "He drowned.", "ber": "ing\u1e0da." }, { "en": "Would you like to play basketball with us?", "ber": "is trit ad didn\u0263 turart takurt n tsknit?" }, { "en": "He clapped.", "ber": "yut tidiklt." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary said they weren't injured.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari", "null": [ " nnan mas d ur ttyagasn." ] }, { "en": "I have to see Jim.", "ber": "iqqan iyi d ad \u1e93r\u0263 jim." }, { "en": "He cheated.", "ber": "i\u0263cca." }, { "en": "You still haven't told me how to do it.", "ber": "ur ta iyi tnnit manmk a rad as skr\u0263." }, { "en": "He changed.", "ber": "infl." }, { "en": "He changed.", "ber": "issnfl." }, { "en": "Sami followed Layla into the bathroom.", "ber": "sami", "null": [ " i\u1e0df\u1e5b layla s amya\u1e0di." ] }, { "en": "He decided.", "ber": "i\u0263ts." }, { "en": "Sami followed Layla into the bathroom.", "ber": "i\u1e0dfr sami layli \u0263r taxamt n tarda." }, { "en": "He listens.", "ber": "da issflid." }, { "en": "We don't know where Mary lives.", "ber": "ur nssin mani g tzd\u0263 mari." }, { "en": "He noticed.", "ber": "i\u0263\u1e0df." }, { "en": "He prepaid.", "ber": "ifra zwar." }, { "en": "Are you Muslim?", "ber": "is tgit amuslm?" }, { "en": "Are you Muslim?", "ber": "is d anslm ayd tgit?" }, { "en": "He refused.", "ber": "yugi." }, { "en": "You were simply tired.", "ber": "is tt inn ka tkkit t\u1e5bmit." }, { "en": "You were simply tired.", "ber": "is hlli t\u1e5bmit akud ann." }, { "en": "He relaxed.", "ber": "innulwa." }, { "en": "That film \u2013 what time is it on?", "ber": "afilm ann \u2013 man tizi a g rad yili?" }, { "en": "He stopped.", "ber": "ibdd." }, { "en": "That film \u2013 what time is it on?", "ber": "afilm nna \u2013 managu rad yili?" }, { "en": "Tom isn't in jail now", "ber": " is he?", "null": [ "ur illi \u1e6dum d\u0263i g ubniq", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "I was only thirteen at the time.", "ber": "tkka tt inn dari \u0263as mraw d k\u1e5ba\u1e0d yisgg\u02b7asn g uzmz ann." }, { "en": "Pray more.", "ber": "tt\u1e93alla uggar." }, { "en": "He grunted.", "ber": "isxurri." }, { "en": "Do you see that cute guy over there?", "ber": "is tannit afalkay ann dinna?" }, { "en": "He shouted.", "ber": "is\u0263uyy." }, { "en": "He sneezed.", "ber": "inzi." }, { "en": "Tom drank some of Mary's whiskey.", "ber": "iswa \u1e6dum imikk sg uwiski n mari." }, { "en": "Tom owns a house in Boston", "ber": " too.", "null": [ "ila \u1e6dum yat tgmmi g bus\u1e6dun d\u0263 ntta." ] }, { "en": "Rima did not know she was the other woman.", "ber": "ur tssin akud ann rima is d nttat ayd igan tam\u0263art ann ya\u1e0dni." }, { "en": "Mary is really proud of her kids.", "ber": "tburz mari s tarwa nns kigan." }, { "en": "He sniffed.", "ber": "isskcm unfus." }, { "en": "He belched.", "ber": "igrr\u025b." }, { "en": "He smirked.", "ber": "izmummg." }, { "en": "He vomited.", "ber": "irura." }, { "en": "He painted.", "ber": "ik\u02b7la." }, { "en": "He painted.", "ber": "i\u0263ma." }, { "en": "He snorted.", "ber": "isxurri." }, { "en": "I'm here because I want to be.", "ber": "lli\u0263 dad idd\u0263 ri\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm here because I want to be.", "ber": "lli\u0263 \u0263id acku ri\u0263." }, { "en": "He gargled.", "ber": "is\u0263r\u0263r." }, { "en": "The guards didn't see Tom.", "ber": "ur \u1e93rin wa\u1e0dafn \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "He reacted.", "ber": "imyagga." }, { "en": "Tom Jackson has spoken at my church.", "ber": "isawl \u1e6dum jaksun g tknist nna s ar ttidu\u0263." }, { "en": "He shrugged.", "ber": "ismuss ti\u0263\u1e5ba\u1e0d." }, { "en": "The lady really flipped out when she learned she had won a million dollars.", "ber": "tam\u0263art", "null": [ " ur tt sul yumi wakal s tumrt llig tssn is tnnra yan umlyun n yi\u1e0dularn." ] }, { "en": "He listened.", "ber": "issfld." }, { "en": "Is anybody else coming?", "ber": "is rad d yas kra n yan ya\u1e0dn?" }, { "en": "Is anybody else coming?", "ber": "is illa ma rad d sul yack?" }, { "en": "He insisted.", "ber": "iqqrfa." }, { "en": "He finished.", "ber": "ismd." }, { "en": "I didn't think you'd be doing that by yourself.", "ber": "ur \u0263al\u0263 is rad tsalat mayann \u0263as kyyin s yi\u0263f nnk." }, { "en": "I am a bad person.", "ber": "gi\u0263 gar afgan." }, { "en": "I am a bad person.", "ber": "gar amdan ayd gi\u0263." }, { "en": "He approved.", "ber": "idggi." }, { "en": "You know that Tom won't win", "ber": " don't you?", "null": [ "tssnt is d ur rad innru \u1e6dum", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "He answered.", "ber": "irura." }, { "en": "He screamed.", "ber": "is\u0263uyy." }, { "en": "I don't have time to travel to the United States.", "ber": "ur iyi d ya\u0263 s umuddu \u0263r yiwankn munnin n mirikan." }, { "en": "Tom almost fell off the bridge.", "ber": "imikk ur i\u1e0d\u1e5b \u1e6dum sg tlgg\u02b7it." }, { "en": "He canceled.", "ber": "issr." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary are very sure they can do that.", "ber": "ikks \u1e6dum nttan d mari turda is as z\u1e0da\u1e5bn." }, { "en": "Tom wanted you to know that.", "ber": "ira k \u1e6dum ad tisint aynna." }, { "en": "Everyone's tired of you.", "ber": "i\u1e5bmi gik akk\u02b7 ma illan." }, { "en": "Everyone's tired of you.", "ber": "tssu\u1e25lt tn akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "Everyone's tired of you.", "ber": "t\u0263\u02b7lit asn d g yi\u0263f akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "We don't want them to leave.", "ber": "ur tn nri ad ddun." }, { "en": "Married? \"Yeah.\" \"How long?\" \"Twelve years.\"", "ber": "iwnl? \u2013 \"yah.\" \u2013 \"sg mlmi?\" \u2013 \"mraw d sin yisgg\u02b7asn.\"" }, { "en": "You have to study more.", "ber": "iqqan k id ad tqqart uggar." }, { "en": "Let's take it to Tom.", "ber": "ajjat a\u0263 ad t nawi i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "You need to learn to say no.", "ber": "iqqan d ad tldmt ad tinit uhu." }, { "en": "He panicked.", "ber": "yuwf." }, { "en": "He survived.", "ber": "injm." }, { "en": "He vanished.", "ber": "intl." }, { "en": "He whistled.", "ber": "isin\u1e63g." }, { "en": "He shivered.", "ber": "irgigi." }, { "en": "He followed.", "ber": "i\u1e0df\u1e5b." }, { "en": "He showered.", "ber": "icuccf." }, { "en": "He overslept.", "ber": "issugt taguni." }, { "en": "He graduated.", "ber": "issuf\u0263." }, { "en": "He disagreed.", "ber": "ur imsasa." }, { "en": "He exercised.", "ber": "illu\u0263ma." }, { "en": "He exercises.", "ber": "da ittlu\u0263mu." }, { "en": "He shuddered.", "ber": "igriri." }, { "en": "He protested.", "ber": "ismummi." }, { "en": "He undressed.", "ber": "ikks timlsit." }, { "en": "He approached.", "ber": "ya\u1e93." }, { "en": "He complained.", "ber": "ismummi." }, { "en": "He remembered.", "ber": "ik\u02b7ti." }, { "en": "He understood.", "ber": "irms." }, { "en": "Those bastards will never take me alive!", "ber": "ur sar iyi iwin id wacc ann g tudrt!" }, { "en": "I still can't read.", "ber": "ur ta ssn\u0263 ad aqqra\u0263." }, { "en": "He contributed.", "ber": "issiws." }, { "en": "He exaggerated.", "ber": "issugt." }, { "en": "Every evening", "ber": " I watch the \"Walking Dead\".", "null": [ "kra iga tt tadgg\u02b7at", " ar ttf\u1e5b\u1e5baj\u0263 g \"yimttinn ittddun\"." ] }, { "en": "This makes me feel sad.", "ber": "ar iyi is\u0263illif uya." }, { "en": "He doesn't respect his parents.", "ber": "ur da ittzrak imarawn nns." }, { "en": "He doesn't respect his parents.", "ber": "ur da issim\u0263ur s yimarawn nns." }, { "en": "Mennad went up to Baya and asked her to sit with him.", "ber": "idda mnnad dar baya ittr as d ad dids tskkus." }, { "en": "It's a three-hour drive from here.", "ber": "k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt tsragin n u\u0263aras a s yaga waddad sya." }, { "en": "We have to stop this.", "ber": "iqqan a\u0263 d ad nsbbd mayad." }, { "en": "He isn't willing to turn a blind eye.", "ber": "ur yummil ad iskr i waman ma g zrrin." }, { "en": "It all happened three months ago.", "ber": "imsar uyann akk\u02b7 k\u1e5ba\u1e0d yirn ayad." }, { "en": "I was afraid that I might be late for the bus.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn ksu\u1e0d\u0263 ad flli izri unsmaddu." }, { "en": "Yanni helped Skura get on her feet financially.", "ber": "yuws yanni i skura s yidrimn allig tbdd \u0263f yi\u1e0da\u1e5bn nns." }, { "en": "What in the world did Tom mean?", "ber": "mad hlli ira \u1e6dum ad t yini s wawal nns?" }, { "en": "What in the world did Tom mean?", "ber": "mad awddi iwats \u1e6dum s wawal nns?" }, { "en": "Yanni can have a good family life now.", "ber": "yufa yanni d\u0263i ad iskr yat tudrt n twja i\u0263udan." }, { "en": "Here's a picture of Tom wearing a cowboy hat.", "ber": "ha d yat twlaft n \u1e6dum g ilsa yat tarazal n id bu yifunasn." }, { "en": "What's this one?", "ber": "mad tga tad?" }, { "en": "Tom will be in prison for the rest of his life.", "ber": "irad izzri \u1e6dum tudrt nns akk\u02b7 g ugnsu n ubniq." }, { "en": "Did you read the book I gave you? \"I haven't read it all yet", "ber": " but it's pretty interesting. Thanks.\" \"I'm glad you liked it.\"", "null": [ "is t\u0263rit adlis nna ak fki\u0263? \"ur ta smd\u0263 ti\u0263ri nns", " maca illa gis mayd ittuynnan. tanmmirt.\" \"iga iyi tumrt llig k issusm.\"" ] }, { "en": "At least say you are sorry.", "ber": "ssutr asaruf s yidrus." }, { "en": "She's not as good as she thinks.", "ber": "ur tfullis s wanct nna s t\u0263al nttat." }, { "en": "She's not as good as she thinks.", "ber": "ur t\u0263udi s unck lli s t\u0263al nttat." }, { "en": "You were afraid", "ber": " weren't you?", "null": [ "tkkit tt inn tksu\u1e0dt", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "He overreacted.", "ber": "issugt g umyagga nns." }, { "en": "He stank.", "ber": "ijja." }, { "en": "There's no time for that now.", "ber": "ur sul illi uzmz n uynna \u0263il ad." }, { "en": "Edmundo had an evil smile on his face.", "ber": "tkka tt inn yat tzmummgt igan tamazat g wudm n yidmundu." }, { "en": "He sewed.", "ber": "igna." }, { "en": "He turned.", "ber": "issutl." }, { "en": "He turned.", "ber": "ib\u1e5b\u1e5bm." }, { "en": "He speaks.", "ber": "da isawal." }, { "en": "He plays.", "ber": "ar itturar." }, { "en": "He plays.", "ber": "da itturar." }, { "en": "He descended.", "ber": "igg\u02b7z." }, { "en": "He grew.", "ber": "imqqur." }, { "en": "He grew.", "ber": "igma." }, { "en": "He hid.", "ber": "iffr." }, { "en": "He hid.", "ber": "intl." }, { "en": "He hid.", "ber": "irg\u02b7s." }, { "en": "He comes.", "ber": "da d ittack." }, { "en": "He comes.", "ber": "ar d ittack." }, { "en": "He laughs.", "ber": "da \u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63a\u0263." }, { "en": "He laughs.", "ber": "ar \u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63a\u0263." }, { "en": "He testified.", "ber": "ifka tugga." }, { "en": "He sank.", "ber": "ing\u1e0d." }, { "en": "He has.", "ber": "\u0263urs." }, { "en": "He has.", "ber": "dars." }, { "en": "He writes.", "ber": "da ittara." }, { "en": "He writes.", "ber": "ar ittara." }, { "en": "He hunted.", "ber": "ig\u02b7mr." }, { "en": "He hunted.", "ber": "igmr." }, { "en": "He teleported.", "ber": "immutti sg tuggurt." }, { "en": "He sulked.", "ber": "ilm\u1e93." }, { "en": "He explains.", "ber": "da issfraw." }, { "en": "He explains.", "ber": "ar issfraw." }, { "en": "He dreams.", "ber": "da ittwarga." }, { "en": "He regrets.", "ber": "tg\u1e5ba\u1e93 t." }, { "en": "He returned.", "ber": "yurri." }, { "en": "He returned.", "ber": "ya\u0263ul." }, { "en": "He concentrated.", "ber": "isnms." }, { "en": "He remembers.", "ber": "da ik\u02b7tti." }, { "en": "He remembers.", "ber": "ar ik\u02b7tti." }, { "en": "He breathes.", "ber": "da isunfus." }, { "en": "He became rich.", "ber": "yurri iga anb\u0263ur." }, { "en": "He became rich.", "ber": "ya\u0263ul iga anb\u0263ur." }, { "en": "He looks pale.", "ber": "da ittuman iga awra\u0263." }, { "en": "He looks pale.", "ber": "da ittuman d awra\u0263." }, { "en": "He worked hard.", "ber": "iswuri mli\u1e25." }, { "en": "He is nice.", "ber": "ifulki." }, { "en": "He shall die.", "ber": "rad immt." }, { "en": "He is nasty.", "ber": "da israra." }, { "en": "Mary was sending Tom mixed signals.", "ber": "tkka tt inn mari ar tettazn i \u1e6dum kra n tmitar mmcklnin." }, { "en": "Is he breathing?", "ber": "is ar isunfus?" }, { "en": "There was no one there but me.", "ber": "ur tt inn ikki dinn awd yan sli d nkkin." }, { "en": "He refuses formula.", "ber": "yugi tanfalit." }, { "en": "Don't hesitate to complain.", "ber": "ad ur ttkukkurt g usmammi." }, { "en": "He died suddenly.", "ber": "immut s tu\u1e93wayt." }, { "en": "They look just like rats leaving a sinking ship.", "ber": "ar d ttnfalaln zun d i\u0263rdayn i\u0263 ar ttffu\u0263n sg kra n u\u0263rrabu ingg\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "He makes sense.", "ber": "iga am\u1e93\u1e93ul." }, { "en": "That's your cat", "ber": " isn't it?", "null": [ "amucc nnk ayann", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "He answered incorrectly.", "ber": "irura s t\u0263arast ur i\u0263tin." }, { "en": "He seems happy.", "ber": "da ittuman immr." }, { "en": "Is he American?", "ber": "is iga amarikani?" }, { "en": "He was English.", "ber": "iga yadlli anglizi." }, { "en": "He kicked it.", "ber": "yut t s u\u1e0da\u1e5b." }, { "en": "He kicked it.", "ber": "yut tt s u\u1e0da\u1e5b." }, { "en": "He likes Disney.", "ber": "tssusm t dizni." }, { "en": "Look out! There's a truck coming!", "ber": "rar ta\u02b7\u1e0dft! ha nn yan ukamyu srk!" }, { "en": "Look out! There's a truck coming!", "ber": "awi itnan", "null": [ " ah nn akamyu idda nn \u1e93ark!" ] }, { "en": "Tom said he'll leave soon.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum yan yimmik rad iddu." }, { "en": "Tom said he'll leave soon.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas d rad iftu g ma nn ur yaggugn." }, { "en": "That's what Tom did yesterday.", "ber": "ayann ayd iskr \u1e6dum i\u1e0dgam." }, { "en": "These pants fit me well.", "ber": "yusa d didi usrwal ad." }, { "en": "I don't know how to help Tom.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 manmk a s rad ilal\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I don't know how to help Tom.", "ber": "ggammi\u0263 manmk s rad aws\u0263 i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I know that you all are cowards.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 is tgam akk\u02b7 id bak\u1e63\u1e63a\u1e0d." }, { "en": "It was a bad movie.", "ber": "ikka tt inn iga yan ufilm i\u1e5bmin." }, { "en": "It was a bad movie.", "ber": "ikka tt inn iga yan ufilm ix\u02b7cnn." }, { "en": "Tom is the greatest.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ayd igan axatar akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "Tom is the greatest.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ayd igan wad akk\u02b7 imqqurn." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't want to be dependent on his parents.", "ber": "ur iri \u1e6dum ad ittyagal s yimarawn nns." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't want to be dependent on his parents.", "ber": "ur iri \u1e6dum ad ilkkm \u0263f yimarawn nns." }, { "en": "Tom was suffering.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum ar ittrfufun." }, { "en": "Three people got hurt by the explosion.", "ber": "ttyagasn k\u1e5ba\u1e0d mddn s u\u1e6d\u1e6diqq\u1e63." }, { "en": "If you can silence the king", "ber": " you are the king.", "null": [ "i\u0263 tsugrt ad tsfisst agllid", " ha nn kyyin ayd igan agllid." ] }, { "en": "He went to Algeria to study Berber.", "ber": "idda s ddzayr af ad iskr tazrawt \u0263f tmazi\u0263t." }, { "en": "He went to Algeria to study Berber.", "ber": "ifta s ddzayr af ad yaqqra tamazi\u0263t." }, { "en": "Sami was also up early.", "ber": "awd sami immatti d zikk." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary don't like me.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari ur iyi \u1e25miln." }, { "en": "Will Tom study French with us?", "ber": "is rad didn\u0263 yaqqra \u1e6dum taf\u1e5bansist?" }, { "en": "I trusted them.", "ber": "fls\u0263 sisn." }, { "en": "I trusted them.", "ber": "gi\u0263 gisn taflst inu." }, { "en": "Tom told me that you went to Australia.", "ber": "inna iyi \u1e6dum mas tddit s wus\u1e6dralya." }, { "en": "He works in the city centre now.", "ber": "ar iswurri d\u0263i g tu\u1e93\u1e93umt n tmdint." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't care what I'm doing.", "ber": "ur tt yiwi \u1e6dum g uyda skar\u0263." }, { "en": "No one that I know trusts Tom.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " ur digs iflis awd yan g winna ssn\u0263." ] }, { "en": "No one that I know trusts Tom.", "ber": "awd yan g willi ssn\u0263 nkkin is ifls g \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "My wife smokes.", "ber": "da tkmmi tm\u0263art inu." }, { "en": "You hope that Tom can do that", "ber": " don't you?", "null": [ "tnnurzt ad yiz\u1e0di\u1e5b \u1e6dum i uynna", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "Well", "ber": " now I know I was right.", "null": [ "a wa \u0263il ad", " ssn\u0263 is yad lli \u0263\u1e93an\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Tom knows that Mary is angry with him.", "ber": "issn \u1e6dum is fllas trfa mari." }, { "en": "Tom said it was too cold.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas bahra i\u1e63mmi\u1e0d waddad." }, { "en": "Yanni swore.", "ber": "iggul yanni." }, { "en": "You're a lot prettier than Mary.", "ber": "t\u1e93ilt kmmin uggar n mari s kigan." }, { "en": "You're a lot prettier than Mary.", "ber": "kmmin", "null": [ " tzrit mari g ufulki s wahli." ] }, { "en": "They went around the lake.", "ber": "ssutln i uglmam." }, { "en": "They went around the lake.", "ber": "ddan ar ttsutuln i uglmam." }, { "en": "Tom is living a very hard life.", "ber": "da ittidir \u1e6dum yat tudrt imran kigan." }, { "en": "They'll all be here tonight.", "ber": "rad ilin dad s mad akk\u02b7 llan." }, { "en": "Tom broke wind.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " iskucci." ] }, { "en": "I'm the one who always cooks dinner.", "ber": "nkkin ad bdda issnwan imnsi." }, { "en": "You don't have enough faith in yourself.", "ber": "ur tflist g yi\u0263f nnk s wanct nna k id iqqan." }, { "en": "Did you steal them?", "ber": "is tn tukrt?" }, { "en": "Dan tried to grab my shirt.", "ber": "yurm dan ad i\u1e6d\u1e6df ariki nu." }, { "en": "Dan tried to grab my shirt.", "ber": "yut dan \u0263f uriki nu", "null": [ " yiri ad gis ickkr." ] }, { "en": "Tom didn't pay for that.", "ber": "ur ifri \u1e6dum atig n uynna." }, { "en": "Yanni didn't have a camera or a phone.", "ber": "ur tt tkki dar yanni kra n tkamirat n\u0263 d kra n utilifun." }, { "en": "What are you -- a vampire?", "ber": "mad tgit kyyin -- kra n umccidammn?" }, { "en": "You're not cooperating.", "ber": "ur ar didn\u0263 ttmyawast." }, { "en": "She was playing outside.", "ber": "tkka tt inn ar tetturar g b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "I got into an argument with Tom today. \"Oh", "ber": " that happens to all of us here all the time. Don't worry about it.\"", "null": [ "kcm\u0263 g yan ummnz\u0263 nkkin d \u1e6dum ass ad. \"ih", " da a\u0263 bdda ittmsar uynna s mad akk\u02b7 nlla dad. ad k ur ihul uynna.\"" ] }, { "en": "You could've phoned me.", "ber": "\u0263r iyi d akud ann." }, { "en": "You could've phoned me.", "ber": "skr iyi d atilifun akud ann." }, { "en": "Are you all illiterate?", "ber": "is d k\u02b7nni ur t\u0263rim s mad akk\u02b7 tllam?" }, { "en": "Are you all illiterate?", "ber": "is d ur tkkit tinml?" }, { "en": "Are you all illiterate?", "ber": "is d iqbbaniyn ayd tgam akk\u02b7?" }, { "en": "Are you all illiterate?", "ber": "is d ibujadn ayd tgam akk\u02b7?" }, { "en": "I'm going to live forever.", "ber": "irad bdda idir\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm in love with a wonderful girl.", "ber": "ar ttiri\u0263 yat trbat ihyyan." }, { "en": "I'm in love with a wonderful girl.", "ber": "\u1e0d\u1e5b\u0263 nn g tayri n yat trbatt issuhamn." }, { "en": "Tom heard the entire conversation.", "ber": "islla \u1e6dum i umsawal akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "Tom heard the entire conversation.", "ber": "issfld \u1e6dum i umsawal ar timmad nns." }, { "en": "He does not know.", "ber": "ur issin." }, { "en": "I am pressed for time.", "ber": "ur iyi d ya\u0263." }, { "en": "I am pressed for time.", "ber": "ur sala\u0263." }, { "en": "We've not had a single drop of rain for two weeks.", "ber": "ur nsugir mqqar d yat tuddimt n un\u1e93ar sin yimalassn ad akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary lived in Boston for three years when they were kids.", "ber": "izd\u0263 \u1e6dum nttan d mari g bus\u1e6dun k\u1e5ba\u1e0d yisgg\u02b7asn llig m\u1e93\u1e93in." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary lived in Boston for three years when they were kids.", "ber": "k\u1e5ba\u1e0d yisgg\u02b7asn ad nn ikka \u1e6dum nttan d mari ammas n bus\u1e6dun llig m\u1e93\u1e93in." }, { "en": "Sami has done nothing.", "ber": "ur iskir sami amya." }, { "en": "He threw his dirty", "ber": " smelly socks on the floor.", "null": [ "igr s tr\u0263iwin nns rkanin zzummanin \u0263r s akal." ] }, { "en": "Hurry up", "ber": " the train only stops here for a short while.", "null": [ "azzlat", " hat yat tizi idrusn ka ad ittbiddad ulaway dad." ] }, { "en": "Hurry up", "ber": " the train only stops here for a short while.", "null": [ "azzl", " hat yat tizi idrusn ka ad ittbiddad ulaway dad." ] }, { "en": "Who said that it would be easy?", "ber": "mad innan is rad yifsus uynna?" }, { "en": "I hope nobody finds out what we did.", "ber": "nnurz\u0263 ad ur yaf awd yan aydda nskr." }, { "en": "I hope nobody finds out what we did.", "ber": "nnurz\u0263 ad d ur yawi awd yan an\u0263mis i uydda nskr." }, { "en": "They'll be looking for Tom.", "ber": "rad tn inn taft ar ukan siggiln s \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "It's a car.", "ber": "tihirit aya." }, { "en": "It's a car.", "ber": "d tihirit." }, { "en": "Nowadays", "ber": " most people consider jazz old-fashioned.", "null": [ "tigiriwin ad", " da ittannay umata g mddn is izri uzmz n ujaz." ] }, { "en": "Why do you keep giving Tom money?", "ber": "max allig ar bdda takkat idrimn i \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Everything has been smooth.", "ber": "yasstwa uynna akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "Everything has been smooth.", "ber": "izri uyann akk\u02b7 yasstwa." }, { "en": "Everything has been smooth.", "ber": "izri uyann akk\u02b7 s yat t\u0263arast ilgg\u02b7a\u0263n." }, { "en": "Give me your phone number.", "ber": "fk iyi d u\u1e6d\u1e6dun n utilifun nnk." }, { "en": "Give me your phone number.", "ber": "a\u1e5ba d u\u1e6d\u1e6dun n utilifun nnk." }, { "en": "We spent about three months in Australia.", "ber": "nzzri kra n k\u1e5ba\u1e0d yirn ammas n wus\u1e6d\u1e5balya." }, { "en": "We spent about three months in Australia.", "ber": "kra n k\u1e5ba\u1e0d yirn zun d imk ann ad nn nkka g wus\u1e6dralya." }, { "en": "YouTube has removed your content.", "ber": "issf\u1e0d yutub tumayt nnk." }, { "en": "YouTube has removed your content.", "ber": "ikks yutub tumayt nnk." }, { "en": "You're working hard", "ber": " eh. But don't push yourself too hard.", "null": [ "ar nn ttggat tuggas nnk g twuri", " yak. maca ad bahra ur tssgutt \u0263f yi\u0263f nnk." ] }, { "en": "I won't do that that way next time.", "ber": "tikklt d iddan", "null": [ " ur rad sul skr\u0263 mayann s yimk ann." ] }, { "en": "I hope that nobody got injured.", "ber": "nnurz\u0263 is ur ittyagas yan." }, { "en": "I hope that nobody got injured.", "ber": "nnurz\u0263 ur ittyagas yan." }, { "en": "No one reads long texts.", "ber": "awd yan ur da iqqar i\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63n \u0263zzifnin." }, { "en": "Did you lose your dictionary?", "ber": "is ak yucck umsmunawal nnk?" }, { "en": "Did you lose your dictionary?", "ber": "is ak ijla umawal nnk?" }, { "en": "Sami moved.", "ber": "sami", "null": [ " immutti." ] }, { "en": "Skura got mad.", "ber": "skura", "null": [ " trfa." ] }, { "en": "Skura got mad.", "ber": "skura", "null": [ " ulin as d yidammn." ] }, { "en": "They found each other.", "ber": "myafan." }, { "en": "The teacher doesn't teach.", "ber": "aslmad", "null": [ " ur da isslmad." ] }, { "en": "Martino carried out the orders.", "ber": "ar yakka martinu g wana\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "Ziri saw the massive monster and stumbled back in fear.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e5ba ziri axxu akswat yurri nit \u0263r dffir ar ittmlimil s tawda." }, { "en": "Sami had to find a job.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u0263f sami ad yaf kra n twuri." }, { "en": "Someday", "ber": " we'll know.", "null": [ "yan wass", " irad nisin." ] }, { "en": "I won't give them anything.", "ber": "ur rad asn fk\u0263 amya." }, { "en": "It's hard to talk about things like this.", "ber": "imra ad isawal yan \u0263f t\u0263awsiwin zun d ayad." }, { "en": "I'm about to turn thirty.", "ber": "dru\u0263 ad qqn\u0263 k\u1e5ba\u1e0d id mraw yisgg\u02b7asn." }, { "en": "Sami doesn't have a plan.", "ber": "sami", "null": [ " ur dars illi kra n u\u0263awas." ] }, { "en": "I need three copies of this letter.", "ber": "usr\u0263 k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt tun\u0263ilin sg tbrat ad." }, { "en": "Tom and I aren't really friends.", "ber": "nkki d \u1e6dum ur nit ngi imddukkal." }, { "en": "My daughter came to see me from time to time.", "ber": "ar d dari tettkka illi kra n tkk\u02b7al." }, { "en": "My daughter came to see me from time to time.", "ber": "ar d sri tettagg\u02b7a illi tikk\u02b7al." }, { "en": "I don't care how you look.", "ber": "ur iyi isnnzgm imk da d ttnfalalt." }, { "en": "I don't care how you look.", "ber": "ur iyi igi umu\u0263li nnk anzgum." }, { "en": "Ivan saw a jinn.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e5ba ifan yan ujnni." }, { "en": "He studies Chinese.", "ber": "da yaqqra tacinwit." }, { "en": "He studies Chinese.", "ber": "da izrru tacinwit." }, { "en": "He is eight.", "ber": "dars tam isgg\u02b7asn." }, { "en": "He is eight.", "ber": "\u0263urs tam isgg\u02b7asn." }, { "en": "He married Ann.", "ber": "yiwl ann." }, { "en": "He hates spiders.", "ber": "da ittksan tib\u0263aynusin." }, { "en": "He turned around.", "ber": "issutl." }, { "en": "He can come.", "ber": "izmr ad d yack." }, { "en": "He can come.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad d yack." }, { "en": "He enjoyed cycling.", "ber": "ifjjij s tsudut n uzlalam." }, { "en": "He likes soccer.", "ber": "da ittiri tawjja n u\u1e0da\u1e5b." }, { "en": "He plays soccer.", "ber": "da itturar tawjja n u\u1e0da\u1e5b." }, { "en": "He lied readily.", "ber": "iskrks s tnhli." }, { "en": "He killed him.", "ber": "in\u0263a t." }, { "en": "He mentioned it.", "ber": "ibdr t." }, { "en": "He mentioned it.", "ber": "ibdr tt." }, { "en": "He usually succeeded.", "ber": "iggut ma g imurs." }, { "en": "He stopped smoking.", "ber": "isbdd akmay." }, { "en": "He played tennis.", "ber": "yurar tinis." }, { "en": "He is Tony.", "ber": "\u1e6duni aya." }, { "en": "He walked rapidly.", "ber": "idda s tmmri." }, { "en": "He hates Nancy.", "ber": "iksn nansi." }, { "en": "He is foolish.", "ber": "inufl." }, { "en": "He appeared hungry.", "ber": "yuman mas t ya\u0263 la\u1e93." }, { "en": "He understands French.", "ber": "da ittrmas taf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "The pen I used to write is red.", "ber": "a\u0263anib nna s uri\u0263 iga azgg\u02b7a\u0263." }, { "en": "He speaks French.", "ber": "da isawal taf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "The pen I used to write is red.", "ber": "izgg\u02b7a\u0263 u\u0263anib nna ssmrs\u0263 afad ad ara\u0263." }, { "en": "He hardly works.", "ber": "idrus ma g da iswuriy." }, { "en": "The pen I used to write is red.", "ber": "izgg\u02b7a\u0263 u\u0263anib nna ssmrs\u0263 g tirra." }, { "en": "He wore glasses.", "ber": "ilsa tismaqqalin." }, { "en": "He walks slowly.", "ber": "da izzigiz s imikk." }, { "en": "He walks slowly.", "ber": "da ittddu s imikk." }, { "en": "He walks slowly.", "ber": "ar ifttu s imikk." }, { "en": "This is my roommate.", "ber": "wad iga asmunzddu\u0263 inu." }, { "en": "This is my roommate.", "ber": "wad ayd igan amidi nu n uzddu\u0263." }, { "en": "This is my roommate.", "ber": "wad ad d ssar\u0263 tazddu\u0263t." }, { "en": "He talks well.", "ber": "da isawal s t\u0263arast ifulkin." }, { "en": "Tom discussed that problem with Mary.", "ber": "imsawal \u1e6dum akd mari \u0263f tmukrist ann." }, { "en": "She put her sunglasses back on.", "ber": "tga nn da\u0263 tismaqqalin nns n tafukt." }, { "en": "I don't want to hear any more of your complaining.", "ber": "ur sul ri\u0263 ad ss\u0263ad\u0263 i usmammi nnk." }, { "en": "He is alone.", "ber": "iga amyiwn." }, { "en": "Life is full of challenges.", "ber": "tktar tudrt s tn\u1e93a\u1e5b." }, { "en": "He can swim.", "ber": "izmr ad iccf." }, { "en": "He can swim.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad iccf." }, { "en": "He can swim.", "ber": "i\u0263iy ad iccf." }, { "en": "He teaches English.", "ber": "da isslmad tanglizt." }, { "en": "He speaks English.", "ber": "da isawal tanglizt." }, { "en": "He speaks English.", "ber": "ar isawal tanglizt." }, { "en": "Are you sure that Tom didn't do that?", "ber": "is t\u1e25qqat mas d ur iskir \u1e6dum ayann?" }, { "en": "He was speaking.", "ber": "ar yadlli isawal." }, { "en": "Are you sure that Tom didn't do that?", "ber": "is tn\u1e93it mas d ur d \u1e6dum ad tt isrkn?" }, { "en": "He walked home.", "ber": "izzigz ar tigmmi." }, { "en": "Tom never liked school.", "ber": "ur jju i\u1e25mil \u1e6dum tinml." }, { "en": "He lives comfortably.", "ber": "iddr g usunfu." }, { "en": "Tom had flowers in his hand.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " kkan tt inn dars yijddign g ufus nns." ] }, { "en": "We want to find out who did this.", "ber": "nra ad d nldi wada iskrn ayad." }, { "en": "We want to find out who did this.", "ber": "nra ad naf wada iskrn ayad." }, { "en": "He studied abroad.", "ber": "i\u0263ra g b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "He is outgoing.", "ber": "innu\u1e5b\u1e93m." }, { "en": "I didn't know what to do when Mary said she wouldn't help me do that.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 ma rad skr\u0263 llig iyi tnna mari mas d ur rad iyi taws ad skr\u0263 maynna." }, { "en": "He went abroad.", "ber": "idda s b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "He went abroad.", "ber": "ifta s b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "A piano is expensive", "ber": " but a car is more expensive.", "null": [ "i\u0263\u02b7la ubyanu", " maca t\u0263\u02b7la thirit uggar nns." ] }, { "en": "He writes scripts.", "ber": "da ittara isina\u1e5byutn." }, { "en": "He dozed off.", "ber": "inuddm." }, { "en": "He's strong.", "ber": "idus." }, { "en": "He looks strong.", "ber": "da ittuman idus." }, { "en": "He fell backward.", "ber": "i\u1e0d\u1e5b s t\u0263rdin." }, { "en": "He fell backward.", "ber": "i\u1e0d\u1e5b s dffir." }, { "en": "He lacks experience.", "ber": "tdrus turmit nns." }, { "en": "He never lies.", "ber": "ur jju iskrks." }, { "en": "He is unmarried.", "ber": "ur yiwl." }, { "en": "He looks well.", "ber": "ar ittuman ur t ya\u0263 yat." }, { "en": "He looked well.", "ber": "yuman ur t ya\u0263 yat." }, { "en": "He looked back.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e5ba s t\u0263rdin." }, { "en": "He looked back.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e5ba s dffir." }, { "en": "He is happy.", "ber": "immr." }, { "en": "He behaved badly.", "ber": "imyagga s gar." }, { "en": "He died yesterday.", "ber": "immut i\u1e0dgam." }, { "en": "He died yesterday.", "ber": "immut assnna\u1e6d." }, { "en": "Will he die?", "ber": "is rad immt?" }, { "en": "He is punctual.", "ber": "in\u0263da." }, { "en": "He committed suicide.", "ber": "in\u0263a i\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "He committed suicide.", "ber": "in\u0263a iman nns." }, { "en": "He appeared young.", "ber": "da ittuman d a\u025brrim." }, { "en": "He appeared young.", "ber": "yuman iga a\u025brrim." }, { "en": "Is he sleeping?", "ber": "is ar iggan?" }, { "en": "In the mosque", "ber": " Sami sat on the floor.", "null": [ "g tmzgid", " i\u0263jdm sami g wakal." ] }, { "en": "Is he sleeping?", "ber": "is ar itt\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e63?" }, { "en": "Dan will always be here", "ber": " in my heart.", "null": [ "irad bdda yili dan \u0263id", " g ugnsu n wul inu." ] }, { "en": "He delivers newspapers.", "ber": "da ya\u1e6d\u1e6du i\u0263misn." }, { "en": "I think that Tom is unaware of that.", "ber": "nni\u0263 nkki is ur ifrik s uyann." }, { "en": "He delivers newspapers.", "ber": "da ib\u1e6d\u1e6du i\u0263misn." }, { "en": "He breathed deeply.", "ber": "isunfs mli\u1e25." }, { "en": "Tom is still a policeman.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " iga abulisi." ] }, { "en": "It was so dark that Stefan couldn't see anything.", "ber": "ikka tt inn illas waddad kigan iggammi akk\u02b7 sul stifan ad issfaw." }, { "en": "He was patient.", "ber": "ikka tt inn i\u1e93\u1e93i\u1e0d\u1e5b." }, { "en": "I wouldn't ever forget something like that.", "ber": "nkki ur rad sar ttu\u0263 kra n t\u0263awsa zun d imk ann." }, { "en": "I wouldn't ever forget something like that.", "ber": "ur sar ttu\u0263 nkki kra zun d imk ann." }, { "en": "He cannot swim.", "ber": "ur i\u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5b ad iccf." }, { "en": "He cannot swim.", "ber": "ur izmir ad iccf." }, { "en": "I didn't realize you lived in this neighborhood.", "ber": "ur illi g yi\u0263f inu is tzd\u0263t g tuddurt ad." }, { "en": "He made it.", "ber": "iskr tt." }, { "en": "Is he right?", "ber": "is i\u0263\u1e93an?" }, { "en": "Gimme back my eraser.", "ber": "rar iyi d tasffa\u1e0dt inu." }, { "en": "Tom should be happy.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " iqqan t id ad ig anammar." ] }, { "en": "He did right.", "ber": "iskr ma ifulkin." }, { "en": "He is justice.", "ber": "iga ta\u0263dmt." }, { "en": "He is justice.", "ber": "iga tazrft." }, { "en": "He seems honest.", "ber": "ar ittuman iga am\u0263\u1e93an." }, { "en": "He walked quietly.", "ber": "izzigz s imikk." }, { "en": "He walked quietly.", "ber": "izzigz s udkat." }, { "en": "He did run.", "ber": "yuzzl." }, { "en": "He came running.", "ber": "yucka d s tazzla." }, { "en": "He began running.", "ber": "issnti tazzla." }, { "en": "He does run.", "ber": "da ittazzal." }, { "en": "He hung up.", "ber": "ibbi awal." }, { "en": "He moves quickly.", "ber": "da ittmussu s tmmri." }, { "en": "He loves animals.", "ber": "da ittiri imudar." }, { "en": "He is introverted.", "ber": "iga anctam." }, { "en": "He is old.", "ber": "iga awssar." }, { "en": "He grew old.", "ber": "iwsr." }, { "en": "Is he tall?", "ber": "is i\u0263zzif?" }, { "en": "He slapped her.", "ber": "yut tt s umrriq." }, { "en": "He helps her.", "ber": "da as ittaws." }, { "en": "He helps her.", "ber": "ar as ittaws." }, { "en": "He looks tired.", "ber": "ar ittuman i\u1e5bmi." }, { "en": "He seems tired.", "ber": "irwas is i\u1e5bmi." }, { "en": "He seems ill.", "ber": "irwas is yu\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "He understands physics.", "ber": "da ittrmas tasngama." }, { "en": "He grows rice.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e93a \u1e5b\u1e5bu\u1e93." }, { "en": "He has changed.", "ber": "infl." }, { "en": "He will walk.", "ber": "rad izzigz." }, { "en": "Is he busy?", "ber": "is ur isala?" }, { "en": "He was busy.", "ber": "ur ak sala\u0263." }, { "en": "He likes adventure.", "ber": "da ittiri tamsksalt." }, { "en": "He is asleep.", "ber": "ign." }, { "en": "He went blind.", "ber": "ibuk\u1e0d." }, { "en": "He went blind.", "ber": "iddr\u0263l." }, { "en": "He advised caution.", "ber": "ismtr s u\u0263\u1e0daf." }, { "en": "He walked away.", "ber": "ifta." }, { "en": "He walked away.", "ber": "idda." }, { "en": "He stopped talking.", "ber": "isbdd awal." }, { "en": "Laugh!", "ber": "\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63a!" }, { "en": "I laughed.", "ber": "\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63a\u0263." }, { "en": "He laughed.", "ber": "i\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63a." }, { "en": "Who is he?", "ber": "ma iga?" }, { "en": "Who is he?", "ber": "manwa iga?" }, { "en": "He is smart.", "ber": "i\u0263is." }, { "en": "He is ill.", "ber": "yu\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "He is sick.", "ber": "yu\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "He needs money.", "ber": "yusr idrimn." }, { "en": "He likes hunting.", "ber": "da ittiri tagmrt." }, { "en": "He likes oranges.", "ber": "da ittiri litcin." }, { "en": "He is American.", "ber": "iga amarikani." }, { "en": "He can read.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad i\u0263r." }, { "en": "He can read.", "ber": "izmr ad i\u0263r." }, { "en": "He loves traveling.", "ber": "da ittiri amuddu." }, { "en": "He loves her.", "ber": "ar tt ittiri." }, { "en": "He buys clothes.", "ber": "ar issa\u0263 timlsa." }, { "en": "He buys clothes.", "ber": "da issa\u0263 timlsa." }, { "en": "He buys medicine.", "ber": "da issa\u0263 asafar." }, { "en": "He needs glasses.", "ber": "yusr tismaqqalin." }, { "en": "He reads Arabic.", "ber": "da yaqqra ta\u025b\u1e5babt." }, { "en": "He sells cars.", "ber": "da izznza tihiritin." }, { "en": "He sells fruit.", "ber": "da izznza igumma." }, { "en": "He speaks Arabic.", "ber": "da isawal ta\u025b\u1e5babt." }, { "en": "He washes himself.", "ber": "da issirid i\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "Ziri was upset that it happened.", "ber": "ikka tt inn ziri irfa llig tmsar." }, { "en": "Beauty fades with time.", "ber": "da ittafu\u1e0d ufulki akd uzmz." }, { "en": "Does that mean you're going to buy it?", "ber": "is d ar isnamk uya mas d rad t ts\u0263t?" }, { "en": "Ziri was there for four days.", "ber": "ikka nn ziri dinn kku\u1e93 wussan." }, { "en": "Ziri was there for four days.", "ber": "kku\u1e93 wussan ad nn ikka ziri \u0263inna." }, { "en": "Paul saw that silhouette again.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e5ba da\u0263 bul tazzit ann." }, { "en": "I found out who stole my bicycle.", "ber": "ufi\u0263 sul walli iyi yukrn tabackli\u1e0dt inu." }, { "en": "He writes Arabic.", "ber": "da ittara ta\u025b\u1e5babt." }, { "en": "She just missed the train.", "ber": "\u1e25ra tzgl alaway." }, { "en": "Sami had a green parrot.", "ber": "i\u1e6d\u1e6daf sami yan ubabba\u0263yyu azgzaw." }, { "en": "He just arrived.", "ber": "\u1e25ra ilkm." }, { "en": "I'm not your friend.", "ber": "ur gi\u0263 amddakk\u02b7l nnk." }, { "en": "Which is better", "ber": " this or that?", "null": [ "mayd yufn", " tad n\u0263 d tann?" ] }, { "en": "He was madly in love with her.", "ber": "ikka tt inn ar fllas ittmtat s tayri." }, { "en": "Tom thinks Mary is drunk.", "ber": "i\u0263al \u1e6dum is t\u1e93mm\u1e0d mari." }, { "en": "They won't get past me.", "ber": "ur rad iyi zrin." }, { "en": "He just arrived.", "ber": "\u1e25ra yiw\u1e0d." }, { "en": "They won't get past me.", "ber": "ur rad d kkn dat i." }, { "en": "I'll handle her.", "ber": "rad dids \u1e0dbb\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "You're a bartender", "ber": " aren't you?", "null": [ "kyyi tgit abarman", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "Did you enjoy the view?", "ber": "is k issusm umu\u0263li?" }, { "en": "Tom really does like beef.", "ber": "\u1e6dum i\u1e25ml aksum n ufunas kigan." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't care at all.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " ur inngzm s umya." ] }, { "en": "Running keeps him young.", "ber": "da as tettaws tizzla ad bdda i\u0263ama \u0263f tm\u1e93i nns." }, { "en": "We need to make a decision soon.", "ber": "iqqan a\u0263 d ad d n\u0263ts kra g ma nn ur yaggugn." }, { "en": "He's a very selfish person.", "ber": "iga yan umiri\u0263f mqqurn." }, { "en": "Michael has just moved in next door.", "ber": "\u1e25ra immutti mikl s tama nn\u0263." }, { "en": "He teaches Arabic.", "ber": "da isslmad ta\u025b\u1e5babt." }, { "en": "He cried: \"Help!\"", "ber": "is\u0263uyy: \"llilat!\"" }, { "en": "He's Swiss.", "ber": "iga aswisri." }, { "en": "He is drunk.", "ber": "iswa." }, { "en": "He was brave.", "ber": "ib\u0263s yadlli." }, { "en": "He is French.", "ber": "iga af\u1e5bansis." }, { "en": "He is French.", "ber": "iga afa\u1e5bansi." }, { "en": "He loves trains.", "ber": "da ittiri ilawayn." }, { "en": "He should come.", "ber": "iqqan d ad d yack." }, { "en": "He should come.", "ber": "illa fllas ad d yack." }, { "en": "He became famous.", "ber": "yurri d ittussan." }, { "en": "He became famous.", "ber": "ya\u0263ul ittussan." }, { "en": "He was standing.", "ber": "ikka tt inn ibdd." }, { "en": "He got angry.", "ber": "irfa." }, { "en": "He is poor.", "ber": "iga am\u1e93lu\u1e0d." }, { "en": "He stood up.", "ber": "ibdd." }, { "en": "He stood up.", "ber": "inkr." }, { "en": "He loves them.", "ber": "da tn ittiri." }, { "en": "He's blond.", "ber": "iga acmlal." }, { "en": "He likes fishing.", "ber": "da ittiri tagmrt." }, { "en": "He likes tigers.", "ber": "da ittiri iksiln." }, { "en": "He quit smoking.", "ber": "isbdd akmay." }, { "en": "He deceased yesterday.", "ber": "immut i\u1e0dgam." }, { "en": "He deceased yesterday.", "ber": "immut assnna\u1e6d." }, { "en": "He went away.", "ber": "ifta." }, { "en": "He went away.", "ber": "idda." }, { "en": "He's studying.", "ber": "ar yaqqra." }, { "en": "He's studying.", "ber": "ar izrru." }, { "en": "He is running.", "ber": "ar ittazzal." }, { "en": "He opposes racism.", "ber": "iga mgal tassa\u1e93u\u1e5bt." }, { "en": "He hates carrots.", "ber": "iksn xizzu." }, { "en": "He speaks quickly.", "ber": "da isawal s tmmri." }, { "en": "Where is he?", "ber": "mani g illa?" }, { "en": "He is here!", "ber": "illa \u0263id!" }, { "en": "He is here!", "ber": "illa da!" }, { "en": "He felt tired.", "ber": "isyafa is i\u1e5bmi." }, { "en": "He is tall.", "ber": "i\u0263zzif." }, { "en": "He is tall.", "ber": "iga u\u0263zif." }, { "en": "He complimented me.", "ber": "yul\u0263 i." }, { "en": "He has come!", "ber": "yucka d!" }, { "en": "He has come!", "ber": "yusa d!" }, { "en": "He wears glasses.", "ber": "da ilssa tismaqqalin." }, { "en": "He seems hungry.", "ber": "irwas is illu\u1e93." }, { "en": "He speaks Russian.", "ber": "da isawal tarusit." }, { "en": "He terrified her.", "ber": "issiwd tt." }, { "en": "He terrified him.", "ber": "issiwd t." }, { "en": "He killed himself.", "ber": "in\u0263a i\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "He finished breakfast.", "ber": "ismd a\u0263ujjr." }, { "en": "He disliked school.", "ber": "ur t tssusm tinml." }, { "en": "He attempted suicide.", "ber": "yurm ad in\u0263 i\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "He hates running.", "ber": "iksn tazzla." }, { "en": "He is lying.", "ber": "ar iskrkis." }, { "en": "He's lying.", "ber": "ar iskrkis." }, { "en": "He loves coffee.", "ber": "da ittiri ta\u0263lust." }, { "en": "He shaves daily.", "ber": "da itt\u1e25ffaf ku ass." }, { "en": "He is chubby.", "ber": "iga a\u1e0dbbu\u1e93." }, { "en": "He knows everything.", "ber": "issn ma illan." }, { "en": "He tires easily.", "ber": "da i\u1e5bmmi s tnhli." }, { "en": "He is trustworthy.", "ber": "yuklal taflst." }, { "en": "Is he Malaysian?", "ber": "is iga amalizi?" }, { "en": "He is Ramudu.", "ber": "iga ramudu." }, { "en": "He heard footsteps.", "ber": "islla i isurifn." }, { "en": "Will he live?", "ber": "is rad iddr?" }, { "en": "Is he Japanese?", "ber": "is iga ayabani?" }, { "en": "He is falling.", "ber": "ar i\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e5b." }, { "en": "He is distracted.", "ber": "isha." }, { "en": "He sells whisky.", "ber": "da izznza awiski." }, { "en": "He guided us.", "ber": "imla a\u0263." }, { "en": "He was heartbroken.", "ber": "inn\u1e5b\u1e93 wul nns." }, { "en": "He was heartbroken.", "ber": "innbri wul nns." }, { "en": "He hated lying.", "ber": "iksn askrks." }, { "en": "He seems sick.", "ber": "irwas is yu\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "He walks fast.", "ber": "ar izzigiz s tmmri." }, { "en": "He walks fast.", "ber": "da ittddu s tmmri." }, { "en": "He is hated.", "ber": "ittuksan." }, { "en": "He plays there.", "ber": "da itturar dinn." }, { "en": "He plays there.", "ber": "ar itturar \u0263inn." }, { "en": "He was imprisoned.", "ber": "ittus\u0263za." }, { "en": "He loves music.", "ber": "da ittiri a\u1e93awan." }, { "en": "He hides himself.", "ber": "da issntal i\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "He counts fast.", "ber": "da issi\u1e0din s tmmri." }, { "en": "He turned 16.", "ber": "iqqn 16 n usgg\u02b7as." }, { "en": "He is busy.", "ber": "ur isala." }, { "en": "He needs it.", "ber": "yusr t." }, { "en": "He needs it.", "ber": "yusr tt." }, { "en": "He learns fast.", "ber": "da ittlmad s tmmri." }, { "en": "He's polygamous.", "ber": "dars mnnawt tm\u0263arin." }, { "en": "He's polygamous.", "ber": "\u0263urs mnnawt tm\u1e6d\u1e6dutin." }, { "en": "Mary is wearing the hat you gave her.", "ber": "tlsa mari tarazal lli as tfkid." }, { "en": "I study three hours each day.", "ber": "da aqqra\u0263 k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt tsragin ku ass." }, { "en": "Are you all crazy here?", "ber": "is akk\u02b7 \u0263id tnuflm?" }, { "en": "There is no one like her in the entire world.", "ber": "ur tlli kra n yat g uma\u1e0dal akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "I have to return to the office.", "ber": "illa fllati ad urri\u0263 s usira." }, { "en": "I have to return to the office.", "ber": "illa fllati ad a\u0263ul\u0263 s usira." }, { "en": "That's Tom's father.", "ber": "wann iga babas n \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I know Tom won't want to go with us.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 mas d \u1e6dum ur rad yiri ad ditn\u0263 iddu." }, { "en": "Tom should've been an actor.", "ber": "illa yadlli \u0263f \u1e6dum ad ig asmday." }, { "en": "You're the one I love the most.", "ber": "kyyi ayd igan walli akk\u02b7 ttiri\u0263." }, { "en": "Let me go with him.", "ber": "ajj i ad dis ddu\u0263." }, { "en": "Let me go with him.", "ber": "ajj i ad dis mun\u0263." }, { "en": "I know Tom will probably do that later.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 mas d \u1e6dum i\u0263iy ad sul iskr ayann." }, { "en": "I'm the happiest man on Earth.", "ber": "gi\u0263 argaz akk\u02b7 immrn g iggi n wakal." }, { "en": "They have located Tom.", "ber": "ufan ad\u0263ar n \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Matthew woke up much earlier than everyone else.", "ber": "inkr d matyu zikk uggar n kra n yan ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "I should have known that I couldn't trust Tom.", "ber": "illa yadlli fllati ad ssn\u0263 mas ur \u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5b\u0263 ad fls\u0263 g \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I should have known that I couldn't trust Tom.", "ber": "illa yadlli fllati ad ssn\u0263 mas ur zmir\u0263 ad fls\u0263 g \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "My father worked hard night and day.", "ber": "baba iswuri mli\u1e25 i\u1e0d d uzal." }, { "en": "Tom didn't know that I had to do that.", "ber": "ur yadlli issin \u1e6dum mas fllati illa ad skr\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "Ziri stayed with Rima.", "ber": "i\u0263ama ziri d rima." }, { "en": "Ziri stayed with Rima.", "ber": "iqqim ziri akd rima." }, { "en": "Did anyone see you walking your dog that night?", "ber": "is km i\u1e93\u1e5ba kra n yan llig ar tsmurruyd aydi nnm g yi\u1e0d ann?" }, { "en": "Are you all illiterate?", "ber": "is akk\u02b7 tgam iqbbaniyn?" }, { "en": "YouTube has removed your content.", "ber": "ikks yutub tumayt nnm." }, { "en": "YouTube has removed your content.", "ber": "ikks yutub tumayt nnun." }, { "en": "This is my roommate.", "ber": "wad ayd igan asmun n tzdu\u0263t inu." }, { "en": "There are more women than men studying Japanese.", "ber": "gant tm\u1e6d\u1e6dutin lli ittlmadn tayabanit uggar n irgazn." }, { "en": "Tom was buried at sea.", "ber": "ittum\u1e0dal \u1e6dum g yill." }, { "en": "Boldi found himself in some dark part of the cities.", "ber": "tufa nn buldi i\u0263f nns g yan ugzzum illasn g t\u0263rmin." }, { "en": "Vladimir is the middle child.", "ber": "fladimir iga azzan anammas." }, { "en": "He's counting on you.", "ber": "innal fllak." }, { "en": "Am I not pretty enough?", "ber": "is ur \u1e93il\u0263 s unct lli yudan?" }, { "en": "I still think you shouldn't be doing that.", "ber": "ar sul \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u0263 mas k id ur iqqan ad tskrd ayann." }, { "en": "Don't get them mixed up.", "ber": "ad tn ur tsmrwit." }, { "en": "Oleg was very happy about that meeting.", "ber": "immr ulig s unmuqqar ann." }, { "en": "I'm looking for a clothes shop.", "ber": "ar siggil\u0263 s kra n t\u1e25anut n tmlsa." }, { "en": "These horses are without a master.", "ber": "iyysan ad ur \u0263ursn bab nnsn." }, { "en": "That's too dear for me. Can't you make it any cheaper?", "ber": "i\u025bzza dari uyann kigan. is ur tufit ad as tzzugzt atig?" }, { "en": "Something in the corner of the cabin drew Igor's attention.", "ber": "kra g t\u0263mrt n u\u1e25anu yiwi taynit n igu\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Tom needs to find a new job.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " iqqan t id ad yaf kra n twuri inyn." ] }, { "en": "Tom needs to find a new job.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " illa fllas ad yaf kra n twuri tamaynut." ] }, { "en": "I love learning Berber.", "ber": "i\u025bzza \u0263uri ad ttlmad\u0263 tamazi\u0263t." }, { "en": "The kids climbed over the fence.", "ber": "ulin yicirran iggi n yifrig." }, { "en": "Mennad and Baya help each other.", "ber": "mnnad akd baya", "null": [ " da ttmyawasn." ] }, { "en": "Mennad and Baya help each other.", "ber": "mnnad d baya", "null": [ " da ttawsn gratsn." ] }, { "en": "Sami tried to poison his own daughter.", "ber": "yurm sami ad issirin illis nit s yi\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "Sami tried to poison his own daughter.", "ber": "yurm sami ad issutc irinn i yillis nit s yi\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "They drive the car to the station.", "ber": "ar gllin tihirit s asrs." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary know that they have to do something", "ber": " but they're not sure what.", "null": [ "issn \u1e6dum nttan d mari mas fllas illa ad skrn kra", " macc nttni ur \u1e25qqin nit mit." ] }, { "en": "I'm fine with that.", "ber": "ur dari illi umukris d uynna." }, { "en": "I'm fine with that.", "ber": "ihnna waddad \u0263uri." }, { "en": "Tom always shouts when he is angry.", "ber": "da isaqqur bdda \u1e6dum mk irfa." }, { "en": "Tom always shouts when he is angry.", "ber": "da is\u0263uyyu bdda \u1e6dum kud nna as d ulin yidammn." }, { "en": "Russians are my friends.", "ber": "gan yirusiyn imddukkal inu." }, { "en": "Yuri did not give the book to you.", "ber": "ur ak ifki yuri adlis lli." }, { "en": "I don't know why you're laughing.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 ma\u0263f allig ar tt\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63at." }, { "en": "Do you like him?", "ber": "is k issusm?" }, { "en": "Do you like him?", "ber": "is km issusm?" }, { "en": "Do you like him?", "ber": "t\u1e25mlt t?" }, { "en": "Why didn't you just ask me?", "ber": "max allig iyi ka ur tsaqat?" }, { "en": "Mary didn't decide to become a writer until she was thirty.", "ber": "ur t\u0263tis mari ad tg tamarat allig tlkm k\u1e5ba\u1e0d id mraw usgg\u02b7as." }, { "en": "Sami's wife is really tall.", "ber": "tam\u0263art n sami", "null": [ " t\u0263zzif kigan nit." ] }, { "en": "They hate football.", "ber": "ar ttksann nttni takurt n u\u1e0da\u1e5b." }, { "en": "The fault is mine alone.", "ber": "nkkin ka ad d ikka uzggal." }, { "en": "The fault is mine alone.", "ber": "\u0263as nkkin a mi iga uzggal winu." }, { "en": "He was the man that broke the window yesterday.", "ber": "ikka tt inn nttan ayd igan argaz nna i\u1e5b\u1e93an asatm i\u1e0dgam." }, { "en": "I found Berber native speakers.", "ber": "ufi\u0263 wida mi tga tmazi\u0263t tutlayt taymmat." }, { "en": "I found Berber native speakers.", "ber": "ufi\u0263 d wid sawalnin s tmazi\u0263t amm tutlayt taymmat." }, { "en": "I found Berber native speakers.", "ber": "ufi\u0263 d imssiwln in\u1e63liyn n tmazi\u0263t." }, { "en": "Tom may not remember anything.", "ber": "i\u0263iy \u1e6dum ad ur ikti amya." }, { "en": "Making such a decision is not an easy thing.", "ber": "ur ifssus ad i\u0263ts yan kra zun d imk ann." }, { "en": "It doesn't seem likely.", "ber": "yaggug is tt tga." }, { "en": "It doesn't seem likely.", "ber": "yaggug is d imk ann a rad ig waddad." }, { "en": "It doesn't seem likely.", "ber": "imra ad ig waddad imk ann." }, { "en": "A good idea occurred to me.", "ber": "t\u1e0d\u1e5b d flli yat twngimt i\u0263udan." }, { "en": "A good idea occurred to me.", "ber": "tkka d i\u0263f inu yat twngimt icwan." }, { "en": "Today is scorching hot", "ber": " so dress light.", "null": [ "ir\u0263a waddad ass ad tili tiqqiqt", " awa ls mad ifssusn." ] }, { "en": "Maybe Tom and Mary don't know that I've never done that.", "ber": "irwas is ur issin \u1e6dum nttan d mari mas d nkkin ur jju skir\u0263 mayann." }, { "en": "I really don't want to live here.", "ber": "is ur nit ri\u0263 ad zd\u0263\u0263 da." }, { "en": "No one knows where Yanni is.", "ber": "awd yan ur issin mani g illa yanni." }, { "en": "Can it be put differently?", "ber": "is t\u0263iy ad tettrs s kra n tmamkt imzarayn?" }, { "en": "Can it be put differently?", "ber": "is izmr ad ittrs s manmk ya\u1e0dn?" }, { "en": "Mary asked Tom to call her after dinner.", "ber": "tnna mari i \u1e6dum ad as i\u0263r \u1e0da\u1e5bt n yimkli." }, { "en": "Ziri and Rima remained still.", "ber": "ziri d rima", "null": [ " zzgan g wansa nnsn." ] }, { "en": "Please don't call us again.", "ber": "amur nnk", "null": [ " ad a\u0263 sar ur t\u0263rt tikklt ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "Tom said he ate too much.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas icca uggar n unck nna t id iqqan." }, { "en": "Tom said he ate too much.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas icca kigan." }, { "en": "I need to stay here until 2:30.", "ber": "iqqan iyi d ad \u0263id \u0263ama\u0263 ar 2:30." }, { "en": "I need to stay here until 2:30.", "ber": "illa flli ad qqim\u0263 dad ar 2:30." }, { "en": "Tom gave Mary the wrong key.", "ber": "ifka \u1e6dum i mary tasarut izgln." }, { "en": "I wasn't sure if Tom had eaten yet.", "ber": "ur yad lli ssin\u0263 akud ann is ta ur icci \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "If anybody could convince Tom", "ber": " it would be Mary.", "null": [ "mk yad illa ma rad issu iman i \u1e6dum", " hat inn mari ad t igan." ] }, { "en": "My father neither smokes nor drinks.", "ber": "bba nu", "null": [ " ur da ikmmi ur da issa." ] }, { "en": "I need to go. There's no time.", "ber": "iqqn nn ad ddu\u0263. innukma wakud." }, { "en": "I was getting a little bored.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn nit ssnti\u0263 ar ttnu\u0263juf\u0263 yan yimikk." }, { "en": "Tom was afraid", "ber": " but Mary wasn't.", "null": [ "ikka \u1e6dum igg\u02b7d", " maca mari uhu." ] }, { "en": "Tom ate all the bread that I bought yesterday.", "ber": "icca \u1e6dum akk\u02b7 a\u0263rum nna s\u0263i\u0263 i\u1e0dlli." }, { "en": "Frankly speaking", "ber": " he is untrustworthy.", "null": [ "i\u0263 trit ad didk sawal\u0263 s tidt", " nttan hat tffu\u0263 tt tflst." ] }, { "en": "Frankly speaking", "ber": " he is untrustworthy.", "null": [ "ad ak ini\u0263 ma illan nnican", " ntta ur igi mad ittflas yan." ] }, { "en": "Mary's got to learn the poem by heart.", "ber": "illa \u0263f mari ad t\u1e25su tadyazt lli." }, { "en": "I thought you didn't have any family.", "ber": "\u0263al\u0263 is ur yad lli tlit kra n twja." }, { "en": "This is all there is.", "ber": "\u0263as anct ad ayd digs illan." }, { "en": "This is all there is.", "ber": "\u0263as ayad ayd illan." }, { "en": "This is all there is.", "ber": "ayad ka ayd gis illan." }, { "en": "I'm not the type of person who asks a lot of questions.", "ber": "nkki ur gi\u0263 sg wanaw nna n mddn nna da iggarn kigan n yisqsitn." }, { "en": "I'm not the type of person who asks a lot of questions.", "ber": "ur gi\u0263 g wanaw nna n mddn g ggudin yisqsitn." }, { "en": "Tom wanted to keep it.", "ber": "ikka tt inn ira \u1e6dum ad tt i\u1e25\u1e0du." }, { "en": "Tom wanted to keep it.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum ira ad t dars yajj." }, { "en": "You're not any better than me.", "ber": "ur iyi tuft s yat." }, { "en": "There are wolves in these woods.", "ber": "llan wuccann g taganin ad." }, { "en": "Tom was almost asleep.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum dru\u0263 i\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63." }, { "en": "Ziri was resting.", "ber": "ikka tt inn ziri ar ittsunfu." }, { "en": "I'm pretty busy.", "ber": "ur iyi d bahra ya\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm pretty busy.", "ber": "ur wala sala\u0263." }, { "en": "This story is astonishing.", "ber": "tga tullist ma g ittuham yan." }, { "en": "This story is astonishing.", "ber": "ar tssugam tnfust ad." }, { "en": "Layla's rejection enraged Sami.", "ber": "tag\u02b7it n layla", "null": [ " tssrfa sami." ] }, { "en": "Tom got home about midnight.", "ber": "yurri d \u1e6dum s taddart g tu\u1e93\u1e93umt n yi\u1e0d zun d imk ann." }, { "en": "I hope Tom didn't get too upset.", "ber": "nnurz\u0263 is ur wala iz\u025bf \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I hope Tom didn't get too upset.", "ber": "nnurz\u0263 ad ur ixyyq \u1e6dum kigan." }, { "en": "I wish I were faster.", "ber": "\u1e93u\u1e93\u1e0d\u0263 mr nmrar\u0263 uggar." }, { "en": "I think Tom is handsome.", "ber": "ar ttannay\u0263 nkki mas iga \u1e6dum afalkay." }, { "en": "I think Tom is handsome.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum ahuskay s tannayt inu." }, { "en": "It is not so cold today.", "ber": "ur wala illi u\u1e63mmi\u1e0d ass ad." }, { "en": "I think that Tom is back from Boston.", "ber": "irwas is d ya\u0263ul \u1e6dum sg bus\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "What are you doing up at this time of night?", "ber": "mad ukan tsalat kyyi g tizi ad ammas n yi\u1e0d?" }, { "en": "Hurry up! There's left only a short time for the start of the match.", "ber": "azzl! hat ur iqqimi i umnala amr yat tizi igzzuln." }, { "en": "Sami is just following blindly.", "ber": "is nn ka i\u1e0dfa\u1e5b sami s tiddr\u0263lt." }, { "en": "I believe it will change my life.", "ber": "fls\u0263 is rad iyi tssnfl tudrt inu." }, { "en": "My favorite restaurant burned down.", "ber": "ijdr wintiram igan amayuf \u0263uri s timmad nns." }, { "en": "My favorite restaurant burned down.", "ber": "tjdr tsirt nna akk\u02b7 \u1e25ml\u0263 sg yi\u0263f ar i\u0263f." }, { "en": "Tom is the night janitor", "ber": " isn't he?", "null": [ "is d \u1e6dum ayd igan bu waggur n yi\u1e0d", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "Tom is the night janitor", "ber": " isn't he?", "null": [ "\u1e6dum ayd igan adwwab n yi\u1e0d", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "Ziri and Rima met in 2004.", "ber": "imnaggar ziri akd rima g 2004." }, { "en": "Tom said he had a great time with you.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas didk izzri yat tizi ifjjijn." }, { "en": "Where did Tom get this car?", "ber": "mani d yiwi \u1e6dum tihirit ad?" }, { "en": "He sat on the sofa with a bowl of sweets in his lap.", "ber": "iskkus g usatg irbu yan yimkil n tmi\u1e93i\u1e0din \u0263f ugwwal nns." }, { "en": "Tom stopped reading his book and looked up at Mary.", "ber": "isbdd \u1e6dum ti\u0263ri n udlis nns ar nit ismuqqul g mari." }, { "en": "Let's not talk about this in public.", "ber": "ajj a\u0263 ad ur nmrara awal \u0263f uyad g umata." }, { "en": "The only question was why Tom did it.", "ber": "\u0263as yan usqsi ka ayd tt inn ikkan", "null": [ " d ad t igan d max allig tt iskr \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "How old would you say I am?", "ber": "mnnaw yisgg\u02b7asn a rad iyi d tfkt nkki?" }, { "en": "How old would you say I am?", "ber": "mnck n yisgg\u02b7asn a rad iyi d tfkt nkki?" }, { "en": "I've never had a cat.", "ber": "ur jju dari izri kra n umucc." }, { "en": "I've never had a cat.", "ber": "ur jju ssgmi\u0263 kra n umucc." }, { "en": "Would you ever go skinny dipping?", "ber": "is tufit ad tftut kra n tikklt ad tccft s tuzzuft?" }, { "en": "Would you ever go skinny dipping?", "ber": "ad tddut ad tccft kyyi s tuzzuft?" }, { "en": "Tom said that it wasn't the first time he'd done that.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas d ur d tikklt izwarn ayad ad iskr mayann." }, { "en": "Tom must have been three at that time.", "ber": "irad ilin dar \u1e6dum kra n k\u1e5ba\u1e0d yisgg\u02b7asn g uzmz ann." }, { "en": "Living habits have changed.", "ber": "nflnt tmyurin n tmddurt." }, { "en": "People always make fun of me when they find out I'm colorblind.", "ber": "ar bdda gigi tt\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63an mddn kud nna ssnn is gigi tlla tiddr\u0263lt n yik\u02b7lan." }, { "en": "Why won't you do as I asked?", "ber": "max allig ur da tskart aydda ak ittuynnan?" }, { "en": "Mary enjoyed fishing with her father.", "ber": "t\u0263bba mari s tgmrt n yislman akd babas." }, { "en": "Sami was asking a lot of questions about Islam.", "ber": "ikka tt inn sami ar ittsaqsa agudi n yisqsitn \u0263s tnslmt." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't have enough friends.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " ur dars illi unck lli igumn g yimddukkal." ] }, { "en": "Last Monday", "ber": " I stayed at home and read a book.", "null": [ "aynas ann izrin", " qqim\u0263 g taddart \u0263r\u0263 yan udlis." ] }, { "en": "Tom knows more about the matter than he revealed.", "ber": "issn \u1e6dum \u0263f tmslayt uggar n unck lli d imla." }, { "en": "Did you ask for a lawyer?", "ber": "is tssutrt s kra n umstan?" }, { "en": "I saw Tom yesterday in the woods.", "ber": "anni\u0263 \u1e6dum i\u1e0dgam ammas n tagant." }, { "en": "I saw you lock the door.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 k llig trglt taggurt." }, { "en": "I saw you lock the door.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 k ukan ar trgglt g tflut." }, { "en": "A good idea occurred to me.", "ber": "tucka iyi d yat twngimt ihyyan." }, { "en": "Is Tom angry?", "ber": "is irfa \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "I found a cheap hotel.", "ber": "ufi\u0263 d yan usnsu mi igguz watig." }, { "en": "I found a cheap hotel.", "ber": "ufi\u0263 d yan usnsu mi izdr watig." }, { "en": "In 1492", "ber": " the Jews were expelled from Spain.", "null": [ "g 1492", " ttwazzugn wudayn sg \u1e63banya." ] }, { "en": "For Simonsen", "ber": " the slow road to healing is easier now with his four-legged friend at his side.", "null": [ "\u0263ur simunsn", " irxa uggar ubrid ama\u1e93ay n tajjit \u0263il ad llig ila amddakk\u02b7l nns bu kku\u1e93 yi\u1e0da\u1e5bn g tama nns." ] }, { "en": "Are you old enough to smoke?", "ber": "is tmqqurt kyyin s ma igumn \u1e25ma ad tkmmit?" }, { "en": "Over the last 60 years", "ber": " the world's shark population has plummeted by nearly 80 percent", "null": [ " according to a study by the Pew Environment Group. The group believes sanctuaries for sharks could help them.", "g \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63 id mraw yisgg\u02b7asn ad gguranin", " inn\u0263rf wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun n yiwqqasn s mad ittggan tam id mraw g tmi\u1e0di", " \u0263f uynna d tiwi yat trzzut d ikkan tagrumma n twnna\u1e0dt byu. tfls tgrumma s mas \u0263iyn yifrign n waray \u0263f wudm n yiwqqasn ad asn awsn." ] }, { "en": "Did you know my father well?", "ber": "is yad lli tssnt baba mli\u1e25?" }, { "en": "Did you know my father well?", "ber": "is tt inn tkkit kyyi tmyassant akd baba mli\u1e25?" }, { "en": "Did you know my father well?", "ber": "is tmyassant bahra kyyin d baba g mad izrin?" }, { "en": "Tom lives up there.", "ber": "izd\u0263 \u1e6dum g uflla ann." }, { "en": "Tom lives up there.", "ber": "aflla ann a g izd\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Have you asked an expert?", "ber": "is tsqsat kra n umuzay?" }, { "en": "Have you asked an expert?", "ber": "is tsqsat kra n yan izzrin?" }, { "en": "Mary was by herself all day.", "ber": "tkla mari i wa\u1e0du nns ma ila wass." }, { "en": "Mary was by herself all day.", "ber": "tkka tt inn mari i wa\u1e0du nns ma ila wass." }, { "en": "What do you want? \"To forget this.\"", "ber": "mad trit? \"ad ttu\u0263 mayad.\"" }, { "en": "I hope your most cherished dreams come true in the year 2024!", "ber": "nnurz\u0263 ad gnt twargiwin nnk nna mi akk\u02b7 \u0263ur illa watig tidt g usgg\u02b7as n 2024!" }, { "en": "I hope your most cherished dreams come true in the year 2024!", "ber": "ar ssitim\u0263 ad dittint twargiwin nnk nna akk\u02b7 i\u025bzzan g usgg\u02b7as n 2024!" }, { "en": "If I agreed with you", "ber": " we'd both be wrong.", "null": [ "i\u0263 d didk msasa\u0263", " is rad nzgl s sin itn\u0263." ] }, { "en": "If I were in your situation", "ber": " I'd ask him.", "null": [ "mr lli\u0263 g waddad nnk", " rad t saqsa\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Be satisfied with what you're told!", "ber": "jjawn s uynna ak ittunnan!" }, { "en": "Be satisfied with what you're told!", "ber": "ad k igum uynna ak ittunnan!" }, { "en": "He decided", "ber": " despite the cold", "null": [ " to jump in the water.", "i\u0263ts", " mqqar illa u\u1e63mmi\u1e0d", " ad nn yak\u02b7i s aman." ] }, { "en": "He decided", "ber": " despite the cold", "null": [ " to jump in the water.", "i\u0263ts", " waxxa i\u1e63mmi\u1e0d waddad", " ad in\u1e0du s aman." ] }, { "en": "We're in the beginning of spring.", "ber": "nlla g yi\u0263f n tfsut." }, { "en": "We're in the beginning of spring.", "ber": "nlla g tzwiri n talldrar." }, { "en": "We'll arrange that soon.", "ber": "rad nzzgu mayann g ma nn ur yaggugn." }, { "en": "We'll arrange that soon.", "ber": "rad nsmuttg mayann g mad ya\u1e93nn." }, { "en": "If they're going to be fried", "ber": " those mushrooms should be cut into small pieces.", "null": [ "i\u0263 rad ttyrafan", " iqqan d i yig\u02b7rsln ann ad gin ig\u02b7zman m\u1e93\u1e93inin." ] }, { "en": "Death is just an unsolved technical problem.", "ber": "ur tgi tmttant amr yat tmukrist tatiqnit mi ur ittyafa ufssay." }, { "en": "Death is just an unsolved technical problem.", "ber": "tga tmttant \u0263as yan umukris atiqni nna ur ifsin." }, { "en": "My apartment was without electricity for seventy-two hours.", "ber": "ibbi u\u1e93a\u1e5bu\u1e5b \u0263f tzddi\u0263t inu mad ilkkmn sa id mraw d snat tsragin." }, { "en": "My apartment was without electricity for seventy-two hours.", "ber": "tkka tzddi\u0263t inu sa id mraw d snat tsragin bla atrisinti." }, { "en": "If someone needs more information", "ber": " I'll be happy to answer.", "null": [ "mk yusr kra n yan uggar n wumlan", " rad iyi ig tumrt ad rar\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Money rules the world. Who rules the money?", "ber": "iba\u1e0d udrim i uma\u1e0dal. ma iba\u1e0dn i udrim?" }, { "en": "Money rules the world. Who rules the money?", "ber": "nb\u1e0dn idrimn ama\u1e0dal. matta wad inb\u1e0dn idrimn?" }, { "en": "Is money the only thing that matters to him?", "ber": "is d ntta adrim ka ayd as igan anzgum?" }, { "en": "Is money the only thing that matters to him?", "ber": "is d \u0263as idrimn a s innzgm nttan?" }, { "en": "Is money the only thing that matters to him?", "ber": "is d ur tt yiwi ntta \u0263as g yiqa\u1e5bi\u1e0dn?" }, { "en": "Eating breakfast really wakes me up.", "ber": "da iyi d nit tssduy tgmgimt mk da tt tetta\u0263." }, { "en": "Mary should've kept her mouth shut.", "ber": "mari", "null": [ " iqqan tt id yad lli ad tqqn imi nns." ] }, { "en": "They left their dog outside.", "ber": "fln aydi nnsn g b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "How many times have you met Tom?", "ber": "mnnawt tkkal ayd tmmiggirt akd \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "The thought of another man touching her brought out the beast in him.", "ber": "tawngimt n kra n urgaz ya\u1e0dn as ittggrn", "null": [ " t\u1e0di d axxu nna digs illan." ] }, { "en": "He said he didn't want to go.", "ber": "inna mas d ur iri ad iddu." }, { "en": "They called off their visit to London.", "ber": "ssmsan arzaf nnsn \u0263r lun\u1e0dun." }, { "en": "Ziri has to leave the city.", "ber": "ccil i ziri ad iff\u0263 sg tmdint." }, { "en": "Ziri has to leave the city.", "ber": "illa \u0263f ziri ad iftu sg tmdint." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't consider himself a hero.", "ber": "ur da ittannay \u1e6dum i\u0263f nns is iga abrgaz." }, { "en": "They spent the day with their parents.", "ber": "zzrin ass akd yimarawn nnsn." }, { "en": "Not all Muslims observe Ramadan.", "ber": "ur da tta\u1e93umn akk\u02b7 inslmn ayyur n rm\u1e0dan." }, { "en": "Not all Muslims observe Ramadan.", "ber": "ur d mad akk\u02b7 igan amuslm is da itta\u1e93um rm\u1e0dan." }, { "en": "Not all Muslims observe Ramadan.", "ber": "ur ar kullu \u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6dun yimuslmn ayyur n rm\u1e0dan." }, { "en": "Jackson stayed for a while.", "ber": "i\u0263ama jak\u1e63un yan yimikk." }, { "en": "I'll tell them what I know.", "ber": "rad asn ini\u0263 aynna ssn\u0263." }, { "en": "She didn't show up at the party", "ber": " but nobody knows why.", "null": [ "ur d tnfilil g tfugla", " maca ur issin awd yan ma\u0263f." ] }, { "en": "She didn't show up at the party", "ber": " but nobody knows why.", "null": [ "ur tbayn g tfugla", " maca ur issin yan max." ] }, { "en": "You must be at the station before five.", "ber": "iqqn nn ad tilit g usrs dat n tis smmust." }, { "en": "I hope Tom didn't get arrested.", "ber": "nnurz\u0263 ad ur ittyama\u1e93 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I hope Tom didn't get arrested.", "ber": "nnurz\u0263 is ur itt\u0263i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I hope Tom didn't get arrested.", "ber": "ar ssitim\u0263 is ur ittuykraf \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Young children are often fascinated by science.", "ber": "tazzanin ar tn bahra tssbha\u1e0d tussna." }, { "en": "You can't keep escaping your problems.", "ber": "ur tufit ad ka trgg\u02b7lt i yimukrisn nnk." }, { "en": "I couldn't swear to it.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn ur zmir\u0263 ad fllas ggal\u0263." }, { "en": "Mary said that she was very sick.", "ber": "tnna mari mas tt inn tkka thrc bahra." }, { "en": "Mary said that she was very sick.", "ber": "tnna mari mas tt inn tkka tu\u1e0dn kigan." }, { "en": "Ziri worked that job for a few months.", "ber": "iswurri ziri g twuri ann yan mnnaw yirn." }, { "en": "Why don't we get married?", "ber": "max za ad ur niwl?" }, { "en": "He's too young to live by himself yet.", "ber": "isul im\u1e93\u1e93iy \u1e25ma ad yidir i wa\u1e0du nns." }, { "en": "Stella is a widow.", "ber": "stilla", "null": [ " tga tadgalt." ] }, { "en": "Mary promised she'd never hit me again.", "ber": "tggull mari ur iyi sul tkkat." }, { "en": "That isn't the only reason why I want to stay here.", "ber": "ur d tamntilt ann ka \u0263f ri\u0263 ad \u0263ama\u0263 da." }, { "en": "I almost never buy chocolate.", "ber": "dru\u0263 ur ar jju ssa\u0263\u0263 ackla\u1e6d." }, { "en": "I'm offering you the chance to be happy.", "ber": "ar ak akka\u0263 tamlda ma g ttggat anammar." }, { "en": "He refused to accept his defeat.", "ber": "yugi ad iqbl ti\u1e5b\u1e93i nns." }, { "en": "He refused to accept his defeat.", "ber": "tugi ti\u1e5b\u1e93i nns ad as tzri." }, { "en": "Tom owns about thirty guitars.", "ber": "ila \u1e6dum kra n k\u1e5ba\u1e0d id mraw yigi\u1e6darn." }, { "en": "He hung the clothes on the line.", "ber": "ifsr tilmsa \u0263f us\u0263un." }, { "en": "He hung the clothes on the line.", "ber": "yugl ihdumn \u0263f us\u0263un." }, { "en": "Tom isn't good to me.", "ber": "ur didi ifulki \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom isn't good to me.", "ber": "ur didi icwi \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "How do Tom and Mary intend to do that?", "ber": "manmk s yumml \u1e6dum nttan d mari ad skrn mayann?" }, { "en": "The committee will meet next Monday.", "ber": "rad mmaggarn ayt tsqqimt aynas d iddan." }, { "en": "The committee will meet next Monday.", "ber": "rad mmaggarn ayt tgrawt aynas d yuckan." }, { "en": "How do we explain this to the kids?", "ber": "manmk a s rad nssfru mayad i tazzanin?" }, { "en": "Could you watch my things?", "ber": "is tufit ad trart taynit \u0263r t\u0263awsiwin inu?" }, { "en": "Could you watch my things?", "ber": "is tufit ad tssksat s t\u0263awsiwin inu?" }, { "en": "My dream is to study Russian in Bishkek.", "ber": "tawargit inu", "null": [ " tga tt ad aqqra\u0263 tarusit g biskik." ] }, { "en": "Why can't you?", "ber": "max allig as ur tufit?" }, { "en": "Will you please stop teasing me?", "ber": "is tufit i \u1e5bbbi ad iyi sul ur tskurkuzt?" }, { "en": "Will you please stop teasing me?", "ber": "amur nnk", "null": [ " is tufit ad iyi sul ur tlddit?" ] }, { "en": "Look", "ber": " I already told you everything you need to know.", "null": [ "smaqql", " hat nni\u0263 ak yad akk\u02b7 aynna s ts\u0263awsat ad t tssnt." ] }, { "en": "Why are many bars closed on Mondays?", "ber": "max allig da ttqqnn kigan n yibi\u1e5bann g wussan n uynas?" }, { "en": "James wants for nothing.", "ber": "djims ur yusir amya." }, { "en": "Yanni played on his phone.", "ber": "yurar yanni g utilifun nns." }, { "en": "I have never aimed at a bear with my rifle.", "ber": "ur jju zun\u0263 kra n ububba\u1e93 s uburi nu." }, { "en": "I have never aimed at a bear with my rifle.", "ber": "ur jju niyyc\u0263 \u0263f kra n wursu s mm uldun inu." }, { "en": "Mennad answered some of Baya's questions.", "ber": "irura mnnad \u0263f kra sg yisqsitn n baya." }, { "en": "Tom probably isn't going to tell Mary he intends to do that.", "ber": "yaggug is rad yini \u1e6dum i mari mas yumml nttan ad iskr mayann." }, { "en": "A fact-finding committee was set up to determine the cause of the incident.", "ber": "tettuskar yat tsqqimt isiggiln s wumlan dttanin afad ad swuttun tamntilt n ungas." }, { "en": "Sami is driving me crazy.", "ber": "rad iyi isnufl sami." }, { "en": "Sami is driving me crazy.", "ber": "ar iyi isnuful sami." }, { "en": "Sami is driving me crazy.", "ber": "rad iyi issngiri sami d unlli." }, { "en": "I wouldn't allow Tom to go to Australia if I were you.", "ber": "ur rad anf\u0263 i \u1e6dum ad iddu s us\u1e6dralya mr lli\u0263 g ud\u0263ar nnk." }, { "en": "Why are you so upset now?", "ber": "max allig txyyqt d\u0263i?" }, { "en": "But nobody can help me.", "ber": "maca ur i\u0263iy awd yan ad iyi yaws." }, { "en": "You can't keep escaping your problems.", "ber": "ur tzmird ad ka tettrwald i imukrisn nnk." }, { "en": "Gabriel found the rest of them.", "ber": "yufa gab\u1e5biyil agaluz nnsn." }, { "en": "I got into an argument with Tom today. \"Oh", "ber": " that happens to all of us here all the time. Don't worry about it.\"", "null": [ "kcm\u0263 g yan umnzi\u0263 nkki d \u1e6dum ass a. \"ih", " ayann da a\u0263 akk\u02b7 ittmsar ma tla tizi. ad k ur izziwz uyann.\"" ] }, { "en": "Many Berbers lost their identity over the centuries and became Arabized.", "ber": ";agudi n yimazi\u0263n a mi tucck tmagit g unyuddu n tsutiwin a\u0263uln ttu\u025b\u1e5b\u1e5bbn" }, { "en": "First", "ber": " we must acknowledge the errors made by our predecessors.", "null": [ "s umzwaru", " iqqan d ad nssikz izggaln nna ittuskarn s yifassn n yimzwura nn\u0263." ] }, { "en": "I didn't see any girls in the group.", "ber": "ur unni\u0263 kra n twtmin g trabbut." }, { "en": "The police found Tom dead on the porch.", "ber": "yufa ubulis \u1e6dum immut g wara\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom has been working with Mary.", "ber": "da iswurri \u1e6dum akd mari." }, { "en": "Tom put too much mustard in the potato salad.", "ber": "issgut \u1e6dum amu\u1e6dard i cla\u1e0da n yiba\u1e6da\u1e6dn." }, { "en": "Which do you think is worse?", "ber": "mantanna ixcnn uggar s tannayt nnk?" }, { "en": "Tom and Mary told me that they're bored.", "ber": "inna iyi \u1e6dum nttan d mari mas nnu\u0263jfn." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary told me that they're bored.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari", "null": [ " nnan iyi mas tn ya\u0263 unnu\u0263jf." ] }, { "en": "Let's just do it again.", "ber": "ajj a\u0263 ad as ka nals." }, { "en": "Let's just do it again.", "ber": "ajj a\u0263 ad tt ka da\u0263 nskr." }, { "en": "I don't know if it's true", "ber": " but a lot of people say it.", "null": [ "ur ssin\u0263 is tga tidt", " maca da tt ttinin kigan n mddn." ] }, { "en": "The husband and his wife drink tea.", "ber": "da issa urgaz nttan d tm\u0263art nns atay." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary said they didn't see anything.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum nttan d mari mas ur \u1e93\u1e5bin amya." }, { "en": "The cop was actually Ziri's uncle.", "ber": "abulisi", "null": [ " ikka tt inn iga g tidt \u025bmmis n ziri." ] }, { "en": "Tom could have said no.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ukan yad lli \u1e6dum ad yini uhu." }, { "en": "Tom could have said no.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0dar ukan \u1e6dum ad yini uhu akud ann." }, { "en": "I think you're at least partially correct.", "ber": "s mad idrusn", "null": [ " ar ttannay\u0263 mas t\u0263\u1e93ant s kra n yigzman." ] }, { "en": "Ziri doesn't have to talk about that.", "ber": "ur igi ccil i ziri ad isawal \u0263f iynna." }, { "en": "The fighting in Ukraine cannot go on forever.", "ber": "ur izmir yimn\u0263i ammas n wuk\u1e5banya ad isul." }, { "en": "The fighting in Ukraine cannot go on forever.", "ber": "ur i\u0263iy yimn\u0263i g wuk\u1e5banya ad i\u0263rrd aha." }, { "en": "I've looked everywhere", "ber": " but I haven't found it yet.", "null": [ "ur fil\u0263 mani g ur siggl\u0263", " maca ur ta tt ufi\u0263." ] }, { "en": "He got his job back.", "ber": "isurri d tawuri nns." }, { "en": "Did Tom deny that?", "ber": "is inak\u1e5b \u1e6dum mayann?" }, { "en": "Tom told me that he thought you could win.", "ber": "inna iyi \u1e6dum mas i\u0263al is yad lli tz\u1e0da\u1e5b\u1e6d ad tnnrut." }, { "en": "I prefer corn with a dash of pepper.", "ber": "da smyafa\u0263 asngar s yan tku\u1e6d\u1e6dift n yib\u1e93a\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Mary told me she wanted to buy a couple of loaves bread.", "ber": "tnna iyi mari mas tt inn tkka tra ad ts\u0263 yan mnnawt tunnirin." }, { "en": "I'm going to be out of town for a few weeks.", "ber": "rad ili\u0263 b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n t\u0263rmt yan mnnaw yimalassn." }, { "en": "I'm not a good father.", "ber": "ur gi\u0263 yan umaraw i\u0263udan." }, { "en": "I'm not a good father.", "ber": "ur gi\u0263 yan ubabat i\u1e93iln." }, { "en": "We are shaking.", "ber": "ar nttrgigi." }, { "en": "She left Osaka yesterday.", "ber": "tffu\u0263 usaka i\u1e0dgam." }, { "en": "She left Osaka yesterday.", "ber": "tfl usaka i\u1e0dnna\u1e6d." }, { "en": "Wear silk socks!", "ber": "ls tar\u0263iwin n um\u1e6d\u1e6dalfu!" }, { "en": "What's life like in Algeria?", "ber": "manmk ad tga tudrt ammas n ldzayr?" }, { "en": "Tom will buy a new bicycle.", "ber": "rad is\u0263 \u1e6dum yat tzlalamt inyn." }, { "en": "He worked his way up.", "ber": "imma\u0263 alli\u0263 yuli." }, { "en": "He worked his way up.", "ber": "immwat allig i\u0263li." }, { "en": "Tom didn't have a chance to do that.", "ber": "ur tzri tmdla \u0263ur \u1e6dum ma g iskar mayann." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary really hate each other.", "ber": "immksn \u1e6dum akd mari s tidt." }, { "en": "Bruno had no fingers left.", "ber": "b\u1e5bunu ur as d i\u0263ama awd yan u\u1e0da\u1e0d." }, { "en": "All of them are good", "ber": " so choose three books.", "null": [ "cwan s mad akk\u02b7 llan", " awa sti ilmma k\u1e5ba\u1e0d yidlisn." ] }, { "en": "I did it for a few years.", "ber": "skr\u0263 tt yan mnnaw yisgg\u02b7asn ayad." }, { "en": "He's disgusted with himself.", "ber": "ar t ismuktu yi\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "He's disgusted with himself.", "ber": "ar t israra yi\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "I didn't steal it. I just borrowed it.", "ber": "ur tt ukir\u0263. is tt id ka \u1e5b\u1e0dl\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary like to sing.", "ber": "i\u1e25ml \u1e6dum nttan d mari ad ttirirn." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary like to sing.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari", "null": [ " ar tn issusum ad smurign." ] }, { "en": "I haven't yet been to Australia this year.", "ber": "ur ta d kki\u0263 us\u1e6dralya asgg\u02b7as ad." }, { "en": "Tobias finally went to sleep.", "ber": "idda sul \u1e6dubyas ad ign." }, { "en": "I say when I don't like something.", "ber": "nkki i\u0263 iyi ur issusm kra ar tt ttini\u0263." }, { "en": "I say when I don't like something.", "ber": "mk ur \u1e25mil\u0263 kra", "null": [ " da tt ttini\u0263." ] }, { "en": "It was so dark that Stefan couldn't see anything.", "ber": "ikka tt inn illas bahra allig ur i\u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5b stifan ad i\u1e93\u1e5b yat." }, { "en": "If I find land here", "ber": " what is the cost per meter of the land or what is the average price for land here?", "null": [ "mk ufi\u0263 akal da", " mnck ayd ilkm wakal i umitru", " n\u0263 d mnck ayd igan atig anammas n wakal da?" ] }, { "en": "Lounis Ait Menguellet is a well-known Algerian singer.", "ber": "iga lunis ayt mngllt yan umarir adzayri bahra ittussann." }, { "en": "What was the letter about?", "ber": "ma\u0263f tsawl tbrat?" }, { "en": "Gunter was petrified by what he saw.", "ber": "iqqur gunt\u1e5b s uylli i\u1e93\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "What was the letter about?", "ber": "mayd ittunnan g tbrat?" }, { "en": "Tom is struggling to earn a living.", "ber": "imma\u0263 \u1e6dum ad yaf ma s da ittddr." }, { "en": "Yanni got out of jail and started to rebuild his life.", "ber": "iffu\u0263 d yanni sg ubniq", "null": [ " issntu ar da\u0263 i\u1e63kku g tudrt nns." ] }, { "en": "I am now talking to one of my teachers.", "ber": "nkki \u0263il ad ar sawal\u0263 akd yan sg yislmadn inu." }, { "en": "Tom helped Mary get into to the car and drove her to the hospital.", "ber": "yuws \u1e6dum i mari allig tkcm \u0263r thirit yasi tt ilmma s asgnaf." }, { "en": "Silence is true wisdom's best reply.", "ber": "ifsti ayd igan tamrarut nna akk\u02b7 yufn dar tn\u1e93r\u1e93t idttan." }, { "en": "You think this is all some kind of joke?", "ber": "t\u0263alt is iga uyad akk\u02b7 kra n tms\u1e0d\u1e63ayt?" }, { "en": "You think this is all some kind of joke?", "ber": "is d ar ak d ittuman mayad akk\u02b7 is iga \u0263as ta\u1e0d\u1e63a?" }, { "en": "He drank beer.", "ber": "iswa aman n tm\u1e93in." }, { "en": "Tom looks a bit worried.", "ber": "ar d ittbayann g \u1e6dum is innzgm yan yimikk." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't yet realize he's in trouble.", "ber": "ur ta yuki \u1e6dum s yi\u0263f nns mas illa g yan umukris." }, { "en": "He was tenacious.", "ber": "ikka tt inn iga bu t\u0263nnant." }, { "en": "Martha couldn't resist sleeping with David when Walid wasn't there.", "ber": "tggammi mari ad tanf i tguni akd dafid llig tt ur ikki dinna walid." }, { "en": "He dropped it.", "ber": "i\u1e5b\u1e93m as." }, { "en": "Tom still has no idea what's going on.", "ber": "ur ta issin \u1e6dum mad illan akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "He's overreacting.", "ber": "issugt g umyagga." }, { "en": "He is tired.", "ber": "i\u1e5bmi." }, { "en": "Tom still has no idea what's going on.", "ber": "ur ta tlli \u0263ur \u1e6dum awd kra n twngimt \u0263f mayd illan." }, { "en": "He is nothing.", "ber": "ur igi amya." }, { "en": "He admired her.", "ber": "tssusm t." }, { "en": "Sami borrowed some money from Layla.", "ber": "i\u1e5b\u1e0dl sami kra n yidrimn sg \u0263ur layla." }, { "en": "I never said I thought Tom was handsome.", "ber": "ur jju nni\u0263 is \u0263al\u0263 mas i\u1e93il \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "He's dieting.", "ber": "i\u1e0df\u1e5b angraw n wutci." }, { "en": "Tom said that he didn't have time to help you.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas d ur t id srk ya\u0263 \u1e25ma ad ak yaws." }, { "en": "He won everything.", "ber": "irza kra illan." }, { "en": "He is abroad.", "ber": "illa g b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "Why not talk to her about it directly?", "ber": "max ad ur tmsawalt fllas akids nnican?" }, { "en": "Don't argue with Tom.", "ber": "ad ur ttmnza\u0263t akd \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "He's unconscious.", "ber": "iga arufrik." }, { "en": "She showed me around.", "ber": "tmla iyi attayn." }, { "en": "He looks happy.", "ber": "da ittuman immr." }, { "en": "Several people drowned", "ber": " but many made it to shore.", "null": [ "agudi n mddn ad nn ing\u02b7\u1e0dn", " maca njmn mnnaw aha lkmn aftas." ] }, { "en": "He's paralytic.", "ber": "iga akucam." }, { "en": "My parrot flew away.", "ber": "iffarri babba\u0263iyyu nu." }, { "en": "He's wasted.", "ber": "illuzza." }, { "en": "Maybe I shouldn't even tell you.", "ber": "irwas is ur iyi d akk\u02b7 iqqan ad ak ini\u0263." }, { "en": "He said he wanted to go to the zoo.", "ber": "inna mas ira ad iddu \u0263r wurti n yimudar." }, { "en": "He is overconfident.", "ber": "issugt g tflst." }, { "en": "Tom picked up the newspaper and read the headlines.", "ber": "yusi d \u1e6dum yan u\u0263mis ar nit yaqqra g yizwal n uflla." }, { "en": "He is British.", "ber": "iga ab\u1e5bi\u1e6dani." }, { "en": "He is English.", "ber": "iga anglizi." }, { "en": "I didn't have time to explain everything to Tom.", "ber": "ur \u0263uri ikki wakud ma g ssfru\u0263 i \u1e6dum kra illan." }, { "en": "I was very ashamed of what I had done.", "ber": "mrg\u0263 kigan sg uynna skr\u0263." }, { "en": "He looked like he was alone.", "ber": "yuman d amm i\u0263 illa i wa\u1e0du nns." }, { "en": "He deserved it.", "ber": "yuklal t." }, { "en": "He deserved it.", "ber": "yuklal tt." }, { "en": "Sami entered the mosque.", "ber": "ikcm sami \u0263r tmzgida." }, { "en": "Tom bought a new house in the country.", "ber": "is\u0263a \u1e6dum yat taddart g tmazirt." }, { "en": "I thought Tom liked me as much as I liked him.", "ber": "\u0263al\u0263 is \u025bzza\u0263 dar \u1e6dum s unck lli dari i\u025bzza ntta." }, { "en": "His story made us laugh.", "ber": "ts\u1e0d\u1e63a a\u0263 tullist nns." }, { "en": "I've never had a cat.", "ber": "ur jju dari illi kra n umaccu." }, { "en": "Whatever you decide", "ber": " is fine with me.", "null": [ "aynna ka t\u0263tst hat ihnna \u0263uri." ] }, { "en": "You won't win.", "ber": "ur rad tnnrut." }, { "en": "Chuck it away.", "ber": "gr srs." }, { "en": "Chuck it away.", "ber": "gr t inn." }, { "en": "I told Mary I couldn't play tennis with her.", "ber": "nni\u0263 i mari mas ur ufi\u0263 ad dids urar\u0263 atinis." }, { "en": "I wonder why Tom didn't come.", "ber": "ikut maf d ur yucki \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I wonder why Tom didn't come.", "ber": "wissn max allig d ur iddi \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "The confusion is all over.", "ber": "ismar unxibbl s mad akk\u02b7 illa." }, { "en": "The confusion is all over.", "ber": "imda unxibbl akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "I burned the roof of my mouth eating pizza.", "ber": "jdr\u0263 an\u0263a nu llig ar tetta\u0263 abitza." }, { "en": "Tom scarcely said a word.", "ber": "dru\u0263 ur inni \u1e6dum mqqar d yat tguri." }, { "en": "He doesn't know a lot about Japan.", "ber": "ur issin kigan \u0263f ayaban." }, { "en": "Sami was buying and selling cars.", "ber": "ikka tt inn sami ar issa\u0263 ar izznza tihiritin." }, { "en": "You can have this.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bd ad tawid aya." }, { "en": "Tom has two cats. One is white and the other is black.", "ber": "\u1e6dum dars sin imucca. yan iga umlil d wayya\u1e0d iga asggan." }, { "en": "This annoys me.", "ber": "aya da i izziwiz." }, { "en": "It'd be better if the third paragraph were removed.", "ber": "rad yaf mr ittyakks ug\u1e6d\u1e6dum wis k\u1e5ba\u1e0d." }, { "en": "James got lost in the woods and got chased by a bear.", "ber": "yucck djims ammas n tagant ittu\u1e93\u1e93\u025b sg \u0263ur yan ububba\u1e93." }, { "en": "They're not friends.", "ber": "ur gin imddukkal." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary both know it wasn't John who did that.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari", "null": [ " ssnn s sin itsn mas d ur jun ad iskr mayann yad lli." ] }, { "en": "The match was played behind closed doors.", "ber": "itturar umnala \u1e0da\u1e5bt tiggura qqnnin." }, { "en": "I don't think it'll get better.", "ber": "ur nni\u0263 is rad tfalki." }, { "en": "Stop. I don't want to do this.", "ber": "yuda. ur ri\u0263 ad skr\u0263 mayad." }, { "en": "No need to translate this sentence. I understand it.", "ber": "ur illi maf rad d tssu\u0263lt tawinst ad. rms\u0263 tt nkkin." }, { "en": "Can I see a picture of Tom?", "ber": "is ufi\u0263 ad i\u1e93i\u1e5b\u0263 kra n twlaft n \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Tom poured hot water into the cup.", "ber": "issuga \u1e6dum aman r\u0263anin g t\u0263rraft." }, { "en": "Tom poured hot water into the cup.", "ber": "iffi nn \u1e6dum aman \u1e25manin g wakas." }, { "en": "Come here", "ber": " and I'll show you.", "null": [ "ack d s \u0263id", " ml\u0263 ak ilmma." ] }, { "en": "This word is a verb", "ber": " it is not an adverb.", "null": [ "taguri ad amyag ayd tga", " ur tgi amrnu." ] }, { "en": "The woods are my home.", "ber": "tagant ayd igan tigmmi nu." }, { "en": "I don't know exactly what Tom wants to do.", "ber": "ur nit \u1e25qqi\u0263 ma s ira \u1e6dum ad t iskr." }, { "en": "It's very difficult to trust people.", "ber": "imra kigan ad tflst g mddn." }, { "en": "Do you remember what Tom said?", "ber": "is tk\u02b7tit mad sul inna \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Has Tom come back?", "ber": "is d ya\u0263ul \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Has Tom come back?", "ber": "is d yurri \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Mary would like to do that", "ber": " but she can't.", "null": [ "tra ukan mari ad tskr mayann", " imil ur as tufi." ] }, { "en": "Tom has a pain in the shoulder.", "ber": "itta\u1e0dn \u1e6dum ta\u0263\u1e5bu\u1e0dt nns." }, { "en": "Tom has a pain in the shoulder.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " ar t tetta\u0263 t\u0263\u1e5bu\u1e0dt nns." ] }, { "en": "Tom has a pain in the shoulder.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " iga as yi\u0263ir nns a\u1e6d\u1e6dan." ] }, { "en": "I only asked Tom to pay his bill.", "ber": "ttr\u0263 i \u1e6dum \u0263as ad ifru tafaturt nns." }, { "en": "She opened the door for us.", "ber": "t\u1e5b\u1e93m a\u0263 d taggurt." }, { "en": "Antonio assisted Rima in her escape.", "ber": "isnal un\u1e6dunyu i rima g trula nns." }, { "en": "The Algerian government is working to make that a reality.", "ber": "ar tswurruy tnba\u1e0dt tadzayrit \u1e25ma ad d trar mayann ad ig tillawt." }, { "en": "The Algerian government is working to make that a reality.", "ber": "ar tswurruy tnba\u1e0dt tadzayrit afad ad tg mayann d tillawt." }, { "en": "Tom looked very frightened.", "ber": "yuman \u1e6dum is wala i\u1e93\u1e93ma." }, { "en": "She needed his help.", "ber": "tkka tt inn tusr awwas nns." }, { "en": "Do you think Tom and Mary believed what you told them?", "ber": "is ar ttannayt mas ifls \u1e6dum akd mari aynna asn tnnit?" }, { "en": "I didn't know Tom didn't know French.", "ber": "ur yad lli ssin\u0263 is ur issin \u1e6dum i tf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "Tom kept us waiting for three hours.", "ber": "yujja a\u0263 \u1e6dum ar nttqql k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt tsragin." }, { "en": "The poor wretch is making an effort to speak his mind.", "ber": "ar nn ittgga umxib i\u1e93l\u1e0dn tuggas nns \u1e25ma ad yini aynna dars illan." }, { "en": "Ziri saw the type of life Rima lived.", "ber": "ikka tt inn i\u1e93\u1e5ba ziri anaw n tudrt nna tddr rima." }, { "en": "Ziri saw the type of life Rima lived.", "ber": "ziri", "null": [ " i\u1e93\u1e5ba yad anaw n tudrt nna tddr rim." ] }, { "en": "The dogs barked.", "ber": "a\u0263n yi\u1e0dan." }, { "en": "Where are the apples that I bought?", "ber": "manza tidffuyin nna s\u0263i\u0263?" }, { "en": "I saw the movie five times.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 afilm ann smmust tkkal." }, { "en": "I saw the movie five times.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 afilm snat tkkal." }, { "en": "I plan to buy Tom a cap.", "ber": "ar ttummal\u0263 ad s\u0263\u0263 i \u1e6dum acmrir." }, { "en": "Tom didn't know what Mary was going through.", "ber": "ur yad issin \u1e6dum aynna g ar tzray mari." }, { "en": "Sami went home after that.", "ber": "idda sami s tgmmi \u1e0da\u1e5bt n uynna." }, { "en": "Ziri rushed into the cave.", "ber": "i\u0263awl ziri \u0263r ifri." }, { "en": "Ziri rushed into the cave.", "ber": "yuzzl ziri s ifri." }, { "en": "Ziri rushed into the cave.", "ber": "iddrf ziri s ifri." }, { "en": "Sami was the only black kid that lived in the whole neighborhood.", "ber": "ikka tt inn sami iga arba asggan amyiwn nna izd\u0263n ammas n tuddurt s timmad nns." }, { "en": "Sami was the only black kid that lived in the whole neighborhood.", "ber": "sami", "null": [ " ikka tt inn iga arba ka isggann ammas n tuddrt nna g izd\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Tell us about what you've been doing.", "ber": "als a\u0263 \u0263f uynna yadda tskart." }, { "en": "Tom is fighting a fire.", "ber": "imma\u0263 \u1e6dum d yan wafa." }, { "en": "Tom is fighting a fire.", "ber": "imma\u0263 \u1e6dum d yat tmssi." }, { "en": "Sami really enjoyed working for Ford.", "ber": "sami", "null": [ " issusm t kigan ad iswuruy \u0263ur furd." ] }, { "en": "We have to find out for sure whether Tom was there or not.", "ber": "iqqn nn ad nisin s tidt is nn ikka \u1e6dum dinna n\u0263 d uhu." }, { "en": "The Greeks did many important things.", "ber": "skrn igrikiyn mnnawt t\u0263awsiwin tizalanin." }, { "en": "Ziri asked Rima questions about her grandmother all day long.", "ber": "isqsa ziri rima kra n isqsitn \u0263f nannas ma ila wass." }, { "en": "He respects me.", "ber": "da i ittzrak." }, { "en": "He loved her.", "ber": "ira tt." }, { "en": "He is reading.", "ber": "ar yaqqra." }, { "en": "He is reading.", "ber": "ar iqqar." }, { "en": "He murders English.", "ber": "da inqqa tanglizt." }, { "en": "He will wait.", "ber": "rad iqql." }, { "en": "He's bisexual.", "ber": "iga asngnus." }, { "en": "He touched me.", "ber": "iggr iyi." }, { "en": "He could die.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad immt." }, { "en": "He could die.", "ber": "izmr ad immt." }, { "en": "He's insatiable.", "ber": "ur da ittjiwin." }, { "en": "He's demented.", "ber": "inufl." }, { "en": "He smells bad.", "ber": "i\u1e93ja." }, { "en": "He got caught.", "ber": "ittyama\u1e93." }, { "en": "He is Ethiopian.", "ber": "iga ityubbi." }, { "en": "He liked that.", "ber": "issusm t uyann." }, { "en": "He likes sleeping.", "ber": "da ittiri taguni." }, { "en": "He likes sleeping.", "ber": "ar ittiri i\u1e0d\u1e63." }, { "en": "He got away.", "ber": "irwl." }, { "en": "He was panting.", "ber": "ikka tt inn ar isulsu." }, { "en": "He was perfect.", "ber": "ikka tt inn i\u0263uda." }, { "en": "He seems healthy.", "ber": "da ittuman idus." }, { "en": "He seems healthy.", "ber": "ar ittuman ijji." }, { "en": "He scares easily.", "ber": "da ittgg\u02b7d s tnhli." }, { "en": "He scares easily.", "ber": "da ittik\u1e63a\u1e0d d\u0263ya." }, { "en": "He clearly lied.", "ber": "ifaw is iskrks." }, { "en": "He lost everything.", "ber": "idda as aylli illan." }, { "en": "There he is.", "ber": "hat dinn." }, { "en": "He is worthless.", "ber": "ur ili azal." }, { "en": "He wants one.", "ber": "ira yan." }, { "en": "He wants one.", "ber": "i\u0263s yat." }, { "en": "I wonder whether Tom's daughter is pretty.", "ber": "saw is tfulki illis n \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom takes good care of Mary.", "ber": "issksa bahra \u1e6dum s mari." }, { "en": "He was wrong.", "ber": "izgl yadlli." }, { "en": "Tom takes good care of Mary.", "ber": "i\u1e6d\u1e6dhlla bahra \u1e6dum g mari." }, { "en": "He is gay.", "ber": "iga alugnus." }, { "en": "I was just now thinking about that problem.", "ber": "\u1e25ra ar swingim\u0263 nkki g tmukrist ann." }, { "en": "I was just now thinking about that problem.", "ber": "tufit iyi ar ukan swingim\u0263 g tmukrist ann." }, { "en": "He is young.", "ber": "iga a\u025brrim." }, { "en": "Tom told me that he's moving to Boston.", "ber": "inna iyi \u1e6dum mas rad immutti \u0263r bus\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "Take this to the kitchen.", "ber": "awi mayad s anwal." }, { "en": "Take this to the kitchen.", "ber": "awi nn mayad s unwal." }, { "en": "He's Georgian.", "ber": "iga aju\u1e5bji." }, { "en": "Let me walk you to your car.", "ber": "ajj iyi ad didk mun\u0263 \u0263r thirit nnk." }, { "en": "He hates himself.", "ber": "iksn i\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "Tom went up to Mary and started talking to her.", "ber": "idda \u1e6dum dar mari issntu nit ad dids isawal." }, { "en": "Ziri and Rima went to school together.", "ber": "ziri akd rima", "null": [ " ddan s sin itsn \u0263r tinml." ] }, { "en": "He's wet.", "ber": "ibdg." }, { "en": "Ziri and Rima went to school together.", "ber": "imun ziri akd rima s tinml." }, { "en": "He's rich.", "ber": "iga anb\u0263ur." }, { "en": "Tom told me that he likes you a lot.", "ber": "inna iyi \u1e6dum mas k bahra i\u1e25ml." }, { "en": "Has he come?", "ber": "is d yucka?" }, { "en": "Has he come?", "ber": "is d yusa?" }, { "en": "He stayed alone.", "ber": "iqqim i wa\u1e0du nns." }, { "en": "Tom was completely soaked by the rain.", "ber": "imm\u0263 \u1e6dum s un\u1e93a\u1e5b timmad nns." }, { "en": "Tom was clearly not happy to see me.", "ber": "infalal g \u1e6dum is ur immir llig iyi i\u1e93\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "I've been searching for him.", "ber": "ar ukan srs ttlli\u0263." }, { "en": "He lacks confidence.", "ber": "ur gis taflst." }, { "en": "I've been searching for him.", "ber": "ar t ukan yad lli siggil\u0263." }, { "en": "He likes money.", "ber": "da ittiri idrimn." }, { "en": "I wish that we could stay in Australia longer.", "ber": "\u1e93u\u1e93\u1e0d\u0263 mr nufa ad sul nqqim g wus\u1e6dralya." }, { "en": "What can I change?", "ber": "mad ufi\u0263 ad ssnfl\u0263?" }, { "en": "He loves toys.", "ber": "da ittiri tisurarin." }, { "en": "Just at that time", "ber": " the bus stopped.", "null": [ "tizi ann ka a g ibdd unsmaddu." ] }, { "en": "He loves us.", "ber": "da a\u0263 ittiri." }, { "en": "Just at that time", "ber": " the bus stopped.", "null": [ "imir ann hlli", " ibdd unsmaddu." ] }, { "en": "He helps us.", "ber": "da a\u0263 ittaws." }, { "en": "Have you been here the whole time?", "ber": "is yad lli tllit \u0263id tizi ad akk\u02b7?" }, { "en": "Even though it's snowing", "ber": " I have to go.", "null": [ "mqqar ar i\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e5b udfl", " iqqan iyi d ad ddu\u0263." ] }, { "en": "I study sometimes!", "ber": "ar aqqra\u0263 kra n tkkal!" }, { "en": "Is the bank far from here?", "ber": "is nn yaggug ubank sg \u0263id?" }, { "en": "He turned round.", "ber": "ib\u1e5b\u1e5bm d." }, { "en": "Why did you do that without telling Tom first?", "ber": "max allig tskrt mayann bla tt tnnit i \u1e6dum zwar?" }, { "en": "Tom burst into the kitchen.", "ber": "idrrm \u1e6dum \u0263f unwal." }, { "en": "Tom burst into the kitchen.", "ber": "idrrm \u1e6dum s ugnsu n unwal." }, { "en": "It is not always cold in Hokkaido.", "ber": "ur bdda i\u1e63mmi\u1e0d waddad g hukkaydu." }, { "en": "It is not always cold in Hokkaido.", "ber": "ur bdda illi u\u1e63mmi\u1e0d ammas n hukkaydu." }, { "en": "He advises us.", "ber": "da a\u0263 issmtar." }, { "en": "He's good.", "ber": "ur t ya\u0263 yat." }, { "en": "He's good.", "ber": "ifulki." }, { "en": "He takes vitamins.", "ber": "da ittnawal ifitaminn." }, { "en": "He's autistic.", "ber": "iga awlawal." }, { "en": "He talks fast.", "ber": "da isawal s tmmri." }, { "en": "He looked pleased.", "ber": "yuman ifjjij." }, { "en": "He sounds angry.", "ber": "irwas is irfa." }, { "en": "He denied it.", "ber": "yugi t." }, { "en": "He's annoying.", "ber": "ar izziwiz." }, { "en": "He told everyone.", "ber": "inna t i kraygatt yan." }, { "en": "He was invited.", "ber": "\u0263ran as yadlli." }, { "en": "He's outraged.", "ber": "irfa." }, { "en": "He is waiting.", "ber": "ar ittqql." }, { "en": "Karl refused to eat.", "ber": "yugi karl ad icc." }, { "en": "Karl regretted his decision.", "ber": "karl tg\u02b7\u1e5ba\u1e93 t \u0263f t\u0263tast nns." }, { "en": "Tom got more presents than Mary.", "ber": "i\u0263\u02b7i \u1e6dum tirzzifin uggar n \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "If you wait right here", "ber": " I'll go get Tom.", "null": [ "i\u0263 rad tqqlt \u0263id nit", " rad ddu\u0263 ad d awi\u0263 \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "What you're cooking smells good.", "ber": "ijja uynna tssnwat." }, { "en": "What you're cooking smells good.", "ber": "i\u0263uda wa\u1e0du n uynna tssnwat." }, { "en": "Karl renewed the locks.", "ber": "ismaynu karl isrg\u02b7al." }, { "en": "How has your life been different from your father's?", "ber": "manmk s tnfl tudrt nnk ar d\u0263i sg tinn babak?" }, { "en": "I haven't got any money on me", "ber": " but I can transfer.", "null": [ "ur dari llin kra n yidrimn", " maca \u0263iy\u0263 ad ssif\u1e0d\u0263." ] }, { "en": "I haven't got any money on me", "ber": " but I can transfer.", "null": [ "ur d didi usi\u0263 kra n yidrimn", " maca z\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad ssif\u1e0d\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Islam and Judaism are very similar.", "ber": "tmmrwas tnslmt nttat d tudayt kigan." }, { "en": "Islam and Judaism are very similar.", "ber": "tmmrwas timmuslmt akd tudayt bahra." }, { "en": "Do you remember your nightmares?", "ber": "is tktit sul id ba\u0263rar nnk?" }, { "en": "Mary likes fishing", "ber": " doesn't she?", "null": [ "t\u1e25ml mari ad tg\u02b7mmr islman", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "Back away.", "ber": "urri ti\u0263rdin." }, { "en": "We do need electricity.", "ber": "is nit nusr a\u1e93a\u1e5bu\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Take him downtown.", "ber": "awi t s ammas n t\u0263rmt." }, { "en": "Take him downtown.", "ber": "awi t \u0263r tu\u1e93\u1e93umt n yi\u0263rm." }, { "en": "Do you work in this department?", "ber": "is d ar tswuruyt g tzuni ad?" }, { "en": "Don't look back. You are never completely alone.", "ber": "ad ur tsmuqqult dffir. kyyi", "null": [ " hat ur jju tllit i wa\u1e0du nnk." ] }, { "en": "Why would I want to do something like that?", "ber": "maf rad iri\u0263 ad skr\u0263 kra zun d mayann?" }, { "en": "Why would I want to do something like that?", "ber": "maf rad iri\u0263 ad skr\u0263 wan mayann?" }, { "en": "Why would I want to do something like that?", "ber": "maf rad iri\u0263 ad skr\u0263 kra n t\u0263awasa zun d mayann?" }, { "en": "Leon had his hands covering his mouth.", "ber": "ikka tt inn lyun i\u1e25ba imi nns s ufus nns." }, { "en": "I think both Tom and Mary are busy.", "ber": "nni\u0263 nkki \u1e6dum d mari", "null": [ " ur tn d ya\u0263 s sin itsn." ] }, { "en": "That's delusional.", "ber": "ahtitr ayann." }, { "en": "Tom said that he was thirsty.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas iffud." }, { "en": "Tom said that he was thirsty.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas t ya\u0263 yirifi." }, { "en": "Tom said that Mary was amused by what was going on.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas isfjjij uynna ittmsarn mari." }, { "en": "Leon had his hands covering his mouth.", "ber": "kkan tt inn ifassn n liyun dln imi nns." }, { "en": "Tom said that Mary was amused by what was going on.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas d mari", "null": [ " ikka tt inn isfjjij tt uynna ittmsarn." ] }, { "en": "Tom said that Mary was amused by what was going on.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas yad lli tfjjij mari s uynna ittmsarn tizi ann." }, { "en": "That's delusional.", "ber": "amarur ayann." }, { "en": "Ziri can take you everywhere.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ziri ad k yawi s kraygatt mani." }, { "en": "Ziri can take you everywhere.", "ber": "izmr ziri ad km yawi s kraygatt mani." }, { "en": "Karl sealed everything off.", "ber": "irgl karl kra illan." }, { "en": "Nobody forced me to say that.", "ber": "ur illi mayd fllati yudrn ad ini\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "Is Tom sick again?", "ber": "is da\u0263 yu\u1e0dn \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Do we have enough of everything?", "ber": "is darn\u0263 mayd yudan sg kraygatt ta\u0263awsa." }, { "en": "Karl showed sickness symptoms.", "ber": "ugg\u02b7ant d g \u1e6dum timatarin n wa\u1e6d\u1e6dan." }, { "en": "I think you're at least partially correct.", "ber": "ar \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u0263 mas t\u0263\u1e93ant mqqar d s ugzzum." }, { "en": "I didn't see any girls in the group.", "ber": "ur \u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 kra n trbatin g tgrawt." }, { "en": "Press this button.", "ber": "adr \u0263f wabra ad." }, { "en": "The cop was actually Ziri's uncle.", "ber": "iga yadlli umsaltu g tilawt \u025bmmis n ziri." }, { "en": "Tom sat next to the fire.", "ber": "iskkus \u1e6dum tama n wafa." }, { "en": "I didn't intend to let Tom kiss me.", "ber": "ur ummil\u0263 ad ajj\u0263 \u1e6dum ad iyi issudm." }, { "en": "Algeria is suffering from economic problems.", "ber": "ar tettmrrat ldzayr s tmukrisin tidamsanin." }, { "en": "This took place when William was roughly between forty and fifty years old.", "ber": "imsar uya llig tt inn tkka dar willyam gr k\u1e5ba\u1e0d id mraw d smmus id mraw usgg\u02b7as." }, { "en": "Gabor was making fun of Martha for being Scottish.", "ber": "gabur", "null": [ " ikka tt inn ar itt\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63a g marta idd\u0263 tga taskutlandit." ] }, { "en": "Tom and Mary had changed so much that I didn't even recognize them.", "ber": "infl \u1e6dum nttan d mari kigan ur tn inn akk\u02b7 sul ukiz\u0263." }, { "en": "They spent a really nice day on the beach.", "ber": "zzrin yan wass icwan g uftas." }, { "en": "They said they were very happy here.", "ber": "nnan mas tt inn kkan mmrn kigan \u0263id." }, { "en": "I am in Bejaia", "ber": " in Algeria.", "null": [ "nkki", " lli\u0263 g bgayt", " g ldzayr." ] }, { "en": "He told me he didn't teach French.", "ber": "inna iyi mas ur yad lli isslmid taf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "Yanni realized he had zero control on his life.", "ber": "ifrk yanni s mas ur i\u1e6d\u1e6dif awd kra n tnba\u1e0dt \u0263f tudrt nns." }, { "en": "Algeria is culturally close to Morocco and Tunisia.", "ber": "ta\u1e93 ldzayr i lm\u0263rib d tuns s tdlsa." }, { "en": "Sami has got to finish his job.", "ber": "sami", "null": [ " iqqan t id ad ismd tawuri nns." ] }, { "en": "I hope Tom won't do it.", "ber": "nnurz\u0263 ad tt ur iskr \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Sami came in here.", "ber": "ikcm d sami s \u0263id." }, { "en": "Tom is unlikely to forget to tell Mary to do that.", "ber": "yaggug is rad ittu \u1e6dum ad yini i mari ad tskr mayann." }, { "en": "You knew I was supposed to do that today", "ber": " didn't you?", "null": [ "tssnt yad is iyi d iqqan ad skr\u0263 mayann ass ad", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "She came over after school.", "ber": "tucka d \u1e0da\u1e5bt tinml." }, { "en": "Tom went to bed early", "ber": " and so did I.", "null": [ "idda \u1e6dum s usu zikk", " d mk ann d nkkin." ] }, { "en": "Tom went to bed early", "ber": " and so did I.", "null": [ "yu\u0263 nn \u1e6dum usu zikk", " d awd nkkin mk ann." ] }, { "en": "Everything on the Internet is gonna be there forever.", "ber": "kra illan ammas n wantrnit is rad digs iqquma aha." }, { "en": "Tom was supposed to be taking care of Mary.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " iqqan t id yad lli ad issksa s mari." ] }, { "en": "I don't know exactly what I have to do.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 s ussn\u0263d mad flli illan ad t skr\u0263." }, { "en": "Sami went to his friends.", "ber": "idda sami \u0263r yimddukkal nns." }, { "en": "She knew she needed to help him.", "ber": "tssn yad nttat is tusr ad as taws." }, { "en": "We're open to God.", "ber": "nennu\u1e5b\u1e93m i \u1e5bbbi." }, { "en": "We're open to God.", "ber": "nkk\u02b7ni", "null": [ " nennu\u1e5b\u1e93m \u0263f wakuc." ] }, { "en": "Hopefully", "ber": " we're on the right road.", "null": [ "ad nili s unaruz \u0263f ubrid nna yu\u0263dn." ] }, { "en": "Rima rushed outside.", "ber": "t\u0263awl rima b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "Tom bought a bunch of roses for Mary.", "ber": "is\u0263a \u1e6dum kra n yijddign i mari." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary said they didn't want to invite John to their party.", "ber": "\u1e6dum nttan d mari", "null": [ " nnan mas d ur yad lli rin ad \u0263rn i jun s tfugna nnsn." ] }, { "en": "Rodrigo started running through the forest.", "ber": "issnta rudrigu ar ittazzal g wammas n tzgi." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary danced together all night long.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari", "null": [ " ar rkkzn ma ila yi\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "They say they'll come.", "ber": "ar ttinin mas rad d ackin." }, { "en": "When did Tom say that happened?", "ber": "ma s inna \u1e6dum is imsar?" }, { "en": "Please give us our money back.", "ber": "rar a\u0263 d amur nnk idrimn nn\u0263." }, { "en": "Please give us our money back.", "ber": "surri a\u0263 d idrimn nn\u0263 i \u1e5bbbi." }, { "en": "I thought that they looked familiar.", "ber": "\u0263al\u0263 is iyi rwasn kra." }, { "en": "Tom said that he didn't have very much experience.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas d ur tt inn dars ikki yan yirim iggutn." }, { "en": "Do you want me to walk with you?", "ber": "is trit ad didk mun\u0263?" }, { "en": "Do you want me to walk with you?", "ber": "is trit ad didk zzigiz\u0263?" }, { "en": "Do Tom and Mary want to do that", "ber": " too?", "null": [ "is ira \u1e6dum akd mari ad skrn mayann d\u0263 nttni?" ] }, { "en": "I asked him out and he said yes.", "ber": "ttr\u0263 as ad nff\u0263 nkkin dids ukan inna yah." }, { "en": "He raises his foot.", "ber": "ar ittall a\u1e0da\u1e5b nns." }, { "en": "Wait for me below. I'll be there in a minute.", "ber": "qql sri g yizddar. yat tusdidt ha iyi nn dark." }, { "en": "I can't do it on my own.", "ber": "ur as \u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5b\u0263 s yi\u0263f inu." }, { "en": "I can't do it on my own.", "ber": "ur ufi\u0263 ad tt skr\u0263 s yi\u0263f inu." }, { "en": "You must be mad.", "ber": "kyyi", "null": [ " irwas is tnuflt." ] }, { "en": "Sami crossed the road and got to the other curb.", "ber": "izgr sami a\u0263aras ilkm a\u1e5b\u1e0da\u1e0d ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "When Ziri flipped the switch again", "ber": " Rima was gone.", "null": [ "llig da\u0263 yudr ziri i tsarut n usidd", " yaf d rima tdda." ] }, { "en": "When Ziri flipped the switch again", "ber": " Rima was gone.", "null": [ "tizi nna g yudr ziri i tsarut n usidd", " tkka tt inn rima tdda." ] }, { "en": "I rarely read books in the library. I prefer to read them at home.", "ber": "idrus i\u0263 ar aqqra\u0263 idlisn g tsdlist. yuf dari ad tn aqqra\u0263 ammas n tgmmi." }, { "en": "Have you received death threats before?", "ber": "is k id jju lkmn yisdiddiyn n tmttant g ma izrin?" }, { "en": "I found that out too late.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 \u0263f uynna allig izri uzmz." }, { "en": "I found that out too late.", "ber": "allig izri uzmz fad is d iwi\u0263 in\u0263misn i uynna." }, { "en": "What will happen to this hospital?", "ber": "ma rad imsar i usgnaf ad?" }, { "en": "I ate much", "ber": " but I'm still hungry.", "null": [ "cci\u0263 kigan", " maca llu\u1e93\u0263 sul." ] }, { "en": "Because of their big eyes", "ber": " ostriches have no place for a brain in their heads.", "null": [ "s tmntilt n walln nnsn mqqurnin", " ur lin isdidn ansa i unlli g yiqrra nnsn." ] }, { "en": "Have you seen the plans?", "ber": "is tunnit i\u0263awasn?" }, { "en": "I saw the note you left.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 tizmmimt lli d tflt." }, { "en": "We've defeated our enemy.", "ber": "nennra afadad nn\u0263." }, { "en": "What languages are spoken in the Philippines?", "ber": "man tutlayin ayd ittumsawaln ammas n filibbin?" }, { "en": "Are you all not eating?", "ber": "is ur da tcttam s mad akk\u02b7 tllam?" }, { "en": "Who hurt Tom?", "ber": "mad ibrin \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Who hurt Tom?", "ber": "matta wad istursn \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "I heard about your courage.", "ber": "slla\u0263 s tb\u0263st nnk." }, { "en": "I heard about your courage.", "ber": "slla\u0263 s tirrugza nnk." }, { "en": "I wasn't expecting that!", "ber": "ur nn tam\u0263 mayann!" }, { "en": "I wasn't expecting that!", "ber": "ur yad lli dmi\u0263 mayann!" }, { "en": "He's dragging his feet.", "ber": "izzikrer i\u1e0da\u1e5bn nns." }, { "en": "We don't know them.", "ber": "ur tn nssin." }, { "en": "The American government has shut down.", "ber": "txsi tnba\u1e0dt tamirikanit." }, { "en": "I found something in here.", "ber": "ufi\u0263 d \u0263id kra." }, { "en": "I saw that Tom had a visitor.", "ber": "anni\u0263 is illa \u0263ur \u1e6dum yan unrzaf." }, { "en": "Did you buy beer?", "ber": "is ts\u0263it ibirratn?" }, { "en": "Tom didn't like how I had done it.", "ber": "ur issusim \u1e6dum mk lli as skr\u0263 nkki." }, { "en": "Did you tell Tom everything?", "ber": "is tulst i \u1e6dum kra illan?" }, { "en": "Did you tell Tom everything?", "ber": "is tnnit i \u1e6dum akk\u02b7 mad illan?" }, { "en": "This is a small company.", "ber": "tga tad yat tmssurt im\u1e93\u1e93in." }, { "en": "This is a small company.", "ber": "tamssurt tam\u1e93yant ad tga tad." }, { "en": "I left it open.", "ber": "ujji\u0263 t i\u1e5b\u1e93m." }, { "en": "Where is your shop located?", "ber": "mani g d tucka t\u1e25anut nnk?" }, { "en": "I often buy from them.", "ber": "ar darsn ssa\u0263\u0263 s umata n tkkal." }, { "en": "Tom and I rarely eat together.", "ber": "nkki d \u1e6dum", "null": [ " idrus i\u0263 ncca s sin itn\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Why don't you come with me?", "ber": "max ad d ur didi tackt?" }, { "en": "Vladimir bought more of Anna's work.", "ber": "is\u0263a fladimir uggar sg twuri n anna." }, { "en": "Tom said that he felt a bit woozy.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas issyafa s yimikk n tmlillay." }, { "en": "This is my little girl Diana", "ber": " said Mrs. Barry.", "null": [ "tad ayd igan tarbat inu m\u1e93\u1e93in dyana", " ayd tnna lalla barri." ] }, { "en": "Let me be your mentor.", "ber": "ajj iyi ad g\u0263 anmmal nnk." }, { "en": "I didn't realize then that Tom was watching me.", "ber": "ur uki\u0263 s \u1e6dum is tt inn ikka ar iyi itt\u1e0duf." }, { "en": "I'll buy her a pencil case.", "ber": "rad as s\u0263\u0263 kra n tnakat." }, { "en": "Tom didn't like how I did it.", "ber": "ur issusim \u1e6dum mklli as skr\u0263." }, { "en": "They dragged her behind them.", "ber": "jjuk\u1e5bn tt id ti\u0263rdin nnsn." }, { "en": "They dragged him behind them.", "ber": "jjuk\u1e5bn t id ti\u0263rdin nnsn." }, { "en": "You'll want for nothing.", "ber": "ur rad tasrt amya." }, { "en": "You'll want for nothing.", "ber": "ur rad ts\u0263awsat s umya." }, { "en": "I'm the one who raised them.", "ber": "nkkin ad tn d issnkrn." }, { "en": "I'm the one who raised them.", "ber": "nkkin ad tn d issgman." }, { "en": "I'm the one who raised her.", "ber": "nkkin ad tt id issnkrn." }, { "en": "I'm the one who raised him.", "ber": "nkkin ad t id issnkrn." }, { "en": "This is our second child.", "ber": "arraw nn\u0263 wis sin ayad." }, { "en": "This is our second child.", "ber": "tazzant nn\u0263 tis snat ayad." }, { "en": "Do you have any bright ideas?", "ber": "is t\u1e6d\u1e6daft kra n twngimin ssufunin?" }, { "en": "Did you see Tom go down?", "ber": "is tunnit \u1e6dum llig i\u1e0d\u1e5b?" }, { "en": "Tom loves you both.", "ber": "da k\u02b7n ittiri \u1e6dum s sin itun." }, { "en": "I saw how happy you were.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 anck ad tmmrt." }, { "en": "How is that your problem?", "ber": "manmk ayd iga uyann amukris nnk kyyin?" }, { "en": "Are you still searching for Tom?", "ber": "is tsult ar ttnadat \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Are you still searching for Tom?", "ber": "is d ar sul tsiggilt s \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Welcome to my palace.", "ber": "ansuf sik s yibrgmmi nu." }, { "en": "Did you answer all the questions?", "ber": "is trurit \u0263f akk\u02b7 isqsitn?" }, { "en": "At first", "ber": " I thought Mary was a man.", "null": [ "g tzwiri", " \u0263al\u0263 is tga mari argaz." ] }, { "en": "I know all about your problem.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 akk\u02b7 ma illan \u0263f umukris nnk." }, { "en": "What are you two quarreling about?", "ber": "maf ar tt\u1e93im k\u02b7nni?" }, { "en": "What are you two quarreling about?", "ber": "maf ar tsaqqurm k\u02b7nni?" }, { "en": "What if Tom falls?", "ber": "amma i\u0263 i\u1e0d\u1e5b \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "I had a bad childhood.", "ber": "zzri\u0263 gar tam\u1e93it." }, { "en": "Call back your dog.", "ber": "\u0263r i waydi nnk ad d ya\u0263ul." }, { "en": "Will that be a problem?", "ber": "is rad ig uyann amukris?" }, { "en": "Tom will tell us the truth.", "ber": "rad an\u0263 yini \u1e6dum tidt." }, { "en": "Sami doesn't want to smoke weed.", "ber": "ur iri sami ad ikmi l\u1e25cic." }, { "en": "Tom agreed to pay half the rent.", "ber": "imsasa \u1e6duim xf ad ifru azgn n u\u0263afir." }, { "en": "I scare him.", "ber": "ar t ssiwid\u0263." }, { "en": "I scare him.", "ber": "da t ssiwid\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom checked the date.", "ber": "iggiws \u1e6dum asakud." }, { "en": "How many times did you go to Boston last year?", "ber": "mnnawt tkkal ad d tkkit bu\u1e63\u1e6dun n\u1e0da\u1e0dan?" }, { "en": "How many times did you go to Boston last year?", "ber": "Mnnawt tkkal ad d tkkit bu\u1e63\u1e6dun n\u1e0da\u1e0dant?" }, { "en": "I came to Japan to see Kyoto.", "ber": "usi\u0263 d s jabun fad ad \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263 kyu\u1e6du." }, { "en": "He likes chocolate", "ber": " too.", "null": [ "i\u1e25ml ackla\u1e6d d\u0263 ntta." ] }, { "en": "What did Tom decide?", "ber": "mad i\u0263ts \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "What did you get out of it?", "ber": "mad nn gis tiwit?" }, { "en": "Have you tried the Batman one?", "ber": "is turmt talli n ba\u1e6dman?" }, { "en": "I'll think about it.", "ber": "rad gis swingm\u0263." }, { "en": "I advised Tom to stop drinking.", "ber": "ssmtr\u0263 \u1e6dum ad ibbi tissi n un\u1e93i\u1e93." }, { "en": "Mary told me she was tense.", "ber": "tnna iyi mari mas tt inn tkka tckrf." }, { "en": "Yanni was on the top of the hill.", "ber": "ikka tt inn yanni g uflla n twrirt." }, { "en": "Yanni was on the top of the hill.", "ber": "ikka tt yanni g wafa n twrirt." }, { "en": "I need to ask Tom what to do about the matter.", "ber": "iqqan d ad sqsa\u0263 \u1e6dum ma rad skr\u0263 g tmslayt." }, { "en": "She didn't eat her salad.", "ber": "ur tcci tacala\u1e0dat nns." }, { "en": "The boy who is swimming is my younger brother.", "ber": "arba nna ittcfn ayd igan gma am\u1e93yan." }, { "en": "I know you think I'm like the others.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 is t\u0263alt mas rwas\u0263 nkkin wiyya\u1e0d." }, { "en": "My child", "ber": " fly from everything that is evil", "null": [ " and from everything that is like to it.", "azzan inu", " itti nn sg kra iga tt ta\u0263awsa nna ix\u02b7cnn", " d kra iga tt ta\u0263awsa dids immrwasn." ] }, { "en": "Could you excuse us? Tom and I need to talk.", "ber": "is tufit ad a\u0263 tssurft? nusr nkkin d \u1e6dum ad nmsawal." }, { "en": "Could you excuse us? Tom and I need to talk.", "ber": "is tzmrt ad a\u0263 tssurft? usr\u0263 ad msawal\u0263 akd \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Books are the offspring of one's mind.", "ber": "idlisn", "null": [ " gan arraw n unlli n yan." ] }, { "en": "Books are the offspring of one's mind.", "ber": "idlisn ayd igan amud n unlli n yan." }, { "en": "Skura left Algiers.", "ber": "tfl skura ldzayr." }, { "en": "She has shown her room to me.", "ber": "tmla iyi d im\u1e63\u1e5bi nns." }, { "en": "My favorite language isn't just a dream.", "ber": "tutlayt inu tamayuft ur d is tgi \u0263as yat twargit." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary are both studying French", "ber": " aren't they?", "null": [ "\u1e6dum d mari", " ar aqqran taf\u1e5bansist s sin itsn", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "Tom thought that he wouldn't be able to do that by himself.", "ber": "i\u0263al \u1e6dum is ur rad yadlli i\u0263i ad iskr mayann s yi\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "Sami and Layla were both tall.", "ber": "sami d layla", "null": [ " kkan tt inn \u0263zzifn s sin." ] }, { "en": "Tom hugged Mary.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum tiwwa i mari." }, { "en": "You've got to come see this.", "ber": "iqqan k id ad d tack ad t\u1e93\u1e5bt mayad." }, { "en": "Do they run every day?", "ber": "is d ar ttazzaln kra iga t ass?" }, { "en": "At first", "ber": " Tom thought Mary was John's sister.", "null": [ "g tzwiri", " i\u0263al \u1e6dum is tga mari ultmas n jun." ] }, { "en": "The ring is tight.", "ber": "ik\u1e5b\u1e5bu\u1e93 yitli." }, { "en": "Tom will never return.", "ber": "ur sar d ya\u0263ul \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom will never return.", "ber": "ur d sar yurri \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Do you like Tom?", "ber": "is t\u1e25mlt \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "I'm not a businessman.", "ber": "ur gi\u0263 bu twuriwin." }, { "en": "Sami knows nothing about Layla.", "ber": "ur issin sami amya \u0263f layla." }, { "en": "We're a little confused.", "ber": "nkk\u02b7ni nenxabbal yan yimikk." }, { "en": "I think we need more time.", "ber": "nni\u0263 nkki mas a\u0263 d iqqan uggar n wakud." }, { "en": "I think we need more time.", "ber": "ar ttannay\u0263 nkki mas nusr uggar n wakud." }, { "en": "I didn't realize you lived in this neighborhood.", "ber": "ur ukiz\u0263 is tzd\u0263d g tuddurt ad." }, { "en": "This isn't a believable story.", "ber": "tad ur tgi tullist ittuflasn." }, { "en": "I don't have the time for reading this book.", "ber": "ur dari akud n t\u0263ri n udlis ad." }, { "en": "No human lives here.", "ber": "kra n ufgan ur \u0263id izd\u0263." }, { "en": "As soon as he saw me", "ber": " he panicked.", "null": [ "is i ka i\u1e93\u1e5ba", " i\u1e93ma nit." ] }, { "en": "Didn't she see him?", "ber": "is t ur t\u1e93\u1e5bi?" }, { "en": "I hope you and I will always be friends.", "ber": "nnurz\u0263 ad bdda ng nkki didk imddukkal." }, { "en": "Stop touching my things!", "ber": "ad sul ur tettggrd i t\u0263awsiwin inu!" }, { "en": "I sure hope I don't catch a cold.", "ber": "is nit nnurz\u0263 ad iyi ur yut u\u1e63mmi\u1e0d." }, { "en": "She has a natural talent for music.", "ber": "tlla dars yat tmfkit tagamant g u\u1e93awan." }, { "en": "That's sweet of you to say.", "ber": "icwa imk ann lli tnnit." }, { "en": "The value of the dollar is going up.", "ber": "atig n u\u1e0dula\u1e5b ar ukan ittali." }, { "en": "I have three friends who can speak English.", "ber": "dari k\u1e5ba\u1e0d imddukk\u02b7al nna issnn ad sawaln tanglizt." }, { "en": "He knows I don't like him.", "ber": "issn is t ur \u1e25mil\u0263." }, { "en": "Sami won't win this game.", "ber": "ur rad innru sami turart ad." }, { "en": "Tom has gone.", "ber": "idda \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom has gone.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " ifta." ] }, { "en": "I didn't know it was so well known.", "ber": "ur yadlli ssin\u0263 is bahra tettyassan." }, { "en": "Many people were killed in World War II.", "ber": "ttun\u0263an kigan n mddn g yimn\u0263i ama\u1e0dlan amzwaru." }, { "en": "Tom never read the book I recommended to him.", "ber": "ur jju i\u0263ri \u1e6dum adlis nna fllas ssumr\u0263." }, { "en": "I was beaten while I was in prison.", "ber": "ttut\u0263 llig tt inn kki\u0263 ammas n ubniq." }, { "en": "I can't believe you're the one who did this.", "ber": "ur zmir\u0263 ad fls\u0263 mas d kyyi ayd iskrn aya." }, { "en": "Gustavo was observing the people walking by.", "ber": "ikka tt inn gustafu ar isni\u0263is g mddn nna d izaryn." }, { "en": "Rima's traveling west.", "ber": "rad tmmuddu rima s ataram." }, { "en": "In the car", "ber": " Ziri explained everything.", "null": [ "ammas n thirit", " issfra ziri akk\u02b7 mayd illan." ] }, { "en": "Take her with you.", "ber": "awi tt didk." }, { "en": "Give me something to write.", "ber": "fk iyi d kra n t\u0263awsa mad ttara\u0263." }, { "en": "Nobody ever thanked me.", "ber": "ur jju i isnimmr kra n yan." }, { "en": "People don't have ideas", "ber": " ideas have people.", "null": [ "ur \u1e6d\u1e6difn mddn tiwngimin", " tiwngimin ayd i\u1e6d\u1e6dafn mddn." ] }, { "en": "Yanni said he didn't remember anything out of the ordinary.", "ber": "inna yanni mas d ur d ikti awd kra n t\u0263awsa iff\u0263n tamyurt." }, { "en": "Why are you so rich?", "ber": "max allig bahra tb\u0263rt kyyin?" }, { "en": "The going is slow.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e0day twada." }, { "en": "The going is slow.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0day umussu." }, { "en": "When did you begin learning French?", "ber": "managu tssntit ar ttlmadt taf\u1e5bansist?" }, { "en": "Tom looks like he's scared.", "ber": "ar d ittbayan \u1e6dum zun d i\u0263 ik\u1e63u\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Don't believe her", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "ad tt ur tflst", " \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "Could you tell me about the problem?", "ber": "is tzmrd ad iyi tsawld \u0263f umukris?" }, { "en": "I think your eyes are so beautiful.", "ber": "ar ttannay\u0263 mas bahra \u1e93ilnt twallin nnm." }, { "en": "Tom played with the puppies.", "ber": "yurar \u1e6dum akd yiqzinn." }, { "en": "Maybe Tom has something to hide.", "ber": "irwas is i\u1e6d\u1e6daf \u1e6dum mad issntal." }, { "en": "I saw some men with guns.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 kra n irgazn yusin ikrradn." }, { "en": "Tom knows his business.", "ber": "issn \u1e6dum tawuri nns." }, { "en": "Have you been expecting this?", "ber": "is yadlli t\u1e0dk\u1e0dd aya?" }, { "en": "Peel an orange for me.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e93lm iyi yat tlitcint." }, { "en": "I'd prefer to go alone.", "ber": "smyifi\u0263 ad ddu\u0263 i wa\u1e0du inu." }, { "en": "I missed the start of the movie.", "ber": "zgl\u0263 tizwiri n usaru." }, { "en": "I will come back one day.", "ber": "rad d urri\u0263 yan wass." }, { "en": "I will come back one day.", "ber": "rad d a\u0263ul\u0263 yan wass." }, { "en": "Move this stuff out of my way.", "ber": "ssanf ti\u0263awsiwin ad sg u\u0263aras inu." }, { "en": "Is he going to see the lawyer?", "ber": "is rad i\u1e93\u1e5b amstan?" }, { "en": "Aksil is a doctor.", "ber": "aksil iga amsgnaf." }, { "en": "His hands are smooth.", "ber": "ifassn nns lgg\u02b7a\u0263n." }, { "en": "Do you live under a rock?", "ber": "is tddrd ddu kra n usulil?" }, { "en": "Do you live under a rock?", "ber": "is tddrd g kra n yifri?" }, { "en": "Why did you buy these oxen?", "ber": "ma \u0263f ts\u0263id izgarn ad?" }, { "en": "Have you mentioned this to anybody?", "ber": "is tbdrd aya i kra n yan?" }, { "en": "I saw the gifts you brought.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 tirzzifin lli d tiwid." }, { "en": "Everything is going to end.", "ber": "kraygatt ta\u0263awsa rad tili tmi." }, { "en": "I helped you many times.", "ber": "iws\u0263 ak mnnawt tkkal." }, { "en": "I helped you many times.", "ber": "iws\u0263 am mnnawt tkkal." }, { "en": "The answer is always the same.", "ber": "tamrarut tga bdda talli." }, { "en": "Neither of my parents smoke.", "ber": "mqqar d yan n imarawn inu is da ikmmi." }, { "en": "Have you finished watering the plants?", "ber": "is tsalad asswu n im\u0263an?" }, { "en": "What's the difference between snails and slugs?", "ber": "mayd iga umzaray gr i\u0263liln d ibizzwan?" }, { "en": "Give her the pancreas.", "ber": "fk as abankryas." }, { "en": "Did you feel hot?", "ber": "is tsyafad s tr\u0263i?" }, { "en": "What did Nikola Tesla invent?", "ber": "mayd isnulfa nikula tisla?" }, { "en": "She forgot herself.", "ber": "tettu i\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "Why did they come here?", "ber": "ma \u0263f d uckan s \u0263i?" }, { "en": "He irritated him.", "ber": "issrfa t." }, { "en": "She went out early.", "ber": "tff\u0263 zikk." }, { "en": "You looked for it.", "ber": "tsiggld sis." }, { "en": "You looked for it.", "ber": "tsigglm sis." }, { "en": "Before I was like you.", "ber": "dat ad g\u0263 zun d kyyi." }, { "en": "He loves life too much.", "ber": "ar bahra ittiri tudrt." }, { "en": "He slept on his back.", "ber": "ign \u0263f tadawt nns." }, { "en": "My name is Mayas.", "ber": "ism inu mayas." }, { "en": "After a year she was pregnant.", "ber": "\u1e0da\u1e5bt yan usgg\u02b7as tskr a\u1e25lig." }, { "en": "His hands were trembling.", "ber": "kkan tt inn ifassn nns ar ttrgigin." }, { "en": "You gave them to her.", "ber": "tfkid as tn." }, { "en": "You gave them to her.", "ber": "tfkid as tnt." }, { "en": "You gave them to him.", "ber": "tfkid as tn." }, { "en": "You gave them to him.", "ber": "tfkid as tnt." }, { "en": "I built a house in my dream.", "ber": "\u1e93ki\u0263 yat tgmmi g twargit inu." }, { "en": "She returned to Semaoun.", "ber": "turri dar sm\u025bun." }, { "en": "She never knew spring.", "ber": "ur jju tssin tagrst." }, { "en": "I don't have to believe everyone.", "ber": "ur fllati illi ad fls\u0263 ku yan." }, { "en": "I met someone.", "ber": "mmaqqar\u0263 yan." }, { "en": "I can stay here until tomorrow.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad \u0263ama\u0263 \u0263id ar azkka." }, { "en": "Dad knows a lot of funny stories.", "ber": "issn ibba agudi n tullisin s\u1e0d\u1e63anin." }, { "en": "Have you seen the news about the earthquake?", "ber": "is t\u1e93\u1e5bit in\u0263misn \u0263f umdudi n wakal." }, { "en": "Did you want me to wait?", "ber": "is iyi yadlli trit ad ttqql\u0263?" }, { "en": "Did you know Tom was leaving?", "ber": "is yad tssnt mas rad iftu \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "My parents never had time for me.", "ber": "ur iyi jju salan imarawn inu." }, { "en": "Have you written anything lately?", "ber": "is turit kra tigira ad?" }, { "en": "I don't get this poem.", "ber": "ur ar ttrmis\u0263 tadyazt ad." }, { "en": "Just write.", "ber": "ttara ka." }, { "en": "Just write.", "ber": "\u0263as ara." }, { "en": "I wrote this poem when... \"Just read it!\"", "ber": "uri\u0263 tadyazt ad llig\u2014 \"\u0263r tt ka!\"" }, { "en": "If it were my story", "ber": " I'd cut the first paragraph.", "null": [ "mr tga tullist inu", " rad kks\u0263 ag\u1e6d\u1e6dum amzwaru." ] }, { "en": "I don't understand Tom's poem.", "ber": "ur ar ttrmis\u0263 tadyazt n \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I don't understand Tom's poem.", "ber": "ur rmis\u0263 tadyazt n \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Is this a poem? I can't tell.", "ber": "is d tadyazt aya? ggammi\u0263 ad ak\u02b7z\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm not seeing a poem here.", "ber": "ur ar ttmnid\u0263 kra n tdyazt \u0263id." }, { "en": "Is this a poem?", "ber": "is d tadyazt aya?" }, { "en": "My French isn't good enough to read poetry yet.", "ber": "ur ta t\u0263uda tf\u1e5bansist inu s mad igumn afad ad aqqra\u0263 tidyazin." }, { "en": "Is this a poem? My French isn't good enough to tell.", "ber": "is d tadyazt aya? ur t\u0263udi tf\u1e5bansist inu s mad igumn \u1e25ma ad isin\u0263." }, { "en": "What do you like about yourself?", "ber": "ma k issusmn g yi\u0263f nnk?" }, { "en": "Our families are our strength.", "ber": "tawjiwin nn\u0263 ayd igan adwas nn\u0263." }, { "en": "Why do the French hate everyone?", "ber": "max allig ksnn yif\u1e5bansisn mddn akk\u02b7?" }, { "en": "What do you hate about me?", "ber": "mad digi tksnt?" }, { "en": "What do you hate about me?", "ber": "mad gigi ur t\u1e25milt?" }, { "en": "What do you hate most about yourself?", "ber": "mad bahra tksnt g yi\u0263f nnk?" }, { "en": "What do you hate the most about France?", "ber": "mad bahra ur t\u1e25milt g f\u1e5bansa?" }, { "en": "My dog is home alone.", "ber": "aydi nu", "null": [ " illa g tgmmi i wa\u1e0du nns." ] }, { "en": "Did you leave some stew for Tom?", "ber": "is tflt kra n uskkif i \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "I remember being hungry.", "ber": "ar ktti\u0263 is tt inn kki\u0263 llu\u1e93\u0263." }, { "en": "Did you want to dance?", "ber": "is yadlli trit ad trkzt?" }, { "en": "They know that I'm wrong.", "ber": "ssnn is zgl\u0263." }, { "en": "We do our own thing.", "ber": "da nskar aynna sitn\u0263 i\u1e93lin nkk\u02b7ni." }, { "en": "How long did it take you to figure out the answer?", "ber": "mnck ayd tusrt afad ad tak\u02b7zt tamrarut?" }, { "en": "Rima wasn't into Ziri at all.", "ber": "rima", "null": [ " ur yad lli dars d ziri." ] }, { "en": "You forgot to turn off your stream.", "ber": "tettut ur tssxsit usrid nnk." }, { "en": "I'll give her a call the next time I'm in town.", "ber": "rad as skr\u0263 atilifun i\u0263 lli\u0263 g tmdint tikklt d iddan." }, { "en": "I'll give her a call the next time I'm in town.", "ber": "rad as \u0263r\u0263 g utilifun kud nna lli\u0263 g tmdint tikklt d yusan." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary say they don't think they have to do that today.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari", "null": [ " nnan iyi mas d ur ar ttannayn is tn d iqqan ad skrn mayann ass ad." ] }, { "en": "Tom and Mary told me they wouldn't help us do that.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari", "null": [ " nnan iyi mas d ur rad a\u0263 awsn ad nskr mayann." ] }, { "en": "Robert doesn't want to bother Sandra again.", "ber": "ur sul iri rubir\u1e6d ad da\u0263 izziwz san\u1e0d\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "Yanni is gonna kill himself.", "ber": "yanni", "null": [ " rad in\u0263 ixf nns." ] }, { "en": "Tom might do it alone.", "ber": "i\u0263iy is rad tt iskr \u1e6dum s yixf nns nit." }, { "en": "Ziri asked Rima to take out the trash.", "ber": "ittr ziri i rima ad t\u1e0di arras." }, { "en": "Baya was still the same girl.", "ber": "tkka tt inn baya tga tarbat talli talli." }, { "en": "Would you be able to look after my dog while I'm away?", "ber": "is tufit ad tssksat s waydi nu kud ur lli\u0263?" }, { "en": "We were messed up.", "ber": "nkka tt inn nmmrwi." }, { "en": "Sami was sitting at the edge of the mountain.", "ber": "ikka tt inn sami iskkus \u0263f yimisi n udrar." }, { "en": "I'm not going to let you win.", "ber": "ur rad k ajj\u0263 ad tnnrut." }, { "en": "Mary said that she was getting tired.", "ber": "tnna mari mas tdda tizi ann ar tetta\u1e25l." }, { "en": "They deserve everything they get.", "ber": "stahllan akk\u02b7 aynna asn ittmsarn." }, { "en": "They deserve everything they get.", "ber": "uklaln kra asn imsrn." }, { "en": "Come again next year.", "ber": "ack d da\u0263 imal." }, { "en": "Come again next year.", "ber": "ddu d da\u0263 asgg\u02b7as d iddan." }, { "en": "I told Tom and Mary that they shouldn't go out after dark.", "ber": "nni\u0263 i \u1e6dum d mari mas d ur tn d iqqan ad sul ttffu\u0263n dffir mayd \u1e0d\u1e5bnt tillas." }, { "en": "Mennad was talking to his mom.", "ber": "ikka tt inn mnnad ar isawal s mas." }, { "en": "Mennad was talking to his mom.", "ber": "ikka tt inn mnnad ar ittmsawal akd mma nns." }, { "en": "Ziri and Rima welcomed everyone.", "ber": "ziri d rima", "null": [ " sbrrkn s mddn akk\u02b7." ] }, { "en": "She handed the scissors to him.", "ber": "tfka as tuzzlin." }, { "en": "Will you please go home?", "ber": "amur nnk", "null": [ " is tufit ad tddut s tgmmi?" ] }, { "en": "Her Kabyle dress is in her room.", "ber": "timlsit nns taqbaylit", "null": [ " tlla g yim\u1e63\u1e5bi nns." ] }, { "en": "Tom got his kids another dog.", "ber": "yiwi d \u1e6dum i tarwa nns yan waydi ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "Ziri wanted to climb that mountain.", "ber": "ikka tt inn ira ziri ad yali adrar ann." }, { "en": "Tom wasn't able to get what he wanted.", "ber": "iggammi tizi ann \u1e6dum ad i\u1e6d\u1e6df aynna ira." }, { "en": "Mary always wants to do everything by herself.", "ber": "mari", "null": [ " tra bdda nttat ad tskar kra illan s yixf nns." ] }, { "en": "It was a confusing time for us all.", "ber": "ikka tt inn iga yan uzmz inxabbaln flla\u0263 akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "Both sides have to agree to meet.", "ber": "iqqan d i tsgiwin s snat itsnt ad d msasant \u0263f unmuqqar." }, { "en": "Add!", "ber": "rnu!" }, { "en": "Again!", "ber": "da\u0263!" }, { "en": "I forgot to go and see the doctor yesterday.", "ber": "ttu\u0263 ur ddi\u0263 i\u1e0dgam ad \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263 a\u1e0dbib." }, { "en": "Tom cut my hair.", "ber": "ibbi iyi \u1e6dum azzar inu." }, { "en": "Tom cut my hair.", "ber": "isqql iyi \u1e6dum azzar inu." }, { "en": "Mary seemed to have everything she needed.", "ber": "yuman g mari is \u0263urs illa akk\u02b7 aynna tusr." }, { "en": "Gabriel immediately jumped from the top of the cliff.", "ber": "yuki gabriyil nnican sg uflla n uja\u1e5bif." }, { "en": "Gabriel immediately jumped from the top of the cliff.", "ber": "in\u1e0d\u1e5b gabriyil d imir sg wafa n u\u0263ulid." }, { "en": "I'm moving to Australia next summer.", "ber": "rad mmutti\u0263 s us\u1e6dralya andbu d iddan." }, { "en": "I was in Australia at the time.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn g wus\u1e6dralya g wakud ann." }, { "en": "Have you ever seen an unidentified flying object?", "ber": "is jjin t\u1e93\u1e5bit kra n tazzit mi ur tettussan tmagit ar tettaylal?" }, { "en": "Have you ever seen an unidentified flying object?", "ber": "is jjin tunnit kra n tazzit tamaylalt ur ittusmaln?" }, { "en": "Mary said that worried her.", "ber": "tnna mari mas tt ihul uynna." }, { "en": "Mary said that worried her.", "ber": "tnna mari mas tt isnnzgm uyann." }, { "en": "Tom said I seemed depressed.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas uman\u0263 zun d i\u0263 iyi ixub wa\u1e0du." }, { "en": "I'm very unhappy about this.", "ber": "ur wala mmr\u0263 s uyad." }, { "en": "I'm very unhappy about this.", "ber": "ur mmr\u0263 kigan \u0263f uyad." }, { "en": "Tom didn't know Mary was only thirteen.", "ber": "ur yadda issin \u1e6dum mas d k\u1e5ba\u1e0d d mraw yisgg\u02b7asn ka ayd illan dar mari." }, { "en": "Invoke\u00a0God in times of trouble.", "ber": "addra akuc g yizmaz n yimukrisn." }, { "en": "Do you know what we ought to do?", "ber": "is tssnt aynna flla\u0263 illan ad t nskr?" }, { "en": "Did you hear it too?", "ber": "is as tsllat d\u0263 kyyin?" }, { "en": "I wonder why Tom shouldn't do that.", "ber": "ar ttmsqsa\u0263 ma\u0263f allig ur d iqqan i \u1e6dum ad iskr mayann." }, { "en": "I thought that I heard you snoring.", "ber": "\u0263al\u0263 is ak slla\u0263 ar tsbuxrurt." }, { "en": "An I will give to thee", "ber": " and to thy seed", "null": [ " the land of thy sojournment", " all the land of Canaan", " for a perpetual possession", " and I will be their God.", "d irad ak fk\u0263 kyyin", " fk\u0263 awd i wamud nnk", " akal n uzddu\u0263 nnun", " akal n kn\u025ban s mad akk\u02b7 ila", " ig ayda nnun aha", " d irad g\u0263 nkkin akuc nnsn." ] }, { "en": "When they are on vacation", "ber": " they want to buy everything they see.", "null": [ "llig ar ttilin g tngga", " aynna ka \u1e93\u1e5ban irin ad t s\u0263n." ] }, { "en": "The number seven has a special meaning for many people around the world.", "ber": "u\u1e6d\u1e6dun sa", "null": [ " ila yan unamk igan wa\u1e93 dar mnnaw mddn g uma\u1e0dal." ] }, { "en": "They are so proud of their son.", "ber": "burzn kigan s yiwitsn." }, { "en": "They are so proud of their sons.", "ber": "burzn nttni kigan s yiwitsn." }, { "en": "Hello. Did you call me in here?", "ber": "azul. is iyi d t\u0263rit daha?" }, { "en": "Hello. I heard that you wanted me to see you.", "ber": "azul. slla\u0263 mas iyi trit ad k i\u1e93i\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "Why do we yawn?", "ber": "max allig da nttfa?" }, { "en": "A lot!", "ber": "kigan!" }, { "en": "Do you and Tom often have dinner together?", "ber": "is ar wala ttmmnsum kyyin d \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Have you searched the whole house?", "ber": "is tcabbat tigmmi s tmmad nns?" }, { "en": "She was present at the meeting.", "ber": "tkka tt inn g unmuggar." }, { "en": "He attended the meeting.", "ber": "yusa d s anmuggar." }, { "en": "Things are becoming more complicated.", "ber": "ar ilmma tettnxbbilnt t\u0263awsiwin." }, { "en": "Things are becoming more complicated.", "ber": "ddant t\u0263awsiwin ar tettnxabbalnt." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary have gotten married.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari", "null": [ " hat iwln." ] }, { "en": "Tom and Mary have gotten married.", "ber": "hat iwl \u1e6dum akd mari." }, { "en": "We'll set up a meeting.", "ber": "rad nsmuttg yan unmuggar." }, { "en": "Who caught these fish?", "ber": "mad i\u0263\u02b7in islman ad?" }, { "en": "Who caught these fish?", "ber": "wi i\u1e6d\u1e6dfn islman ad?" }, { "en": "It isn't that far away.", "ber": "ur bahra yaggug." }, { "en": "Have you notified anybody?", "ber": "is tsn\u0263mst kra n yan?" }, { "en": "She arrived in Tokyo yesterday.", "ber": "tlkm s \u1e6dukyu i\u1e0dgam." }, { "en": "Sometimes", "ber": " Tom likes to be alone.", "null": [ "kra n tkkal", " da ittiri \u1e6dum ad itt\u0263ama i wa\u1e0du nns." ] }, { "en": "He did it just for money.", "ber": "iskr tt \u0263as \u0263f yidrimn." }, { "en": "This time tomorrow", "ber": " we'll be in Kenya.", "null": [ "zun d akud ad askka", " rad nn nili ammas n kinya." ] }, { "en": "Tom knows that today is Mary's birthday.", "ber": "issn \u1e6dum is d ass ad ayd igan ass n tlalit n mari." }, { "en": "Both Tom and Mary don't want to go to Boston.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari s sin itsn ur rin ad ddun \u0263r bus\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "Tom gave this hat to me for my birthday.", "ber": "ifka iyi d \u1e6dum tacact ad i wass n tlalit inu." }, { "en": "My daughter is trying her best to get up early.", "ber": "illi", "null": [ " ar nn tettgga tuggas nns afad ad d tnkr zikk." ] }, { "en": "My daughter is trying her best to get up early.", "ber": "ar nn tettgga yilli tamssumant nns \u1e25ma ad d tfafa zikk." }, { "en": "Mary seems angry.", "ber": "infalal g mari is trfa." }, { "en": "Mary seems angry.", "ber": "yuman g mari is trfa." }, { "en": "Have you had any problems with rats?", "ber": "is jju tufit kra n yimukrisn akd yikundrn?" }, { "en": "This isn't enough.", "ber": "ur yudi unck ad." }, { "en": "I was hungry", "ber": " so I ate lunch at about 11 o'clock.", "null": [ "kki\u0263 tt inn llu\u1e93\u0263", " ayann af cci\u0263 imkli g tis 11 zun d mk ann." ] }, { "en": "I'm going to rip out my eyes.", "ber": "rad d ssukf\u0263 alln inu." }, { "en": "I'm going to rip out my eyes.", "ber": "rad d awk\u0263 alln inu." }, { "en": "Tom and I each ate two bananas.", "ber": "ncca nkkin d \u1e6dum snat tbananatin i yan." }, { "en": "There wasn't even one cookie left.", "ber": "ur nn \u0263inn tagur mqqar d yat tkukit." }, { "en": "There wasn't even one cookie left.", "ber": "ur nn dinn tqqimi mqqar d yat tkukizt." }, { "en": "Tom's parents died in a traffic accident.", "ber": "imarawn n \u1e6dum", "null": [ " mmutn g yan ungas n usikl." ] }, { "en": "Are any of you boys hungry?", "ber": "is illu\u1e93 kra n yan digun a irban?" }, { "en": "I'd better leave Tom alone.", "ber": "yuf iyi ad ajj\u0263 \u1e6dum i wa\u1e0du nns." }, { "en": "I'd better leave Tom alone.", "ber": "yuf iyi i\u0263 fl\u0263 \u1e6dum ad yili d yixf nns." }, { "en": "Did you throw something?", "ber": "is tgrt kra?" }, { "en": "Did you throw something?", "ber": "is tgrt s kra?" }, { "en": "Tom took a cab to the hospital.", "ber": "yum\u1e93 \u1e6dum ataksi \u0263r usgnaf." }, { "en": "Tom took a cab to the hospital.", "ber": "i\u0263i \u1e6dum yan utaksi s asgnaf." }, { "en": "What kind of songs do you like?", "ber": "man anaw n yizlan ad t\u1e25mlt?" }, { "en": "What kind of songs do you like?", "ber": "matta wanaw n yi\u0263nnijn ad k issusmn?" }, { "en": "I'm going to become an internet user.", "ber": "rad g\u0263 yan usmras n wantrnit." }, { "en": "I'm going to become an internet user.", "ber": "ddi\u0263 ad g \u0263 yan usmras n wantrnit." }, { "en": "We are internet users.", "ber": "nkk\u02b7ni", "null": [ " nga ismrasn n wantrnit." ] }, { "en": "Sami surfed the web.", "ber": "istara sami a\u1e93\u1e6d\u1e6da n wantrnit." }, { "en": "I got drunk on wine.", "ber": "\u1e93mm\u1e0d\u0263 s un\u1e93i\u1e93." }, { "en": "I got drunk on wine.", "ber": "\u1e93mm\u1e0d\u0263 s waman n wa\u1e0dil." }, { "en": "I really hate being alone.", "ber": "is nit ksn\u0263 ad ili\u0263 i wa\u1e0du nu." }, { "en": "Leave me and my family alone.", "ber": "itti nn digi nkkin d twja nu." }, { "en": "Tom's parents are both dentists.", "ber": "imarawn n \u1e6dum", "null": [ " gan s sin itsn i\u1e0dbibn n uxsan." ] }, { "en": "We just talk about what others are doing.", "ber": "ar nsawal \u0263as \u0263f uynna skarn wiyya\u1e0d." }, { "en": "She only speaks about politics.", "ber": "tasrtit ka \u0263f ar tsawal nttat." }, { "en": "Mary enlisted in the army when she was eighteen.", "ber": "tgaja mari s tsrdast llig \u0263urs tkka tam d mraw." }, { "en": "Did you make good money doing that?", "ber": "is d trurit agudi n yidrimn s uynna tskart?" }, { "en": "Did you make good money doing that?", "ber": "is tskrt tamaxirt n yidrmin s uynna tsalat?" }, { "en": "I love working alone.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 ad swuruy\u0263 i wa\u1e0du nu." }, { "en": "Do you know Tom's sons?", "ber": "is tssnt arraw n \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "There are not many people to whom we can talk.", "ber": "ur ggutn mddn nna s nufa ad didsn nmsawal." }, { "en": "They are stubborn.", "ber": "iqqur asn yixf." }, { "en": "They are stubborn.", "ber": "qqurn yixfawn nnsn." }, { "en": "I'm lost. Can you please help me?", "ber": "uccki\u0263. is tufit ad iyi tawst?" }, { "en": "I feel kind of embarrassed.", "ber": "ar ssyafa\u0263 s yixf inu zun d i\u0263 mrrg\u0263." }, { "en": "I'd like to call him.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad as \u0263r\u0263." }, { "en": "The Shinano is Japan's longest river.", "ber": "acinanu ayd igan asif n uyaban nna akk\u02b7 i\u0263zzifn." }, { "en": "The Shinano is Japan's longest river.", "ber": "acinanu", "null": [ " iga asif akk\u02b7 i\u0263zzifn ammas n uyaban." ] }, { "en": "What skill!", "ber": "matta ufuks!" }, { "en": "I just want one bottle of water.", "ber": "ri\u0263 \u0263as yat tbninnist n waman." }, { "en": "Who else knows you're here?", "ber": "mad sul issnn is \u0263id tllit?" }, { "en": "We often used to meet at his place.", "ber": "nkka tt inn g umata n tkkal nmyar ar nttmiggir g tzddi\u0263t nns." }, { "en": "This isn't a democracy; we have to do what the government says.", "ber": "ur tgi tad tadimuq\u1e5ba\u1e6dit; iqqan a\u0263 d ad nskar ayda a\u0263 tettini tnba\u1e0dt." }, { "en": "When you come back", "ber": " don't forget to visit me.", "null": [ "i\u0263 d turrit", " ad ur tettut ad d dari trzft." ] }, { "en": "Did you get anything to eat?", "ber": "is d tiwit kra mad tcttat?" }, { "en": "Pardon me just a moment.", "ber": "ssurf iyi yan yimir ka." }, { "en": "Democracy is a fairy tale some people still believe in.", "ber": "tadimq\u1e5ba\u1e6dit tga yan wumiy nna s da sul ttflasn kra n mddn." }, { "en": "You guys know what we have to do.", "ber": "tssnm k\u02b7nni mad a\u0263 d iqqann ad t nskr." }, { "en": "Tom believes in nothing.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " ifls s umya." ] }, { "en": "Tom doesn't believe in anything.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " ur iflis s umya." ] }, { "en": "I feel kind of woozy.", "ber": "ar ssyafa\u0263 s kra n tmlillay." }, { "en": "Our heater is broken.", "ber": "i\u1e5b\u1e93a umssr\u0263u nn\u0263." }, { "en": "Did you think that was real?", "ber": "is t\u0263alt mas idtta uyann?" }, { "en": "Tom is staying with us tonight.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " rad didn\u0263 i\u0263ama i\u1e0d ad." ] }, { "en": "Tom is staying with us tonight.", "ber": "rad didn\u0263 ins \u1e6dum i\u1e0d ad." }, { "en": "He deserves to die.", "ber": "yuklal ad immt." }, { "en": "He deserves to die.", "ber": "istahlla ad immt." }, { "en": "He deserves to die.", "ber": "tamttant ad as igan." }, { "en": "Did you know Tom had one?", "ber": "is tssnt mas tt inn tkka dar \u1e6dum yat?" }, { "en": "I have been studying Korean for 1 year.", "ber": "ar ttlmad\u0263 takurit asgg\u02b7as aya." }, { "en": "Don't ask", "ber": " don't tell.", "null": [ "ad ur tsaqsat", " ad ur ttinit." ] }, { "en": "Mary said she thought Tom was in his room sleeping.", "ber": "tnna mari mas t\u0263al is tt inn ikka \u1e6dum g tm\u1e63\u1e5bit nns ign." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary told me not to wait for them.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari", "null": [ " nnan iyi ad srsn ur ttqql\u0263." ] }, { "en": "The two had been enemies for a long time.", "ber": "sin ann gan ifadadn wahli mnck ayad." }, { "en": "Tom said that he thought that we could win.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas yad lli i\u0263al is rad ni\u0263iy nkk\u02b7ni ad nennru." }, { "en": "I loved you more than anybody else ever did.", "ber": "ri\u0263 km uggar n unck lli s km jju ira kra n yan." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't like sleeping in a hammock.", "ber": "ur i\u1e25mil \u1e6dum ad iggan g tjgagalt n tratsa." }, { "en": "I was shocked by the dog that sprang out of the darkness.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e93ma iyi waydi lli d yukin sg tillas." }, { "en": "She stuck a poster on the wall.", "ber": "tsl\u0263 yat tsmmalt g u\u0263rab." }, { "en": "You didn't tell Tom how to do that", "ber": " did you?", "null": [ "ur tnnit i \u1e6dum manmk a rad iskr i uyann", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "We could go there now.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nddu s dinn \u0263il ad." }, { "en": "I was at home yesterday.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn g tgmmi i\u1e0dgam." }, { "en": "Tom pretended that he didn't see it.", "ber": "iskr \u1e6dum zun d i\u0263 tt ur i\u1e93\u1e5bi." }, { "en": "Tom buys everything he wants without paying attention to the price.", "ber": "da issa\u0263 \u1e6dum kra ira bla irura ta\u0263\u1e0dft s atig." }, { "en": "I don't know anything about electronics.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 amya \u0263f tlik\u1e6d\u1e5bunit." }, { "en": "Now Moses fed the sheep of Jethro", "ber": " his father in law", "null": [ " the priest of Madian: and he drove the flock to the inner parts of the desert", " and came to the mountain of God", " Horeb.", "issutc d\u0263i musa izammarn n yitru", " a\u1e0dgg\u02b7al nns", " akhhan n madyan: igli ilmma ulli \u0263r tmna\u1e0din n ugnsu n tniri", " yas d \u0263r udrar n wakuc", " \u1e25urb." ] }, { "en": "So Abram removing his tent came and dwelt by the vale of Mambre", "ber": " which is in Hebron: and he built there an altar to the Lord.", "null": [ "awa idda abram ikks agi\u1e6dun nns", " yas d tama n yi\u0263zr n mambri nna illan g hibrun izd\u0263 ilmma tama nns: aha", " i\u1e63ku dinn yan us\u0263rs \u0263f wudm n ubabay." ] }, { "en": "He found it.", "ber": "yufa t." }, { "en": "He found it.", "ber": "yufa tt." }, { "en": "He pressured me.", "ber": "yudr fllati." }, { "en": "Is he looking?", "ber": "is ar ismuqqul?" }, { "en": "I'm not currently planning to do that.", "ber": "ur ar s\u0263iwis\u0263 ad skr\u0263 ayann \u0263ila." }, { "en": "Did you make this by yourselves?", "ber": "is tskrm mayad s yixfawn nnun?" }, { "en": "I often travel alone.", "ber": "da ttmuddu\u0263 i wa\u1e0du nu g umata n tkkal." }, { "en": "Our family is big.", "ber": "tmqqur twja nn\u0263." }, { "en": "Our family is big.", "ber": "tawja nn\u0263 d tamqqrant." }, { "en": "Tom has never lived alone.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " ur jju iddir i wa\u1e0du nns." ] }, { "en": "Tom has never lived alone.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " ur jju izdi\u0263 i wa\u1e0du nns." ] }, { "en": "I regret not telling Tom.", "ber": "tg\u1e5ba\u1e93 iyi llig ur tt nni\u0263 i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "What an exceptional woman!", "ber": "matta tm\u1e6d\u1e6du\u1e0dt ad ur ilin anaw!" }, { "en": "Did you recognize me right away?", "ber": "is iyi tukzt d imir?" }, { "en": "I've helped Tom before.", "ber": "izwar iyi d is iws\u0263 i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I've helped Tom before.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " aws\u0263 as yad." ] }, { "en": "He studied hard.", "ber": "i\u0263ra s yimmir." }, { "en": "He's cruel.", "ber": "iqqur." }, { "en": "He loves attention.", "ber": "ar ittiri taynit." }, { "en": "He kissed her.", "ber": "issudm tt." }, { "en": "He came quickly.", "ber": "yucka d s tmmri." }, { "en": "We saluted the flag.", "ber": "nzzul acnyal." }, { "en": "We saluted the flag.", "ber": "nfka azul i ucnyal." }, { "en": "He wants vengeance.", "ber": "ira ti\u0263awt." }, { "en": "He wears pajamas.", "ber": "da ilssa talbijamat." }, { "en": "This camera still contains some footage.", "ber": "tumi sul tmsulaft kra n tsulaf." }, { "en": "This camera still contains some footage.", "ber": "llant sul kra n tsulaf ammas n tkami\u1e5bat." }, { "en": "He has money.", "ber": "\u0263urs idrimn." }, { "en": "The doctor was on the phone.", "ber": "ikka tt inn u\u1e0dbib ar isawal g utilifun." }, { "en": "He has money.", "ber": "dars idrimn." }, { "en": "She left the mosque.", "ber": "tffu\u0263 sg tmzgida." }, { "en": "You're really boring.", "ber": "is ar iyi d nit ttawit i\u1e0d\u1e63." }, { "en": "He went fishing.", "ber": "idda ad igmr islman." }, { "en": "You're really boring.", "ber": "ar iyi tsnuddumt kigan." }, { "en": "Tom was shot with his own gun.", "ber": "ittut \u1e6dim s ufrdi nns nit." }, { "en": "I don't have all the answers.", "ber": "ur li\u0263 timrarutin akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "It's difficult to quit smoking.", "ber": "imra ad tbbit akmay." }, { "en": "It's difficult to quit smoking.", "ber": "imra ad tngirit d ukmay." }, { "en": "How many cups are on the table?", "ber": "mnnaw yi\u0263rrafn ayd illan iggi n tdabut?" }, { "en": "You said something completely different to me earlier.", "ber": "tnnit iyi yat t\u0263awsa imzarayn akk\u02b7 gam lli." }, { "en": "I'm going to Paris this month.", "ber": "rad ddu\u0263 \u0263r baris ayyur ad." }, { "en": "What makes you think Tom will cry?", "ber": "mad ak innan is rad yalla \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Fadil was waiting for Layla in the parking lot.", "ber": "fa\u1e0dil", "null": [ " ikka tt inn ar ittqql s layla g usbdd n thira." ] }, { "en": "The arrow missed its target.", "ber": "tzgl tfala awttas nns." }, { "en": "The arrow missed its target.", "ber": "tzgl tfala iswi nns." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't want to live like this anymore.", "ber": "ur sul iri \u1e6dum ad yidir zun d mk ad." }, { "en": "You grew up in poverty", "ber": " didn't you?", "null": [ "tnkrt d ammas n u\u1e93la\u1e0d", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "Flavio took advantage of the night.", "ber": "yut flafyu tamlda n yi\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Tom is a fast runner", "ber": " isn't he?", "null": [ "iga \u1e6dum yan umazzal ifssusn", " n\u0263 d uhu?" ] }, { "en": "Tom is sitting at his desk.", "ber": "iskkus \u1e6dum g usira nns." }, { "en": "Tom looks very confident.", "ber": "ar ittbayan g \u1e6dum is ifls g yixf nns." }, { "en": "Tom kept his mouth shut.", "ber": "yujja \u1e6dum imi nns iqqn." }, { "en": "I'll escort you.", "ber": "rad didk mun\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom's dog is growling.", "ber": "aydi n \u1e6dum", "null": [ " ar ishirri." ] }, { "en": "A man started filming Ziri and laughed at him.", "ber": "issnta yan urgaz ar ittfilmay g ziri d ar gis itt\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63a." }, { "en": "That\u2019s enough for three days.", "ber": "yuda unck ad i k\u1e5ba\u1e0d wussan." }, { "en": "Oh", "ber": " Mennad", "null": [ " I'm so proud of you.", "ih a mnnad", " burz\u0263 sik kigan." ] }, { "en": "I didn't think that Tom would swim by himself.", "ber": "ur nni\u0263 is rad iccf \u1e6dum s yixf nns." }, { "en": "I can't believe Tom said yes.", "ber": "ggammi\u0263 ad fls\u0263 is inna \u1e6dum yah." }, { "en": "I forgot to tell you what Tom said.", "ber": "ttu\u0263 ur ak nni\u0263 aylli inna \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "The rescuers searched the surroundings in hopes of finding the child.", "ber": "siggln yimilaln attayn s unaruz n ad afin azzan." }, { "en": "Ziri hurried his pace.", "ber": "isddrf ziri tikli nns." }, { "en": "Tom forgot to take his Alzheimer medication.", "ber": "ittu \u1e6dum ur iswi isafarn nns n u\u1e93haym\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Yuri went to check on his truck.", "ber": "idda yuri ad nn yagg\u02b7 s ukamyu nns." }, { "en": "You don't run here.", "ber": "kyyin", "null": [ " ur da tsfttut ti\u0263awsiwin \u0263id." ] }, { "en": "It's a beautiful house that you have there. Did you buy it or build it yourself?", "ber": "taddart i\u1e93iln d dark illan dinn. is tt ts\u0263it n\u0263 d is d kyyin nit s yixf nnk ad tt i\u1e63kun?" }, { "en": "Ziri deserved it.", "ber": "yuklal tt ziri." }, { "en": "Ziri deserved it.", "ber": "istahlla tt ziri." }, { "en": "He's huge.", "ber": "ixatr." }, { "en": "In my dreams", "ber": " I am free.", "null": [ "g twargiwin inu", " nkkin gi\u0263 ilelli." ] }, { "en": "Ziri said he wanted Rima back.", "ber": "inna ziri mas ira rima ad d da\u0263 srs turri." }, { "en": "Ziri shook the tree.", "ber": "isus ziri taddagt." }, { "en": "Many believe that Tom really is a time traveller.", "ber": "agudi n mddn ayd iflsn mas nit iga \u1e6dum yan unmaddu g uzmz." }, { "en": "Everyone here but you has done that.", "ber": "kra \u0263id illan is iksr mayann slid kyyin." }, { "en": "Tom thought that he'd be able to help us today.", "ber": "i\u0263al \u1e6dum is rad yaf ad a\u0263 yaws ass ad." }, { "en": "Neither of us can speak French.", "ber": "ur izmir awd yan dign\u0263 ad isawal s tf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "Eat a lot of bread", "ber": " drink a little wine!", "null": [ "ctta agudi n u\u0263rum", " ar tssat imikk n waman n wa\u1e0dil!" ] }, { "en": "Please do me a favor.", "ber": "amur nnk skr giti yan ufulki." }, { "en": "There is no one I can talk to.", "ber": "ur \u0263inn yan zmr\u0263 ad dis sawl\u0263." }, { "en": "When he died he left one boy.", "ber": "llig immut", "null": [ " ifl d yan urba." ] }, { "en": "She died without leaving a child.", "ber": "tmmut min ad d tfl kra n wazzan." }, { "en": "There are not many people who can afford to buy books.", "ber": "ur dinn kigan n mddn i\u0263iyn ad s\u0263n idlisn." }, { "en": "Have you had any problems with rats?", "ber": "is jju tufam kra n imukrisn d i\u0263rdayn?" }, { "en": "She only speaks about politics.", "ber": "da tsawal \u0263s \u0263f tsrtit." }, { "en": "Mary enlisted in the army when she was eighteen.", "ber": "tga mari tasrdast g udfrir llig dars tam d mraw n usgg\u02b7as." }, { "en": "There have been many other women in Yanni's life.", "ber": "zrint yad mnnawt twtmin g tudrt n yanni." }, { "en": "Sorry then. No idea what came over me.", "ber": "ssurf iyi za. ur ssin\u0263 mad iyi ya\u0263n tizi ann." }, { "en": "I think Tom would make a good teacher.", "ber": "ar ttannay\u0263 nkki mas d rad ig \u1e6dum yan uslmad i\u0263udan." }, { "en": "I think Tom would make a good teacher.", "ber": "ar ttannay\u0263 nkki mas d rad d yas d \u1e6dum ad ig yan uslmad i\u0263udan." }, { "en": "Did you see my brother?", "ber": "is t\u1e93\u1e5bit gma?" }, { "en": "Did you see my brother?", "ber": "is tunnit gma?" }, { "en": "I'll try to finish it by tonight.", "ber": "rad arm\u0263 ad tt smd\u0263 g yi\u1e0d ad." }, { "en": "Don't play dumb with us.", "ber": "ad didn\u0263 ur ttbuhult." }, { "en": "Don't play dumb with us.", "ber": "ad digs ur tskart anguf akidn\u0263." }, { "en": "There's work to be done here.", "ber": "illa mad ittuskarn \u0263id." }, { "en": "Try not to disturb her.", "ber": "arm ad tt ur tzziwizt." }, { "en": "They are friends.", "ber": "nttni", "null": [ " gan imddukkal." ] }, { "en": "I'm going to put my name on it.", "ber": "ddi\u0263 ad nn gis g\u0263 ism inu." }, { "en": "I'm going to put my name on it.", "ber": "rad nn digs g\u0263 ism inu." }, { "en": "Sami took Layla's towel.", "ber": "yiwi sami tamzzwut n layla." }, { "en": "Sami took Layla's towel.", "ber": "sami", "null": [ " yusi tamzzwut n layla." ] }, { "en": "I actually like that.", "ber": "issusm iyi uyann g tidt." }, { "en": "Sami won't get away with it.", "ber": "sami", "null": [ " ur rad nn gis t\u0263ama." ] }, { "en": "It won't cost much.", "ber": "ur rad tswu kigan." }, { "en": "We often used to meet at his place.", "ber": "iggut ma g da nttmiggir g ud\u0263ar nns." }, { "en": "Edmundo contacted Rima.", "ber": "inyalkam idmundu d rima." }, { "en": "You'll never make it out of here alive.", "ber": "ur sar tnjmt ad tff\u0263t sg \u0263id g tudrt." }, { "en": "You'll never make it out of here alive.", "ber": "ur sar tff\u0263t sg \u0263id tddrt." }, { "en": "Tom told everyone that he didn't know what to do.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum i akk\u02b7 mddn mas d ur yad lli issin ma rad iskr." }, { "en": "Caesar was elected dictator for life.", "ber": "ittufrn uqay\u1e63a\u1e5b ad ig adiktatur aha." }, { "en": "Caesar was elected dictator for life.", "ber": "ittufrn uqay\u1e63a\u1e5b ad ig adiktatur kra ikka g tudrt." }, { "en": "Did you know my mother?", "ber": "is yad lli tssnt immi?" }, { "en": "Tom was a cop.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " ikka tt inn iga abulisi." ] }, { "en": "You should try living alone.", "ber": "iqqan d ad tarmt ad tddrt i wa\u1e0di nnk." }, { "en": "It was something out of the ordinary.", "ber": "tkka tt inn tga yat t\u0263awsa iff\u0263n tamyurt." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary were eating.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari", "null": [ " kkan tt inn ar cttan." ] }, { "en": "Tom is obviously heartbroken.", "ber": "infalal is i\u1e5b\u1e93a wul n \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is obviously heartbroken.", "ber": "infalal g \u1e6dum is as i\u1e5b\u1e93a wul." }, { "en": "Tom is obviously heartbroken.", "ber": "infalal g \u1e6dum is iga bu wul i\u1e5b\u1e93an." }, { "en": "Tom is obviously heartbroken.", "ber": "infalal g \u1e6dum is as tbbi tasa." }, { "en": "Tom is still looking.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " isul ar ismuqqul." ] }, { "en": "Tom is still looking.", "ber": "ar sul ismuqqul \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I wonder whether or not Tom is satisfied.", "ber": "a wi issnn \u1e6dum is t issusm waddad n\u0263 d uhu." }, { "en": "I read the article \"The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence.\"", "ber": "\u0263ri\u0263 amnni n \"irfsan n t\u0263ist timl\u1e93it.\"" }, { "en": "How does this concern you?", "ber": "ma s ak iga uyad anzgum?" }, { "en": "How does this concern you?", "ber": "mayd ak igan anzgum g uya?" }, { "en": "I don't know what Tom is talking about.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 maf ar isawal \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "The alien disappeared.", "ber": "in\u0263uba yimidr imzdi." }, { "en": "I didn't tell Mary what she needed to know.", "ber": "ur nni\u0263 i mari aylli tusr ad t tisin." }, { "en": "His job forces him to take long absences.", "ber": "ar as ts\u0263ay twuri nns ad iskar tinabbayin \u0263zzifnin." }, { "en": "Tom is really good at swimming.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum iffulls kigan s ucucf." }, { "en": "Felix tried one more time to drive", "ber": " but the same thing happened again.", "null": [ "yurm filiks ad indh yat tklit ya\u1e0dn sul", " imil ta\u0263awsa talli nit da\u0263 ayd as imsrn." ] }, { "en": "Tom deleted the video.", "ber": "issf\u1e0d \u1e6dum afidyu." }, { "en": "Mennad was shitting in a place in full sight of the road.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum ar ittxxi ammas n yan ud\u0263ar issagg\u02b7an a\u0263aras." }, { "en": "I've never tried feeding my dog a banana.", "ber": "ur jju urim\u0263 ad ssutc\u0263 i waydi nu kra n tbanant." }, { "en": "I can read the writing on the wall.", "ber": "zmr\u0263 ad aqqra\u0263 tirra nna illan g u\u0263rab." }, { "en": "She said she couldn't do that.", "ber": "tnna mas d ur tzmir ad tskr mayann." }, { "en": "Tom is a very talkative person.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " iga yan umdan isawaln kigan." ] }, { "en": "Tom is a very talkative person.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " iga yan umdan g iggut wawal." ] }, { "en": "We'll give you anything you want.", "ber": "rad ak nfk aynna kra trit." }, { "en": "We'll give you anything you want.", "ber": "rad ak nfk akk\u02b7 aynna trit." }, { "en": "We'll give you anything you want.", "ber": "rad ak nfk kra trit." }, { "en": "Your mother has always loved you.", "ber": "t\u1e25ml k bdda mak." }, { "en": "Your mother has always loved you.", "ber": "immik", "null": [ " t\u1e25ml k yad lli bdda." ] }, { "en": "I didn't think Tom was shocked.", "ber": "ur nni\u0263 is ibh\u1e0d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "She used to love her job.", "ber": "tkka tt inn ar tettiri tawuri nns." }, { "en": "You didn't believe me.", "ber": "ur iyi tflist." }, { "en": "What was that last part?", "ber": "mad sul iga ugzzum ann amggaru?" }, { "en": "Tom said he saw Mary doing that.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas i\u1e93\u1e5ba mari ar tskar mayann." }, { "en": "What is she going to call him?", "ber": "ma rad as tg s yism?" }, { "en": "What is she going to call him?", "ber": "ma rad as tsmmi?" }, { "en": "Tom said that he couldn't resist doing that.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas iggammi ad iba\u1e0d i yixf nns ad ur iskar mayann." }, { "en": "His sister was hot.", "ber": "ultmas", "null": [ " tkka tt inn tga tabuzzigt." ] }, { "en": "Do you think that Tom is lonely?", "ber": "is t\u0263alt mas iga \u1e6dum awlawal?" }, { "en": "Tom must have finished his work early.", "ber": "ibayn g \u1e6dum is ismd tawuri nns zik." }, { "en": "The bee uses all flowers.", "ber": "da tssmras tzizwit ijddign akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "This is a pear.", "ber": "tad tga tafrist." }, { "en": "This is a pear.", "ber": "ta d tafrist." }, { "en": "You spit on Tom", "ber": " didn't you?", "null": [ "tssufst \u0263f \u1e6dum", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "I know that Tom is a pretty bad singer.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 is iga \u1e6dum yan umarir i\u1e5bmin kigan." }, { "en": "I know that Tom is a pretty bad singer.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 is iga \u1e6dum yan gar amarir i\u1e5bmin." }, { "en": "Tom thinks that Mary is my name.", "ber": "i\u0263al \u1e6dum is d mari ayd igan ism inu." }, { "en": "They're waiting for their test results.", "ber": "nttni", "null": [ " ar ttqqln s tyafutin nnsn n yirimn." ] }, { "en": "They trust us.", "ber": "flsn dign\u0263." }, { "en": "We need to expand the base.", "ber": "iqqan a\u0263 d ad nsbarw tasila." }, { "en": "I won't be home for long.", "ber": "rad nn ma\u1e6dl\u0263 i tgmmi." }, { "en": "I won't be home for long.", "ber": "ur rad ili\u0263 g taddart i yat tizi i\u0263zzifn." }, { "en": "I teamed up with Tom for our school project.", "ber": "nmun nkkin d \u1e6dum g yat trabbut \u0263f u\u0263awas n tinml nn\u0263." }, { "en": "Yanni and Skura came in first.", "ber": "yanni nttan d skura", "null": [ " lkmn d d imzwura." ] }, { "en": "Yanni is mad now.", "ber": "yanni", "null": [ " irfa \u0263il ad." ] }, { "en": "She did the math.", "ber": "tskr tusnakt." }, { "en": "She did the math.", "ber": "tskr assi\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "What's the use?", "ber": "ma igan asmrs?" }, { "en": "What's the use?", "ber": "ma mi iga?" }, { "en": "Layla threatened Sami with divorce.", "ber": "layla", "null": [ " tsdiddi sami s wuluf." ] }, { "en": "I don't think I like Tom much.", "ber": "ur nni\u0263 is iyi bahra issusm \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I have a right to be on this ship.", "ber": "illa \u0263uri urzf ad ili\u0263 g u\u0263rrabu ad." }, { "en": "I lost my train of thought.", "ber": "yucck iyi yifili n uswingm." }, { "en": "Why are tears salty?", "ber": "max allig mar\u0263n yim\u1e6d\u1e6dawn?" }, { "en": "Why are tears salty?", "ber": "maf gan yim\u1e6d\u1e6dawn imara\u0263n?" }, { "en": "Tom knew about everything.", "ber": "issn yad lli \u1e6dum kra illan." }, { "en": "He said that he liked her.", "ber": "inna mas tt wala i\u1e25ml." }, { "en": "He said that he liked her.", "ber": "inna mas t tssusm kigan." }, { "en": "You don't know why Tom has to do that", "ber": " do you?", "null": [ "ur tssint max allig illa \u0263f \u1e6dum ad iskar mayann", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "Do you like listening to classical music?", "ber": "is t\u1e25mlt ad tssfldt i u\u1e93awan aklasik?" }, { "en": "Sami and Layla decided to do that.", "ber": "i\u0263ts sami nttan d layla ad skrn mayann." }, { "en": "I think that maybe it's over.", "ber": "nni\u0263 nkkin irwas is tmda." }, { "en": "She dedicated her life to science.", "ber": "tfka tudrt nns i tussna." }, { "en": "Ziri always did that.", "ber": "iskr bdda ziri mayann." }, { "en": "She thought that she was very lucky.", "ber": "t\u0263al is bahra tga tal\u1e25yant." }, { "en": "I thought that the prices in that store were too high.", "ber": "\u0263al\u0263 is attuyn watign kigan ammas n t\u1e25anut ann." }, { "en": "Pietro apologized for failing.", "ber": "issutr bitru asuruf \u0263f t\u1e0du\u1e5bi nns." }, { "en": "Tom's French is quite good.", "ber": "tcwa ukan tf\u1e5bansist n \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Happy birthday!", "ber": "ass n tlalit i\u0263udan!" }, { "en": "Did you know Tom had one?", "ber": "is tssnd mas illa yan dar \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "There are not many people to whom we can talk.", "ber": "ur dinn tugt n mddn nna s nufa ad disn nsawal." }, { "en": "I saw the note you left.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 tamawt lli tflt." }, { "en": "We've defeated our enemy.", "ber": "nrna acngu nn\u0263." }, { "en": "I left it open.", "ber": "fl\u0263 t innu\u1e5b\u1e93m." }, { "en": "Where is your shop located?", "ber": "mani g tlla t\u1e25anut nnk?" }, { "en": "Do you have any bright ideas?", "ber": "is dark kra n twngimin isufun?" }, { "en": "Did you see Tom go down?", "ber": "is t\u1e93\u1e5bid \u1e6dum igg\u02b7z?" }, { "en": "I saw how happy you were.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 manik s tt inn tkkid tmmrd." }, { "en": "What if Tom falls?", "ber": "d ig i\u1e0d\u1e5b \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "He attended the meeting.", "ber": "ikka d anmuqqar." }, { "en": "She was present at the meeting.", "ber": "tmmgnt yad g unmuqqar." }, { "en": "Did you ask for a lawyer?", "ber": "is tettrt kra n umstan?" }, { "en": "You could've phoned me.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bd yadlli ad iyi t\u0263rd." }, { "en": "Which do you think is worse?", "ber": "manwa s tnnid is ixxa uggar?" }, { "en": "I wish it was that easy.", "ber": "ar ssitim\u0263 mra is inhl s unct ann." }, { "en": "Tom said that he had a great time with you.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas dim izzri akud iflujjan." }, { "en": "Tom said that he thought that we could win.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas i\u0263al is n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nrnu." }, { "en": "I advised Tom to stop drinking.", "ber": "smigl\u0263 \u1e6dum ad isbdd tissi." }, { "en": "He's Hungarian.", "ber": "iga ahangari." }, { "en": "He will survive.", "ber": "rad injm." }, { "en": "He deserves more.", "ber": "yuklal uggar." }, { "en": "He said nothing.", "ber": "ur inni amya." }, { "en": "He likes adventures.", "ber": "da ittiri timsksalin." }, { "en": "He finally arrived.", "ber": "ilkm sul g tgira." }, { "en": "He finally succeeded.", "ber": "imurs g tgira." }, { "en": "He avoids me.", "ber": "da iyi ittanf." }, { "en": "He loves ceremonies.", "ber": "da ittiri tifugliwin." }, { "en": "He loves soccer.", "ber": "da ittiri tawjja n u\u1e0da\u1e5b." }, { "en": "He speaks Portuguese.", "ber": "da isawal tabrtqqizt." }, { "en": "He pinched me!", "ber": "izbbinz giti!" }, { "en": "He almost died.", "ber": "imikk ad immt." }, { "en": "He never laughs.", "ber": "ur jju i\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63a." }, { "en": "He needs assistants.", "ber": "yusr imawasn." }, { "en": "Don't argue with Tom.", "ber": "ad ur tettm\u0263anant d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I'm sure Tom will agree with me.", "ber": "lkn\u0263 is rad ditn\u0263 imsasa \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Would you like to play basketball with us?", "ber": "is trid ad ditn\u0263 turart tawjja n tsknit?" }, { "en": "I'm not able to dance.", "ber": "ur \u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5b\u0263 ad rkz\u0263." }, { "en": "Do you remember your nightmares?", "ber": "is tk\u02b7tid \u0263f iba\u0263rarn nnm?" }, { "en": "They could do that.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn ad skrn uyann." }, { "en": "Read what's on the label.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5b ma illa \u0263f tcnyalt." }, { "en": "We need to find Tom tonight.", "ber": "iqqan a\u0263 d ad naf \u1e6dum i\u1e0d ad." }, { "en": "He turned around.", "ber": "ib\u1e5b\u1e5bm d." }, { "en": "Ask around.", "ber": "saqsa g wattayn nnk." }, { "en": "Sami owned six mansions around the world.", "ber": "ikka tt inn ila sami \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63 yibrg\u02b7mma g mad issutln i uma\u1e0dal." }, { "en": "Tom is rarely late.", "ber": "idrus i\u0263 ima\u1e6dl \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Do what you want!", "ber": "skr aynna trit!" }, { "en": "He said he's done that already.", "ber": "inna mas iskr mayann yadlli." }, { "en": "Janos didn't complain about that.", "ber": "ur ismammi janus \u0263f uyann." }, { "en": "We saw her face.", "ber": "n\u1e93ra udm nns." }, { "en": "Sami played the new game.", "ber": "yurar sami turart tamaynut." }, { "en": "He inserted the key in the lock.", "ber": "iga nn tasarut g urggl." }, { "en": "Call Tom and ask him to come back.", "ber": "\u0263r i \u1e6dum tinit as ad d yurri." }, { "en": "Tom loved both of the girls and they both loved him.", "ber": "i\u1e25ml \u1e6dum tirbatin s snat itsnt", "null": [ " d awd nttnti \u1e25mln t s snat itsnt." ] }, { "en": "Does this cat belong to you?", "ber": "is d winnk ayd iga umucc ad?" }, { "en": "I admire your perseverance.", "ber": "tgrz iyi takayayt nnk." }, { "en": "Sami started hiding drugs in Layla's apartment.", "ber": "issnta sami ar isnuffur isduhdutn g tzddi\u0263t n layla." }, { "en": "Do you know that man who's looking at you?", "ber": "is tssnt argaz ann nna gik ismuqquln?" }, { "en": "I'll never eat meat again.", "ber": "ur rad sar cc\u0263 aksum tikklt ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "There's a cave on the promontory.", "ber": "illa yan yifri g uja\u1e5bif." }, { "en": "He talks to himself.", "ber": "ar isawal d yixf nns." }, { "en": "I like every fish except for this one.", "ber": "\u1e25lm\u0263 kra iga t anaw n yislman slid wad." }, { "en": "Where do you see yourself in 10 years?", "ber": "mani g da ttannayt ixf nnk \u0263id s mraw yisgg\u02b7asn." }, { "en": "Didn't you know Tom and Mary were in Boston?", "ber": "is ur tssint mas tt inn ikka \u1e6dum nttan d mari g bus\u1e6dun?" }, { "en": "I heard someone shouting my name.", "ber": "slla\u0263 i kra n yan ar yaqqra s ism inu." }, { "en": "Tom thinks that the sun revolves around the earth.", "ber": "i\u0263al \u1e6dum is ar tettsutul tafukt i wakal." }, { "en": "Tom did a great job.", "ber": "iskr \u1e6dum yat twuri ixatrn." }, { "en": "Tom's eyes are blue.", "ber": "gan walln n \u1e6dum iniliyn." }, { "en": "As soon as it started raining", "ber": " Tom realized he'd left his umbrella at home.", "null": [ "\u0263as is issnta un\u1e93a\u1e5b ar i\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e5b", " ifrk \u1e6dum s mas ittu taran\u1e93a\u1e5b nns g tgmmi." ] }, { "en": "He's not a war hero. He's a war hero 'cause he was captured. I like people that weren't captured", "ber": " OK? I hate to tell you.", "null": [ "ntta ur igi anbraz n yimi\u0263. ntta iga anbraz acku ikka tt inn ittyama\u1e93. nkki", " ar ttiri\u0263 willi ur yadlli ttyam\u1e93nin", " waxxa? ur \u1e25mil\u0263 ad ak tt ini\u0263." ] }, { "en": "She will change it.", "ber": "rad tt tssnfl." }, { "en": "Tom is unlikely to agree to do that.", "ber": "yaggug is rad d imsasa \u1e6dum d uyann." }, { "en": "It would be great if we could travel together.", "ber": "rad i\u1e93il i\u0263 n\u0263iy ad nmmuddu s tmunt." }, { "en": "It would be great if we could travel together.", "ber": "rad i\u1e93il i\u0263 nufa ad nmun g umuddu." }, { "en": "The lost child was identified by his clothes.", "ber": "ittyakaz urba imicki s tmlsa nns." }, { "en": "This is the last challenge.", "ber": "tad ayd igan tan\u1e93\u1e5bt tamggarut." }, { "en": "Earth is the center of the observable universe.", "ber": "akal ayd igan tu\u1e93\u1e93umt n yi\u0263zwr ittun\u1e93an." }, { "en": "How do you know that was the cause?", "ber": "ma s tssnt is d ayann ayd igan tamntilt?" }, { "en": "Yanni has experienced that a lot of times.", "ber": "izzri yanni mayann agudi n tkkal." }, { "en": "Yanni has experienced that a lot of times.", "ber": "izri uyann \u0263f yanni a\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63 n tkkal." }, { "en": "Is it dirty?", "ber": "is irka?" }, { "en": "Is it dirty?", "ber": "is trka?" }, { "en": "You have to fight.", "ber": "illa fllak ad tmma\u0263t." }, { "en": "I do not like green tea.", "ber": "ur \u1e25mil\u0263 atay azgzaw." }, { "en": "Don't worry. I'll look after your dog for you.", "ber": "ad ur tnnzgmt. rad ak ssksa\u0263 s waydi nnk." }, { "en": "She helped you today", "ber": " didn't she?", "null": [ "tiws ak ass ad", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "I know the reason why Tom was crying.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 maf tt inn ikka \u1e6dum ar yalla." }, { "en": "I know the reason why Tom was crying.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 tamntilt nna \u0263f tt inn ikka \u1e6dum ar ittru." }, { "en": "Sami wrote a book about it.", "ber": "yura fllas sami yan udls." }, { "en": "Tell me what you told Tom.", "ber": "ini iyi mad tnnit i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tell me what you told Tom.", "ber": "ini iyi d aylli tnnit i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Does Tom ever get tired?", "ber": "is d ur da jju itta\u1e25l \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Does Tom ever get tired?", "ber": "is d ur ar jju itt\u1e5bmuy \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "I don't think that we're going to make it there on time.", "ber": "ur nni\u0263 is rad nn nlkm \u0263inna g wakud." }, { "en": "Sami and Layla's marriage started like a match made in hell.", "ber": "issnta yiwl n sami akd layla amm kra n umsacka ittuskarn g urwass." }, { "en": "Tom kind of looks like somebody I used to know.", "ber": "zun d i\u0263 irwas \u1e6dum kra n yan nna ssn\u0263 g mad izrin." }, { "en": "With that", "ber": " Ziri stormed off angrily.", "null": [ "s uyann", " ifta ziri s wurfan." ] }, { "en": "He said that he wasn't angry.", "ber": "inna mas d ur tt inn ikki irfa." }, { "en": "I think Tom and Mary are going to do that today.", "ber": "nni\u0263 nkkin mas rad iskr \u1e6dum nttan d mari mayann ass ad." }, { "en": "They said they walked home by themselves.", "ber": "nnan mas zzigzn \u0263r taddart s yixfawn nnsn." }, { "en": "Would you like to live here with us?", "ber": "is trit ad didn\u0263 tzd\u0263t daha?" }, { "en": "In Switzerland", "ber": " euthanasia is viewed as a way of putting an end to another's suffering.", "null": [ "g swisra", " da tettuyannay tn\u0263i n tmlla amm yat t\u0263arast nna s da ittuga ug\u02b7ri i urfufn nna g illa kra n yan." ] }, { "en": "Don't you watch movies?", "ber": "is ur da ttf\u1e5b\u1e5bajt g yifilmn?" }, { "en": "Why don't we get married right away?", "ber": "max ad ur niwl \u0263il ad nit?" }, { "en": "She said that she had to stay home.", "ber": "tnna mas as d iqqan ad t\u0263ama g tgmmi." }, { "en": "I'm your new partner.", "ber": "nkkin gi\u0263 asmun nnk amaynu." }, { "en": "I thought that Tom might stop by this afternoon.", "ber": "\u0263al\u0263 is i\u0263iy \u1e6dum ad ibdd g tmddit ad." }, { "en": "Now we go to sleep.", "ber": "ad nddu d\u0263i ad n\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e63." }, { "en": "Now we go to sleep.", "ber": "ad nddu \u0263il ad ma g nggan." }, { "en": "There was a beautiful woman with black hair in the park.", "ber": "tkka tt inn yat tm\u1e6d\u1e6du\u1e0dt ifulkin ilan azzar asggan g turtit." }, { "en": "Mary is stronger than me", "ber": " isn't she?", "null": [ "tdus flli mari", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "Tell Mary she's going to have to work late today.", "ber": "ini i mari mas rad fllas yili ad tma\u1e6dl g twuri ass ad." }, { "en": "Tom is a Canadian guy.", "ber": "\u1e6dum iga yan umdan akanadi." }, { "en": "They have finished.", "ber": "nttni", "null": [ " smdn." ] }, { "en": "They have finished.", "ber": "nttni", "null": [ " fukkan." ] }, { "en": "They have finished.", "ber": "nttni", "null": [ " kmmln." ] }, { "en": "Tom's younger sister is older than Mary's oldest brother.", "ber": "ultmas n \u1e6dum da akk\u02b7 im\u1e93\u1e93in", "null": [ " tugr gmas n mari da akk\u02b7 imqqurn." ] }, { "en": "I'm really curious.", "ber": "tlla bahra gigi tdwwayt." }, { "en": "I'm really curious.", "ber": "gi\u0263 adwway kigan." }, { "en": "Tom handed the document to Mary.", "ber": "ifka \u1e6dum tintamin i amri." }, { "en": "I would love to meet a philosopher like Nietzsche on a train or boat and to talk with him all night. Incidentally", "ber": " I don't consider his philosophy long-lived. It is not so much persuasive as full of bravura.", "null": [ "ri\u0263 ad mmiggir\u0263 d kra n uflsuf zun d nitca ammas n kra ulaway n\u0263 d kra n u\u0263rrabu afad ad dids msawal\u0263 ma ila yi\u1e0d. ukan", " ur da ttannay\u0263 tafilsufit nns is tga tad mi t\u0263zzif tudrt. ur tgi tad issn\u1e93un uggar n unck lli tktar s tb\u0263st." ] }, { "en": "He's crying.", "ber": "ar yalla." }, { "en": "He's crying.", "ber": "ar ittru." }, { "en": "He just left.", "ber": "\u1e25ra idda." }, { "en": "Life is not hard for me.", "ber": "ur fllati tmri tudrt." }, { "en": "He does not remember.", "ber": "ur da ik\u02b7tti." }, { "en": "We remembered him yesterday.", "ber": "nk\u02b7ti t id assnna\u1e6d." }, { "en": "We remembered him yesterday.", "ber": "nk\u02b7ti t id i\u1e0dgam." }, { "en": "If you forget I will remind you.", "ber": "ig tettud rad k id ssk\u02b7ti\u0263." }, { "en": "If you forget I will remind you.", "ber": "ig tettud rad km id ssk\u02b7ti\u0263." }, { "en": "What is your opinion about this?", "ber": "mayd tga tannayt nnk \u0263f uya?" }, { "en": "What is your opinion about this?", "ber": "mayd tga tannayt nnun \u0263f uya?" }, { "en": "He's ruthless.", "ber": "ur gis tamlla." }, { "en": "He'll understand.", "ber": "rad irms." }, { "en": "He was great.", "ber": "ikka tt inn i\u1e93il." }, { "en": "He left early.", "ber": "idda zikk." }, { "en": "He left early.", "ber": "ifta zikk." }, { "en": "He speaks Chinese.", "ber": "da isawal tacinwit." }, { "en": "He looks terrific.", "ber": "ar ittuman i\u1e93il." }, { "en": "He seems angry.", "ber": "irwas is irfa." }, { "en": "He seems angry.", "ber": "ar ittuman is irfa." }, { "en": "He dislikes me.", "ber": "iksn i." }, { "en": "He sells radios.", "ber": "da izznza inzwayn." }, { "en": "He started swearing.", "ber": "inti ar ittgalla." }, { "en": "He was outraged.", "ber": "ikka tt inn irfa." }, { "en": "He ignored me.", "ber": "inxxl i." }, { "en": "He's insecure.", "ber": "ur illi g t\u0263list." }, { "en": "He saw everything.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e5ba aylli illa." }, { "en": "He saw everything.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e5ba ti\u0263awsiwin akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "He needs help.", "ber": "yusr tiwisi." }, { "en": "He's skinny.", "ber": "yamum." }, { "en": "He's skinny.", "ber": "isdid." }, { "en": "He abandoned me.", "ber": "ifl i." }, { "en": "I have nothing to say about him.", "ber": "ur dari mayd fllas ttini\u0263." }, { "en": "I will remind you.", "ber": "rad k ssk\u02b7ti\u0263." }, { "en": "I will remind you.", "ber": "rad km ssk\u02b7ti\u0263." }, { "en": "I came from Paris last year.", "ber": "ucki\u0263 d sg baris n\u1e0da\u1e0dana." }, { "en": "I tell them what I lived.", "ber": "ar asn ttini\u0263 aylli ddr\u0263." }, { "en": "I tell them what I know.", "ber": "da asn ttini\u0263 aylli ssn\u0263." }, { "en": "What draws you to him?", "ber": "mayd k inn dars ilddin?" }, { "en": "Did you go there today?", "ber": "is tddid s dinn ass a?" }, { "en": "Did you go there today?", "ber": "is tftid s \u0263inn ass ad?" }, { "en": "He is overwhelmed by pain.", "ber": "ig\u1e0da g unga\u1e93." }, { "en": "She left her house.", "ber": "tfl tigmmi nns." }, { "en": "He doesn't remember everything.", "ber": "ur tk\u02b7ti \u0263f kraygatt ta\u0263awsa." }, { "en": "She drank some tea with milk.", "ber": "tswa imikk n watay d uk\u02b7fay." }, { "en": "We don't want to sleep.", "ber": "ur nri ad ngn." }, { "en": "He did not make a mistake at work.", "ber": "ur iskir kra n uzgal g twuri." }, { "en": "He has not made a mistake at work.", "ber": "ur iskir kra n uzgal g twuri." }, { "en": "Who has not made a mistake in his life?", "ber": "manwa ur iskirn kra n uzgal g tudrt nns?" }, { "en": "Who has not made a mistake in his life?", "ber": "manta ur iskirn kra n uzgal g tudrt nns?" }, { "en": "I am sorry if I made a mistake.", "ber": "ssurf iyi ig zgl\u0263." }, { "en": "She glanced shyly at the young man.", "ber": "tqzz s tudrwalln g u\u025brrim." }, { "en": "Everyone had to do this.", "ber": "ikka tt inn illa \u0263f mddn akk\u02b7 ad skrn mayad." }, { "en": "Why does she want to go home early?", "ber": "max allig tra ad tddu s taddart zikk?" }, { "en": "Paul didn't get much sleep that night.", "ber": "ur bahra igin bul i\u1e0d ann." }, { "en": "I turned the job down.", "ber": "ugi\u0263 tawuri." }, { "en": "I turned the job down.", "ber": "ugi\u0263 tawuri lli." }, { "en": "Bring him along.", "ber": "awi t id didk." }, { "en": "I started studying French today.", "ber": "ssnti\u0263 ar aqqra\u0263 taf\u1e5bansist ass ad." }, { "en": "Don't worry. She doesn't understand German.", "ber": "ad ur tnnzgmt. hat ur da tettrmis talimant." }, { "en": "Where is there a drugstore where they understand English?", "ber": "mani g tlla kra n tsasfrt g ttrmasn tanglizit?" }, { "en": "I've been shaking.", "ber": "ar ttrgigi\u0263." }, { "en": "I wish I hadn't said that to Tom.", "ber": "mr ka ur nni\u0263 mayann i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Are you a good student?", "ber": "is tgit yan unlamd i\u0263udan?" }, { "en": "Tom came directly home.", "ber": "yucka d \u1e6dum nnican s tgmmi." }, { "en": "I've bought some clothes.", "ber": "s\u0263i\u0263 d kra n tmlsa." }, { "en": "I was planning on telling you.", "ber": "umml\u0263 yadlli ad ak tt ini\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary have already bought everything they need.", "ber": "is\u0263a yadlli \u1e6dum nttan d mari aydda akk\u02b7 usrn." }, { "en": "Sami was one of my best friends.", "ber": "ikka tt inn sami iga yan sg yimddukkal inu akk\u02b7 ufnin." }, { "en": "You need to wake up quickly", "ber": " your eyes still aren't open!", "null": [ "iqqan k id ad d tduyt d\u0263ya", " hat ur ta nnu\u1e5b\u1e93mn walln nnk!" ] }, { "en": "She can't manage on her own.", "ber": "ur tzmir ad tettsllak \u0263as s yixf nns." }, { "en": "Are you just pretending to be sick?", "ber": "is d kyyin ar ka tskart is tu\u1e0dnt?" }, { "en": "Do what is right.", "ber": "skr aynna izrfn." }, { "en": "Do what is right.", "ber": "skr aynna inmn." }, { "en": "Do what is right.", "ber": "skr aynna i\u0263\u1e93ann." }, { "en": "Shall we walk or drive?", "ber": "is d ad nzzigiz n\u0263 d ad n\u1e25rri?" }, { "en": "Rodrigo was severely injured.", "ber": "ikka tt inn rudrigu ittyagas s kigan." }, { "en": "He said that he'd do that for free.", "ber": "inna mas rad iskr mayann s ubnnan." }, { "en": "We'll do a lot of stuff tomorrow.", "ber": "rad nskr agudi n t\u0263awsiwin askka." }, { "en": "Can they really hope to win this new war?", "ber": "is nit \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn ad nnurzn tarnawt n yimn\u0263i ad inayn?" }, { "en": "Paul went straight to his house and told his mom and dad.", "ber": "idda bul nnican s taddart nns inna tt i mas d babas." }, { "en": "She went to Paris to live her dream.", "ber": "tdda s baris ad tddr tawargit nns." }, { "en": "Do not dream your life but live your dream.", "ber": "ad ur tettwargad s tudrt nnk maca ddr tawargit nnk." }, { "en": "Do not dream your life but live your dream.", "ber": "ad ur tettwargad s tudrt nnm maca ddr tawargit nnm." }, { "en": "My parents don't worry about me.", "ber": "ur fllati nnu\u0263jfn imarawn inu." }, { "en": "Life is so hard here.", "ber": "tmra bahra tudrt \u0263id." }, { "en": "Life is so hard for me.", "ber": "tmra bahra fllati tudrt." }, { "en": "I am not worried for them.", "ber": "ur fllasn nnu\u0263jf\u0263." }, { "en": "I am not worried for them.", "ber": "ur fllasn nnzgm\u0263." }, { "en": "I am not worry for him.", "ber": "ur fllas gg\u02b7d\u0263." }, { "en": "I am not worry for him.", "ber": "ur fllas nnzgm\u0263." }, { "en": "He is hard for him to understand what is going on.", "ber": "imra fllas ad irms ma illan." }, { "en": "I wonder if he could understand what I would say.", "ber": "ma issnn is i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad irms aylli rad ini\u0263." }, { "en": "You did not understand what I said.", "ber": "ur trmisd aylli nni\u0263." }, { "en": "My son is smart.", "ber": "iwi i\u0263is." }, { "en": "Some people did not understand what I was saying.", "ber": "kra n mddn ur rmisn aylli s tt inn kki\u0263 ar t ttini\u0263." }, { "en": "We are not worry about him.", "ber": "ur fllas nk\u1e63u\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Do not worry about me.", "ber": "ad fllati ur tgg\u02b7dd." }, { "en": "Do not worry about us.", "ber": "ad flla\u0263 ur tgg\u02b7dd." }, { "en": "We are worry about our children.", "ber": "ngg\u02b7d \u0263f tarwa nn\u0263." }, { "en": "She was so worry for me when I left the country.", "ber": "tkka tt inn tgg\u02b7d fllati a\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63 llig fl\u0263 tamazirt." }, { "en": "I am so worry for you.", "ber": "gg\u02b7d\u0263 bahra fllak." }, { "en": "It takes effort to learn another language.", "ber": "ira immir afad ad tlmdd tutlayt ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "I just want a quiet life.", "ber": "ri\u0263 \u0263s tudrt idktn." }, { "en": "They scare us at night.", "ber": "da a\u0263 ssiwidn g yi\u1e0d." }, { "en": "He is not afraid of them.", "ber": "ur tn ik\u1e63u\u1e0d." }, { "en": "I don't listen to the others.", "ber": "ur da ssflid\u0263 i wiyya\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Listen to people around you.", "ber": "ssfld i mddn lli ak issutln." }, { "en": "People learn how to talk", "ber": " but they don't learn how to listen.", "null": [ "da ttlmadn mddn manimk s da sawaln", " maca ur da ttlmadn manimk s da ssflidn." ] }, { "en": "Sometimes I think Tom likes making people sick.", "ber": "kra n tkkal da ttini\u0263 is da ittiri \u1e6dum ad issa\u1e0dan mddn." }, { "en": "Dad bought this house.", "ber": "is\u0263a baba tigmmi ad." }, { "en": "He fought with his neighbors again.", "ber": "imma\u0263 da\u0263 d inaragn nns." }, { "en": "He had a conflict again with his neighbors.", "ber": "issnkr da\u0263 amnzi\u0263 d inaragn nns." }, { "en": "I'll wait for you until eight.", "ber": "rad sik qql\u0263 ar tiss tamt." }, { "en": "Will you let me out?", "ber": "is rad i tajjd ad ff\u0263\u0263?" }, { "en": "He sat on the floor.", "ber": "igiwr g wakal." }, { "en": "He sat on the floor.", "ber": "iqqim g wakal." }, { "en": "He sat on the soil.", "ber": "iqqim g wakal." }, { "en": "Did you follow my advice?", "ber": "is t\u1e0df\u1e5bd asmtr inu?" }, { "en": "She became a famous artist.", "ber": "ta\u0263ul tga tana\u1e93u\u1e5bt ittussann." }, { "en": "Are you fluent in Spanish?", "ber": "is tfssusd g t\u1e63blyunit?" }, { "en": "The film is a failure.", "ber": "asaru iga aguf." }, { "en": "If you mean to go to Australia", "ber": " let's go together.", "null": [ "ig twadsd ad tddud s u\u1e63\u1e6d\u1e5balya", " aywa ad nmun." ] }, { "en": "When is the best moment?", "ber": "managu igan tizi i\u1e93iln?" }, { "en": "You're not going to do it to me.", "ber": "ur rad iyi tt tskrd." }, { "en": "These strawberries taste very sweet.", "ber": "mmimmnt bahra tzwal ad." }, { "en": "The strawberries cost ten euros a kilo.", "ber": "da skarnt tzwal mraw id u\u1e5bu i kilu." }, { "en": "Test it on us.", "ber": "arm t gitn\u0263." }, { "en": "I saw them when they were here.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 tn lli\u0263 tt inn \u0263id kkan." }, { "en": "I don't have a solution to this enigma.", "ber": "ur dari afssay i tuntilt ad." }, { "en": "I haven't found a solution to this enigma.", "ber": "ur ufi\u0263 afssay i tuntilt ad." }, { "en": "I knew this conversation would last a long time.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 is rad yi\u0263zif umsawal ad." }, { "en": "Apparently", "ber": " you're not from around here.", "null": [ "g mayd yumann", " ur tgid sg \u0263id." ] }, { "en": "It seems you're not from around here.", "ber": "irwas is ur tgid sg da." }, { "en": "You don't seem to be from around here.", "ber": "ur gik yuman is tgid sg \u0263id." }, { "en": "It is clear that they will be late today.", "ber": "ifaw is rad ma\u1e6dln ass ad." }, { "en": "I have not worked hard to pass my test.", "ber": "ur swuri\u0263 mli\u1e25 afad ad zzri\u0263 irim inu." }, { "en": "He worked very hard to finish his work.", "ber": "iswuri mli\u1e25 afad ad ismd tawuri nns." }, { "en": "My dog is going into his house.", "ber": "idda waydi inu s tgmmi nns." }, { "en": "Everybody is proud of me.", "ber": "kraygatt yan iburz siti." }, { "en": "Everybody is proud of us.", "ber": "kraygatt yan iburz sitn\u0263." }, { "en": "Do you know why this happened?", "ber": "is tssnd ma \u0263f ij\u1e5ba uya?" }, { "en": "Do you know why this happened?", "ber": "is tssnm ma \u0263f ij\u1e5ba uya?" }, { "en": "They are not proud of what they did yesterday.", "ber": "ur burzn \u0263f uylli skrn assnna\u1e6d." }, { "en": "I'll never forget what happened last summer.", "ber": "ur jju rad ttu\u0263 aylli imsarn anbdu amggaru." }, { "en": "They are not proud of their children.", "ber": "ur burzn s tarwa nnsn." }, { "en": "They are so proud of us.", "ber": "burzn bahra sitn\u0263." }, { "en": "He is so proud of me.", "ber": "iburz bahra siti." }, { "en": "I am not proud of myself.", "ber": "ur burz\u0263 s yi\u0263f inu." }, { "en": "I'll tell everyone what happened.", "ber": "rad ini\u0263 i akk\u02b7 mddn mad imsrn." }, { "en": "Don't shake it too much.", "ber": "ad tt ur tsnuccugt bahra." }, { "en": "That girl seems to be in love with Tom.", "ber": "ar d ittnfalal g trbat ann is gis tlla tayri n \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Haven't you eaten lunch yet?", "ber": "is d ur ta tccit imkli?" }, { "en": "Ziri wrote a book about why cats behave the way they do.", "ber": "yura ziri yan udlis \u0263f max allig da skarn yimacciwn mklli yadlli skarn." }, { "en": "I think Tom is expecting someone to make him dinner.", "ber": "irwas is d ar ittqql \u1e6dum s kra n yan ad as issnu imnsi." }, { "en": "Ziri found his way out.", "ber": "yufa ziri ufu\u0263 nns." }, { "en": "Ziri found his way out.", "ber": "ziri", "null": [ " yufa ma g ittffu\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Our parents adored you.", "ber": "\u1e25mln k yimarawn nn\u0263." }, { "en": "I know Tom and Mary aren't happy here.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 is ur immr \u1e6dum nttan d mari \u0263id." }, { "en": "The policeman pulled Tom over.", "ber": "isbdd ubulisi \u1e6dum \u0263r tama." }, { "en": "He's delirious.", "ber": "ar itthtitir." }, { "en": "I'm living proof you don't have to be smart to be a politician.", "ber": "nkki gi\u0263 yan wan\u1e93a iddrn \u0263f mas d ur k id iqqan ad tgt ami\u0263is \u1e25ma ad tgt asrtan." }, { "en": "I'm afraid that I have bad news.", "ber": "gg\u02b7d\u0263 is \u0263uri gar in\u0263misn." }, { "en": "Tom didn't keep my secret.", "ber": "ur i\u1e25\u1e0di \u1e6dum uffir inu." }, { "en": "I told Tom about you.", "ber": "uls\u0263 i \u1e6dum fllak." }, { "en": "I do not like Mary's living there alone.", "ber": "ur iyi issusim llig \u0263inn tzd\u0263 mari i wa\u1e0du nns." }, { "en": "I do not like Mary's living there alone.", "ber": "ur iyi issusim ad tzd\u0263 mari dinn i wa\u1e0du nns." }, { "en": "How's the new job?", "ber": "manmk ad tga twuri tamaynut?" }, { "en": "How's the new job?", "ber": "manmk ad nn srk tga twuri inayn?" }, { "en": "The bridge is made of stone.", "ber": "tettuskar tlgg\u02b7it sg u\u1e93\u1e5bu." }, { "en": "What's the deal with that?", "ber": "mad ya\u0263n mayann?" }, { "en": "When I was a kid", "ber": " I thought that if I died the world would just disappear. What a childish delusion! I just couldn't accept that the world could continue to exist without me.", "null": [ "llig m\u1e93\u1e93i\u0263", " kki\u0263 tt inn \u0263al\u0263 mas rad ka in\u0263ubu uma\u1e0dal i\u0263 mmut\u0263 nkkin. matta umarur ad n tazzanin! is hlli ggummi\u0263 ad qbl\u0263 is rad sul isul uma\u1e0dal bla nkkin." ] }, { "en": "Tom told me that he wasn't afraid.", "ber": "inna iyi \u1e6dum mas d ur ik\u1e63u\u1e0d." }, { "en": "He's just so cute.", "ber": "mkad hlli ifuknnic." }, { "en": "I passed out at school.", "ber": "iswa iyi nn kra g tinml." }, { "en": "You're a good liar.", "ber": "yan bu tkrkas ifullsn ad tgit." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't yet know what I want to do.", "ber": "ur ta issin \u1e6dum ma s ri\u0263 ad t sul skr\u0263." }, { "en": "Thank you for the advice.", "ber": "tanmmirt nnk \u0263f usmmtr nnk." }, { "en": "Ziri and his friends were surrounding Yazid.", "ber": "ziri nttan d yimddukkal nns", "null": [ " kkan tt inn ssutln i yazid." ] }, { "en": "The situation was becoming dangerous. We got the hell out.", "ber": "ikka tt inn yimizi n waddad idda ar ittim\u0263ur. nff\u0263 sg dinn." }, { "en": "Ziri accepted his parents' decision.", "ber": "iqbl ziri s u\u0263tas n yimarawn nns." }, { "en": "The cook broiled the meat.", "ber": "iknf umssnu aksum." }, { "en": "The cook broiled the meat.", "ber": "iknf ukwizini tifiyi." }, { "en": "He arrived safe and sound.", "ber": "ilkm d g laman." }, { "en": "He arrived safe and sound.", "ber": "igula d i\u0263ls." }, { "en": "Ziri and Rima are in trouble.", "ber": "ziri akd rima", "null": [ " llan g tmukrist." ] }, { "en": "Did you eat lunch today?", "ber": "is tccit imkli ass ad?" }, { "en": "Tom hasn't eaten much.", "ber": "ur icci \u1e6dum mad iggutn." }, { "en": "I was going to call Tom.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn rad \u0263r\u0263 i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Bears can be a deadly threat.", "ber": "zmrn yibubbazn ad gn yan usdiddi inqqan." }, { "en": "Yanni's anger was spiraling out of control.", "ber": "ff\u0263n wurfan n yanni tanba\u1e0dt." }, { "en": "She says that she's weary.", "ber": "ar tettini mas t\u1e5bmi." }, { "en": "You can't live on bread alone.", "ber": "ur tzmirt ad tidirt \u0263as s u\u0263rum." }, { "en": "Tom said that he thought that Mary wasn't hungry.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas i\u0263al is ur yadlli tllu\u1e93 mari." }, { "en": "I know that Tom won't lie to Mary.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 is ur rad iskirks \u1e6dum \u0263f mari." }, { "en": "Pack your stuff", "ber": " dear. I ordered plane tickets for us. We'll spend our honeymoon in Paris.", "null": [ "smun d ti\u0263awsiwin nnm a tasa. ssutr\u0263 tanfulin n tylalt. rad nn nzzri ayyur nn\u0263 n tammnt ammas n baris." ] }, { "en": "If I were a bird", "ber": " I would fly over the sea all the time.", "null": [ "mr gi\u0263 aylal", " rad aha ttaylal\u0263 nnig n yill." ] }, { "en": "Sami has just got out of jail.", "ber": "\u1e25ra d iffu\u0263 sami sg ubniq." }, { "en": "He doesn't have enough wood.", "ber": "ur dars illi ukccu\u1e0d igumn." }, { "en": "He doesn't have enough wood.", "ber": "ur \u0263urs mayd yudan g ukccu\u1e0d." }, { "en": "How could you possibly do that?", "ber": "manmk a s hlli t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bt ad tskrt mayann?" }, { "en": "The trouble with you is that you talk too much.", "ber": "amukris nnk", "null": [ " iga t mas d ar bahra tsawalt." ] }, { "en": "I don't like anyone to bother me while I'm working.", "ber": "ur da ttiri\u0263 ad iyi izziwiz awd yan i\u0263 ar swuruy\u0263." }, { "en": "Janos told Olivia to just get to the point.", "ber": "inna janus i ulifya ad hlli tut awal g uflla." }, { "en": "Gabor has an errand to run.", "ber": "illa \u0263ur gabur yan uskkin iqqn nn ad t iq\u1e0du." }, { "en": "Ziri did Rima a favor.", "ber": "iskr ziri yan ufulki g rima." }, { "en": "She said she wants to be a teacher.", "ber": "tnna mas tra ad tg taslmadt." }, { "en": "What's this butterfly called?", "ber": "mad ism i yibrbillu ad?" }, { "en": "What's this butterfly called?", "ber": "mayd as ttinin i uf\u1e5b\u1e6de\u1e6d\u1e6du ad?" }, { "en": "Where can I study Galician?", "ber": "mani g ufi\u0263 ad aqqra\u0263 tagalisiyt?" }, { "en": "Are you angry with her?", "ber": "is trfit fllas?" }, { "en": "He didn't even say he was sorry.", "ber": "ur akk\u02b7 inni ssurf iyi." }, { "en": "He didn't even say he was sorry.", "ber": "ur akk\u02b7 ittir asurf." }, { "en": "We felt ashamed.", "ber": "nssyafa s yixfawn nn\u0263 nmrg." }, { "en": "We felt ashamed.", "ber": "nmrg." }, { "en": "Tom didn't tell me anything about you.", "ber": "ur iyi fllak inni \u1e6dum amya." }, { "en": "Not all Muslim women wear the hijab.", "ber": "ur ar lssant tmuslimin addal n uqrru s tmmad nnsnt." }, { "en": "This needs to end.", "ber": "iqqan d i uyad ad ibdd." }, { "en": "This needs to end.", "ber": "illa \u0263f uyad ad imdu." }, { "en": "You have a nicer house than I do.", "ber": "tlit yat taddart i\u1e93iln uggar n tinu." }, { "en": "You'd better stop her.", "ber": "yuf ak ad tt tsbddt." }, { "en": "I see her all the time", "ber": " although I never talk to her.", "null": [ "ar tt bdda \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u0263", " waxxa ur ar jju dids sawal\u0263." ] }, { "en": "They violated the constitution.", "ber": "u\u1e0d\u1e5bn adustur." }, { "en": "They violated the constitution.", "ber": "kksn addur i udustur." }, { "en": "I'm of French descent.", "ber": "\u0263uri i\u1e93u\u1e5ban d if\u1e5bansisn." }, { "en": "She died on a cold night in December.", "ber": "tmmut ammas n yan yi\u1e0d i\u1e63mmi\u1e0dn g dujanbir." }, { "en": "Santiago dissolved Rima\u2019s body into the acid.", "ber": "issfsi santyagu tafkka n rima ammas n usmem." }, { "en": "David was born with only one hand.", "ber": "ilul d dafid \u0263as s yan ufus." }, { "en": "Where will you eat dinner this evening?", "ber": "mani g rad tmmnsut tadgg\u02b7at ad?" }, { "en": "Where will you eat dinner this evening?", "ber": "mani g rad tcct imnsi tamddit ad?" }, { "en": "He said he liked the party.", "ber": "inna mas t tssusm tfugla." }, { "en": "Did Tom notice it?", "ber": "is tt inn yukz \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "What's in the bag?", "ber": "ma nn illan g ujbur?" }, { "en": "I'll ask Tom for you.", "ber": "rad ak sqsa\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "He eats lunch at his desk.", "ber": "da ictta imkli g usira nns." }, { "en": "That's too heavy.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0day uyann kigan." }, { "en": "I got this car for a good price.", "ber": "s\u0263i\u0263 d tihirit ad s yan watig i\u0263udan." }, { "en": "Tom is the person who did that yesterday.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ayd igan walli iskrn mayann i\u1e0dgam." }, { "en": "Tom is the person who did that yesterday.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ayd igan amdan nna iskrn ayann assnna\u1e0d." }, { "en": "I know that Tom won't be able to come to our party tomorrow.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 is ur rad izmir \u1e6dum ad d yas \u0263r tfugla nn\u0263 askka." }, { "en": "No", "ber": " I'm tired.", "null": [ "uhu", " nkkin \u1e5bmi\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Nothing is as easy as it looks.", "ber": "amya ur ifssus mklli d ittbayan." }, { "en": "Layla has probably run off again.", "ber": "irwas is da\u0263 trwl layla." }, { "en": "I am very uncomfortable with how this television show portrays women.", "ber": "ur wala ssunfi\u0263 nkkin i mklli s ar ismdya yimsddi ad n utilifizyun tiwtmin." }, { "en": "Such languages as French", "ber": " Italian and Spanish come from Latin.", "null": [ "tutlayin amm tf\u1e5bansist", " ta\u1e6dalyant d t\u1e63bnyulit", " kkant d talatint." ] }, { "en": "Tom is a man of culture.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " iga bu tdlsa." ] }, { "en": "Let's talk about this when we get home.", "ber": "ajj a\u0263 ad nmsawal \u0263f uyad adday na\u0263ul \u0263r taddart." }, { "en": "No", "ber": " that's not what I wanted!", "null": [ "uhu", " ur d ayann ayd ri\u0263!" ] }, { "en": "They found the stolen money.", "ber": "ufan idrimn nna ittyakarn." }, { "en": "Tom asked Mary to come back later this afternoon.", "ber": "ittr \u1e6dum i layla ad d turri ticki g tmddit ad." }, { "en": "I don't know who he's looking for.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 ma s ar ittlli." }, { "en": "I don't know who he's looking for.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 wi \u0263f irzzu." }, { "en": "Mariko studied not only English but also German.", "ber": "ur d \u0263as tanglizit ayd t\u0263ra mariku", "null": [ " maca awd talimant." ] }, { "en": "I was quite proud of myself.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn burz\u0263 nit s yixf inu." }, { "en": "Tom said he didn't know why.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas d ur issin max." }, { "en": "Are your German books good?", "ber": "is cwan yidlisn nnk n tlimant?" }, { "en": "They congratulated him on his marriage.", "ber": "ssr\u0263udn as iwl nns." }, { "en": "Tom has done that once.", "ber": "izwar is iskr \u1e6dum mayann yat tkklt." }, { "en": "I'll do everything that I can.", "ber": "dad skr\u0263 akk\u02b7 aynna mi \u0263iy\u0263." }, { "en": "What a jerk!", "ber": "waynni a\u0263yul aya !" }, { "en": "The boy saw his father dying.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e5ba urba babas ar ittmtat." }, { "en": "He who begins many things", "ber": " finishes but few.", "null": [ "wanna issntun kigan n t\u0263awsiwin", " ur da ismad amr imikk." ] }, { "en": "You need to stop acting like a kid.", "ber": "iqqan k id ad sul ur tskart zun d kra n wazzan." }, { "en": "I didn't know where Tom worked.", "ber": "ur yadlli ssin\u0263 mani g iswuri \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I don't know if Tom likes me or not.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 is iyi i\u1e25ml \u1e6dum n\u0263 d uhu." }, { "en": "Mennad told the cops what happened.", "ber": "yuls mnnad i yibulisiyn ma imsrn." }, { "en": "I saw fear in her eyes.", "ber": "anni\u0263 nn tawda g walln nns." }, { "en": "You're staying with them", "ber": " right?", "null": [ "rad didsn t\u0263amat", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "Anyone can say that!", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b kra iga t yan ad yini mayann!" }, { "en": "Sami never did that to Layla.", "ber": "ur jju iskr sami mayann i layla." }, { "en": "I don't want to see that again.", "ber": "ur ri\u0263 ad sul \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u0263 mayann." }, { "en": "I come from Bejaia", "ber": " Algeria.", "null": [ "ucki\u0263 d sg bgayt", " ldzayr." ] }, { "en": "Tom hopes that he won't be chosen to do that.", "ber": "innurz \u1e6dum ad ur ittustay afad ad iskr mayann." }, { "en": "Only a few people came to the meeting.", "ber": "\u0263as kra n mddn drusnin ayd d iddan s tasmuni." }, { "en": "I'll do it again.", "ber": "rad tt da\u0263 skr\u0263." }, { "en": "I'll do it again.", "ber": "rad tt skr\u0263 tikklt ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "I think he moved to Kabylie.", "ber": "irwas is immutti \u0263r tmurt taqbaylit." }, { "en": "Next to the kiosk is a gentleman sitting on a bench", "ber": " reading a newspaper.", "null": [ "illa tama n ukyusk yan mass iskkuskn \u0263f yan usqqim", " ar yaqqra g yan u\u0263mis." ] }, { "en": "She kept quiet; she did not want problems.", "ber": "tfssa ka sul; ur tri imukrisn." }, { "en": "How could I have forgotten my passport?", "ber": "manmk s \u0263iy\u0263 ad ttu\u0263 amzzri nu n iwtta." }, { "en": "She kept quiet; she did not want problems.", "ber": "tqqim tssusm; ur tri imukrisn." }, { "en": "He might come tomorrow.", "ber": "i\u0263iy ad d iddu askka." }, { "en": "Mary said she isn't thirty yet.", "ber": "tnna mari mas d ur ta tlkm k\u1e5ba\u1e0d id mraw usgg\u02b7as." }, { "en": "Tom cries a lot.", "ber": "ar bahra yalla \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom cries a lot.", "ber": "da ittru \u1e6dum kigan." }, { "en": "It's a lethal dose.", "ber": "tga yat tujawt inqqan." }, { "en": "It's a lethal dose.", "ber": "tujawt inqqan ayann." }, { "en": "Mary said she's not planning to go.", "ber": "tnna mari mas d ur tummil ad tddu." }, { "en": "Hey", "ber": " what's that noise?", "null": [ "ahya", " ma iga udida ann?" ] }, { "en": "A lot of our problems were caused by Tom.", "ber": "kkan d \u1e6dum agudi n yimukrisn." }, { "en": "Take the rest of the day off.", "ber": "awi aynna iqqimn g wass tsgunfut digs." }, { "en": "They know they've been lied to.", "ber": "ssnn is fllasn ittuskrkas." }, { "en": "I am worried about him.", "ber": "iga iyi anzgum." }, { "en": "I am worried about him.", "ber": "ihul iyi." }, { "en": "I am worried about him.", "ber": "isnnzgm iyi." }, { "en": "I cut the dead trees down.", "ber": "bbi\u0263 d taddagin mmutnin." }, { "en": "Is Tom still there with you?", "ber": "is isul \u1e6dum didk dinn?" }, { "en": "Is Tom still there with you?", "ber": "is illa sul didk \u1e6dum \u0263inn?" }, { "en": "Yanni didn't even recognize who Skura was.", "ber": "ur akk\u02b7 yukiz yanni mayd tms skura." }, { "en": "Give me a definite answer.", "ber": "fk iyi d yat tmrarut izzgan." }, { "en": "I go to San Pablo.", "ber": "da ttddu\u0263 \u0263r san bablu." }, { "en": "He always says that.", "ber": "da bdda ittini mayann." }, { "en": "I have just cleaned my room.", "ber": "\u1e25ra ssizdg\u0263 im\u1e63\u1e5bi nu." }, { "en": "For her", "ber": " the honeymoon is over.", "null": [ "\u0263urs nttat", " ismar wayyur n tammemt." ] }, { "en": "I have my reasons for doing this.", "ber": "fki\u0263 d timntal inu nna \u0263f skr\u0263 mayad." }, { "en": "Mix the flour with the sugar.", "ber": "ssrwi agg\u02b7rn akd uskk\u02b7a\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Yanni threw the radio away.", "ber": "igr nn yanni s u\u1e5badyu." }, { "en": "I opened the window", "ber": " watched the sunset.", "null": [ "\u1e5b\u1e93m\u0263 d asatm", " \u1e0duf\u0263 a\u0263lluy n tafukt." ] }, { "en": "I opened the window", "ber": " watched the sunset.", "null": [ "\u1e5b\u1e93m\u0263 d asatm", " ar ttmnid\u0263 uguz n tafukt." ] }, { "en": "I never knew my parents.", "ber": "ur jju ssin\u0263 imarawn inu." }, { "en": "Mary sold her house in Australia.", "ber": "tzznza mari tigmmi nns ammas n wus\u1e6d\u1e5balya." }, { "en": "She lifted her head.", "ber": "tull ixf nns." }, { "en": "There's an old apple tree in the garden.", "ber": "tlla yat taddagt n udffuy iqburn g turtit." }, { "en": "I wonder if they would like it.", "ber": "saw is rad tt \u1e25mln." }, { "en": "He's afraid of his own shadow.", "ber": "ik\u1e63u\u1e0d sg umalu da nit igan winns." }, { "en": "The cat is sitting on the table.", "ber": "iskkus umucc \u0263f tdabut." }, { "en": "People have always looked down on me.", "ber": "smaqqln bdda gigi mddn s gar asmaqql." }, { "en": "He tripped.", "ber": "icc\u1e0d." }, { "en": "My life is complicated.", "ber": "tmmukrs tudrt inu." }, { "en": "Mennad kept his cats inside his house.", "ber": "yujja mnnad imacciwn nns g ugnsu n tgmmi nns." }, { "en": "Ziri decided to translate all of his sentences into Berber.", "ber": "i\u0263ts ziri ad issu\u0263ul akk\u02b7 tiwinas nns \u0263r tmazi\u0263t." }, { "en": "Mennad is looking at himself in the mirror.", "ber": "ar ismuqqul mnnad g yixf nns ammas n tisit." }, { "en": "Mennad is looking at himself in the mirror.", "ber": "ar ittmnid mnnad ixf nns ammas n tisit." }, { "en": "I think it's about time we change the subject.", "ber": "nni\u0263 nkkin is d yiw\u1e0d wakud ma g nssnfal imrsi." }, { "en": "Do you know how old Tom was when he died?", "ber": "is tssnt mnck ayd illan dar \u1e6dum llig immut?" }, { "en": "You look tired", "ber": " my dear.", "null": [ "yuman gim is t\u1e5bmit", " a tasa nu." ] }, { "en": "Tom wants to fly to Australia.", "ber": "ira \u1e6dum ad yayyl s us\u1e6d\u1e5balya." }, { "en": "Tom would be able to do that if he tried.", "ber": "irad i\u0263iy \u1e6dum ad iskr mayann mr yurm." }, { "en": "From here", "ber": " I can't see it.", "null": [ "sg \u0263id", " ggammi\u0263 ad t annay\u0263." ] }, { "en": "He isn't seeing her.", "ber": "ur ar dids ittm\u1e93i\u1e5b." }, { "en": "That problem isn't avoidable.", "ber": "tamukrist ann", "null": [ " ur tufit ad as tanft." ] }, { "en": "That problem isn't avoidable.", "ber": "ur tgi tmukrist nna ma mi ittanf yan." }, { "en": "That problem isn't avoidable.", "ber": "ur tkkit mani i tmukrist ann." }, { "en": "Tom went to a fortune teller.", "ber": "idda \u1e6dum dar yan ugzzan." }, { "en": "Why do people do this?", "ber": "max allig da skarn mddn mayad?" }, { "en": "Michael was never Linda's enemy.", "ber": "ur jju yadlli igi maykl afadad n linda." }, { "en": "Tom said he doesn't plan to do that here.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas d ur yummil ad iskr mayann daha." }, { "en": "You should assume that anything you do online is public.", "ber": "iqqan d ad tskart g yixf nnk mas d kra iga tt ta\u0263awsa nna da ttsalat g yifalan is tnnu\u1e5b\u1e93m i umata." }, { "en": "I asked Tom if he wanted to go to a movie with me.", "ber": "sqsa\u0263 \u1e6dum is ira ad didi imun \u0263r yan ufilm." }, { "en": "Sami was trapped inside.", "ber": "ittmra nn sami g ugnsu." }, { "en": "Sami was trapped inside.", "ber": "itt\u0263i sami g jaj." }, { "en": "I always stay at home on Sundays.", "ber": "da bdda tt\u0263ama\u0263 ammas n taddart g yisamasn." }, { "en": "It ain't like before", "ber": " you know.", "null": [ "ur tgi zun d mklli", " yak tssnt." ] }, { "en": "It ain't like before", "ber": " you know.", "null": [ "ur sul igi waddad amm uynna izrin", " yak tssnt." ] }, { "en": "Leon set Rima free.", "ber": "lyun", "null": [ " isdrfi rima." ] }, { "en": "Yanni had tattoos.", "ber": "kkan tt inn dar yanni igzzayn." }, { "en": "Do you want to stay for dinner?", "ber": "is trit ad tgawrt s imkli?" }, { "en": "She wanted the sword.", "ber": "tkka tt inn tra tafrut." }, { "en": "I like to argue.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 ad ttmsgdal\u0263." }, { "en": "I like to argue.", "ber": "i\u025bzza dari umsgdal." }, { "en": "You'll always be welcome here in my house.", "ber": "irad bdda srk yili unsuf \u0263id g taddart inu." }, { "en": "You'll always be welcome here in my house.", "ber": "irad bdda \u0263id ttafat asbrrk ammas n tgmmi nu." }, { "en": "He says he needs more time.", "ber": "ar ittini mas yusr sul akud." }, { "en": "I will open your graves.", "ber": "rad \u1e5b\u1e93m\u0263 ism\u1e0dal nnun." }, { "en": "I will open your graves.", "ber": "rad \u1e5b\u1e93m\u0263 i\u1e93kwan nnun." }, { "en": "Aren't you a little hot?", "ber": "is ur k ta\u0263 tr\u0263i yan imikk?" }, { "en": "Aren't you a little hot?", "ber": "is ur tr\u0263it yan imikk?" }, { "en": "I want to get better at tennis.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad fulls\u0263 uggar g utinis." }, { "en": "Don't let them get away.", "ber": "ad tn ur tajjt ad rwln." }, { "en": "I've met him a few times.", "ber": "mmaggar\u0263 dids yan mnnawt tkkal." }, { "en": "Did you three come together?", "ber": "is d tmunam k\u02b7nni s k\u1e5ba\u1e0d?" }, { "en": "That country's wealth comes from its oil.", "ber": "ab\u0263ur n tmurt ann", "null": [ " ar d ittkka azatim nns." ] }, { "en": "Layla lived nearby.", "ber": "tkka tt inn tzd\u0263 layla g mad inmalan." }, { "en": "I don't want my parents to know I was drunk last night.", "ber": "ur ri\u0263 ad isinn yimarawn inu is \u1e93mm\u1e0d\u0263 i\u1e0dgam." }, { "en": "I've been to Boston three times.", "ber": "kki\u0263 d bus\u1e6dun k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt tkkal yad." }, { "en": "He's proud of his students.", "ber": "ntta iburz s inlmadn nns." }, { "en": "I'll tell you what Tom and I are going to do.", "ber": "rad ak ini\u0263 ma rad nskr nkkin d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "It's far too small.", "ber": "im\u1e93\u1e93i s kigan uggar." }, { "en": "Don't be afraid to get your hands dirty.", "ber": "ad ur ttgg\u02b7dt ad tssrkut ifassn nnk." }, { "en": "We've got to tell her.", "ber": "iqqan a\u0263 d ad as nini." }, { "en": "We've got to tell her.", "ber": "iqqan a\u0263 d ad as tt nini." }, { "en": "I'm not wearing socks.", "ber": "ur lsi\u0263 tar\u0263iwin." }, { "en": "Are you all Canadians?", "ber": "is d ikanadiyn akk\u02b7 ad tgam?" }, { "en": "It's an important question.", "ber": "d asqsi istuhmman." }, { "en": "It's an important question.", "ber": "asqsi istuhmman aynna." }, { "en": "Yanni filmed the video today.", "ber": "ifilma yanni afidyu ass ad." }, { "en": "Yanni filmed the video today.", "ber": "izmmem yanni afidyu ass ad." }, { "en": "We're setting off first thing in the morning.", "ber": "rad nam\u1e93 abrid tifawt n uskka d amzwaru." }, { "en": "You asked me to love you.", "ber": "tssutrt iyi ad km iri\u0263." }, { "en": "Show me the hole.", "ber": "ml iyi d ag\u02b7\u1e0di." }, { "en": "She cut in when we were talking.", "ber": "tbbi an\u0263 awal llig ar nsawal." }, { "en": "I don't hit them.", "ber": "ur da tn kkat\u0263." }, { "en": "Sami didn't want to argue.", "ber": "sami", "null": [ " ikka tt inn ur iri ad ittmsgdal." ] }, { "en": "Sami didn't want to argue.", "ber": "sami", "null": [ " ikka tt inn ur iri ad itt\u1e93i." ] }, { "en": "Tom was obviously embarrassed.", "ber": "infalal g \u1e6dum is imrg." }, { "en": "Do you see these great buildings?", "ber": "is ar ttannayt tu\u1e63kiwin ad xatrnin?" }, { "en": "Tom was wearing a cowboy hat the last time I saw him.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum ilsa yat tarazal n yimksawn n tfunasin llig t n\u1e93\u1e5ba nkk\u02b7ni tikklt igguran." }, { "en": "It appears that he's a student.", "ber": "zzi\u0263 d anlmad ayd iga ntta." }, { "en": "Tom isn't a lumberjack.", "ber": "ur igi \u1e6dum anzdam." }, { "en": "Yanni just laughed.", "ber": "yanni is ka i\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63a." }, { "en": "Do I need a doctor's permission to take this medicine?", "ber": "is usr\u0263 turagt n u\u1e0dbib afad ad ssmrs\u0263 asafar ad?" }, { "en": "Do I need a doctor's permission to take this medicine?", "ber": "is s\u0263awsa\u0263 s turagt n u\u1e0dbib \u1e25ma ad ssa\u0263 asafar ad?" }, { "en": "He realized that he was in love with her.", "ber": "ifrk i mas d ar tt ittiri." }, { "en": "He realized that he was in love with her.", "ber": "yuki" }, { "en": "I extended my holiday.", "ber": "ssi\u0263zif\u0263 tanu\u1e5b\u1e93mt inu." }, { "en": "It's quite likely that it'll rain tomorrow.", "ber": "ur nn yaggug is rad i\u1e0d\u1e5b un\u1e93a\u1e5b askka." }, { "en": "Sami messaged Layla from time to time.", "ber": "ar ittazn sami i layla tikklt ar tikklt." }, { "en": "We'll all die sooner or later.", "ber": "rad akk\u02b7 nmmt ass ad n\u0263 d askka." }, { "en": "I think Tom and Mary are careful.", "ber": "nni\u0263 nkkin mas d ar ittawi \u1e6dum nttan d mari itnan." }, { "en": "Tom said that he didn't have to wait very long.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas d ur d yadlli fllas illi ad iqql yat tizi i\u0263zzi\u0263n." }, { "en": "Ziri posted some comments.", "ber": "ifsr ziri kra n yixfawaln." }, { "en": "Is this her umbrella?", "ber": "is d taran\u1e93a\u1e5b nns aynna?" }, { "en": "Daniel thanked Amanda for helping him.", "ber": "isnmmr danyil amanda \u0263f wawwas nns." }, { "en": "Daniel thanked Amanda for helping him.", "ber": "inna danyil tanmmirt i amanda llig as tiws." }, { "en": "Smoke got in my eyes.", "ber": "ikcm iyi waggu \u0263r walln inu." }, { "en": "People with cold hands have warm hearts.", "ber": "\u1e6d\u1e6dafn id bu yifassn \u1e63mmi\u1e0dnin ulawn r\u0263anin." }, { "en": "People with cold hands have warm hearts.", "ber": "middn lli dar ifassn \u1e63mmi\u1e0dnin", "null": [ " ar darsn ttilin wulawn ulbanin." ] }, { "en": "I need a sharper knife.", "ber": "urs\u0263 kra n ujnwi ifrsn uggar." }, { "en": "She's a terrible liar", "ber": " isn't she?", "null": [ "tga yat mm tkrkas i\u1e5bmin", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "Can you still do that?", "ber": "is tufit sul ad tskrt mayann?" }, { "en": "Everybody stared at Tom.", "ber": "smuqqln akk\u02b7 mddn g \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Everybody stared at Tom.", "ber": "smuqqln mddn s mad akk\u02b7 llan g \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom has something for Mary.", "ber": "i\u1e6d\u1e6daf \u1e6dum kra i mari." }, { "en": "My parents are against my marriage.", "ber": "gan yimarawn inu mgal n yiwl inu." }, { "en": "Tom had no one to talk to.", "ber": "ur tt inn ikki dar \u1e6dum mad d ittmsawal." }, { "en": "Why did she buy another car?", "ber": "maf ts\u0263a tihirit ya\u1e0dn?" }, { "en": "Why did she buy another car?", "ber": "max allig ts\u0263a tihirit ya\u1e0dni?" }, { "en": "He likes giraffes.", "ber": "i\u1e25ml imd\u0263an." }, { "en": "That may happen in the near future.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b uyann ad imsr g ma nn ur yaggugn." }, { "en": "That may happen in the near future.", "ber": "i\u0263iy uyann ad imsr g yimal d ya\u1e93n." }, { "en": "Sami was walking towards the kitchen.", "ber": "ikka tt inn sami ar izzigiz s anwal." }, { "en": "She saw him break the window.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e5ba t ar i\u1e5b\u1e93\u1e93a g usatm." }, { "en": "She saw him break the window.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e5ba t llig i\u1e5b\u1e93a asatm." }, { "en": "Tom has expenses.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " dars i\u1e5b\u1e93an." ] }, { "en": "Tom has expenses.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " ila timq\u1e5ba\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Diego is pretty easy to get along with.", "ber": "dyigu", "null": [ " ifssus kigan ad dids ittsllak yan." ] }, { "en": "We got a lot more done today than we usually do.", "ber": "nsmd ass ad kigan n yiskkinn", "null": [ " uggar n unck lli yadlli nsmad." ] }, { "en": "I'm going to meet him there.", "ber": "rad dids mmaggar\u0263 dinn." }, { "en": "I just wanted to be your friend", "ber": " nothing more.", "null": [ "is hlli ri\u0263 ad g\u0263 amddakk\u02b7l nnk", " ur d uggar." ] }, { "en": "Love is worth more than gold.", "ber": "tswa tayri uggar n wur\u0263." }, { "en": "Love is worth more than gold.", "ber": "tuti tayri ur\u0263 s watig." }, { "en": "Haven't you forgotten anything?", "ber": "is d ur ttut kra?" }, { "en": "I only want to help her.", "ber": "ri\u0263 \u0263as ad as aws\u0263." }, { "en": "We have to figure out a way to get this machine to work under water.", "ber": "iqqan d ad naf kra n t\u0263arast ma s ad tswurruy tmakint ad ddaw n waman." }, { "en": "He sang softly.", "ber": "irir s tlu\u0263i." }, { "en": "How long will Tom stay with us?", "ber": "mnck a rad didn\u0263 igawr \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "I won't force you to go.", "ber": "ur rad ak s\u0263i\u0263 ad tddut." }, { "en": "Tom loved singing. However", "ber": " no one wanted to listen to him sing.", "null": [ "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum i\u1e25ml irir. is ka", " ur iri awd yan ad as issfld kud ittirir." ] }, { "en": "Layla got married at twenty and had two children.", "ber": "tiwl layla \u0263f sin id mraw usgg\u02b7as taru sin tarwa." }, { "en": "No one asks such questions except you.", "ber": "ur da isqsa awd yan wan isqsitn nnk slid kyyin." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary aren't as strong as you think they are.", "ber": "ur idus \u1e6dum nttan d mari s unck lli t\u0263alt kyyin." }, { "en": "We weren't friends.", "ber": "ur yadlli ngi imddukkal." }, { "en": "Sami knows that Layla is here.", "ber": "issn sami is \u0263id tlla layla." }, { "en": "Diego didn't have his gun drawn.", "ber": "dyigu", "null": [ " ur d ildi afrdi nns tizi ann." ] }, { "en": "Tom tricked Mary into paying for his ticket.", "ber": "issknd \u1e6dum mari allig \u0263ifs tfra tanfult nns." }, { "en": "Does it have to be this way?", "ber": "is tt id iqqan ad tg mkad?" }, { "en": "I think Tom is hiding something from us.", "ber": "nni\u0263 nkkin mas flla\u0263 issntl \u1e6dum kra." }, { "en": "Mennad is not from the KKK.", "ber": "ur igi mnnad sg ayt ku kluks." }, { "en": "Mennad is not from the KKK.", "ber": "ur igi mnnad sg kkk." }, { "en": "Tom has a lot of patience.", "ber": "i\u1e6d\u1e6daf \u1e6dum ta\u1e93\u1e93i\u1e0d\u1e5ba iggutn." }, { "en": "Mennad spent six days here.", "ber": "ikka mnnad \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63 wussan daha." }, { "en": "Mennad spent six days here.", "ber": "mnnad", "null": [ " izzri \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63 wussan \u0263id." ] }, { "en": "I already know everything.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 yad kra illan." }, { "en": "There were a lot of cars on the street.", "ber": "kkant tt inn kigan n thira g usuk." }, { "en": "Does Mary like her job?", "ber": "is t\u1e25ml mari tawuri nns?" }, { "en": "Tom turned right and Mary headed the other way.", "ber": "ib\u1e5b\u1e5bm \u1e6dum i ufasi twats mari a\u0263aras ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "They stayed in the water.", "ber": "qqimn g waman." }, { "en": "I heard some dogs barking. \"Those were not dogs. They were wolves.\"", "ber": "slla\u0263 i kra n yi\u1e0dan ar tta\u0263n. \"winn ur gin i\u1e0dan. uccann aynna.\"" }, { "en": "Tom sent you", "ber": " didn't he?", "null": [ "\u1e6dum a k d yuznn", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "Tom sent you", "ber": " didn't he?", "null": [ "issif\u1e0d k d \u1e6dum", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "I run quickly.", "ber": "da ttazzal\u0263 s tfssi." }, { "en": "I wonder whether Tom did what he said he'd do.", "ber": "a wi issnn is iskr \u1e6dum aylli s inna rad t iskr." }, { "en": "You should tell her the truth.", "ber": "illa fllak ad as tinit tidt." }, { "en": "He wanted to prove to himself that he could do it.", "ber": "ikka tt inn ira ad iml i yixf nns mas izmr ad tt iskr." }, { "en": "Ziri and his friend stood there.", "ber": "ziri d umddakk\u02b7l nns", "null": [ " bddn dinn." ] }, { "en": "The police arrested the wrong man.", "ber": "um\u1e93n yibulisiyn argaz izgln." }, { "en": "The police arrested the wrong man.", "ber": "\u0263in yibulisiyn walli t ur igin." }, { "en": "Sami took his stuff when he left.", "ber": "yiwi sami ti\u0263awsiwin nns llig ifta." }, { "en": "You thought I wouldn't notice", "ber": " didn't you?", "null": [ "t\u0263alt is d ur rad ak\u02b7z\u0263", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "You thought I wouldn't notice", "ber": " didn't you?", "null": [ "t\u0263alt is d ur rad rar\u0263 ta\u0263\u1e0dft", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "Tom broke his leg in a ski race in 2005", "ber": " but was skiing again in less than three months.", "null": [ "\u1e6dum", " ikka tt inn i\u1e5b\u1e93a g u\u1e0da\u1e5b nns ammas n yat t\u0263ira n uski g 2005", " maca ya\u0263ul d ar da\u0263 ittskay ur akk\u02b7 fllas zrin k\u1e5ba\u1e0d yirn." ] }, { "en": "You need to make the decision by yourselves.", "ber": "iqqan d ad tbbim i\u0263tasn nnun s yixfawn nnun." }, { "en": "He talked a lot about Berber.", "ber": "isawl kigan \u0263f tmazi\u0263t." }, { "en": "I am ashamed.", "ber": "mrg\u0263." }, { "en": "My house is located in a convenient place - near the train station.", "ber": "tucka d tgmmi nu g yan ud\u0263ar ihyyan - tama n usrs n ulaway." }, { "en": "What's your favorite wild animal?", "ber": "man amudr armyar ad dark yufn?" }, { "en": "What's your favorite wild animal?", "ber": "ma igan amudr nnk armyar nna da tsmyafat?" }, { "en": "I know what we need.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 mad nusr." }, { "en": "Tom sweated.", "ber": "issidi \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom sweated.", "ber": "isuddm \u1e6dum s tidi." }, { "en": "Tom didn't see the road sign.", "ber": "ur i\u1e93\u1e5bi \u1e6dum tamatart n ubrid." }, { "en": "When I opened the box", "ber": " it was empty.", "null": [ "llig d \u1e5b\u1e93m\u0263 tafniqt", " af\u0263 tt id tura." ] }, { "en": "Why's it so hot in here?", "ber": "maf bahra ir\u0263a \u0263id?" }, { "en": "Muslim traders from Arabia introduced Islam to Malaysia and Indonesia.", "ber": "isbbabn imuslmn lli d kkanin tamgzirt n wa\u025b\u1e5babn", "null": [ " ssikmn tinslmt i malizya d indunisya." ] }, { "en": "I don't want to go to hospital.", "ber": "ur ri\u0263 ad ddu\u0263 s asgnaf." }, { "en": "Mary said she's never taught French.", "ber": "tnna mari mas d ur jju tsslmd taf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "May I ask Tom a few questions?", "ber": "is ufi\u0263 ad sqsa\u0263 \u1e6dum itsn isqsitn?" }, { "en": "Mary looked like she was relieved.", "ber": "tbayn d mari zun d i\u0263 tfukka." }, { "en": "I speak French sometimes.", "ber": "da sawal\u0263 taf\u1e5bansist kra n tkkal." }, { "en": "His health situation worries me.", "ber": "iga iyi waddad nns adusan anzgum." }, { "en": "His health situation worries me.", "ber": "ar iyi issnzgum waddad nns adusan." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary are upstairs in their rooms.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari", "null": [ " llan g uflla ammas n t\u1e25una nnsn." ] }, { "en": "I'd like you to meet him.", "ber": "ri\u0263 k ad dids tmmaggart." }, { "en": "Not everyone can afford a car.", "ber": "ur kullu \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn mddn ad s\u0263n tihirit." }, { "en": "I've seen pandas at zoos.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 ibandatn ammas n wurti n yimudar." }, { "en": "The case is still under investigation.", "ber": "isul usdaw ddaw n usagg\u02b7." }, { "en": "Tom is not to be trusted.", "ber": "ad ur ittuflas \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We're now in February.", "ber": "nkk\u02b7ni \u0263il ad", "null": [ " nlla g b\u1e5bay\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "How long has it been going on?", "ber": "mnck ad ikka uyann?" }, { "en": "How long has it been going on?", "ber": "mnck ad ikka uyann ar izzigiz?" }, { "en": "Truly", "ber": " I still think this will accomplish nothing.", "null": [ "s tidt", " ar ukan sul ttini\u0263 mas d ur rad nn ibbi uyad amya." ] }, { "en": "Truly", "ber": " I still think this will accomplish nothing.", "null": [ "s tidt", " sul\u0263 ar ttannay\u0263 is ur rad ismd uyad awd \u1e25a\u1e25." ] }, { "en": "Can they send me a brochure?", "ber": "is zmrn ad iyi d aznn yat tara\u0263t?" }, { "en": "The sun is a medium-sized star.", "ber": "tga tafukt yan yitri ilan yat tiddi tanammast." }, { "en": "I haven't studied French at all this week.", "ber": "ur akk\u02b7 \u0263ri\u0263 taf\u1e5bansist imalass ad." }, { "en": "Sami wanted to be Farid's friend.", "ber": "ikka tt inn ira sami ad ig amddakk\u02b7l n farid." }, { "en": "Tom has finally decided to go to Boston.", "ber": "i\u0263ts sul \u1e6dum ad iddu s bus\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "I spent the day with family.", "ber": "kli\u0263 ass ad d twja." }, { "en": "I spent the day with family.", "ber": "zzri\u0263 ass ad akd twja." }, { "en": "I spent the day with family.", "ber": "zzri\u0263 ass d twja." }, { "en": "I spent the day with my family.", "ber": "zzri\u0263 ass d twja inu." }, { "en": "Take all this to the kitchen.", "ber": "awi ayad akk\u02b7 s unwal." }, { "en": "Crap.", "ber": "ttfu." }, { "en": "Crap.", "ber": "ixx." }, { "en": "Congrats!", "ber": "ir\u0263ud!" }, { "en": "I'll speak to you in German.", "ber": "rad sik sawl\u0263 s talmanit." }, { "en": "I'll speak to you in German.", "ber": "rad situn sawl\u0263 s talmanit." }, { "en": "I wanted to speak to Tom in French.", "ber": "ri\u0263 yadlli ad sawl\u0263 d \u1e6dum s tf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "Did you talk about politics?", "ber": "is tsawld \u0263f tsrtit?" }, { "en": "Were you here on October 20th?", "ber": "is yadlli \u0263id tllid g 20 ktubr?" }, { "en": "We didn't eat chocolate since then.", "ber": "ur ncci ccklat sg wakud ann." }, { "en": "I'd like a red one.", "ber": "ri\u0263 tazgg\u02b7a\u0263t." }, { "en": "I'd like a red one.", "ber": "ri\u0263 azgg\u02b7a\u0263." }, { "en": "I felt my heart pounding.", "ber": "syafa\u0263 s wul inu ar ikkat." }, { "en": "You found yourselves unemployed.", "ber": "tufam d i\u0263fawn nnun min tawuri." }, { "en": "I don't remember how I found myself on the ground.", "ber": "ur k\u02b7ti\u0263 \u0263f manimk s nn ufi\u0263 i\u0263f inu g wakal." }, { "en": "He does not know how he finds himself here.", "ber": "ur issin manimk s nn yufa i\u0263f nns da." }, { "en": "I cannot stand.", "ber": "ur \u0263iy\u0263 ad bdd\u0263." }, { "en": "Stand up on your feet!", "ber": "bdd \u0263f i\u1e0da\u1e5bn nnk!" }, { "en": "Stand up on your feet!", "ber": "bddat \u0263f i\u1e0da\u1e5bn nnun!" }, { "en": "I will remind you in case you forgot.", "ber": "rad k ssk\u02b7ti\u0263 ig tettud." }, { "en": "We reminded them about the money.", "ber": "nssk\u02b7ti asn idrimn." }, { "en": "Let me remind you my mother's words.", "ber": "ajj i ad ak d ssk\u02b7ti\u0263 tiguriwin n immi." }, { "en": "He remembered me when he came to Paris.", "ber": "ik\u02b7ti i id llig d yucka s bariz." }, { "en": "I hope we will remember them tomorrow.", "ber": "nnurz\u0263 is rad tn nk\u02b7ti azkka." }, { "en": "We don't remember.", "ber": "ur da nk\u02b7tti." }, { "en": "The result is good.", "ber": "tfulki tyafut." }, { "en": "I already wrote the sentence.", "ber": "uri\u0263 yad tawinst." }, { "en": "I had already written the sentence.", "ber": "uri\u0263 yad tawinst." }, { "en": "He was looking for this book.", "ber": "ikka tt inn ar isiggil s udlis ad." }, { "en": "Add some sentences.", "ber": "rnu kra n twinas." }, { "en": "Add sentences.", "ber": "rnu tiwinas." }, { "en": "Yes", "ber": " Mom.", "null": [ "yah a immi." ] }, { "en": "Yes", "ber": " Dad.", "null": [ "yah a baba." ] }, { "en": "Everything was already done.", "ber": "kraygatt ta\u0263awsa tettuskar yad." }, { "en": "Who was here in my absence?", "ber": "manwa tt inn \u0263id ikka g tibawt inu?" }, { "en": "What is the capital of France?", "ber": "mayd igan tama\u1e93unt n f\u1e5ban\u1e63a?" }, { "en": "We've got a maths test tomorrow.", "ber": "darn\u0263 irim n tusnakt azkka." }, { "en": "Don't shake this bottle.", "ber": "ad ur tsrgigiyt tibninnizt ad." }, { "en": "Our dog got hurt.", "ber": "ittubray waydi nn\u0263." }, { "en": "Are you living here alone?", "ber": "is \u0263id tddrd i wa\u1e0du nnk?" }, { "en": "Are you living here alone?", "ber": "is tddrd da i wa\u1e0du nnm?" }, { "en": "He's got a cold heart.", "ber": "\u0263urs ul i\u1e63mmi\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "He's got a cold heart.", "ber": "iqqur wul nns." }, { "en": "He enjoys lying to himself.", "ber": "ifjjij s uskrks \u0263 yi\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "I don't want to be somebody else.", "ber": "ur ri\u0263 ad g\u0263 kra n yan ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "Do not lie to people.", "ber": "ad ur tskrkist \u0263f mddn." }, { "en": "He passed away.", "ber": "immut." }, { "en": "He stopped laughing.", "ber": "isbdd ta\u1e0d\u1e63a." }, { "en": "He likes films.", "ber": "da ittiri isura." }, { "en": "He is jealous.", "ber": "iga anism." }, { "en": "He disappeared again.", "ber": "intl da\u0263." }, { "en": "He hates her.", "ber": "iksn tt." }, { "en": "He drives fast.", "ber": "da inddh s tmmri." }, { "en": "He likes you!", "ber": "tssusmd t!" }, { "en": "He likes you!", "ber": "i\u1e25ml k!" }, { "en": "He's different.", "ber": "imzaray." }, { "en": "He's Italian.", "ber": "iga a\u1e6dalyani." }, { "en": "He's what?", "ber": "iga mit?" }, { "en": "He is afraid.", "ber": "ik\u1e63u\u1e0d." }, { "en": "He is afraid.", "ber": "igg\u02b7d." }, { "en": "He was furious.", "ber": "ikka tt inn irfa." }, { "en": "He's drunk.", "ber": "iswa." }, { "en": "He's fine.", "ber": "ur t ya\u0263 yat." }, { "en": "He's busy.", "ber": "ur t id ya\u0263." }, { "en": "He's stupid.", "ber": "idduqqr." }, { "en": "He loves me.", "ber": "da i ittiri." }, { "en": "He was hurt.", "ber": "ikka tt inn ittubray." }, { "en": "He was young.", "ber": "ikka tt inn iga a\u025brrim." }, { "en": "He started laughing.", "ber": "issnti ta\u1e0d\u1e63a." }, { "en": "He bent forward.", "ber": "ik\u02b7na s mnid." }, { "en": "He looked embarrassed.", "ber": "yuman is ittmrrg." }, { "en": "He has issues.", "ber": "dars imukrisn." }, { "en": "He always shows.", "ber": "da bdda ittuman." }, { "en": "Is he asleep?", "ber": "is i\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e63?" }, { "en": "Is he asleep?", "ber": "is ign?" }, { "en": "He slept deeply.", "ber": "i\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e63 s t\u0263bi." }, { "en": "Is he cute?", "ber": "is i\u1e0d\u1e5b\u1e5bf?" }, { "en": "He's dead?", "ber": "immut?" }, { "en": "He's useless.", "ber": "iga arumris." }, { "en": "He loves you.", "ber": "da k ittiri." }, { "en": "He loves you.", "ber": "da km ittiri." }, { "en": "He loves him.", "ber": "da t ittiri." }, { "en": "He abandoned hope.", "ber": "ifl anaruz." }, { "en": "He left home.", "ber": "ifl tigmmi." }, { "en": "He runs fast.", "ber": "da ittazzal s tmmri." }, { "en": "He came first.", "ber": "yucka d s izwir." }, { "en": "He's friendly.", "ber": "i\u1e0d\u1e5b\u1e5bf." }, { "en": "He began singing.", "ber": "issnti irir." }, { "en": "He went crazy.", "ber": "inufl." }, { "en": "He looked young.", "ber": "yuman iga a\u025brrim." }, { "en": "He just smiled.", "ber": "\u1e25ra izmummg." }, { "en": "He requested help.", "ber": "ittr tiwisi." }, { "en": "He likes animals.", "ber": "ssusmn t imudar." }, { "en": "Will he recover?", "ber": "is rad ijji?" }, { "en": "He walks quickly.", "ber": "da ittddu s tmmri." }, { "en": "He's married.", "ber": "yiwl." }, { "en": "He is late.", "ber": "imu\u1e6dl." }, { "en": "He can speak.", "ber": "izmr ad isawl." }, { "en": "Is he correct?", "ber": "is i\u0263\u1e93an?" }, { "en": "Food!", "ber": "amtcu!" }, { "en": "Food fight!", "ber": "imi\u0263 n umtcu!" }, { "en": "Food arrived.", "ber": "ilkm umtcu." }, { "en": "This is food.", "ber": "wa iga amtcu." }, { "en": "It's food.", "ber": "amtcu ayann." }, { "en": "Hurry up.", "ber": "ammr." }, { "en": "Hurry up.", "ber": "\u0263awl." }, { "en": "OK.", "ber": "waxxa." }, { "en": "Ok!", "ber": "waxxa!" }, { "en": "Alright", "ber": " OK.", "null": [ "waxxa." ] }, { "en": "Ok! Thanks.", "ber": "waxxa! tanmmirt." }, { "en": "Walk!", "ber": "ddu!" }, { "en": "Walk.", "ber": "ddu." }, { "en": "Walk slowly.", "ber": "ddu s imikk." }, { "en": "Walk slowly!", "ber": "ddu s imikk!" }, { "en": "They walked.", "ber": "ddan." }, { "en": "Keep walking.", "ber": "smd tawada." }, { "en": "Tom walked.", "ber": "idda \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom walks.", "ber": "da ittddu \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Sami went to his friend's house.", "ber": "idda sami s tgmmi n umddukk\u02b7l nns." }, { "en": "Hmm...", "ber": "hmm..." }, { "en": "Hmm", "ber": " maybe!", "null": [ "hmm", " yallfus!" ] }, { "en": "Hmm!! This is good!", "ber": "hmm!! ifulki uya!" }, { "en": "Hmm... what do I do now?", "ber": "hmm... mayd skar\u0263 \u0263ila?" }, { "en": "Close!", "ber": "qqn!" }, { "en": "Where are my pants?", "ber": "manza isrwaln inu?" }, { "en": "Where are my pants?", "ber": "mani g llan ikrbayn inu?" }, { "en": "I don't think that anyone can do this.", "ber": "ur nni\u0263 mas i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b kra n yan ad iskr ayad." }, { "en": "I don't think you want to hear about my problems.", "ber": "ur nni\u0263 is trid ad tsllad i imukrisn inu." }, { "en": "I don't think that you want to hear about my problems.", "ber": "ur nni\u0263 is trid ad tsllad i imukrisn inu." }, { "en": "I don't think Tom is handsome.", "ber": "ur nni\u0263 is iga \u1e6dum afalkay." }, { "en": "Probably.", "ber": "yallfus." }, { "en": "Probably not.", "ber": "irwas uhu." }, { "en": "She probably knows.", "ber": "irwas is tssn." }, { "en": "He probably knows.", "ber": "irwas is issn." }, { "en": "Tom probably knows.", "ber": "irwas is issn \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "They probably know.", "ber": "irwas is ssnn." }, { "en": "It seems probable.", "ber": "irwas is yallfus." }, { "en": "Tom probably cried.", "ber": "irwas is yalla \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom probably won.", "ber": "irwas is irna \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom probably died.", "ber": "irwas is immut \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "She's old and crazy.", "ber": "tussr", "null": [ " tnufl." ] }, { "en": "She's old", "ber": " isn't she?", "null": [ "tussr", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "She's old enough to know the truth.", "ber": "tmqqur s unct lli yudan ad tssn tidt." }, { "en": "We need to pray more.", "ber": "nusr ad n\u1e93\u1e93all uggar." }, { "en": "Pray more. This is going to help you.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e93all uggar. aya rad ak yaws." }, { "en": "I'm not a singer.", "ber": "ur gi\u0263 amarir." }, { "en": "I'm not a doctor.", "ber": "ur gi\u0263 amsgnaf." }, { "en": "Do you sometimes wake up feeling tired?", "ber": "is da d tnkkrd kra n tkkal t\u1e5bmid?" }, { "en": "Who's that woman in the brown coat?", "ber": "mayd tga tm\u1e6d\u1e6dut ann mm ukbbu\u1e0d admman?" }, { "en": "Should I buy a black car or a blue car?", "ber": "is d iqqan ad s\u0263\u0263 tihirit tabrkant n\u0263 d tihirit tanilit?" }, { "en": "I need forty dollars.", "ber": "usr\u0263 kkumraw n idula\u1e5bn." }, { "en": "You're the ones we've been waiting for.", "ber": "k\u02b7nni ayd igan willi s da yadlli nttqql." }, { "en": "The ring", "ber": " please.", "null": [ "itli", " amur nnk." ] }, { "en": "I want you to drive me to school.", "ber": "ri\u0263 k ad i tawid s tinml." }, { "en": "Did you talk to him about me?", "ber": "is as fllati tsawld?" }, { "en": "Your breakfast is ready.", "ber": "tagmgimt nnk tmuttg." }, { "en": "Your breakfast is ready.", "ber": "tagmgimt nnk tujad." }, { "en": "Catch them.", "ber": "am\u1e93 tn." }, { "en": "Catch them.", "ber": "am\u1e93at tn." }, { "en": "We haven't seen you for a while.", "ber": "ur k n\u1e93\u1e5bi mnct aya." }, { "en": "There are many people in the street.", "ber": "llan dinn tugt n mddn g wasuk." }, { "en": "There are six pages in chapter two.", "ber": "llant \u0263inn \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63t tsniwin g tgzzumt tiss snat." }, { "en": "Are you going to the dentist?", "ber": "is rad tddud \u0263ur amsgnaf n t\u0263mas?" }, { "en": "Both of us could have died.", "ber": "s sin nn\u0263 n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b yadlli ad nmmt." }, { "en": "I don't think that Tom has to do that any more.", "ber": "ur nni\u0263 is d iqqan ad sul iskar \u1e6dum mayann." }, { "en": "What must he have?", "ber": "mad a\u0263 d iqqan ad darn\u0263 yili?" }, { "en": "I know I didn't do that like you said I did.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 nkkin is ur tt skir\u0263 s mklli s tnnit kyyin is tt skr\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom and I both don't like Mary.", "ber": "nkkin d \u1e6dum", "null": [ " ur n\u1e25mil mari s sin itn\u0263." ] }, { "en": "That's the difference between you and me.", "ber": "ayann ayd igan amzaray gr iyi didk." }, { "en": "It's obvious that she's innocent.", "ber": "ur intil is tga tar tumla." }, { "en": "We have three planes.", "ber": "llant darn\u0263 k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt tylalin." }, { "en": "Sami was testing Layla's patience.", "ber": "ikka tt inn sami ar ittarm a\u1e93i\u1e0d\u1e5b n layla." }, { "en": "How's the sound? \"I can't hear you.\"", "ber": "manmk ayd iga yimsli? \"ur zmir\u0263 ad ak slla\u0263.\"" }, { "en": "I guess things like this happen all the time in Boston.", "ber": "zzi\u0263 d is ar bdda ttmsarnt zun d ti\u0263awsiwin ad g bus\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "My Berber is pretty good.", "ber": "tcwa tmazi\u0263t inu kigan." }, { "en": "I'm afraid Tom doesn't like me.", "ber": "gg\u02b7d\u0263 is iyi ur i\u1e25mil \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Because it started to rain", "ber": " I couldn't use my camera.", "null": [ "idd\u0263 issnta un\u1e93a\u1e5b ar i\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e5b", " ur ufi\u0263 ad ssmrs\u0263 takami\u1e5bat inu." ] }, { "en": "Because it started to rain", "ber": " I couldn't use my camera.", "null": [ "acku issnta un\u1e93a\u1e5b ar ikkat", " ur zmir\u0263 ad ssmrs\u0263 taswllaft inu." ] }, { "en": "Alberto was screaming at the homeless guy.", "ber": "ikka tt inn albirtu ar is\u0263uyyu \u0263f urgaz war axam." }, { "en": "Tom is very thirsty.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " iffud kigan." ] }, { "en": "Tom is very thirsty.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " ya\u0263 t bahra yirifi." ] }, { "en": "I'm angry that she didn't call me.", "ber": "nkkin rfi\u0263 llig iyi ur t\u0263ri." }, { "en": "Why are there so many people?", "ber": "max allig llan kigan n mddn?" }, { "en": "Why are there so many people?", "ber": "maf ggutn mddn?" }, { "en": "Tom sat down beside Mary.", "ber": "iqqim \u1e6dum tama n mari." }, { "en": "I read the paper sometimes.", "ber": "da qqar\u0263 an\u0263mis kra n tkkal." }, { "en": "Let me show you where to put that.", "ber": "ajj iyi ad ak ml\u0263 mani g rad tsrst mayann." }, { "en": "They met on a fishing trip.", "ber": "mmaggarn g yat tmuddut n ugmmr n yislman." }, { "en": "I was nearly run over by a car.", "ber": "dru\u0263 ad iyi tbb\u02b7j yat thirit." }, { "en": "I was nearly run over by a car.", "ber": "imikk ur flli tzri yat thirit." }, { "en": "Felix curled up in a ball and cried.", "ber": "imnu\u1e0da filiks amm tkurt ar nit ittru." }, { "en": "Here", "ber": " look for yourself.", "null": [ "ha", " smuqql s yixf nnk." ] }, { "en": "Bats hunt at night.", "ber": "da gmmrn yibll\u1e5bwa\u1e0dn s yi\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't have to answer that question.", "ber": "ur illi \u0263f \u1e6dum ad irar \u0263f usqsi nna." }, { "en": "I'm confident we can catch Tom.", "ber": "fls\u0263 is rad d nam\u1e93 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom put the map on the table.", "ber": "isrs d \u1e6dum taka\u1e5b\u1e0da \u0263f tdabut." }, { "en": "I didn't want to see anyone.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn ur ri\u0263 ad i\u1e93i\u1e5b\u0263 awd yan." }, { "en": "It's raining", "ber": " and I haven't got an umbrella.", "null": [ "ar ikkat un\u1e93a\u1e5b", " d ur li\u0263 nkkin kra n taran\u1e93a\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "What happens?", "ber": "matta uyad ittmsarn?" }, { "en": "Well done", "ber": " everybody.", "null": [ "ayyuz nnun s mad akk\u02b7 tllam." ] }, { "en": "Today I'm working at home.", "ber": "ass ad", "null": [ " ar swuruy\u0263 ammas n tgmmi." ] }, { "en": "She doesn't live there any more.", "ber": "ur sul \u0263inn tzdi\u0263." }, { "en": "Mary teaches French in London.", "ber": "da tssaqqra mari taf\u1e5bansist g lun\u1e0dun." }, { "en": "I opened the link.", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93m\u0263 d azday." }, { "en": "They know who we are.", "ber": "nttni", "null": [ " ssnn mad nga." ] }, { "en": "They know who we are.", "ber": "nttni", "null": [ " ssnn mayd nms nkk\u02b7ni." ] }, { "en": "I sure hope that that's not true.", "ber": "is nit nnurz\u0263 ad ur ig mayann tidt." }, { "en": "You can spend the night at our place.", "ber": "tufit ad tnst g wansa nn\u0263." }, { "en": "I know Tom knows something.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 is issn \u1e6dum kra." }, { "en": "I'll be thirteen years old next week.", "ber": "rad skr\u0263 k\u1e5ba\u1e0d id mraw usgg\u02b7as imalass d iddan." }, { "en": "I'll be thirteen years old next week.", "ber": "rad g\u0263 bu k\u1e5ba\u1e0d id mraw usgg\u02b7as imalass d yuckan." }, { "en": "I don't want to listen to you complaining again.", "ber": "ur ri\u0263 ad ssflid\u0263 i usmummi nnk da\u0263." }, { "en": "I love learning Berber.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 almmud n tmazi\u0263t." }, { "en": "I'm tired of your lies.", "ber": "\u1e5bmi\u0263 sg tkrkas nnk." }, { "en": "He is tired of your lies.", "ber": "i\u1e5bmi sg tkrkas nnk." }, { "en": "They had tears on their eyes.", "ber": "llan im\u1e6d\u1e6dawn g walln nnsn." }, { "en": "I had tears on my eyes.", "ber": "llan im\u1e6d\u1e6dawn g walln inu." }, { "en": "Did you phone the police?", "ber": "is t\u0263rid i tmsulta?" }, { "en": "Did you phone the police?", "ber": "is tsawld s ibulisn?" }, { "en": "Our hands are tied.", "ber": "ttyasasn ifassn nn\u0263." }, { "en": "He said yes.", "ber": "inna yah." }, { "en": "He believed Tom.", "ber": "ifls \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "He called you.", "ber": "i\u0263ra ak." }, { "en": "He called you.", "ber": "i\u0263ra am." }, { "en": "He called you.", "ber": "i\u0263ra awn." }, { "en": "He fired Mary.", "ber": "i\u1e6d\u1e6day mari." }, { "en": "He found Mary.", "ber": "yufa mari." }, { "en": "He knows that.", "ber": "issn ayann." }, { "en": "He likes jazz.", "ber": "da ittiri jaz." }, { "en": "He likes Mary.", "ber": "da ittiri mari." }, { "en": "He lost count.", "ber": "izla asi\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "He loved Mary.", "ber": "ira mari." }, { "en": "He needed you.", "ber": "yusr k." }, { "en": "He hired Tom.", "ber": "ismahl \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "He loved Tom.", "ber": "ira \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "He fled Australia.", "ber": "irwl sg us\u1e6d\u1e5balya." }, { "en": "He said that.", "ber": "inna ayann." }, { "en": "He trusts you.", "ber": "ifls gik." }, { "en": "He trusts you.", "ber": "ifls gim." }, { "en": "He trusts you.", "ber": "ifls gitun." }, { "en": "He forgave me.", "ber": "issurf iyi." }, { "en": "He wants that.", "ber": "ira ayann." }, { "en": "He brought his.", "ber": "is\u0263a winns." }, { "en": "He corrected it.", "ber": "iss\u0263ta t." }, { "en": "He corrected it.", "ber": "iss\u0263ta tt." }, { "en": "He deserves this.", "ber": "yuklal aya." }, { "en": "He enjoys movies.", "ber": "da ittfjjij s isura." }, { "en": "He guarantees it.", "ber": "i\u1e0dkl t." }, { "en": "He guarantees it.", "ber": "i\u1e0dkl tt." }, { "en": "He hates insects.", "ber": "iksn ibxxuyn." }, { "en": "He likes seafood.", "ber": "da ittiri igumma n yill." }, { "en": "He loves reading.", "ber": "da ittiri ti\u0263ri." }, { "en": "He made cookies.", "ber": "issnwa ikukiyn." }, { "en": "He needs answers.", "ber": "yusr timrarutin." }, { "en": "He needed money.", "ber": "yusr idrimn." }, { "en": "He noticed that.", "ber": "i\u0263\u1e0df ayann." }, { "en": "He started that.", "ber": "issnti ayann." }, { "en": "He wants answers.", "ber": "ira timrarutin." }, { "en": "He hates parties.", "ber": "iksn tifugliwin." }, { "en": "He loved Boston.", "ber": "ira bu\u1e63\u1e6dn." }, { "en": "He knows Mary.", "ber": "issn mari." }, { "en": "He likes snow.", "ber": "da ittiri adfl." }, { "en": "He believes Tom.", "ber": "ifls \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "He despises Tom.", "ber": "ar isslkaw \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "He found one.", "ber": "yufa yan." }, { "en": "He joined us.", "ber": "idra di\u0263." }, { "en": "He knows why.", "ber": "issn ma \u0263f." }, { "en": "He left this.", "ber": "ifl aya." }, { "en": "He looked up.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e5ba s uflla." }, { "en": "He lost Mary.", "ber": "izla mari." }, { "en": "He loves art.", "ber": "da ittiri ta\u1e93\u1e5bi." }, { "en": "He texted me.", "ber": "yura iyi tabrat." }, { "en": "He told Mary.", "ber": "inna t i mari." }, { "en": "He trusts me.", "ber": "ifls giti." }, { "en": "He caught Tom.", "ber": "yum\u1e93 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "He helped Tom.", "ber": "yiws i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "He has plans.", "ber": "dars i\u0263awasn." }, { "en": "He missed you.", "ber": "yu\u1e0dn k inn." }, { "en": "He missed you.", "ber": "yu\u1e0dn km inn." }, { "en": "He stopped it.", "ber": "isbdd t." }, { "en": "He tried that.", "ber": "yurm ayann." }, { "en": "He hired me.", "ber": "ismahl i." }, { "en": "He went home.", "ber": "idda s taddart." }, { "en": "He went home.", "ber": "idda s tgmmi." }, { "en": "He raised me.", "ber": "yull i." }, { "en": "He built it.", "ber": "i\u1e93ka t." }, { "en": "He built it.", "ber": "i\u1e93ka tt." }, { "en": "He hates secrets.", "ber": "iksn uffirn." }, { "en": "Correct!", "ber": "iga tidt!" }, { "en": "Correct!", "ber": "i\u0263ta!" }, { "en": "Correct.", "ber": "imk ann." }, { "en": "Correct.", "ber": "i\u0263ta." }, { "en": "Correct.", "ber": "nnican." }, { "en": "Correct errors.", "ber": "ss\u0263ti izgaln." }, { "en": "Correct them.", "ber": "ss\u0263ti tn." }, { "en": "Correct it.", "ber": "ss\u0263ti t." }, { "en": "Are you correct?", "ber": "is t\u0263\u1e93and?" }, { "en": "Are you correct?", "ber": "is t\u0263\u1e93anm?" }, { "en": "Please correct that.", "ber": "amur nnk ss\u0263ti ayann." }, { "en": "Please correct it.", "ber": "amur nnk ss\u0263ti t." }, { "en": "I hope you'll say yes.", "ber": "nnurz\u0263 ad tinid yah." }, { "en": "We have to stop this experiment.", "ber": "iqqan d ad nsbdd turmit ad." }, { "en": "We have to stop this now.", "ber": "illa flla\u0263 ad nsbdd aya \u0263ila." }, { "en": "We have to stop this before it happens.", "ber": "illa \u0263ifn\u0263 ad nsbdd mayad dat ad imsar." }, { "en": "Pardon!", "ber": "asurf!" }, { "en": "Pardon?", "ber": "asurf?" }, { "en": "Pardon.", "ber": "asurf." }, { "en": "Pardon me?", "ber": "ssurf iyi?" }, { "en": "Fly!", "ber": "ayl!" }, { "en": "Fly.", "ber": "ayl." }, { "en": "Birds fly.", "ber": "da ttaylaln ig\u1e0da\u1e0d." }, { "en": "The birds fly.", "ber": "da ttaylaln ig\u1e0da\u1e0d." }, { "en": "I can fly.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad ayl\u0263." }, { "en": "He can fly.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad yayl." }, { "en": "Superman can fly.", "ber": "izmr subrman ad ittaylal." }, { "en": "Kill that fly.", "ber": "n\u0263 izi ann." }, { "en": "Fly to London.", "ber": "ayl s lundun." }, { "en": "Can elephants fly?", "ber": "is \u0263iyn ilwan ad ttaylaln?" }, { "en": "Many insects fly.", "ber": "tugt n ibxxuyn da ttaylaln." }, { "en": "Can you fly?", "ber": "is t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bd ad tettaylald?" }, { "en": "We can fly.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nayl." }, { "en": "It can fly.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad yayl." }, { "en": "Let's fly.", "ber": "aywa ad nayl." }, { "en": "Will you fly?", "ber": "is rad tayld?" }, { "en": "He likes stories.", "ber": "da ittiri tinqqisin." }, { "en": "He found us.", "ber": "yufa a\u0263." }, { "en": "See you tomorrow", "ber": " OK?", "null": [ "ad k \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263 askka", " waxxa?" ] }, { "en": "See you tomorrow", "ber": " OK?", "null": [ "ar askka", " waxxa?" ] }, { "en": "He is dead and buried now.", "ber": "ntta immut", "null": [ " ittum\u1e0dal \u0263il ad." ] }, { "en": "Did you fall in love with her at first sight?", "ber": "is t\u1e0d\u1e5bt g tayri nns g yi\u1e93\u1e5bi amzwaru?" }, { "en": "She promised she'd be more careful.", "ber": "tfka d awal mas rad tettawi itnan uggar." }, { "en": "The woman that I hope to marry turned out to be a man!", "ber": "tam\u1e6d\u1e6dudt nna s nnurz\u0263 ad tt iwl\u0263", "null": [ "tffu\u0263 d d argaz!" ] }, { "en": "The woman that I hope to marry turned out to be a man!", "ber": "tam\u1e6d\u1e6dudt nna s ssitm\u0263 ad tt iwl\u0263; zzi\u0263 d is tga argaz!" }, { "en": "Ziri wasn't expecting that.", "ber": "ur nn itam ziri maynna." }, { "en": "Ziri wasn't expecting that.", "ber": "ur nn itam ziri anck nna." }, { "en": "Ziri wasn't expecting that.", "ber": "ur idmi ziri ayann." }, { "en": "We are going to travel in a group this summer.", "ber": "rad nmmuddu s ugraw g undbu ad." }, { "en": "We are going to travel in a group this summer.", "ber": "dad nmmuddu amm ugraw anbdu ad." }, { "en": "Mary has two girlfriends.", "ber": "tla mari snat tsmunin." }, { "en": "Mary has two girlfriends.", "ber": "llant dar mari snat tmddukkal." }, { "en": "Is Tebboune the right man for the job?", "ber": "is d tbbun ayd igan i twuri?" }, { "en": "Both Tom and Mary have decided to leave.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari", "null": [ " \u0263tsn s sin itsn ad ddun." ] }, { "en": "You won't be able to recognize yourself.", "ber": "ur rad t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bt ad takzt ixf nnk." }, { "en": "Tom really fooled Mary.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " issknd mari s tidt." ] }, { "en": "What can be keeping them?", "ber": "ma rad tn yam\u1e93?" }, { "en": "She has eyes like no one has ever seen.", "ber": "llan dars kra n walln; ur jju d kra n yan ayd i\u1e93\u1e5ban zun d nttni." }, { "en": "She has eyes like no one has ever seen.", "ber": "tla alln nna jju ur i\u1e93\u1e5bi yan amm nttni." }, { "en": "I always tell Tom everything.", "ber": "da ttini\u0263 aha i \u1e6dum kra illan." }, { "en": "I'm writing a story.", "ber": "ar ttara\u0263 yat tullist." }, { "en": "Did you sell that boat?", "ber": "is tzznzit a\u0263rrabu nna?" }, { "en": "Put this on.", "ber": "g nn tad." }, { "en": "Put this on.", "ber": "ls tad." }, { "en": "There are a lot of books", "ber": " aren't there?", "null": [ "agudi n yidlisn ayd illan", " n\u0263 d is ur llin?" ] }, { "en": "People are generally good.", "ber": "\u1e93iln mddn s umata." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary don't speak the same language.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari", "null": [ " ur da sawaln yat tutlayt immrwasn." ] }, { "en": "Tom and Mary don't speak the same language.", "ber": "ur da isawal \u1e6dum d mari s yat tutlayt yaksuln." }, { "en": "Nobody saw who brought it.", "ber": "ur i\u1e93\u1e5bi awd yan mad tt id yiwin." }, { "en": "Tom pinched his nose.", "ber": "ikmz \u1e6dum tinzar nns." }, { "en": "When is your new book going to be published?", "ber": "managu rad ittufsar udlis nnk amaynu?" }, { "en": "Do you know how to use a slingshot?", "ber": "is tssnt ad tssmrst ildi?" }, { "en": "Did you have a slingshot when you were a kid?", "ber": "is tt inn dark ikka kra n yildi llig tm\u1e93\u1e93it?" }, { "en": "Where did you get a slingshot?", "ber": "mani g d tiwit ildi?" }, { "en": "Tom and Mary picked up their keys.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari", "null": [ " usin tisura nnsn." ] }, { "en": "Could you give Tom and me a ride home?", "ber": "is tufit ad a\u0263 tsslkmt nkkin d \u1e6dum \u0263r taddart?" }, { "en": "Gustavo saw the creature lifeless on the roof.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e5ba gustafu tugi tar tudrt iggi n uk\u02b7faf." }, { "en": "Tom might be careless.", "ber": "i\u0263iy \u1e6dum ad ig wad ur ittraran taynit." }, { "en": "Tom blames himself for John's suicide.", "ber": "da itta\u1e93m \u1e6dum ixf nns xf tun\u0263iman n jun." }, { "en": "Both Tom and I've worked in Boston.", "ber": "nkkin d \u1e6dum s sin itn\u0263 nswurri g bus\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "She's still in her office", "ber": " isn't she?", "null": [ "tlla sul g usira nns", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "How many times have you been to Europe?", "ber": "mnnawt tkkal ad d tkkit urubba?" }, { "en": "Your English is great!", "ber": "thyya tnglizit nnk!" }, { "en": "I like to invent useful things.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 ad snuflu\u0263 ti\u0263awsiwin ub\u0263irn." }, { "en": "I'm planning on being there for a week.", "ber": "umml\u0263 ad d kk\u0263 yan yimalass dinn." }, { "en": "Throw out your weapon.", "ber": "gr nn s ukrrad nnk." }, { "en": "The white sandy beach is very beautiful.", "ber": "ifulki bahra uftas bu igidi umlil." }, { "en": "I don't change.", "ber": "ur da ttnfil\u0263." }, { "en": "I told them not to come back.", "ber": "nni\u0263 asn ad d ur u\u0263uln." }, { "en": "This time tomorrow", "ber": " I'll be in Boston.", "null": [ "tizi ad askka", " rad ili\u0263 g bus\u1e6dun." ] }, { "en": "Don't say something so dream-crushing in front of children.", "ber": "ad ur tinit kra ixllun tiwargiwin mkad mnid n tazzanin." }, { "en": "I was hopeless.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn gi\u0263 war anaruz." }, { "en": "He is a man who is fond of ceremony.", "ber": "ntta", "null": [ " iga yan urgaz i\u1e25mln tafugla." ] }, { "en": "He is a man who is fond of ceremony.", "ber": "ntta", "null": [ " iga yan urgaz mi ittyagal wul s tfugla." ] }, { "en": "I didn't say Tom was to blame.", "ber": "ur nni\u0263 is iga \u1e6dum mad ntta\u1e93m." }, { "en": "Where is the nearest hospital?", "ber": "mani g illa usgnaf da akk\u02b7 ya\u1e93n?" }, { "en": "Where is the nearest hospital?", "ber": "mani g d yusa usgnaf nna akk\u02b7 inmalan?" }, { "en": "I can't work with them.", "ber": "ur zmir\u0263 ad didsn swurri\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't want to go out with Mary.", "ber": "ur iri \u1e6dum ad iff\u0263 d mari \u0263r b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't want to go out with Mary.", "ber": "ur iri \u1e6dum ad imun d mari." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't want to go out with Mary.", "ber": "ur iri \u1e6dum ad iff\u0263 akd mari." }, { "en": "I don't know why Tom wants me to leave.", "ber": "ur ssi\u0263 maf iyi ira \u1e6dum ad ftu\u0263." }, { "en": "I don't know why Tom wants me to leave.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 max allig iyi ira \u1e6dum ad ddu\u0263." }, { "en": "Don't talk back to your boss.", "ber": "ad ur ttrarat awal \u0263f um\u0263ar nnk." }, { "en": "He had some.", "ber": "ikka tt inn dars kra." }, { "en": "He trusts us.", "ber": "ifls gitn\u0263." }, { "en": "He wanted it.", "ber": "ira t yadlli." }, { "en": "He knows Tom.", "ber": "issn \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "He helped me.", "ber": "yiws iyi." }, { "en": "He likes her.", "ber": "tssusm t." }, { "en": "He caught me.", "ber": "yum\u1e93 i." }, { "en": "He knows this.", "ber": "issn aya." }, { "en": "He ruined it.", "ber": "isgufsa t." }, { "en": "He scared me.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e93ma i." }, { "en": "He caused this.", "ber": "isrg i uya." }, { "en": "He misses Boston.", "ber": "yu\u1e0dn nn bu\u1e63\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "He detests Tom.", "ber": "iksn \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "He fired me.", "ber": "i\u1e6d\u1e6day i." }, { "en": "He means it.", "ber": "issumk t." }, { "en": "He met Mary.", "ber": "immaqqar d mari." }, { "en": "He meant it.", "ber": "issumk t." }, { "en": "He told him.", "ber": "inna as t." }, { "en": "He told her.", "ber": "inna as t." }, { "en": "He beat them.", "ber": "irna tn." }, { "en": "He beat them.", "ber": "irna tnt." }, { "en": "He had lunch.", "ber": "icca imkli." }, { "en": "He has hope.", "ber": "dars anaruz." }, { "en": "He got Tom.", "ber": "yum\u1e93 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "He hates me.", "ber": "iksn i." }, { "en": "He lost it.", "ber": "ijla t." }, { "en": "He lost it.", "ber": "izla tt." }, { "en": "He said no.", "ber": "inna uhu." }, { "en": "He believes it.", "ber": "ifls t." }, { "en": "He believes it.", "ber": "ifls tt." }, { "en": "He deserves it.", "ber": "yuklal t." }, { "en": "He deserves it.", "ber": "yuklal tt." }, { "en": "He hates opera.", "ber": "iksn ubira." }, { "en": "He heard that.", "ber": "islla i uyann." }, { "en": "He missed Tom.", "ber": "yu\u1e0dn nn \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "He knew me.", "ber": "issn i yad." }, { "en": "He wants it.", "ber": "ixs t." }, { "en": "He wants it.", "ber": "ira tt." }, { "en": "He scared us.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e93ma a\u0263." }, { "en": "He scared us.", "ber": "issiwd a\u0263." }, { "en": "He made plans.", "ber": "is\u0263iws." }, { "en": "He made plans.", "ber": "iskr a\u0263awas." }, { "en": "He rewrote it.", "ber": "yuls as tirra." }, { "en": "He sells shoes.", "ber": "da izznza iburksn." }, { "en": "He took risks.", "ber": "ismizi." }, { "en": "He likes beans.", "ber": "da ittiri ibawn." }, { "en": "He needed space.", "ber": "yusr asayrar." }, { "en": "He wanted proof.", "ber": "ira an\u1e93a." }, { "en": "He knows me.", "ber": "issn i." }, { "en": "He helped us.", "ber": "yiws a\u0263." }, { "en": "He found Tom.", "ber": "yufa \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "She tried.", "ber": "turm." }, { "en": "She smiled.", "ber": "tzmummg." }, { "en": "She came!", "ber": "tusa d." }, { "en": "She runs.", "ber": "da tettazzal." }, { "en": "She came.", "ber": "tucka d." }, { "en": "She blushes.", "ber": "ar tettizg\u02b7i\u0263." }, { "en": "She died.", "ber": "tmmut." }, { "en": "She disappeared.", "ber": "tntl." }, { "en": "She shrieked.", "ber": "ts\u0263yya." }, { "en": "She chuckled.", "ber": "t\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63a." }, { "en": "She lied.", "ber": "tskrks." }, { "en": "She prayed.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e93ull." }, { "en": "She slipped.", "ber": "tcc\u1e0d." }, { "en": "She left.", "ber": "tdda." }, { "en": "She lies.", "ber": "da tskrkas." }, { "en": "She fainted.", "ber": "tsxf." }, { "en": "She blushed.", "ber": "tzgg\u02b7a\u0263." }, { "en": "She showered.", "ber": "tcuccf." }, { "en": "She frowned.", "ber": "iknsr." }, { "en": "She slept.", "ber": "tgn." }, { "en": "She slept.", "ber": "t\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e63." }, { "en": "She laughed.", "ber": "t\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63a." }, { "en": "She reads.", "ber": "da tqqar." }, { "en": "She bought.", "ber": "ts\u0263a." }, { "en": "Is she?", "ber": "is d nttat?" }, { "en": "What about her?", "ber": "ima nttat?" }, { "en": "She showers.", "ber": "da tettccf." }, { "en": "She snorted.", "ber": "tsxurri." }, { "en": "She confessed.", "ber": "tssikz." }, { "en": "She coughed.", "ber": "tusu." }, { "en": "She quit.", "ber": "tff\u0263." }, { "en": "She succeeded!", "ber": "tmurs!" }, { "en": "She arrived.", "ber": "tiw\u1e0d." }, { "en": "She lies!", "ber": "ar tskrkis!" }, { "en": "She prepaid.", "ber": "tfra zwar." }, { "en": "She refused.", "ber": "tugi." }, { "en": "She relaxed.", "ber": "tnnulwa." }, { "en": "She remembered.", "ber": "tk\u02b7ti." }, { "en": "She remembers.", "ber": "ar tk\u02b7tti." }, { "en": "She stayed.", "ber": "tqqim." }, { "en": "She stood.", "ber": "tbdd." }, { "en": "She stopped.", "ber": "tbdd." }, { "en": "She struggled.", "ber": "tmma\u0263." }, { "en": "She survived.", "ber": "tnjm." }, { "en": "She swam.", "ber": "tcuccf." }, { "en": "She sweated.", "ber": "tddm." }, { "en": "She talked.", "ber": "tsawl." }, { "en": "She teaches.", "ber": "ar tsslmad." }, { "en": "She understands.", "ber": "ar tettrmas." }, { "en": "She vanished.", "ber": "tntl." }, { "en": "She volunteers.", "ber": "tfka tiwisi." }, { "en": "She worked.", "ber": "tswuri." }, { "en": "She works.", "ber": "da tswuriy." }, { "en": "She yelled.", "ber": "ts\u0263yya." }, { "en": "She approached.", "ber": "ta\u1e93." }, { "en": "She sneezed.", "ber": "tnzi." }, { "en": "She whistled.", "ber": "tsin\u1e63g." }, { "en": "She cries.", "ber": "ar talla." }, { "en": "She cries.", "ber": "ar tettru." }, { "en": "She accelerated.", "ber": "tummr." }, { "en": "She learned.", "ber": "tlmd." }, { "en": "She waited.", "ber": "tqql." }, { "en": "She ran.", "ber": "tuzzl." }, { "en": "She tries.", "ber": "da tettarm." }, { "en": "She travels.", "ber": "da tettmuddu." }, { "en": "She exaggerated.", "ber": "tssugt." }, { "en": "She hid.", "ber": "trg\u02b7s." }, { "en": "She changed.", "ber": "tnfl." }, { "en": "She smoked.", "ber": "tkmi." }, { "en": "She moved.", "ber": "tmmutti." }, { "en": "She studied.", "ber": "t\u0263ra." }, { "en": "She was.", "ber": "tkka tt inn." }, { "en": "She vomited.", "ber": "trura d." }, { "en": "She yawned.", "ber": "tfa." }, { "en": "She throws.", "ber": "ar tggar." }, { "en": "She exhaled.", "ber": "tgr d unfus." }, { "en": "She drowned.", "ber": "tg\u1e0da." }, { "en": "She agreed.", "ber": "tdggi." }, { "en": "She rang.", "ber": "tsrsr." }, { "en": "She phoned.", "ber": "tsawl." }, { "en": "She goes.", "ber": "da tettddu." }, { "en": "She goes.", "ber": "ar tfttu." }, { "en": "She understood.", "ber": "trms." }, { "en": "She danced.", "ber": "trkz." }, { "en": "She called.", "ber": "tsawl nn." }, { "en": "She called.", "ber": "t\u0263ra." }, { "en": "She inquired.", "ber": "tettr." }, { "en": "She limped.", "ber": "tsbi\u1e0d\u1e5b." }, { "en": "She writes.", "ber": "da tettara." }, { "en": "She spat.", "ber": "tssufs." }, { "en": "She swings.", "ber": "da ittjgugul." }, { "en": "She continued.", "ber": "tsmd." }, { "en": "She undressed.", "ber": "tkks timlsit." }, { "en": "She undressed.", "ber": "tkks imk\u1e5ba\u1e0d." }, { "en": "She remarried.", "ber": "tiwl da\u0263." }, { "en": "She grew.", "ber": "tgma." }, { "en": "She explains.", "ber": "ar tssfraw." }, { "en": "She dreams.", "ber": "da tettwarga." }, { "en": "She paid.", "ber": "tfra." }, { "en": "She is unconscious.", "ber": "tga tarufrikt." }, { "en": "Here she is!", "ber": "ha tt id!" }, { "en": "Look", "ber": " she said.", "null": [ "tnna: \"\u1e93\u1e5b\"." ] }, { "en": "Look", "ber": " she said.", "null": [ "smuqql", " ayd tnna." ] }, { "en": "Yes", "ber": " she will.", "null": [ "yah", " rad." ] }, { "en": "Finally", "ber": " she succeeded.", "null": [ "g tgira", " tmurs." ] }, { "en": "She is wrong.", "ber": "tzgl." }, { "en": "She studies mathematics.", "ber": "da tqqar tusnakt." }, { "en": "She is eight.", "ber": "\u0263urs tam isgg\u02b7asn." }, { "en": "She smiled happily.", "ber": "tzmummg s tumrt." }, { "en": "She gave money.", "ber": "tfka idrimn." }, { "en": "She smiled sadly.", "ber": "tzmummg s u\u0263iluf." }, { "en": "She refused outright.", "ber": "tugi akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "She needs help.", "ber": "tusr tiwisi." }, { "en": "She said goodbye.", "ber": "tnna ar anmuqqar ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "She kept quiet.", "ber": "tqqim tfss." }, { "en": "She stopped smoking.", "ber": "tsbdd akmay." }, { "en": "She told Tony.", "ber": "tnna t i \u1e6duni." }, { "en": "She loves Tom.", "ber": "da tettiri \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "She is crying.", "ber": "ar talla." }, { "en": "She is crying.", "ber": "ar tettru." }, { "en": "Good morning.", "ber": "tifawin." }, { "en": "He died of that disease.", "ber": "immut s wa\u1e6d\u1e6dan ann." }, { "en": "Are you still hungry?", "ber": "is sul tllu\u1e93d?" }, { "en": "She's Palestinian.", "ber": "tga tafili\u1e63\u1e6dint." }, { "en": "Is this a dog?", "ber": "is d aydi aya?" }, { "en": "Are you human?", "ber": "is tgid afgan?" }, { "en": "Are you human?", "ber": "is tgam afgan?" }, { "en": "Am I a cat?", "ber": "is gi\u0263 amaccu?" }, { "en": "My name is Kyle.", "ber": "ism inu kayl." }, { "en": "He's an Englishman.", "ber": "iga anglizi." }, { "en": "We will fight again!", "ber": "rad da\u0263 nmma\u0263!" }, { "en": "I'm waiting for you in front of the door.", "ber": "ar sik ttqql\u0263 g mnid n twwurt." }, { "en": "I'm waiting for you in front of the door.", "ber": "ar sik ttqql\u0263 g mnid n tggurt." }, { "en": "I'm from Zambia.", "ber": "gi\u0263 sg zambya." }, { "en": "How many eggs?", "ber": "mnnawt tglay?" }, { "en": "I remember that.", "ber": "da k\u02b7tti\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "It's brand new.", "ber": "iga amaynu." }, { "en": "It's brand new.", "ber": "tga tamaynut." }, { "en": "Tom knows where we are.", "ber": "issn \u1e6dum mani g nlla." }, { "en": "Where is your room?", "ber": "manza a\u1e25anu nnk?" }, { "en": "Where is your room?", "ber": "mani g tlla tzqqa nnm?" }, { "en": "She is my queen.", "ber": "tga tagllidt inu." }, { "en": "I'm from Croatia.", "ber": "gi\u0263 sg k\u1e5bwa\u1e6dya." }, { "en": "I am from Ecuador.", "ber": "gi\u0263 sg ikwa\u1e0du\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Do you want to marry her?", "ber": "is trid ad tt tiwld?" }, { "en": "I eat fish.", "ber": "da ttetta\u0263 islman." }, { "en": "Why didn't you come?", "ber": "ma \u0263f ur d tuckid?" }, { "en": "I don't know who wrote this letter.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 mayd yuran tabrat ad." }, { "en": "We are learning Arabic.", "ber": "ar nttlmad ta\u025b\u1e5babt." }, { "en": "He is two months old.", "ber": "dars sin yirn." }, { "en": "January", "ber": " February", "null": [ " March", " April", " May", " June", " July", " August", " September", " October", " November", " December.", "innayr", " b\u1e5bay\u1e5b", " ma\u1e5b\u1e63", " ibrir", " mayyu", " yunyu", " yulyuz", " \u0263uct", " cutanbir", " ktub\u1e5b", " nuwanbir", " dujanbir." ] }, { "en": "Peter is my eldest son.", "ber": "bitr iga iwi mqqurn." }, { "en": "Peter is my eldest son.", "ber": "bitr iga memmi amqran." }, { "en": "Do you know who I am?", "ber": "is tssnd mayd gi\u0263?" }, { "en": "Do you know who I am?", "ber": "is tssnm mayd gi\u0263?" }, { "en": "Why did you leave the room?", "ber": "ma \u0263f tfld tazqqa?" }, { "en": "No", "ber": " daddy.", "null": [ "uhu a baba." ] }, { "en": "No", "ber": " Dad!", "null": [ "uhu a baba!" ] }, { "en": "Your answer is right.", "ber": "t\u0263ta tmrarut nnk." }, { "en": "I gave Mary chocolate.", "ber": "fki\u0263 cck\u02b7la\u1e6d i mari." }, { "en": "Do you speak Latin?", "ber": "is da tsawald talatint?" }, { "en": "Do you speak Latin?", "ber": "is da tsawalm talatint?" }, { "en": "This room is cold.", "ber": "i\u1e63mmi\u1e0d u\u1e25anu ad." }, { "en": "Sami was an angel.", "ber": "iga yadlli sami anglus." }, { "en": "Sami was an angel.", "ber": "ikka tt inn sami iga anglus." }, { "en": "How old is your brother?", "ber": "mnck ayd illan dar umak?" }, { "en": "What is your native language?", "ber": "mayd tga tutlayt nnk taymmat?" }, { "en": "Where are you going to?", "ber": "mani trid?" }, { "en": "Where are you going to?", "ber": "mani s rad tddud?" }, { "en": "Elephants have big ears.", "ber": "ilwan \u0263ursn imzgan mqqurn." }, { "en": "I'll never eat meat again.", "ber": "ur jju rad sul cc\u0263 tifiyi." }, { "en": "Algeria is culturally close to Morocco and Tunisia.", "ber": "ta\u1e93 ddzayr i murakuc d tuns g tdlsa." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't yet realize that he's in trouble.", "ber": "ur ta yukz \u1e6dum is illa g umukris." }, { "en": "The doctor was on the phone.", "ber": "ikka tt inn umsgnaf ar isawal g utilifun." }, { "en": "Do you think that Tom is lonely?", "ber": "is tnnid mas d \u1e6dum iga amyiwn?" }, { "en": "Do you know what we ought to do?", "ber": "is tssnm mayd flla\u0263 illan ad t nskr?" }, { "en": "Tom wasn't able to conceal his sadness.", "ber": "ur i\u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5b \u1e6dum ad issntl a\u0263iluf nns." }, { "en": "She works in a bank.", "ber": "da tswuriy g lbank." }, { "en": "I love music too.", "ber": "awd nkki da ttiri\u0263 a\u1e93awal." }, { "en": "I have a book.", "ber": "dari yan udlis." }, { "en": "I'm not going to let you win.", "ber": "ur rad k ajj\u0263 ad trnut." }, { "en": "This shop does not sell women's clothing.", "ber": "ta\u1e25anut ad ur da tzznza timlsa n tm\u0263arin." }, { "en": "Who's the author of this book?", "ber": "manwa igan amara n udlis ad?" }, { "en": "What language is this book written in?", "ber": "man tutlayt s ittyara udlis ad?" }, { "en": "Quieter!", "ber": "dkt!" }, { "en": "Add meat.", "ber": "rnu aksum." }, { "en": "My fault.", "ber": "tazglt inu." }, { "en": "Yes", "ber": " Sir!", "null": [ "yah a mass!" ] }, { "en": "The truth?", "ber": "tidt?" }, { "en": "Stop talking.", "ber": "bbi awal." }, { "en": "Stop talking.", "ber": "yuda g wawal." }, { "en": "We try.", "ber": "da nttarm." }, { "en": "My father had me on his knees while he sang songs about his land.", "ber": "isgiwr iyi baba g igwwal nns d irir iyi yat tzlit f wakal nns." }, { "en": "Tom works fast.", "ber": "ar iswwuri \u1e6dum s zzrbt." }, { "en": "Let's talk over the matter.", "ber": "iqqan ad nsawl f umukris." }, { "en": "Mary knows there are plenty of people who agree with her.", "ber": "tssn mari mas llan tugt n middn da dis imcuckan" }, { "en": "Ziri brought in a wild rabbit.", "ber": "yiwi d ziri yan uwtil." }, { "en": "Sasha and Steve love playing together.", "ber": "saca d stif \u1e25mln ad tturarn gratsn." }, { "en": "She hates carrots.", "ber": "tksn xizzu." }, { "en": "She adores cats.", "ber": "da tettiri imucca." }, { "en": "She is easygoing.", "ber": "tnhl." }, { "en": "She is Betty.", "ber": "biti ayd tga." }, { "en": "She wore glasses.", "ber": "tlsa tismaqqalin." }, { "en": "She is gentle.", "ber": "tfulki." }, { "en": "She came alone.", "ber": "tucka d i wa\u1e0du nns." }, { "en": "She studies English.", "ber": "da tqqar tanglizt." }, { "en": "She studies English.", "ber": "da tzrru tanglizt." }, { "en": "She understands music.", "ber": "da tettrmas a\u1e93awan." }, { "en": "She went home.", "ber": "tdda s uxxam." }, { "en": "She went home.", "ber": "tfta s tgmmi." }, { "en": "She went out.", "ber": "tff\u0263." }, { "en": "She picked flowers.", "ber": "tbbi d ijddign." }, { "en": "She looks unhappy.", "ber": "ar tettuman t\u0263ilf." }, { "en": "She looks happy.", "ber": "ar tettuman tmmr." }, { "en": "She is aggressive.", "ber": "tga tuk\u1e5bi\u1e0dt." }, { "en": "She began crying.", "ber": "tssnti ar talla." }, { "en": "She seems rich.", "ber": "irwas is tga tanb\u0263urt." }, { "en": "She bought chicken.", "ber": "ts\u0263a aya\u1e93i\u1e0d." }, { "en": "I want to find him.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad t af\u0263." }, { "en": "I want to find her.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad tt af\u0263." }, { "en": "How do you say this word?", "ber": "manmk s da tettinid taguri ad?" }, { "en": "How do you say this word?", "ber": "manmk s da tettinim taguri ad?" }, { "en": "There's a hair in my soup.", "ber": "illa \u0263inn yan un\u1e93a\u1e0d g uskkif inu." }, { "en": "I cannot find a solution. Help me.", "ber": "ur \u0263iy\u0263 ad af\u0263 kra n ufssay. aws iyi." }, { "en": "Do you remember what I said?", "ber": "is tk\u02b7tid aylli nni\u0263?" }, { "en": "Do you remember what I said?", "ber": "is tk\u02b7tid mayd nni\u0263?" }, { "en": "Do you remember what I told you?", "ber": "is tk\u02b7tid mayd ak nni\u0263?" }, { "en": "How did you know Tom would be here?", "ber": "manmk s tssnd mas d \u1e6dum rad \u0263id yili?" }, { "en": "How did you know Tom would be here?", "ber": "manimk s tssnm mas d \u1e6dum rad yili da?" }, { "en": "The only one who really knows you is God.", "ber": "yan ayd k nit issnn iga t \u1e5bbbi." }, { "en": "The only one who really knows you is God.", "ber": "yan ayd k issnn s tidt iga t yuc." }, { "en": "I didn't want to humiliate her.", "ber": "ur yadlli ri\u0263 ad tt sdullu\u0263." }, { "en": "I built this for you.", "ber": "kyyi a \u0263f \u1e93ki\u0263 wad." }, { "en": "I did this for you.", "ber": "kyyi a \u0263f skr\u0263 aya." }, { "en": "I did this for you.", "ber": "kmmi a \u0263f skr\u0263 aya." }, { "en": "I did this for you.", "ber": "k\u02b7nni a \u0263f skr\u0263 maya." }, { "en": "I'm meeting Tom next Monday.", "ber": "rad mmaqqar\u0263 \u1e6dum aynas d yuckan." }, { "en": "She has what she needs.", "ber": "dars aylli tusr." }, { "en": "She has what she needs.", "ber": "\u0263urs mayd tusr." }, { "en": "You know I don't like to do that", "ber": " don't you?", "null": [ "tssnd mas ur da ttiri\u0263 ad skar\u0263 ayann", " n\u0263 d uhu?" ] }, { "en": "You know I don't like to do that", "ber": " don't you?", "null": [ "tssnm mas ur da ttxs\u0263 ad skar\u0263 ayann", " n\u0263 d uhu?" ] }, { "en": "Ziri has a Mustang.", "ber": "ziri \u0263urs mustang." }, { "en": "I want to sleep with your wife.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad gn\u0263 d tm\u1e6d\u1e6dut nnk." }, { "en": "Tom wouldn't let that happen.", "ber": "ur rad yajj \u1e6dum ayann ad imsar." }, { "en": "You're a funny man", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "tgid argaz is\u1e0d\u1e63an a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "Tom waited for them to leave.", "ber": "iqql sisn \u1e6dum ad ddun." }, { "en": "Now Sami knows.", "ber": "d\u0263i issn sami." }, { "en": "I told Mary she should learn how to swim.", "ber": "nni\u0263 i mari mas fllas illa ad tlmd manmk s da tettccf." }, { "en": "Tom told me he had information on your son.", "ber": "inna iyi \u1e6dum mas \u0263urs umlan \u0263f yiwik." }, { "en": "Do you have a beach ball?", "ber": "is dark tlla twjja n uftas?" }, { "en": "I took French in high school.", "ber": "\u0263ri\u0263 taf\u1e5bansist g usinan n usmuttg." }, { "en": "Give me your book.", "ber": "fk iyi adlis nnk." }, { "en": "Give me your book.", "ber": "fkat iyi adlis nnun." }, { "en": "It makes me sad to think of his death.", "ber": "iga iyi a\u0263iluf ad swingm\u0263 g tmttant nns." }, { "en": "Your soul needs to be saved.", "ber": "iman nnk usrn ad ttusnjmn." }, { "en": "Do you know when they will be back?", "ber": "is tssnd mlmi rad d a\u0263uln?" }, { "en": "Do you know when they will be back?", "ber": "is tssnm managu rad d urrin?" }, { "en": "Sami was hired yesterday.", "ber": "ittusmahl sami assnna\u1e6d." }, { "en": "Mary lost her job three months ago.", "ber": "tdda twuri i mari k\u1e5ba\u1e0d yirn aya." }, { "en": "Is she married?", "ber": "is tiwl?" }, { "en": "She is happy.", "ber": "tmmr." }, { "en": "She became happy.", "ber": "ta\u0263ul d tmmr." }, { "en": "She is active.", "ber": "tga turmidt." }, { "en": "She bent down.", "ber": "tk\u02b7na." }, { "en": "She came last.", "ber": "tiw\u1e0d d tga tamggarut." }, { "en": "She avoids me.", "ber": "da iyi tettanf." }, { "en": "She attempted suicide.", "ber": "turm ad tn\u0263 i\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "She looked around.", "ber": "tsmuqql g tama nns." }, { "en": "She married young.", "ber": "twil tm\u1e93\u1e93iy." }, { "en": "She looks young.", "ber": "da tettuman tm\u1e93\u1e93iy." }, { "en": "She looked lonely.", "ber": "yuman digs is tga tamyiwnt." }, { "en": "She is prudish.", "ber": "tga tun\u1e93i\u1e93t." }, { "en": "She is quiet.", "ber": "tdkt." }, { "en": "She hates running.", "ber": "tksn tazzla." }, { "en": "Who is she?", "ber": "mayd tga?" }, { "en": "Who is she?", "ber": "mayd tums?" }, { "en": "She got angry.", "ber": "trfa." }, { "en": "She is sharp.", "ber": "tmsad." }, { "en": "She went inside.", "ber": "tkcm." }, { "en": "She married him.", "ber": "tiwl t." }, { "en": "She despised him.", "ber": "tsslka t." }, { "en": "She looks sad.", "ber": "yuma gis u\u0263iluf." }, { "en": "She looked sad.", "ber": "yuma gis u\u0263iluf." }, { "en": "She is attractive.", "ber": "tga talmammayt." }, { "en": "She went blind.", "ber": "tbuk\u1e0d." }, { "en": "She went blind.", "ber": "tddr\u0263l." }, { "en": "She was brave.", "ber": "tkka tt inn tb\u0263s." }, { "en": "Will she come?", "ber": "is rad d tack?" }, { "en": "She cooks well.", "ber": "tssn ad tssnwa." }, { "en": "She shed tears.", "ber": "t\u1e5b\u1e93m i im\u1e6d\u1e6dawn." }, { "en": "She stopped talking.", "ber": "tsbdd awal." }, { "en": "She grew roses.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e93a ijddign." }, { "en": "She's stubborn.", "ber": "iqqur yi\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "She hated him.", "ber": "tksn t." }, { "en": "She disliked him.", "ber": "tksn t." }, { "en": "She kept working.", "ber": "tsmd g twuri." }, { "en": "I love spiders.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 tib\u0263aynuzin." }, { "en": "She may come.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad d tack." }, { "en": "She might come.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad d tack." }, { "en": "She quit smoking.", "ber": "tsbdd akmay." }, { "en": "She quit smoking.", "ber": "tbbi akmay." }, { "en": "She writes beautifully.", "ber": "\u1e93ilnt tirra nns." }, { "en": "She is beautiful.", "ber": "t\u1e93il." }, { "en": "She likes oranges.", "ber": "da tettiri litcin." }, { "en": "There she is!", "ber": "ha tt inn!" }, { "en": "She is dead.", "ber": "tmmut." }, { "en": "She became pregnant.", "ber": "tskr adis." }, { "en": "She has sunglasses.", "ber": "\u0263urs tismaqqalin n tafukt." }, { "en": "She reads Chinese.", "ber": "da tqqar tacinwit." }, { "en": "She sells flowers.", "ber": "da tzznza ijddign." }, { "en": "She sells vegetables.", "ber": "da tzznza icakan." }, { "en": "She speaks Chinese.", "ber": "da tsawal tacinwit." }, { "en": "She writes Chinese.", "ber": "da tettara tacinwit." }, { "en": "She lives nearby.", "ber": "tzd\u0263 g mani ya\u1e93n." }, { "en": "She loves singing.", "ber": "da tettiri irir." }, { "en": "She keeps secrets.", "ber": "t\u1e25\u1e0da uffirn." }, { "en": "Aah! she sighed.", "ber": "aah! tsalsa." }, { "en": "She looked away.", "ber": "tsmuqql g mani yaggugn." }, { "en": "She loves children.", "ber": "da tettiri azzann." }, { "en": "She woke up.", "ber": "tnkr d." }, { "en": "She's divorced.", "ber": "tllf." }, { "en": "She is dieting.", "ber": "t\u1e0df\u1e5b angraw n wutci." }, { "en": "She looked ill.", "ber": "yuman gis mas tu\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "She teaches English.", "ber": "da tsslmad tanglizt." }, { "en": "She seems tired.", "ber": "irwas is t\u1e5bmi." }, { "en": "She looks tired.", "ber": "yuman digs mas t\u1e5bmi." }, { "en": "She just left.", "ber": "\u1e25ra tdda." }, { "en": "She almost fainted.", "ber": "imikk ad tsxf." }, { "en": "Is she sleeping?", "ber": "is t\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e63?" }, { "en": "Is she sleeping?", "ber": "is tgn?" }, { "en": "She needs assistance.", "ber": "tusr tiwisi." }, { "en": "She needs it.", "ber": "tusr t." }, { "en": "She needs it.", "ber": "tusr tt." }, { "en": "My favourite colour is orange.", "ber": "aklu inu amufay iga t ultcini." }, { "en": "I can't get used to her.", "ber": "ur \u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5b\u0263 ad tt myar\u0263." }, { "en": "I've just finished dinner.", "ber": "\u1e25ra smd\u0263 imnsi." }, { "en": "Mary was cleaning her room.", "ber": "tkka tt inn mari ar tettars a\u1e25anu nns." }, { "en": "Clean your room.", "ber": "ssizdg a\u1e25anu nnk." }, { "en": "My bedroom is not as clean as yours.", "ber": "a\u1e25anu n tguni inu ur izddig amm winnk." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary need to do that sometime today.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari usrn ad skrn ayann kra n tizi ass ad." }, { "en": "Do you see many people riding horses around here?", "ber": "is da t\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5bam mnnaw mddn ittsudun ayyisn g tama n \u0263id?" }, { "en": "We'll go get them.", "ber": "rad nddu ad tn d nawi." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary are here to see you.", "ber": "illa \u0263id \u1e6dum d mari afad ad k \u1e93\u1e5bn." }, { "en": "I haven't called them yet.", "ber": "ur ta asn \u0263ri\u0263." }, { "en": "I haven't called them yet.", "ber": "ur ta nn sisn sawl\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom bought a shovel.", "ber": "is\u0263a \u1e6dum yan us\u0263z." }, { "en": "My mother is a sister of their mother.", "ber": "immi tga yat ultmas n yimmitsn." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary had consensual sex.", "ber": "iskr \u1e6dum d mari agnus s umsasa." }, { "en": "Why aren't you using the new pen I just gave you?", "ber": "ma \u0263f ur tssmrsd a\u0263anib amaynu lli \u1e25ra ak fki\u0263?" }, { "en": "Tom was correct about one thing.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum i\u0263\u1e93an g yat t\u0263awsa." }, { "en": "Sami looks and acts like a child.", "ber": "da ittuman sami d da iskar zun d azzan." }, { "en": "Mary was the first girl I fell in love with.", "ber": "tkka tt inn mari tga tarbat tamzwarut \u1e0d\u1e5b\u0263 g tayri nns." }, { "en": "Do you like lasagna?", "ber": "is da tettirid lazanya?" }, { "en": "Don't tell me you didn't know.", "ber": "ad iyi ur tinid ur tssind." }, { "en": "He'll give me that if I ask him to.", "ber": "rad iyi ifk ayann ig as t ttr\u0263." }, { "en": "I've been busy since last Monday.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn sala\u0263 sg waynas izrin." }, { "en": "Why do you need me here tomorrow?", "ber": "ma \u0263f i \u0263id trid azkka?" }, { "en": "Tom spoke French to me.", "ber": "isawl siti \u1e6dum taf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "This sentence needs to be checked.", "ber": "tawinst ad tusr azzray." }, { "en": "Someone has to check this sentence.", "ber": "kra n yan illa fllas ad izzri \u0263f twinst ad." }, { "en": "I didn't understand; where's the blood?", "ber": "ur rmis\u0263; manza idammn?" }, { "en": "I didn't understand; where's the blood?", "ber": "ur rmis\u0263; mani g llan idammn?" }, { "en": "This is for everyone.", "ber": "aya iga i ku yan." }, { "en": "This is for everyone.", "ber": "maya iga i kraygatt yan." }, { "en": "We have nothing to discuss.", "ber": "ur darn\u0263 kra ad t nmsgdal." }, { "en": "The children went to school on the bus.", "ber": "ddan wa\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u1e0dn s tinml g unsmaddu." }, { "en": "Don't forget that Tom is blind.", "ber": "ad ur tettud mas d \u1e6dum iga adr\u0263al." }, { "en": "I'll come with you if you want.", "ber": "rad nn dik ack\u0263 mk trid." }, { "en": "I didn't know he was married.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 is yadlli yiwl." }, { "en": "Haven't you finished yet?", "ber": "is ur ta tsmdd?" }, { "en": "I don't have time to argue.", "ber": "ur \u0263uri akud i um\u0263anan." }, { "en": "I don't have time to talk.", "ber": "ur dari akud n wawal." }, { "en": "What'll we do if Tom is late?", "ber": "ma rad nskr ig nn imu\u1e6dl \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "I hope you will come.", "ber": "da ttnuruz\u0263 ad d tackd." }, { "en": "Tom didn't know how to open it.", "ber": "ur issin \u1e6dum manmk s da tt i\u1e5b\u1e93\u1e93m." }, { "en": "Has Tom moved to Boston?", "ber": "is immutti \u1e6dum s bu\u1e63\u1e6dun?" }, { "en": "I usually take notes in French.", "ber": "iggut ma g da ttara\u0263 kra n tnqqa\u1e0d s tf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary are very similar.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari mmrwasn bahra." }, { "en": "Are you roommates?", "ber": "is tgam ismunn n tzdu\u0263t?" }, { "en": "I can't make out what he's saying.", "ber": "ur \u0263iy\u0263 ad rms\u0263 mayd ittini." }, { "en": "Thanks a lot for the comment.", "ber": "tanmmirt kigan \u0263f u\u0263fawal." }, { "en": "I heard an awesome story yesterday.", "ber": "slla\u0263 i yat tullist i\u1e93iln assnna\u1e6d." }, { "en": "His body shook.", "ber": "tndudi tfkka nns." }, { "en": "I lived in Boston until last year.", "ber": "ddr\u0263 g bu\u1e63\u1e6dun ar asgg\u02b7as izrin." }, { "en": "I lived in Boston until last year.", "ber": "zd\u0263\u0263 g bu\u1e63\u1e6dun ar asgg\u02b7as izrin." }, { "en": "Tom gave Mary a box of chocolates.", "ber": "ifka \u1e6dum i mari yan ufniq n cck\u02b7la\u1e6d." }, { "en": "Mary said she thought it would probably snow.", "ber": "tnna mari mas t\u0263al is yallfus ad i\u1e0d\u1e5b udfl." }, { "en": "That is a school for little girls.", "ber": "tann tga yat tinml n trbatin m\u1e93\u1e93iynin." }, { "en": "You must learn from mistakes.", "ber": "illa fllak ad tettlmadd sg izgaln." }, { "en": "They died one after another.", "ber": "mmutn yan s yan." }, { "en": "I go every year.", "ber": "da ttddu\u0263 ku asgg\u02b7as." }, { "en": "Tomorrow's your day off.", "ber": "azkka iga ass n usunfu nnk." }, { "en": "Tomorrow's your day off.", "ber": "azkka iga ass n yigiwr nnm." }, { "en": "I'm really happy.", "ber": "mmr\u0263 s tidt." }, { "en": "Tomorrow is my first day of work.", "ber": "azkka iga ass inu amzwaru n twuri." }, { "en": "What is the book about?", "ber": "ma \u0263f da isawal udlis?" }, { "en": "Don't read in this room.", "ber": "ad ur tqqard g tzqqa ad." }, { "en": "Please close the door.", "ber": "amur nnk qqn tawwurt." }, { "en": "California is famous for its fruit.", "ber": "tettussan kalifu\u1e5bnya s igumma nns." }, { "en": "Don't feed the dog.", "ber": "ad ur tssccat aydi." }, { "en": "I'm late for class.", "ber": "ma\u1e6dl\u0263 \u0263f tirmt." }, { "en": "It was a mistake.", "ber": "iga yadlli azgal." }, { "en": "Isn't it so?", "ber": "yak?" }, { "en": "Isn't it so?", "ber": "ur d imknna?" }, { "en": "There's no time for explanation.", "ber": "ur dinn akud n ussfru." }, { "en": "This is the hospital which I was born in.", "ber": "wad ayd igan asgnaf lli g lul\u0263." }, { "en": "I knew you wouldn't forget her.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 is ur rad tt tettud." }, { "en": "Everyone listened.", "ber": "ssfldn akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "Are you scared of snakes?", "ber": "is tk\u1e63u\u1e0dd ilgma\u1e0dn?" }, { "en": "Is he an American?", "ber": "is iga amarikani?" }, { "en": "Robert went to another bank.", "ber": "idda \u1e5bub\u1e5bt s ubank ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "When will you give me back my book?", "ber": "mlmi rad iyi d trard adlis inu?" }, { "en": "Tom was doing his job.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum ar iskar tawuri nns." }, { "en": "How much is it?", "ber": "mnct ayd iskar?" }, { "en": "How much is it?", "ber": "mnck ayd tskar?" }, { "en": "What are they doing?", "ber": "mayd skarn?" }, { "en": "Your answer is correct.", "ber": "tamrarut nnk tga tidt." }, { "en": "Your answer is correct.", "ber": "tamrarut nnm t\u0263ta." }, { "en": "I know you are rich.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 is tgid anb\u0263ur." }, { "en": "Let's see what you have there.", "ber": "aywa ad n\u1e93\u1e5b mayd \u0263urk dinn illan." }, { "en": "She is not a girl.", "ber": "ur tgi tarbat." }, { "en": "What do you think of him?", "ber": "mayd fllas t\u0263ald?" }, { "en": "What do you think of him?", "ber": "mayd gis tettinid?" }, { "en": "Will you see Tom tomorrow?", "ber": "is rad t\u1e93\u1e5bd \u1e6dum azkka?" }, { "en": "Did you apologize?", "ber": "is tettrd asurf?" }, { "en": "How old will you be next year?", "ber": "manct a rad dark yili asgg\u02b7as d yuckan?" }, { "en": "How old will you be next year?", "ber": "manck a rad \u0263urm yili asgg\u02b7as d iddan?" }, { "en": "Tom has written three books in the last three years.", "ber": "yura \u1e6dum k\u1e5ba\u1e0d idlisn g k\u1e5ba\u1e0d isgg\u02b7asn ad izrin." }, { "en": "Do you drink coffee or tea?", "ber": "is da tssad lqhwa n\u0263 d atay?" }, { "en": "I want to drink coffee.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad su\u0263 lqhwa." }, { "en": "Do you watch the news?", "ber": "is da tettannayd in\u0263misn?" }, { "en": "Do you watch the news?", "ber": "is da t\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5bad in\u0263misn?" }, { "en": "Tom tried but he failed.", "ber": "yurm \u1e6dum maca iguf." }, { "en": "Tom speaks bad French.", "ber": "da isawal \u1e6dum taf\u1e5bansist irfufnn." }, { "en": "Tom loves women.", "ber": "ar ittiri \u1e6dum tim\u0263arin." }, { "en": "Tom loves women.", "ber": "da ittxs \u1e6dum tim\u1e6d\u1e6dutin." }, { "en": "Tom lives with his friends.", "ber": "izd\u0263 \u1e6dum d imddukkal nns." }, { "en": "Tom lives with his friends.", "ber": "iddr \u1e6dum d imddukkal nns." }, { "en": "Tom is still shopping.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ar sul issa\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom is going there.", "ber": "yucka nn \u1e6dum s \u0263inn." }, { "en": "She's beautiful.", "ber": "t\u1e93il." }, { "en": "She's pretty.", "ber": "t\u1e93il." }, { "en": "She terrified her.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e93ma tt." }, { "en": "She terrified him.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e93ma t." }, { "en": "She speaks Russian.", "ber": "da tsawal tarusit." }, { "en": "She lives alone.", "ber": "tddr i wa\u1e0du nns." }, { "en": "She always smiles.", "ber": "da bdda tzmummug." }, { "en": "She speaks Portuguese.", "ber": "da tsawal tabrtqqizt." }, { "en": "She admired him.", "ber": "issusm tt." }, { "en": "She adores him.", "ber": "da t tettiri." }, { "en": "She attacked him.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e0dm fllas." }, { "en": "She bit him.", "ber": "tbbi gis." }, { "en": "She called him.", "ber": "t\u0263ra as." }, { "en": "She defeated him.", "ber": "trna t." }, { "en": "She divorced him.", "ber": "tllf as." }, { "en": "She forgave him.", "ber": "tssurf as." }, { "en": "She hates him.", "ber": "tksn t." }, { "en": "She helped him.", "ber": "tiws as." }, { "en": "She helps him.", "ber": "da as tettaws." }, { "en": "She hit him.", "ber": "tut t." }, { "en": "She kissed him.", "ber": "tssudm t." }, { "en": "She likes him.", "ber": "issusm tt." }, { "en": "She loves him.", "ber": "da t tettiri." }, { "en": "She misses him.", "ber": "tu\u1e0dn t inn." }, { "en": "She pinched him.", "ber": "tzbbinz gis." }, { "en": "She rejected him.", "ber": "tugi t." }, { "en": "She slapped him.", "ber": "tsmrrq t." }, { "en": "She threatened him.", "ber": "tsdiddi t." }, { "en": "She trusts him.", "ber": "tfls gis." }, { "en": "She understands him.", "ber": "da t tettrmas." }, { "en": "She worships him.", "ber": "da t tettsumd." }, { "en": "She loves coffee.", "ber": "da tettiri lqhwa." }, { "en": "Is she gone?", "ber": "is tdda?" }, { "en": "She needs this.", "ber": "tusr t." }, { "en": "She said that?", "ber": "tnna ayann?" }, { "en": "She is strong.", "ber": "tdus." }, { "en": "Is she Japanese?", "ber": "is tga tayabanit?" }, { "en": "She is stubborn.", "ber": "iqqur yi\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "You can forget my comment.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bd ad tettud a\u0263fawal inu." }, { "en": "You can forget my comment.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bm ad tettum a\u0263fawal inu." }, { "en": "I'd like to return home.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad urri\u0263 s tgmmi." }, { "en": "Tom ate the food we gave him.", "ber": "icca \u1e6dum amtcu lli as nfka." }, { "en": "This is very important to us.", "ber": "aya iga a\u0263 bahra azalan." }, { "en": "Don't come near the light!", "ber": "ad d ur tettackd s tama n tifawt!" }, { "en": "Please don't worry about me.", "ber": "amur nnk ad fllati ur tnnu\u0263jfd." }, { "en": "I want a cat.", "ber": "ri\u0263 yan umaccu." }, { "en": "She stood up.", "ber": "tnkr." }, { "en": "She is Japanese.", "ber": "tga tayabanit." }, { "en": "She can skate.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad tccg \u0263f ugris." }, { "en": "She loves cats.", "ber": "da tettiri imucca." }, { "en": "She reacted furiously.", "ber": "tmyagga s wurfan." }, { "en": "She is French.", "ber": "tga taf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "She is walking.", "ber": "ar tettddu." }, { "en": "She's awesome.", "ber": "t\u1e93il." }, { "en": "She's coming!", "ber": "tucka d!" }, { "en": "She is lucky.", "ber": "tga tamanuzt." }, { "en": "She's busy.", "ber": "tsala." }, { "en": "She's assertive.", "ber": "tbiks." }, { "en": "She swims well.", "ber": "tssn i ucucf." }, { "en": "She is old.", "ber": "tussr." }, { "en": "She turned 16.", "ber": "tqqn 16." }, { "en": "She speaks frankly.", "ber": "da tsawal s umuzzu." }, { "en": "She went upstairs.", "ber": "tiwn." }, { "en": "She loves cake.", "ber": "da tettiri lga\u1e6d\u1e6du." }, { "en": "She is crazy.", "ber": "tnufl." }, { "en": "She's crazy.", "ber": "tnufl." }, { "en": "She won everything.", "ber": "tiwi kra illan." }, { "en": "She's pregnant.", "ber": "tskr adis." }, { "en": "She loves antiques.", "ber": "da tettiri ti\u0263awsiwin tiqburin." }, { "en": "She likes running.", "ber": "da tettiri tazzla." }, { "en": "She seems happy.", "ber": "irwas is tmmr." }, { "en": "She is Russian.", "ber": "tga tarusit." }, { "en": "She is talking.", "ber": "ar tsawal." }, { "en": "She was crying.", "ber": "ikka tt inn ar yalla." }, { "en": "She was crying.", "ber": "ikka tt inn ar ittru." }, { "en": "She smokes excessively.", "ber": "da tkmmi s tugt." }, { "en": "She had twins.", "ber": "llan yadlli dars wakniwn." }, { "en": "She liked it.", "ber": "issusm tt." }, { "en": "Is she healthy?", "ber": "is tdus?" }, { "en": "She's bisexual.", "ber": "tga tasngnust." }, { "en": "She's hot.", "ber": "tr\u0263a." }, { "en": "She could die.", "ber": "yallfus ad tmmt." }, { "en": "She's insatiable.", "ber": "ur da tettjawan." }, { "en": "Is she satisfied?", "ber": "is tdggi?" }, { "en": "She's demented.", "ber": "tnufl." }, { "en": "She was naive.", "ber": "tkka tt inn tsxnci." }, { "en": "She smells bad.", "ber": "t\u1e93ja." }, { "en": "She got caught.", "ber": "tettyama\u1e93." }, { "en": "She liked that.", "ber": "issusm tt uyann." }, { "en": "She likes sleeping.", "ber": "da tettiri taguni." }, { "en": "She was panting.", "ber": "tkka tt inn ar tsalsa." }, { "en": "She deserved it.", "ber": "tuklal t." }, { "en": "She deserved it.", "ber": "tuklal tt." }, { "en": "She's adorable.", "ber": "t\u1e93il." }, { "en": "She's innocent.", "ber": "tzddig." }, { "en": "She was perfect.", "ber": "tkka tt inn t\u0263uda." }, { "en": "She assembles computers.", "ber": "da tsmuna imssudsn." }, { "en": "She assembles computers.", "ber": "da tsmuna imssi\u1e0dnn." }, { "en": "She is discreet.", "ber": "tga tuffirt." }, { "en": "She's uninsured.", "ber": "ur tettusfls." }, { "en": "She's overconfident.", "ber": "tssugt taflst g yi\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "She lost everything.", "ber": "idda as akk\u02b7 ma illan." }, { "en": "There she is.", "ber": "ha tt inn." }, { "en": "She was stoned.", "ber": "tettut s yi\u1e93\u1e5ban." }, { "en": "She was wrong.", "ber": "tzgl." }, { "en": "She is young.", "ber": "tm\u1e93\u1e93iy." }, { "en": "She is young.", "ber": "tga ta\u025brrimt." }, { "en": "Problem solved!", "ber": "ittufsay umukris!" }, { "en": "Case solved!", "ber": "ittufsay waddad!" }, { "en": "Solve the problem.", "ber": "fsi amukris." }, { "en": "I solved one.", "ber": "fsi\u0263 yan." }, { "en": "Anger solves nothing.", "ber": "ur da fssin wurfan amya." }, { "en": "Solve the equation.", "ber": "fsi tagda." }, { "en": "Try solving the problem.", "ber": "arm ad tfsid amukris." }, { "en": "He solved every problem.", "ber": "ifsi kraygatt amukris." }, { "en": "I've solved it.", "ber": "fsi\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I've solved it.", "ber": "fsi\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "I solved the problem.", "ber": "fsi\u0263 amukris." }, { "en": "The problem is solved.", "ber": "ittufsay umukris." }, { "en": "Death solves all problems.", "ber": "da tfssi tmttant imukrisn akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "That should solve everything.", "ber": "ayann iqqan d ad ifsi aynna illan." }, { "en": "Tom solved the problem.", "ber": "ifsi \u1e6dum amukris." }, { "en": "Tom solved that problem.", "ber": "ifsi \u1e6dum amukris ann." }, { "en": "We can solve this.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nfsi aya." }, { "en": "Tom solved every problem.", "ber": "ifsi \u1e6dum kraygatt amukris." }, { "en": "Sami solved the problem.", "ber": "ifsi sami amukris." }, { "en": "I'll solve this.", "ber": "rad fsi\u0263 aya." }, { "en": "Can you solve it?", "ber": "is t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bd ad t tfsid?" }, { "en": "Can you solve it?", "ber": "is t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bd ad tt tfsid?" }, { "en": "Ziri solved the issue.", "ber": "ifsi ziri amukris." }, { "en": "We solved that problem.", "ber": "nfsi amukris ann." }, { "en": "He can solve that.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad ifsi ayann." }, { "en": "He can solve this.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad ifsi aya." }, { "en": "They have solved it.", "ber": "fsin t." }, { "en": "Solve your own problems.", "ber": "fsi imukrisn nnk sik i\u1e93lin." }, { "en": "Find it.", "ber": "af t." }, { "en": "Find it.", "ber": "af tt." }, { "en": "Find peace.", "ber": "af afra." }, { "en": "Find him.", "ber": "af t." }, { "en": "Find them.", "ber": "af tn" }, { "en": "Find them.", "ber": "af tnt." }, { "en": "Find synonyms.", "ber": "af igdawaln." }, { "en": "Who searches", "ber": " finds.", "null": [ "wanna irzzun", " da ittafa." ] }, { "en": "Who searches", "ber": " finds.", "null": [ "wanna isiggiln", " da ittafa." ] }, { "en": "Find the cat.", "ber": "af amaccu." }, { "en": "Find the differences.", "ber": "af imzarayn." }, { "en": "Find a job.", "ber": "af kra n twuri." }, { "en": "Find somebody else.", "ber": "af kra n yan ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "Search; find; discover!", "ber": "rzu; af; sfukkr!" }, { "en": "Just find them.", "ber": "af tn ka." }, { "en": "Just find them.", "ber": "af tnt hlli." }, { "en": "Just find him.", "ber": "af t ka." }, { "en": "Just find her.", "ber": "af tt hlli." }, { "en": "Go find them.", "ber": "ddu af tn." }, { "en": "Go find them.", "ber": "ftu af tnt." }, { "en": "Go find him.", "ber": "ddu af t." }, { "en": "Go find her.", "ber": "ddu af tt." }, { "en": "Find a solution.", "ber": "af kra n ufssay." }, { "en": "Find the derivatives.", "ber": "af inafu\u0263n." }, { "en": "Find a word.", "ber": "af yat tguri." }, { "en": "Find the books.", "ber": "af idlisn." }, { "en": "Find better words.", "ber": "af tiguriwin yufn." }, { "en": "Find your mother.", "ber": "af immik." }, { "en": "Find your mother.", "ber": "af immim." }, { "en": "Come find me.", "ber": "ack d af i." }, { "en": "I find swimming fun.", "ber": "da ttafa\u0263 acucf ifjjij." }, { "en": "Can you find it?", "ber": "is t\u0263iyd ad t tafd?" }, { "en": "Can you find it?", "ber": "is t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bm ad tt tafm?" }, { "en": "Find a good job.", "ber": "af kra n twuri ifulkin." }, { "en": "I must find it.", "ber": "iqqan d ad t af\u0263." }, { "en": "Try to find it.", "ber": "arm ad t tafd." }, { "en": "We all find them.", "ber": "nufa tn akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "Help yourself.", "ber": "aws i yi\u0263f nnk." }, { "en": "Help yourself.", "ber": "aws i yi\u0263f nnm." }, { "en": "Help yourself.", "ber": "awsat i yi\u0263f nnun." }, { "en": "Help me!", "ber": "awsat iyi!" }, { "en": "Tom helped.", "ber": "yiws iyi \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "That helped.", "ber": "yiws ayann." }, { "en": "Bring help.", "ber": "awi d tiwisi." }, { "en": "It helps.", "ber": "da ittaws." }, { "en": "Help us.", "ber": "aws a\u0263." }, { "en": "Help us.", "ber": "awsat a\u0263." }, { "en": "Help Tom.", "ber": "aws i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Help him.", "ber": "aws as." }, { "en": "Help her!", "ber": "aws as!" }, { "en": "Help us!", "ber": "aws a\u0263!" }, { "en": "Yanni helped.", "ber": "yiws yanni." }, { "en": "Help them!", "ber": "aws asn!" }, { "en": "Help them!", "ber": "aws asnt!" }, { "en": "Help Ziri.", "ber": "aws i ziri." }, { "en": "Please help.", "ber": "amur nnk aws." }, { "en": "Help yourselves.", "ber": "awsat i yixfawn nnun." }, { "en": "Please help yourself.", "ber": "amur nnk aws i yi\u0263f nnk." }, { "en": "I helped Tony.", "ber": "iws\u0263 i \u1e6duni." }, { "en": "I help him.", "ber": "iws\u0263 as." }, { "en": "Can I help?", "ber": "is \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad aws\u0263?" }, { "en": "Who helps her?", "ber": "manwa as yiwsn?" }, { "en": "I need help.", "ber": "usr\u0263 tiwisi." }, { "en": "Mary helped Tom.", "ber": "tiws mari i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "That always helps.", "ber": "da bdda ittaws ayann." }, { "en": "Someone help me.", "ber": "kra n yan ad iyi yaws." }, { "en": "She helps us.", "ber": "da a\u0263 tettaws." }, { "en": "They help us.", "ber": "da a\u0263 ttawsn." }, { "en": "Let me help.", "ber": "ajj i ad aws\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom needs help.", "ber": "yusr \u1e6dum tiwisi." }, { "en": "We need help.", "ber": "nusr tiwisi." }, { "en": "Please help Tom.", "ber": "amur nnk aws i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I help nobody.", "ber": "ur da ttaws\u0263 i yan." }, { "en": "Tom's helping.", "ber": "ar ittaws." }, { "en": "We'll help.", "ber": "rad naws." }, { "en": "This'll help.", "ber": "aya rad yaws." }, { "en": "That's helpful.", "ber": "ayann da ittaws." }, { "en": "Tom'll help.", "ber": "rad yaws \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is helpful.", "ber": "ar ittaws \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "You're helpful.", "ber": "kyyi da tettawsd." }, { "en": "You're helpful.", "ber": "kmmi da tettawsd." }, { "en": "You need help.", "ber": "tusrd tiwisi." }, { "en": "Tom will help.", "ber": "rad yaws \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Did Tom help?", "ber": "is yiws \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "I helped Tom.", "ber": "iws\u0263 i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We help Tom.", "ber": "da nttaws i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We helped Tom.", "ber": "niws i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We must help.", "ber": "iqqan d ad naws." }, { "en": "We must help.", "ber": "illa flla\u0263 ad naws." }, { "en": "We needed help.", "ber": "nusr yadlli tiwisi." }, { "en": "We should help.", "ber": "iqqan d ad naws." }, { "en": "They helped me.", "ber": "yiws iyi \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "They helped Tom.", "ber": "iwsn i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "They will help.", "ber": "rad awsn." }, { "en": "Tom helped me.", "ber": "yiws iyi \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom helped us.", "ber": "yiws a\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Call for help.", "ber": "\u0263r i tlalit." }, { "en": "Call for help.", "ber": "ttr talalit." }, { "en": "Can you help?", "ber": "is t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bd ad tawsd?" }, { "en": "Tom!", "ber": "a \u1e6dum!" }, { "en": "Tom frowned.", "ber": "iknsr \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom frowned.", "ber": "ikrs \u1e6dum gr walln nns." }, { "en": "Hello", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "azul a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "Tom blushed.", "ber": "izgg\u02b7a\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "\u201cTom!\u201d \u201cMary!\u201d", "ber": "a \u1e6dum! \"a mari!\"" }, { "en": "Tom disappeared.", "ber": "intl \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom overslept.", "ber": "issugt \u1e6dum g yi\u1e0d\u1e63." }, { "en": "Hi", "ber": " Tom!", "null": [ "azul a \u1e6dum!" ] }, { "en": "Tom shrugged.", "ber": "ismuss \u1e6dum ti\u0263\u1e5ba\u1e0d nns." }, { "en": "Tom wept.", "ber": "yalla \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom kneeled.", "ber": "i\u1e25unnr \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom shaved.", "ber": "i\u1e25ffif \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Ignore Tom.", "ber": "nxxl \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Ask Tom.", "ber": "sqsa \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Ask Tom.", "ber": "sestn \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Warn Tom.", "ber": "skaz \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Get Tom.", "ber": "awi d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom left.", "ber": "idda \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom left.", "ber": "ifta \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom lied.", "ber": "iskrks \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom lost.", "ber": "itturna \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom moved.", "ber": "immutti \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom smiled.", "ber": "izmummg \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom yawned.", "ber": "ifa \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom died.", "ber": "immut \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom won.", "ber": "irna \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom waited.", "ber": "iqql \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom volunteered.", "ber": "ifka \u1e6dum tiwisi." }, { "en": "Tom snores.", "ber": "da isxurriy \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom paid.", "ber": "ifra \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom looked.", "ber": "ismuqql \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom listened.", "ber": "issfld \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom laughed.", "ber": "i\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63a \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom knits.", "ber": "da i\u1e93\u1e0d\u1e0da \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom jumped.", "ber": "yuki \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom jumped.", "ber": "in\u1e0da \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom insisted.", "ber": "iqqrfa \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom inhaled.", "ber": "isskcm \u1e6dum unfus." }, { "en": "Tom giggled.", "ber": "i\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63a \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom gasped.", "ber": "isalsa \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom fought.", "ber": "imma\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom forgot.", "ber": "ittu \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom finished.", "ber": "ismd \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom fainted.", "ber": "isxf \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom failed.", "ber": "iguf \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom exhaled.", "ber": "issuf\u0263 \u1e6dum unfus." }, { "en": "Tom escaped.", "ber": "irwl \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom drowned.", "ber": "ing\u1e0d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom drove.", "ber": "indh \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom drives.", "ber": "da inddh \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom danced.", "ber": "irkz \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom cried.", "ber": "yalla \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom coughed.", "ber": "yusu \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom confessed.", "ber": "issikz \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "They live in peace.", "ber": "da ttddrn g ufra." }, { "en": "Tom clapped.", "ber": "yut \u1e6dum tidiklt." }, { "en": "Tom called.", "ber": "i\u0263ra \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom burped.", "ber": "igrr\u025b \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom blinked.", "ber": "ismrqc \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom approved.", "ber": "idggi \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom apologized.", "ber": "ittr \u1e6dum asurf." }, { "en": "Tom agrees.", "ber": "imsasa \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom agreed.", "ber": "imsasa \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tell Tom.", "ber": "ini t i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Take Tom.", "ber": "awi \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Take Tom.", "ber": "awiyat \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Leave Tom.", "ber": "fl \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Leave Tom.", "ber": "ajj \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Forget Tom.", "ber": "ttu \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Follow Tom.", "ber": "\u1e0df\u1e5b \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Follow Tom.", "ber": "\u1e0df\u1e5bat \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom recovered.", "ber": "ijji \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom understood.", "ber": "irms \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom accelerated.", "ber": "yummr \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom ran.", "ber": "yuzzl \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom came.", "ber": "yucka d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom canceled.", "ber": "issr \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom cared.", "ber": "innzgm \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom changed.", "ber": "infl \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom cheered.", "ber": "yut tidiklt." }, { "en": "Tom contributed.", "ber": "ibzr \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom crashed.", "ber": "ittubbaj \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom decided.", "ber": "i\u0263ts \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom disagreed.", "ber": "ur imsasa \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom exaggerated.", "ber": "issugt \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom fell.", "ber": "i\u1e0d\u1e5b \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom knew.", "ber": "issn yadlli \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom lies.", "ber": "da iskrkis \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom listens.", "ber": "ar issflid \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom misunderstood.", "ber": "izgl \u1e6dum g urmas." }, { "en": "Tom noticed.", "ber": "i\u0263\u1e0df \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Now then\u2014your turn.", "ber": "ilmma \u0263ila \u2014 tawala nnk." }, { "en": "Why did you want to speak to me?", "ber": "ma \u0263f trid ad diti tsawld?" }, { "en": "Tom phoned.", "ber": "isawl d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom prayed.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e93ull \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom prepaid.", "ber": "ifra zwar \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom refused.", "ber": "yugi \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom relaxed.", "ber": "innulwa \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom remembered.", "ber": "ik\u02b7ti \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom remembers.", "ber": "da ik\u02b7tti \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom squinted.", "ber": "iqzz \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom stayed.", "ber": "i\u0263ama \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom stayed.", "ber": "iqqim \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom stood.", "ber": "ibdd \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom stopped.", "ber": "ibdd \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom struggled.", "ber": "imma\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom succeeded.", "ber": "imurs \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom survived.", "ber": "injm \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom swam.", "ber": "iccf \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom talked.", "ber": "isawl \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom teaches.", "ber": "da isslmad \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Call Tom.", "ber": "\u0263r i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Catch Tom.", "ber": "am\u1e93 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Forgive Tom.", "ber": "ssurf i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Hit Tom.", "ber": "ut \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Identify Tom.", "ber": "snml \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Kiss Tom.", "ber": "ssudm \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Release Tom.", "ber": "slelli \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Save Tom.", "ber": "llil \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Stop Tom.", "ber": "sbdd \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Trust Tom.", "ber": "fls g \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Watch Tom.", "ber": "annay \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Keep an eye on Tom.", "ber": "srs ti\u1e6d\u1e6d \u0263f \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Watch Tom.", "ber": "matr \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Write Tom.", "ber": "ara i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom tried.", "ber": "yurm \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom tries.", "ber": "da ittarm \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom tries.", "ber": "da ittmwat \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom understands.", "ber": "da ittrmas \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom vanished.", "ber": "intl \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom volunteers.", "ber": "ifka \u1e6dum tiwisi." }, { "en": "Tom voted.", "ber": "isti \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom worked.", "ber": "iswuri \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom works.", "ber": "da iswuriy \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom approached.", "ber": "ya\u1e93 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Concentrate", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "snms a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "Concentrate", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "nnumms a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "Tom grunted.", "ber": "isxurri \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom slipped.", "ber": "icc\u1e0d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Hi", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "azul a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "Tom sings.", "ber": "ar ittirir \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom sneezed.", "ber": "inzi \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Poor Tom!", "ber": "\u1e6dum igllin!" }, { "en": "Tom dies.", "ber": "ar ittmtat \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom whistled.", "ber": "isin\u1e63g \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom stiffened.", "ber": "iqqur \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom shuddered.", "ber": "irgigi \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom protested.", "ber": "imsnkar \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom arrived.", "ber": "ilkm \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom arrived.", "ber": "yuw\u1e0d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom bowed.", "ber": "ik\u02b7na \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom followed.", "ber": "i\u1e0df\u1e5b \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom swore.", "ber": "iggull \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Faster", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "ifsus a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "Faster", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "ammr a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "Tom goofed.", "ber": "izgl \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Describe Tom.", "ber": "glm \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom relocated.", "ber": "immutti \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom complained.", "ber": "ismummi \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom swims.", "ber": "da ittccf \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom dances.", "ber": "da ittrkaz \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Hello", "ber": " Tom!", "null": [ "azul a \u1e6dum!" ] }, { "en": "Damn Tom!", "ber": "arwass a \u1e6dum!" }, { "en": "Tom rested.", "ber": "isunfa \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom fled.", "ber": "irwl \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom smokes.", "ber": "da ikmmi \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom calculates.", "ber": "ar issi\u1e0din \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom slept.", "ber": "i\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e63 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom slept.", "ber": "ign \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Goodbye", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "ar timlilit a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "Tom belched.", "ber": "igrr\u025b \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "It is not good to add oil to the fire.", "ber": "ur ifulki ad trnud azatim i tmssi." }, { "en": "I didn't know you had a dog.", "ber": "ur yadlli ssin\u0263 is dark aydi." }, { "en": "I didn't know Tom was born in Australia.", "ber": "ur yadlli ssin\u0263 mas ilul \u1e6dum g us\u1e6d\u1e5balya." }, { "en": "Bye", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "ar timlilit a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "Tom stinks.", "ber": "i\u1e93ja \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom smirked.", "ber": "izmummg \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom vomited.", "ber": "irura d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom doubts.", "ber": "\u1e6dum dars turda." }, { "en": "Tom writes.", "ber": "da ittara \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom leaves.", "ber": "idda \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom screams.", "ber": "ar is\u0263uyyu \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom falls!", "ber": "ar i\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e5b \u1e6dum!" }, { "en": "Tom travels.", "ber": "da ittmuddu \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom slips.", "ber": "ar ittcc\u1e0d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Go", "ber": " Tom!", "null": [ "ddu a \u1e6dum!" ] }, { "en": "Tom smoked.", "ber": "ikmi \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom approaches.", "ber": "da itta\u1e93 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Kill Tom.", "ber": "n\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Kill Tom.", "ber": "n\u0263at \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom froze.", "ber": "igrs \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom cooks.", "ber": "da issnwa \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom cursed.", "ber": "irgm \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom undressed.", "ber": "ikks \u1e6dum timlsit." }, { "en": "Tom overreacted.", "ber": "issugt \u1e6dum g umyagga." }, { "en": "Tom flew.", "ber": "yuyll \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom has flown.", "ber": "yuyll \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom continued.", "ber": "ismd \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom salivated.", "ber": "i\u1e5b\u1e93m \u1e6dum i ilddayn." }, { "en": "Tom spat.", "ber": "issufs \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom spit.", "ber": "issufs \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Bravo", "ber": " Tom!", "null": [ "ayyuz a \u1e6dum!" ] }, { "en": "Tom concentrated.", "ber": "isnms \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom limped.", "ber": "isbi\u1e0d\u1e5b \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom counted.", "ber": "issi\u1e0dn \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I found this gun.", "ber": "ufi\u0263 arbab ad." }, { "en": "Time flies.", "ber": "da ittaylal wakud." }, { "en": "Time flies.", "ber": "da ittazzal wakud." }, { "en": "Tom kowtowed.", "ber": "ik\u02b7na \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom squatted.", "ber": "iskkus \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom painted.", "ber": "i\u0263ma \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom fasted.", "ber": "ya\u1e93um \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom dreamt.", "ber": "iwarga \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom dreamed.", "ber": "iwarga \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom landed.", "ber": "irs \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom started.", "ber": "issnti \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom hid.", "ber": "iffr \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom hid.", "ber": "irg\u02b7s \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom fired.", "ber": "yut \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom fired.", "ber": "i\u1e5b\u1e93m \u1e6dum i wafa." }, { "en": "Tom replied.", "ber": "irura \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom answered.", "ber": "irura \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom watched.", "ber": "yannay \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom testified.", "ber": "ifka \u1e6dum tugga." }, { "en": "Tom showered.", "ber": "isuccf \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom gargled.", "ber": "ibqbq \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom reacted.", "ber": "imyagga \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom reads.", "ber": "da iqqar \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom began.", "ber": "issnti \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom went.", "ber": "idda \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom went.", "ber": "ifta \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom snored.", "ber": "isxurri \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom grows.", "ber": "da ittim\u0263ur \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom stole.", "ber": "yukr \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Blindfold Tom.", "ber": "qqn alln i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom studied.", "ber": "izra \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom studied.", "ber": "i\u0263ra \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom smells.", "ber": "da ittk\u1e0du \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Remember Tom.", "ber": "k\u02b7ti \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom! \"What?\"", "ber": "\u1e6dum! \"mi?\"" }, { "en": "Goodnight", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "timnsiwin a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "Tom sobbed.", "ber": "yalla \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom cooked.", "ber": "issnwa \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom limps.", "ber": "da isbi\u1e0di\u1e5b \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom mumbles.", "ber": "da ittetmtam \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom", "ber": " wait!", "null": [ "\u1e6dum", " qql!" ] }, { "en": "Tom remarried.", "ber": "yiwl da\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Why", "ber": " Tom?", "null": [ "ma \u0263f a \u1e6dum?" ] }, { "en": "Tom meditates.", "ber": "da ittkrbbu \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom played.", "ber": "yurar \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I haven't asked Tom yet.", "ber": "ur ta ttr\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I haven't asked Tom yet.", "ber": "ur ta sqsa\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Let's talk about work.", "ber": "aywa ad nsawl \u0263f twuri." }, { "en": "Let's talk about work.", "ber": "aywat ad nsawl \u0263f twuri." }, { "en": "Relax", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "nnulwu a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "Fuck Tom!", "ber": "arwass a \u1e6dum!" }, { "en": "Thanks", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "tanmmirt a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "Tom smiles.", "ber": "ar izmummug \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Punch Tom.", "ber": "ut \u1e6dum s tukkimt." }, { "en": "Tom rang.", "ber": "isrsr \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Encourage Tom.", "ber": "ssb\u0263s \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "No", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "uhu a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "Tom miscalculated.", "ber": "izgl \u1e6dum g usi\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "Dismiss Tom.", "ber": "sitti \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Pay Tom.", "ber": "fru \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom disagrees.", "ber": "ur imsasa \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I didn't like it at first.", "ber": "ur i issusm g tizwiri." }, { "en": "Wait", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "qql a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "Congratulations", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "ir\u0263ud ak a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "Tom apologised.", "ber": "ittr \u1e6dum asurf." }, { "en": "Avoid Tom.", "ber": "anf i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Focus", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "snms a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "Stop", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "bdd a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "Amen", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "amin a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "Protect Tom.", "ber": "ari \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is absent.", "ber": "imnnk \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom changed color.", "ber": "issnfl \u1e6dum aklu." }, { "en": "Tom hurt himself.", "ber": "ibri \u1e6dum i\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "Tom likes swimming.", "ber": "i\u1e25ml \u1e6dum ucuf." }, { "en": "Tom walks slowly.", "ber": "da ittddu \u1e6dum s l\u1e25il." }, { "en": "They hated Tom.", "ber": "ksnn \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I want you to listen to me carefully.", "ber": "ri\u0263 k ad iyi tssfldd mli\u1e25." }, { "en": "I want to go to a hotel.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad ddu\u0263 s usnsu." }, { "en": "Tom likes tomatoes?", "ber": "i\u1e25ml \u1e6dum timi\u1e6dac?" }, { "en": "Tom just left.", "ber": "\u1e25ra idda \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Call Tom immediately.", "ber": "sawl s \u1e6dum \u0263ila." }, { "en": "Who killed Tom?", "ber": "manwa in\u0263an \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Tom was executed.", "ber": "ittun\u0263a \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom quit smoking.", "ber": "isbdd \u1e6dum akmay." }, { "en": "Tom wants to eat Italian food for dinner.", "ber": "ira \u1e6dum ad icc amtcu a\u1e6dalyani g yimnsi." }, { "en": "Tom loves singing.", "ber": "da ittiri \u1e6dum irir." }, { "en": "Tom looks young.", "ber": "da ittuman \u1e6dum im\u1e93\u1e93iy." }, { "en": "Tom looks tired.", "ber": "da ittuman \u1e6dum i\u1e5bmi." }, { "en": "Tom looks strong.", "ber": "da ittuman \u1e6dum idus." }, { "en": "Tom looks sad.", "ber": "da ittuman \u1e6dum i\u0263ilf." }, { "en": "Tom looked lonely.", "ber": "yuman g \u1e6dum mas iga amyiwn." }, { "en": "Tom looked happy.", "ber": "yuman g \u1e6dum is immr." }, { "en": "Tom lacks experience.", "ber": "yusr \u1e6dum turmit." }, { "en": "Tom is wrong.", "ber": "izgl \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is unsociable.", "ber": "ur igi \u1e6dum anamun." }, { "en": "Tom is unpopular.", "ber": "ur igi \u1e6dum a\u0263rfan." }, { "en": "Tom is unmarried.", "ber": "ur yiwl \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is tall.", "ber": "i\u0263zzif \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is smart.", "ber": "i\u0263is \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is smart.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum ami\u0263is." }, { "en": "Tom is sick.", "ber": "yu\u1e0dn \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is quiet.", "ber": "idkt \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is poor.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum am\u1e93lu\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Tom is patient.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum am\u1e93\u1e93i\u1e0d\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Let's dance!", "ber": "aywa a nrkz!" }, { "en": "Feel this.", "ber": "syafa s uya." }, { "en": "Feel free.", "ber": "g ilelli." }, { "en": "I feel cold.", "ber": "ar syafa\u0263 s u\u1e63mmi\u1e0d." }, { "en": "I feel something.", "ber": "ar syafa\u0263 s kra." }, { "en": "I feel relieved.", "ber": "da syafa\u0263 s usunfu." }, { "en": "Take a map with you in case you get lost.", "ber": "awi dik taka\u1e5b\u1e0da g waddad n ig tjlid." }, { "en": "Where did you buy your car from?", "ber": "mani sg d ts\u0263id tihirit nnk?" }, { "en": "Tom will wake up soon.", "ber": "rad d inkr \u1e6dum yan imikk." }, { "en": "Tom is lazy.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum amxin." }, { "en": "Tom is intelligent.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum ami\u0263is." }, { "en": "Tom is happy.", "ber": "immr \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is easygoing.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum afrar." }, { "en": "Tom is divorced.", "ber": "illf \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is bald.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum amjju\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Tom felt weak.", "ber": "isyafa \u1e6dum s ulma\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Tom felt uncomfortable.", "ber": "isyafa \u1e6dum is ur isunfi." }, { "en": "Tom felt tired.", "ber": "isyafa \u1e6dum s u\u1e5bmmuy." }, { "en": "Tom felt sick.", "ber": "isyafa \u1e6dum s wa\u1e6d\u1e6dan." }, { "en": "Tom felt sad.", "ber": "isyafa \u1e6dum s u\u0263iluf." }, { "en": "Tom felt lonely.", "ber": "isyafa \u1e6dum is iga amyiwn." }, { "en": "Tom felt hungry.", "ber": "isyafa \u1e6dum s la\u1e93." }, { "en": "Tom felt happy.", "ber": "isyafa \u1e6dum s tumrt." }, { "en": "Tom felt cold.", "ber": "isyafa \u1e6dum s u\u1e63mmi\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Tom died young.", "ber": "immut \u1e6dum im\u1e93\u1e93iy." }, { "en": "Tom died yesterday.", "ber": "immut \u1e6dum assnna\u1e6d." }, { "en": "Tom cooked dinner.", "ber": "issnwa \u1e6dum imnsi." }, { "en": "Tom can swim.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b \u1e6dum ad iccf." }, { "en": "Tom can cook.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b \u1e6dum ad issnu." }, { "en": "Tom can cook.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b \u1e6dum ad issnwa." }, { "en": "Tom began talking.", "ber": "issnti \u1e6dum awal." }, { "en": "Tom ate quickly.", "ber": "icca \u1e6dum s tmmri." }, { "en": "Tom almost died.", "ber": "imikk ad immt \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Leave Tom alone.", "ber": "ajj \u1e6dum i wa\u1e0du nns." }, { "en": "Tom threatened Mary.", "ber": "isdiddi \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom terrified Mary.", "ber": "iswafa \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom slapped Mary.", "ber": "imrrq \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom kissed Mary.", "ber": "issudm \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom insulted Mary.", "ber": "irgm \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom ignored Mary.", "ber": "inxxl \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom hates Mary.", "ber": "iksn \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom hated Mary.", "ber": "iksn yadlli \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom divorced Mary.", "ber": "illf \u1e6dum i mari." }, { "en": "Tom contacted Mary.", "ber": "isawl \u1e6dum s mari." }, { "en": "Tom called Mary.", "ber": "i\u0263ra \u1e6dum i mari." }, { "en": "Tom was mugged.", "ber": "ittyakar \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom needed assistance.", "ber": "yusr yadlli \u1e6dum tiwisi." }, { "en": "Tom is stingy.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum aqmcac." }, { "en": "Tom is stingy.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum asqram." }, { "en": "Tom is out.", "ber": "illa \u1e6dum g b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "Tom got taken.", "ber": "ittyama\u1e93 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom got sick.", "ber": "yu\u1e0dn \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom got robbed.", "ber": "ittyakar \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom got lost.", "ber": "ijla \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom got hurt.", "ber": "ittubray \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom got burned.", "ber": "ikm\u1e0d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom got angry.", "ber": "irfa \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Few people live to be 100 years old.", "ber": "imikk n mddn ad ittddrn ard \u0263ursn tili 100 n usgg\u02b7as." }, { "en": "Is your gun loaded?", "ber": "is iktur urbab nnk?" }, { "en": "Did you prepare the dinner?", "ber": "is tsmuttgd imnsi?" }, { "en": "I don't always understand what's going on.", "ber": "ur da bdda ttrmas\u0263 mayd illan." }, { "en": "I don't want to post it.", "ber": "ur ri\u0263 ad t fsr\u0263." }, { "en": "Just follow them.", "ber": "\u1e0df\u1e5b tn ka." }, { "en": "Just follow them.", "ber": "\u1e0df\u1e5b tnt hlli." }, { "en": "I think that it's true.", "ber": "da ttini\u0263 mas iga tidt." }, { "en": "Be careful in the woods.", "ber": "rar taynit g tagant." }, { "en": "She got her way.", "ber": "tum\u1e93 abrid nns." }, { "en": "Tom fell down.", "ber": "i\u1e0d\u1e5b \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom changed jobs.", "ber": "issnfl \u1e6dum tawuri." }, { "en": "Tom changed clothes.", "ber": "issnfl \u1e6dum imk\u1e5ba\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Tom burned himself.", "ber": "isskm\u1e0d \u1e6dum i\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "Tom will survive.", "ber": "rad injm \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom went west.", "ber": "idda \u1e6dum s utaram." }, { "en": "Tom was wrong.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum izgl." }, { "en": "Tom was speechless.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum iggammi ad isawl." }, { "en": "Tom was scared.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum igg\u02b7d." }, { "en": "Tom was kidnapped.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum ittyakar." }, { "en": "Tom was hurt.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum ittubray." }, { "en": "Tom was happy.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum immr." }, { "en": "Tom walked home.", "ber": "yurri \u1e6dum s tgmmi." }, { "en": "Tom slept late.", "ber": "ur ign \u1e6dm zikk." }, { "en": "Tom skipped lunch.", "ber": "issiki \u1e6dum imkli." }, { "en": "Tom concealed evidence.", "ber": "issntl \u1e6dum an\u1e93a." }, { "en": "Tom remained silent.", "ber": "iqqim \u1e6dum ifss." }, { "en": "Tom seems happy.", "ber": "irwas \u1e6dum is immr." }, { "en": "Tom never cheats.", "ber": "ur da jju ittkna\u1e0d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom likes traveling.", "ber": "da ittiri \u1e6dum amuddu." }, { "en": "Tom introduced himself.", "ber": "issnkd \u1e6dum i\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "I hate Tom.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Mary slapped Tom.", "ber": "tmrrq mari \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom has disappeared.", "ber": "intl \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is calm.", "ber": "idkt \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is perfect.", "ber": "i\u0263uda \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom speaks Romansh.", "ber": "da isawal \u1e6dum tarumancit." }, { "en": "Tom likes money.", "ber": "da ittiri \u1e6dum idrimn." }, { "en": "Tom likes experimenting.", "ber": "da ittiri \u1e6dum arram." }, { "en": "Tom was crying.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum ar yalla." }, { "en": "Tom is average.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum anammas." }, { "en": "Did Tom come?", "ber": "is d yucka \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Tom ate alone.", "ber": "icca \u1e6dum i wa\u1e0du nns." }, { "en": "Tom is evil.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum amu\u1e93u\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Tom is snoring.", "ber": "ar isxurriy \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is competent.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum amsugr." }, { "en": "Tom was sleeping.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum ign." }, { "en": "Tom was sleeping.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum i\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e63." }, { "en": "Tom ran away.", "ber": "irwl \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is blind.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum abuka\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Tom followed Mary.", "ber": "i\u1e0df\u1e5b \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom is available.", "ber": "ur illi \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom needs clothes.", "ber": "yusr \u1e6dum imk\u1e5ba\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Tom was adopted.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum ittusmemmi." }, { "en": "Tom called me.", "ber": "i\u0263ra iyi \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Talk to Tom.", "ber": "sawl s \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Everybody hates Tom.", "ber": "ksnn akk\u02b7 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom said nothing.", "ber": "ur inni \u1e6dum amya." }, { "en": "Tom abandoned them.", "ber": "ifl tn \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom abandoned them.", "ber": "ifl tnt \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom loves horses.", "ber": "da ittiri \u1e6dum iyysan." }, { "en": "Tom reads slowly.", "ber": "da iqqar \u1e6dum s l\u1e25il." }, { "en": "Tom speaks slowly.", "ber": "da isawal \u1e6dum s l\u1e25il." }, { "en": "Tom writes slowly.", "ber": "da ittara \u1e6dum s l\u1e25il." }, { "en": "Tom works slowly.", "ber": "da iswuriy \u1e6dum s l\u1e25il." }, { "en": "Tom translates slowly.", "ber": "da issu\u0263ul \u1e6dum s l\u1e25il." }, { "en": "Tom is swimming.", "ber": "ar ittccf \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is singing.", "ber": "ar ittirir \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is thinking.", "ber": "ar iswingim \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is praying.", "ber": "ar itt\u1e93alla \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is crying.", "ber": "ar yalla \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is joking.", "ber": "ar ittna\u1e93 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is laughing.", "ber": "ar i\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63a \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is coughing.", "ber": "ar ittusu \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is sneezing.", "ber": "ar ittnzi \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is undressing.", "ber": "ar ittkks \u1e6dum imk\u1e5ba\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Tom is running.", "ber": "ar ittazzal \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is breathing.", "ber": "ar isunfus \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is dreaming.", "ber": "ar ittwarga \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is dying.", "ber": "ar ittmtat \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is lying.", "ber": "ar iskrkis \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is shaking.", "ber": "ar ittrgigi \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is smoking.", "ber": "ar ikmmi \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is swearing.", "ber": "ar ittgalla \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is yawning.", "ber": "ar ittfa \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Is this what you wanted me to buy?", "ber": "is d aya a s i trid ad t s\u0263\u0263?" }, { "en": "Love me", "ber": " love my dog.", "null": [ "iri i", " tirid aydi inu." ] }, { "en": "Tom is yelling.", "ber": "ar is\u0263uyyu \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom hates everybody.", "ber": "iksn \u1e6dum mddn akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "Tom ate something.", "ber": "icca \u1e6dum kra." }, { "en": "Tom was murdered.", "ber": "ittun\u0263a \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Listen to Tom.", "ber": "ssfld i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is buying.", "ber": "ar issa\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Take Tom home.", "ber": "awi \u1e6dum \u0263r uxxam." }, { "en": "Take Tom home.", "ber": "awiyat \u1e6dum s tgmmi." }, { "en": "Tom was right.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum i\u0263\u1e93an." }, { "en": "Tom was electrocuted.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum yut t u\u1e93a\u1e5bu\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Tom was arrested.", "ber": "ittyama\u1e93 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom was abducted.", "ber": "ittyakar \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom turned pale.", "ber": "iwrr\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom turned around.", "ber": "issutl \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom started laughing.", "ber": "issnti \u1e6dum ta\u1e0d\u1e63a." }, { "en": "Tom seems comfortable.", "ber": "irwas \u1e6dum is isunfa." }, { "en": "Tom seems anxious.", "ber": "irwas \u1e6dum is innzgm." }, { "en": "Tom scares me.", "ber": "da i issiwid \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom passed out.", "ber": "isxf \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom ordered pizza.", "ber": "issutr \u1e6dum tabidzat." }, { "en": "Tom needs me.", "ber": "yusr i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom looks sick.", "ber": "da ittuman \u1e6dum yu\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "Tom looks different.", "ber": "da ittuman \u1e6dum imzaray." }, { "en": "Tom looks angry.", "ber": "da ittuman \u1e6dum irfa." }, { "en": "Tom just disappeared.", "ber": "\u1e25ra iffr \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is working.", "ber": "ar iswuriy \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is scared.", "ber": "igg\u02b7d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is married.", "ber": "yiwl \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is handsome.", "ber": "i\u1e93il \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is dead.", "ber": "immut \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom hates me.", "ber": "iksn i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom died alone.", "ber": "immut \u1e6dum i wa\u1e0du nns." }, { "en": "Everybody loves Tom.", "ber": "kraygatt yan da ittiri \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom", "ber": " answer me!", "null": [ "rar fllati a \u1e6dum!" ] }, { "en": "Tom is hurt.", "ber": "ittubray \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom looked angry.", "ber": "yuman g \u1e6dum is irfa." }, { "en": "Tom looked tired.", "ber": "yuman g \u1e6dum is i\u1e5bmi." }, { "en": "Does Tom know?", "ber": "is issn \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Did Tom call?", "ber": "is i\u0263ra \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Will Tom die?", "ber": "is rad immt \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Who's Tom?", "ber": "manwa iga \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Where's Tom?", "ber": "mani g illa \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Where's Tom?", "ber": "manza \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "What killed Tom?", "ber": "mayd in\u0263an \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Was Tom murdered?", "ber": "is ittun\u0263a \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Was Tom alone?", "ber": "is iga \u1e6dum amyiwn?" }, { "en": "Is Tom there?", "ber": "is \u0263inn illa \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Is Tom successful?", "ber": "is imurs \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Is Tom conscious?", "ber": "is ifrk \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Is Tom available?", "ber": "is illa \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Is Tom alive?", "ber": "is iddr \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Is that Tom?", "ber": "is d \u1e6dum ayann?" }, { "en": "I love Tom.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Wake up Tom.", "ber": "nkr a \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Let Tom go.", "ber": "ajj \u1e6dum ad iddu." }, { "en": "How's Tom?", "ber": "manmk iga \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Tom went fishing.", "ber": "idda \u1e6dum ad ig\u02b7mr islman." }, { "en": "Tom wants this.", "ber": "ira \u1e6dum aya." }, { "en": "Tom wanted Mary.", "ber": "ira yadlli \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom wanted this.", "ber": "ira yadlli \u1e6dum aya." }, { "en": "Tom wants money.", "ber": "ira \u1e6dum idrimn." }, { "en": "Is Tom happy?", "ber": "is immr \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "I just wish things could be better.", "ber": "da hlli ssitim\u0263 ad falkint t\u0263awsiwin." }, { "en": "He went to hajj.", "ber": "idda s l\u1e25jj." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary want to talk to you.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari ran ad dik sawln." }, { "en": "It's too much for me.", "ber": "iggut bahra fllati nkki." }, { "en": "Are you a doctor?", "ber": "is tgid amsgnaf?" }, { "en": "This is a dog.", "ber": "wad iga aydi." }, { "en": "This is a cat.", "ber": "wad iga amaccu." }, { "en": "The road is under construction.", "ber": "ar sul ittu\u1e93ka ubrid." }, { "en": "I hope he did not annoy you.", "ber": "da ttnuruz\u0263 is k ur izziwz." }, { "en": "What'll we do?", "ber": "ma rad nskr?" }, { "en": "What should we do?", "ber": "mayd \u0263ifn\u0263 illan ad t nskr?" }, { "en": "What should we do?", "ber": "mayd d iqqann ad t nskr?" }, { "en": "Do you have a sister", "ber": " Juan?", "null": [ "is \u0263urk ultmak a xwan?" ] }, { "en": "Was Tom happy?", "ber": "is tt inn ikka \u1e6dum immr?" }, { "en": "Tom seemed happy.", "ber": "yuman g \u1e6dum is immr." }, { "en": "Tom is busy.", "ber": "isala \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom was busy.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum isala." }, { "en": "Tom", "ber": " be careful!", "null": [ "rar taynit a \u1e6dum!" ] }, { "en": "Tom found something.", "ber": "yufa \u1e6dum kra n t\u0263awsa." }, { "en": "Tom loves Mary.", "ber": "da ittiri \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom knows everybody.", "ber": "issn \u1e6dum mddn akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "Everyone ignored Tom.", "ber": "kraygatt yan inxxl \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Everyone ignored Tom.", "ber": "nxxln akk\u02b7 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Somebody killed Tom.", "ber": "kra n yan in\u0263a \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's afraid.", "ber": "igg\u02b7d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's alive.", "ber": "iddr \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's alone.", "ber": "illa \u1e6dum i wa\u1e0du nns." }, { "en": "Tom's angry.", "ber": "irfa \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's arrived.", "ber": "ilkm \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's arrived.", "ber": "yiw\u1e0d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's awake.", "ber": "inkr \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's Canadian.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum akanadi." }, { "en": "Tom's changed.", "ber": "infl \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's cheating.", "ber": "ar ittkna\u1e0d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's comfortable.", "ber": "isunfa \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's coming.", "ber": "idda d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's confessed.", "ber": "issikz \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's cooking.", "ber": "ar issnwa \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's correct.", "ber": "i\u0263\u1e93an \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's crazy.", "ber": "inufl \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's crying.", "ber": "ar yalla \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's dead.", "ber": "immut \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is deaf.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum a\u1e0d\u1e5b\u1e0du\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Tom's deaf.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum a\u1e0d\u1e5b\u1e0du\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Tom's died.", "ber": "immut \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's different.", "ber": "imzaray \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's divorced.", "ber": "illf \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's dreaming.", "ber": "ar ittwarga \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's drunk.", "ber": "iswa \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's dying.", "ber": "ar ittmtat \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's eating.", "ber": "ar ittetta \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's eating.", "ber": "ar ictta \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is eating.", "ber": "ar ittetta \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is still eating.", "ber": "ar sul ictta \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's elderly.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum awssar." }, { "en": "Tom's escaped.", "ber": "irwl \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's famous.", "ber": "ittussan \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is famous.", "ber": "ittussan \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's fat.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum a\u1e0dbbu\u1e93." }, { "en": "Tom is fearless.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum war tik\u1e63\u1e63a\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Tom's finished.", "ber": "ismd \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom is finished.", "ber": "ismd \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's free.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum ilelli." }, { "en": "Tom's funny.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum ams\u1e0d\u1e63a." }, { "en": "Tom's glad.", "ber": "ifjjij \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's gone.", "ber": "idda \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's harmless.", "ber": "ur da ik\u02b7mmi \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's healthy.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum amdus." }, { "en": "Tom's helpless.", "ber": "ur yufi \u1e6dum tiwisi." }, { "en": "Tom's here.", "ber": "illa \u0263id \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's home.", "ber": "illa \u1e6dum g uxxam." }, { "en": "Tom is at home.", "ber": "illa \u1e6dum g tgmmi." }, { "en": "Tom is home.", "ber": "illa \u1e6dum g taddart." }, { "en": "Tom's homeless.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum war taddart." }, { "en": "Tom is homeless.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum war taddart." }, { "en": "Tom is hungry.", "ber": "illu\u1e93 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's hurt.", "ber": "ittubray \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's illiterate.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum aqubban." }, { "en": "Go ahead and talk.", "ber": "ddu s mnid tsawld." }, { "en": "Dan didn't even admit that.", "ber": "ur akk\u02b7 issikz dan s uyann." }, { "en": "I'm very quick.", "ber": "fssus\u0263 bahra." }, { "en": "Mary ran.", "ber": "tuzzl mari." }, { "en": "Marie sneezed.", "ber": "tnzi mari." }, { "en": "Marie painted.", "ber": "t\u0263ma mari." }, { "en": "Marie played.", "ber": "turar mari." }, { "en": "Mary agreed.", "ber": "tmsasa mari." }, { "en": "He admitted he lied.", "ber": "issikz mas iskrks." }, { "en": "Mary whistled.", "ber": "tsin\u1e63g mari." }, { "en": "Mary fainted.", "ber": "tsxf mari." }, { "en": "Mary drove.", "ber": "tndh mari." }, { "en": "Mary began.", "ber": "tssnti mari." }, { "en": "Mary died.", "ber": "tmmut mari." }, { "en": "Mary blushed.", "ber": "tzgg\u02b7a\u0263 mari." }, { "en": "Mary burped.", "ber": "tgrr\u025b mari." }, { "en": "Hello", "ber": " Mary.", "null": [ "azul a mari." ] }, { "en": "Mary stopped.", "ber": "tbdd mari." }, { "en": "Mary approached.", "ber": "ta\u1e93 d mari." }, { "en": "Mary left.", "ber": "tdda mari." }, { "en": "Mary swam.", "ber": "tccf mari." }, { "en": "Mary won.", "ber": "trna mari." }, { "en": "Mary coughed.", "ber": "tusu mari." }, { "en": "Did you take what you need?", "ber": "is tiwid mayd tusrd?" }, { "en": "We trust you.", "ber": "nfls gik." }, { "en": "Mary accelerated.", "ber": "tummr mari." }, { "en": "Mary learned.", "ber": "tlmd mari." }, { "en": "Mary lied.", "ber": "tskrks mari." }, { "en": "Mary waited.", "ber": "tqql mari." }, { "en": "Mary landed.", "ber": "trs mari." }, { "en": "Mary sang.", "ber": "tirir mari." }, { "en": "Mary danced.", "ber": "trkz mari." }, { "en": "Mary applauded.", "ber": "tut mari tidiklt." }, { "en": "Mary clapped.", "ber": "tut mari tidiklt." }, { "en": "Mary hunts.", "ber": "da tgmmr mari." }, { "en": "Mary vomited.", "ber": "trura mari." }, { "en": "Mary is tall.", "ber": "t\u0263zzif mari." }, { "en": "Mary is tall.", "ber": "tga mari tu\u0263zift." }, { "en": "Mary understands Chinese.", "ber": "da tettrmas mari tacinwit." }, { "en": "How is Mary?", "ber": "manimk tga mari?" }, { "en": "Mary can swim.", "ber": "t\u0263iy mari ad tccf." }, { "en": "Mary came in.", "ber": "tkcm mari." }, { "en": "Abbott killed Mary.", "ber": "in\u0263a abbut mari." }, { "en": "Mary killed Abbott.", "ber": "tn\u0263a mari abbut." }, { "en": "Where is Mary?", "ber": "mani g tlla mari?" }, { "en": "Tom scolded Mary.", "ber": "i\u1e93i \u1e6dum d mari." }, { "en": "Mary teaches yoga.", "ber": "da tsslmad mari ayuga." }, { "en": "Mary is screaming.", "ber": "ar ts\u0263uyyu mari." }, { "en": "Mary is snoring.", "ber": "ar tsxurriy mari." }, { "en": "Mary is beautiful.", "ber": "t\u1e93il mari." }, { "en": "Mary is thirsty.", "ber": "mari ya\u0263 tt irifi." }, { "en": "Mary is mine.", "ber": "tga mari tinu." }, { "en": "Tom approached Mary.", "ber": "ya\u1e93 \u1e6dum i mari." }, { "en": "Tom believed Mary.", "ber": "ifls \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom caught Mary.", "ber": "yum\u1e93 \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom challenged Mary.", "ber": "ina\u1e93\u1e5b \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom chased Mary.", "ber": "i\u1e6d\u1e6day \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom congratulated Mary.", "ber": "issr\u0263ud \u1e6dum i mari." }, { "en": "Tom encouraged Mary.", "ber": "issb\u0263s \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom forgave Mary.", "ber": "issurf \u1e6dum i mari." }, { "en": "Tom found Mary.", "ber": "yufa \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Did you read the sign?", "ber": "is t\u0263rid tamatart?" }, { "en": "It's just money.", "ber": "idrimn ka ayann." }, { "en": "You need treatment.", "ber": "tusrd asmkl." }, { "en": "Tom kidnapped Mary.", "ber": "yukr \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom knows Mary.", "ber": "issn \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom left Mary.", "ber": "ifl \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom likes Mary.", "ber": "i\u1e25ml \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom loved Mary.", "ber": "ira \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom married Mary.", "ber": "yiwl \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom met Mary.", "ber": "immaqqar \u1e6dum d mari." }, { "en": "Tom misunderstood Mary.", "ber": "izgl \u1e6dum g urmas n mari." }, { "en": "Tom needed Mary.", "ber": "yusr yadlli \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom needs Mary.", "ber": "yusr \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom questioned Mary.", "ber": "isestn \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom questioned Mary.", "ber": "isqsa \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom recognized Mary.", "ber": "yukz \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom will find Mary.", "ber": "rad yaf \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom released Mary.", "ber": "i\u1e5b\u1e93m \u1e6dum i mari." }, { "en": "Tom rescued Mary.", "ber": "illil \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom rescued Mary.", "ber": "issnjm \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom stabbed Mary.", "ber": "yut \u1e6dum mari s tuzzalt." }, { "en": "Tom stopped Mary.", "ber": "isbdd \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom texted Mary.", "ber": "yura \u1e6dum tabrat i mari." }, { "en": "Tom told Mary.", "ber": "inna t \u1e6dum i mari." }, { "en": "Tom trusted Mary.", "ber": "ifls yadlli \u1e6dum g mari." }, { "en": "Tom trusts Mary.", "ber": "ifls \u1e6dum g mari." }, { "en": "Tom underestimated Mary.", "ber": "isslka \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom understands Mary.", "ber": "da ittrmas \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom watched Mary.", "ber": "yannay \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom watches Mary.", "ber": "imutr \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom watches Mary.", "ber": "ar ittmatar \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Mary looks beautiful.", "ber": "ar tettuman mari t\u1e93il." }, { "en": "Mary was beautiful.", "ber": "tkka tt inn mari t\u025bzza." }, { "en": "Mary is Canadian.", "ber": "mari tga takanadit." }, { "en": "Tom visited Mary.", "ber": "irzf \u1e6dum dar mari." }, { "en": "Tom avoided Mary.", "ber": "yunf \u1e6dum i mari." }, { "en": "Tom described Mary.", "ber": "iglm \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom thanked Mary.", "ber": "isnimmr \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom punched Mary.", "ber": "yut \u1e6dum mari s tukkimt." }, { "en": "Mary was hurt.", "ber": "tkka tt inn mari tettubray." }, { "en": "Mary was young.", "ber": "tkka tt inn mari tm\u1e93\u1e93iy." }, { "en": "Tom abandoned Mary.", "ber": "ifl \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom phoned Mary.", "ber": "i\u0263ra \u1e6dum i mari." }, { "en": "Tom helped Mary.", "ber": "yiws \u1e6dum i mari." }, { "en": "Wait for Mary.", "ber": "qql s mari." }, { "en": "Mary just left.", "ber": "\u1e25ra tdda mari." }, { "en": "Mary was stubborn.", "ber": "ikka tt inn iqqur yi\u0263f n mari." }, { "en": "Who is Mary?", "ber": "manta tga mari?" }, { "en": "Mary believed Tom.", "ber": "tfls mari \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Mary called you.", "ber": "t\u0263ra ak mari." }, { "en": "Mary called you.", "ber": "t\u0263ra am mari." }, { "en": "She fired Mary.", "ber": "t\u1e6d\u1e6day mari." }, { "en": "We fired Mary.", "ber": "n\u1e6d\u1e6day mari." }, { "en": "They fired Mary.", "ber": "\u1e6d\u1e6dayn mari." }, { "en": "I found Mary.", "ber": "ufi\u0263 mari." }, { "en": "She found Mary.", "ber": "tufa mari." }, { "en": "We found Mary.", "ber": "nufa mari." }, { "en": "They found Mary.", "ber": "ufan mari." }, { "en": "Mary knows that.", "ber": "tssn mari ayann." }, { "en": "I like Mary.", "ber": "tssusm i mari." }, { "en": "She loved Mary.", "ber": "t\u1e25ml mari." }, { "en": "Mary needed you.", "ber": "tusr k yadlli mari." }, { "en": "Mary needed you.", "ber": "tusr km yadlli mari." }, { "en": "Mary needs help.", "ber": "tusr mari tiwisi." }, { "en": "Mary said that.", "ber": "tnna mari ayann." }, { "en": "Mary forgave me.", "ber": "tssurf iyi mari." }, { "en": "Mary wants that.", "ber": "tra mari ayann." }, { "en": "Mary brought hers.", "ber": "tiwi d mari winns." }, { "en": "Mary brought hers.", "ber": "tiwi d mari tinns." }, { "en": "Mary corrected it.", "ber": "tss\u0263ta t mari." }, { "en": "Mary deserves this.", "ber": "tuklal mari ayad." }, { "en": "Mary likes seafood.", "ber": "t\u1e25ml mari igumma n yill." }, { "en": "Mary trusts you.", "ber": "da k tettflas mari." }, { "en": "Mary trusts you.", "ber": "da km tettflas mari." }, { "en": "Mary made cookies.", "ber": "tssnwa mari ikukiyn." }, { "en": "Mary needs answers.", "ber": "tusr \u1e6dum timrarutin." }, { "en": "Mary needed money.", "ber": "tusr yadlli mari idrimn." }, { "en": "Mary remembers you.", "ber": "da k tk\u02b7tti mari." }, { "en": "Mary remembers you.", "ber": "da km tk\u02b7tti mari." }, { "en": "Mary started that.", "ber": "tssnti mari ayann." }, { "en": "Mary wants answers.", "ber": "tra mari timrarutin." }, { "en": "Mary hates parties.", "ber": "tksn mari tifugliwin." }, { "en": "She knows Mary.", "ber": "tssn mari." }, { "en": "We know Mary.", "ber": "nssn mari." }, { "en": "They know Mary.", "ber": "ssnn mari." }, { "en": "Mary likes snow.", "ber": "t\u1e25ml mari adfl." }, { "en": "Mary believes Tom.", "ber": "da tettflas mari \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Mary called us.", "ber": "t\u0263ra a\u0263 mari." }, { "en": "Mary found one.", "ber": "tufa mari yan." }, { "en": "Mary knows why.", "ber": "tssn mari ma \u0263f." }, { "en": "Mary left this.", "ber": "tfl mari ayad." }, { "en": "She lost Mary.", "ber": "tdda as mari." }, { "en": "We lost Mary.", "ber": "tdda a\u0263 mari." }, { "en": "I told Mary.", "ber": "nni\u0263 t i mari." }, { "en": "Lucy told Mary.", "ber": "tnna t lusi i mari." }, { "en": "We told Mary.", "ber": "nenna t i mari." }, { "en": "They told Mary.", "ber": "nnan t i mari." }, { "en": "Mary trusts me.", "ber": "tfls giti mari." }, { "en": "Mary caught Tom.", "ber": "tum\u1e93 mari \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Mary has plans.", "ber": "mari dars i\u0263awasn." }, { "en": "Mary missed you.", "ber": "tu\u1e0dn k inn mari." }, { "en": "Mary missed you.", "ber": "tu\u1e0dn km inn mari." }, { "en": "Mary stopped it.", "ber": "tsbdd t mari." }, { "en": "Mary tried that.", "ber": "turm mari ayann." }, { "en": "Mary fixed it.", "ber": "tsgadda t mari." }, { "en": "Mary heard it.", "ber": "tslla as mari." }, { "en": "Mary raised me.", "ber": "tssnkr i mari." }, { "en": "Mary built it.", "ber": "t\u1e93ka t mari." }, { "en": "Mary built it.", "ber": "t\u1e93ka tt mari." }, { "en": "Mary hates secrets.", "ber": "tksn mari tuffirin." }, { "en": "Mary likes stories.", "ber": "t\u1e25ml mari tinfusin." }, { "en": "Mary found us.", "ber": "tufa a\u0263 mari." }, { "en": "Mary had some.", "ber": "illa yadlli dar mari imikk." }, { "en": "Mary had some.", "ber": "illa yadlli \u0263ur mari kra." }, { "en": "Mary trusts us.", "ber": "tfls gitn\u0263 mari." }, { "en": "Mary wanted it.", "ber": "tra t yadlli mari." }, { "en": "Mary knows Tom.", "ber": "tssn mari \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Mary helped me.", "ber": "tiws iyi mari." }, { "en": "Mary caught me.", "ber": "tum\u1e93 i mari." }, { "en": "Mary knows this.", "ber": "tssn mari ayad." }, { "en": "Mary scared me.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e93ma i mari." }, { "en": "Mary caused this.", "ber": "tsrg mari i uyad." }, { "en": "Mary misses Boston.", "ber": "tu\u1e0dn nn mari bu\u1e63\u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Mary means it.", "ber": "tssumk t mari." }, { "en": "I met Mary.", "ber": "mmaqqar\u0263 mari." }, { "en": "She met Mary.", "ber": "tmmaggar mari." }, { "en": "Lucy met Mary.", "ber": "tmmaqqar lusi mari." }, { "en": "We met Mary.", "ber": "nmmaqqar mari." }, { "en": "They met Mary.", "ber": "mmaqqarn mari." }, { "en": "Mary told him.", "ber": "tnna as t mari." }, { "en": "Mary told her.", "ber": "tnna as t mari." }, { "en": "Mary heard Tom.", "ber": "tslla mari i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Mary beat them.", "ber": "trna tn mari." }, { "en": "Mary beat them.", "ber": "trna tnt mari." }, { "en": "Mary had lunch.", "ber": "tcca mari imkli." }, { "en": "Mary has hope.", "ber": "mari dars anaruz." }, { "en": "Mary got Tom.", "ber": "tiwi mari \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Mary hates me.", "ber": "tksn i mari." }, { "en": "Mary said no.", "ber": "tnna mari uhu." }, { "en": "Mary believes it.", "ber": "da t tettflas mari." }, { "en": "Mary deserves it.", "ber": "tuklal t mari." }, { "en": "Mary deserves it.", "ber": "tuklal tt mari." }, { "en": "Mary heard that.", "ber": "tslla mari i uyann." }, { "en": "Mary missed Tom.", "ber": "tu\u1e0dn nn mari \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Mary knew me.", "ber": "tssn i yadlli mari." }, { "en": "Mary wants it.", "ber": "tra t mari." }, { "en": "Mary wants it.", "ber": "tra tt mari." }, { "en": "Mary scared us.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e93ma a\u0263 mari." }, { "en": "Mary made plans.", "ber": "tskr mari i\u0263awasn." }, { "en": "Mary rewrote it.", "ber": "tuls as mari tirra." }, { "en": "Mary sells shoes.", "ber": "da tzznza mari iburksn." }, { "en": "Mary hates spiders.", "ber": "tksn mari taysusutin." }, { "en": "Mary wanted proof.", "ber": "tra yadlli mari an\u1e93a." }, { "en": "Mary knows me.", "ber": "tssn i mari." }, { "en": "Mary helped us.", "ber": "tiws a\u0263 mari." }, { "en": "Mary knows it.", "ber": "tssn t mari." }, { "en": "Mary knows it.", "ber": "tssn tt mari." }, { "en": "Mary found Tom.", "ber": "tufa mari \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Mary made breakfast.", "ber": "tskr mari tagmgimt." }, { "en": "Mary made spaghetti.", "ber": "tskr mari sbagiti." }, { "en": "Mary visited Boston.", "ber": "trzf mari bu\u1e63\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "Mary heard coughing.", "ber": "tslla mari i tusut." }, { "en": "Mary enjoyed herself.", "ber": "tfjjij mari d yi\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "Mary brought dinner.", "ber": "tiwi d mari imnsi." }, { "en": "Mary steals stuff.", "ber": "da tettakr mari ti\u0263awsiwin." }, { "en": "Mary respects you.", "ber": "da k tettzrak mari." }, { "en": "Mary respects you.", "ber": "da km tettzrak mari." }, { "en": "Mary explained it.", "ber": "tssfra t mari." }, { "en": "Mary explained it.", "ber": "tssfra tt mari." }, { "en": "Mary plays soccer.", "ber": "da tetturar mari tawjja n u\u1e0da\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Mary forgave you.", "ber": "tssurf ak mari." }, { "en": "Mary forgave you.", "ber": "tssurf am mari." }, { "en": "Mary forgave you.", "ber": "tssurf awn mari." }, { "en": "Mary believes you.", "ber": "da k tettflas mari." }, { "en": "Mary believes you.", "ber": "da km tettflas mari." }, { "en": "Mary made mistakes.", "ber": "tskr mari izgaln." }, { "en": "Mary hates Halloween.", "ber": "tksn mari ahaluwin." }, { "en": "Mary likes girls.", "ber": "t\u1e25ml mari tirbatin." }, { "en": "Mary loves Australia.", "ber": "da tettiri mari us\u1e6d\u1e5balya." }, { "en": "Mary saw nothing.", "ber": "ur t\u1e93\u1e5bi mari amya." }, { "en": "Mary ignored Tom.", "ber": "tnxxl mari \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Mary knows her.", "ber": "tssn tt mari." }, { "en": "Mary wants you.", "ber": "tra k mari." }, { "en": "Mary wants you.", "ber": "tra km mari." }, { "en": "Mary heard you.", "ber": "tslla ak mari." }, { "en": "Mary heard you.", "ber": "tslla am mari." }, { "en": "Mary had breakfast.", "ber": "tcca mari tagmgimt." }, { "en": "Nobody asked Mary.", "ber": "ur isqsi yan mari." }, { "en": "Nobody called Mary.", "ber": "ur i\u0263ri yan i mari." }, { "en": "I just can't believe it.", "ber": "is ka ur \u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5b\u0263 ad t fls\u0263." }, { "en": "I'll call you every night.", "ber": "rad ak qqar\u0263 ku i\u1e0d." }, { "en": "I'll call you every night.", "ber": "rad am aqqra\u0263 ku i\u1e0d." }, { "en": "I can make anybody laugh.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad ajj\u0263 ku yan ad i\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63a." }, { "en": "I feel I made a mistake.", "ber": "ar syafa\u0263 is skr\u0263 yan uzgal." }, { "en": "We have an abundance of plant life here.", "ber": "darn\u0263 tugt n tudrt n im\u0263ayn \u0263id." }, { "en": "It was cold at night.", "ber": "ikka tt inn u\u1e63mmi\u1e0d g yi\u1e0d." }, { "en": "The knight fell in battle.", "ber": "i\u1e0d\u1e5b umnay g yimn\u0263i." }, { "en": "I'm not stupid", "ber": " am I?", "null": [ "ur dduqqir\u0263", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "What type of person is Tom?", "ber": "man anaw n wuggidn ayd iga \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "They had a fluent conversation in Berber.", "ber": "zzrin yan umsawal ingin s tmazi\u0263t." }, { "en": "What does this remind you of?", "ber": "ma g ar k id issk\u02b7tay ayad?" }, { "en": "I'm not the one who told Tom to stay at home.", "ber": "ur gi\u0263 walli innan i \u1e6dum ad iqqim g uxxam." }, { "en": "He will be here for at least a week.", "ber": "rad yili da ma ur idrusn \u0263f yimalass." }, { "en": "Sami and Layla reunited.", "ber": "imun da\u0263 sami d layla." }, { "en": "She said that she was a new student.", "ber": "tnna mas yadlli tga tanlmadt tamaynut." }, { "en": "I don't want any pizza.", "ber": "ur ri\u0263 kra n tbidzat." }, { "en": "He asked her for her ID.", "ber": "isqsa tt g tka\u1e5b\u1e0da n tmagit nns." }, { "en": "Tom keeps his door locked.", "ber": "da ittajj \u1e6dum tawwurt nns trgl." }, { "en": "Tom didn't do that very well.", "ber": "ur iskir \u1e6dum ayann s t\u0263arast ifulkin." }, { "en": "Doing that was harder than I thought it'd be.", "ber": "ikka tt inn uskkir n uyann imra uggar n uylli yadlli \u0263al\u0263 ad t ig." }, { "en": "The teacher asked me how the moon differs from the earth.", "ber": "isqsa i uslmad g manmk s imzaray wayyur d wakal." }, { "en": "Tom has been sick in bed for about three months.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum yu\u1e0dn g wusu kra n k\u1e5ba\u1e0d yirn." }, { "en": "I'll try to get back as soon as I can.", "ber": "rad mwat\u0263 ad d urri\u0263 g mayd d ya\u1e93n s uynna mi \u0263iy\u0263." }, { "en": "What stopped Mary?", "ber": "ma isbddn mari?" }, { "en": "Who brought Mary?", "ber": "manwa d yiwin mari?" }, { "en": "Mary has nothing.", "ber": "ur illi umya dar mari." }, { "en": "Mary knows nothing.", "ber": "ur tssin mari amya." }, { "en": "Marie has grown.", "ber": "tim\u0263ur mari." }, { "en": "I love Mary.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 mari." }, { "en": "Tom hit Mary.", "ber": "yut \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom heard Mary.", "ber": "islla \u1e6dum i mari." }, { "en": "Mary got dressed.", "ber": "tlsa mari imk\u1e5ba\u1e0d nns." }, { "en": "Tom attacked Mary.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0dm \u1e6dum \u0263f mari." }, { "en": "Tom respected Mary.", "ber": "izrk \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Mary studied sexology.", "ber": "tzra mari tasngnust." }, { "en": "Tom understood Mary.", "ber": "irms \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom knew Mary.", "ber": "issn yadlli \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom underestimated Marie.", "ber": "isslka \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom pinched Mary.", "ber": "izbbinz \u1e6dum g mari." }, { "en": "Tom bit Mary.", "ber": "ibbi \u1e6dum g mari." }, { "en": "Mary was afraid.", "ber": "tkka tt inn mari tgg\u02b7d." }, { "en": "We followed Mary.", "ber": "n\u1e0df\u1e5b mari." }, { "en": "She threatened Mary.", "ber": "tsdiddi mari." }, { "en": "Mary is Greek.", "ber": "tga mari tagrikit." }, { "en": "Mary is bisexual.", "ber": "tga mari tasngnusant." }, { "en": "Tom detests Mary.", "ber": "iksn \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom helps Mary.", "ber": "da ittaws \u1e6dum i mari." }, { "en": "Mary cannot swim.", "ber": "ur t\u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5b mari ad tettccf." }, { "en": "Wake Mary up.", "ber": "nkr a mari." }, { "en": "Marie was ill.", "ber": "tkka tt inn mari tu\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "Marie was ill.", "ber": "tkka tt inn mari thrc." }, { "en": "Mary was sleeping.", "ber": "tkka tt inn mari tgn." }, { "en": "Mary was sleeping.", "ber": "tkka tt inn mari t\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e63." }, { "en": "Mary was hiding.", "ber": "tkka tt inn mari trg\u02b7s." }, { "en": "Tom intimidated Mary.", "ber": "issgg\u02b7d \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Mary attacked Tom.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e0dm mari \u0263f \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Where's Mary?", "ber": "mani g tlla mari?" }, { "en": "Mary is poor.", "ber": "tga mari tam\u1e93lu\u1e0dt." }, { "en": "Mary is learning.", "ber": "ar tettlmad mari." }, { "en": "Go ahead", "ber": " Mary.", "null": [ "ddu s mnid a mari." ] }, { "en": "Mary is cute.", "ber": "tga mari tafuknnict." }, { "en": "Tom respects Mary.", "ber": "da ittzrak \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "I saved Mary.", "ber": "ssnjm\u0263 mari." }, { "en": "Mary is divorced.", "ber": "tllf mari." }, { "en": "Tom invited Mary.", "ber": "i\u0263ra \u1e6dum i mari." }, { "en": "Tom pushed Mary.", "ber": "id\u1e25i \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom paid Mary.", "ber": "ifra \u1e6dum i mari." }, { "en": "Mary loves sports.", "ber": "da tettiri mari tunnunt." }, { "en": "I remembered Mary.", "ber": "k\u02b7ti\u0263 d mari." }, { "en": "Mary never drinks.", "ber": "ur da jju tssa mari." }, { "en": "Mary smiled happily.", "ber": "tzmummg mari s tumrt." }, { "en": "Mary is sick.", "ber": "tu\u1e0dn mari." }, { "en": "Mary introduced herself.", "ber": "tssnkd mari i\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "Mary killed herself.", "ber": "tn\u0263a mari i\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "Mary burned herself.", "ber": "tsskm\u1e0d mari i\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "Is she Mary?", "ber": "is tga mari?" }, { "en": "I mean it.", "ber": "ssumk\u0263 t." }, { "en": "No means no.", "ber": "uhu issumk uhu." }, { "en": "What do you mean?", "ber": "mayd twadsd?" }, { "en": "What do you mean?", "ber": "mayd tssumkd?" }, { "en": "I mean that.", "ber": "wads\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "I mean that.", "ber": "ssumk\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "Sami was a football player.", "ber": "iga yadlli sami amurar n twjja n u\u1e0da\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Mary dances well.", "ber": "da tettrkaz mari s t\u0263arast ifulkin." }, { "en": "Tom criticized Mary.", "ber": "iz\u0263n \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Mary is wrong.", "ber": "tzgl mari." }, { "en": "Mary laughed happily.", "ber": "t\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63a mari s tumrt." }, { "en": "Tom murdered Mary.", "ber": "in\u0263a \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom scared Mary.", "ber": "issiwd \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom hurt Mary.", "ber": "ik\u02b7mi \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Tom hurt Mary.", "ber": "ibri \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Mary was drinking.", "ber": "tkka tt inn mari ar tssa." }, { "en": "Mary woke Tom.", "ber": "tssnkr d mari \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom tickled Mary.", "ber": "iskr \u1e6dum tiglga\u1e0d i mari." }, { "en": "Mary needs sleep.", "ber": "tusr mari i\u1e0d\u1e63." }, { "en": "Mary is German.", "ber": "tga mari talmanit." }, { "en": "Marie should start.", "ber": "illa \u0263f mari ad tssnti." }, { "en": "Tom defeated Mary.", "ber": "irna \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "Mary needs me.", "ber": "tusr i mari." }, { "en": "Mary is cooking.", "ber": "ar tssnwa mari." }, { "en": "Mary sat down.", "ber": "tgiwr mari." }, { "en": "Mary sat down.", "ber": "tqqim mari." }, { "en": "Mary was right.", "ber": "tkka tt inn mari t\u0263\u1e93an." }, { "en": "Mary was smoking.", "ber": "tkka tt inn mari ar tkmmi." }, { "en": "Mary has left.", "ber": "tdda mari." }, { "en": "Mary has won.", "ber": "trna mari." }, { "en": "Mary stopped herself.", "ber": "tsbdd mari i\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "Mary washed herself.", "ber": "tssird mari i\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "Mary helped herself.", "ber": "tiws mari i yi\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "Mary saved herself.", "ber": "tssnjm mari i\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "Mary hated herself.", "ber": "tksn mari i\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "Mary plays football.", "ber": "da tetturar mari tawjja n u\u1e0da\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Mary loves horses.", "ber": "da tettiri mari isan." }, { "en": "Mary loves animals.", "ber": "da tettiri mari imudar." }, { "en": "Eat noodles.", "ber": "cc tac\u025brit." }, { "en": "Tom eats anything.", "ber": "da ittetta \u1e6dum aynna illan." }, { "en": "Tom kept eating.", "ber": "ismd \u1e6dum ar ictta." }, { "en": "Eat your broccoli!", "ber": "cc abrukuli nnk!" }, { "en": "Eat your broccoli!", "ber": "cc abrukuli nnm!" }, { "en": "Eat your broccoli!", "ber": "ccat abrukuli nnun!" }, { "en": "You're eating.", "ber": "ar ttettat." }, { "en": "I eat pasta.", "ber": "da ctta\u0263 tabastat." }, { "en": "Eat more fruit.", "ber": "cc sul igumma." }, { "en": "Who eats bees?", "ber": "manwa ittettan tizzwa?" }, { "en": "Who eats bees?", "ber": "manta icttan tizzwa?" }, { "en": "Who eats bugs?", "ber": "manwa icttan ibxxuyn?" }, { "en": "We are eating.", "ber": "ar nttetta." }, { "en": "Who is eating?", "ber": "manwa icttan?" }, { "en": "Is there a place I can smoke?", "ber": "is dinn kra n ud\u0263ar g \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad kmi\u0263?" }, { "en": "Enter!", "ber": "kcm!" }, { "en": "Enter here!", "ber": "kcm s da!" }, { "en": "Someone entered.", "ber": "kra n yan ikcm." }, { "en": "Press Enter.", "ber": "adr \u0263f kcm." }, { "en": "Enter quickly.", "ber": "kcm d\u0263ya." }, { "en": "Enter quickly.", "ber": "kcm s tmmri." }, { "en": "Stefan entered.", "ber": "ikcm stifan." }, { "en": "Please enter now.", "ber": "amur nnk kcm \u0263ila." }, { "en": "Don't enter.", "ber": "ad ur tkcmd." }, { "en": "Don't enter.", "ber": "ad ur tadfm." }, { "en": "Let him enter.", "ber": "ajj t ad ikcm." }, { "en": "Let him enter.", "ber": "ajj t ad yadf." }, { "en": "They all entered.", "ber": "kcmn akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all entered.", "ber": "udfnt akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "Enter the room.", "ber": "kcm s u\u1e25anu." }, { "en": "Enter the room.", "ber": "adfat \u0263r u\u1e25anu." }, { "en": "Enter your username.", "ber": "sskcm ism n usmras nnk." }, { "en": "Enter your name.", "ber": "sskcm ism nnk." }, { "en": "Enter your name.", "ber": "sskcm ism nnm." }, { "en": "May I enter?", "ber": "is \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad kcm\u0263?" }, { "en": "Enter the password.", "ber": "sskcm taguri n uzray." }, { "en": "Enter your password.", "ber": "sskcm taguri n uzray nnk." }, { "en": "Enter your password.", "ber": "sskcm taguri n uzray nnm." }, { "en": "May we enter?", "ber": "is n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nkcm?" }, { "en": "Let's enter.", "ber": "aywa ad nkcm." }, { "en": "Do not enter.", "ber": "ad ur tkcmd." }, { "en": "He entered my room.", "ber": "ikcm s u\u1e25anu inu." }, { "en": "He entered his room.", "ber": "ikcm a\u1e25anu nns." }, { "en": "He entered the room.", "ber": "yudf a\u1e25anu." }, { "en": "He entered the army.", "ber": "ikcm tasrdast." }, { "en": "Say it.", "ber": "ini t." }, { "en": "Say it.", "ber": "ini tt." }, { "en": "Say something!", "ber": "ini kra n t\u0263awsa!" }, { "en": "Say please.", "ber": "ini amur nnk." }, { "en": "Say hello.", "ber": "ini azul." }, { "en": "Say this.", "ber": "ini ayad." }, { "en": "Say again?", "ber": "ini da\u0263?" }, { "en": "Say aah.", "ber": "ini aah." }, { "en": "Say aah.", "ber": "iniyat aah." }, { "en": "Say aah.", "ber": "iniyamt aah." }, { "en": "Let me say.", "ber": "ajj i ad ini\u0263." }, { "en": "Stop", "ber": " I say.", "null": [ "nni\u0263 bdd." ] }, { "en": "Stop saying that!", "ber": "ad sul ur tettinit ayann!" }, { "en": "Just say no.", "ber": "ini ka uhu." }, { "en": "Say that again.", "ber": "ini da\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "Who says that?", "ber": "manwa ittinin ayann?" }, { "en": "I'll say!", "ber": "rad ini\u0263!" }, { "en": "Tom says hello.", "ber": "da ittini \u1e6dum azul." }, { "en": "Just say something.", "ber": "ini ka kra n t\u0263awsa." }, { "en": "Never say that.", "ber": "ad sar ur tettinid ayann." }, { "en": "Say it again.", "ber": "ini t da\u0263." }, { "en": "Say it again.", "ber": "ini tt da\u0263." }, { "en": "Just say yes.", "ber": "ini ka yah." }, { "en": "I cannot say.", "ber": "ur \u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5b\u0263 ad ini\u0263." }, { "en": "As you say.", "ber": "imklli s da tettinid." }, { "en": "Say something nice.", "ber": "ini kra n t\u0263awsa ifulki." }, { "en": "Say something funny.", "ber": "ini kra n t\u0263awsa is\u1e0d\u1e63an." }, { "en": "Say your words.", "ber": "ini tiguriwin nnk." }, { "en": "Say your words.", "ber": "ini tiguriwin nnm." }, { "en": "Say my name.", "ber": "ini ism inu." }, { "en": "Say that again?", "ber": "ini da\u0263 ayann?" }, { "en": "Say his name.", "ber": "ini ism nns." }, { "en": "She says yes.", "ber": "da tettini yah." }, { "en": "I'm just saying!", "ber": "ar ka ttini\u0263!" }, { "en": "Say it in English.", "ber": "ini t s tnglizt." }, { "en": "Say it in English.", "ber": "ini tt s tnglizt." }, { "en": "What did he say?", "ber": "mayd inna?" }, { "en": "What should I say?", "ber": "mayd fllati illan ad t ini\u0263?" }, { "en": "Don't say that.", "ber": "ad ur tettinid ayann." }, { "en": "Say hello to Jimmy.", "ber": "ini azul i jimi." }, { "en": "What're you saying?", "ber": "mayd tettinid?" }, { "en": "What did she say?", "ber": "mayd tnna?" }, { "en": "I always say yes!", "ber": "da bdda ttini\u0263 yah!" }, { "en": "Say that again", "ber": " please.", "null": [ "ini da\u0263 ayann", " amur nnk." ] }, { "en": "What does he say?", "ber": "mayd ittini?" }, { "en": "Did you say something?", "ber": "is tnnid kra n t\u0263awsa?" }, { "en": "I say \"Hi", "ber": " friend.\".", "null": [ "da ttini\u0263 \"azul a amddakk\u02b7l.\"." ] }, { "en": "Did she say that?", "ber": "is tnna ayann?" }, { "en": "What do you say?", "ber": "mayd tettinid?" }, { "en": "What does she say?", "ber": "mayd tettini?" }, { "en": "What is she saying?", "ber": "ma s ar tettini?" }, { "en": "Did she say it?", "ber": "is t tnna?" }, { "en": "Did she say it?", "ber": "is tt tnna?" }, { "en": "Did I say that?", "ber": "is nni\u0263 ayann?" }, { "en": "What can I say?", "ber": "mayd \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad t ini\u0263?" }, { "en": "What did they say?", "ber": "mayd nnan?" }, { "en": "What is he saying?", "ber": "ma s ar ittini?" }, { "en": "How to say it?", "ber": "manmk s da ittuynna?" }, { "en": "Say what you want.", "ber": "ini aynna trid." }, { "en": "Did Tom say why?", "ber": "is inna \u1e6dum ma \u0263f?" }, { "en": "Did they say when?", "ber": "is nnan mlmi?" }, { "en": "Did they say how?", "ber": "is nnan manimk?" }, { "en": "What did Tom say?", "ber": "mayd inna \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Do what Tom says.", "ber": "skr mayd ittini \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Did she say something?", "ber": "is tnna kra n t\u0263awsa?" }, { "en": "Did he say that?", "ber": "is inna ayann?" }, { "en": "Do as he says.", "ber": "skr imklli ittini." }, { "en": "Do as I say.", "ber": "skr imklli ttini\u0263." }, { "en": "Can I say something?", "ber": "is \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad ini\u0263 kra n t\u0263awsa?" }, { "en": "No one says that.", "ber": "awd yan ur da ittini ayann." }, { "en": "I'm saying no.", "ber": "ar ttini\u0263 uhu." }, { "en": "Did Tom say that?", "ber": "is inna \u1e6dum ayann?" }, { "en": "Tom always says no.", "ber": "da bdda ittini \u1e6dum uhu." }, { "en": "I might say yes.", "ber": "yallfus ad ini\u0263 yah." }, { "en": "Write what I say!", "ber": "ara mayd ttini\u0263!" }, { "en": "What will you say?", "ber": "ma rad tinid?" }, { "en": "What can you say?", "ber": "mayd t\u0263iyd ad t tinid?" }, { "en": "Can you forgive him?", "ber": "is t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bd ad as tssurfd?" }, { "en": "Where do you want the piano?", "ber": "mani g trid abyanu?" }, { "en": "These are our kids.", "ber": "wid gan azzann nn\u0263." }, { "en": "These are our children.", "ber": "wid gan tarwa nn\u0263." }, { "en": "They say she died.", "ber": "da ttinin tmmut." }, { "en": "Did somebody say something?", "ber": "is inna kra n yan kra?" }, { "en": "Say hello to Tom.", "ber": "ini azul i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom may say something.", "ber": "yallfus ad yini \u1e6dum kra." }, { "en": "I always say that.", "ber": "da bdda ttini\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "Say it in Russian!", "ber": "ini t s trusit!" }, { "en": "Say it in Russian!", "ber": "ini tt s trusit!" }, { "en": "Say it in Hungarian!", "ber": "ini t s thangarit!" }, { "en": "Say it in Hungarian!", "ber": "ini tt s thangarit!" }, { "en": "Say it in Greek!", "ber": "ini t s tgrikit!" }, { "en": "Say it in German.", "ber": "ini t s talmanit." }, { "en": "What will Tom say?", "ber": "ma rad yini \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "What will Mary say?", "ber": "ma rad tini mari?" }, { "en": "What did I say?", "ber": "mayd nni\u0263?" }, { "en": "Just say the word.", "ber": "ini ka taguri." }, { "en": "Tom will say no.", "ber": "rad yini \u1e6dum uhu." }, { "en": "Say something in Arabic.", "ber": "ini kra s t\u025b\u1e5babt." }, { "en": "She didn't say.", "ber": "ur tnni." }, { "en": "I wanna say something.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad ini\u0263 kra." }, { "en": "I'm just saying.", "ber": "ar ka ttini\u0263." }, { "en": "What did Mary say?", "ber": "mayd tnna mari?" }, { "en": "Say it in Berber!", "ber": "ini t s tmazi\u0263t!" }, { "en": "Say it in Berber!", "ber": "ini tt s tmazi\u0263t!" }, { "en": "Say something in French.", "ber": "ini kra s tf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "Why did he say?", "ber": "ma \u0263f inna?" }, { "en": "Say hello to Skura.", "ber": "ini azul i skura." }, { "en": "He'll say no.", "ber": "rad yini uhu." }, { "en": "He didn't say.", "ber": "ur inni." }, { "en": "He will not say yes.", "ber": "ur rad yini yah." }, { "en": "I will not say I'm sorry.", "ber": "ur rad ini\u0263 ssurf iyi." }, { "en": "I will not say that to her.", "ber": "ur rad as ini\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "Fine. Where?", "ber": "waxxa. mani?" }, { "en": "From where?", "ber": "sg mani?" }, { "en": "Where to?", "ber": "\u0263r mani?" }, { "en": "Where else?", "ber": "mani ya\u1e0dn?" }, { "en": "Under where?", "ber": "ddu mani?" }, { "en": "Where again?", "ber": "mani da\u0263?" }, { "en": "Where is Paris?", "ber": "mani g illa bariz?" }, { "en": "Where's Tony?", "ber": "mani g illa \u1e6duni?" }, { "en": "Where is this?", "ber": "mani g illa ayad?" }, { "en": "Where is mother?", "ber": "mani g tlla immi?" }, { "en": "Where is mother?", "ber": "manza immi?" }, { "en": "Where is Father?", "ber": "mani g illa baba?" }, { "en": "Where am I?", "ber": "mani g lli\u0263?" }, { "en": "Where is it?", "ber": "manza t?" }, { "en": "Where is it?", "ber": "mani g illa?" }, { "en": "Where is it?", "ber": "mani g tlla?" }, { "en": "Where is mom?", "ber": "manza immi?" }, { "en": "Where is mom?", "ber": "mani g tlla immi?" }, { "en": "Where were we?", "ber": "mani g tt inn nkka?" }, { "en": "Where's Daddy?", "ber": "manza baba?" }, { "en": "Where's Daddy?", "ber": "mani g illa baba?" }, { "en": "Where is Paul?", "ber": "mani g illa bul?" }, { "en": "Where is Mississippi?", "ber": "mani g illa misisibbi?" }, { "en": "Where's Mum?", "ber": "mani g tlla immi?" }, { "en": "Where is everybody?", "ber": "mani g illa akk\u02b7?" }, { "en": "Where was Tom?", "ber": "mani g tt inn ikka \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Where is Boston?", "ber": "mani g illa bu\u1e63\u1e6dun?" }, { "en": "Where was I?", "ber": "mani g tt inn kki\u0263 nkki?" }, { "en": "Where is spring?", "ber": "manza tafsut?" }, { "en": "Where is everyone?", "ber": "mani g illa kraygatt yan?" }, { "en": "I want to talk to you about tomorrow.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad idk sawl\u0263 \u0263f uzkka?" }, { "en": "When I was young...", "ber": "llig tt inn kki\u0263 m\u1e93\u1e93iy\u0263..." }, { "en": "I write when I can.", "ber": "da ttara\u0263 kudnna \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom cried when I left.", "ber": "yalla \u1e6dum llig ddi\u0263." }, { "en": "I spoke when I wanted.", "ber": "sawl\u0263 llig ri\u0263." }, { "en": "I talked when I wanted.", "ber": "sawl\u0263 llig ri\u0263." }, { "en": "When I say stop", "ber": " stop.", "null": [ "kudnna ttini\u0263 bdd", " bdd." ] }, { "en": "It hurts when I pee.", "ber": "da i ibrri kudnna ttb\u1e93a\u1e0d\u0263." }, { "en": "When I arrived", "ber": " it was raining.", "null": [ "llig iw\u1e0d\u0263", " ikka tt inn illa un\u1e93a\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "When I awoke", "ber": " it was snowing.", "null": [ "llig d nkr\u0263", " ikka tt inn illa udfl." ] }, { "en": "I only smoke when I drink.", "ber": "da kmmi\u0263 \u0263s kudnna ssa\u0263." }, { "en": "When I return", "ber": " we'll talk.", "null": [ "kudnna d urri\u0263", " rad nsawl." ] }, { "en": "Tom died when I was three.", "ber": "immut \u1e6dum llig dari k\u1e5ba\u1e0d isgg\u02b7asn." }, { "en": "I will come when I can.", "ber": "rad d ack\u0263 kudnna \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "What happens when we die?", "ber": "mayd ittmsarn kudnna nmmut?" }, { "en": "I like where I live.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 \u0263illi g ddr\u0263." }, { "en": "This is where I sleep.", "ber": "\u0263id a g da ggan\u0263." }, { "en": "This is where I work.", "ber": "da a g da swuriy\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom knows where I am.", "ber": "issn \u1e6dum mani g lli\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom knew where I was.", "ber": "issn yadlli \u1e6dum mani g tt inn kki\u0263." }, { "en": "What's your daughter's name?", "ber": "ma iga ism n yillik?" }, { "en": "That's where I live.", "ber": "dinn a g ddr\u0263." }, { "en": "Tell me where I am.", "ber": "ini iyi mani g lli\u0263." }, { "en": "That's where I sit.", "ber": "\u0263inn a g da ttqqim\u0263." }, { "en": "You know where I work.", "ber": "tssnd mani g da swuriy\u0263." }, { "en": "Guess where I found this.", "ber": "\u1e25mmus mani g ufi\u0263 ayad." }, { "en": "She knows where I am.", "ber": "tssn mani g lli\u0263." }, { "en": "You know where I am.", "ber": "tssnd mani g lli\u0263." }, { "en": "You're very special to me.", "ber": "tgid bahra dari am\u1e93lay." }, { "en": "But I refuse.", "ber": "maca ugi\u0263." }, { "en": "Sorry", "ber": " but I cannot.", "null": [ "ssurf iyi", " maca ur \u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5b\u0263." ] }, { "en": "But I love you!", "ber": "maca da k ttiri\u0263!" }, { "en": "But I love you!", "ber": "macc da km ttiri\u0263!" }, { "en": "But I saw him.", "ber": "maca \u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 t." }, { "en": "But I wasn't afraid.", "ber": "maca ur tt inn kki\u0263 gg\u02b7d\u0263." }, { "en": "No", "ber": " but I play tennis.", "null": [ "uhu", " maca da tturar\u0263 ttinis." ] }, { "en": "But I have no money.", "ber": "macc ur \u0263uri ca n idrimn." }, { "en": "But I'll do it.", "ber": "maca rad t skr\u0263." }, { "en": "But I'll do it.", "ber": "macc rad tt skr\u0263." }, { "en": "I tried", "ber": " but I failed.", "null": [ "urm\u0263", " maca guf\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Thanks", "ber": " but I'll pass.", "null": [ "tanmmirt", " maca rad zri\u0263." ] }, { "en": "She insisted", "ber": " but I refused.", "null": [ "tqqrfa", " maca ugi\u0263." ] }, { "en": "To us!", "ber": "i nkk\u02b7ni!" }, { "en": "To whom?", "ber": "i manwa?" }, { "en": "Go to school.", "ber": "ftu s tinml." }, { "en": "Go to school.", "ber": "ddu \u0263r tinml." }, { "en": "Welcome to Japan.", "ber": "ansuf sik g uyaban." }, { "en": "Listen to this!", "ber": "slla i uyad!" }, { "en": "Talk to me!", "ber": "sawl siti!" }, { "en": "Welcome to hell!", "ber": "ansuf g urwass!" }, { "en": "Go to sleep.", "ber": "ddu ad tgnd." }, { "en": "To the south.", "ber": "s yiffus." }, { "en": "To the south.", "ber": "\u0263r un\u1e93ul." }, { "en": "To the village.", "ber": "\u0263r usun." }, { "en": "Go to hell!", "ber": "ddu s urwass!" }, { "en": "What to do?", "ber": "ma rad nskr?" }, { "en": "What to do?", "ber": "mayd rad ittuskar?" }, { "en": "Click to edit!", "ber": "kk\u02b7r ad tssnfld!" }, { "en": "Welcome to Canada!", "ber": "ansuf g kanada!" }, { "en": "Time to go.", "ber": "akud ad tddud." }, { "en": "Welcome to Tatoeba!", "ber": "ansuf g tatuba!" }, { "en": "Congratulations to all!", "ber": "ir\u0263ud awn akk\u02b7!" }, { "en": "Listen to me.", "ber": "ssfld iyi." }, { "en": "Listen to her!", "ber": "ssfld as!" }, { "en": "Time to begin.", "ber": "akud ad nssnti." }, { "en": "Go to work.", "ber": "ddu \u0263r twuri." }, { "en": "Write to Tom.", "ber": "ara i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Come to me.", "ber": "ack d dari." }, { "en": "Come to us.", "ber": "ack d \u0263urn\u0263." }, { "en": "Count to ten.", "ber": "ssi\u1e0dn ar mraw." }, { "en": "Get to bed.", "ber": "ddu s wusu." }, { "en": "Listen to yourself.", "ber": "ssfld i yi\u0263f nnk." }, { "en": "Listen to yourself.", "ber": "ssfld i yi\u0263f nnm." }, { "en": "Speak to me.", "ber": "sawl siti." }, { "en": "Talk to somebody.", "ber": "sawl s kra n yan." }, { "en": "Talk to us.", "ber": "sawl sitn\u0263." }, { "en": "Try to escape.", "ber": "arm ad trwld." }, { "en": "Try to explain.", "ber": "arm ad tssfrud." }, { "en": "Try to focus.", "ber": "arm ad tsnmsd." }, { "en": "Try to remember.", "ber": "arm ad tk\u02b7tid." }, { "en": "Try to sleep.", "ber": "arm ad tgnd." }, { "en": "Try to smile.", "ber": "arm ad tzmummgd." }, { "en": "Try to understand.", "ber": "arm ad trmsd." }, { "en": "Welcome to China!", "ber": "ansuf g ccinwa!" }, { "en": "Learn to write.", "ber": "lmd ad tettarad." }, { "en": "According to you.", "ber": "g unct nnk." }, { "en": "According to you.", "ber": "g tannayt nnk." }, { "en": "Write to them.", "ber": "ara asn." }, { "en": "Write to them.", "ber": "ara asnt." }, { "en": "Write to him.", "ber": "ara as." }, { "en": "Write to her.", "ber": "ara as." }, { "en": "Talk to them.", "ber": "sawl sisn." }, { "en": "Talk to them.", "ber": "sawl sisnt." }, { "en": "Talk to him.", "ber": "sawl sis." }, { "en": "Talk to her.", "ber": "sawl sis." }, { "en": "Listen to them.", "ber": "ssfld asn." }, { "en": "Listen to them.", "ber": "ssfld asnt." }, { "en": "Listen to him.", "ber": "ssfld as." }, { "en": "In fact.", "ber": "g tidt." }, { "en": "Get in.", "ber": "kcm." }, { "en": "Go in.", "ber": "kcm." }, { "en": "Answer in English.", "ber": "rar s tnglizt." }, { "en": "Thanks in advance.", "ber": "tanmmirt g tizwiri." }, { "en": "Let me in.", "ber": "ajj i ad kcm\u0263." }, { "en": "In your dreams!", "ber": "g twargiwin nnk!" }, { "en": "In your dreams!", "ber": "g twargiwin nnm!" }, { "en": "Bring Tom in.", "ber": "sskcm d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Let Tom in.", "ber": "ajj \u1e6dum ad ikcm." }, { "en": "Tom came in.", "ber": "ikcm \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "In the village.", "ber": "g usun." }, { "en": "In the theater.", "ber": "g umzgun." }, { "en": "In the kitchen.", "ber": "g unwal." }, { "en": "Get in the car.", "ber": "ssudu tihirit." }, { "en": "Stay in the car.", "ber": "qqim g thirit." }, { "en": "Stay in the house.", "ber": "qqim g uxxam." }, { "en": "Stand in the corner!", "ber": "bdd g t\u0263mrt!" }, { "en": "Wait in the car.", "ber": "qql g thirit." }, { "en": "Go in the house.", "ber": "kcm s tgmmi." }, { "en": "In the same way?", "ber": "s yat t\u0263arast?" }, { "en": "Look in the mirror!", "ber": "smuqql g tisit!" }, { "en": "Look in the mirror!", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5b g tisit!" }, { "en": "Stay in the shade.", "ber": "qqim g umalu." }, { "en": "Lie in the sun.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e93l g tafukt." }, { "en": "Live in the present.", "ber": "ddr g umilan." }, { "en": "Trust in the process.", "ber": "fls g tzzigzt." }, { "en": "Study in the library.", "ber": "zrru g tsdlist." }, { "en": "Study in the library.", "ber": "aqqra g tsdlist." }, { "en": "Where does this road lead to?", "ber": "mani s da ittawi ubrid ad?" }, { "en": "I had a beautiful dream last night.", "ber": "wargi\u0263 yat twargit i\u1e93iln i\u1e0dgam." }, { "en": "This apple is red.", "ber": "tadffuyt ad tzgg\u02b7a\u0263." }, { "en": "This apple is red.", "ber": "tadffuyt ad tga tazgg\u02b7a\u0263t." }, { "en": "Does she know me?", "ber": "is i tssn?" }, { "en": "They're my friends from work.", "ber": "imddukkal inu ayann sg twuri." }, { "en": "The watch is on the table.", "ber": "tamsragt tlla \u0263f tdabut." }, { "en": "The watch is on the table.", "ber": "tamsragt tlla g iggi n tdabut." }, { "en": "Is the watch on the table?", "ber": "is tlla tmsragt \u0263f tdabut?" }, { "en": "But there is a problem.", "ber": "maca illa \u0263inn yan umukris." }, { "en": "Didn't he come?", "ber": "is d ur yucki?" }, { "en": "She has to take a rest.", "ber": "illa fllas ad tsunfu." }, { "en": "He has to take a rest.", "ber": "illa fllas ad isunfu." }, { "en": "They have to take a rest.", "ber": "illa fllasn ad sunfun." }, { "en": "The worst has passed already.", "ber": "izri yad walli akk\u02b7 ixxan." }, { "en": "He has missed his meal.", "ber": "issiki tirmt nns." }, { "en": "Isn't she your grandmother?", "ber": "is ur tgi nannak?" }, { "en": "My dogs are hungry.", "ber": "llu\u1e93n yiydan inu." }, { "en": "Sometimes he seems very distant.", "ber": "kra n tkkal ar d ittbayan is wala yaggug." }, { "en": "We see her every now and then.", "ber": "da tt nttannay kra n tkkal." }, { "en": "She still has a lot of questions about life.", "ber": "suln dars kigan n yisqsitn \u0263f tudrt." }, { "en": "I can't remember when I first met Tom.", "ber": "ggammi\u0263 ad d sul kti\u0263 managu mnaggar\u0263 d \u1e6dum tikklt izwarn." }, { "en": "Tom was talking to Mary while John talked to everybody else.", "ber": "\u1e6dum", "null": [ " ikka tt inn ar isawal d mari llig ar isawal jun d mddn ya\u1e0dnin s mad akk\u02b7 llan." ] }, { "en": "OK", "ber": " let's do that.", "null": [ "waxxa", " ajjat a\u0263 ad nskr mayann." ] }, { "en": "I have a shitty job.", "ber": "tlla dari yat twuri ixxin." }, { "en": "All our teachers were young and loved teaching.", "ber": "kkan tt inn yislmadn nn\u0263 gan akk\u02b7 ifddamn", "null": [ " \u1e25mln asslmd." ] }, { "en": "If Tom and I are late", "ber": " don't wait for us.", "null": [ "ig nn imu\u1e6dl \u1e6dum d nkki", " ad sitn\u0263 ur tqqld." ] }, { "en": "It was Tom who stole your bicycle.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum ayd yukrn azlalam nnk." }, { "en": "This camera is the one that Tom bought last Thursday.", "ber": "tga lkamira ad talli is\u0263a \u1e6dum akwas izrin." }, { "en": "I could listen to this song all day.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad ssflid\u0263 i t\u0263nnijt ad ma ila wass." }, { "en": "Who!", "ber": "manwa!" }, { "en": "Who!", "ber": "manta!" }, { "en": "So what?", "ber": "iwa mit?" }, { "en": "Who died?", "ber": "manwa immutn?" }, { "en": "Who died?", "ber": "manta immutn?" }, { "en": "Who won?", "ber": "manwa irnan?" }, { "en": "Who came?", "ber": "manwa d yuckan?" }, { "en": "Who came?", "ber": "manta d yusan?" }, { "en": "Who canceled?", "ber": "manwa issrn?" }, { "en": "Who cheated?", "ber": "manwa ikn\u1e0dn?" }, { "en": "Who disagreed?", "ber": "manwa ur imsasan?" }, { "en": "Who escaped?", "ber": "manwa irwln?" }, { "en": "Who escaped?", "ber": "manta irwln?" }, { "en": "Who fell?", "ber": "manwa i\u1e0d\u1e5bn?" }, { "en": "Who intervened?", "ber": "manwa innkcmn?" }, { "en": "Who listened?", "ber": "manwa issfldn?" }, { "en": "Who listened?", "ber": "manta issfldn?" }, { "en": "Who ran?", "ber": "manwa yuzzln?" }, { "en": "Who ran?", "ber": "manta yuzzln?" }, { "en": "Who responded?", "ber": "manwa d iruran?" }, { "en": "Who stayed?", "ber": "manwa iqqimn?" }, { "en": "Who stood?", "ber": "manwa ibddn?" }, { "en": "Who stood?", "ber": "manta ibddn?" }, { "en": "Who stopped?", "ber": "manwa ibddn?" }, { "en": "Who succeeded?", "ber": "manwa imursn?" }, { "en": "Who succeeded?", "ber": "manta imursn?" }, { "en": "Who survived?", "ber": "manwa injmn?" }, { "en": "Who survived?", "ber": "manta injmn?" }, { "en": "Who swam?", "ber": "manwa iccfn?" }, { "en": "Who talked?", "ber": "manwa isawln?" }, { "en": "Who knows!", "ber": "manwa issnn!" }, { "en": "Who knows!", "ber": "manta issnn!" }, { "en": "Who remembers?", "ber": "manwa ik\u02b7ttin?" }, { "en": "Who remembers?", "ber": "manta ik\u02b7ttin?" }, { "en": "Who complained?", "ber": "manwa ismummin?" }, { "en": "Who? Me?", "ber": "manwa? nkki?" }, { "en": "Who drove?", "ber": "manwa indhn?" }, { "en": "Who paid?", "ber": "manwa ifran?" }, { "en": "Who paid?", "ber": "manta ifran?" }, { "en": "Who knew!", "ber": "manwa yadlli issnn!" }, { "en": "Who else?", "ber": "manwa ya\u1e0dn?" }, { "en": "Who waited?", "ber": "manwa iqqln?" }, { "en": "Who waited?", "ber": "manta iqqln?" }, { "en": "Who cooked?", "ber": "manwa issnwan?" }, { "en": "Who knows.", "ber": "manwa issnn." }, { "en": "Who called?", "ber": "manwa i\u0263ran?" }, { "en": "Who understood?", "ber": "manwa irmsn?" }, { "en": "Who wrote Hamlet?", "ber": "manwa yuran halmet?" }, { "en": "Who's there?", "ber": "manwa \u0263inn illan?" }, { "en": "Who broke this?", "ber": "manwa i\u1e5b\u1e93an wad?" }, { "en": "Who broke this?", "ber": "manta i\u1e5b\u1e93an tad?" }, { "en": "Who's Emily?", "ber": "manta tga imili?" }, { "en": "Who am I?", "ber": "manwa gi\u0263?" }, { "en": "Who discovered America?", "ber": "manwa isfukkrn marikan?" }, { "en": "Who telephoned Ann?", "ber": "manwa isawln s ann?" }, { "en": "Who did it?", "ber": "manwa t iskrn?" }, { "en": "Who did it?", "ber": "manta tt iskrn?" }, { "en": "I let one pass.", "ber": "ujji\u0263 yan ad izri." }, { "en": "I let one pass.", "ber": "ujji\u0263 yat ad tzri." }, { "en": "Tom is pale.", "ber": "iwrr\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Lemons are yellow.", "ber": "llimun iga awra\u0263." }, { "en": "I am white.", "ber": "gi\u0263 umlil." }, { "en": "I am white.", "ber": "nkki d tamllalt." }, { "en": "Snow is white.", "ber": "adfl iga umlil." }, { "en": "Everything is white.", "ber": "kra illan iga amllal." }, { "en": "Everything is white.", "ber": "kraygatt ta\u0263awsa tga tumlilt." }, { "en": "It was white.", "ber": "iga yadlli umlil." }, { "en": "It's very white.", "ber": "imllul a\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63." }, { "en": "It's very white.", "ber": "tmllul bahra." }, { "en": "Do you have a mother?", "ber": "is \u0263urk immik?" }, { "en": "I love elephants.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 ilwan." }, { "en": "We will take our share.", "ber": "rad nawi amur nn\u0263." }, { "en": "He did not take his share.", "ber": "ur yiwi amur nns." }, { "en": "I did not take my share.", "ber": "ur iwi\u0263 amur inu." }, { "en": "We did not take our share.", "ber": "ur niwi amur nn\u0263." }, { "en": "I don't want to go.", "ber": "ur ri\u0263 ad ddu\u0263." }, { "en": "I don't want to go.", "ber": "ur ri\u0263 ad ftu\u0263." }, { "en": "They don't want to go.", "ber": "ur rin ad ddun." }, { "en": "That's just what he knows.", "ber": "ayann hlli ayd issn." }, { "en": "Do what has to be done.", "ber": "skr aylli s d iqqan ad ittuskar." }, { "en": "I feel that I need therapy.", "ber": "da syafa\u0263 mas usr\u0263 asujji." }, { "en": "Have you finished all your homework?", "ber": "is tsmdd tu\u0263unin nnk akk\u02b7?" }, { "en": "Those are my pencils.", "ber": "winn gan ik\u1e5b\u1e5bajn inu." }, { "en": "I have only you", "ber": " stay with me.", "null": [ "\u0263uri \u0263s kyyi", " qqim diti." ] }, { "en": "I have only you", "ber": " stay with me.", "null": [ "dari \u0263ar kmmi", " \u0263ama diti." ] }, { "en": "I don't know what Tom wants.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 ma ira \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Stay with me", "ber": " I am scared!", "null": [ "qqim diti", " nkki gg\u02b7d\u0263!" ] }, { "en": "Sami liked kids.", "ber": "i\u1e25ml sami azzann." }, { "en": "I allowed Tom to do what he wanted.", "ber": "ujji\u0263 \u1e6dum ad iskr aylli yadlli ira." }, { "en": "Why won't you tell me the truth?", "ber": "ma \u0263f ur rad iyi tinid tidt?" }, { "en": "Don't be afraid", "ber": " I am with you.", "null": [ "ad ur tik\u1e63a\u1e0dd", " lli\u0263 dik." ] }, { "en": "They'll do what must be done.", "ber": "rad skrn aylli s d iqqan ad ittuskar." }, { "en": "Something happened.", "ber": "imsar kra." }, { "en": "Can you remember what happened?", "ber": "is t\u0263iyd ad tk\u02b7tid ma imsarn?" }, { "en": "They saw what happened.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5ban mayd imsarn." }, { "en": "This is what happened.", "ber": "ayad ayd imsarn." }, { "en": "You need written permission.", "ber": "tusrd turagt ittyaran." }, { "en": "He's the one who did this.", "ber": "ntta ayd iskrn ayad." }, { "en": "This is the solution.", "ber": "wad ayd igan afssay." }, { "en": "Did anyone eat with you?", "ber": "is idk icca ca n yan?" }, { "en": "Did anyone eat with you?", "ber": "is ditun icca kra n yan?" }, { "en": "Did anyone eat with you?", "ber": "is dim icca kra n yan?" }, { "en": "I need a Berber translator.", "ber": "usr\u0263 yan umssu\u0263l n tmazi\u0263t." }, { "en": "I need a Berber translator.", "ber": "usr\u0263 yat tmssu\u0263lt n tmazi\u0263t." }, { "en": "He's the one who knows.", "ber": "ntta ayd issnn." }, { "en": "They will like it.", "ber": "rad tn issusm." }, { "en": "They will like it.", "ber": "rad tnt tssusm." }, { "en": "Your time is over.", "ber": "izri wakud nnk." }, { "en": "They were eating.", "ber": "kkan tt inn ar ttettan." }, { "en": "They were eating.", "ber": "kkant tt inn ar cttant." }, { "en": "They brought umbrellas.", "ber": "iwin d tiran\u1e93a\u1e5bin." }, { "en": "Boston is a very nice place to live.", "ber": "tga bu\u1e63\u1e6dun yan ud\u0263ar bahra ifulkin ad gis tddrd." }, { "en": "What kinds of animals live around here?", "ber": "man anaw n imudar ayd iddrn g tama n \u0263id?" }, { "en": "There's someone here to see you.", "ber": "illa dinn kra n yan da afad ad k i\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Do you want me to get you something to eat?", "ber": "is i trid ad ak d awi\u0263 kra ad t tccd?" }, { "en": "I've been trying to do that.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn mwat\u0263 ad skr\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "They want more space.", "ber": "rad uggar n ttisa\u025b." }, { "en": "I don't know why I need to do that.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 ma \u0263f usr\u0263 ad skr\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "I think it'll be fun.", "ber": "nni\u0263 rad ifjjij." }, { "en": "We're not really sure.", "ber": "ur nlkin s tidt." }, { "en": "We still have some time left.", "ber": "illa sul darn\u0263 imikk n wakud d i\u0263aman." }, { "en": "You must listen.", "ber": "illa fllak ad tssfldd." }, { "en": "You must listen.", "ber": "illa fllam ad tssfldd." }, { "en": "You must listen.", "ber": "illa fllatun ad tssfldm." }, { "en": "Did you really think I wouldn't help you do that?", "ber": "is nit yadlli tdmid mas ur rad ak aws\u0263 ad tskrd ayann?" }, { "en": "Did you translate this?", "ber": "is tssu\u0263ld wad?" }, { "en": "Did you translate this?", "ber": "is tssu\u0263ld tad?" }, { "en": "Do you have gold?", "ber": "is darm ur\u0263?" }, { "en": "Do you have gold?", "ber": "is \u0263urk ur\u0263?" }, { "en": "Do you have gold?", "ber": "is darun ur\u0263?" }, { "en": "Do they have gold?", "ber": "is darsn ur\u0263?" }, { "en": "Do they have gold?", "ber": "is \u0263ursnt ur\u0263?" }, { "en": "Go straight along this street.", "ber": "mun nnican d wasuk ad." }, { "en": "Does she need to go?", "ber": "is tusr ad tddu?" }, { "en": "Do we need to go?", "ber": "is nusr ad nddu?" }, { "en": "Do we need to go?", "ber": "is nusr ad nftu?" }, { "en": "What's your favorite place?", "ber": "mayd iga ud\u0263ar nnk amufay?" }, { "en": "Do you have a father?", "ber": "is dark babak?" }, { "en": "Do you have a father?", "ber": "is \u0263urm babam?" }, { "en": "Do you have a father?", "ber": "is \u0263urun babatun?" }, { "en": "I'm waiting for the waiter.", "ber": "ar ttqql\u0263 s umsnar." }, { "en": "Who found you?", "ber": "manwa k yufan?" }, { "en": "Who found you?", "ber": "manwa km yufan?" }, { "en": "Who found you?", "ber": "manwa k\u02b7n yufan?" }, { "en": "Who found you?", "ber": "manwa k\u02b7nt yufan?" }, { "en": "They eat healthy foods.", "ber": "da ttettan imtca idusn." }, { "en": "They eat plants.", "ber": "da cttan im\u0263an." }, { "en": "They took that.", "ber": "iwin ayann." }, { "en": "They took everything.", "ber": "iwin aylli illan." }, { "en": "He took them.", "ber": "yiwi tn." }, { "en": "He took them.", "ber": "yiwi tnt." }, { "en": "He took that.", "ber": "yiwi ayann." }, { "en": "Does Tom drink?", "ber": "is da issa \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "He'll go.", "ber": "rad iddu." }, { "en": "He'll go.", "ber": "rad iftu." }, { "en": "He will die.", "ber": "rad immt." }, { "en": "I will return.", "ber": "rad d urri\u0263." }, { "en": "We will go.", "ber": "rad nddu." }, { "en": "We will go.", "ber": "rad nftu." }, { "en": "Will you be late?", "ber": "is rad nn tma\u1e6dld?" }, { "en": "Will you be late?", "ber": "is rad nn tma\u1e6dlm?" }, { "en": "Shall we go out?", "ber": "is d iqqan ad nff\u0263?" }, { "en": "Why don't we go out?", "ber": "ma \u0263f ad ur nff\u0263?" }, { "en": "Let's have a try.", "ber": "aywa ad narm." }, { "en": "Did the pain stop?", "ber": "is ibdd unga\u1e93?" }, { "en": "Did the pain stop?", "ber": "is ibbi unga\u1e93?" }, { "en": "The dog is yours.", "ber": "aydi iga winnk." }, { "en": "The dog is yours.", "ber": "aydi iga winnm." }, { "en": "The dog is yours.", "ber": "aydi iga winnun." }, { "en": "The dog is yours.", "ber": "aydi iga winnunt." }, { "en": "The dog is mine.", "ber": "aydi iga winu." }, { "en": "He married that woman.", "ber": "yiwl tam\u0263art ann." }, { "en": "He married that woman.", "ber": "yiwl tam\u1e6d\u1e6dut ann." }, { "en": "They tasted the bread.", "ber": "mm\u1e0din a\u0263rum." }, { "en": "Is the website good?", "ber": "is ifulki unsa?" }, { "en": "Is that website good?", "ber": "is ifulki unsa ann?" }, { "en": "Memorize those sentences.", "ber": "\u1e25su tiwinas ann." }, { "en": "Did you like the flowers Tom sent you?", "ber": "is km ssusmn ijddign lli am yuzn \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "She does a lot of sports.", "ber": "da tskar tugt n tunnunin." }, { "en": "Tom is from England.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum sg ingland." }, { "en": "His wife was mad.", "ber": "tkka tt inn tm\u1e6d\u1e6dut nns tnufl." }, { "en": "Are you in this photo?", "ber": "is tllid g twlaft ad?" }, { "en": "My parents met each other in the mountains.", "ber": "mmaqqarn imarawn inu yan nnsn yan g idrarn." }, { "en": "What are you doing here", "ber": " young man?", "null": [ "mayd tskard da a a\u025brrim?" ] }, { "en": "I can't understand what you say when you're crying.", "ber": "ur \u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5b\u0263 ad rms\u0263 mayd tettinid kudnna tallad." }, { "en": "Do you have any proof that that happened?", "ber": "is \u0263urk kra n un\u1e93a mas imsar ayann?" }, { "en": "Red", "ber": " yellow", "null": [ " and blue are colors.", "azgg\u02b7a\u0263", " awra\u0263", " d unili gan ik\u02b7lan." ] }, { "en": "I want my bicycle back.", "ber": "rar iyi azlalam inu." }, { "en": "I want my bicycle back.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad d rar\u0263 azlalam inu." }, { "en": "I hear Tom is getting married.", "ber": "slla\u0263 mas rad yawl \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom isn't stupid.", "ber": "ur igi \u1e6dum amdduqqr." }, { "en": "What about them?", "ber": "ima nttni?" }, { "en": "Tell me what he said.", "ber": "ini iyi mayd inna." }, { "en": "I don't like this city at all.", "ber": "ur da ttiri\u0263 ti\u0263rmt ad akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "I don't like this city at all.", "ber": "ur da akk\u02b7 ttiri\u0263 tamdint ad." }, { "en": "We'll be late for class.", "ber": "rad nma\u1e6dl \u0263f usmil." }, { "en": "Everything is in the hands of God.", "ber": "kraygatt ta\u0263awsa tlla g ufus n yuc." }, { "en": "You can't leave until we say you can leave.", "ber": "ur t\u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5bd ad tddud ard nini mas t\u0263iyd ad tddud." }, { "en": "Who are the two women over there?", "ber": "manti gant snat tm\u1e6d\u1e6dutin ann illan dinn?" }, { "en": "My dog's name is Tom.", "ber": "ism n waydi inu iga \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom's family loves him.", "ber": "tawja n \u1e6dum da t tettiri." }, { "en": "Forget it.", "ber": "ttu t." }, { "en": "Forget it.", "ber": "ttu tt." }, { "en": "Beat it.", "ber": "rnu t." }, { "en": "Beat it.", "ber": "rnu tt." }, { "en": "Hold it!", "ber": "am\u1e93 t!" }, { "en": "Got it!", "ber": "rms\u0263 t!" }, { "en": "Got it?", "ber": "trmsd?" }, { "en": "Leave it!", "ber": "fl t!" }, { "en": "Leave it!", "ber": "ajj t!" }, { "en": "It depends.", "ber": "da ittskuttiy." }, { "en": "Do it!", "ber": "skr t!" }, { "en": "Do it!", "ber": "skr tt!" }, { "en": "Stop it!", "ber": "sbdd t!" }, { "en": "Stop it!", "ber": "sbdd tt!" }, { "en": "Forget it!", "ber": "ttu t!" }, { "en": "It snowed.", "ber": "i\u1e0d\u1e5b udfl." }, { "en": "Block it!", "ber": "gdl t!" }, { "en": "It rang.", "ber": "isrsr." }, { "en": "It rang.", "ber": "tsrsr." }, { "en": "It smiled.", "ber": "izmummg." }, { "en": "It smiled.", "ber": "tzmummg." }, { "en": "It stinks.", "ber": "i\u1e93ja." }, { "en": "Remember it.", "ber": "k\u02b7ti\u0263 t." }, { "en": "Remember it.", "ber": "k\u02b7ti\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "Remember it.", "ber": "k\u02b7ti\u0263 fllas." }, { "en": "Keep it.", "ber": "\u1e25\u1e0du t." }, { "en": "Keep it.", "ber": "\u1e25\u1e0du tt." }, { "en": "Take it.", "ber": "awi t." }, { "en": "Skip it.", "ber": "zri t." }, { "en": "Drop it!", "ber": "s\u1e0d\u1e5b t!" }, { "en": "Stop it.", "ber": "sbdd t." }, { "en": "Replace it.", "ber": "ssnfl t." }, { "en": "Memorize it.", "ber": "\u1e25su t." }, { "en": "Memorize it.", "ber": "\u1e25su tt." }, { "en": "Loosen it.", "ber": "fsi t." }, { "en": "It happens.", "ber": "da ittmsar." }, { "en": "It happened.", "ber": "imsar." }, { "en": "It failed.", "ber": "iguf." }, { "en": "It worked.", "ber": "imrs." }, { "en": "It works.", "ber": "ar ittmras." }, { "en": "It works.", "ber": "ar tettmras." }, { "en": "It matters.", "ber": "ihmma." }, { "en": "Catch it!", "ber": "am\u1e93 t!" }, { "en": "Catch it!", "ber": "am\u1e93 tt!" }, { "en": "Ignore it.", "ber": "nxxl t." }, { "en": "Ignore it.", "ber": "nxxl tt." }, { "en": "Include it.", "ber": "ssamu t." }, { "en": "Close it.", "ber": "qqn t." }, { "en": "Smell it.", "ber": "k\u1e0du t." }, { "en": "Smell it.", "ber": "k\u1e0du tt." }, { "en": "Damn it!", "ber": "arwass!" }, { "en": "Try it.", "ber": "arm t." }, { "en": "Try it.", "ber": "arm tt." }, { "en": "Eat it.", "ber": "cc t." }, { "en": "Eat it.", "ber": "cc tt." }, { "en": "Break it!", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93 t!" }, { "en": "Break it!", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93 tt!" }, { "en": "Lock it.", "ber": "rgl t." }, { "en": "Buy it!", "ber": "s\u0263 t!" }, { "en": "Buy it!", "ber": "s\u0263 tt!" }, { "en": "It rains.", "ber": "illa un\u1e93a\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Play it.", "ber": "urar t." }, { "en": "Play it.", "ber": "urar tt." }, { "en": "Pull it.", "ber": "ldi t." }, { "en": "Pull it.", "ber": "awk t." }, { "en": "Push it.", "ber": "d\u1e25i t." }, { "en": "Do it.", "ber": "skr t." }, { "en": "Do it.", "ber": "skr tt." }, { "en": "Burn it.", "ber": "sskm\u1e0d t." }, { "en": "Kill it.", "ber": "n\u0263 t." }, { "en": "Kill it.", "ber": "n\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "Kill him.", "ber": "n\u0263 t." }, { "en": "Bury it.", "ber": "m\u1e0dl t." }, { "en": "Bury it.", "ber": "m\u1e0dl tt." }, { "en": "Bury it.", "ber": "m\u1e0dlat t." }, { "en": "Mix it.", "ber": "rwi t." }, { "en": "Mix it.", "ber": "smrks t." }, { "en": "Drive it.", "ber": "ndh t." }, { "en": "Drive it.", "ber": "ndh tt." }, { "en": "Drive it.", "ber": "ndhat t." }, { "en": "Touch it.", "ber": "ggr as." }, { "en": "Read it.", "ber": "\u0263r t." }, { "en": "Read it.", "ber": "\u0263r tt." }, { "en": "Read it.", "ber": "\u0263rat t." }, { "en": "Build it.", "ber": "\u1e93ku t." }, { "en": "Build it.", "ber": "\u1e93ku tt." }, { "en": "Destroy it.", "ber": "rdl t." }, { "en": "Free it.", "ber": "slelli t." }, { "en": "Free it.", "ber": "sdrfi tt." }, { "en": "Throw it.", "ber": "gr t." }, { "en": "Throw it.", "ber": "gr tt." }, { "en": "Wash it.", "ber": "ssird t." }, { "en": "Wash it.", "ber": "ssird tt." }, { "en": "Clean it.", "ber": "ssizdg t." }, { "en": "Clean it.", "ber": "ssizdg tt." }, { "en": "Clean it.", "ber": "s\u0263us t." }, { "en": "We need a leader now.", "ber": "nusr kra n um\u0263ar d\u0263i." }, { "en": "Fill it.", "ber": "ktur t." }, { "en": "Fill it.", "ber": "ktur tt." }, { "en": "Empty it.", "ber": "ssugu t." }, { "en": "Empty it.", "ber": "ssugu tt." }, { "en": "Cut it.", "ber": "bbi t." }, { "en": "Cut it.", "ber": "bbi tt." }, { "en": "Cut it.", "ber": "gzm t." }, { "en": "Finish it.", "ber": "smd t." }, { "en": "Finish it.", "ber": "smd tt." }, { "en": "Start it.", "ber": "ssnti t." }, { "en": "Start it.", "ber": "ssnti tt." }, { "en": "Complete it.", "ber": "smd t." }, { "en": "Peel it.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e93lm t." }, { "en": "Find it.", "ber": "afat t." }, { "en": "Pass it!", "ber": "zzri t!" }, { "en": "Pass it!", "ber": "zzri tt!" }, { "en": "Zip it.", "ber": "qqn t." }, { "en": "Prove it.", "ber": "ssn\u1e93i t." }, { "en": "Google it.", "ber": "rzu t g gugl." }, { "en": "It arrived.", "ber": "ilkm." }, { "en": "It arrived.", "ber": "tiw\u1e0d." }, { "en": "It won!", "ber": "irna!" }, { "en": "It succeeded!", "ber": "imurs!" }, { "en": "It succeeded!", "ber": "tmurs!" }, { "en": "Taste it.", "ber": "mm\u1e0di t." }, { "en": "Taste it.", "ber": "mm\u1e0di tt." }, { "en": "Taste it.", "ber": "mm\u1e0diyat t." }, { "en": "Write it.", "ber": "ara t." }, { "en": "Write it.", "ber": "ara tt." }, { "en": "Prove it!", "ber": "ssn\u1e93i t!" }, { "en": "Sell it!", "ber": "zznz t!" }, { "en": "Sell it!", "ber": "zznz tt!" }, { "en": "It opened.", "ber": "i\u1e5b\u1e93m." }, { "en": "It opened.", "ber": "t\u1e5b\u1e93m." }, { "en": "Consider it.", "ber": "smuqql t." }, { "en": "It is.", "ber": "iga t." }, { "en": "It is.", "ber": "tga t." }, { "en": "Aren't you going to finish your tea?", "ber": "is ur rad tsmdd atay nnk?" }, { "en": "Breakfast is the most important meal of the day.", "ber": "tagmgimt tga tirmt akk\u02b7 ihmman g wass." }, { "en": "Thank you for your chocolate.", "ber": "tanmmirt nnk \u0263f cck\u02b7lat nnk." }, { "en": "He likes sweets.", "ber": "da ittiri timimin." }, { "en": "After tea", "ber": " he went to sleep.", "null": [ "\u1e0da\u1e5bt n watay", " idda ad ign." ] }, { "en": "I want a sweet.", "ber": "ri\u0263 tamimt." }, { "en": "We need your help now.", "ber": "nusr tiwisi nnk \u0263ila." }, { "en": "Swallow it!", "ber": "lm\u1e93 t!" }, { "en": "Swallow it!", "ber": "lm\u1e93 tt!" }, { "en": "Drop it.", "ber": "s\u1e0d\u1e5b t." }, { "en": "Move it!", "ber": "smass t!" }, { "en": "Repeat it.", "ber": "als as." }, { "en": "Open it!", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93m t!" }, { "en": "Open it!", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93m tt!" }, { "en": "Hold it.", "ber": "am\u1e93 t." }, { "en": "Seeking it.", "ber": "rzu fllas." }, { "en": "Seeking it.", "ber": "siggl sis." }, { "en": "Open it.", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93m t." }, { "en": "Open it.", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93m tt." }, { "en": "Open it.", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93mat t." }, { "en": "Close it!", "ber": "qqn t!" }, { "en": "Close it!", "ber": "qqnat t!" }, { "en": "Reduce it.", "ber": "ssidrus t." }, { "en": "Run!", "ber": "azzl!" }, { "en": "Learn.", "ber": "lmdat." }, { "en": "Accelerate.", "ber": "ammr." }, { "en": "Accelerate.", "ber": "nnmrir." }, { "en": "Open!", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93m!" }, { "en": "Down!", "ber": "izdar!" }, { "en": "Down!", "ber": "s izdar!" }, { "en": "Comment.", "ber": "\u0263fawl." }, { "en": "Comment.", "ber": "\u0263fawlat." }, { "en": "Homo.", "ber": "alu." }, { "en": "Sleep.", "ber": "gn." }, { "en": "Accept it.", "ber": "dggi t." }, { "en": "It was.", "ber": "ikka tt inn." }, { "en": "It was.", "ber": "tkka tt inn." }, { "en": "Cancel it!", "ber": "ssr t!" }, { "en": "It burns!", "ber": "da isskma\u1e0d!" }, { "en": "Kiss it.", "ber": "ssudm t." }, { "en": "Kiss it.", "ber": "ssudm tt." }, { "en": "Buy it.", "ber": "s\u0263 t." }, { "en": "Buy it.", "ber": "s\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "Buy it.", "ber": "s\u0263at t." }, { "en": "Add it.", "ber": "rnu t." }, { "en": "Add it.", "ber": "rnu tt." }, { "en": "Translate it.", "ber": "ssu\u0263l t." }, { "en": "Translate it.", "ber": "ssu\u0263l tt." }, { "en": "Translate it.", "ber": "ssu\u0263lat t." }, { "en": "It passes.", "ber": "da izray." }, { "en": "Break it.", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93 t." }, { "en": "Break it.", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93 tt." }, { "en": "Break it.", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93at t." }, { "en": "Smash it.", "ber": "ssims t." }, { "en": "It swims.", "ber": "da ittccf." }, { "en": "Keep it!", "ber": "\u1e25\u1e0du t!" }, { "en": "Spell it!", "ber": "g\u02b7mi t!" }, { "en": "Read it!", "ber": "\u0263r t!" }, { "en": "Read it!", "ber": "\u0263r tt!" }, { "en": "Memorise it.", "ber": "\u1e25su t." }, { "en": "Memorise it.", "ber": "\u1e25su tt." }, { "en": "Swear it.", "ber": "ggall fllas." }, { "en": "Delete it!", "ber": "kks t!" }, { "en": "Delete it!", "ber": "kks tt!" }, { "en": "Got it.", "ber": "itturmas." }, { "en": "Improve it.", "ber": "sfalki t." }, { "en": "Improve it.", "ber": "sfalki tt." }, { "en": "Cover it.", "ber": "dl t." }, { "en": "Cover it.", "ber": "dl tt." }, { "en": "Hide it.", "ber": "ssntl t." }, { "en": "Hide it.", "ber": "ssntl tt." }, { "en": "Hide it.", "ber": "ssrg\u02b7s t." }, { "en": "Redo it.", "ber": "skr t da\u0263." }, { "en": "Redo it.", "ber": "skr tt da\u0263." }, { "en": "Watch it.", "ber": "annay t." }, { "en": "Prepare it.", "ber": "smuttg t." }, { "en": "Change it.", "ber": "ssnfl t." }, { "en": "Change it.", "ber": "ssnfl tt." }, { "en": "Avoid it.", "ber": "anf as." }, { "en": "Begin it.", "ber": "ssnti t." }, { "en": "Believe it.", "ber": "fls t." }, { "en": "Believe it.", "ber": "fls tt." }, { "en": "Send it!", "ber": "azn t!" }, { "en": "Send it!", "ber": "azn tt!" }, { "en": "Is it bad?", "ber": "is ixxa?" }, { "en": "It's cold.", "ber": "illa u\u1e63mmi\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Take it easy!", "ber": "asi tt \u0263illi g tfssus!" }, { "en": "It rained nonstop.", "ber": "izri un\u1e93a\u1e5b izdin." }, { "en": "It rained heavily.", "ber": "i\u1e0d\u1e5b un\u1e93a\u1e5b s tugt." }, { "en": "It may rain.", "ber": "yallfus ad yili un\u1e93a\u1e5b." }, { "en": "It was raining.", "ber": "ikka tt inn illa un\u1e93a\u1e5b." }, { "en": "It's late.", "ber": "tmu\u1e6dl tizi." }, { "en": "Do it again!", "ber": "skr t da\u0263!" }, { "en": "Do it again!", "ber": "skr tt da\u0263!" }, { "en": "Nobody likes it.", "ber": "awd yan ur t i\u1e25mil." }, { "en": "Here it is.", "ber": "ha t id." }, { "en": "Turn it off.", "ber": "ssxsi t." }, { "en": "Turn it off.", "ber": "ssxsi tt." }, { "en": "Leave it there.", "ber": "fl t dinn." }, { "en": "Leave it there.", "ber": "fl tt \u0263inn." }, { "en": "Tom did a wonderful job", "ber": " that's at least my opinion.", "null": [ "\u1e6dum iskr yat twuri bahra ifulkin", " tga tad tannayt inu s tdrsi." ] }, { "en": "Tom said that he saw a ghost in the attic.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas i\u1e93\u1e5ba yan ulaf g ugnar." }, { "en": "We need some more firewood.", "ber": "ns\u0263awsa sul s imikk n ukccu\u1e0d n tmssi." }, { "en": "It was Tom who taught me how to play the guitar.", "ber": "ikka tnn \u1e6dum ad iyi isslmdn manik s ad tturar\u0263 tidinit." }, { "en": "Tom asked us to stay.", "ber": "issutr a\u0263 \u1e6dum ad n\u0263ama." }, { "en": "The professors can make mistakes", "ber": " too.", "null": [ "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn ula islmadn ad skrn tizglin." ] }, { "en": "I think you're both right.", "ber": "nni\u0263 mas sin itun t\u0263\u1e93anm." }, { "en": "Tell Tom we're here.", "ber": "ini i \u1e6dum mas nlla g \u0263id." }, { "en": "I live for music.", "ber": "nkk ddr\u0263 i u\u1e93awan." }, { "en": "I have never been to the desert.", "ber": "ur jju ddi\u0263 s tnzruft." }, { "en": "I could help if you want me to.", "ber": "ufi\u0263 ad aws\u0263 i\u0263 iyi trid ad." }, { "en": "Bring it here.", "ber": "awi t id s \u0263id." }, { "en": "Bring it here.", "ber": "awi tt id s da." }, { "en": "Do you speak English?", "ber": "is da tsawald tanglizt?" }, { "en": "Do you speak English?", "ber": "is da tsawalm tanglizt?" }, { "en": "Do you speak English?", "ber": "is da tsawalmt tanglizt?" }, { "en": "It's secret.", "ber": "iga uffir." }, { "en": "It's secret.", "ber": "tga uffir." }, { "en": "It's white.", "ber": "iga umlil." }, { "en": "It's white.", "ber": "tga tamllalt." }, { "en": "It's new.", "ber": "iga amaynu." }, { "en": "It's new.", "ber": "tga tamaynut." }, { "en": "Is it baked?", "ber": "is inwa?" }, { "en": "Did you want to do that?", "ber": "is yadlli trid ad tskrd ayann?" }, { "en": "A hungry dog will eat anything.", "ber": "aydi illu\u1e93n rad icc aynna illan." }, { "en": "I have not bought the novel yet.", "ber": "ur ta s\u0263i\u0263 ungal." }, { "en": "Tom voted for Mary.", "ber": "isti \u1e6dum mari." }, { "en": "It's me.", "ber": "nkki ayad." }, { "en": "It tasted sweet.", "ber": "tmmim." }, { "en": "What is it?", "ber": "mayd iga?" }, { "en": "What is it?", "ber": "mayd tga?" }, { "en": "It's amazing.", "ber": "ig\u1e5b\u1e93." }, { "en": "This is it.", "ber": "iga wad." }, { "en": "It's true.", "ber": "tga tidt." }, { "en": "It rained yesterday.", "ber": "izri un\u1e93a\u1e5b assnna\u1e6d." }, { "en": "Leave it alone!", "ber": "ajj t i wa\u1e0du nns!" }, { "en": "Leave it alone!", "ber": "ajj tt i wa\u1e0du nns!" }, { "en": "It saved me.", "ber": "issnjm i." }, { "en": "It smells good!", "ber": "ijja!" }, { "en": "It smells good!", "ber": "tjja!" }, { "en": "Do it yourself.", "ber": "skr t s yi\u0263f nnk." }, { "en": "Do it yourself.", "ber": "skr tt s yi\u0263f nnm." }, { "en": "Check it out!", "ber": "agg\u02b7 t inn!" }, { "en": "It's Monday.", "ber": "aynas ayad." }, { "en": "Think about it.", "ber": "swingm gis." }, { "en": "Think about it.", "ber": "swingmat gis." }, { "en": "Just finished it.", "ber": "\u1e25ra t smd\u0263." }, { "en": "I use it.", "ber": "da t ssmras\u0263." }, { "en": "I use it.", "ber": "da tt ssmras\u0263." }, { "en": "I bought it.", "ber": "s\u0263i\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I bought it.", "ber": "s\u0263i\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "I bought them.", "ber": "s\u0263i\u0263 tn." }, { "en": "I bought them.", "ber": "s\u0263i\u0263 tnt." }, { "en": "I forgot it.", "ber": "ttu\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I forgot it.", "ber": "ttu\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "Just leave it.", "ber": "ajj t hlli." }, { "en": "That's it.", "ber": "anct ann." }, { "en": "Read it aloud.", "ber": "\u0263r t s yimsli yattuyn." }, { "en": "Please explain it.", "ber": "amur nnk ssfru t." }, { "en": "It may snow.", "ber": "yallfus ad i\u1e0d\u1e5b udfl." }, { "en": "It needs washing.", "ber": "yusr assird." }, { "en": "It rang loudly.", "ber": "isrsr s yimsli yattuyn." }, { "en": "Who built it?", "ber": "manwa t i\u1e93kan?" }, { "en": "Who built it?", "ber": "manwa tt i\u1e93kan?" }, { "en": "Who drew it?", "ber": "manwa t issun\u0263n?" }, { "en": "Give it up.", "ber": "fl t." }, { "en": "It is Saturday.", "ber": "iga asi\u1e0dyas." }, { "en": "It's cloudy.", "ber": "llan imdla." }, { "en": "I read many books.", "ber": "\u0263ri\u0263 mnnaw idlisn." }, { "en": "She reads them at night.", "ber": "da tn tqqar g yi\u1e0d." }, { "en": "There are not many people who like to read books.", "ber": "ur dinn a\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63 n mddn ittxsn ad qqarn idlisn." }, { "en": "There are not many people who like to read books.", "ber": "ur \u0263inn tugt n mddn ittirin ad aqqran idlisn." }, { "en": "We don't read now.", "ber": "ur ar nqqar d\u0263i." }, { "en": "I have started reading it.", "ber": "ssnti\u0263 ti\u0263ri nns." }, { "en": "They kissed me.", "ber": "ssudmn i." }, { "en": "I did not kiss her.", "ber": "ur tt ssudm\u0263." }, { "en": "He never heard about me.", "ber": "ur jju fllati islla." }, { "en": "I never met him in the street.", "ber": "ur jju t mmaggar\u0263 g wasuk." }, { "en": "They never heard about us.", "ber": "ur jju flla\u0263 sllan." }, { "en": "They never met him.", "ber": "ur jju t mmaqqarn." }, { "en": "She never talked to him.", "ber": "ur jju sis tsawl." }, { "en": "My turn has not come yet.", "ber": "ur ta d tucki twala inu." }, { "en": "You will teach tomorrow.", "ber": "rad tsslmdd azkka." }, { "en": "You will learn today.", "ber": "rad tlmdd ass ad." }, { "en": "He asked him for some money.", "ber": "issutr as imikk n idrimn." }, { "en": "We have not seen you for a while.", "ber": "ur k n\u1e93\u1e5bi mnct ayad." }, { "en": "What makes you think I'm lying?", "ber": "mayd k yujjan ad t\u0263ald is ar skrkis\u0263?" }, { "en": "People don't like it", "ber": " but I do.", "null": [ "ur t \u1e25miln mddn", " maca nkki yah." ] }, { "en": "Is it white?", "ber": "is iga umlil?" }, { "en": "Is it white?", "ber": "is tga tamllalt?" }, { "en": "Fill it up.", "ber": "ktur t." }, { "en": "Fill it up.", "ber": "ktur tt." }, { "en": "Is it free?", "ber": "is iga abnnan?" }, { "en": "It was night.", "ber": "ikka tt inn iga i\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Hurry it up!", "ber": "ammr!" }, { "en": "Is it true?", "ber": "is iga tidt?" }, { "en": "Is it true?", "ber": "is tga tidt?" }, { "en": "It is snowing.", "ber": "ar i\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e5b udfl." }, { "en": "It is snowing.", "ber": "illa udfl." }, { "en": "It's OK.", "ber": "tfra." }, { "en": "It's OK.", "ber": "ur illi ma \u0263f." }, { "en": "It's hot.", "ber": "ir\u0263a." }, { "en": "It's hot.", "ber": "tlla tr\u0263i." }, { "en": "Who is it?", "ber": "manwa iga?" }, { "en": "I'm feeling a bit hungry now.", "ber": "ar syafa\u0263 s la\u1e93 yan imikk \u0263ila." }, { "en": "Make it larger.", "ber": "ssim\u0263ur t." }, { "en": "It's impossible.", "ber": "iga aramallfus." }, { "en": "Make it smaller.", "ber": "ssim\u1e93iy t." }, { "en": "It's dangerous!", "ber": "iga imizi!" }, { "en": "It's business.", "ber": "iga tawuri." }, { "en": "It's work.", "ber": "iga amahil." }, { "en": "Say it clearly.", "ber": "ini t s t\u0263arast ifawn." }, { "en": "Try it again.", "ber": "arm t da\u0263." }, { "en": "Try it again.", "ber": "arm tt da\u0263." }, { "en": "It's free.", "ber": "iga abnnan." }, { "en": "Memorize it well.", "ber": "\u1e25su t mli\u1e25." }, { "en": "Memorize it well.", "ber": "\u1e25su ttmli\u1e25." }, { "en": "Leave it closed.", "ber": "ajj t ittuqqan." }, { "en": "Leave it closed.", "ber": "fl tt tettuqqan." }, { "en": "Is it cloudy?", "ber": "is llan imdla?" }, { "en": "Welcome back to Boston.", "ber": "ansuf da\u0263 g bu\u1e63\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "Is it foggy?", "ber": "is tlla tagut?" }, { "en": "Is it hot?", "ber": "is tlla tr\u0263i?" }, { "en": "Is it rainy?", "ber": "is illa un\u1e93a\u1e5b?" }, { "en": "Is it snowy?", "ber": "is illa udfl?" }, { "en": "Is it windy?", "ber": "is illa wa\u1e0du?" }, { "en": "It is dusty.", "ber": "illa ug\u1e0d\u1e5bu\u1e5b." }, { "en": "It is foggy.", "ber": "tlla tagut." }, { "en": "It's early.", "ber": "iga zikk." }, { "en": "It's midnight.", "ber": "tlla tu\u1e93\u1e93umt n yi\u1e0d." }, { "en": "It's big!", "ber": "d amqran!" }, { "en": "It's hailing.", "ber": "illa ubruri." }, { "en": "It's incredible.", "ber": "ur da ittuflas." }, { "en": "It's raining.", "ber": "ar i\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e5b un\u1e93a\u1e5b." }, { "en": "It's spring.", "ber": "tkcm d tfsut." }, { "en": "Well", "ber": " take it.", "null": [ "iwa", " awi t." ] }, { "en": "It's bedtime.", "ber": "ilkm wakud n tguni." }, { "en": "I live it.", "ber": "da t ttddr\u0263." }, { "en": "Let it go!", "ber": "ajj t ad iddu!" }, { "en": "Let it go!", "ber": "ajj tt ad tddu!" }, { "en": "It's easy.", "ber": "tnhl." }, { "en": "It's easy.", "ber": "inhl." }, { "en": "It's easy.", "ber": "irxa." }, { "en": "Everybody loves it.", "ber": "ku yan da t ittiri." }, { "en": "It's true!", "ber": "iga tidt!" }, { "en": "Is it love?", "ber": "is tga tayri?" }, { "en": "Is it love?", "ber": "is iga tayri?" }, { "en": "Write it down!", "ber": "ara t!" }, { "en": "Write it down!", "ber": "ara tt!" }, { "en": "It's better.", "ber": "yuf." }, { "en": "It's sick.", "ber": "yu\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "It's sick.", "ber": "tu\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "It takes time.", "ber": "da ittawi akud." }, { "en": "It's windy.", "ber": "illa wa\u1e0du." }, { "en": "It is midday.", "ber": "tlla tu\u1e93\u1e93umt n uzal." }, { "en": "It disgusts me.", "ber": "da i israra." }, { "en": "It works well.", "ber": "da tswuriy mli\u1e25." }, { "en": "Let it be.", "ber": "ajj t ad yili." }, { "en": "Let it be.", "ber": "ajj tt ad tili." }, { "en": "It rains there.", "ber": "illa un\u1e93a\u1e5b dinn." }, { "en": "It snows there.", "ber": "illa udfl \u0263inn." }, { "en": "It needs itself.", "ber": "yusr i\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "Step on it!", "ber": "akl fllas!" }, { "en": "Step on it!", "ber": "aklat fllas!" }, { "en": "How was it?", "ber": "manmk tt inn ikka?" }, { "en": "Bring it on!", "ber": "awi t id!" }, { "en": "Bring it on!", "ber": "awi tt id!" }, { "en": "God wants it.", "ber": "ira t \u1e5bbbi." }, { "en": "God wants it.", "ber": "ira tt \u1e5bbbi." }, { "en": "Whose is it?", "ber": "iga win manwa?" }, { "en": "OK", "ber": " take it.", "null": [ "waxxa", " awi t." ] }, { "en": "OK", "ber": " take it.", "null": [ "waxxa", " awi tt." ] }, { "en": "It scares me.", "ber": "da i i\u1e93\u1e93maw." }, { "en": "Take it", "ber": " please.", "null": [ "awi t", " amur nnk." ] }, { "en": "Please fix it.", "ber": "sgadda t amur nnk." }, { "en": "I found it!", "ber": "ufi\u0263 t!" }, { "en": "I found it!", "ber": "ufi\u0263 tt!" }, { "en": "It looks familiar.", "ber": "da ittuman ittumyar." }, { "en": "There it is.", "ber": "ha t inn." }, { "en": "We did it!", "ber": "nskr t!" }, { "en": "We did it!", "ber": "nskr tt!" }, { "en": "The sky is blue.", "ber": "ignna iga anili." }, { "en": "He is small and weak.", "ber": "im\u1e93\u1e93iy d ilm\u1e0d." }, { "en": "It's over.", "ber": "imda." }, { "en": "I doubt it.", "ber": "urdi\u0263 gis." }, { "en": "I doubt it.", "ber": "gi\u0263 gis turda." }, { "en": "It is there.", "ber": "tlla dinn." }, { "en": "It is there.", "ber": "illa \u0263inn." }, { "en": "I love it!", "ber": "da t ttiri\u0263!" }, { "en": "They blocked it.", "ber": "gdln t." }, { "en": "It is mine.", "ber": "iga winu." }, { "en": "It is mine.", "ber": "tga tinu." }, { "en": "Take it away.", "ber": "awi t inn." }, { "en": "Take it away.", "ber": "awi tt inn." }, { "en": "Tom always gets up at 6:30.", "ber": "da bdda inkkr \u1e6dum g 6:30." }, { "en": "I knew it.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 t yadlli." }, { "en": "I knew it.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 tt yadlli." }, { "en": "Is it here?", "ber": "is illa \u0263inn?" }, { "en": "Never forget it.", "ber": "ad t sar ur tettud." }, { "en": "It might rain.", "ber": "yallfus ad yili un\u1e93a\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Take your time.", "ber": "awi akud nnk." }, { "en": "I heard a noise outside.", "ber": "slla\u0263 i taqqurt g b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "Is it raining?", "ber": "is ar i\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e5b un\u1e93a\u1e5b?" }, { "en": "Is it far?", "ber": "is yaggug?" }, { "en": "Is it far?", "ber": "is taggug?" }, { "en": "Just forget it.", "ber": "ttu t ka." }, { "en": "Just forget it.", "ber": "ttu tt hlli." }, { "en": "I miss it.", "ber": "da t inn tta\u1e0dn\u0263." }, { "en": "Think about it!", "ber": "swingm gis!" }, { "en": "It's useless.", "ber": "iga arumris." }, { "en": "Forget about it.", "ber": "ttu fllas." }, { "en": "Tom doesn't like pork.", "ber": "ur i\u1e25mil \u1e6dum tifiyi n yilf." }, { "en": "I'm happy because I am not a woman.", "ber": "mmr\u0263 acku ur gi\u0263 tam\u0263art." }, { "en": "I'm happy because I am not a woman.", "ber": "mmr\u0263 acku ur gi\u0263 tam\u1e6d\u1e6dut." }, { "en": "Tom told me he had to do that.", "ber": "inna iyi \u1e6dum mas fllas illa ad iskr ayann." }, { "en": "Tom wanted you to come.", "ber": "ira k yadlli \u1e6dum ad d tackd." }, { "en": "Life will be sweet one day!", "ber": "rad timim tudrt kra n wass!" }, { "en": "You're too young to travel alone.", "ber": "tm\u1e93\u1e93iyd bahra \u0263f ad tettmuddud i wa\u1e0du nnk." }, { "en": "You still look angry.", "ber": "ar sul tettumand trfid." }, { "en": "Our journey is just beginning.", "ber": "\u1e25ra tnta tnyuddut nn\u0263." }, { "en": "Our mothers are close.", "ber": "id immitn\u0263 mya\u1e93nt." }, { "en": "Did you understand the instructions?", "ber": "is trmsd tana\u1e0din?" }, { "en": "Do you make your own clothes?", "ber": "is da tskard imk\u1e5ba\u1e0d nnk?" }, { "en": "It reminds me of a certain someone...", "ber": "da i id issk\u02b7tay g kra n yan..." }, { "en": "Are you finished washing your hands?", "ber": "is tsmdd assird n yifassn nnk?" }, { "en": "Mary is Tom's girlfriend.", "ber": "tga mari tamddakk\u02b7lt n \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "He speaks English better than me.", "ber": "da isawal tanglizt s t\u0263arast yufn tinu." }, { "en": "Leave it behind.", "ber": "fl t g dffir." }, { "en": "It never happened.", "ber": "ur jju imsar." }, { "en": "How is it?", "ber": "manimk iga?" }, { "en": "It's outdated.", "ber": "izri t wakud." }, { "en": "I like it.", "ber": "issusm i." }, { "en": "It's happening.", "ber": "ar ittmsar." }, { "en": "Nobody bought it.", "ber": "ur t is\u0263i yan." }, { "en": "It's wrong.", "ber": "iga azgal." }, { "en": "Write it down.", "ber": "ara t." }, { "en": "It's hard.", "ber": "imra." }, { "en": "It keeps raining.", "ber": "izdi un\u1e93a\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Is it possible?", "ber": "is yallfus?" }, { "en": "It's alive.", "ber": "tddr." }, { "en": "It's alive.", "ber": "iddr." }, { "en": "It has begun.", "ber": "inti yad." }, { "en": "I deserved it.", "ber": "uklal\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I deserved it.", "ber": "uklal\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "They deserved it.", "ber": "uklaln t." }, { "en": "They deserved it.", "ber": "uklaln tt." }, { "en": "I get it.", "ber": "rms\u0263." }, { "en": "Has it arrived?", "ber": "is ilkm?" }, { "en": "Has it arrived?", "ber": "is yiw\u1e0d?" }, { "en": "It's stealing.", "ber": "iga tukk\u1e5b\u1e0da." }, { "en": "It's stealing.", "ber": "tga tukk\u1e5b\u1e0da." }, { "en": "Is it important?", "ber": "is ihmma?" }, { "en": "It looks good.", "ber": "da ittuman ifulki." }, { "en": "What was it?", "ber": "mayd yadlli iga?" }, { "en": "We made it.", "ber": "nskr t." }, { "en": "We made it.", "ber": "nskr tt." }, { "en": "It smells bad.", "ber": "i\u1e93ja." }, { "en": "It smells bad.", "ber": "t\u1e93ja." }, { "en": "Do it tomorrow.", "ber": "skr t azkka." }, { "en": "Do it tomorrow.", "ber": "skr tt azkka." }, { "en": "Do it quickly.", "ber": "skr t s tmmri." }, { "en": "Do it quickly.", "ber": "skr tt s tmmri." }, { "en": "Does it matter?", "ber": "is ihmma?" }, { "en": "It's hopeless.", "ber": "iga war anaruz." }, { "en": "It's hopeless.", "ber": "tga tar anaruz." }, { "en": "It's different.", "ber": "imzaray." }, { "en": "It's different.", "ber": "tmzaray." }, { "en": "It's complicated.", "ber": "iga uddis." }, { "en": "It's beautiful.", "ber": "i\u1e93il." }, { "en": "It was perfect.", "ber": "ikka tt inn i\u0263uda." }, { "en": "That explains it.", "ber": "ayann da t issfraw." }, { "en": "That explains it.", "ber": "ayann da tt issfraw." }, { "en": "She found it.", "ber": "tufa t." }, { "en": "She found it.", "ber": "tufa tt." }, { "en": "They found it.", "ber": "ufan t." }, { "en": "They found it.", "ber": "ufan tt." }, { "en": "They found it.", "ber": "ufant t." }, { "en": "They found it.", "ber": "ufant tt." }, { "en": "Is it new?", "ber": "is iga amaynu?" }, { "en": "Is it new?", "ber": "is tga tamaynut?" }, { "en": "Better leave it!", "ber": "yuf ad t tfld!" }, { "en": "Better leave it!", "ber": "yuf ad tt tfld!" }, { "en": "Can it wait?", "ber": "is i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad iqql?" }, { "en": "Can it wait?", "ber": "is t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad tqql?" }, { "en": "It's Tatoeba.", "ber": "tatuba ayad." }, { "en": "It really works.", "ber": "da iswuriy s tidt." }, { "en": "Please wash it.", "ber": "amur nnk ssird t." }, { "en": "Please wash it.", "ber": "amur nnm ssird tt." }, { "en": "It started again!", "ber": "issnti da\u0263!" }, { "en": "It's enough!", "ber": "yuda!" }, { "en": "It's enough!", "ber": "tuda!" }, { "en": "It snowed yesterday.", "ber": "i\u1e0d\u1e5b udfl assnna\u1e6d." }, { "en": "It's working.", "ber": "ar iswuriy." }, { "en": "It's working.", "ber": "ar tswuriy." }, { "en": "It's Tom.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ayad." }, { "en": "It's time.", "ber": "tlkm tizi." }, { "en": "It's stuck.", "ber": "ittmri." }, { "en": "It's scary.", "ber": "ar i\u1e93\u1e93maw." }, { "en": "It's sand.", "ber": "amlal ayann." }, { "en": "It's right.", "ber": "iga tidt." }, { "en": "It's right.", "ber": "tga tidt." }, { "en": "It's real.", "ber": "iga tidt." }, { "en": "It's real.", "ber": "tga tidt." }, { "en": "It's possible.", "ber": "yallfus." }, { "en": "It's ours.", "ber": "iga winn\u0263." }, { "en": "It's ours.", "ber": "tga tinn\u0263." }, { "en": "It's important.", "ber": "iga azalan." }, { "en": "It's here.", "ber": "illa da." }, { "en": "It's here.", "ber": "tlla \u0263id." }, { "en": "It's happened.", "ber": "imsar." }, { "en": "It's happened.", "ber": "tmsar." }, { "en": "It's good.", "ber": "ifulki." }, { "en": "It's good.", "ber": "tfulki." }, { "en": "It's empty.", "ber": "yuga." }, { "en": "It's difficult.", "ber": "imra." }, { "en": "It's difficult.", "ber": "tmra." }, { "en": "It's dark.", "ber": "illas." }, { "en": "It's dark.", "ber": "tllas." }, { "en": "It's close.", "ber": "ya\u1e93." }, { "en": "It's clear.", "ber": "ifaw." }, { "en": "It's clear.", "ber": "tfaw." }, { "en": "It's blank.", "ber": "yuga." }, { "en": "It's accurate.", "ber": "in\u0263da." }, { "en": "Who needs it?", "ber": "manwa t yusrn?" }, { "en": "Who needs it?", "ber": "manwa tt yusrn?" }, { "en": "It is similar.", "ber": "irwas." }, { "en": "It is similar.", "ber": "trwas." }, { "en": "Spit it out!", "ber": "ssufs t!" }, { "en": "Spit it out!", "ber": "ssufs tt!" }, { "en": "It's artificial.", "ber": "iga aragmawan." }, { "en": "It's clean.", "ber": "izddig." }, { "en": "It's dead.", "ber": "immut." }, { "en": "He cried.", "ber": "yalla." }, { "en": "He was crying.", "ber": "ikka tt ar yalla." }, { "en": "It's dead.", "ber": "tmmut." }, { "en": "He is dead.", "ber": "immut." }, { "en": "You are dead.", "ber": "tmmutd." }, { "en": "You are dead.", "ber": "tmmutm." }, { "en": "You will die.", "ber": "rad tmmtd." }, { "en": "It's done.", "ber": "ittuskar." }, { "en": "It's done.", "ber": "tettuskar." }, { "en": "It's finished.", "ber": "imda." }, { "en": "It's finished.", "ber": "tmd." }, { "en": "It's forbidden.", "ber": "ittugdal." }, { "en": "It's forbidden.", "ber": "tettugdal." }, { "en": "It's green.", "ber": "iga azgzaw." }, { "en": "It's green.", "ber": "tga tazgzawt." }, { "en": "It's lost.", "ber": "ittuzla." }, { "en": "It's morning.", "ber": "tufat ayad." }, { "en": "It's night.", "ber": "i\u1e0d ayad." }, { "en": "It's nothing.", "ber": "ur igi yat." }, { "en": "It's hers.", "ber": "iga winns." }, { "en": "It's hers.", "ber": "tga tinns." }, { "en": "It's his.", "ber": "iga winns." }, { "en": "It's his.", "ber": "tga tinns." }, { "en": "It's ready.", "ber": "imuttg." }, { "en": "It's ready.", "ber": "tmuttg." }, { "en": "It's silent.", "ber": "ifss." }, { "en": "It's silent.", "ber": "tfss." }, { "en": "It's sufficient.", "ber": "yuda." }, { "en": "It's sufficient.", "ber": "tuda." }, { "en": "Where are your glasses?", "ber": "manza tismaqqalin nnk?" }, { "en": "Where are your glasses?", "ber": "mani g llant tsmaqqalin nnk?" }, { "en": "I need to ask my mom.", "ber": "usr\u0263 ad sqsa\u0263 immi." }, { "en": "I'm a dog lover.", "ber": "gi\u0263 imiri n yiy\u1e0dan." }, { "en": "I love dogs.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 iydan." }, { "en": "I know I'm right.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 is \u0263\u1e93an\u0263." }, { "en": "Please speak more slowly.", "ber": "sawal uggar s imikk amur nnk." }, { "en": "She always talks about you.", "ber": "da bdda fllak tsawal." }, { "en": "We all believed Tom.", "ber": "nfls akk\u02b7 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Let's go back now.", "ber": "aywa ad nurri \u0263ila." }, { "en": "Read this!", "ber": "\u0263r ayad!" }, { "en": "Read that!", "ber": "\u0263r ayann!" }, { "en": "She's not my wife.", "ber": "ur tgi tam\u0263art inu." }, { "en": "She's not my wife.", "ber": "ur tgi tam\u1e6d\u1e6dut inu." }, { "en": "We'll pray for her.", "ber": "rad as n\u1e93\u1e93all." }, { "en": "I live in Cambodia.", "ber": "ddr\u0263 g kambudya." }, { "en": "Tom said that everyone he knows does that.", "ber": "inna \u1e6dum mas d akk\u02b7 willi issn ar skarn mayann." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary don't want to be like me.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari", "null": [ " ur rin ad gn zun d nkkin." ] }, { "en": "I think that we'll be back soon.", "ber": "irwas is rad d nurri g ma nn ur yaggugn." }, { "en": "It is almost over!", "ber": "dru\u0263 ad imdu!" }, { "en": "I like teaching.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 asslmd." }, { "en": "They told us to sit here.", "ber": "nnan a\u0263 ad nskkus \u0263id." }, { "en": "They told us to sit here.", "ber": "nnan a\u0263 ad nqqim daha." }, { "en": "Tom told me to quit smoking.", "ber": "inna iyi \u1e6dum ad bbi\u0263 akmay." }, { "en": "Tom told me to quit smoking.", "ber": "inna iyi \u1e6dum ad sbdd\u0263 akmay." }, { "en": "Tom likes winter", "ber": " but Mary doesn't.", "null": [ "i\u1e25ml \u1e6dum tagrst", " maca mari uhu." ] }, { "en": "Tom is somewhere in Australia now.", "ber": "illa \u1e6dum g kra n mani g us\u1e6d\u1e5balya d\u0263i." }, { "en": "Which of these two do you think is better?", "ber": "manwa g sin ad ayd tnnid is yuf?" }, { "en": "As if I didn't know that!", "ber": "zun d ig yadlli ur ssin\u0263 ayann!" }, { "en": "It's Wednesday.", "ber": "ak\u1e5bas ayad." }, { "en": "It's yours.", "ber": "iga winnk." }, { "en": "It's yours.", "ber": "iga winnm." }, { "en": "It's yours.", "ber": "iga winnun." }, { "en": "It's yours.", "ber": "iga winnunt." }, { "en": "It's unforgettable.", "ber": "ur da ittwattu." }, { "en": "It became useless.", "ber": "yurri iga arumris." }, { "en": "It became useless.", "ber": "ya\u0263ul iga arumris." }, { "en": "It is delicious.", "ber": "ya\u1e0dfut." }, { "en": "It is delicious.", "ber": "i\u1e93i\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Yesterday it snowed.", "ber": "i\u1e0d\u1e5b udfl assnna\u1e6d." }, { "en": "Just ignore it.", "ber": "nxxl t ka." }, { "en": "Just ignore it.", "ber": "nxxl tt hlli." }, { "en": "Tom broke it.", "ber": "i\u1e5b\u1e93a t \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom broke it.", "ber": "i\u1e5b\u1e93a tt \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom did it.", "ber": "iskr t \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom did it.", "ber": "iskr tt \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom did that.", "ber": "iskr \u1e6dum ayann." }, { "en": "It was Tom who did that.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum ayd iskrn ayann." }, { "en": "Tom enjoyed it.", "ber": "ifjjij sis \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom did this.", "ber": "iskr \u1e6dum ayad." }, { "en": "Tom expected it.", "ber": "i\u1e0dk\u1e0d t \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom knew it.", "ber": "issn t yadlli \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom knew it.", "ber": "issn tt yadlli \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom knows it.", "ber": "issn t \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom knows it.", "ber": "issn tt \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom left it.", "ber": "ifl t \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom loves it.", "ber": "da t ittiri \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom suggested it.", "ber": "issumr t \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom suggested it.", "ber": "issumr tt \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom took it.", "ber": "yiwi t \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom took it.", "ber": "yiwi tt \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom wanted it.", "ber": "ira t yadlli \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We considered it.", "ber": "nsmuqql t." }, { "en": "Both Tom and Mary are tired.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari s sin \u1e5bmin." }, { "en": "Have you decided what you want to do tomorrow?", "ber": "is t\u0263tsd mayd trid ad tskrd azkka?" }, { "en": "I want to speak to a lawyer.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad sawl\u0263 s kra n umstan." }, { "en": "I thought it was Tom.", "ber": "\u0263al\u0263 is tt inn ikka \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We found it.", "ber": "nufa t." }, { "en": "We found it.", "ber": "nufa tt." }, { "en": "We lost it.", "ber": "nzla t." }, { "en": "We love it.", "ber": "da t nttiri." }, { "en": "We need it.", "ber": "nusr t." }, { "en": "We need it.", "ber": "nusr tt." }, { "en": "We stole it.", "ber": "nukr t." }, { "en": "We stole it.", "ber": "nukr tt." }, { "en": "We stopped it.", "ber": "nsbdd t." }, { "en": "They believe it.", "ber": "da t ttflasn." }, { "en": "They bought it.", "ber": "s\u0263an t." }, { "en": "They bought it.", "ber": "s\u0263an tt." }, { "en": "They deserve it.", "ber": "uklaln t." }, { "en": "They deserve it.", "ber": "uklaln tt." }, { "en": "They fixed it.", "ber": "isgadda t." }, { "en": "They love it.", "ber": "ar t ttirin." }, { "en": "They loved it.", "ber": "ran t." }, { "en": "Stop it", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "sbdd t a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "Stop it", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "yuda gis a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "Tom explained it.", "ber": "issfra t \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom explained it.", "ber": "issfra tt \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Break it down.", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93 t." }, { "en": "Break it down.", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93 tt." }, { "en": "Bring it back.", "ber": "awi t id." }, { "en": "Bring it back.", "ber": "awi tt id." }, { "en": "Bring it closer.", "ber": "ssa\u1e93 t id." }, { "en": "Bring it closer.", "ber": "ssa\u1e93 tt id." }, { "en": "Bring it home.", "ber": "awi t s tgmmi." }, { "en": "Check it again.", "ber": "agg\u02b7 t inn da\u0263." }, { "en": "Do it again.", "ber": "skr t da\u0263." }, { "en": "Do it again.", "ber": "skr tt da\u0263." }, { "en": "Do it Monday.", "ber": "skr t g waynas." }, { "en": "I believe it.", "ber": "fls\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I believe it.", "ber": "fls\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "I borrowed it.", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e0dl\u0263 t id." }, { "en": "I borrowed it.", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e0dl\u0263 tt id." }, { "en": "I broke it.", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93i\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I broke it.", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93i\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "I built it.", "ber": "\u1e93ki\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I built it.", "ber": "\u1e93ki\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "I buried it.", "ber": "m\u1e0dl\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I buried it.", "ber": "m\u1e0dl\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "I burned it.", "ber": "sskm\u1e0d\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I canceled it.", "ber": "ssr\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I caught it.", "ber": "um\u1e93\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I caught it.", "ber": "um\u1e93\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "I caught it.", "ber": "\u1e6d\u1e6df\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I corrected it.", "ber": "ss\u0263ti\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I corrected it.", "ber": "ss\u0263ti\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "I deserve it.", "ber": "uklal\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I deserve it.", "ber": "uklal\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "I designed it.", "ber": "s\u0263iws\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I downloaded it.", "ber": "zdm\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I downloaded it.", "ber": "zdm\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "I felt it.", "ber": "syafa\u0263 sis." }, { "en": "I finished it.", "ber": "sm\u0263d t." }, { "en": "I finished it.", "ber": "sm\u0263d tt." }, { "en": "It's finished.", "ber": "imd." }, { "en": "I fixed it.", "ber": "sgadda\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I guarantee it.", "ber": "\u1e0dkl\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I liked it.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I lost it.", "ber": "zli\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I need it.", "ber": "usr\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I need it.", "ber": "usr\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "I needed it.", "ber": "usr\u0263 t yadlli." }, { "en": "I needed it.", "ber": "usr\u0263 tt yadlli." }, { "en": "I remembered it.", "ber": "k\u02b7ti\u0263 t." }, { "en": "You're the problem", "ber": " Tom.", "null": [ "kyyi ayd igan amukris a \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "I rewrote it.", "ber": "uls\u0263 as tirra." }, { "en": "I saw it.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I saw it.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "I tried it.", "ber": "urm\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I tried it.", "ber": "urm\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "I washed it.", "ber": "ssird\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I washed it.", "ber": "ssird\u0263 tt." }, { "en": "Is it blue?", "ber": "is iga anili?" }, { "en": "Is it blue?", "ber": "is tga tanilit?" }, { "en": "Will you come alone?", "ber": "is rad d tackd i wa\u1e0du nnk?" }, { "en": "Don't trust just anyone.", "ber": "ad ka ur tettflasd g ku yan." }, { "en": "Those men are speaking French.", "ber": "irgazn ann ar sawal taf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "Tom gave Mary a book.", "ber": "ifka \u1e6dum yan udlis i mari." }, { "en": "Is it broken?", "ber": "is ittu\u1e5b\u1e93a?" }, { "en": "Is it clean?", "ber": "is izddig?" }, { "en": "Is it clear?", "ber": "is ifaw?" }, { "en": "Is it clear?", "ber": "is tfaw?" }, { "en": "Is it complete?", "ber": "is imd?" }, { "en": "Is it done?", "ber": "is imd?" }, { "en": "Is it enough?", "ber": "is yuda?" }, { "en": "Is it enough?", "ber": "is tuda?" }, { "en": "Is it finished?", "ber": "is imd?" }, { "en": "Is it good?", "ber": "is ifulki?" }, { "en": "Is it good?", "ber": "is tfulki?" }, { "en": "Is it happening?", "ber": "is ar ittmsar?" }, { "en": "Is it happening?", "ber": "is ar tettmsar?" }, { "en": "Is it hard?", "ber": "is imra?" }, { "en": "Is it hard?", "ber": "is tmra?" }, { "en": "Is it helping?", "ber": "is ar ittaws?" }, { "en": "Is it nearby?", "ber": "is d ya\u1e93?" }, { "en": "Is it private?", "ber": "is iga uslig?" }, { "en": "Is it ready?", "ber": "is imuttg?" }, { "en": "Is it real?", "ber": "is iga tidt?" }, { "en": "Is it there?", "ber": "is dinn illa?" }, { "en": "Is it there?", "ber": "is \u0263inn tlla?" }, { "en": "It could happen.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad imsar." }, { "en": "It happened again.", "ber": "imsar da\u0263." }, { "en": "It happened again.", "ber": "tmsar da\u0263." }, { "en": "It happened before.", "ber": "imsar yad." }, { "en": "It happened fast.", "ber": "imsar s tmmri." }, { "en": "It happened here.", "ber": "imsar \u0263id." }, { "en": "It happened here.", "ber": "tmsar da." }, { "en": "It happened once.", "ber": "imsar yat tkklt." }, { "en": "It happened today.", "ber": "imsar ass ad." }, { "en": "It happened twice.", "ber": "imsar snat tkkal." }, { "en": "It happens sometimes.", "ber": "da ittmsar kra n tkkal." }, { "en": "We're always hungry.", "ber": "nllu\u1e93 bdda." }, { "en": "Tell me more about Tom.", "ber": "ini iyi uggar \u0263f \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I know you'll enjoy Australia.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 is rad tfjjijd g us\u1e6d\u1e5balya." }, { "en": "It just disappeared.", "ber": "\u1e25ra intl." }, { "en": "It just happened.", "ber": "\u1e25ra imsar." }, { "en": "It looked good.", "ber": "yuman ifulki." }, { "en": "It must work.", "ber": "illa fllas ad iswuri." }, { "en": "It seemed appropriate.", "ber": "irwas is ibuna." }, { "en": "It was alive.", "ber": "ikka tt inn iddr." }, { "en": "It was beautiful.", "ber": "ikka tt inn i\u1e93il." }, { "en": "It was clear.", "ber": "ikka tt inn ifaw." }, { "en": "It was dark.", "ber": "ikka tt inn illas." }, { "en": "It was difficult.", "ber": "ikka tt inn imra." }, { "en": "It was easy.", "ber": "ikka tt inn inhl." }, { "en": "It was empty.", "ber": "ikka tt inn yuga." }, { "en": "It was expected.", "ber": "ikka tt inn ittu\u1e0dka\u1e0d." }, { "en": "It was fair.", "ber": "ikka tt inn iga u\u0263dim." }, { "en": "It was funny.", "ber": "ikka tt inn ar is\u1e0d\u1e63a." }, { "en": "It was good.", "ber": "ikka tt inn ifulki." }, { "en": "It was hard.", "ber": "ikka tt inn imra." }, { "en": "It was here.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u0263id." }, { "en": "It was here.", "ber": "ikka tt inn da." }, { "en": "It was hot.", "ber": "ikka tt inn ir\u0263a." }, { "en": "It was important.", "ber": "ikka tt inn ihmma." }, { "en": "It was long.", "ber": "ikka tt inn i\u0263zzif." }, { "en": "It was lost.", "ber": "ikka tt inn izla." }, { "en": "It was mine.", "ber": "ikka tt inn iga winu." }, { "en": "It was mine.", "ber": "tkka tt inn tga tinu." }, { "en": "It was OK.", "ber": "ikka tt inn ur t ya\u0263 yat." }, { "en": "It was ours.", "ber": "ikka tt inn iga winn\u0263." }, { "en": "It was outside.", "ber": "ikka tt inn g b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "It was personal.", "ber": "ikka tt inn iga udmawan." }, { "en": "It was planned.", "ber": "ikka tt inn ittus\u0263iws." }, { "en": "It was real.", "ber": "ikka tt inn iga tidt." }, { "en": "We succeeded!", "ber": "nmurs!" }, { "en": "We agree.", "ber": "nmsasa." }, { "en": "We know.", "ber": "nssn." }, { "en": "We succeeded.", "ber": "nmurs." }, { "en": "We understand.", "ber": "da nttrmas." }, { "en": "We understand.", "ber": "ar nttrmas." }, { "en": "I'd better talk to Tom.", "ber": "yuf ad sawl\u0263 d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I advise you to listen to her.", "ber": "ar k smmtar\u0263 ad as tssfldd." }, { "en": "We survived!", "ber": "nnjm!" }, { "en": "We laughed.", "ber": "n\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63a." }, { "en": "We apologize.", "ber": "ar nssutur asurf." }, { "en": "We remember.", "ber": "da nk\u02b7tti." }, { "en": "We remember.", "ber": "ar nk\u02b7tti." }, { "en": "We survived.", "ber": "nnjm." }, { "en": "We talked.", "ber": "nsawl." }, { "en": "We volunteered.", "ber": "nfka tiwisi." }, { "en": "We waited.", "ber": "nqql." }, { "en": "We waited.", "ber": "nsagg\u02b7m." }, { "en": "We won.", "ber": "nrna." }, { "en": "We won.", "ber": "nennra." }, { "en": "We forgot.", "ber": "nttu." }, { "en": "We failed.", "ber": "nguf." }, { "en": "We concentrated.", "ber": "nsnms." }, { "en": "We exaggerated.", "ber": "nssugt." }, { "en": "We can!", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b!" }, { "en": "We can!", "ber": "n\u0263iy!" }, { "en": "We can!", "ber": "nzmr!" }, { "en": "We tried.", "ber": "nurm." }, { "en": "We tried.", "ber": "nmwat." }, { "en": "We slept.", "ber": "ngn." }, { "en": "We slept.", "ber": "n\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e63." }, { "en": "We buy.", "ber": "da nssa\u0263." }, { "en": "We buy.", "ber": "ar nssa\u0263." }, { "en": "We read.", "ber": "da nqqar." }, { "en": "We read.", "ber": "da naqqra." }, { "en": "We smiled.", "ber": "nzmummg." }, { "en": "We live.", "ber": "da nttddr." }, { "en": "We walked.", "ber": "nfta." }, { "en": "We walked.", "ber": "ndda." }, { "en": "We won!", "ber": "nrna!" }, { "en": "We drove.", "ber": "nndh." }, { "en": "We yawned.", "ber": "nfa." }, { "en": "We died.", "ber": "nmmut." }, { "en": "We learned.", "ber": "nlmd." }, { "en": "We lied.", "ber": "nskrks." }, { "en": "We landed.", "ber": "nrs." }, { "en": "We prayed.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e93ull." }, { "en": "We applauded.", "ber": "nut tidiklt." }, { "en": "We stood.", "ber": "nbdd." }, { "en": "We vomited.", "ber": "nrura d." }, { "en": "We teach.", "ber": "da nsslmad." }, { "en": "We danced.", "ber": "nrkz." }, { "en": "We cheated.", "ber": "nkn\u1e0d." }, { "en": "We ran.", "ber": "nuzzl." }, { "en": "We hid.", "ber": "nffr." }, { "en": "We hid.", "ber": "nrg\u02b7s." }, { "en": "We relaxed.", "ber": "nennulwa." }, { "en": "We moved.", "ber": "nmmutti." }, { "en": "We listened.", "ber": "nssfld." }, { "en": "We cried.", "ber": "nalla." }, { "en": "We fasted.", "ber": "na\u1e93um." }, { "en": "We coughed.", "ber": "nusu." }, { "en": "We began.", "ber": "nssnti." }, { "en": "You didn't tell him anything?", "ber": "ur as tnnid yat?" }, { "en": "I don't think this is funny.", "ber": "ur nni\u0263 is ar is\u1e0d\u1e63a aya." }, { "en": "We apologized.", "ber": "nssutr asurf." }, { "en": "We refused.", "ber": "nugi." }, { "en": "We left.", "ber": "ndda." }, { "en": "We testified.", "ber": "nfka tugga." }, { "en": "We write.", "ber": "da nttara." }, { "en": "We swam.", "ber": "nccf." }, { "en": "We have.", "ber": "darn\u0263." }, { "en": "We have.", "ber": "\u0263urn\u0263." }, { "en": "We have.", "ber": "illa darn\u0263." }, { "en": "We came.", "ber": "nucka d." }, { "en": "We swim.", "ber": "da nttccf." }, { "en": "We fought.", "ber": "nmma\u0263." }, { "en": "We fucked.", "ber": "nqqu." }, { "en": "We scattered.", "ber": "nnfufd." }, { "en": "We drowned.", "ber": "nng\u1e0d." }, { "en": "We spat.", "ber": "nssufs." }, { "en": "We explain.", "ber": "da nssfraw." }, { "en": "We dream.", "ber": "da nttwarga." }, { "en": "We fuck.", "ber": "da nttqqu." }, { "en": "We showered.", "ber": "nsuccf." }, { "en": "We pray.", "ber": "da ntt\u1e93alla." }, { "en": "We work.", "ber": "da nswuriy." }, { "en": "We lie.", "ber": "da nskrkis." }, { "en": "We're elected.", "ber": "nttufran." }, { "en": "We arrived first.", "ber": "nlkm s izwir." }, { "en": "We arrived first.", "ber": "niw\u1e0d s izwir." }, { "en": "We'll what?", "ber": "rad mi?" }, { "en": "Here we are.", "ber": "ha a\u0263 d." }, { "en": "Shall we begin?", "ber": "ad nssnti?" }, { "en": "Can we talk?", "ber": "is n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nsawl?" }, { "en": "Shall we go?", "ber": "ad nddu?" }, { "en": "We are doctors.", "ber": "nga imsgnafn." }, { "en": "We like music.", "ber": "n\u1e25ml a\u1e93awan." }, { "en": "We study music.", "ber": "da nzrru a\u1e93awan." }, { "en": "We study music.", "ber": "da nqqra a\u1e93awan." }, { "en": "We like children.", "ber": "n\u1e25ml tazzanin." }, { "en": "We are Australians.", "ber": "nga us\u1e6d\u1e5baliyn." }, { "en": "We are hungry.", "ber": "nllu\u1e93." }, { "en": "We are hungry.", "ber": "ya\u0263 a\u0263 la\u1e93." }, { "en": "We enjoyed swimming.", "ber": "nfjjij s wucuf." }, { "en": "We lack nothing.", "ber": "ur nusir yat." }, { "en": "We are students.", "ber": "nga inlmadn." }, { "en": "We are crying.", "ber": "ar nalla." }, { "en": "We are afraid.", "ber": "nk\u1e63u\u1e0d." }, { "en": "We are afraid.", "ber": "ngg\u02b7d." }, { "en": "We speak Japanese.", "ber": "da nsawal tayabanit." }, { "en": "We cultivate rice.", "ber": "da ntt\u1e93\u1e93u \u1e5b\u1e5bu\u1e93." }, { "en": "We hate violence.", "ber": "nksn tik\u1e5b\u1e0di." }, { "en": "We played baseball.", "ber": "nurar abisbul." }, { "en": "Well", "ber": " that's all I have.", "null": [ "waxxa", " ayann ayd akk\u02b7 dari illan." ] }, { "en": "My cats are my children.", "ber": "imucca inu gan tarwa inu." }, { "en": "The dog is big.", "ber": "imqqur waydi." }, { "en": "The Jews are tired.", "ber": "\u1e5bmin wudayn." }, { "en": "The men are tired.", "ber": "\u1e5bmin irgazn." }, { "en": "I drank the water.", "ber": "swi\u0263 aman." }, { "en": "The bird is in the sky.", "ber": "illa ug\u1e0di\u1e0d g ignna." }, { "en": "Smile.", "ber": "zmummg." }, { "en": "Do you love me?", "ber": "is da i tettirid?" }, { "en": "Do you love me?", "ber": "is da i tettirim?" }, { "en": "It is going to rain.", "ber": "rad yili un\u1e93a\u1e5b." }, { "en": "I'll come back.", "ber": "rad d urri\u0263." }, { "en": "I'll come back.", "ber": "rad d a\u0263ul\u0263." }, { "en": "Bring him in.", "ber": "sskcm t id." }, { "en": "What is your name?", "ber": "ma ism nnk?" }, { "en": "What is your name?", "ber": "ma ism nnm?" }, { "en": "What is your name?", "ber": "ma ism nnun?" }, { "en": "Listen!", "ber": "ssfld!" }, { "en": "Here?", "ber": "da?" }, { "en": "I know what I want.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 mayd ri\u0263." }, { "en": "Buy!", "ber": "s\u0263at!" }, { "en": "Aren't you taking the train?", "ber": "is ur ar tettsudud alaway?" }, { "en": "Respect!", "ber": "azrak!" }, { "en": "We studied English.", "ber": "n\u0263ra tanglizt." }, { "en": "We studied English.", "ber": "nzra tanglizt." }, { "en": "We seek happiness.", "ber": "da nsiggil s tumrt." }, { "en": "We are teachers.", "ber": "nga islmadn." }, { "en": "We enjoy talking.", "ber": "da nttfjjij s wawal." }, { "en": "Yes", "ber": " we can.", "null": [ "yah", " n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "Yes", "ber": " we can.", "null": [ "yah", " n\u0263iy." ] }, { "en": "Do we care?", "ber": "is nennzgm?" }, { "en": "We are men.", "ber": "nga irgazn." }, { "en": "We are boys.", "ber": "nga irban." }, { "en": "We are boys.", "ber": "nga ifrxan." }, { "en": "We've arrived.", "ber": "nlkm." }, { "en": "We've arrived.", "ber": "niw\u1e0d." }, { "en": "We disturbed him.", "ber": "nzziwz t." }, { "en": "We need fire.", "ber": "nusr afa." }, { "en": "We need fire.", "ber": "nusr tamssi." }, { "en": "We are happy.", "ber": "nmmr." }, { "en": "We are gray.", "ber": "nga im\u0263duddiyn." }, { "en": "We study Arabic.", "ber": "da nqqar ta\u025b\u1e5babt." }, { "en": "We study Arabic.", "ber": "da nzrru ta\u025b\u1e5babt." }, { "en": "We study Chinese.", "ber": "da nzrru tacinwit." }, { "en": "We study Chinese.", "ber": "da nqqar tacinwit." }, { "en": "We're hot.", "ber": "nr\u0263a." }, { "en": "We need money.", "ber": "nusr idrimn." }, { "en": "We're married.", "ber": "niwl." }, { "en": "We are even.", "ber": "ngadda." }, { "en": "We are people.", "ber": "nga mddn." }, { "en": "We're neighbors.", "ber": "nga inaragn." }, { "en": "We're students.", "ber": "nga inlmadn." }, { "en": "We are late.", "ber": "nmu\u1e6dl." }, { "en": "We need more.", "ber": "nusr uggar." }, { "en": "We love them.", "ber": "da tn nttiri." }, { "en": "We love them.", "ber": "da tnt nttiri." }, { "en": "We love coffee.", "ber": "da nttiri lqhwa." }, { "en": "We're even.", "ber": "ngadda." }, { "en": "We trust him.", "ber": "nfls gis." }, { "en": "We are here.", "ber": "nlla \u0263id." }, { "en": "We are here.", "ber": "nlla da." }, { "en": "We are free!", "ber": "nga ilelliyn!" }, { "en": "We were right.", "ber": "nkka tt inn n\u0263\u1e93an." }, { "en": "We are watching.", "ber": "ar nttannay." }, { "en": "We dislike violence.", "ber": "nksn tik\u1e5b\u1e0di." }, { "en": "We are Australian.", "ber": "nga us\u1e6d\u1e5baliyn." }, { "en": "We're here!", "ber": "nlla \u0263id!" }, { "en": "We're here!", "ber": "nlla da!" }, { "en": "We have her!", "ber": "tlla darn\u0263!" }, { "en": "We feared so.", "ber": "ngg\u02b7d yadlli ayann." }, { "en": "We are lost.", "ber": "nzla." }, { "en": "We are lost.", "ber": "njla." }, { "en": "We are brothers.", "ber": "nga aytmatn." }, { "en": "We love beauty.", "ber": "da nttiri ta\u1e93ilt." }, { "en": "We are home.", "ber": "nlla g tgmmi." }, { "en": "We are home.", "ber": "nlla g taddart." }, { "en": "We are home.", "ber": "nlla g uxxam." }, { "en": "We got lost.", "ber": "njla." }, { "en": "We should leave.", "ber": "illa flla\u0263 ad nftu." }, { "en": "We should leave.", "ber": "iqqan d ad nddu." }, { "en": "We must go.", "ber": "illa flla\u0263 ad nddu." }, { "en": "We were friends.", "ber": "nkka tt inn nga imddukk\u02b7al." }, { "en": "Are we done?", "ber": "is nmd?" }, { "en": "We love trees.", "ber": "da nttiri taddagin." }, { "en": "We are coming.", "ber": "nucka nn." }, { "en": "We forgive him.", "ber": "nssurf as." }, { "en": "We learned English.", "ber": "nlmd tanglizt." }, { "en": "We both laughed.", "ber": "n\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63a s sin." }, { "en": "We need rain.", "ber": "nusr an\u1e93a\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Are we friends?", "ber": "is nga imddukk\u02b7al?" }, { "en": "We're working.", "ber": "ar nswuriy." }, { "en": "We're listening.", "ber": "ar nssflid." }, { "en": "We're alone.", "ber": "nlla i wa\u1e0du nn\u0263." }, { "en": "We work together.", "ber": "da nswuriy gratn\u0263." }, { "en": "We were worried.", "ber": "nkka tt inn nennu\u0263jf." }, { "en": "We should go.", "ber": "illa flla\u0263 ad nddu." }, { "en": "We should go.", "ber": "illa flla\u0263 ad nftu." }, { "en": "We need this.", "ber": "nusr ayad." }, { "en": "We need evidence.", "ber": "nusr an\u1e93atn." }, { "en": "We have guests.", "ber": "\u0263urn\u0263 inbgiwn." }, { "en": "We got married.", "ber": "niwl." }, { "en": "What kind of changes do you want us to make?", "ber": "man anaw n isnfal ayd a\u0263 trid ad nskr?" }, { "en": "Why don't you buy something for Tom?", "ber": "ma \u0263f ad ur tssa\u0263d kra i \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Tom takes piano lessons.", "ber": "da izzray \u1e6dum timsirin g ubyanu." }, { "en": "Maybe I should try it again.", "ber": "irwas is d iqqan ad t da\u0263 arm\u0263." }, { "en": "Delete this", "ber": " please.", "null": [ "kks wad", " amur nnk." ] }, { "en": "Delete this", "ber": " please.", "null": [ "kks tad", " amur nnm." ] }, { "en": "This movie is wonderful.", "ber": "ifjjij usaru ad." }, { "en": "All my children speak French.", "ber": "tarwa inu akk\u02b7 da sawaln taf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "I don't know why I'm so tired.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 ma \u0263f bahra \u1e5bmi\u0263." }, { "en": "All my kids speak French.", "ber": "tazzanin inu akk\u02b7 da sawalnt taf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "They don't believe it!", "ber": "ur da t ttflasn!" }, { "en": "Did you talk to anyone today?", "ber": "is tsawld s kra n yan ass ad?" }, { "en": "Did you talk to anyone today?", "ber": "is tsawlm s kra n yan ass ad?" }, { "en": "I prefer coffee", "ber": " not tea.", "null": [ "da smyifi\u0263 lqhwa", " ur d atay." ] }, { "en": "A sick person should stay in bed.", "ber": "illa \u0263f ufgan yu\u1e0dnn ad iqqim g wusu." }, { "en": "This is why I want to talk to Tom.", "ber": "aya a \u0263f ri\u0263 ad sawl\u0263 d \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "These flowers are so beautiful", "ber": " aren't they?", "null": [ "ijddign ad \u1e93iln a\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63", " n\u0263 d uhu?" ] }, { "en": "Can we go?", "ber": "is n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nftu?" }, { "en": "Can we go?", "ber": "is n\u0263iy ad nddu?" }, { "en": "We're happy.", "ber": "nmmr." }, { "en": "We were happy.", "ber": "nkka tt inn nmmr." }, { "en": "We're busy.", "ber": "ur a\u0263 d ya\u0263." }, { "en": "We're adults.", "ber": "nga imtrag." }, { "en": "We're back.", "ber": "na\u0263ul d." }, { "en": "We're brothers.", "ber": "nga aytmatn." }, { "en": "We're celebrating.", "ber": "ar nsfuglu." }, { "en": "We're cousins.", "ber": "nga anyatn." }, { "en": "We're different.", "ber": "nmzaray." }, { "en": "We're divorced.", "ber": "nllf." }, { "en": "We're experienced.", "ber": "darn\u0263 turmit." }, { "en": "We're experienced.", "ber": "nurm." }, { "en": "We're fine.", "ber": "ur a\u0263 ya\u0263 yat." }, { "en": "We're friends.", "ber": "nga imddukkal." }, { "en": "We're helpless.", "ber": "nggammi tiwisi." }, { "en": "We're journalists.", "ber": "nga in\u0263masn." }, { "en": "We're kidding.", "ber": "ar nttna\u1e93." }, { "en": "We're late.", "ber": "nmu\u1e6dl." }, { "en": "We're partners.", "ber": "nga imdrawn." }, { "en": "We're ready.", "ber": "nmuttg." }, { "en": "We're separated.", "ber": "nngara." }, { "en": "We're serious.", "ber": "nga imaglayn." }, { "en": "We're sorry.", "ber": "ssurfat a\u0263." }, { "en": "We're tired.", "ber": "n\u1e5bmi." }, { "en": "We're twins.", "ber": "nga akniwn." }, { "en": "We'll dance.", "ber": "rad nrkz." }, { "en": "We'll rebuild.", "ber": "rad nals ti\u1e93ki." }, { "en": "We'll share.", "ber": "rad ndru." }, { "en": "We'll survive.", "ber": "rad nnjm." }, { "en": "We'll try.", "ber": "rad narm." }, { "en": "We'll wait.", "ber": "rad nqql." }, { "en": "We'll win.", "ber": "rad nrnu." }, { "en": "We're trying.", "ber": "ar nttarm." }, { "en": "We're inside.", "ber": "nlla g ugnsu." }, { "en": "We should study.", "ber": "illa flla\u0263 ad nzru." }, { "en": "We should study.", "ber": "illa flla\u0263 ad n\u0263r." }, { "en": "No one can understand it.", "ber": "awd yan ur i\u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5b ad t irms." }, { "en": "No one can understand it.", "ber": "awd yan ur i\u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5b ad tt irms." }, { "en": "Without him.", "ber": "bla ntta." }, { "en": "Without him.", "ber": "min ntta." }, { "en": "Am I right?", "ber": "is \u0263\u1e93an\u0263?" }, { "en": "I went to the forest.", "ber": "ddi\u0263 s tagant." }, { "en": "I went to the forest.", "ber": "fti\u0263 s tagant." }, { "en": "He has not less than 100 dollars.", "ber": "ur dars ddu 100 n udula\u1e5b." }, { "en": "The sum of 5 and 2 is 7.", "ber": "tamrniwt n 5 d 2 tga 7." }, { "en": "He knew something.", "ber": "issn yadlli kra." }, { "en": "Liver.", "ber": "tasa." }, { "en": "We're afraid.", "ber": "nk\u1e63u\u1e0d." }, { "en": "We're afraid.", "ber": "ngg\u02b7d." }, { "en": "We're clean.", "ber": "nzddig." }, { "en": "We're cold.", "ber": "n\u1e63mmi\u1e0d." }, { "en": "We're committed.", "ber": "nmmu\u0263n." }, { "en": "We're fair.", "ber": "nga u\u0263dimn." }, { "en": "We're fearless.", "ber": "nga id war tawda." }, { "en": "Our lives.", "ber": "tudrt nn\u0263." }, { "en": "We're free.", "ber": "nga ilelliyn." }, { "en": "We're honest.", "ber": "n\u0263\u1e93an." }, { "en": "We're hopeless.", "ber": "nga id war anaruz." }, { "en": "We're hungry.", "ber": "nllu\u1e93." }, { "en": "We're lazy.", "ber": "nga imxinn." }, { "en": "We're patient.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e93i\u1e0d\u1e5b." }, { "en": "We're poor.", "ber": "nga im\u1e93la\u1e0d." }, { "en": "We're positive.", "ber": "nga umnign." }, { "en": "We're powerful.", "ber": "ndus." }, { "en": "We're prepared.", "ber": "nmuttg." }, { "en": "We're relaxed.", "ber": "nennulwa." }, { "en": "We're rich.", "ber": "nga inb\u0263urn." }, { "en": "We're right.", "ber": "n\u0263\u1e93an." }, { "en": "We're sad.", "ber": "n\u0263ilf." }, { "en": "We're selfish.", "ber": "nga inkkinn." }, { "en": "We're sick.", "ber": "nu\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "We're smart.", "ber": "n\u0263is." }, { "en": "We're strong.", "ber": "ndus." }, { "en": "We're successful.", "ber": "nmurs." }, { "en": "We're tough.", "ber": "ndus." }, { "en": "We're truthful.", "ber": "n\u0263\u1e93an." }, { "en": "We're useless.", "ber": "nga irumrisn." }, { "en": "We're weak.", "ber": "nlm\u1e0d." }, { "en": "We're young.", "ber": "nga i\u025brrimn." }, { "en": "We're worried.", "ber": "nennu\u0263jf." }, { "en": "We'll attack.", "ber": "rad n\u1e93\u1e0dm." }, { "en": "We're buying.", "ber": "ar nssa\u0263." }, { "en": "We'll continue.", "ber": "rad nsmd." }, { "en": "We'll cook.", "ber": "rad nssnu." }, { "en": "We're dancing.", "ber": "ar nttrkaz." }, { "en": "We'll decide.", "ber": "rad n\u0263ts." }, { "en": "We'll drive.", "ber": "rad nndh." }, { "en": "We're dying.", "ber": "ar nttmtat." }, { "en": "We're escaping.", "ber": "ar nttrwal." }, { "en": "We're expecting.", "ber": "ar ntt\u1e0dka\u1e0d." }, { "en": "We'll explain.", "ber": "rad nssfru." }, { "en": "We'll fail.", "ber": "rad nguf." }, { "en": "We'll fight.", "ber": "rad nmma\u0263." }, { "en": "We'll follow.", "ber": "rad n\u1e0d\u1e5b." }, { "en": "We'll go.", "ber": "rad nftu." }, { "en": "We'll go.", "ber": "rad nddu." }, { "en": "Sami went to the mosque on Friday.", "ber": "idda sami s tmzgida g usimwas." }, { "en": "Your sister's sleeping.", "ber": "tgn ultmak." }, { "en": "Your sister's sleeping.", "ber": "t\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e63 ultmak." }, { "en": "Did you eat the eggs?", "ber": "is tccid tiglay?" }, { "en": "Give them to me.", "ber": "fk iyi tn." }, { "en": "Give them to me.", "ber": "fk iyi tnt." }, { "en": "He built a house on the mountain.", "ber": "i\u1e93ka taddart g udrar." }, { "en": "Take a book with you.", "ber": "awi dik yan udlis." }, { "en": "Take a book with you.", "ber": "awi dim yan udlis." }, { "en": "Start with it.", "ber": "ssnti sis." }, { "en": "I've arrived yesterday.", "ber": "iw\u1e0d\u0263 assnna\u1e6d." }, { "en": "Tom is the teacher.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ayd igan aslmad." }, { "en": "I like conflict.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 amnzi\u0263." }, { "en": "We're going.", "ber": "rad nddu." }, { "en": "We're going.", "ber": "rad nftu." }, { "en": "We're hiding.", "ber": "ar nttrg\u02b7as." }, { "en": "We'll hurry.", "ber": "rad nammr." }, { "en": "We're joking.", "ber": "ar nttna\u1e93." }, { "en": "I didn't draw that.", "ber": "ur ssun\u0263\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "You know Tom", "ber": " don't you?", "null": [ "tssnd \u1e6dum", " n\u0263 d uhu?" ] }, { "en": "Life is full of adventure.", "ber": "tktur tudrt s tmsksalt." }, { "en": "We're moving.", "ber": "ar nttmussu." }, { "en": "Tom has a different car now.", "ber": "\u1e6dum dars tihirit imzarayn \u0263ila." }, { "en": "I bought this at a store near my house.", "ber": "s\u0263i\u0263 ayad g yat t\u1e25anut ya\u1e93n i uxxam inu." }, { "en": "We'll pass.", "ber": "rad nzri." }, { "en": "We're paying.", "ber": "ar nfrru." }, { "en": "We're reading.", "ber": "ar naqqra." }, { "en": "We're reading.", "ber": "ar nqqar." }, { "en": "We'll respond.", "ber": "rad nrar." }, { "en": "We'll sing.", "ber": "rad nirir." }, { "en": "We'll stand.", "ber": "rad nbdd." }, { "en": "We're standing.", "ber": "ar nttbdad." }, { "en": "We'll start.", "ber": "rad nssnti." }, { "en": "We'll starve.", "ber": "rad nllu\u1e93." }, { "en": "We're starving.", "ber": "nllu\u1e93." }, { "en": "We're starving.", "ber": "ya\u0263 a\u0263 la\u1e93." }, { "en": "We're staying.", "ber": "nqqim." }, { "en": "We're staying.", "ber": "n\u0263ama." }, { "en": "We'll succeed.", "ber": "rad nmurs." }, { "en": "We're undressing.", "ber": "ar nttkks imk\u1e5ba\u1e0d nn\u0263." }, { "en": "We're volunteering.", "ber": "ar nakka tiwisi." }, { "en": "We'll walk.", "ber": "rad nftu." }, { "en": "We'll walk.", "ber": "rad nddu." }, { "en": "We'll work.", "ber": "rad nswuri." }, { "en": "We broke up.", "ber": "nngara." }, { "en": "We caught Tom.", "ber": "num\u1e93 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We followed Tom.", "ber": "n\u1e0df\u1e5b \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We found Tom.", "ber": "nufa \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We like Tom.", "ber": "n\u1e25ml \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We love Tom.", "ber": "da nttiri \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We miss Tom.", "ber": "nu\u1e0dn nn \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We miss Tom.", "ber": "ya\u0263 a\u0263 umarg n \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We need Tom.", "ber": "nusr \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We recognized Tom.", "ber": "nukz \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We trusted Tom.", "ber": "nfls yadlli g \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We're angry.", "ber": "nrfa." }, { "en": "We're lawyers.", "ber": "nga imstann." }, { "en": "We're professors.", "ber": "nga islmadn." }, { "en": "We're professors.", "ber": "nga tislmadin." }, { "en": "We all change.", "ber": "da akk\u02b7 nttnfal." }, { "en": "We all die.", "ber": "da akk\u02b7 nttmtat." }, { "en": "We all know.", "ber": "nssn akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "We all laughed.", "ber": "n\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63a akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "We all work.", "ber": "da akk\u02b7 nswuriy." }, { "en": "We already talked.", "ber": "nsawl yad." }, { "en": "We already tried.", "ber": "nurm yad." }, { "en": "We are sick.", "ber": "nu\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "We beat them.", "ber": "nrna tn." }, { "en": "We beat them.", "ber": "nrna tnt." }, { "en": "We became friends.", "ber": "nurri nga imddukkal." }, { "en": "We became friends.", "ber": "na\u0263ul nga timddukkal." }, { "en": "We believe you.", "ber": "nfls k." }, { "en": "We believe you.", "ber": "nfls km." }, { "en": "We both agree.", "ber": "nmsasa s sin." }, { "en": "We both cried.", "ber": "nalla s sin." }, { "en": "We can begin.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nssnti." }, { "en": "We can go.", "ber": "n\u0263iy ad nddu." }, { "en": "We can go.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nftu." }, { "en": "We can help.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad naws." }, { "en": "We can leave.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nddu." }, { "en": "We can meet.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nmmaggar." }, { "en": "We can pay.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nfru." }, { "en": "We can talk.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nsawl." }, { "en": "We can try.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad narm." }, { "en": "We can wait.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nqql." }, { "en": "We could continue.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nsmd." }, { "en": "We could die.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nmmt." }, { "en": "We could read.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad n\u0263r." }, { "en": "We could try.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad narm." }, { "en": "We could wait.", "ber": "n\u0263iy ad nqql." }, { "en": "We could walk.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nfttu." }, { "en": "We could walk.", "ber": "n\u0263iy ad nttddu." }, { "en": "We did succeed.", "ber": "nmurs." }, { "en": "We did that.", "ber": "nskr ayann." }, { "en": "We forgive you.", "ber": "nssurf ak." }, { "en": "We forgive you.", "ber": "nssurf am." }, { "en": "We found one.", "ber": "nufa yan." }, { "en": "We found one.", "ber": "nufa yat." }, { "en": "We found something.", "ber": "nufa kra." }, { "en": "We had lunch.", "ber": "ncca imkli." }, { "en": "We had fun.", "ber": "nfjjij." }, { "en": "We have checked.", "ber": "nssidt." }, { "en": "We have enough.", "ber": "darn\u0263 mayd a\u0263 yudan." }, { "en": "We have enough.", "ber": "yuda a\u0263." }, { "en": "We have everything.", "ber": "\u0263urn\u0263 kraygatt ta\u0263awsa." }, { "en": "We have failed.", "ber": "nguf." }, { "en": "We have food.", "ber": "\u0263urn\u0263 amtcu." }, { "en": "We have food.", "ber": "darn\u0263 amtcu." }, { "en": "We have hope.", "ber": "darn\u0263 anaruz." }, { "en": "We have hope.", "ber": "\u0263urn\u0263 anaruz." }, { "en": "We have nothing.", "ber": "ur darn\u0263 yat." }, { "en": "We have nothing.", "ber": "ur \u0263urn\u0263 amya." }, { "en": "We have pictures.", "ber": "darn\u0263 tugniwin." }, { "en": "We have plans.", "ber": "\u0263urn\u0263 i\u0263awasn." }, { "en": "We have room.", "ber": "\u0263urn\u0263 tazqqa." }, { "en": "We have room.", "ber": "darn\u0263 a\u1e25anu." }, { "en": "We have rules.", "ber": "\u0263urn\u0263 ilugan." }, { "en": "I forced Tom to do it.", "ber": "sbzziz\u0263 \u0263f \u1e6dum ad t iskr." }, { "en": "I don't have any friends.", "ber": "ur dari kra n imddukkal." }, { "en": "I don't have any friends.", "ber": "ur \u0263uri ca n imddukkal." }, { "en": "We have some.", "ber": "darn\u0263 kra." }, { "en": "We have some.", "ber": "\u0263urn\u0263 kra." }, { "en": "We have time.", "ber": "tlla darn\u0263 tizi." }, { "en": "We have time.", "ber": "illa \u0263urn\u0263 wakud." }, { "en": "We have visitors.", "ber": "\u0263urn\u0263 inrzaf." }, { "en": "We have guests.", "ber": "darn\u0263 inbgiwn." }, { "en": "We just finished.", "ber": "\u1e25ra nsmd." }, { "en": "We just met.", "ber": "\u1e25ra nmmaqqar." }, { "en": "We just stopped.", "ber": "\u1e25ra nbdd." }, { "en": "We just talked.", "ber": "\u1e25ra nsawl." }, { "en": "We knew that.", "ber": "nssn yadlli ayann." }, { "en": "We knew this.", "ber": "nssn yadlli ayad." }, { "en": "We know enough.", "ber": "yuda aylli nssn." }, { "en": "We know everything.", "ber": "nssn aylli illan." }, { "en": "We know that.", "ber": "nssn ayann." }, { "en": "We know this.", "ber": "nssn ayad." }, { "en": "We know why.", "ber": "nssn ma \u0263f." }, { "en": "We know you.", "ber": "nssn k." }, { "en": "We know you.", "ber": "nssn km." }, { "en": "We know you.", "ber": "nssn k\u02b7n." }, { "en": "We like games.", "ber": "n\u1e25ml tisurarin." }, { "en": "We like it.", "ber": "issusm a\u0263." }, { "en": "We love this.", "ber": "da nttiri ayad." }, { "en": "We love you.", "ber": "da k nttiri." }, { "en": "We love you.", "ber": "da km nttiri." }, { "en": "We made mistakes.", "ber": "nskr izgaln." }, { "en": "We met before.", "ber": "nmmaggar yad." }, { "en": "We met today.", "ber": "nmmaggar ass ad." }, { "en": "We miss you.", "ber": "nu\u1e0dn k inn." }, { "en": "We miss you.", "ber": "ya\u0263 a\u0263 umarg nnm." }, { "en": "We missed you.", "ber": "nu\u1e0dn k inn." }, { "en": "We must attack.", "ber": "illa flla\u0263 ad n\u1e93\u1e0dm." }, { "en": "We must continue.", "ber": "illa flla\u0263 ad nsmd." }, { "en": "We must decide.", "ber": "illa flla\u0263 ad n\u0263ts." }, { "en": "We must escape.", "ber": "illa \u0263ifn\u0263 ad nrwl." }, { "en": "We must leave.", "ber": "illa fllatn\u0263 ad nddu." }, { "en": "We must run.", "ber": "illa fllatn\u0263 ad nazzl." }, { "en": "We must speak.", "ber": "illa fllatn\u0263 ad nsawl." }, { "en": "We must succeed.", "ber": "iqqan a\u0263 d ad nmurs." }, { "en": "We must try.", "ber": "illa \u0263ifn\u0263 ad narm." }, { "en": "We must wait.", "ber": "illa fllatn\u0263 ad nqql." }, { "en": "We need action.", "ber": "nusr tigawt." }, { "en": "We need action.", "ber": "nusr askkir." }, { "en": "We need experts.", "ber": "nusr im\u1e93layn." }, { "en": "We need heroes.", "ber": "nusr inbrazn." }, { "en": "We need information.", "ber": "nusr umlan." }, { "en": "We need instructions.", "ber": "nusr tana\u1e0din." }, { "en": "We need music.", "ber": "nusr a\u1e93awan." }, { "en": "We need proof.", "ber": "nusr an\u1e93a." }, { "en": "We need rules.", "ber": "nusr ilugan." }, { "en": "We need sleep.", "ber": "nusr i\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e63." }, { "en": "We need sleep.", "ber": "nusr taguni." }, { "en": "We need somebody.", "ber": "nusr kra n yan." }, { "en": "We need somebody.", "ber": "nusr kra n yat." }, { "en": "We need time.", "ber": "nusr akud." }, { "en": "We need tools.", "ber": "nusr imassn." }, { "en": "We need water.", "ber": "nusr aman." }, { "en": "We needed information.", "ber": "nusr yadlli umlan." }, { "en": "We never forget.", "ber": "ur da nttaw akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "We never talk.", "ber": "ur da nsawal akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "We prayed together.", "ber": "nurar gratn\u0263." }, { "en": "We sat down.", "ber": "ngiwr." }, { "en": "We sat down.", "ber": "nqqim." }, { "en": "We sat there.", "ber": "ngiwr \u0263inn." }, { "en": "We sat there.", "ber": "nqqim dinn." }, { "en": "We saw everything.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e5ba ti\u0263awsiwin akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "We saw everything.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e5ba aylli illan." }, { "en": "We saw nothing.", "ber": "ur n\u1e93\u1e5bi amya." }, { "en": "We saw nothing.", "ber": "ur n\u1e93\u1e5bi yat." }, { "en": "We saw something.", "ber": "n\u1e93\u1e5ba kra." }, { "en": "We searched everywhere.", "ber": "nsiggl g kraygatt mani." }, { "en": "We should celebrate.", "ber": "illa flla\u0263 ad nsfuglu." }, { "en": "We love that girl.", "ber": "da nttiri tarbat ann." }, { "en": "We love that girl.", "ber": "ar nttiri tafruxt ann." }, { "en": "Tom will be found.", "ber": "rad ittyafa \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I almost didn't pass that test.", "ber": "iga nit is ur zri\u0263 g yirim ann." }, { "en": "His family is very large.", "ber": "tmqqur bahra twja nns." }, { "en": "Until when will it last?", "ber": "rad ikk ar managu?" }, { "en": "Until when will it last?", "ber": "rad tkk ar mlmi?" }, { "en": "Reading is too hard.", "ber": "tmra bahra t\u0263ri." }, { "en": "In a few days I will travel.", "ber": "g wussan drusnin rad mmuddu\u0263." }, { "en": "I've seen you at the school yesterday.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 k g tinml assnna\u1e6d." }, { "en": "That man is short.", "ber": "igzzul urgaz ann." }, { "en": "There's a solution.", "ber": "illa \u0263inn kra n ufssay." }, { "en": "There's a solution.", "ber": "illa dinn kra n ufssay." }, { "en": "They traveled.", "ber": "mmuddan." }, { "en": "We traveled.", "ber": "nmmudda." }, { "en": "He traveled.", "ber": "immudda." }, { "en": "He has the keys.", "ber": "dars tisura." }, { "en": "He has the keys.", "ber": "\u0263urs tisura." }, { "en": "The door opened and it was the doctor.", "ber": "tnnu\u1e5b\u1e93m twwurt ig amsgnaf." }, { "en": "Tom saw the pictures.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e5ba \u1e6dum tiwlafin." }, { "en": "I want something hot to drink.", "ber": "ri\u0263 kra ir\u0263an ad t su\u0263." }, { "en": "Can I please have something hot to drink?", "ber": "is \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad awi\u0263 kra ir\u0263an ad t su\u0263?" }, { "en": "I swear I'll never do that again.", "ber": "ar ttgalla\u0263 ur sar da\u0263 skr\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "Close the door.", "ber": "qqn tawwurt." }, { "en": "Close the door.", "ber": "qqnat taggurt." }, { "en": "We should party.", "ber": "illa flla\u0263 ad nsfuglu." }, { "en": "We should party.", "ber": "iqqan a\u0263 d ad nsfuglu." }, { "en": "We should respond.", "ber": "illa flla\u0263 ad nrar." }, { "en": "We should talk.", "ber": "iqqan a\u0263 d ad nsawl." }, { "en": "We split up.", "ber": "nngara." }, { "en": "We started talking.", "ber": "nssnti awal." }, { "en": "We stayed inside.", "ber": "nqqim g ugnsu." }, { "en": "We stayed inside.", "ber": "n\u0263ama g ug\u02b7nns." }, { "en": "We've got thirty minutes.", "ber": "darn\u0263 k\u1e5bamraw n tusdidt." }, { "en": "We tried everything.", "ber": "nurm kraygatt ta\u0263awsa." }, { "en": "We tried that.", "ber": "nurm ayann." }, { "en": "We trusted you.", "ber": "nfls yadlli gik." }, { "en": "We understand that.", "ber": "da nttrmas ayann." }, { "en": "We understood that.", "ber": "nrms ayann." }, { "en": "We used that.", "ber": "nssmrs ayann." }, { "en": "We want answers.", "ber": "nra timrarutin." }, { "en": "We went inside.", "ber": "nfta s ug\u02b7nns." }, { "en": "We went inside.", "ber": "ndda s ugnsu." }, { "en": "We went out.", "ber": "nff\u0263." }, { "en": "We were alone.", "ber": "nkka tt inn i wa\u1e0du nn\u0263." }, { "en": "We were attacked.", "ber": "ittu\u1e93\u1e0dam flla\u0263." }, { "en": "We were close.", "ber": "nkka tt inn na\u1e93." }, { "en": "We were drunk.", "ber": "nkka tt inn nswa." }, { "en": "We've never talked about it.", "ber": "ur jju fllas nsawl." }, { "en": "I was writing a long letter.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn ar ttara\u0263 tabrat i\u0263zzifn." }, { "en": "Earth reflects the values of humans.", "ber": "da d issagg\u02b7a wakal azaln n ufgan." }, { "en": "Mary sends her regards.", "ber": "da d tettazn mari tizuliwin nns." }, { "en": "Sit wherever you like.", "ber": "qqim g inna k issusmn." }, { "en": "Leave it wherever you want.", "ber": "fl t g inna trid." }, { "en": "That will be funny.", "ber": "rad is\u1e0d\u1e63a ayann." }, { "en": "We were eating.", "ber": "nkka tt inn ar nctta." }, { "en": "We were eating.", "ber": "nkka tt inn ar nttetta." }, { "en": "We were enemies.", "ber": "nkka tt inn nga icnga." }, { "en": "We were incorrect.", "ber": "nkka tt inn nzgl." }, { "en": "We were invited.", "ber": "nttu\u0263ra." }, { "en": "We were kidnapped.", "ber": "nkka tt inn nttyakar." }, { "en": "We were lost.", "ber": "nkka tt inn njla." }, { "en": "We were lost.", "ber": "nkka tt inn nzla." }, { "en": "We were neighbors.", "ber": "nkka tt inn nga inaragn." }, { "en": "We were partners.", "ber": "nkka tt inn nga imdrawn." }, { "en": "We were passengers.", "ber": "nkka tt inn nga imssudutn." }, { "en": "We were talking.", "ber": "nkka tt inn ar nsawal." }, { "en": "We were wrong.", "ber": "nkka tt inn nzgl." }, { "en": "We were young.", "ber": "nkka tt inn nga i\u025brrimn." }, { "en": "We won today.", "ber": "nrna ass ad." }, { "en": "Are we alone?", "ber": "is nlla i wa\u1e0du nn\u0263?" }, { "en": "Are we finished?", "ber": "is nsmd?" }, { "en": "Are we lost?", "ber": "is nzla?" }, { "en": "Are we prepared?", "ber": "is nmuttg?" }, { "en": "Are we ready?", "ber": "is nmuttg?" }, { "en": "Are we safe?", "ber": "is nlla g t\u0263llist?" }, { "en": "Can we come?", "ber": "is n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nn nack?" }, { "en": "Can we help?", "ber": "is n\u0263iy ad naws?" }, { "en": "Can we leave?", "ber": "is n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nftu?" }, { "en": "Can we leave?", "ber": "is nzmr ad nddu?" }, { "en": "Can we start?", "ber": "is n\u0263iy ad nssnti?" }, { "en": "Can we stop?", "ber": "is n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nbdd?" }, { "en": "Could we sit?", "ber": "is n\u0263iy ad nqqim?" }, { "en": "Could we walk?", "ber": "is n\u1e93\u1e0dar ad nftu?" }, { "en": "Could we walk?", "ber": "is n\u0263iy ad nddu?" }, { "en": "Have we met?", "ber": "is nmmaqqar?" }, { "en": "Now we wait.", "ber": "d\u0263i ar nttqql." }, { "en": "Now we wait.", "ber": "\u0263ila ar nttqql." }, { "en": "Should we cancel?", "ber": "is \u0263ifn\u0263 illa ad nssr?" }, { "en": "Should we continue?", "ber": "is fllatn\u0263 illa ad nsmd?" }, { "en": "Should we wait?", "ber": "is fllatn\u0263 illa ad nqql?" }, { "en": "Tonight we celebrate.", "ber": "rad nsfuglu i\u1e0d ad." }, { "en": "Who are we?", "ber": "manwi nga?" }, { "en": "Who are we?", "ber": "manti nga?" }, { "en": "We must hide!", "ber": "iqqan a\u0263 d ad nffr!" }, { "en": "Tom wanted to watch something else.", "ber": "ira yadlli \u1e6dum ad yannay kra ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "Tom is coming back home tonight.", "ber": "rad d yurri \u1e6dum s tgmmi i\u1e0d ad." }, { "en": "Tom is coming back home tonight.", "ber": "rad d ya\u0263ul \u1e6dum s taddart i\u1e0d ad." }, { "en": "Leave that to me.", "ber": "ajj iyi ayann." }, { "en": "Leave that to me.", "ber": "fl iyi ayann." }, { "en": "Give me back my ring.", "ber": "rar iyi itli inu." }, { "en": "Don't go too far into the woods.", "ber": "ad ur tfttud s mani yaggugn g tagant." }, { "en": "Don't go too far into the woods.", "ber": "ad ur tettddud s tuggugt g tagant." }, { "en": "We need them.", "ber": "nusr tn." }, { "en": "We need them.", "ber": "nusr tnt." }, { "en": "We should eat.", "ber": "illa \u0263ifn\u0263 ad ncc." }, { "en": "We sail tomorrow.", "ber": "rad nssill azkka." }, { "en": "We study French.", "ber": "da nqqar taf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "We study French.", "ber": "da naqqra taf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "We live here.", "ber": "nddr \u0263id." }, { "en": "We live here.", "ber": "nddr da." }, { "en": "We think alike.", "ber": "da nswingim s yat t\u0263arast." }, { "en": "I share your idea.", "ber": "dri\u0263 dik tawngimt nnk." }, { "en": "I am for your opinion.", "ber": "lli\u0263 d tannayt nnk." }, { "en": "I am for your opinion.", "ber": "lli\u0263 d tannayt nnm." }, { "en": "I think the same as you.", "ber": "da swingim\u0263 zun d kyyi." }, { "en": "I think the same as you.", "ber": "da swingim\u0263 amm kyyi." }, { "en": "Tell me about your son.", "ber": "ini iyi \u0263f yiwik." }, { "en": "Tell me about your son.", "ber": "sawl iyi \u0263f memmik." }, { "en": "They all rose.", "ber": "nkrn akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all stood.", "ber": "bddn akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "What kind of bread do you want?", "ber": "man anaw n u\u0263rum trid?" }, { "en": "What kind of bread do you want?", "ber": "man anaw n u\u0263rum tram?" }, { "en": "This is for everybody.", "ber": "ayad i kraygatt yat." }, { "en": "Algeria needs strong leaders.", "ber": "tusr ddzayr im\u0263arn idusn." }, { "en": "What did Tom suggest you do?", "ber": "mayd ak issumr \u1e6dum ad t tskrd?" }, { "en": "My job is teaching English.", "ber": "tawuri inu tga asslmd n tnglizt." }, { "en": "This salad is really good.", "ber": "tfulki bahra cala\u1e0da ad." }, { "en": "He wrote three books in three years.", "ber": "yura k\u1e5ba\u1e0d idlisn g k\u1e5ba\u1e0d isgg\u02b7asn." }, { "en": "He sent her a message.", "ber": "yuzn as yat tbrat." }, { "en": "He sent her a message.", "ber": "issif\u1e0d as yat tbrat." }, { "en": "There are many dangers ahead.", "ber": "llan dinn tgut n imizitn s mnid." }, { "en": "Why am I doing this", "ber": " you ask? It's because I can.", "null": [ "ma \u0263f ar skar\u0263 ayad", " ar tsqsad? acku \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Mary came with her brother.", "ber": "tusa d mari d umas." }, { "en": "Mary came with her brother.", "ber": "tucka d mari d g\u02b7mas." }, { "en": "I don't really like Mexican food.", "ber": "ur i nit issusm umtcu amiksiki." }, { "en": "Should we go?", "ber": "is \u0263ifn\u0263 illa ad nddu?" }, { "en": "Should we go?", "ber": "is fllatn\u0263 illa ad nftu?" }, { "en": "We want it.", "ber": "nra t." }, { "en": "We want it.", "ber": "nra tt." }, { "en": "We just left.", "ber": "\u1e25ra ndda." }, { "en": "We just left.", "ber": "\u1e25ra nfta." }, { "en": "We dance well.", "ber": "nssn ad nrkz." }, { "en": "We believed Tom.", "ber": "nfls yadlli \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We called you.", "ber": "n\u0263ra ak." }, { "en": "We called you.", "ber": "n\u0263ra am." }, { "en": "We called you.", "ber": "n\u0263ra awn." }, { "en": "We like Mary.", "ber": "tssusm a\u0263 mari." }, { "en": "We lost count.", "ber": "nzla asi\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "We loved Mary.", "ber": "n\u1e25ml yadlli mari." }, { "en": "We needed you.", "ber": "nusr k yadlli." }, { "en": "We said that.", "ber": "nenna ayann." }, { "en": "We want that.", "ber": "nra ayann." }, { "en": "We brought ours.", "ber": "niwi d winn\u0263." }, { "en": "We corrected it.", "ber": "nss\u0263ti t." }, { "en": "We corrected it.", "ber": "nss\u0263ti tt." }, { "en": "We deserve this.", "ber": "nuklal ayad." }, { "en": "We enjoy movies.", "ber": "da nttfjjij s isura." }, { "en": "We guarantee it.", "ber": "n\u1e0dkl t." }, { "en": "We hate insects.", "ber": "nksn ibxxuyn." }, { "en": "We like seafood.", "ber": "n\u1e25ml igumma n yill." }, { "en": "We love reading.", "ber": "da nttiri ti\u0263ri." }, { "en": "We made cookies.", "ber": "nskr ikukiyn." }, { "en": "We need answers.", "ber": "nusr tumrarutin." }, { "en": "We needed money.", "ber": "nusr yadlli idrimn." }, { "en": "We noticed that.", "ber": "n\u0263\u1e0df ayann." }, { "en": "We noticed that.", "ber": "nrur taynit s uyann." }, { "en": "We predicted it.", "ber": "nsmnni t." }, { "en": "We remember you.", "ber": "da km nk\u02b7tti." }, { "en": "We remember you.", "ber": "da k nk\u02b7tti." }, { "en": "He remembers you.", "ber": "da k ik\u02b7tti." }, { "en": "You're a smart boy.", "ber": "tgid arba i\u0263isn." }, { "en": "You're a smart boy.", "ber": "tgid afrux i\u0263isn." }, { "en": "People are looking at you.", "ber": "ar gik smuqquln mddn." }, { "en": "People are looking at you.", "ber": "ar gim smuqquln mddn." }, { "en": "I saw Tom on television.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 \u1e6dum g tilifizyun." }, { "en": "We exercise.", "ber": "da nskar ilu\u0263ma." }, { "en": "We accelerated.", "ber": "nennmrir." }, { "en": "We started.", "ber": "nssnti." }, { "en": "We're good.", "ber": "ur a\u0263 ya\u0263 yat." }, { "en": "We got separated.", "ber": "nngara." }, { "en": "Should we worry?", "ber": "is d iqqan ad nenn\u0263jf?" }, { "en": "We only kissed.", "ber": "is ka nssudm." }, { "en": "We're better.", "ber": "nkk\u02b7ni nuf." }, { "en": "We're Canadians.", "ber": "nga ikanadiyn." }, { "en": "We're confident.", "ber": "nkk\u02b7ni nfls." }, { "en": "We're correct.", "ber": "n\u0263\u1e93an." }, { "en": "We're crazy.", "ber": "nnufl." }, { "en": "We're creative.", "ber": "nga imsnulfutn." }, { "en": "We're cultured.", "ber": "nga imdlasn." }, { "en": "We're direct.", "ber": "nga usridn." }, { "en": "We're energetic.", "ber": "nga urmidn." }, { "en": "We're famous.", "ber": "nttussan." }, { "en": "We're realistic.", "ber": "nga i\u1e93\u1e5bilawn." }, { "en": "We're sensitive.", "ber": "nga ifryann." }, { "en": "We're sensitive.", "ber": "nga imsyafatn." }, { "en": "We're special.", "ber": "nga im\u1e93layn." }, { "en": "We're speechless.", "ber": "nggammi ad nsawl." }, { "en": "We're unemployed.", "ber": "nga id war tawuri." }, { "en": "We're unhappy.", "ber": "ur nmmr." }, { "en": "We'll check.", "ber": "rad nssidt." }, { "en": "We're exercising.", "ber": "ar nskar ilu\u0263ma." }, { "en": "We're fighting.", "ber": "ar nttma\u0263." }, { "en": "We're meditating.", "ber": "ar nttkrbbu." }, { "en": "We're prisoners.", "ber": "nga inkraf." }, { "en": "We'll scream.", "ber": "rad ns\u0263yyu." }, { "en": "We're saved.", "ber": "nttu\u1e25\u1e0da." }, { "en": "We're screaming.", "ber": "ar ns\u0263uyyu." }, { "en": "We captured Tom.", "ber": "num\u1e93 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We hired Tom.", "ber": "nsmahl \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We loved Tom.", "ber": "n\u1e25ml yadlli \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "We closed early.", "ber": "nqqn zikk." }, { "en": "We considered that.", "ber": "nsmuqql ayann." }, { "en": "We did great.", "ber": "nskr kra i\u0263udan." }, { "en": "We go tomorrow.", "ber": "da nttddu azkka." }, { "en": "We heard voices.", "ber": "nslla i imslitn." }, { "en": "We leave tonight.", "ber": "da nttddu i\u1e0d ad." }, { "en": "We lost everything.", "ber": "nzla ti\u0263awsiwin akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "We need to check.", "ber": "nusr ad nssidt." }, { "en": "We must focus.", "ber": "illa flla\u0263 ad nsnms." }, { "en": "We need authorization.", "ber": "nusr turagt." }, { "en": "We stayed back.", "ber": "nqqim g dffir." }, { "en": "We stayed back.", "ber": "n\u0263ama g t\u0263rdin." }, { "en": "Should we start?", "ber": "is d iqqan ad nssnti?" }, { "en": "Why don't you just stay here?", "ber": "ma \u0263f ad ka ur t\u0263amad \u0263id?" }, { "en": "Why don't you just stay here?", "ber": "ma \u0263f ad hlli ur tqqimd da?" }, { "en": "I have friends in London.", "ber": "dari imddukkal g lundun." }, { "en": "I have friends in London.", "ber": "\u0263uri imddukkal g lundun." }, { "en": "She is 100 years old.", "ber": "dars 100 n usgg\u02b7as." }, { "en": "I fainted.", "ber": "sxf\u0263." }, { "en": "I prepay.", "ber": "fri\u0263 s izwar." }, { "en": "I am.", "ber": "gi\u0263." }, { "en": "I phoned.", "ber": "sawl\u0263 g tilifun." }, { "en": "I request.", "ber": "da ssutur\u0263." }, { "en": "I misread.", "ber": "zgl\u0263 g t\u0263ri." }, { "en": "I noticed.", "ber": "\u0263\u1e0df\u0263." }, { "en": "I voted.", "ber": "frn\u0263." }, { "en": "I voted.", "ber": "sti\u0263." }, { "en": "I snore.", "ber": "Ar sxurriy\u0263." }, { "en": "Did someone call you?", "ber": "is iyi i\u0263ra kra n yan?" }, { "en": "I was always late.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn mu\u1e6dl\u0263 bdda." }, { "en": "I had a math test today.", "ber": "illa dari irim n tusnakt ass ad." }, { "en": "I coughed.", "ber": "usu\u0263." }, { "en": "I frowned.", "ber": "krrc\u0263." }, { "en": "I canceled.", "ber": "ssr\u0263." }, { "en": "I exercise.", "ber": "da skar\u0263 ilu\u0263ma." }, { "en": "I succeeded!", "ber": "murs\u0263!" }, { "en": "I belched.", "ber": "grr\u025b\u0263." }, { "en": "I hid.", "ber": "ffr\u0263." }, { "en": "I hid.", "ber": "ntl\u0263." }, { "en": "I fled.", "ber": "rwl\u0263." }, { "en": "I spit.", "ber": "ar ssufus\u0263." }, { "en": "I wept.", "ber": "alla\u0263." }, { "en": "I froze.", "ber": "grs\u0263." }, { "en": "I inquired.", "ber": "sqsa\u0263." }, { "en": "I consume.", "ber": "da ssmar\u0263." }, { "en": "I resisted.", "ber": "msnkar\u0263." }, { "en": "I sat.", "ber": "gawr\u0263." }, { "en": "I sat.", "ber": "qqim\u0263." }, { "en": "I cooked.", "ber": "ssnwi\u0263." }, { "en": "I write.", "ber": "da ttara\u0263." }, { "en": "I cry.", "ber": "da alla\u0263." }, { "en": "I cry.", "ber": "da ttru\u0263." }, { "en": "I discussed.", "ber": "smgdl\u0263." }, { "en": "I explain.", "ber": "da ssfraw\u0263." }, { "en": "I dream.", "ber": "da ttwarga\u0263." }, { "en": "I stole.", "ber": "ukr\u0263." }, { "en": "I cheat.", "ber": "da ttkna\u1e0d\u0263." }, { "en": "I paint.", "ber": "da \u0263mma\u0263." }, { "en": "I breathe.", "ber": "da sunfus\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm breathing.", "ber": "ar sunfus\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm breathing.", "ber": "ar cuncu\u1e0d\u0263." }, { "en": "I hate chemistry.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 takrura." }, { "en": "I'm tired.", "ber": "\u1e5bmi\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm starving!", "ber": "mmut\u0263 s la\u1e93!" }, { "en": "I'm starving!", "ber": "in\u0263a i la\u1e93!" }, { "en": "I'm thirsty.", "ber": "ffud\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm thirsty.", "ber": "ya\u0263 i irifi." }, { "en": "I love lasagna.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 lazanya." }, { "en": "I love trips.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 tinyuddutin." }, { "en": "I need you.", "ber": "usr\u0263 k." }, { "en": "I need you.", "ber": "usr\u0263 km." }, { "en": "I felt hungry.", "ber": "syafa\u0263 s la\u1e93." }, { "en": "I escaped death.", "ber": "ffrtl\u0263 i tmttant." }, { "en": "I escaped death.", "ber": "njm\u0263 i tmttant." }, { "en": "I feel refreshed.", "ber": "da syafa\u0263 s uzuzwu." }, { "en": "I suppose so.", "ber": "da tturdu\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "I hope not.", "ber": "ur da ttnuruz\u0263." }, { "en": "I hope so.", "ber": "da ttnuruz\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "I like sport.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 tunnunt." }, { "en": "I abhor spiders.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 tib\u0263aynuzin." }, { "en": "I abhor spiders.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 taysusutin." }, { "en": "I was hungry.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn llu\u1e93\u0263." }, { "en": "I know what.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 mi." }, { "en": "I feel guilty.", "ber": "da syafa\u0263 s ubkka\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Now I remember.", "ber": "\u0263ila k\u02b7ti\u0263." }, { "en": "I like languages.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 tutlayin." }, { "en": "I fear so.", "ber": "gg\u02b7d\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "I cooked dinner.", "ber": "ssnwi\u0263 imnsi." }, { "en": "Am I talented?", "ber": "is gi\u0263 afakkas?" }, { "en": "I think otherwise.", "ber": "da swingim\u0263 g kra ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "I am taller.", "ber": "nkki \u0263zzif\u0263 uggar." }, { "en": "I am tall.", "ber": "\u0263zzif\u0263." }, { "en": "I am tall.", "ber": "gi\u0263 u\u0263zif." }, { "en": "I like dogs.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 iy\u1e0dan." }, { "en": "I like tea.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 atay." }, { "en": "I need this.", "ber": "usr\u0263 ayad." }, { "en": "I need this.", "ber": "usr\u0263 wad." }, { "en": "I need that.", "ber": "usr\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "I need that.", "ber": "usr\u0263 wann." }, { "en": "I play Chopin.", "ber": "da tturar\u0263 cubin." }, { "en": "I said so.", "ber": "nni\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "I told you so.", "ber": "nni\u0263 ak t." }, { "en": "I told you so.", "ber": "nni\u0263 am t." }, { "en": "I stopped smoking.", "ber": "bbi\u0263 akmay." }, { "en": "I stopped smoking.", "ber": "sbdd\u0263 akmay." }, { "en": "I like tennis.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 ttinis." }, { "en": "I played tennis.", "ber": "urar\u0263 ttinis." }, { "en": "I play tennis.", "ber": "da tturar\u0263 ttinis." }, { "en": "I'm easy.", "ber": "nhl\u0263." }, { "en": "I like both.", "ber": "ssusmn i s sin." }, { "en": "I found Tony.", "ber": "ufi\u0263 tuni." }, { "en": "I liked Tony.", "ber": "issusm i yadlli tuni." }, { "en": "I played football.", "ber": "urar\u0263 tawjja n u\u1e0da\u1e5b." }, { "en": "I finally escaped.", "ber": "rwl\u0263 sul g tgira." }, { "en": "I just moved.", "ber": "\u1e25ra mmutti\u0263." }, { "en": "I enjoyed swimming.", "ber": "fjjij\u0263 s wucuf." }, { "en": "I can swim.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad ccf\u0263." }, { "en": "I study English.", "ber": "da qqar\u0263 tanglizt." }, { "en": "I study English.", "ber": "da aqqra\u0263 tanglizt." }, { "en": "I study English.", "ber": "da zrru\u0263 tanglizt." }, { "en": "I like singing.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 irir." }, { "en": "I felt cold.", "ber": "syafa\u0263 s u\u1e63mmi\u1e0d." }, { "en": "I felt lonely.", "ber": "syafa\u0263 s tmyiwnt." }, { "en": "I'll follow.", "ber": "rad \u1e0df\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "I feel happy.", "ber": "da syafa\u0263 s tumrt." }, { "en": "I feel happy.", "ber": "ar syafa\u0263 s tumrt." }, { "en": "I was embarrassed.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn mrrg\u0263." }, { "en": "I turned right.", "ber": "ssutl\u0263 \u0263f ufasi." }, { "en": "I like astrology.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 astri." }, { "en": "I'm healthy.", "ber": "jji\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm healthy.", "ber": "dus\u0263." }, { "en": "I raise funds.", "ber": "da smuna\u0263 idrimn." }, { "en": "I feel alive.", "ber": "ar syafa\u0263 s tudrt." }, { "en": "I need somebody.", "ber": "usr\u0263 kra n yan." }, { "en": "Her kids are at school.", "ber": "tarwa nns llan inn g tinml." }, { "en": "They complained about their jobs.", "ber": "smummin \u0263f twuriwin nnsn." }, { "en": "I got lost.", "ber": "jli\u0263." }, { "en": "I like him.", "ber": "issusm i." }, { "en": "I'm patient.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e93i\u1e0d\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm patient.", "ber": "gi\u0263 am\u1e93\u1e93i\u1e0d\u1e5b." }, { "en": "I'm young.", "ber": "m\u1e93\u1e93iy\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm young.", "ber": "gi\u0263 a\u025brrim." }, { "en": "I start tomorrow.", "ber": "rad ssnti\u0263 azkka." }, { "en": "I study abroad.", "ber": "da qqar\u0263 g b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "I study abroad.", "ber": "da aqqra\u0263 g b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "I study abroad.", "ber": "da zrru\u0263 g b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "I am Chinese.", "ber": "gi\u0263 acinwi." }, { "en": "I am French.", "ber": "gi\u0263 af\u1e5bansis." }, { "en": "I am working.", "ber": "ar swuriy\u0263." }, { "en": "I like cats.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 imucca." }, { "en": "I keep sneezing.", "ber": "da bahra ttnzi\u0263." }, { "en": "His office is on the other side of the street.", "ber": "asira nns illa g ugmma\u1e0d ann n wasuk." }, { "en": "He wore clean trousers.", "ber": "ilsa ikrbayn izddign." }, { "en": "He wore clean trousers.", "ber": "ilsa isrwaln i\u0263usn." }, { "en": "Do you think it'll change anything?", "ber": "is t\u0263ald is rad issnfl kraygatt ta\u0263awsa?" }, { "en": "What shall I give her?", "ber": "ma rad as fk\u0263?" }, { "en": "What shall I give him?", "ber": "ma rad as fk\u0263?" }, { "en": "Take some fruit if you want.", "ber": "awi imikk n igumma mk trid." }, { "en": "Where did you buy the coffee?", "ber": "mani g ts\u0263id lqhwa?" }, { "en": "The key is in my bag.", "ber": "tasarut tlla g uqrab inu." }, { "en": "The key is in my bag.", "ber": "tasarut tlla g tcckart inu." }, { "en": "She had a secret.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u0263urs yan wuffir." }, { "en": "Tom ate all of the apples.", "ber": "icca \u1e6dum tidffuyin akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "Tom usually doesn't eat lunch with us.", "ber": "ur imyar \u1e6dum ad ditn\u0263 ictta imkli." }, { "en": "Tom usually doesn't eat lunch with us.", "ber": "s umata", "null": [ " ur da ditn\u0263 ittetta \u1e6dum imkli." ] }, { "en": "We need a woman able in cooking.", "ber": "nusr tam\u1e6d\u1e6dut i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn i isnwi." }, { "en": "We want a woman who's good at cooking.", "ber": "nusr tam\u0263art issnn i isnwi." }, { "en": "I like fishing.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 tag\u02b7mrt n islman." }, { "en": "I like fishing.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 ad g\u02b7mmr\u0263 islman." }, { "en": "I feel hungry.", "ber": "ar syafa\u0263 s la\u1e93." }, { "en": "I always walk.", "ber": "da bdda fttu\u0263." }, { "en": "I always walk.", "ber": "da bdda tddu\u0263." }, { "en": "Everyone made fun of me.", "ber": "\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63an akk\u02b7 giti." }, { "en": "I'd like to go faster.", "ber": "\u1e93u\u1e93\u1e0d\u0263 ad ammr\u0263 g twada." }, { "en": "My life is better without her.", "ber": "tudrt inu tuf min nttat." }, { "en": "I read his book.", "ber": "\u0263ri\u0263 adlis nns." }, { "en": "I read his book.", "ber": "da qqar\u0263 adlis nns." }, { "en": "I am reading his book.", "ber": "ar aqqra\u0263 adlis nns." }, { "en": "He bought a store.", "ber": "is\u0263a ta\u1e25anut." }, { "en": "I am translating.", "ber": "ar ssu\u0263ul\u0263." }, { "en": "I am smart.", "ber": "\u0263is\u0263." }, { "en": "I must study.", "ber": "illa fllati ad \u0263r\u0263." }, { "en": "I must study.", "ber": "illa fllati ad zru\u0263." }, { "en": "I have to learn.", "ber": "iqqan d ad lmd\u0263." }, { "en": "I need to learn.", "ber": "usr\u0263 ad lmd\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm hungry!", "ber": "llu\u1e93\u0263!" }, { "en": "I'll pay.", "ber": "rad fru\u0263." }, { "en": "I visited Dan.", "ber": "rzf\u0263 \u0263ur dan." }, { "en": "I visited Dan.", "ber": "kki\u0263 d dar dan." }, { "en": "I see Dana.", "ber": "da \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u0263 dan." }, { "en": "I quit smoking.", "ber": "bbi\u0263 akmay." }, { "en": "I will try.", "ber": "rad arm\u0263." }, { "en": "Am I wrong?", "ber": "is zgl\u0263?" }, { "en": "I'm unemployed.", "ber": "gi\u0263 war tawuri." }, { "en": "I threw up.", "ber": "ssuki\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I like spoons.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 ti\u0263njawin." }, { "en": "I use Firefox.", "ber": "da ssmras\u0263 fayrfuks." }, { "en": "I said that.", "ber": "nni\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "I'm serious.", "ber": "gi\u0263 amaglay." }, { "en": "I'm OK.", "ber": "lli\u0263 g talwit." }, { "en": "I'm OK.", "ber": "ur i ya\u0263 yat." }, { "en": "I hate coffee.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 ta\u0263lust." }, { "en": "I borrow money.", "ber": "da d \u1e5b\u1e6d\u1e6dl\u0263 idrimn." }, { "en": "I am divorced.", "ber": "llf\u0263." }, { "en": "I am happy.", "ber": "mmr\u0263." }, { "en": "I am hot.", "ber": "r\u0263i\u0263." }, { "en": "I wanted.", "ber": "ri\u0263 yadlli." }, { "en": "I am online.", "ber": "gi\u0263 uzdiy." }, { "en": "I am ready.", "ber": "muttg\u0263." }, { "en": "I am sick.", "ber": "u\u1e0dn\u0263." }, { "en": "I am sure.", "ber": "lkn\u0263." }, { "en": "I need money.", "ber": "usr\u0263 idrimn." }, { "en": "I study Spanish.", "ber": "da qqar\u0263 tasbanyut." }, { "en": "I teach Chinese.", "ber": "da sslmad\u0263 tacinwit." }, { "en": "I teach English.", "ber": "da sslmad\u0263 tanglizt." }, { "en": "I teach Spanish.", "ber": "da sslmad\u0263 tasbanyut." }, { "en": "I wash myself.", "ber": "da ssirid\u0263 i\u0263f inu." }, { "en": "I will endure.", "ber": "rad \u1e93\u1e93i\u1e0d\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm 19.", "ber": "dari 19." }, { "en": "I'm 19.", "ber": "\u0263uri 19." }, { "en": "I live here.", "ber": "da ttddr\u0263 \u0263id." }, { "en": "I live here.", "ber": "zd\u0263\u0263 da." }, { "en": "I'm sick!", "ber": "u\u1e0dn\u0263!" }, { "en": "I'm ill.", "ber": "u\u1e0dn\u0263." }, { "en": "I love apples.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 tidffuyin." }, { "en": "I miss him.", "ber": "u\u1e0dn\u0263 t inn." }, { "en": "I'm going.", "ber": "rad ddu\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm angry.", "ber": "rfi\u0263." }, { "en": "I like movies.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 isura." }, { "en": "I love movies.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 isura." }, { "en": "I love sport.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 tunnunt." }, { "en": "I hate studying.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 ti\u0263ri." }, { "en": "Am I mistaken?", "ber": "is zgl\u0263?" }, { "en": "I hate reptiles.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 im\u1e25rurdn." }, { "en": "I'm back.", "ber": "urri\u0263 d." }, { "en": "I'm back.", "ber": "a\u0263ul\u0263 d." }, { "en": "I hate Mondays.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 ussan n waynas." }, { "en": "I'm 27.", "ber": "dari 27 n usgg\u02b7as." }, { "en": "I'm 27.", "ber": "\u0263uri 27 n usgg\u02b7as." }, { "en": "I'm 24.", "ber": "\u0263uri 24 n usgg\u02b7as." }, { "en": "I am Thai.", "ber": "gi\u0263 ataylandi." }, { "en": "I have returned.", "ber": "urri\u0263 d." }, { "en": "I have returned.", "ber": "a\u0263ul\u0263 d." }, { "en": "I'm beautiful.", "ber": "\u1e93il\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm beautiful.", "ber": "gi\u0263 afalkay." }, { "en": "I am Antonio.", "ber": "gi\u0263 antunyu." }, { "en": "I know that.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "I blacked out.", "ber": "sxf\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm Italian.", "ber": "gi\u0263 a\u1e6dalyani." }, { "en": "I am Italian.", "ber": "gi\u0263 a\u1e6dalyani." }, { "en": "I am Italian.", "ber": "gi\u0263 ta\u1e6dalyanit." }, { "en": "I'm Italian.", "ber": "gi\u0263 ta\u1e6dalyanit." }, { "en": "I felt ill.", "ber": "syafa\u0263 s wa\u1e6d\u1e6dan." }, { "en": "I work here.", "ber": "da swuriy\u0263 da." }, { "en": "I work here.", "ber": "da swuriy\u0263 \u0263id." }, { "en": "I am John.", "ber": "gi\u0263 jun." }, { "en": "My name is John.", "ber": "ism inu jun." }, { "en": "I love snow.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 adfl." }, { "en": "I can drive.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad ndh\u0263." }, { "en": "I feel sick.", "ber": "da syafa\u0263 s wa\u1e6d\u1e6dan." }, { "en": "I love nature.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 agama." }, { "en": "I am afraid.", "ber": "k\u1e63u\u1e0d\u0263." }, { "en": "I am afraid.", "ber": "gg\u02b7d\u0263." }, { "en": "I have brothers.", "ber": "dari aytmatn." }, { "en": "I have sisters.", "ber": "\u0263uri taytmatin." }, { "en": "I love him.", "ber": "da t ttiri\u0263." }, { "en": "I have a sister.", "ber": "dari yat ultma." }, { "en": "I like sushi.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 asuci." }, { "en": "I need friends.", "ber": "usr\u0263 imddukkal." }, { "en": "I never lie.", "ber": "ur jju skrks\u0263." }, { "en": "I am Hungarian.", "ber": "gi\u0263 ahangari." }, { "en": "I hate ticks!", "ber": "ksn\u0263 islfan!" }, { "en": "I can not.", "ber": "ur \u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "I can not.", "ber": "ur zmir\u0263." }, { "en": "I can not.", "ber": "ur \u0263iy\u0263." }, { "en": "I am silent.", "ber": "fss\u0263." }, { "en": "I will learn.", "ber": "rad lmd\u0263." }, { "en": "I am teaching.", "ber": "ar sslmad\u0263." }, { "en": "I like football.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 tawjja n u\u1e0da\u1e5b." }, { "en": "I play piano.", "ber": "da tturar\u0263 s ubyanu." }, { "en": "I speak Swedish.", "ber": "da sawal\u0263 taswidit." }, { "en": "I hate mosquitoes.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 wabiba." }, { "en": "I said \"Stop!\"", "ber": "nni\u0263 \"bdd!\"" }, { "en": "I'm drunk.", "ber": "qdd\u1e25\u0263." }, { "en": "I go home.", "ber": "da ttddu\u0263 s uxxam." }, { "en": "I go home.", "ber": "da ttddu\u0263 s tgmmi." }, { "en": "I often travel.", "ber": "da ttmuddu\u0263 s tugt." }, { "en": "I like trains.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 ilawayn." }, { "en": "I'm Finnish.", "ber": "gi\u0263 afinlandi." }, { "en": "I'm gay.", "ber": "gi\u0263 alugnus." }, { "en": "I love cats.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 imucca." }, { "en": "I love animals.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 imudar." }, { "en": "I like dogs very much.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 bahra iy\u1e0dan." }, { "en": "I like dogs very much.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 iy\u1e0dan a\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63." }, { "en": "I run quickly.", "ber": "da ttazzal\u0263 s tmmri." }, { "en": "I go quickly.", "ber": "da ttddu\u0263 s tmmri." }, { "en": "I'm Korean.", "ber": "gi\u0263 akuri." }, { "en": "I am Korean.", "ber": "gi\u0263 akuri." }, { "en": "I like China.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 ccinwa." }, { "en": "I cannot accept.", "ber": "ur \u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5b\u0263 ad dggi\u0263." }, { "en": "Sorry", "ber": " I forgot.", "null": [ "asurf", " ttu\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Sorry", "ber": " I forgot.", "null": [ "ssurf iyi", " ttu\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Tom wasn't a good singer.", "ber": "ur tt inn ikki \u1e6dum iga amarir ifulkin." }, { "en": "I eat fruit.", "ber": "da ttetta\u0263 igumma." }, { "en": "I eat fruit.", "ber": "da ctta\u0263 igumma." }, { "en": "I fight badly.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 ad ttma\u0263\u0263." }, { "en": "I like that.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "I like fruit.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 igumma." }, { "en": "I like talking.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 awal." }, { "en": "I love myself.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 i\u0263f inu." }, { "en": "I prefer biking.", "ber": "da smyifi\u0263 azlalam." }, { "en": "I've lost.", "ber": "jli\u0263." }, { "en": "I like challenges.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 ina\u1e93a\u1e5bn." }, { "en": "I study psychology.", "ber": "da zrru\u0263 tasnimant." }, { "en": "I hate Sundays.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 ussan n usamas." }, { "en": "I'm falling.", "ber": "ar \u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "I sing now.", "ber": "ar ttirir\u0263 \u0263ila." }, { "en": "I am lost.", "ber": "jli\u0263." }, { "en": "I am Samuel.", "ber": "gi\u0263 samwil." }, { "en": "I will work.", "ber": "rad swuri\u0263." }, { "en": "I'll work.", "ber": "rad swuri\u0263." }, { "en": "I wanna go!", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad ddu\u0263!" }, { "en": "I wanna go!", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad ftu\u0263!" }, { "en": "I love Tatoeba.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 tatuba." }, { "en": "I like ants.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 tu\u1e6dfin." }, { "en": "I like ants.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 iw\u1e0dfan." }, { "en": "I went there.", "ber": "ddi\u0263 \u0263r dinn." }, { "en": "I went there.", "ber": "fti\u0263 s \u0263inn." }, { "en": "I like sweets.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 timimin." }, { "en": "I lost everything.", "ber": "idda iyi uylli illan." }, { "en": "I trust him.", "ber": "da gis ttflas\u0263." }, { "en": "I like reading.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 ti\u0263ri." }, { "en": "I use Twitter.", "ber": "da ssmras\u0263 twitr." }, { "en": "I went", "ber": " too.", "null": [ "ddi\u0263", " awd nkki." ] }, { "en": "I went", "ber": " too.", "null": [ "fti\u0263", " awd nkki." ] }, { "en": "I miss Italy.", "ber": "u\u1e0dn\u0263 nn \u1e6d\u1e6dalyan." }, { "en": "I understand that.", "ber": "da ttrmas\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "I fear nothing.", "ber": "ur gg\u02b7id\u0263 amya." }, { "en": "I fear nothing.", "ber": "ur k\u1e63u\u1e0d\u0263 yat." }, { "en": "I like men.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 irgazn." }, { "en": "I like horses.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 isan." }, { "en": "I love horses.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 isan." }, { "en": "I am melting!", "ber": "ar fssi\u0263!" }, { "en": "I am nothing.", "ber": "ur gi\u0263 amya." }, { "en": "Why do you live with Tom?", "ber": "ma \u0263f tddrd d \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "I'm big.", "ber": "mqqur\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm big.", "ber": "gi\u0263 amqqran." }, { "en": "I use this.", "ber": "da ssmras\u0263 ayad." }, { "en": "I supported him.", "ber": "snal\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I support him.", "ber": "da t snal\u0263." }, { "en": "I am lazy.", "ber": "gi\u0263 amxin." }, { "en": "I eat tofu.", "ber": "da ttetta\u0263 atufu." }, { "en": "I like turtles.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 ifkrawn." }, { "en": "I hate Esperanto.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 isbirantu." }, { "en": "I hate losing.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 attwarnu." }, { "en": "I love winning.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 tarnawt." }, { "en": "Can I come?", "ber": "is \u0263iy\u0263 ad nn ack\u0263?" }, { "en": "I feel old.", "ber": "da syafa\u0263 is wsr\u0263." }, { "en": "I learn Turkish.", "ber": "da ttlmad\u0263 taturkit." }, { "en": "I imagined that.", "ber": "sugn\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "I have money.", "ber": "dari idrimn." }, { "en": "I have money.", "ber": "\u0263uri idrimn." }, { "en": "I often read.", "ber": "da aqqra\u0263 s tugt." }, { "en": "I often read.", "ber": "da qqar\u0263 a\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63." }, { "en": "I hate working.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 aswuri." }, { "en": "I like languages!", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 tutlayin!" }, { "en": "I became first.", "ber": "a\u0263ul\u0263 gi\u0263 amzwaru." }, { "en": "I became first.", "ber": "urri\u0263 gi\u0263 amzwaru." }, { "en": "I like English.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 tanglizt." }, { "en": "Here I am.", "ber": "ha i id \u0263id." }, { "en": "I practice sports.", "ber": "da ttllal\u0263 tunnunt." }, { "en": "I am thirsty.", "ber": "ffud\u0263." }, { "en": "I am thirsty.", "ber": "ya\u0263 i irifi." }, { "en": "I am old.", "ber": "wssr\u0263." }, { "en": "I stay home.", "ber": "da tt\u0263ama\u0263 g tgmmi." }, { "en": "I stay home.", "ber": "da ttqqim\u0263 g uxxam." }, { "en": "I'm better.", "ber": "nkki uf\u0263." }, { "en": "I cut myself.", "ber": "bri\u0263 i\u0263f inu." }, { "en": "I am there.", "ber": "lli\u0263 da." }, { "en": "I speak English.", "ber": "da sawal\u0263 tanglizt." }, { "en": "I am praying.", "ber": "ar tt\u1e93alla\u0263." }, { "en": "I am joking.", "ber": "ar ttna\u1e93\u0263." }, { "en": "I am coughing.", "ber": "ar ttusu\u0263." }, { "en": "I am sneezing.", "ber": "ar ttnzi\u0263." }, { "en": "I need coffee.", "ber": "usr\u0263 lqhwa." }, { "en": "I'm good!", "ber": "lli\u0263 g talwit!" }, { "en": "I said enough.", "ber": "nni\u0263 aylli yudan." }, { "en": "I slapped him.", "ber": "mrrq\u0263 t." }, { "en": "I love Spanish!", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 tasbanyut!" }, { "en": "I cannot whistle.", "ber": "ur \u0263iy\u0263 ad sin\u1e63g\u0263." }, { "en": "I cannot whistle.", "ber": "ur \u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5b\u0263 ad sin\u1e63g\u0263." }, { "en": "I add sentences.", "ber": "da rnnu\u0263 tiwinas." }, { "en": "I advise customers.", "ber": "da smmtar\u0263 imsa\u0263n." }, { "en": "I cook well.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 ad ssnwa\u0263." }, { "en": "I already apologized.", "ber": "ssutr\u0263 yad asurf." }, { "en": "I love California.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 kalifu\u1e5bnya." }, { "en": "I must know.", "ber": "iqqan d ad ssn\u0263." }, { "en": "I hate computers.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 imssudsn." }, { "en": "I lack confidence.", "ber": "tdrus tflst inu." }, { "en": "I love kids.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 tazzanin." }, { "en": "I like hares.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 iwtlan." }, { "en": "I'm hit!", "ber": "ttut\u0263!" }, { "en": "I play baseball.", "ber": "da tturar\u0263 abisbul." }, { "en": "I love jokes.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 tims\u1e0d\u1e63ayin." }, { "en": "I love games.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 tisurarin." }, { "en": "He wanted more.", "ber": "ira yadlli uggar." }, { "en": "I don't want to see it.", "ber": "ur ri\u0263 ad t \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "I don't want to see it.", "ber": "ur ri\u0263 ad tt \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263." }, { "en": "I have something to tell you.", "ber": "dari kra ad ak t ini\u0263." }, { "en": "I have something to tell you.", "ber": "\u0263uri kra ad am t ini\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom likes music a lot.", "ber": "i\u1e25ml \u1e6dum a\u1e93awan a\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63." }, { "en": "I am vegetarian.", "ber": "gi\u0263 amcm\u0263i." }, { "en": "I went shopping.", "ber": "ddi\u0263 ad gdz\u0263." }, { "en": "I did nothing.", "ber": "ur skir\u0263 amya." }, { "en": "I did nothing.", "ber": "ur skir\u0263 yat." }, { "en": "I hate surprises.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 tu\u1e93wayin." }, { "en": "I totally understand.", "ber": "da ttrmas\u0263 s timmad." }, { "en": "I was sleeping.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn \u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e63\u0263." }, { "en": "I was sleeping.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn gn\u0263." }, { "en": "I was worried.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn nnu\u0263jf\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm free!", "ber": "gi\u0263 ilelli!" }, { "en": "I'm listening.", "ber": "ar ssflid\u0263." }, { "en": "I appreciate this.", "ber": "da ssutug\u0263 ayad." }, { "en": "I hate sand.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 amlal." }, { "en": "I appreciate that.", "ber": "da ssutug\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "I like cartoons.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 unu\u0263n ittmussun." }, { "en": "I will survive.", "ber": "rad njm\u0263." }, { "en": "I deserve more.", "ber": "uklal\u0263 uggar." }, { "en": "I said nothing.", "ber": "ur nni\u0263 amya." }, { "en": "I'm Brazilian.", "ber": "gi\u0263 ab\u1e5ba\u1e93ili." }, { "en": "I was happy.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn mmr\u0263." }, { "en": "I was dreaming.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn ar ttwarga\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm dying.", "ber": "ar ttmtat\u0263." }, { "en": "Now I understand.", "ber": "d\u0263i da ttrmas\u0263." }, { "en": "Now I understand.", "ber": "\u0263ila ar ttrmas\u0263." }, { "en": "I'll decide.", "ber": "rad \u0263ts\u0263." }, { "en": "I've remarried.", "ber": "iwl\u0263 da\u0263." }, { "en": "I've forgotten.", "ber": "ttu\u0263." }, { "en": "I've failed.", "ber": "guf\u0263." }, { "en": "I've decided.", "ber": "\u0263ts\u0263." }, { "en": "I've checked.", "ber": "ssidt\u0263." }, { "en": "I've changed.", "ber": "nfl\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm yours.", "ber": "gi\u0263 winnk." }, { "en": "I'm yours.", "ber": "gi\u0263 winnm." }, { "en": "I'm trying.", "ber": "ar ttarm\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm trapped.", "ber": "ttmri\u0263." }, { "en": "I'll stay.", "ber": "rad \u0263ama\u0263." }, { "en": "I'll stay.", "ber": "rad qqim\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm relaxed.", "ber": "nnulwi\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm prepared.", "ber": "muttg\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm positive.", "ber": "gi\u0263 umnig." }, { "en": "I'm paying.", "ber": "ar frru\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm neutral.", "ber": "gi\u0263 arawsan." }, { "en": "I'm lying.", "ber": "ar skrkis\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm homeless.", "ber": "gi\u0263 war asnsu." }, { "en": "I'm home.", "ber": "urri\u0263 d s tgmmi." }, { "en": "I'm home.", "ber": "a\u0263ul\u0263 d s uxxam." }, { "en": "I'm here.", "ber": "lli\u0263 da." }, { "en": "I'm here.", "ber": "lli\u0263 \u0263id." }, { "en": "I'm confident.", "ber": "fls\u0263 g yif\u0263 inu." }, { "en": "I'm comfortable.", "ber": "sunfi\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm celebrating.", "ber": "ar sfuglu\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm Canadian.", "ber": "gi\u0263 akanadi." }, { "en": "I'm Canadian.", "ber": "gi\u0263 takanadit." }, { "en": "I'm blind.", "ber": "ddr\u0263l\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm blind.", "ber": "buk\u1e0d\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm blind.", "ber": "gi\u0263 adr\u0263al." }, { "en": "I'm blind.", "ber": "gi\u0263 abuka\u1e0d." }, { "en": "I'll hurry.", "ber": "rad ammr\u0263." }, { "en": "I'll explain.", "ber": "rad ssfru\u0263." }, { "en": "I'll drive.", "ber": "rad ndh\u0263." }, { "en": "I'll cook.", "ber": "rad ssnu\u0263." }, { "en": "I'll check.", "ber": "rad ssidt\u0263." }, { "en": "I'll change.", "ber": "rad ssnfl\u0263." }, { "en": "I'll cancel.", "ber": "rad ssr\u0263." }, { "en": "I'll call.", "ber": "rad nn sawl\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm ready!", "ber": "muttg\u0263!" }, { "en": "I'm late.", "ber": "mu\u1e6dl\u0263." }, { "en": "I'll live.", "ber": "rad ddr\u0263." }, { "en": "I must go.", "ber": "iqqan d ad ddu\u0263." }, { "en": "I must go.", "ber": "iqqan d ad ftu\u0263." }, { "en": "I saw somebody.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 kra n yan." }, { "en": "I ran outside.", "ber": "uzzl\u0263 s b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "I ran outside.", "ber": "uzzl\u0263 \u0263r b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "May I go?", "ber": "is \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad ddu\u0263?" }, { "en": "I play football.", "ber": "da tturar\u0263 tawjja n u\u1e0da\u1e5b." }, { "en": "I tried everything.", "ber": "urm\u0263 kraygatt ta\u0263awsa." }, { "en": "I was listening.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn ar ssflid\u0263." }, { "en": "I was travelling.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn ar ttmuddu\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm brave.", "ber": "b\u0263s\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm clean.", "ber": "zddig\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm clean.", "ber": "\u0263us\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm committed.", "ber": "mmu\u0263n\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm different.", "ber": "mzaray\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm experienced.", "ber": "zzri\u0263 turmit." }, { "en": "I have experience.", "ber": "dari turmit." }, { "en": "I have experience.", "ber": "\u0263uri turmit." }, { "en": "Some did not know how to fight.", "ber": "kra ur issin manimk s da ittma\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm first.", "ber": "gi\u0263 amzwaru." }, { "en": "I'm first.", "ber": "zwar\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm frightened.", "ber": "gg\u02b7d\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm honest.", "ber": "gi\u0263 am\u0263\u1e93an." }, { "en": "I'm hopeless.", "ber": "gi\u0263 war anaruz." }, { "en": "I'm inside.", "ber": "lli\u0263 g ugnsu." }, { "en": "I'm mistaken.", "ber": "zgl\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm needy.", "ber": "gi\u0263 amasar." }, { "en": "I'm powerful.", "ber": "dus\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm powerless.", "ber": "ggammi\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm realistic.", "ber": "gi\u0263 am\u1e93\u1e5bilaw." }, { "en": "I'm rich.", "ber": "gi\u0263 anb\u0263ur." }, { "en": "I'm selfish.", "ber": "gi\u0263 ankkin." }, { "en": "I'm sensitive.", "ber": "gi\u0263 amsyafa." }, { "en": "I'm sincere.", "ber": "gi\u0263 am\u0263\u1e93an." }, { "en": "I'm strong.", "ber": "dus\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm stuck.", "ber": "ttmri\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm tough.", "ber": "mri\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm hiding.", "ber": "ar ttffr\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm hiding.", "ber": "ar ttrg\u02b7as\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm moving.", "ber": "ar ttmussu\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm screaming.", "ber": "ar s\u0263uyyu\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm sleeping.", "ber": "ar tt\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e63\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm speaking.", "ber": "ar sawal\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm talking.", "ber": "ar sawal\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm volunteering.", "ber": "ar akka\u0263 tiwisi." }, { "en": "I am Death.", "ber": "gi\u0263 tamttant." }, { "en": "I was alone.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn i wa\u1e0du inu." }, { "en": "Am I fat?", "ber": "is gi\u0263 u\u1e0dnay?" }, { "en": "I was sick.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn u\u1e0dn\u0263." }, { "en": "I am Egyptian.", "ber": "gi\u0263 ami\u1e63\u1e5bi." }, { "en": "I believe Tom.", "ber": "da ttflas\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I detest Tom.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I fired Tom.", "ber": "\u1e6d\u1e6day\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I followed Tom.", "ber": "\u1e0df\u1e5b\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I hated Tom.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 yadlli \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I hit Tom.", "ber": "ut\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I know Tom.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I like Tom.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I saw Tom with Mary yesterday.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 \u1e6dum akd mari assnna\u1e6d." }, { "en": "I liked Tom.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 yadlli \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I need Tom.", "ber": "usr\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I remember Tom.", "ber": "da k\u02b7tti\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I respect Tom.", "ber": "da ttzrak\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I respected Tom.", "ber": "zrk\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I shoved Tom.", "ber": "d\u1e25i\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I told Tom.", "ber": "nni\u0263 t i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I touched Tom.", "ber": "ggr\u0263 i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I underestimated Tom.", "ber": "sslki\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I understand Tom.", "ber": "da ttrmas\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I want Tom.", "ber": "ri\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I want Tom.", "ber": "xs\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I watched Tom.", "ber": "annay\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I watched Tom.", "ber": "mutr\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I love turtles.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 ifkran." }, { "en": "I love turtles.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 id butgra." }, { "en": "I like camels.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 il\u0263man." }, { "en": "I like camels.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 i\u1e5baman." }, { "en": "Am I understood?", "ber": "is rms\u0263?" }, { "en": "Can I begin?", "ber": "is \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad ssnti\u0263?" }, { "en": "Can I begin?", "ber": "is \u0263iy\u0263 ad ssnti\u0263?" }, { "en": "Can I finish?", "ber": "is \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad smd\u0263?" }, { "en": "I almost died.", "ber": "imikk ad mmt\u0263." }, { "en": "I almost forgot.", "ber": "ini nit ttu\u0263." }, { "en": "I always try.", "ber": "da bdda ttarm\u0263." }, { "en": "I asked why.", "ber": "sqsa\u0263 ma \u0263f." }, { "en": "I brought cookies.", "ber": "iwi\u0263 d ikukiyn." }, { "en": "I brought dinner.", "ber": "iwi\u0263 d imnsi." }, { "en": "I brought mine.", "ber": "iwi\u0263 d winu." }, { "en": "I brought mine.", "ber": "iwi\u0263 d tinu." }, { "en": "I burned them.", "ber": "sskm\u1e0d\u0263 tn." }, { "en": "I called home.", "ber": "sawl\u0263 s tgmmi." }, { "en": "I called them.", "ber": "\u0263ri\u0263 as." }, { "en": "I called them.", "ber": "\u0263ri\u0263 ast." }, { "en": "I called you.", "ber": "\u0263ri\u0263 ak." }, { "en": "I called you.", "ber": "\u0263ri\u0263 am." }, { "en": "I called you.", "ber": "\u0263ri\u0263 awn." }, { "en": "I called you.", "ber": "\u0263ri\u0263 awnt." }, { "en": "I can come.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad d ack\u0263." }, { "en": "I can come.", "ber": "\u0263iy\u0263 ad d as\u0263." }, { "en": "I can cook.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad ssnu\u0263." }, { "en": "I can dance.", "ber": "\u0263iy\u0263 ad rkz\u0263." }, { "en": "I can explain.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad ssfru\u0263." }, { "en": "I can help.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad aws\u0263." }, { "en": "I can sing.", "ber": "\u0263iy\u0263 ad irir\u0263." }, { "en": "I can stay.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad \u0263ama\u0263." }, { "en": "I can stay.", "ber": "\u0263iy\u0263 ad qqim\u0263." }, { "en": "I can wait.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad qql\u0263." }, { "en": "I can walk.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad zzigiz\u0263." }, { "en": "I deserved that.", "ber": "uklal\u0263 yadlli ayann." }, { "en": "I deserve that.", "ber": "uklal\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "I disagree completely.", "ber": "ur msasa\u0263 s timmad." }, { "en": "I do remember.", "ber": "da k\u02b7tti\u0263." }, { "en": "I do understand.", "ber": "da ttrmas\u0263." }, { "en": "I enjoy movies.", "ber": "da ttfjjij\u0263 s isura." }, { "en": "I enjoy music.", "ber": "da ttfjjij\u0263 s u\u1e93awan." }, { "en": "I enjoyed myself.", "ber": "fjjij\u0263 d yi\u0263f inu." }, { "en": "I feel stupid.", "ber": "da syafa\u0263 is dduqqr\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm feeling weak.", "ber": "ar syafa\u0263 is lm\u1e0d\u0263." }, { "en": "I feel weak.", "ber": "da syafa\u0263 is lm\u1e0d\u0263." }, { "en": "I feel young.", "ber": "da syafa\u0263 is m\u1e93\u1e93iy\u0263." }, { "en": "I felt fear.", "ber": "syafa\u0263 s tawda." }, { "en": "I felt fear.", "ber": "syafa\u0263 s tk\u1e63\u1e63a\u1e0d." }, { "en": "I felt happy.", "ber": "syafa\u0263 s tumrt." }, { "en": "I felt sad.", "ber": "syafa\u0263 s u\u0263iluf." }, { "en": "I finally understand.", "ber": "rms\u0263 sul." }, { "en": "I found somebody.", "ber": "ufi\u0263 kra n yan." }, { "en": "I found somebody.", "ber": "ufi\u0263 yan." }, { "en": "I found these.", "ber": "ufi\u0263 wid." }, { "en": "I found these.", "ber": "ufi\u0263 tid." }, { "en": "I got caught.", "ber": "ttyama\u1e93\u0263." }, { "en": "You were never like her.", "ber": "ur jju yadlli tgid zun d nttat." }, { "en": "I got stuck.", "ber": "ttmri\u0263." }, { "en": "I got thirsty.", "ber": "ffud\u0263." }, { "en": "I got thirsty.", "ber": "ya\u0263 i irifi." }, { "en": "I had doubts.", "ber": "kkant tt inn dari turdiwin." }, { "en": "I had doubts.", "ber": "kkant tt inn \u0263uri turdiwin." }, { "en": "I hate Boston.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 bu\u1e63\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "I hate fighting.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 imi\u0263." }, { "en": "I hate Halloween.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 ahaluwin." }, { "en": "I hate insects.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 ibxxuyn." }, { "en": "I hate lawyers.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 imstann." }, { "en": "I hate opera.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 ubira." }, { "en": "I hate parties.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 tifugliwin." }, { "en": "I hate rules.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 ilugan." }, { "en": "I hate secrets.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 uffirn." }, { "en": "I hate spiders.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 tib\u0263aynuzin." }, { "en": "I hate spiders.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 taysusutin." }, { "en": "I hate that.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 ayann." }, { "en": "I hate them.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 tn." }, { "en": "I hate weddings.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 tim\u0263riwin." }, { "en": "I hate this.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 ayad." }, { "en": "I apologise.", "ber": "da ssutur\u0263 asurf." }, { "en": "I do apologize.", "ber": "ar ssutur\u0263 asurf." }, { "en": "I apologize.", "ber": "ar ssutur\u0263 asurf." }, { "en": "I have apologized.", "ber": "ssutr\u0263 asurf." }, { "en": "I apologized.", "ber": "ssutr\u0263 asurf." }, { "en": "I have information.", "ber": "dari umlan." }, { "en": "I have information.", "ber": "\u0263uri umlan." }, { "en": "I have needs.", "ber": "dari assarn." }, { "en": "I have one.", "ber": "dari yan." }, { "en": "I have one.", "ber": "\u0263uri yat." }, { "en": "I have plans.", "ber": "\u0263uri i\u0263awasn." }, { "en": "I have plans.", "ber": "dari i\u0263awasn." }, { "en": "I have proof.", "ber": "\u0263uri an\u1e93a." }, { "en": "I have proof.", "ber": "dari an\u1e93a." }, { "en": "I have questions.", "ber": "dari isqsitn." }, { "en": "I have questions.", "ber": "\u0263uri isqsitn." }, { "en": "I have a question.", "ber": "dari yan usqsi." }, { "en": "I have something.", "ber": "\u0263uri kra." }, { "en": "I have something.", "ber": "dari kra." }, { "en": "I have rights.", "ber": "\u0263uri izrfan." }, { "en": "I have rights.", "ber": "dari izrfan." }, { "en": "I have standards.", "ber": "\u0263uri inawayn." }, { "en": "I have time.", "ber": "dari tizi." }, { "en": "I have time.", "ber": "\u0263uri akud." }, { "en": "I just finished.", "ber": "\u1e25ra smd\u0263." }, { "en": "I just remembered.", "ber": "\u1e25ra k\u02b7ti\u0263." }, { "en": "I know people.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 mddn." }, { "en": "I know things.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 ti\u0263awsiwin." }, { "en": "I know this.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 ayad." }, { "en": "I like seafood.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 igumma n yill." }, { "en": "I like stories.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 tinqqisin." }, { "en": "I like stories.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 tullisin." }, { "en": "I like this.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 ayad." }, { "en": "I like women.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 tim\u0263arin." }, { "en": "I like women.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 tim\u1e6d\u1e6dutin." }, { "en": "I like working.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 aswuri." }, { "en": "I love Australia.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 us\u1e6d\u1e5balya." }, { "en": "People like me.", "ber": "\u1e25mln i mddn." }, { "en": "I know three men named Tom.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 k\u1e5ba\u1e0d irgazn ism nnsn \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I love baseball.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 abisbul." }, { "en": "I love dancing.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 arkaz." }, { "en": "I love music.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 a\u1e93awan." }, { "en": "I love reading.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 ti\u0263ri." }, { "en": "I love traveling.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 amuddu." }, { "en": "I love weddings.", "ber": "da ttiri\u0263 tim\u0263riwin." }, { "en": "I made cookies.", "ber": "skr\u0263 ikukiyn." }, { "en": "I made dinner.", "ber": "skr\u0263 imnsi." }, { "en": "I made plans.", "ber": "skr\u0263 i\u0263awasn." }, { "en": "I made spaghetti.", "ber": "skr\u0263 asbagiti." }, { "en": "I made tea.", "ber": "skr\u0263 atay." }, { "en": "I met them.", "ber": "mmaqqar\u0263 tn." }, { "en": "I met them.", "ber": "mmaggar\u0263 tnt." }, { "en": "They quarreled.", "ber": "mma\u0263n." }, { "en": "They won.", "ber": "rnan." }, { "en": "They won.", "ber": "rnant." }, { "en": "They swam.", "ber": "ccfn." }, { "en": "They kissed.", "ber": "msudmn." }, { "en": "They yelled.", "ber": "s\u0263yyan." }, { "en": "They walked.", "ber": "ftan." }, { "en": "They waited.", "ber": "qqln." }, { "en": "They understood.", "ber": "rmsn." }, { "en": "They tried.", "ber": "urmn." }, { "en": "They stopped.", "ber": "bddn." }, { "en": "They stood.", "ber": "bddn." }, { "en": "They smiled.", "ber": "zmummgn." }, { "en": "They screamed.", "ber": "s\u0263yyan." }, { "en": "They relaxed.", "ber": "nnulwan." }, { "en": "They refused.", "ber": "ugin." }, { "en": "They lost.", "ber": "zlan." }, { "en": "They lost.", "ber": "jlan." }, { "en": "They lied.", "ber": "skrksn." }, { "en": "They left.", "ber": "ddan." }, { "en": "They left.", "ber": "ddant." }, { "en": "They left.", "ber": "ftan." }, { "en": "They left.", "ber": "ftant." }, { "en": "They laughed.", "ber": "\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63an." }, { "en": "They fell.", "ber": "\u1e0d\u1e5bn." }, { "en": "They escaped.", "ber": "rwln." }, { "en": "They danced.", "ber": "rkzn." }, { "en": "They cheat.", "ber": "da ttkna\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "They canceled.", "ber": "ssrn." }, { "en": "They called.", "ber": "\u0263ran d." }, { "en": "They called.", "ber": "sawln d." }, { "en": "They slept.", "ber": "gnn." }, { "en": "They slept.", "ber": "\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e63n." }, { "en": "They are.", "ber": "gan." }, { "en": "They succeeded.", "ber": "mursn." }, { "en": "They run.", "ber": "da ttazzaln." }, { "en": "They run.", "ber": "da ttazzalnt." }, { "en": "They ran.", "ber": "uzzln." }, { "en": "They ran.", "ber": "uzzlnt." }, { "en": "They sing.", "ber": "da ttirirn." }, { "en": "They sing.", "ber": "da ttirirnt." }, { "en": "Is your wife tall?", "ber": "is t\u0263zzif tm\u1e6d\u1e6dut nnk?" }, { "en": "Is your wife tall?", "ber": "is t\u0263zzif tm\u0263art nnk?" }, { "en": "They smoke.", "ber": "da kmmin." }, { "en": "They smoke.", "ber": "da kmmint." }, { "en": "They dream.", "ber": "da ttwargan." }, { "en": "They dream.", "ber": "da ttwargant." }, { "en": "They jumped.", "ber": "nggzn." }, { "en": "They jumped.", "ber": "nggznt." }, { "en": "They jumped.", "ber": "ukin." }, { "en": "They brawled.", "ber": "mma\u0263n." }, { "en": "They brawled.", "ber": "mma\u0263nt." }, { "en": "They coughed.", "ber": "usun." }, { "en": "They coughed.", "ber": "usunt." }, { "en": "They moved.", "ber": "mmussn." }, { "en": "They moved.", "ber": "mmuttin." }, { "en": "They write.", "ber": "da ttaran." }, { "en": "They write.", "ber": "da ttarant." }, { "en": "They confessed.", "ber": "ssikzn." }, { "en": "They limped.", "ber": "sbi\u1e0d\u1e5bn." }, { "en": "They sleep.", "ber": "da ggann." }, { "en": "They sleep.", "ber": "da tt\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e63n." }, { "en": "They won!", "ber": "rnan!" }, { "en": "They succeeded!", "ber": "mursn!" }, { "en": "They succeeded!", "ber": "mursnt!" }, { "en": "Tom lived in Boston three years ago.", "ber": "izd\u0263 \u1e6dum g bu\u1e63\u1e6dun k\u1e5ba\u1e0d isgg\u02b7asn aya." }, { "en": "They closed.", "ber": "qqnn." }, { "en": "Wait. I want to tell you something.", "ber": "qql. ri\u0263 ad ak ini\u0263 kra." }, { "en": "Wait. I want to tell you something.", "ber": "qql. ri\u0263 ad am ini\u0263 kra." }, { "en": "I can't just pretend nothing happened.", "ber": "ur \u0263iy\u0263 ad skr\u0263 amm ur imsir umya." }, { "en": "I can't just pretend nothing happened.", "ber": "ur \u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5b\u0263 ad skr\u0263 zun d ig ur ij\u1e5bi umya." }, { "en": "Tom's house is very nice.", "ber": "taddart n \u1e6dum tfulki a\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63." }, { "en": "Tom's house is very nice.", "ber": "tigmmi n \u1e6dum tfulki bahra." }, { "en": "This is all wrong.", "ber": "ayad iga akk\u02b7 azgal." }, { "en": "They cried.", "ber": "allan." }, { "en": "They died.", "ber": "mmutn." }, { "en": "They died.", "ber": "mmutnt." }, { "en": "They cried.", "ber": "allant." }, { "en": "They swim.", "ber": "da ttccfn." }, { "en": "They came.", "ber": "uckan d." }, { "en": "They came.", "ber": "usan d." }, { "en": "They read.", "ber": "da qqarn." }, { "en": "They read.", "ber": "da aqqran." }, { "en": "They read.", "ber": "da qqarnt." }, { "en": "They read.", "ber": "\u0263ran." }, { "en": "They read.", "ber": "\u0263rant." }, { "en": "They accelerated.", "ber": "nnmrirn." }, { "en": "They accelerated.", "ber": "nnmrirnt." }, { "en": "They yawned.", "ber": "fan." }, { "en": "They learned.", "ber": "lmdn." }, { "en": "They learned.", "ber": "lmdnt." }, { "en": "They landed.", "ber": "rsn." }, { "en": "They smoked.", "ber": "kmin." }, { "en": "They smoked.", "ber": "kmint." }, { "en": "They played.", "ber": "urarn." }, { "en": "They played.", "ber": "urarnt." }, { "en": "They hid.", "ber": "ntln." }, { "en": "They hid.", "ber": "ntlnt." }, { "en": "They hid.", "ber": "rg\u02b7sn." }, { "en": "They hid.", "ber": "rg\u02b7snt." }, { "en": "They changed.", "ber": "nfln." }, { "en": "They changed.", "ber": "nflnt." }, { "en": "They worked.", "ber": "swurin." }, { "en": "They were working.", "ber": "kkan tt inn ar swuriyn." }, { "en": "They worked.", "ber": "swurint." }, { "en": "They listened.", "ber": "ssfldn." }, { "en": "They listened.", "ber": "ssfldnt." }, { "en": "They were listening.", "ber": "kkan tt inn ar ssflidn." }, { "en": "They exploded.", "ber": "bbuqqin." }, { "en": "They exploded.", "ber": "bbuqqint." }, { "en": "They agreed.", "ber": "msasan." }, { "en": "They spoke.", "ber": "sawlnt." }, { "en": "They separated.", "ber": "ngaran." }, { "en": "They separated.", "ber": "ngarant." }, { "en": "They stayed.", "ber": "\u0263aman." }, { "en": "They stayed.", "ber": "\u0263amant." }, { "en": "They stayed.", "ber": "qqimn." }, { "en": "They stayed.", "ber": "qqimnt." }, { "en": "They survived.", "ber": "njmn." }, { "en": "They survived.", "ber": "njmnt." }, { "en": "They flew.", "ber": "uylln." }, { "en": "They flew.", "ber": "uyllnt." }, { "en": "They stole.", "ber": "ukrn." }, { "en": "They stole.", "ber": "ukrnt." }, { "en": "They showered.", "ber": "succfn." }, { "en": "They showered.", "ber": "succfnt." }, { "en": "They lie.", "ber": "da skrkisn." }, { "en": "They lie.", "ber": "da skrkisnt." }, { "en": "They testified.", "ber": "fkan tugga." }, { "en": "They testified.", "ber": "fkant tugga." }, { "en": "They know.", "ber": "ssnnt." }, { "en": "They sneezed.", "ber": "nzin." }, { "en": "They sneezed.", "ber": "nzint." }, { "en": "They rang.", "ber": "srsrn." }, { "en": "They rang.", "ber": "srsrnt." }, { "en": "They teach.", "ber": "da sslmadn." }, { "en": "They teach.", "ber": "da sslmadnt." }, { "en": "They spit.", "ber": "da ssufusn." }, { "en": "They spit.", "ber": "da ssufusnt." }, { "en": "They have.", "ber": "darsn." }, { "en": "They have.", "ber": "darsnt." }, { "en": "They have.", "ber": "\u0263ursn." }, { "en": "They have.", "ber": "\u0263ursnt." }, { "en": "They study.", "ber": "da zrrun." }, { "en": "They study.", "ber": "da aqqran." }, { "en": "They're different.", "ber": "mzarayn." }, { "en": "They're different.", "ber": "mzaraynt." }, { "en": "They cancelled.", "ber": "ssrn." }, { "en": "They calculated.", "ber": "ssi\u1e0dnn." }, { "en": "They calculated.", "ber": "ssi\u1e0dnnt." }, { "en": "They fought.", "ber": "mma\u0263n." }, { "en": "They fought.", "ber": "mma\u0263nt." }, { "en": "They were wearing clothes.", "ber": "kkan tt inn ar lssan imk\u1e5ba\u1e0d." }, { "en": "She wanted it to happen.", "ber": "tra t yadlli ad imsar." }, { "en": "She wanted it to happen.", "ber": "tra tt yadlli ad tmsar." }, { "en": "I hated being alone.", "ber": "ksn\u0263 yadlli ad ili\u0263 i wa\u1e0du inu." }, { "en": "He pulled it.", "ber": "ildi t id." }, { "en": "She went through many things.", "ber": "tzri g mnnawt t\u0263awsiwin." }, { "en": "You went through many things.", "ber": "tzrid g mnnawt t\u0263awsiwin." }, { "en": "I went through many things.", "ber": "zri\u0263 g mnnawt t\u0263awsiwin." }, { "en": "They know that I really like them.", "ber": "ssnn mas tn bahra \u1e25ml\u0263." }, { "en": "Our parents got divorced.", "ber": "llfn imarawn nn\u0263." }, { "en": "I forgot to buy a gift.", "ber": "ttu\u0263 ad s\u0263\u0263 kra n trzzift." }, { "en": "What did you listen to?", "ber": "ma mi tssfldd?" }, { "en": "What did you listen to?", "ber": "ma mi tssfldm?" }, { "en": "What did he listen to?", "ber": "ma mi issfld?" }, { "en": "I have already said it.", "ber": "nni\u0263 t yad." }, { "en": "Have you ever run away from home?", "ber": "is jju trwld sg tgmmi?" }, { "en": "Have you ever run away from home?", "ber": "is jju trwld sg uxxam?" }, { "en": "Have you ever run away from home?", "ber": "is jju trwlm sg taddart?" }, { "en": "Our dream is coming true.", "ber": "tawargit nn\u0263 ar tettgga tidt." }, { "en": "I love them", "ber": " and they love me.", "null": [ "da tn ttiri\u0263", " d da i ttirin." ] }, { "en": "Will you come alone?", "ber": "is rad d tasd i wa\u1e0du nnm?" }, { "en": "They have never eaten out.", "ber": "ur jju ccin g b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "She's Georgian.", "ber": "tga taju\u1e5bjit." }, { "en": "She hates herself.", "ber": "tksn i\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "She's wet.", "ber": "tbdg." }, { "en": "She's rich.", "ber": "tga tanb\u0263urt." }, { "en": "Has she come?", "ber": "is d tucka?" }, { "en": "Has she come?", "ber": "is d tusa?" }, { "en": "She likes money.", "ber": "t\u1e25ml idrimn." }, { "en": "She loves toys.", "ber": "da tettiri tisurarin." }, { "en": "She loves us.", "ber": "da a\u0263 tettiri." }, { "en": "I haven't been told yet.", "ber": "ur ta iyi ittuynna." }, { "en": "How many exams do you have?", "ber": "mnck n yirimn ayd dark illan?" }, { "en": "How many exams do you have?", "ber": "mnct n yirimn ayd \u0263urm illan?" }, { "en": "Perhaps Tom will stay.", "ber": "irwas rad i\u0263ama \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Perhaps Tom will stay.", "ber": "yallfus ad iqqim \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "The Nile is the longest river in the world.", "ber": "iga nnil asif akk\u02b7 i\u0263zzifn g uma\u1e0dal." }, { "en": "Tom should've done that three days ago.", "ber": "illa yadlli \u0263f \u1e6dum ad iskr ayann k\u1e5ba\u1e0d wussan aya." }, { "en": "I think you should try again.", "ber": "nni\u0263 iqqan k id ad da\u0263 tarmd." }, { "en": "They explain.", "ber": "da ssfrawn." }, { "en": "They explain.", "ber": "da ssfrawnt." }, { "en": "They are explaining.", "ber": "ar ssfrawn." }, { "en": "They are explaining.", "ber": "ar ssfrawnt." }, { "en": "They leave.", "ber": "da fttun." }, { "en": "They leave.", "ber": "da ttddun." }, { "en": "They drink.", "ber": "da ssant." }, { "en": "They sang.", "ber": "irirn." }, { "en": "They sang.", "ber": "irirnt." }, { "en": "They grew.", "ber": "im\u0263urn." }, { "en": "They grew.", "ber": "im\u0263urnt." }, { "en": "They saw.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5ban." }, { "en": "They saw.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5bant." }, { "en": "They traveled.", "ber": "mmuddant." }, { "en": "They asked him.", "ber": "sqsan t." }, { "en": "They live there.", "ber": "zd\u0263n \u0263inn." }, { "en": "They passed out.", "ber": "sxfn." }, { "en": "They passed out.", "ber": "sxfnt." }, { "en": "They got married.", "ber": "iwln." }, { "en": "They got married.", "ber": "iwlnt." }, { "en": "They are doctors.", "ber": "gan imsgnafn." }, { "en": "They are doctors.", "ber": "gant timsgnafin." }, { "en": "They are singers.", "ber": "gan imarirn." }, { "en": "They are artists.", "ber": "gan ina\u1e93u\u1e5bn." }, { "en": "They are artists.", "ber": "gant tina\u1e93u\u1e5bin." }, { "en": "They are human.", "ber": "gan afgan." }, { "en": "They like apples.", "ber": "\u1e25mln idffuyn." }, { "en": "Are they American?", "ber": "is gan imarikann?" }, { "en": "They feared you.", "ber": "gg\u02b7dn k." }, { "en": "They feared you.", "ber": "k\u1e63u\u1e0dn km." }, { "en": "They are Christians.", "ber": "gan imasi\u1e25iyn." }, { "en": "They are Christians.", "ber": "gant timasi\u1e25iyin." }, { "en": "They were swimming.", "ber": "kkan tt inn ar ttccfn." }, { "en": "They like English.", "ber": "\u1e25mln tanglizt." }, { "en": "They feel hungry.", "ber": "da syafan s la\u1e93." }, { "en": "They are happy.", "ber": "mmrn." }, { "en": "They are happy.", "ber": "mmrnt." }, { "en": "They thanked God.", "ber": "snimmrn \u1e5bbbi." }, { "en": "They thanked God.", "ber": "snimmrn yuc." }, { "en": "They are teachers.", "ber": "gan islmadn." }, { "en": "They are teachers.", "ber": "gant tislmadin." }, { "en": "Who are they?", "ber": "manwi gan?" }, { "en": "Who are they?", "ber": "manti gant?" }, { "en": "Are they Japanese?", "ber": "is gan iyabaniyn?" }, { "en": "They respect him.", "ber": "da t ttzrakn." }, { "en": "They were busy.", "ber": "kkan tt inn salan." }, { "en": "They remained friends.", "ber": "\u0263aman gan imddukkal." }, { "en": "They remained friends.", "ber": "qqimn gan imddukkal." }, { "en": "They remained friends.", "ber": "\u0263amant gant timddukkal." }, { "en": "They can fish.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn ad g\u02b7mrn islman." }, { "en": "They were hungry.", "ber": "kkan tt inn llu\u1e93n." }, { "en": "They were hungry.", "ber": "kkant tt inn llu\u1e93nt." }, { "en": "Are they new?", "ber": "is gan imaynutn?" }, { "en": "Are they new?", "ber": "is gant timaynutin?" }, { "en": "They change everything.", "ber": "da ssnfaln kraygatt ta\u0263awsa." }, { "en": "They drink cola.", "ber": "da ssan takulat." }, { "en": "Are they friends?", "ber": "is gan imddukkal?" }, { "en": "Are they friends?", "ber": "is gant timddukkal?" }, { "en": "They greeted me.", "ber": "zzuln i." }, { "en": "Did they understand?", "ber": "is rmsn?" }, { "en": "Did they understand?", "ber": "is rmsnt?" }, { "en": "They always complain.", "ber": "da bdda smummuyn." }, { "en": "They always complain.", "ber": "da bdda smummuynt." }, { "en": "They are vegetarians.", "ber": "gan imsickann." }, { "en": "They are vegetarians.", "ber": "gant timsickanin." }, { "en": "They left early.", "ber": "ddan zikk." }, { "en": "They left early.", "ber": "ddant zikk." }, { "en": "They left early.", "ber": "ftan zikk." }, { "en": "They are approaching.", "ber": "da tta\u1e93n." }, { "en": "They are approaching.", "ber": "da tta\u1e93nt." }, { "en": "They are big.", "ber": "mqqurn." }, { "en": "They are big.", "ber": "mqqurnt." }, { "en": "They are big.", "ber": "gan imqqrann." }, { "en": "Are they tall?", "ber": "is \u0263zzifn?" }, { "en": "Are they tall?", "ber": "is \u0263zzifnt?" }, { "en": "They're inside.", "ber": "llan g ugnsu." }, { "en": "They're inside.", "ber": "llant g ug\u02b7ns." }, { "en": "They work hard.", "ber": "da swuriyn mli\u1e25." }, { "en": "They love coffee.", "ber": "da ttirin lqhwa." }, { "en": "They love coffee.", "ber": "da ttirint ta\u0263lust." }, { "en": "They look American.", "ber": "da ttumann gan imarikaniyn." }, { "en": "They are inseparable.", "ber": "ur da ttngirin." }, { "en": "They are inseparable.", "ber": "ur da ttngirint." }, { "en": "They are Russian.", "ber": "gan irusiyn." }, { "en": "They are Russian.", "ber": "gant tirusiyin." }, { "en": "They blocked her.", "ber": "gdln tt." }, { "en": "They are going.", "ber": "rad ddun." }, { "en": "They are going.", "ber": "rad ddunt." }, { "en": "They are going.", "ber": "rad ftun." }, { "en": "They are watching.", "ber": "ar ttannayn." }, { "en": "They are watching.", "ber": "ar ttannaynt." }, { "en": "They are professors.", "ber": "gan islmadn." }, { "en": "They are funny.", "ber": "da s\u1e0d\u1e63an." }, { "en": "They got him.", "ber": "um\u1e93n t." }, { "en": "They're Russian.", "ber": "gan irusiyn." }, { "en": "They are here.", "ber": "llan \u0263id." }, { "en": "They are here.", "ber": "llant da." }, { "en": "They traveled together.", "ber": "mmuddan s tgrumma." }, { "en": "They traveled together.", "ber": "mmuddant s tgrumma." }, { "en": "They saved us.", "ber": "lliln a\u0263." }, { "en": "They saved us.", "ber": "llilnt a\u0263." }, { "en": "They smell bad.", "ber": "\u1e93jan." }, { "en": "They smell bad.", "ber": "\u1e93jant." }, { "en": "They found out.", "ber": "sfukkrn." }, { "en": "They found out.", "ber": "ufan." }, { "en": "They are Canadian.", "ber": "gan ikanadiyn." }, { "en": "They are Canadian.", "ber": "gant tikanadiyin." }, { "en": "They assemble planes.", "ber": "da smunan taylalin." }, { "en": "They spoke briefly.", "ber": "sawln s ugzul." }, { "en": "They walked upstairs.", "ber": "ulin d isk\u02b7fal." }, { "en": "They love us.", "ber": "da a\u0263 ttirin." }, { "en": "They love us.", "ber": "da a\u0263 ttirint." }, { "en": "They help us.", "ber": "da a\u0263 ttawsnt." }, { "en": "They want more.", "ber": "rant uggar." }, { "en": "They both laughed.", "ber": "\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63an s sin." }, { "en": "They both laughed.", "ber": "\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63ant s snat." }, { "en": "Where are they?", "ber": "mani g llan?" }, { "en": "Where are they?", "ber": "mani g llant?" }, { "en": "Where are they?", "ber": "manza tn?" }, { "en": "They're lying.", "ber": "da skrkisn." }, { "en": "They're lying.", "ber": "da skrkisnt." }, { "en": "They're gone.", "ber": "ddan." }, { "en": "They're gone.", "ber": "ddant." }, { "en": "They're gone.", "ber": "ftan." }, { "en": "It wasn't all bad.", "ber": "ur ixxa s timmad." }, { "en": "It wasn't all bad.", "ber": "ur ixcin s timmad." }, { "en": "They enjoyed themselves.", "ber": "fjjijn d yi\u0263fawn nnsn." }, { "en": "They enjoyed themselves.", "ber": "fjjijnt d yi\u0263fawn nnsnt." }, { "en": "They will survive.", "ber": "rad njmn." }, { "en": "They will survive.", "ber": "rad njmnt." }, { "en": "They never learn!", "ber": "ur ar jju ttlmadn!" }, { "en": "They've left.", "ber": "ddan." }, { "en": "They've left.", "ber": "ddant." }, { "en": "They've left.", "ber": "ftan." }, { "en": "They've left.", "ber": "ftant." }, { "en": "They've gone.", "ber": "ddan." }, { "en": "They've gone.", "ber": "ddant." }, { "en": "They've changed.", "ber": "nfln." }, { "en": "They've changed.", "ber": "nflnt." }, { "en": "They're wrong.", "ber": "zgln." }, { "en": "They're wrong.", "ber": "zglnt." }, { "en": "They're worried.", "ber": "nnu\u0263jfn." }, { "en": "They're working.", "ber": "ar swuriyn." }, { "en": "They're working.", "ber": "ar swuriynt." }, { "en": "They're weak.", "ber": "lm\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "They're weak.", "ber": "lm\u1e0dnt." }, { "en": "They're watching.", "ber": "ar ttannayn." }, { "en": "They're waiting.", "ber": "ar ttqqln." }, { "en": "They're waiting.", "ber": "ar ttqqlnt." }, { "en": "Please introduce me to her.", "ber": "amur nnk ssnkd i as." }, { "en": "Don't you think I know my own wife?", "ber": "is ur t\u0263ald is ssn\u0263 tam\u1e6d\u1e6dut inu?" }, { "en": "Don't you think I know my own wife?", "ber": "is ur t\u0263ald is ssn\u0263 tam\u0263art inu?" }, { "en": "I think I'm not doing this right.", "ber": "ar ttannay\u0263 mas ur ar skar\u0263 ayad s t\u0263arast inmn." }, { "en": "There is little hope.", "ber": "illa \u0263inn imikk n unaruz." }, { "en": "There is little hope.", "ber": "illa dinn imikk n unaruz." }, { "en": "Eat what you want.", "ber": "cc aynna trid." }, { "en": "Eat what you want.", "ber": "ccat aynna txsm." }, { "en": "Eat what you want.", "ber": "ccamt aynna tramt." }, { "en": "They're useless.", "ber": "gan irumrisn." }, { "en": "They're unpredictable.", "ber": "gan aru\u1e0dki\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "They're unconscious.", "ber": "gan irufrikn." }, { "en": "They're twins.", "ber": "gan akniwn." }, { "en": "They're twins.", "ber": "gant takniwin." }, { "en": "They're trying.", "ber": "ar ttarmn." }, { "en": "They're trying.", "ber": "ar ttarmnt." }, { "en": "They're tired.", "ber": "\u1e5bmin." }, { "en": "They're tired.", "ber": "\u1e5bmint." }, { "en": "They're students.", "ber": "gan inlmadn." }, { "en": "They're students.", "ber": "gant tinlmadin." }, { "en": "They're strong.", "ber": "dusn." }, { "en": "They're strong.", "ber": "dusnt." }, { "en": "They're staying.", "ber": "ar ttqqimn." }, { "en": "They're staying.", "ber": "ar tt\u0263aman." }, { "en": "They're smiling.", "ber": "ar zmummugn." }, { "en": "They're smiling.", "ber": "ar zmummugnt." }, { "en": "They're small.", "ber": "m\u1e93\u1e93iyn." }, { "en": "They're small.", "ber": "m\u1e93\u1e93iynt." }, { "en": "They're small.", "ber": "gan im\u1e93yann." }, { "en": "They're similar.", "ber": "mmrwasn." }, { "en": "They're similar.", "ber": "mmrwasnt." }, { "en": "They're separated.", "ber": "ngaran." }, { "en": "They're scared.", "ber": "k\u1e63u\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "They're scared.", "ber": "gg\u02b7dnt." }, { "en": "They're safe.", "ber": "llan g tnfrut." }, { "en": "They're safe.", "ber": "llant g t\u0263llist." }, { "en": "They're right.", "ber": "\u0263\u1e93ann." }, { "en": "They're right.", "ber": "\u0263\u1e93annt." }, { "en": "They're rich.", "ber": "gan inb\u0263urn." }, { "en": "They're ready.", "ber": "muttgn." }, { "en": "They're ready.", "ber": "muttgnt." }, { "en": "They're ready.", "ber": "ujadn." }, { "en": "They're outside.", "ber": "llan g b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "They're outside.", "ber": "llant g b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "They're old.", "ber": "ussrn." }, { "en": "They're new.", "ber": "gan imaynutn." }, { "en": "They're new.", "ber": "gant timaynutin." }, { "en": "They're mistaken.", "ber": "zgln." }, { "en": "They're mistaken.", "ber": "zglnt." }, { "en": "They're married.", "ber": "iwln." }, { "en": "They're married.", "ber": "iwlnt." }, { "en": "They're listening.", "ber": "ar ssflidn." }, { "en": "They're listening.", "ber": "ar ssflidnt." }, { "en": "They're leaving.", "ber": "ar ttddun." }, { "en": "They're leaving.", "ber": "ar ttddunt." }, { "en": "They're leaving.", "ber": "ar fttun." }, { "en": "They're laughing.", "ber": "ar \u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63an." }, { "en": "They're laughing.", "ber": "ar \u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63ant." }, { "en": "They're late.", "ber": "mu\u1e6dln." }, { "en": "They're late.", "ber": "mu\u1e6dlnt." }, { "en": "They're kissing.", "ber": "ar ssudumn." }, { "en": "They're kissing.", "ber": "ar ssudumnt." }, { "en": "They're kids.", "ber": "gan tazzanin." }, { "en": "They're kidding.", "ber": "ar ttna\u1e93n." }, { "en": "They're kidding.", "ber": "ar ttna\u1e93nt." }, { "en": "They're idiots.", "ber": "gan imdduqqar." }, { "en": "They're idiots.", "ber": "gant timdduqqar." }, { "en": "They're identical.", "ber": "aksuln." }, { "en": "They're home.", "ber": "llan g tgmmi." }, { "en": "They're home.", "ber": "llant g uxxam." }, { "en": "They're hollow.", "ber": "ugan." }, { "en": "They're hollow.", "ber": "ugant." }, { "en": "They're hiding.", "ber": "ar ttffrn." }, { "en": "They're hiding.", "ber": "ar ttffrnt." }, { "en": "They're hiding.", "ber": "ar ttrg\u02b7asn." }, { "en": "They're hiding.", "ber": "ar ttrg\u02b7asnt." }, { "en": "They're green.", "ber": "zgzawn." }, { "en": "They're green.", "ber": "gan izgzawn." }, { "en": "They're green.", "ber": "gant tizgzawin." }, { "en": "They're great.", "ber": "g\u1e5b\u1e93n." }, { "en": "They're great.", "ber": "g\u1e5b\u1e93nt." }, { "en": "They're going.", "ber": "ar ttddun." }, { "en": "They're going.", "ber": "ar ttddunt." }, { "en": "They're going.", "ber": "rad ddun." }, { "en": "They're going.", "ber": "rad ddunt." }, { "en": "They're friends.", "ber": "gan imddukkal." }, { "en": "They're friends.", "ber": "gant timddukkal." }, { "en": "They're foreigners.", "ber": "gan ib\u1e5b\u1e5baniyn." }, { "en": "They're foreigners.", "ber": "gant tib\u1e5b\u1e5baniyin." }, { "en": "They're finished.", "ber": "smdn." }, { "en": "They're finished.", "ber": "smdnt." }, { "en": "They're finished.", "ber": "f\u1e0d\u1e0dan." }, { "en": "They're fine.", "ber": "ur tn ya\u0263 yat." }, { "en": "They're fine.", "ber": "ur tnt ya\u0263 yat." }, { "en": "They're fighting.", "ber": "ar ttma\u0263n." }, { "en": "They're fearless.", "ber": "ur ar ttgg\u02b7dn." }, { "en": "They're fearless.", "ber": "ur ar ttik\u1e63a\u1e0dnt." }, { "en": "They're fast.", "ber": "mmrin." }, { "en": "They're fast.", "ber": "mmrint." }, { "en": "They're fantastic.", "ber": "\u1e93iln." }, { "en": "They're fantastic.", "ber": "\u1e93ilnt." }, { "en": "They're fake.", "ber": "gan imrjunn." }, { "en": "They're excellent.", "ber": "gan inuflayn." }, { "en": "They're excellent.", "ber": "gant tinuflayin." }, { "en": "They're evil.", "ber": "gan imxxan." }, { "en": "They're evil.", "ber": "gant timxxatin." }, { "en": "They're evil.", "ber": "gan imu\u1e93\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "They're everywhere.", "ber": "llan g kraygatt mani." }, { "en": "They're everywhere.", "ber": "llant g kraygatt mani." }, { "en": "They're escaping.", "ber": "ar ttrwaln." }, { "en": "They're escaping.", "ber": "ar rgg\u02b7lnt." }, { "en": "I thought Tom was in the bathroom.", "ber": "\u0263al\u0263 is tt inn ikka \u1e6dum g usarud." }, { "en": "Sami started to believe in karma.", "ber": "issnti \u1e6dum aflas g karma." }, { "en": "I'm not a whore.", "ber": "ur gi\u0263 tamggant." }, { "en": "Tom is spending the weekend on Mary's ranch.", "ber": "ar izzray \u1e6dum tigira n yimalass g tb\u1e25irt n mari." }, { "en": "Tom couldn't have made this by himself.", "ber": "ur yadlli i\u1e93\u1e0di\u1e5b \u1e6dum ad iskr ayad s yi\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "Those aren't my shoes.", "ber": "winn ur gin iburksn inu." }, { "en": "I would never question his honesty.", "ber": "ur jju rad urdu\u0263 g tullu\u0263t nns." }, { "en": "I don't want to speak about this subject.", "ber": "ur ri\u0263 ad sawl\u0263 \u0263f usntl ad." }, { "en": "They're eggs.", "ber": "gant tiglay." }, { "en": "They're early.", "ber": "usan d zikk." }, { "en": "They're early.", "ber": "uckan d zikk." }, { "en": "They're dying.", "ber": "ar ttmtatn." }, { "en": "They're dying.", "ber": "ar ttmtatnt." }, { "en": "They're drunk.", "ber": "swan." }, { "en": "They're drunk.", "ber": "swant." }, { "en": "They're done.", "ber": "mdn." }, { "en": "They're done.", "ber": "ttuskarn." }, { "en": "They're done.", "ber": "ttuskarnt." }, { "en": "They're dancing.", "ber": "ar ttrkazn." }, { "en": "They're dancing.", "ber": "ar ttrkaznt." }, { "en": "They're crazy.", "ber": "nufln." }, { "en": "They're crazy.", "ber": "nuflnt." }, { "en": "They're correct.", "ber": "\u0263\u1e93ann." }, { "en": "They're correct.", "ber": "\u0263\u1e93annt." }, { "en": "They're cops.", "ber": "gan ibulisn." }, { "en": "They're clean.", "ber": "zddign." }, { "en": "They're clean.", "ber": "zddignt." }, { "en": "They're Christians.", "ber": "gan imasi\u1e25iyn." }, { "en": "They're brown.", "ber": "gan idmmann." }, { "en": "They're brown.", "ber": "gant tidmmanin." }, { "en": "They're boys.", "ber": "gan irban." }, { "en": "They're boys.", "ber": "gan ifrxan." }, { "en": "They're beautiful.", "ber": "\u1e93iln." }, { "en": "They're beautiful.", "ber": "\u1e93ilnt." }, { "en": "They're beautiful.", "ber": "fulkin." }, { "en": "They're beautiful.", "ber": "gant tifalkayin." }, { "en": "They're bad.", "ber": "xxan." }, { "en": "They're bad.", "ber": "xxant." }, { "en": "They're bad.", "ber": "gan gar." }, { "en": "They're bad.", "ber": "gant gar." }, { "en": "They're back.", "ber": "urrin d." }, { "en": "They're back.", "ber": "urrint d." }, { "en": "They're back.", "ber": "a\u0263uln d." }, { "en": "They're back.", "ber": "a\u0263ulnt d." }, { "en": "They're asleep.", "ber": "gnn." }, { "en": "They're asleep.", "ber": "gnnt." }, { "en": "They're asleep.", "ber": "\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e63n." }, { "en": "They're asleep.", "ber": "\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e63nt." }, { "en": "They're Asian.", "ber": "gan sg asya." }, { "en": "They're Asian.", "ber": "gan isyawiyn." }, { "en": "They're angry.", "ber": "rfan." }, { "en": "They're angry.", "ber": "rfant." }, { "en": "They're alone.", "ber": "llan i wa\u1e0du nnsn." }, { "en": "They're alive.", "ber": "llan g tudrt." }, { "en": "They're alive.", "ber": "ddrn." }, { "en": "They're alive.", "ber": "ddrnt." }, { "en": "They'll wait.", "ber": "rad qqln." }, { "en": "They'll wait.", "ber": "rad qqlnt." }, { "en": "They'll understand.", "ber": "rad rmsn." }, { "en": "They'll understand.", "ber": "rad rmsnt." }, { "en": "They'll survive.", "ber": "rad njmn." }, { "en": "They'll survive.", "ber": "rad njmnt." }, { "en": "They'll starve.", "ber": "rad tn ya\u0263 la\u1e93." }, { "en": "They'll respond.", "ber": "rad d rarn." }, { "en": "They'll respond.", "ber": "rad d rarnt." }, { "en": "They'll remember.", "ber": "rad k\u02b7tin." }, { "en": "They'll remember.", "ber": "rad k\u02b7tint." }, { "en": "They'll dance.", "ber": "rad rkzn." }, { "en": "They'll come.", "ber": "rad d ackn." }, { "en": "They'll come.", "ber": "rad d acknt." }, { "en": "They'll call.", "ber": "rad d sawln." }, { "en": "They'll call.", "ber": "rad d sawlnt." }, { "en": "They'll attack.", "ber": "rad \u1e93\u1e0dmn." }, { "en": "They'll attack.", "ber": "rad \u1e93\u1e0dmnt." }, { "en": "They're broken.", "ber": "ttu\u1e5b\u1e93an." }, { "en": "They're broken.", "ber": "ttu\u1e5b\u1e93ant." }, { "en": "They'll know.", "ber": "rad ssnn." }, { "en": "They'll know.", "ber": "rad ssnnt." }, { "en": "They just left.", "ber": "\u1e25ra ftan." }, { "en": "They just left.", "ber": "\u1e25ra ftant." }, { "en": "They just left.", "ber": "\u1e25ra ddan." }, { "en": "They just left.", "ber": "\u1e25ra ddant." }, { "en": "They grew closer.", "ber": "mya\u1e93n uggar." }, { "en": "They grew closer.", "ber": "mya\u1e93nt uggar." }, { "en": "They're animals.", "ber": "gan imudar." }, { "en": "These are animals.", "ber": "wid gan imudar." }, { "en": "They surrounded Tom.", "ber": "ssutln i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "They surrounded Tom.", "ber": "ssutlnt i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "They trust Tom.", "ber": "da ttflasn g \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "They trust Tom.", "ber": "da ttflasnt g \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "They trusted Tom.", "ber": "flsn g \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "They want Tom.", "ber": "ran \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "They want Tom.", "ber": "rant \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "They need Tom.", "ber": "usrn \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "They need Tom.", "ber": "usrnt \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "When would be best?", "ber": "managu rad ig amufay?" }, { "en": "It's all yours.", "ber": "iga akk\u02b7 winnk." }, { "en": "It's all yours.", "ber": "iga akk\u02b7 winnm." }, { "en": "It's all yours.", "ber": "iga akk\u02b7 winnun." }, { "en": "It's all yours.", "ber": "iga akk\u02b7 winnunt." }, { "en": "He's all yours.", "ber": "iga akk\u02b7 winnk." }, { "en": "He's all yours.", "ber": "iga akk\u02b7 winnm." }, { "en": "Will it help to say that?", "ber": "is rad taws tinawt n uyann?" }, { "en": "Tom asked me for my opinion.", "ber": "isqsa i \u1e6dum g tannayt inu." }, { "en": "Tom has already gone to bed.", "ber": "idda yad \u1e6dum s wusu." }, { "en": "Non is a Latin word.", "ber": "Non tga taguri talatint." }, { "en": "The boy who is smiling is Marcus.", "ber": "arba lli izmummugn iga markus." }, { "en": "The boy who is smiling is Marcus.", "ber": "afrux lli izmummugn iga markus." }, { "en": "He picked flowers for them.", "ber": "ibbi asn d ijddign." }, { "en": "He picked flowers for them.", "ber": "ibbi asnt d ijddign." }, { "en": "He picked flowers for them.", "ber": "Ibbi asnt d ijddign." }, { "en": "He picked flowers for her.", "ber": "ibbi as d ijddign." }, { "en": "Why didn't you wash your hands?", "ber": "ma \u0263f ur tssirdd ifassn nnk?" }, { "en": "Why didn't you wash your hands?", "ber": "ma \u0263f ur tssirdd ifassn nnm?" }, { "en": "Why didn't you wash your hands?", "ber": "ma \u0263f ur tssirdm ifassn nnun?" }, { "en": "He spoke slowly.", "ber": "isawl s imikk." }, { "en": "When did you see the film?", "ber": "managu t\u1e93\u1e5bid asaru?" }, { "en": "When did you see the film?", "ber": "mantur t\u1e93\u1e5bid asaru?" }, { "en": "When did you see the film?", "ber": "mlmi t\u1e93\u1e5bam asaru?" }, { "en": "Sami purchased a dog.", "ber": "is\u0263a sami yan waydi." }, { "en": "My phone is vibrating.", "ber": "ar ittndudiy utilifun inu." }, { "en": "Tom boiled the potatoes.", "ber": "issrkm \u1e6dum tiba\u1e6da\u1e6din." }, { "en": "He has already said yes.", "ber": "inna yad yah." }, { "en": "I have family in Boston.", "ber": "dari tawja g bu\u1e63\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "I have family in Boston.", "ber": "\u0263uri tawacult g bu\u1e63\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "Let's do this before it gets hot.", "ber": "aywat ad nskr ayad dat ad tili tr\u0263i." }, { "en": "Let's do this before it gets hot.", "ber": "aywamt ad nskr ayad ur ta tlli tr\u0263i." }, { "en": "I will not leave you again.", "ber": "ur rad k da\u0263 fl\u0263." }, { "en": "I will not leave you again.", "ber": "ur rad km sul fl\u0263." }, { "en": "I'm not sure I want the job.", "ber": "ur lkn\u0263 is ri\u0263 tawuri." }, { "en": "Help yourself and Heaven will help you.", "ber": "aws i yi\u0263f nnk d yignna rad ak yaws." }, { "en": "He was right the first time.", "ber": "ikka tt inn i\u0263\u1e93an takklit izwarn." }, { "en": "I thought I'd be safe here.", "ber": "\u0263al\u0263 is rad ili\u0263 g tnfrut da." }, { "en": "Thank God.", "ber": "tanmmirt i \u1e5bbbi." }, { "en": "Thank God.", "ber": "tanmmirt i yuc." }, { "en": "Thank God.", "ber": "amuy i yakuc." }, { "en": "Tell her that I am writing a letter.", "ber": "ini as mas ar ttara\u0263 yat tbrat." }, { "en": "I am reading very slowly.", "ber": "ar qqar\u0263 s imikk." }, { "en": "I am reading very slowly.", "ber": "ar aqqra\u0263 s imikk." }, { "en": "They're awake.", "ber": "nkrn." }, { "en": "They're awake.", "ber": "nkrnt." }, { "en": "They're cold.", "ber": "\u1e63mmi\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "They're cold.", "ber": "\u1e63mmi\u1e0dnt." }, { "en": "They're enemies.", "ber": "gan icnga." }, { "en": "They're family.", "ber": "gan tawja." }, { "en": "They're free.", "ber": "gan ilelliyn." }, { "en": "They're free.", "ber": "gant tilelliyin." }, { "en": "They're in.", "ber": "llan g ugnsu." }, { "en": "They're orphans.", "ber": "gan igigiln." }, { "en": "They're orphans.", "ber": "gant tigigilin." }, { "en": "They're sisters.", "ber": "gant tistmatin." }, { "en": "They're smart.", "ber": "\u0263isn." }, { "en": "They're smart.", "ber": "\u0263isnt." }, { "en": "They're stuck.", "ber": "ttmrin." }, { "en": "They're stuck.", "ber": "ttmrint." }, { "en": "They're talking.", "ber": "ar sawaln." }, { "en": "They're talking.", "ber": "ar sawalnt." }, { "en": "They're there.", "ber": "llan \u0263inn." }, { "en": "They're there.", "ber": "llan dinn." }, { "en": "They're tough.", "ber": "mran." }, { "en": "They're yours.", "ber": "gan winnk." }, { "en": "They're yours.", "ber": "gan winnm." }, { "en": "They're yours.", "ber": "gan winnun." }, { "en": "They're yours.", "ber": "gan winnunt." }, { "en": "They abandoned Tom.", "ber": "fln \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "They abandoned Tom.", "ber": "flnt \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "They abandoned you.", "ber": "fln k." }, { "en": "They abandoned you.", "ber": "fln km." }, { "en": "They abandoned you.", "ber": "fln k\u02b7n." }, { "en": "They abandoned you.", "ber": "fln k\u02b7nt." }, { "en": "They abandoned you.", "ber": "flnt k." }, { "en": "They all changed.", "ber": "nfln akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all changed.", "ber": "nflnt akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all died.", "ber": "mmutn akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all died.", "ber": "mmutnt akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all knew.", "ber": "ssnn akk\u02b7 yadlli." }, { "en": "They all know.", "ber": "ssnn akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all know.", "ber": "ssnnt akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all laughed.", "ber": "\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63an akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all laughed.", "ber": "\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63ant akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all left.", "ber": "ddan akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all left.", "ber": "ddant akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all left.", "ber": "ftan akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all left.", "ber": "ftant akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all listened.", "ber": "ssfldn akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all listened.", "ber": "ssfldnt akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all looked.", "ber": "smuqqln akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all looked.", "ber": "smuqqlnt akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all reacted.", "ber": "myaggan akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all rose.", "ber": "ulin akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all sat.", "ber": "gawrn akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all sat.", "ber": "gawrnt akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all sat.", "ber": "qqimn akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all sat.", "ber": "qqimnt akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all stood.", "ber": "bddnt akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all stopped.", "ber": "bddn akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all talked.", "ber": "sawln akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all talked.", "ber": "sawlnt akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all walked.", "ber": "zzigzn akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They all watched.", "ber": "annayn akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "They already knew.", "ber": "ssnn yad." }, { "en": "They already knew.", "ber": "ssnnt yad." }, { "en": "They already left.", "ber": "ddan yad." }, { "en": "They already left.", "ber": "ddant yad." }, { "en": "They already left.", "ber": "ftan yad." }, { "en": "They angered me.", "ber": "ssrfan i." }, { "en": "They angered me.", "ber": "ssrfant i." }, { "en": "They appear dead.", "ber": "da ttumann mmutn." }, { "en": "They arrested her.", "ber": "um\u1e93n tt." }, { "en": "They arrested him.", "ber": "um\u1e93n t." }, { "en": "They arrested Tom.", "ber": "um\u1e93n \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "They arrived separately.", "ber": "lkmn d ngaran." }, { "en": "They arrived separately.", "ber": "iw\u1e0dn d ngaran." }, { "en": "Do you really think I can help you?", "ber": "is nit tnnid is \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad ak aws\u0263?" }, { "en": "Do you really think I can help you?", "ber": "is nit tnnid is \u0263iy\u0263 ad am aws\u0263?" }, { "en": "They believe you.", "ber": "da k ttflasn." }, { "en": "They believe you.", "ber": "da km ttflasn." }, { "en": "They believed Tom.", "ber": "flsn \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "They believed Tom.", "ber": "flsnt \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I have to use the dictionary.", "ber": "iqqan d ad ssmrs\u0263 msmun awal." }, { "en": "Tom is watching the baseball game with his friends.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ar itannay urar n bisbul d imddukk\u02b7al nns." }, { "en": "Why aren't we doing anything?", "ber": "maxx aylli\u0263 ur ad nskar yat?" }, { "en": "Ziri never owned a dog.", "ber": "ur jju i\u1e6d\u1e6daf ziri kra n waydi." }, { "en": "I agree with some of what Tom said.", "ber": "mcucki\u0263 d \u1e6duf \u0263f kra n mad inna." }, { "en": "I helped Tom climb over the wall.", "ber": "uws\u0263 i \u1e6dum ad i\u0263li a\u0263rab." }, { "en": "Edmundo managed to grab a weapon from Rima\u2019s office.", "ber": "yufa idmundu ad yasi amrig sg usira n rima." }, { "en": "Are you going to come back?", "ber": "is rad d turrid?" }, { "en": "Are you going to come back?", "ber": "is rad d turrim?" }, { "en": "They're waiting for you.", "ber": "ar sik tqqln." }, { "en": "They're waiting for you.", "ber": "ar sim tqqln." }, { "en": "They're waiting for you.", "ber": "ar siwn tqqln." }, { "en": "Do you need the key?", "ber": "is trid tasarut?" }, { "en": "Our success depend on your efforts.", "ber": "amurs nn\u0263 ing\u1e0d \u0263f tuggst nnk." }, { "en": "Our success depend on your efforts.", "ber": "amurs nn\u0263 ing\u1e0d \u0263f tuggst nnm." }, { "en": "Tom is known as Mary on the Internet.", "ber": "ittyawssan \u1e6dum s mari g wantirnit." }, { "en": "He told me he loves me.", "ber": "inna iyi mas ar iyi ittiri." }, { "en": "I don't have very much experience doing that.", "ber": "ur dari bahra ummi\u1e93 g tuggit n mayan." }, { "en": "Whose mobile phone is this?", "ber": "mit ad mi iga utilifun win nns." }, { "en": "I am learning to play the guitar now.", "ber": "ar ttlmad\u0263 ad tturar\u0263 agitar \u0263ilad." }, { "en": "We all looked at them.", "ber": "nannay kullu gis." }, { "en": "The animal died from hunger.", "ber": "immut umudr sg la\u1e93." }, { "en": "I like your honesty.", "ber": "tssusm iyi tullu\u0263t nnk." }, { "en": "I like your honesty.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 tullu\u0263t nnk." }, { "en": "I like your honesty.", "ber": "tssusm iyi tullu\u0263t nnm." }, { "en": "I like your honesty.", "ber": "ssusmt iyi tullu\u0263in nnun." }, { "en": "I like your honesty.", "ber": "ssusmt iyi tullu\u0263in nnunt." }, { "en": "I like your honesty.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 tullu\u0263t nnm." }, { "en": "I like your honesty.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 tullu\u0263in nnun." }, { "en": "I like your honesty.", "ber": "\u1e25ml\u0263 tullu\u0263in nnunt." }, { "en": "Tom and I made ourselves at home.", "ber": "nskr nkk d \u1e6dum am nlla g taddart." }, { "en": "Tom has been dating Mary for about three years.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ar ittffu\u0263 d miri kra n k\u1e5ba\u1e0d isgg\u02b7asn." }, { "en": "Both Tom and Mary stared at John.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d miri smuqqln s sin g djun." }, { "en": "I'll be able to see you next year.", "ber": "rad af\u0263 ad k \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263 g usgg\u02b7as n imal." }, { "en": "I'll be able to see you next year.", "ber": "rad af\u0263 ad km \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263 g usgg\u02b7as n imal." }, { "en": "Nobody knows what will happen.", "ber": "awd kra n yan ur issin ma rad ij\u1e5bu." }, { "en": "Nobody knows what will happen.", "ber": "awd yan ur issin ma rad ij\u1e5bu." }, { "en": "Did you kill Tom?", "ber": "is tn\u0263id \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Tom eats breakfast every morning at six.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ar ictta tagmgimt kra iga t tufat g tiss \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63t." }, { "en": "I didn't know you didn't know how to do that.", "ber": "ur ssn\u0263 mas ur tssnd mamnk ad tskard mayan." }, { "en": "Tom has been a good friend.", "ber": "\u1e6dum iga amddakk\u02b7l ihyyan." }, { "en": "Tom has been a good friend.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum amddakk\u02b7l ifulkin." }, { "en": "I'm on your side.", "ber": "nkk lli\u0263 g tsga nnk." }, { "en": "I'm on your side.", "ber": "nkk lli\u0263 g tsga nnm." }, { "en": "Is this water okay to drink?", "ber": "is fulkin waman ad i tissi." }, { "en": "The sun at dusk is red.", "ber": "tafukt g ulm\u1e93 tga tazgg\u02b7a\u0263t." }, { "en": "Sami was very upset.", "ber": "isxuzzi bahra sami." }, { "en": "He already intends to go to the sea.", "ber": "ira yad as iddu s ill" }, { "en": "Can you help me find the shark that has swallowed my grandfather's dentures?", "ber": "is tzmrd ad iyi tawsd ad af\u0263 awqqas da ilmm\u1e93n aqmmu n uxsan n imma tamqqrant" }, { "en": "Tom didn't deserve that.", "ber": "ur igi i \u1e6dum mayann." }, { "en": "I thought you wouldn't be doing that any more.", "ber": "\u0263al\u0263 is ur rad sul tskard mayann." }, { "en": "Tom is generous.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum anfkay." }, { "en": "It'd be better if you took him to the vet.", "ber": "rad yaf ig t tiwit dar umsgnaf." }, { "en": "It'd be better if you took him to the vet.", "ber": "rad yaf ig t tiwit \u0263r umsgnaf n imudar." }, { "en": "It'd be better if you took him to the vet.", "ber": "rad yaf ig t tiwit dar urwwam." }, { "en": "A few drops are falling", "ber": " it looks like it's going to rain.", "null": [ "ard \u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e5bnt kra n tmqqa", " irwas is ira a yili un\u1e93a\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "My dog's name is Tom.", "ber": "ism n waydi nu iga \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "My dog's name is Tom.", "ber": "ism n waydi nu \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "My dog's name is Tom.", "ber": "aydi inu ism nns \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I was tired because of my work.", "ber": "kki\u0263 tt inn rmi\u0263 s twuri nu." }, { "en": "Thank you Yuba", "ber": " I understand everything you said.", "null": [ "tanmmirt nnk yuba", " nkk rms\u0263 akk\u02b7 mad tnnid." ] }, { "en": "Everybody laughed.", "ber": "ar i\u1e0d\u1e63\u1e63a kraygat yan" }, { "en": "It's time to go to bed.", "ber": "tlkm tizi n tguni." }, { "en": "I can't see anything.", "ber": "ur sfaw\u0263 amya." }, { "en": "I can't see anything.", "ber": "ur sfaw\u0263 yat." }, { "en": "I can't see anything.", "ber": "ggammi\u0263 ad \u1e93\u1e5b\u0263 kra." }, { "en": "Tom is going to ask us to help.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ira ad gin\u0263 issutr tiwisi." }, { "en": "Can you pay for this purse?", "ber": "is t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bd ad tfrut atig n tacckart ad?" }, { "en": "Can you pay for this purse?", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bd ad tfrut atig n tacckart ad?" }, { "en": "Can you pay for this purse?", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bd ad tfrud atig n tacckart ad?" }, { "en": "Bob has sex with most people he meets.", "ber": "ar itqqu bub kra nna immaggar." }, { "en": "Bob has sex with most people he meets.", "ber": "ar itqqu bub wanna ka immaqqar." }, { "en": "Tom did nothing all day long.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ur iskr tta kra \u0263assad." }, { "en": "Tom did nothing all day long.", "ber": "ur iskr \u1e6dum awd kra g wass ad." }, { "en": "Tom was quiet while Mary fell.", "ber": "ikka tt inn \u1e6dum ifiss llig t\u1e0d\u1e0d\u1e5b mari." }, { "en": "I can't believe she made me dinner.", "ber": "ur \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad fls\u0263 mas iyi tssnwa imnsi." }, { "en": "I can't believe she made me dinner.", "ber": "ur \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263 ad fls\u0263 mas iyi tskr imnsi." }, { "en": "Watch me and see how I do it.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5b iyi manik rad as skr\u0263." }, { "en": "Watch me and see how I do it.", "ber": "ttmnad iyi", "null": [ " t\u1e93\u1e5bd manik a rad as skr\u0263." ] }, { "en": "I hope that I'll meet Tom this evening.", "ber": "ssitm\u0263 ad nmaqqar\u0263 \u1e6dum tadgg\u02b7at ad." }, { "en": "I hope that I'll meet Tom this evening.", "ber": "ssitm\u0263 ad mmaqqar\u0263 \u1e6dum tadgg\u02b7at ad." }, { "en": "You look at your beautiful tulips.", "ber": "kiyyin ar ttmnided ijjign n ttulib ifulkin." }, { "en": "You look at your beautiful tulips.", "ber": "kyyin ar tsmuqquld g ijjign n ttulib ifulkin." }, { "en": "You look at your beautiful tulips.", "ber": "kyy ar ttannayd g ijddign n ttulib ifulkin." }, { "en": "Tom's birthday party will be held tomorrow evening.", "ber": "ra'd tili tfugla n uktay n tlalit n \u1e6dum tadgg\u02b7at n uzkka." }, { "en": "Tom's birthday party will be held tomorrow evening.", "ber": "tfugla n ukttay n tlalit n \u1e6dum tra ad tili tadgg\u02b7at n uzkka." }, { "en": "Tom's birthday party will be held tomorrow evening.", "ber": "tfugla n ukttay n tlalit n \u1e6dum tra ad tili g tdgg\u02b7at n uzkka." }, { "en": "I fell in love with Mary at first sight.", "ber": "\u1e0d\u1e0d\u1e5b\u0263 g tayri n mari sg tannayt tamzwarut." }, { "en": "What's causing this pain?", "ber": "ma ad iskarn a\u1e6d\u1e6dan ad?" }, { "en": "What's causing this pain?", "ber": "ma'd iskarn a\u1e6d\u1e6dan ad?" }, { "en": "What's causing this pain?", "ber": "ma ad igan tamntilt n wa\u1e6d\u1e6dan ad?" }, { "en": "We've succeeded.", "ber": "nmurs." }, { "en": "We tried to get Tom to change his mind", "ber": " but we couldn't.", "null": [ "nurm ad nadjj \u1e6dum ad isnfl tannayt nns", " macc ur nzmir." ] }, { "en": "We tried to get Tom to change his mind", "ber": " but we couldn't.", "null": [ "nurm ad najj \u1e6dum ad isnfl tannayt nns", " macc ur tt nskr." ] }, { "en": "Tell Tom that I'm watching the news.", "ber": "inas i \u1e6dum ha iyi ar smuqqul\u0263 g in\u0263misn." }, { "en": "Tell Tom that I'm watching the news.", "ber": "inas i \u1e6dum ha iyi ar \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u0263 in\u0263misn." }, { "en": "Tell Tom that I'm watching the news.", "ber": "inas i \u1e6dum ha iyi ar ttmnad\u0263 g in\u0263misn." }, { "en": "I've spent a lot of time on the beach.", "ber": "zzri\u0263 tugtt n tizi g uftas." }, { "en": "I've spent a lot of time on the beach.", "ber": "zzri\u0263 tugtt n wakud g uftas." }, { "en": "Nobody's right.", "ber": "awd yan ur i\u0263\u02b7\u1e93an." }, { "en": "Tickets are valid for just two days", "ber": " including the day they're purchased.", "null": [ "tifarin gant \u0263as i sin wussan", " g iga wass n tmsa\u0263t nns." ] }, { "en": "Tickets are valid for just two days", "ber": " including the day they're purchased.", "null": [ "tifarin \u0263udant \u0263as i sin wussan", " g iga wass n tmsa\u0263t nnsnt." ] }, { "en": "Everybody's wrong.", "ber": "kraygat yan ar iskar tizgalin." }, { "en": "Everybody's wrong.", "ber": "kraygat yan ar i\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e5b g tzgalin." }, { "en": "Everybody's wrong.", "ber": "awd yan i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad i\u1e0d\u1e0d\u1e5b g tzgalin." }, { "en": "You look just like your father in this photo.", "ber": "trwas t baba k g twlaft ad." }, { "en": "You look just like your father in this photo.", "ber": "trwas t baba m g twlaft ad." }, { "en": "Mary has a new blouse.", "ber": "mari dars tabanka tamaynut." }, { "en": "Mary has a new blouse.", "ber": "mari tlla \u0263urs tbanka tamaynut." }, { "en": "Is she at least pretty?", "ber": "is ka tfulki?" }, { "en": "Is she at least pretty?", "ber": "is ka t\u1e93il?" }, { "en": "Is she at least pretty?", "ber": "is ka t\u0263uda?" }, { "en": "What is alternative energy?", "ber": "ma'd igan ta\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bt timkkisit?" }, { "en": "What is alternative energy?", "ber": "ma ad igan ta\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bt timkkisit?" }, { "en": "What is alternative energy?", "ber": "mayd igan ta\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bt timkkisit?" }, { "en": "Mary is wearing a new blouse.", "ber": "mari tlsa tabanka tamaynut." }, { "en": "Mary is wearing a new blouse.", "ber": "tlsa mari tabanka tamaynut." }, { "en": "It'll rain until Sunday.", "ber": "ira ad yili wun\u1e93a\u1e5b ar ass n asamas." }, { "en": "It'll rain until Sunday.", "ber": "ra ad i\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e5b wun\u1e93a\u1e5b ar ass n asamas." }, { "en": "Don't tell anybody you saw me here.", "ber": "ad ur tnnid i yan t\u1e93\u1e5bid iyi \u0263id." }, { "en": "Does Tom know what happened last night?", "ber": "iz d ur issn \u1e6dum ma ad isarn \u0263id i\u1e0dgam." }, { "en": "Does Tom know what happened last night?", "ber": "iz d ur issn \u1e6dum ma ad imsarn \u0263id i\u1e0dgam." }, { "en": "Does Tom know what happened last night?", "ber": "iz d ur issn \u1e6dum ma ad imsarn i\u1e0dgam \u0263id." }, { "en": "Tom looked like he was in his late thirties.", "ber": "\u1e6dum iga zud ig illa g id k\u1e5bamraw g uwtay nns." }, { "en": "Tom looked like he was in his late thirties.", "ber": "\u1e6dum iga zud ig ilkm id k\u1e5bamraw g uwtay nns." }, { "en": "Tom looked like he was in his late thirties.", "ber": "iga \u1e6dum zund ig ilkm id k\u1e5bamraw g wuwtay nns." }, { "en": "Give her a break.", "ber": "fk as asunfu." }, { "en": "Tom is likely to be famous someday.", "ber": "irwas is ira \u1e6dum ad ittwassn g kra n wass." }, { "en": "Did you tell Tom that Mary was here?", "ber": "is as tnnid i \u1e6dum mas d mari tkka nn \u0263id." }, { "en": "Did you tell Tom that Mary was here?", "ber": "is tnnid i \u1e6dum mas tt inn tkka mari \u0263id." }, { "en": "Tom didn't mean to insult anybody.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ur iwatts ad isn\u1e25accm awd yan." }, { "en": "Tom didn't mean to insult anybody.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ur iwatts ad irgm awd yan." }, { "en": "Her phone's turned off.", "ber": "amubayl nns iqqn." }, { "en": "Her phone's turned off.", "ber": "amubayl nns ixsi." }, { "en": "Her phone's turned off.", "ber": "atilifun nns ixsi." }, { "en": "Their phone's off.", "ber": "amubayl nnsn iqqn." }, { "en": "Their phone's off.", "ber": "amubayl nnsn ixsi." }, { "en": "This isn't what I came for.", "ber": "ur d mayad af d ucki\u0263." }, { "en": "This isn't what I came for.", "ber": "ur d mayad a iyi d yiwin." }, { "en": "This isn't what I came for.", "ber": "ur d mayad a iyi d igan i\u1e0da\u1e5bn." }, { "en": "He's looking at the map.", "ber": "ar ismuqqul g tka\u1e5b\u1e0da." }, { "en": "He's looking at the map.", "ber": "ar ittmnid g tka\u1e5b\u1e0da." }, { "en": "There are two beds in my room.", "ber": "llan sin wussutn g t\u1e25anut inu." }, { "en": "There are two beds in my room.", "ber": "llant snat tisiyin g t\u1e25anut inu." }, { "en": "That isn't part of our plan.", "ber": "mayann ur iga agzzum g u\u0263awas nn\u0263." }, { "en": "That isn't part of our plan.", "ber": "\u0263ayann ur iga agzzum g u\u0263awas nn\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom is a pretty good pianist.", "ber": "\u1e6dum iga yan ubyanist ifulkin." }, { "en": "Tom is a pretty good pianist.", "ber": "\u1e6dum iga abyanist i\u0263udan." }, { "en": "Tom was one of those who were arrested.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ikka tt inn iga yan sg willi ttyama\u1e93nin." }, { "en": "I know Tom is a bright boy.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 is iga \u1e6dum yan ufrux ifrsn." }, { "en": "I know Tom is a bright boy.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 is iga \u1e6dum yan urba ifrsn." }, { "en": "Tom knows exactly what kind of person Mary is.", "ber": "\u1e6dum issn man anaw g tga mari." }, { "en": "Tom knows exactly what kind of person Mary is.", "ber": "\u1e6dum issn nit man anaw g tga mari." }, { "en": "She's injured herself.", "ber": "tsyags yixf nns." }, { "en": "Tom sprinted home.", "ber": "\u1e6dum yuzzl s tgmmi." }, { "en": "Tom sprinted home.", "ber": "yuzzl \u1e6dum s tgmmi." }, { "en": "Have you ever dreamt you were another person?", "ber": "is jju twargat is tgid yan ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "I've explained it so many times.", "ber": "ssfri\u0263 tt mnnawt twal." }, { "en": "I've explained it so many times.", "ber": "ssfri\u0263 tt mnnawt tikkal." }, { "en": "I've explained it so many times.", "ber": "ssfri\u0263 tt mnnawt tkkal." }, { "en": "Tom almost died that night.", "ber": "\u1e6dum imik ad yimmt \u1e0dyi\u1e0d ann." }, { "en": "Tom almost died that night.", "ber": "\u1e6dum imik ur immut \u1e0dyi\u1e0d ann." }, { "en": "He said he's quit drinking.", "ber": "inna mas ifl tissi." }, { "en": "Tom did it for money.", "ber": "isk tt \u1e6dum f iqari\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "Tom did it for money.", "ber": "\u1e6dum iskr mayann f iqari\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "Tom did it for money.", "ber": "\u1e6dum iskr mayann f idrimn." }, { "en": "Tom told me that he wanted to leave.", "ber": "\u1e6dum inna iyi mas rad iffu\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom told me that he wanted to leave.", "ber": "inna iyi \u1e6dum mas rad iffu\u0263." }, { "en": "Tom told me that he wanted to leave.", "ber": "\u1e6dum inna iyi mas rad iftu." }, { "en": "Tom told me that he wanted to leave.", "ber": "\u1e6dum inna iyi mas rad iddu." }, { "en": "There is no one like Tom.", "ber": "ur illi ma irwasn \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Only Tom can do it.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ka ad i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn as tt iskr." }, { "en": "Only Tom can do it.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ka ad izmrn ad tt iskr." }, { "en": "He pulled off his socks.", "ber": "issukf tittqacrin nns." }, { "en": "He pulled off his socks.", "ber": "ikks tittqacrin nns." }, { "en": "Thanks for having me.", "ber": "tanmmirt llig iyi tsbrrkt." }, { "en": "Tom went to a university in Boston.", "ber": "i\u0263ra \u1e6dum g yat tsdawit g bus\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "Tom and Mary are both downstairs.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari", "null": [ " llan s sin itsn g yizddar." ] }, { "en": "Tom and Mary are both downstairs.", "ber": "\u1e6dum d mari", "null": [ " llan s sin g yizddar." ] }, { "en": "A smile is the same in every language.", "ber": "azmummg iga yan sg kraygat tutlayt." }, { "en": "A smile is the same in every language.", "ber": "azmummg iga yan g kraygat tutlayt." }, { "en": "Do you want to act in a movie?", "ber": "is trid ad tsmdyat g yan ufilm?" }, { "en": "Do you want to act in a movie?", "ber": "is tram ad tsmdyam g yan ufilm?" }, { "en": "Do you want to act in a movie?", "ber": "is tramt ad tsmdyamt g yan ufilm?" }, { "en": "Tom has spotted us.", "ber": "yukz a\u0263 \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "It's 5 something.", "ber": "5 d kra ayad." }, { "en": "We want to hire someone who can speak French.", "ber": "nra ad nsswuri kra n yan issnen ad isiwl taf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "We want to hire someone who can speak French.", "ber": "nra ad nsswuri kra n yan issnen ad isawl s taf\u1e5bansist." }, { "en": "I know nothing about Boston.", "ber": "ur ssn\u0263 yat f bus\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "There was a time when kings and queens reigned over the world.", "ber": "ikka tt inn yan uzmz llig ssnb\u1e0dn igllidn d tgllidin ama\u1e0dal." }, { "en": "There was a time when kings and queens reigned over the world.", "ber": "ikka tt inn yan uzmz llig nb\u1e0dn igllidn d tgllidin ama\u1e0dal." }, { "en": "Tom Jackson is my biological father.", "ber": "\u1e6dum jak\u1e63un ad igan ibba abyuluji." }, { "en": "Tom Jackson is my biological father.", "ber": "\u1e6dum jak\u1e63un ad igan baba abyuluji." }, { "en": "It's hard for Tom.", "ber": "icqqa f \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "I am waiting outside.", "ber": "ha iyi ar ttqql\u0263 g b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "I am waiting outside.", "ber": "ar ttqql\u0263 g b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "Where are you going to be?", "ber": "mani g rad tilid?" }, { "en": "Where are you going to be?", "ber": "mani s rad tftud ad gis tilid?" }, { "en": "Where are you going to be?", "ber": "mani s rad tddud ad gis tilid?" }, { "en": "Where are you going to be?", "ber": "mani s rad tftum ad gis tilim?" }, { "en": "Where are you going to be?", "ber": "mani s rad tftumt ad gis tilimt?" }, { "en": "He just does what he can.", "ber": "ar iskar \u0263as aylli mu i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Tom bought us food.", "ber": "is\u0263a a\u0263 \u1e6dum tirmt." }, { "en": "Tom bought us food.", "ber": "is\u0263a a\u0263 \u1e6dum amtcu." }, { "en": "Where did you get these?", "ber": "mani g d tiwim xtid?" }, { "en": "Where did you get these?", "ber": "mani g d tiwimt xtid?" }, { "en": "Where did you get these?", "ber": "mani g d tiwid xtid?" }, { "en": "Where did you get these?", "ber": "mani g d tiwim wid?" }, { "en": "Where did you get these?", "ber": "mani g d tiwimt wid?" }, { "en": "Where did you get these?", "ber": "mani g d tiwit wid?" }, { "en": "Where did you get this key?", "ber": "mani g d tiwim tasarut ad?" }, { "en": "Where did you get this key?", "ber": "mani g d tiwimt tasarut ad?" }, { "en": "Where did you get this key?", "ber": "mani g d tiwit tasarut ad?" }, { "en": "Tom wants you here.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ira k \u0263id." }, { "en": "Tom wants you here.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ira km \u0263id." }, { "en": "Tom wants you here.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ira knt \u0263id." }, { "en": "Tom wants you here.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ira kn \u0263id." }, { "en": "Their carpet is completely white.", "ber": "tag\u1e0dift nnsnt tmllul akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "Their carpet is completely white.", "ber": "tag\u1e0dift nnsn tmllul akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "You never told me Tom and Mary were teachers.", "ber": "ur jju iyi tnnid is iga \u1e6dum d mari islmadn." }, { "en": "You never told me Tom and Mary were teachers.", "ber": "ur jju iyi tnnid mas iga \u1e6dum d mari islmadn." }, { "en": "You never told me Tom and Mary were teachers.", "ber": "ur jju iyi tnnid mas \u1e6dum d mari gan islmadn." }, { "en": "What are you most scared of?", "ber": "mad bahra tk\u1e63u\u1e0dt?" }, { "en": "What are you most scared of?", "ber": "mad tk\u1e63u\u1e0dt uggar?" }, { "en": "What are you most scared of?", "ber": "mad tk\u1e63u\u1e0dt bahra?" }, { "en": "What are you most scared of?", "ber": "mad tk\u1e63u\u1e0dt kigan?" }, { "en": "Why did Tom speak in French?", "ber": "maxx allig isawl \u1e6dum s taf\u1e5bansist?" }, { "en": "Why did Tom speak in French?", "ber": "maxx ayllig isiwl \u1e6dum s taf\u1e5bansist?" }, { "en": "I woke up at six.", "ber": "ar d nkkr\u0263 sg yi\u1e0d\u1e63 g tiss \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63t." }, { "en": "I woke up at six.", "ber": "ar d tetmutti\u0263 sg yi\u1e0d\u1e63 g tiss \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63t." }, { "en": "There are people at school.", "ber": "llan middn g tinml." }, { "en": "Some mushrooms are safe to eat", "ber": " others are not.", "null": [ "kra n igursal gan i wutci", " kra da\u0263 uhu." ] }, { "en": "Some mushrooms are safe to eat", "ber": " others are not.", "null": [ "kra n ig\u02b7rsln gan i wutci", " kra da\u0263 uhu." ] }, { "en": "Some mushrooms are safe to eat", "ber": " others are not.", "null": [ "kra n ig\u02b7rsln gan win utci", " kra da\u0263 uhu." ] }, { "en": "Some mushrooms are safe to eat", "ber": " others are not.", "null": [ "kra n ig\u02b7rsln gan win utci", " wiyya\u1e0d uhu." ] }, { "en": "Tell me exactly what you did.", "ber": "ini iyi nican matta \u0263ayann tskrd." }, { "en": "Tell me exactly what you did.", "ber": "ini iyi s tidt mad tskrd." }, { "en": "We won't die.", "ber": "ur rad nmmt." }, { "en": "We won't die.", "ber": "ur nra ad nmmt." }, { "en": "Their hands are tied.", "ber": "ifassn nnsn kfrn." }, { "en": "Their hands are tied.", "ber": "ifassn nnsn tettukrafn." }, { "en": "Their hands are tied.", "ber": "ifassn nnsn ttuwkrafn." }, { "en": "Where do you buy your dresses?", "ber": "mani g ad tssa\u0263d tirswayin nnm?" }, { "en": "Tom didn't even know who Mary was.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ur akk\u02b7 issin mad tga mari." }, { "en": "Tom didn't even know who Mary was.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ur akk\u02b7 issn mayd tga mari." }, { "en": "Your eyes remind me of stars.", "ber": "alln nnm ar iyi d ssktayn itran." }, { "en": "Your eyes remind me of stars.", "ber": "alln nnk ar iyi d ssktayn itran." }, { "en": "Your eyes remind me of stars.", "ber": "tiwallin nnm ar iyi d ssktaynt itran." }, { "en": "Your eyes remind me of stars.", "ber": "tiwallin nnk ar iyi d ssktaynt itran." }, { "en": "Your eyes remind me of stars.", "ber": "ti\u1e6d\u1e6dawin nnm ar iyi d ssktaynt itran." }, { "en": "Your eyes remind me of stars.", "ber": "ti\u1e6d\u1e6dawin nnk ar iyi d ssktaynt itran." }, { "en": "I don't know if Tom has a girlfriend or not.", "ber": "ur ssn\u0263 is tlla tmddakk\u02b7lt dar \u1e6dum ni\u0263 d uhu." }, { "en": "I don't know if Tom has a girlfriend or not.", "ber": "ur ssn\u0263 is ila \u1e6dum kra n tmddakk\u02b7lt ni\u0263 d uhu." }, { "en": "I want to know how I can gain weight.", "ber": "ur ssn\u0263 mamnk rad \u1e0dni\u0263 uggar." }, { "en": "I want to know how I can gain weight.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad issan\u0263 mamnk as rad smd\u0263 astal inu." }, { "en": "I want to know how I can gain weight.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad issan\u0263 mamnk as rad smd\u0263 g ustal inu." }, { "en": "Tom was angry when he found the door locked.", "ber": "\u1e6dum i\u0263ilf llig yufa tiflut tqqn." }, { "en": "Tom was angry when he found the door locked.", "ber": "\u1e6dum i\u0263ilf llig yufa tggurt tqqn." }, { "en": "Tom was angry when he found the door locked.", "ber": "\u1e6dum i\u0263ilf llig nn yufa aggur iqqn." }, { "en": "My hair wasn't long last year.", "ber": "azzar inu ur tt inn ikki i\u0263zzif g usgg\u02b7as izrin." }, { "en": "My hair wasn't long last year.", "ber": "azzar inu ur tt inn ikki i\u0263zzif n\u1e0da\u1e0dana." }, { "en": "Where's Ziri's frog?", "ber": "mani agru n ziri?" }, { "en": "Where's Ziri's frog?", "ber": "manza agru n ziri?" }, { "en": "Where's Ziri's frog?", "ber": "mani g illa ugru n ziri?" }, { "en": "Sami went to Egypt six times that year.", "ber": "sami idda s mi\u1e63\u1e5ba \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63t tikkal g usgg\u02b7as ad." }, { "en": "Sami went to Egypt six times that year.", "ber": "sami ifta s mi\u1e63\u1e5ba \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63t twal g usgg\u02b7as a." }, { "en": "Is learning Berber a waste of time?", "ber": "is iga ulmmud n tmazi\u0263t ti\u1e5b\u1e93i n tizi?" }, { "en": "Is learning Berber a waste of time?", "ber": "is iga uslmd n tmazi\u0263t ti\u1e5b\u1e93i n tizi?" }, { "en": "Is learning Berber a waste of time?", "ber": "is iga ulmmud n tmazi\u0263t aw\u1e0d\u1e0d\u1e5b n tizi?" }, { "en": "She hates carrots.", "ber": "ur t\u1e25ml xizzu." }, { "en": "Baseball is a lot more fun than golf.", "ber": "abizbul ifjjij bahra uggar n ugulf." }, { "en": "I'll stay with him.", "ber": "rad dis \u0263ama\u0263." }, { "en": "I'll stay with him.", "ber": "rad dis qqim\u0263." }, { "en": "I didn't tell them that.", "ber": "ur asn nni\u0263 mayyan." }, { "en": "I didn't tell them that.", "ber": "ur asnt nni\u0263 mayyan." }, { "en": "I have to ask them something.", "ber": "illa flli ad tn saqsa\u0263 f kra." }, { "en": "Tomorrow will be a new day!", "ber": "azkka rad ig yan wass amaynu!" }, { "en": "Tomorrow will be a new day!", "ber": "azkka ira ad ig yan wass amaynu!" }, { "en": "I have twelve people on my list.", "ber": "llan dari sin d mraw n middn g tlgamt inu." }, { "en": "I have twelve people on my list.", "ber": "dari sin d mraw n middn g tlgamt inu." }, { "en": "Today is the 3rd.", "ber": "\u0263assad ad igan wiss k\u1e5ba\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Today is the 3rd.", "ber": "ass ad", "null": [ " ad igan wiss k\u1e5ba\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Today is the 3rd.", "ber": "\u0263assad ad igan wiss 3." }, { "en": "Trauma is a thief.", "ber": "truma iga yan umakr." }, { "en": "Trauma is a thief.", "ber": "truma iga amxxar." }, { "en": "You're not late.", "ber": "ur nn tma\u1e6dlt." }, { "en": "You're not late.", "ber": "ur nn tma\u1e6dlmt." }, { "en": "You're not late.", "ber": "ur nn tma\u1e6dlm." }, { "en": "You're not late.", "ber": "ur tma\u1e6dlt." }, { "en": "You're not late.", "ber": "ur tma\u1e6dlm." }, { "en": "You're not late.", "ber": "ur tma\u1e6dlmt." }, { "en": "Last month was very rainy.", "ber": "ayyur izrin i\u1e0d\u1e0d\u1e5b bahra gis wn\u1e93a\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Last month was very rainy.", "ber": "ayyur nna izrin i\u1e0d\u1e0d\u1e5b bahra gis wn\u1e93a\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Liar!", "ber": "butkrkas!" }, { "en": "Hooray!", "ber": "ayyuz!" }, { "en": "Hooray!", "ber": "ayyuuz!" }, { "en": "Strewth!", "ber": "uuh!" }, { "en": "Strewth!", "ber": "uff!" }, { "en": "Strewth!", "ber": "arwass!" }, { "en": "Strewth!", "ber": "tagat!" }, { "en": "Strewth!", "ber": "ixx!" }, { "en": "Darn!", "ber": "ixx!" }, { "en": "Darn!", "ber": "uff!" }, { "en": "Marvellous.", "ber": "ifulki." }, { "en": "Marvellous.", "ber": "icwa." }, { "en": "Marvellous.", "ber": "i\u1e93il." }, { "en": "Marvellous.", "ber": "i\u0263uda." }, { "en": "Marvellous.", "ber": "ifulki bahra." }, { "en": "Waaaa...", "ber": "yuukk.." }, { "en": "Waaaa...", "ber": "waaa..." }, { "en": "Waaaa...", "ber": "uuuh..." }, { "en": "Waaaa...", "ber": "aaah..." }, { "en": "Asshole!", "ber": "amxlaw!" }, { "en": "Asshole!", "ber": "anafal!" }, { "en": "Asshole!", "ber": "abahlal!" }, { "en": "Asshole!", "ber": "a\u1e25yu\u1e0d!" }, { "en": "Anyway.", "ber": "mk nna ira ig t." }, { "en": "Sarcasm?", "ber": "asarkazm?" }, { "en": "Toast!", "ber": "s tdusi!" }, { "en": "Omigod!", "ber": "a bab n ignwan!" }, { "en": "Omigod!", "ber": "a \u1e5bbbi nu!" }, { "en": "Learn!", "ber": "lmd!" }, { "en": "Learn!", "ber": "lmd at!" }, { "en": "Learn!", "ber": "lmd amt!" }, { "en": "Sami was wearing blue jeans.", "ber": "sami ikka t inn ilsa djjin a\u1e93\u1e5bwal" }, { "en": "Sami was wearing blue jeans.", "ber": "sami ikka t inn ilsa djjinz a\u1e93\u1e5bwal" }, { "en": "Let's go out and have a party.", "ber": "addj a\u0263 ad nff\u0263 \u1e25ma ad nsfuglu." }, { "en": "Let's go out and have a party.", "ber": "addj a\u0263 ad nffa\u0263", "null": [ " nskr tafugla." ] }, { "en": "Let's go out and have a party.", "ber": "ddu a\u0263 s b\u1e5b\u1e5ba ad nsfuglu." }, { "en": "I'll play tennis this afternoon.", "ber": "rad urar\u0263 ttinis tadgg\u02b7at ad." }, { "en": "Tom will like that.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ira ad t issusm mayann." }, { "en": "Tom will like that.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ira tt issusm mayann." }, { "en": "This is an Islamic graveyard.", "ber": "wwa iga asm\u1e0dl anslm." }, { "en": "This is an Islamic graveyard.", "ber": "\u0263\u0263\u02b7ad iga asm\u1e0dl n imuslmn." }, { "en": "This is an Islamic graveyard.", "ber": "aydx iga asm\u1e0dl anslm." }, { "en": "Tom will be very sad if you leave.", "ber": "\u1e6dum rad bahra i\u0263ilf ig tftid." }, { "en": "Tom will be very sad if you leave.", "ber": "\u1e6dum rad bahra i\u0263yyr ig tddid." }, { "en": "Tom will be very sad if you leave.", "ber": "\u1e6dum ira ad i\u0263ilf kigan ig tftid." }, { "en": "Both of you are Canadians", "ber": " aren't you?", "null": [ "tgam ikanadiyn s sin", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "Both of you are Canadians", "ber": " aren't you?", "null": [ "tgam s sin ikanadiyn", " yak?" ] }, { "en": "What's the new building's name?", "ber": "ma yism n tu\u1e63ka nna tamaynut?" }, { "en": "What's the new building's name?", "ber": "mad iga yism n tu\u1e63ka nna tamaynut?" }, { "en": "Mary gave her sunglasses to Tom.", "ber": "tfka mari tismaqqlin nns n tafuyt i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Mary gave her sunglasses to Tom.", "ber": "tfa mari tismmaqqlin nns n tafukt i \u1e6dum." }, { "en": "Mary gave her sunglasses to Tom.", "ber": "mari", "null": [ " tfka tismmaqqlin nns n tafukt i \u1e6dum." ] }, { "en": "I'm fed up with this.", "ber": "\u0263urf\u0263 g mayad." }, { "en": "How much beer did you drink?", "ber": "mnck ad tswid g lbirra?" }, { "en": "How much beer did you drink?", "ber": "mnck n usa\u1e0d\u1e5bn ad tswid?" }, { "en": "How much beer did you drink?", "ber": "mnck n lbirra ad tswid?" }, { "en": "I'll go and buy some chocolate.", "ber": "rad ftu\u0263 ad s\u0263a\u0263 kra n cck\u02b7la\u1e6d." }, { "en": "I'll go and buy some chocolate.", "ber": "rad ddu\u0263", "null": [ " add s\u0263a\u0263 kra n cck\u02b7la\u1e6d." ] }, { "en": "They learn quickly.", "ber": "ar ttlmadn d\u0263ya." }, { "en": "Rima hated commercials.", "ber": "tksn rima isussnn." }, { "en": "She didn't want to make a fool of herself.", "ber": "ur tri ad tg ixf nns d a\u1e63\u1e0d\u1e63u." }, { "en": "Why didn't you say something to Tom?", "ber": "maxx allig ur tnnid kra i \u1e6dum?" }, { "en": "Flavio can translate those papers.", "ber": "izmr flafyu ad issu\u0263l tinfulin ad." }, { "en": "Flavio can translate those papers.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b flafyu ad issu\u0263l tinfulin ad." }, { "en": "I don't know anything about your job.", "ber": "ur ssin\u0263 amya f twuri nnk." }, { "en": "I don't know anything about your job.", "ber": "ur ssn\u0263 amya \u0263f twuri nnk." }, { "en": "I want to cross this bridge.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad zgr\u0263 azzg\u02b7r ad." }, { "en": "I want to cross this bridge.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad zgr\u0263 asak\u02b7i ad." }, { "en": "I want to cross this bridge.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad zgr\u0263 tilgg\u02b7it ad." }, { "en": "I want to cross this bridge.", "ber": "ri\u0263 ad zgr\u0263 talgg\u02b7it ad." }, { "en": "Every dog is a good dog.", "ber": "kraygat aydi iga aydi ifulkin." }, { "en": "Every dog is a good dog.", "ber": "kraygat aydi iga aydi icwan." }, { "en": "Every dog is a good dog.", "ber": "kraygat aydi iga aydi i\u0263udan." }, { "en": "Every dog is a good dog.", "ber": "kraygat aydi iga aydi i\u1e93iln." }, { "en": "She said she had to walk home.", "ber": "tnna mas \u0263ifs iga wuccil ayd tftu \u0263r taddart." }, { "en": "She said she had to walk home.", "ber": "tnna mas fllas iga wuccil ad tftu s tgmmi." }, { "en": "She said she had to walk home.", "ber": "tnna mas fllas iga wuccil ad tddu s tgmmi." }, { "en": "She said she had to walk home.", "ber": "tnna mas \u0263ifs iga wuccil ayd tddu \u0263r taddart." }, { "en": "She said she had to walk home.", "ber": "tnna iga \u0263ifs wuccil ayd tddu \u0263r taddart." }, { "en": "Mary said she couldn't buy what she needed.", "ber": "tnna mari mas ur tufi ad ts\u0263 aylli tra." }, { "en": "Mary said she couldn't buy what she needed.", "ber": "tnna mari mas ur tufi ad ts\u0263 aynna ts\u0263awsa." }, { "en": "I want you to take me back home.", "ber": "ri\u0263 k ad iyi tawid \u0263r taddart." }, { "en": "I want you to take me back home.", "ber": "ri\u0263 k ad iyi tawid s tgmmi." }, { "en": "I want you to take me back home.", "ber": "ri\u0263 k ad iyi tsiwrrid \u0263r tgmmi." }, { "en": "en", "ber": "ber" }, { "en": "Lillian Diana Gish (October 14", "ber": " 1893 \u2013 February 27", "null": [ " 1993) was an American actress", " director and screenwriter.", "lilyan dyana gic (14 k\u1e6dub\u1e5b", " 1893 - 27 b\u1e5bay\u1e5b", " 1993) tkattin tga tasmdayt", " d tamssuf\u0263t d tanasrayt n usinaryu tamirikanit." ] }, { "en": "Gish was a prominent film star from 1912 into the 1920s", "ber": " being particularly associated with the films of director D. W. Griffith.", "null": [ "gic tkkatin tga titrit bahra imqqurn sg 1912 ar isggasn n 1920", " li\u0263 tkkatin tssur g laflam n usffug d. w. grifit." ] }, { "en": "She also did considerable television work from the early 1950s into the 1980s", "ber": " and closed her career playing opposite Bette Davis in the 1987 film The Whales of August.", "null": [ "tskr dag yat lxdmt istawhmman g sizwar n isgg\u02b7asn n 1950 ar isgg\u02b7asn n 1980", " d tqqn ta\u0263arast nns lli\u0263 tmttl d bitti diyfis g lfilm da waylz uf ugust n 1987." ] }, { "en": "The first several generations of Gishes were Dunkard ministers.", "ber": "mnnaw i\u0263rfn zwarnin n ait gic kanttin gan irgazn n ddin amasi\u1e25i." }, { "en": "Their mother opened the Majestic Candy Kitchen", "ber": " and the girls helped sell popcorn and candy to patrons of the old Majestic Theater", "null": [ " located next door.", "trzem innasnt majistik kandy kitcen d tfrxin \u025bawnnt \u0263uzznz n tirufin d lfanid i idbu lmsra\u1e25 majestik", " tama nnsn." ] }, { "en": "The seventeen-year-old Lillian traveled to Shawnee", "ber": " Oklahoma", "null": [ " where James's brother Alfred Grant Gish and his wife", " Maude", " lived.", "li\u0263 dars sa d mraw lilyan tmmudda s cawni uklahoma lli\u0263 n izd\u0263 gmas n jims alfrid grant gic d", " mud", " tam\u0263art nns." ] }, { "en": "Her father died in Norman", "ber": " Oklahoma", "null": [ " in 1912", " but she had returned to Ohio a few months before this.", "immut ibbas g nurman", " uklahoma", " g 1912", " mac turrid s uhayu mnnaw iyyurn sizwar." ] }, { "en": "When Lillian and Dorothy were old enough they joined the theatre", "ber": " often traveling separately in different productions.", "null": [ "lli\u0263 tmqqur lilyan d duruti kcmnt s umzgun", " mmuddunt zlint \u1e25ina g usffu\u0263n zlinin." ] }, { "en": "Gish continued to perform on the stage", "ber": " and in 1913", "null": [ " during a run of A Good Little Devil", " she collapsed from anemia.", "gic tm\u1e0dfar tawwuri nns g umzgun ar 1913", " li\u0263 illa a gud littl difil", " tusxi s faqr ddam." ] }, { "en": "Her performance in these frigid conditions gave her lasting nerve damage in several fingers.", "ber": "tawwurnis \u0263 dduruf ad hrcnin fanas aqucc\u1e25 \u0263 i\u1e0du\u1e0dan." }, { "en": "He utilized her expressive talents to the fullest", "ber": " developing her into a suffering yet strong heroine.", "null": [ "issmrs lmawahib nns ar uzzur nnsn d isbu\u0263lat s yat tab\u1e25leyt tas\u1e25usit mac tamakayt." ] }, { "en": "She directed her sister Dorothy in one film", "ber": " Remodeling Her Husband (1920)", "null": [ " when D. W. Griffith took his unit on location.", "tskr usuf\u0263d ultmas duruti \u0263 yan lfilm", " remudlin hir hazband (1920)", " li\u0263 yusi d. w. grifit taggaytns s ud\u0263ar." ] }, { "en": "She turned down the money", "ber": " requesting a more modest wage and a percentage so that the studio could use the funds to increase the quality of her films \u2014 hiring the best actors", "null": [ " screenwriters", " etc.", "tugi iqari\u1e0dn mac tssutr s yan \u1e63\u1e63alir ittnkcufn d yat tigmi\u1e0di i studyu bac ad ssu\u0263lin ta\u0263ara n laflamns \u2014 itssxdm amafay n ismdayn d inasrayn n usinaryu." ] }, { "en": "Many of the silent era's leading ladies", "ber": " such as Gish and Pickford", "null": [ " had been wholesome and innocent", " but by the early 1930s (after the full adoption of sound and before the Motion Picture Production Code was enforced) these roles were perceived as outdated.", "tuggt n tilallatin n l\u1e25iqbt i\u1e25issin", " zund gic d bikfurd", " dusnt d gant tizzidga", " mac \u0263 usgg\u02b7asn zwarnin n 1930 (\u1e0da\u1e5bt assgm n umsli d dat azzgir n uzrf n tasyafut n laflam) tilalatin kantik gant iwssarn." ] }, { "en": "Louis Mayer wanted to stage a scandal (knock her off her pedestal) to garner public sympathy for Gish", "ber": " but Lillian didn't want to act both on screen and off", "null": [ " and returned to her first love", " the theater.", "ira luis mayr aissuds ya udacaf (nuk her uff her bedestll) bac aysmun ta\u0263usi i gic", " mac lilyan tugi atl\u025bb \u0263 ssinima d b\u1e5b\u1e5bans", " d turrid s tayrins izwarn", " amzgun." ] }, { "en": "Returning to movies", "ber": " Gish was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1946 for Duel in the Sun.", "null": [ "lli\u0263 turrid s laflam", " tsmma gic i tasm\u0263urt ntkadimit l tasmdayt tamafayt \u0263 1946 i dul in da \u1e63\u1e63an." ] }, { "en": "She was considered for various roles in Gone with the Wind ranging from Ellen O'Hara", "ber": " Scarlett's mother (which went to Barbara O'Neil)", "null": [ " to prostitute Belle Watling (which went to Ona Munson).", "tswingm \u0263 mnnaw n tilalin \u0263 gun wid da wind g illin ohara", " innas n skarlit (lli iftan s barbara onil)", " ar tamggant bill walting (lli iftan s una munsun)." ] }, { "en": "She appeared as Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna in the short-lived 1965 Broadway musical Anya.", "ber": "tugg\u02b7i am maria fyudurufna tagldit n dowager \u0263 tamzgult n uzawan idrusn \u0263 brudway n 1965 anya." }, { "en": "She was interviewed in the television documentary series Hollywood: A Celebration of the American Silent Film (1980).", "ber": "tmsqsa \u0263 usddi untim n tilifizyun huliwud: a silibricn uf da amirikan saylnt film (1980)." }, { "en": "She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1720 Vine Street.", "ber": "tars yat titrit \u0263 walk of fim \u0263 huliwud \u0263 1720 fayn strit." }, { "en": "At the Cannes festival", "ber": " Gish won a 10-minute standing ovation from the audience.", "null": [ "\u0263 ulmuggar n kan", " gic trb\u1e25 asbid n 10-ntusdidin dar ugdud." ] }, { "en": "The episode Marry for Murder was broadcast on September 9", "ber": " 1943.", "null": [ "tzussr tindrt mari fur murdr \u0263 9 cutanbir", " 1943." ] }, { "en": "She was awarded an Academy Honorary Award in 1971", "ber": " and in 1984 she received an AFI Life Achievement Award.", "null": [ "uccnas tasm\u0263urt tasllummt n tkadimit \u0263 1971", " \u0263 1984 uccnas tasm\u0263urt n afi layf atcifmnt." ] }, { "en": "The University awarded Gish the honorary degree of Doctor of Performing Arts the next day.", "ber": "tasdawit tuc i gic dduktura tasllummt \u0263 ass awar." }, { "en": "Following Gish's 1993 death", "ber": " the University raised funds to enlarge its gallery to display memorabilia received from Gish's estate.", "null": [ "lli\u0263 tmmut gic \u0263 1993", " tsmun tasdawit iqa\u1e5bi\u1e0dn bac ad sxatarn tasnni\u0263t n ikttayn n gic." ] }, { "en": "The association between herself and D. W. Griffith was so close that some suspected a romantic connection", "ber": " an issue never acknowledged by Gish", "null": [ " although several of their associates were certain they were at least briefly involved.", "acrak ngras d D. W. grifit iq\u1e5bb bahra ayli\u0263 nnan kra is gan imarayn", " \u0263ayad ur jju gis tsawl gic", " mac mnnaw lli dis iqqrbn awrn is gan emarayn." ] }, { "en": "In the 1920s", "ber": " Gish's association with Duell became something of a tabloid scandal when he sued her and made the details of their relationship public.", "null": [ "\u0263usgg\u02b7asn n 1920", " acrak n gic d dull innfl s ukacaf li\u0263 ti\u1e0df\u1e5b \u0263 tasnbdayt d isffu\u0263 efruritn n ucraknsn i wagdud." ] }, { "en": "George Jean Nathan praised Gish's acting glowingly\u2014comparing her to Eleonora Duse.", "ber": "issim\u0263ur jurj jin natan bahra urarns \u2014d ismyeft s ilionora dus." }, { "en": "During the period of political turmoil in the US that lasted from the outbreak of World War II in Europe until the attack on Pearl Harbor", "ber": " she maintained an outspoken non-interventionist stance.", "null": [ "lli\u0263 tlla tassast tasrtant \u0263 mirikan lli tkka \u0263 lli\u0263 ibda amgaru ama\u1e0dlan wiss sin \u0263 luru\u2d52 ar asugi n berl harber", " t\u0263ama \u0263 timsri tasfn\u1e93ayt." ] }, { "en": "Joseph Frank Keaton (October 4", "ber": " 1895 \u2013 February 1", "null": [ " 1966)", " known professionally as Buster Keaton", " was an American actor", " comedian", " film director", " producer", " screenwriter", " and stunt performer.", "juzif frank kitun (4 k\u1e6dub\u1e5b", " 1895 \u2013 1 b\u1e5bay\u1e5b", " 1966)", " itussan s bustr kitn", " ikkatin iga asmdy", " amsuf\u0263 n laflam", " amsyafu", " anasray l usinaryu amirikani." ] }, { "en": "His career declined when he signed with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and lost his artistic independence.", "ber": "tdrus lxdmtns lli\u0263 isgm\u1e0d d mitru-guldwyn-mayer d i\u025bddm tasimant tanazurtns." }, { "en": "Many of Keaton's films from the 1920s remain highly regarded", "ber": " such as Sherlock Jr. (1924)", "null": [ " The General (1926)", " and The Cameraman (1928).", "tuggt n laflam n kitun \u0263 isgg\u02b7asn n 1920 darsn ahamya iggutn", " zug cirluk jr. (1924)", " da djiniral (1926)", " d da kifman (1928)." ] }, { "en": "His father was Joseph Hallie Joe Keaton", "ber": " who owned a traveling show with Harry Houdini called the Mohawk Indian Medicine Company", "null": [ " or the Keaton Houdini Medicine Show Company", " which performed on stage and sold patent medicine on the side.", "ibbas iga jozif halli ju ketun", " lli immuddan d harri hudini \u0263 uf\u1e5b\u1e5bjnsn ismas da muhak indyan midisin kumbani", " n\u0263d da ketun hudini midicin cu kombani", " gan af\u1e5b\u1e5bj d ar \u1e93nzan asafar." ] }, { "en": "In Keaton's retelling", "ber": " he was six months old when the incident occurred", "null": [ " and Harry Houdini gave him the nickname.", "s wallas n kitun", " ikkatin dars sdis iyyurn li\u0263 igguru amzzu", " d ifayas hudini ismns." ] }, { "en": "The act was mainly a comedy sketch.", "ber": "ikkatin iga skitc n lkumidia." }, { "en": "A suitcase handle was sewn into Keaton's clothing to aid with the constant tossing.", "ber": "akaram n tasufrt igna \u0263 imkra\u1e0d n kitun bac atn i\u025bawn \u0263 ag\u02b7r n wallas." }, { "en": "However", "ber": " Buster was always able to show the authorities that he had no bruises or broken bones.", "null": [ "mac", " bustr i\u1e93\u1e0dar ayml i tinba\u1e0dil maf dars ur llant ibrayn." ] }, { "en": "Several times I'd have been killed if I hadn't been able to land like a cat.", "ber": "mnnawt twal ad nni\u0263 is rad mmut\u0263 li\u0263 ur gg\u02b7iz\u0263 zud amuc." }, { "en": "Noticing that this caused the audience to laugh less", "ber": " he adopted his famous deadpan expression when performing.", "null": [ "lli\u0263 izra igdudn ur asul bahra d\u1e63\u1e63an", " issgm a\u025brins lli\u0263 ayttl\u025bab." ] }, { "en": "Despite tangles with the law and a disastrous tour of music halls in the United Kingdom", "ber": " Keaton was a rising star in the theater.", "null": [ "waxxa dars timukrisin d izrf d ljawla ta\u025bdriq n tadala n uzawan \u0263 bri\u1e6danya", " kitun iga itri \u0263 umzgun." ] }, { "en": "In February 1917", "ber": " he met Roscoe Fatty Arbuckle at the Talmadge Studios in New York City", "null": [ " where Arbuckle was under contract to Joseph M. Schenck.", "\u0263 brayr n 1917", " immaqqa\u1e5b d rusku fatti arbukl \u0263 studiu n talmaj \u0263 tamdint n nyu yurk", " li\u0263 tlla arbukl \u0263 tamxunt d juzif m. cink." ] }, { "en": "Buster was such a natural in his first film", "ber": " The Butcher Boy", "null": [ " he was hired on the spot.", "bastr ikkatin iga agaman g lfilmns izwarn", " da bitcr buy", " ixdm nican." ] }, { "en": "Keaton later claimed that he was soon Arbuckle's second director and his entire gag department.", "ber": "awrinn kitun inna is rayga anmhal wissin n arbukl d kullu tazunins." }, { "en": "It was based on a successful play", "ber": " The New Henrietta", "null": [ " which had already been filmed once", " under the title The Lamb", " with Douglas Fairbanks playing the lead.", "itukssa g yat tamzgunt yttussan", " da nyu hinriyitta", " lli ittadyafusn yad yat twal", " s uzwl n da lamb", " d duglas firbanks i\u025byyrn ana\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "He made a series of two-reel comedies", "ber": " including One Week (1920)", "null": [ " The Playhouse (1921)", " Cops (1922)", " and The Electric House (1922).", "iskr snat takumidiyin", " gisn wan wik (1920)", " da \u2d52lihaws (1921)", " kubs (1922)", " d da iliktrik haws (1922)." ] }, { "en": "Comedy director Leo McCarey", "ber": " recalling the freewheeling days of making slapstick comedies", "null": [ " said", " All of us tried to steal each other's gagmen.", "amssuf\u0263 n tkumidit lyu mkkari", " lli ikttin ussan n umssuf\u0263 n syyi\u1e25n n takumidiyin", " inna", " kul yan didn\u0263 ira ayyak\u02b7r iwayyad azffals." ] }, { "en": "During the railroad water-tank scene in Sherlock Jr.", "ber": " Keaton broke his neck when a torrent of water fell on him from a water tower", "null": [ " but he did not realize it until years afterward.", "\u0263 luqt n tamu\u0263lit n u\u0263aras n alaway d ccarij \u0263 cirluk", " irza umggrd n kitun lli\u0263 fllas idr amudwu", " mac ur as ittaka arki\u0263 zrin isgg\u02b7asn." ] }, { "en": "Keaton's character emerged unscathed", "ber": " due to a single open window.", "null": [ "awrik n kitun iffu\u0263d idus s ya ub\u025bij irzmn." ] }, { "en": "Aside from Steamboat Bill", "ber": " Jr. (1928)", "null": [ " Keaton's most enduring feature-length films include Our Hospitality (1923)", " The Navigator (1924)", " Sherlock Jr. (1924)", " Seven Chances (1925)", " The Cameraman (1928)", " and The General (1926).", "ilmm s stimbut bill jr. (1928)", " laflam lli kullu isulann \u0263 laflam n kitun gisn awr husbitaliti (1923)", " da nafigatur (1924)", " cirluk jr. (1924)", " sifin tcansiz (1925)", " da kifman (1928)", " d da jiniral (1926)." ] }, { "en": "Though it would come to be regarded as Keaton's greatest achievement", "ber": " the film received mixed reviews at the time.", "null": [ "lfilm yumz imazam umsin", " mac iga amafay \u0263 ini\u1e0di n kitun." ] }, { "en": "His distributor", "ber": " United Artists", "null": [ " insisted on a production manager who monitored expenses and interfered with certain story elements.", "anb\u1e0duns", " yunaytid artists", " isddid f ya unmhal n tasyafut lli igabln aqqar\u1e5bi\u1e0d d imckcum \u0263 karn yfrdas n ta\u1e25ajit." ] }, { "en": "The actors would phonetically memorize the foreign-language scripts a few lines at a time and shoot immediately after.", "ber": "ismdayn u\u1e6d\u1e6dfn imsisli n tutlayt tamzzit imik simik dat ad ssulfn." }, { "en": "The director was usually Jules White", "ber": " whose emphasis on slapstick and farce made most of these films resemble White's famous Three Stooges shorts.", "null": [ "insi juls wayt ayg umssuf\u0263", " tuffaytns \u0263 syy\u1e25 \u0263ayad mafgan tugt n laflamns zud tri stujez n wait." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " director White's insistence on blunt", "null": [ " violent gags resulted in the Columbia shorts being the least inventive comedies he made.", "mac a\u0263anen n wait s takumidit isyy\u1e25n", " d uk\u1e5bi\u1e0dn yujja laflam iku\u1e0da\u1e0dn n kulumbya g\u02b7illi kullu isnulfun \u0263 laflamns." ] }, { "en": "He made his last starring feature El Moderno Barba Azul (1946) in Mexico; the film was a low-budget production", "ber": " and it may not have been seen in the United States until its release on VHS in the 1980s", "null": [ " under the title Boom in the Moon.", "issuf\u0263 lfilmns lli kullu iggu\u1e5ban il mudirnu barba azul (1946) \u0263 tamazirt n miksik", " lfilm dars tasayafut n tamsastnt idrusn", " d ur ittmzra \u0263 tamazirt n marikan aylli\u0263 ffu\u0263nt tisfifin \u0263 isgg\u02b7asn n1980", " s uzwl n bum in da mun." ] }, { "en": "In In the Good Old Summertime", "ber": " Keaton personally directed the stars Judy Garland and Van Johnson in their first scene together", "null": [ " where they bump into each other on the street.", "\u0263 lfilm n gud uld samrtaym", " essugur kitun itran judi garland d fan junsun \u0263 tamu\u0263litnsn ezwarn", " lli\u0263 mmiggi\u1e5bn \u0263 u\u0263aras." ] }, { "en": "Reaction was strong enough for a local Los Angeles station to offer Keaton his own show", "ber": " also broadcast live", "null": [ " in 1950.", "i\u1e25mlt ugdud aylli\u0263 tssmnid yat tanzwayt \u0263 lus anjlis i kitun asaysns", " isradn", " \u0263 1950." ] }, { "en": "Buster Keaton's wife Eleanor also was seen in the series (notably as Juliet to Buster's Romeo in a little-theater vignette).", "ber": "ttmzra ilanur lli igan tam\u0263art n bastr kitun \u0263 umsddi (tga julyit n rumyu n bastr \u0263 yat tawrmt m\u1e93\u1e93in n umzgun)." }, { "en": "Keaton's periodic television appearances during the 1950s and 1960s helped to revive interest in his silent films.", "ber": "ilwi izmzan n kitun \u0263 ttilifizyun \u0263 isgg\u02b7asn n 1950 d 1960 awsnt ayyamz unfrar i laflamns i\u1e25issin." }, { "en": "Well into his fifties", "ber": " Keaton successfully recreated his old routines", "null": [ " including one stunt in which he propped one foot onto a table", " then swung the second foot up next to it and held the awkward position in midair for a moment before crashing to the stage floor.", "lli\u0263 ik\u02b7cm s isgg\u02b7asn n sin wagnarn d mraw", " isxxr kitun s uls n i\u1e63ni\u025bns iqburn", " gisn yat syy\u1e25 isrs gis yaw a\u1e0da\u1e5b \u0263 iggi n tdabut", " d i\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5b\u1e0d a\u1e0da\u1e5b ya\u1e0dni tamans d ibid \u0263ikan \u0263 u\u1e0du dat annignugi \u0263 tsfri n umzgun." ] }, { "en": "Keaton had prints of the features Three Ages", "ber": " Sherlock Jr.", "null": [ " Steamboat Bill", " Jr.", " and College (missing one reel)", " and the shorts The Boat and My Wife's Relations", " which Keaton and Rohauer then transferred to Cellulose acetate film from deteriorating nitrate film stock.", "kantin dar kitun inza\u0263n n laflam tri ijiz", " cirluk jr.", " stimbutbill", " jr. and kullij (t\u1e25rmt yat taj\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u1e5bt)", " d laflam iku\u1e0da\u1e0dn da but d may wayfs rilaycnz", " smattint kitun d ruhawr s silluluz asitat z\u0263 asatim n lfilm n nitrat i\u025bdmn." ] }, { "en": "In a series of silent television commercials for Simon Pure Beer made in 1962 by Jim Mohr in Buffalo", "ber": " New York", "null": [ " Keaton revisited some of the gags from his silent film days.", "\u0263 usddi n usussn n tinifizyun i lbi\u1e5b\u1e5ba n saymun byur lli issof\u0263 jim muhr \u0263 bufalu", " nyu yurn", " \u0263 1962", " yuls kitun yuls kra n syy\u1e25ns lli ikkattin ayskar \u0263 laflam i\u1e25issins." ] }, { "en": "In December 1958", "ber": " Keaton was a guest star in the episode A Very Merry Christmas of The Donna Reed Show on ABC.", "null": [ "\u0263 dujanbir 1958", " iga kitun anuji \u0263 tandrt a firi miri krismas n usays n duna rid \u0263 abc." ] }, { "en": "In 1960", "ber": " he returned to MGM for the final time", "null": [ " playing a lion tamer in a 1960 adaptation of Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.", "\u0263 1960", " yurrid s mgm s tiklit igguran", " yurar a\u1e25\u1e5b\u1e5bb n ugrzam \u0263 yat takssuyt \u0263 1960 n udlis n mark twayn da adfnturz uf haklbirifin." ] }, { "en": "He worked with comedian Ernie Kovacs on a television pilot tentatively titled Medicine Man", "ber": " shooting scenes for it on January 12", "null": [ " 1962\u2014the day before Kovacs died in a car crash. ", "iswuri d usffan erni kufaks \u0263 yat tindrt izwarn tmzwl midisin man", " sulfn timu\u0263liyinns \u0263 12 innayr", " 1962\u2014yaw ass dat aymmut kufaks \u0263 ungas." ] }, { "en": "He traveled from one end of Canada to the other on a motorized handcar", "ber": " wearing his traditional pork pie hat and performing gags similar to those in films that he made 50 years before.", "null": [ "immudda \u0263 kullu tamazi\u1e5bt n kanada \u0263 yat tasns\u0263alt", " ilsa acmrir m\u1e93\u1e93in d irar syy\u1e25 zud \u0263\u02b7illi \u0263 laflam lli imssuf\u0263 50 isgg\u02b7asn aya." ] }, { "en": "Also in 1965", "ber": " he traveled to Italy to play a role in Due Marines e un Generale", "null": [ " co-starring Franco Franchi and Ciccio Ingrassia.", "da\u0263 \u0263 1965", " immuda s tamazi\u1e5bt n \u1e6dalyan bac ay irar yat tilalt \u0263 du marinis i un jinirali", " nttan d franku franci d tcicu ingrassya." ] }, { "en": "One of his most biting parodies is The Frozen North (1922)", "ber": " a satirical take on William S. Hart's Western melodramas", "null": [ " like Hell's Hinges (1916) and The Narrow Trail (1917).", "yat \u0263 i\u0263rsisn ihrcn tga da fruzen nurt (1922)", " syy\u1e25 n \u1e0d\u1e0drama taggrwt n wiliam s. hart", " zud hillz hingez (1916) d da na\u1e5b\u1e5bu trayl 1917)." ] }, { "en": "Audiences of the 1920s recognized the parody and thought the film hysterically funny.", "ber": "issn wagdud n isgg\u02b7asn n 1920 syy\u1e25an d id\u1e63\u1e63a bahra d lfilm." }, { "en": "The short also featured the impression of a performing monkey which was likely derived from a co-biller's act (called Peter the Great).", "ber": "lfilm aku\u1e0da\u1e0d gis da\u0263 tasyaft n yaw z\u025b\u1e0du\u1e0d itth\u1e0da\u1e5bn lli innuf\u0263n \u0263 urar (ismas biter da grit)." }, { "en": "Note: Source misspells Keaton's frequent appellation as Great Stoneface.", "ber": "amQyyd: asagm ar iskar aznzri \u0263 tirra n uzwl n kitun drit stunfays." }, { "en": "Keaton dated actress Dorothy Sebastian beginning in the 1920s and Kathleen Key in the early 1930s.", "ber": "iddukl kitun d tasmdayt duruti sibastyan \u0263 umzwaru n isgg\u02b7asn n 1920 d katlin ki \u0263 umzwaru n isgg\u02b7asn n 1930." }, { "en": "He escaped a straitjacket with tricks learned from Harry Houdini.", "ber": "injm \u0263 yat tikbrt iqqnn s tinannasin lli isslmd \u0263 dar hari hudini." }, { "en": "She filed for divorce in 1935 after finding Keaton with Leah Clampitt Sewell", "ber": " the wife of millionaire Barton Sewell", "null": [ " in a hotel in Santa Barbara.", "t\u1e0dalb tabrattns \u0263 1935 lli\u0263 tufa kitun d liya klambit siwel", " tam\u0263art n umillyunir bartun siwel", " \u0263 ya wasnsu \u0263 santa barbara." ] }, { "en": "He stopped drinking for five years.", "ber": "ibbi ccrab smmus isgg\u02b7asn." }, { "en": "The marriage lasted until his death.", "ber": "i\u0263ama itihalns aylli\u0263 immut." }, { "en": "Confined to a hospital during his final days", "ber": " Keaton was restless and paced the room endlessly", "null": [ " desiring to return home.", "innum\u1e93 \u0263 usngaf \u0263 ussanns gguranin", " kitun ur igiwr d ar bdda ifttu d ar idttachka \u0263 u\u1e25anu", " ira as yurri s tigmmins." ] }, { "en": "The screenplay", "ber": " by Sidney Sheldon", "null": [ " who also directed the film", " was loosely based on Keaton's life but contained many factual errors and merged his three wives into one character.", "ittufra lfilm imik", " n sidni cildun", " lli timssuf\u0263n", " \u0263 tudrt n kitun mac gis tuggt n tizglin d issr\u025ba tim\u0263arinns s kra\u1e0d \u0263 ya uwrik." ] }, { "en": "Dedicated to bringing greater public attention to Keaton's life and work", "ber": " the membership includes many individuals from the television and film industry: actors", "null": [ " producers", " authors", " artists", " graphic novelists", " musicians", " and designers", " as well as those who simply admire the magic of Buster Keaton.", "ilta\u0263", " lli illan bac atsmun tuggt n igdudn s tudrt d tawwuri n kitun", " gis tuggt n middn iswwurin \u0263 tilifizyun d laflam: ismdayn", " imsayufa", " imaran", " ina\u1e93u\u1e5bn", " imaran n tisisklt", " im\u1e93awann", " d imamkn", " d kullu wanna tit\u025bjabn bastr kitun." ] }, { "en": "Hirschfeld said that modern film stars were more difficult to depict", "ber": " that silent film comedians such as Laurel and Hardy and Keaton looked like their caricatures.", "null": [ "\u201cinna hurcfild maf ismdayn n \u0263a\u1e63\u1e63ad cqqan ad tgzzun", " d izffan n laflam i\u1e25issiyin zud luril d hardi d kitun \u201c\u201drwasn isfr\u0263nsn\u201d\u201d.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Film critic Roger Ebert stated", "ber": " The greatest of the silent clowns is Buster Keaton", "null": [ " not only because of what he did", " but because of how he did it.", "ama\u1e93am n laflam reji ibirt inna", " amsyy\u1e25 a\u1e25issi umafayn iga bastr kitn", " urd mayskar", " mac mani s tiskr." ] }, { "en": "Filmmaker Mel Brooks has credited Buster Keaton as a major influence", "ber": " saying: I owe (Buster) a lot on two levels: One for being such a great teacher for me as a filmmaker myself", "null": [ " and the other just as a human being watching this gifted person doing these amazing things.", "\u201camss\u025bf\u0263 n laflam mil bruks inna maf iga bastr kitun i\u1e0di\u1e63 imqqurn", " \u201c\u201ddfar\u0263 (bastr) mnck \u0263 sin iswirn: yan lli\u0263 iga aslmad amafayn i umssuf\u0263 zud nkki", " d wayyad lli\u0263 iga yan lli ddar lmawhiba d izdar ayskr tuggt n iskkinn \u025bdlnin.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Actor and stunt performer Johnny Knoxville cites Keaton as an inspiration when coming up with ideas for Jackass projects.", "ber": "asmday d asyy\u1e25 juny nuksfil f kitun iq iga tufrayt i twangimin n instayn n jakass." }, { "en": "Lewis was particularly moved by the fact that Eleanor said his eyes looked like Keaton's.", "ber": "i\u1e25ml lwis lli\u0263 as tnna ilanur maf tiwallinns rwasnt xtin nkitun." }, { "en": "In 1964", "ber": " he told an interviewer that in making this particular pork pie", "null": [ " he started with a good Stetson and cut it down", " stiffening the brim with sugar water.", "\u201c\u0263 1964", " inna i yan umsqsi is lii\u0263 ar ssufu\u0263n \u201c\u201dacmrirad\u201d\u201d", " \u2018\u2019\u2019ibda s ya ucmrir n stitsun ifulkin ibbit\u201d\u201d", " issdus tamans s waman \u1e25lanin.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "His paternal great-grandparents were Welsh.", "ber": "ayddars n ibbas gan \u0263 tamazirt n wilz." }, { "en": "Lloyd began collaborating with Roach who had formed his own studio in 1913.", "ber": "ixdm luyd d rutc lli innurzmn sstudyuns \u0263 1913." }, { "en": "In 1919", "ber": " she left Lloyd to pursue her dramatic aspirations.", "null": [ "\u0263 1919", " tfl luyd bac att\u1e0dfr imaggumns \u0263 \u1e0d\u1e0d\u1e5bama." ] }, { "en": "Reportedly", "ber": " the more Lloyd watched Davis the more he liked her.", "null": [ "ar ttinin", " \u0263unck lli s ayt\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba luyd dafis \u0263unck lli s artitti\u1e5bi." ] }, { "en": "Harold Lloyd would move away from tragicomic personas", "ber": " and portray an everyman with unwavering confidence and optimism.", "null": [ "igg\u02b7j luyd \u0263 iwrikn lli ismunan trajidya d takumidit", " d irar awrik s tamyamant iggutn." ] }, { "en": "To create his new character Lloyd donned a pair of lensless horn-rimmed glasses but wore normal clothing; previously", "ber": " he had worn a fake mustache and ill-fitting clothes as the Chaplinesque Lonesome Luke. ", "null": [ "\u201cbac ayskr awrikad issni luyd ana n tismmaqqalin mac ilsa imk\u1e5ba\u1e0d n bdda; tizwira", " ilsa acl\u0263um n iml\u1e93yn d imk\u1e5ba\u1e0d ur dis gaddan lli\u0263 iga da cablinisk \u201c\u201dlunsum luk\u201d\u201d.\u201d\u201d" ] }, { "en": "They were natural and the romance could be believable.", "ber": "gan igamann d tayrinsn ttyuman." }, { "en": "On Sunday", "ber": " August 24", "null": [ " 1919", " while posing for some promotional still photographs in the Los Angeles Witzel Photography Studio", " he picked up what he thought was a prop bomb and lit it with a cigarette.", "\u0263 usamas", " wuss 24 \u0263uct", " 1919", " lli\u0263 ikkatin ar iskar tiwlafin \u0263 studyu n lus anjlis witzl n tawlaft", " yusi mas inna tga yat tasbuqqit n urmidi issr\u0263attin s lga\u1e5b\u1e5bu." ] }, { "en": "Lloyd was in the act of lighting a cigarette from the fuse of the bomb when it exploded", "ber": " also badly burning his face and chest and injuring his eye.", "null": [ "ikkatin luyd ar issadd lgarru \u0263 imicc n talqqnbult lli\u0263 fllas tbbaqqi", " tskras l\u025bfit il\u0263u\u0263sn \u0263 udmns d idmarns d tuggsdas allns." ] }, { "en": "Lloyd and Roach parted ways in 1924", "ber": " and Lloyd became the independent producer of his own films.", "null": [ "luyd d ruc mrruzzgn \u0263 1924", " d isyuf\u0263 luyd laflamns wa\u1e25dut." ] }, { "en": "All of these films were enormously successful and profitable", "ber": " and Lloyd would eventually become the highest paid film performer of the 1920s.", "null": [ "laflam ad kullutn mmursn d im\u1e5bwint bahra", " rad ig luyd asmday lli kullu izzln g isgg\u02b7asn n 1920." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " his go-getting screen character was out of touch with Great Depression movie audiences of the 1930s.", "null": [ "mac", " awrikns idrramn u\u1e5b ittu\u1e25mal dar igdudn n lkasad amqqran n isgg\u02b7asn n 1930." ] }, { "en": "On March 23", "ber": " 1937", "null": [ " Lloyd sold the land of his studio", " Harold Lloyd Motion Picture Company", " to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.", "\u0263 wuss 23 ma\u1e5b\u1e63", " 1937", " izznza luyd akal n ustudyuns", " haruld luyd mucn biktcr", " i tam\u1e93\u1e93\u2d36lut n i\u1e5bumiyn jisus krayst uf lattr day saynts." ] }, { "en": "He returned for an additional starring appearance in The Sin of Harold Diddlebock", "ber": " an ill-fated homage to Lloyd's career", "null": [ " directed by Preston Sturges and financed by Howard Hughes.", "yurrid \u0263 yat titlat ya\u1e0dnin \u0263 da sin uf haruld didlbuk", " asm\u0263r imxlin n ta\u0263arast tazulantns", " issuf\u0263t bitrsen sturjes d ixll\u1e63t huard hyuz." ] }, { "en": "Lloyd and Sturges had different conceptions of the material and fought frequently during the shoot; Lloyd was particularly concerned that while Sturges had spent three to four months on the script of the first third of the film", "ber": " the last two-thirds of it he wrote in a week or less.", "null": [ "\u201cluyd d sturges mma\u0263n bdda f twwu\u1e5bi lli\u0263 att\u1e63wwa\u1e5bn; ixmmim luyd bah\u1e5ba f maf sturgis ikkan k\u1e5ba\u1e0d n\u0263d kku\u1e93 iyyu\u1e5bn \u0263 uskrib n tulut amzwaru n lfilm", " \u201c\u201dyura tulutayl imggura \u0263 yan imalass\u201d\u201d.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Some saw The Old Gold Comedy Theater as being a lighter version of Lux Radio Theater", "ber": " and it featured some of the best-known film and radio personalities of the day", "null": [ " including Fred Allen", " June Allyson", " Lucille Ball", " Ralph Bellamy", " Linda Darnell", " Susan Hayward", " Herbert Marshall", " Dick Powell", " Edward G. Robinson", " Jane Wyman", " and Alan Young.", "kran middn z\u1e5ban amzgun n da uld guld kumidi maf irwas umzgun n luks radyu", " d gis iwrikn imafayn n laflam d tanzawayt n \u0263akudan", " zud frid allin", " d jun alisun", " d lusil bal", " d ralf bilani", " d linda darnil", " d suzan hayward", " d hrbrt marcal", " d dik bawil", " d idward g. rubinsun", " d jin wiman", " d alan yung." ] }, { "en": "Many years later", "ber": " acetate discs of 29 of the shows were discovered in Lloyd's home", "null": [ " and they now circulate among old-time radio collectors.", "mnnaw isgg\u02b7asn iwrinn", " ttyafant tiqa\u1e5bi\u1e0din n 29 ifrrjn \u0263 tigmmi n luyd", " \u0263ilad llant dar \u0263willi smunan iskkinn n iqdimn n tanzawayt." ] }, { "en": "He was a Past Potentate of Al-Malaikah Shrine in Los Angeles", "ber": " and was eventually selected as Imperial Potentate of the Shriners of North America for the year 1949\u201350.", "null": [ "ikkatin iga anba\u1e0d aqdim n um\u1e0dl n al-malayka \u0263 lus anglis", " d ittufran \u0263 iwrinn ayg alba\u1e0d mqqu\u1e5bn \u0263 im\u1e0dlan n amirika tagafayt \u0263 usgg\u02b7as n 1949-50." ] }, { "en": "Lloyd was invested with the Rank and Decoration of Knight Commander Court of Honour in 1955 and coroneted an Inspector General Honorary", "ber": " 33\u00b0", "null": [ " in 1965.", "yum\u1e93 luyd tas\u0263znt n adar d tamadayt n nayt kumandr kurt uf unur \u0263 1955 d tidri n insbitur jiniral", " 33\u00b0", " \u0263 1965." ] }, { "en": "It said", "ber": " as first step", "null": [ " Lloyd will write the story of his life for Simon and Schuster.", "nnan", " \u0263 usurif amzwaru", " ra yara luyd tudrtns i saymun d custr." ] }, { "en": "He became known for his nude photographs of models", "ber": " such as Bettie Page and stripper Dixie Evans", "null": [ " for a number of men's magazines.", "ittussan s tiwlafinns \u025branin n l\u025baridat", " zud bitti \u1e25ayj d diksi ifanz", " i mnnaw n tis\u0263wan n irgazn." ] }, { "en": "We never intended them to be played with pianos.", "ber": "ur jju nmmel atirar s ubyanu." }, { "en": "They've come close to it", "ber": " but they haven't come all the way up.", "null": [ "qrrbnas", " mac ur lkmn aflla kullut." ] }, { "en": "In the early 1960s", "ber": " Lloyd produced two compilation films", "null": [ " featuring scenes from his old comedies", " Harold Lloyd's World of Comedy and The Funny Side of Life.", "\u0263 usgg\u02b7asn zwarnin n 1960", " isyafa luyd sin laflam", " gisn tamu\u0263lit tikumidiyin iqdimn", " harld luyds wurld uf kumidi d da fanni sayd uf layf." ] }, { "en": "Time-Life released several of the feature films more or less intact", "ber": " also using some of Scharf's scores which had been commissioned by Lloyd.", "null": [ "tsdurfi taym layf tuggt n laflam", " tsmmrs azawan n carf isqqimn g luyd." ] }, { "en": "The Brownlow and Gill documentary was shown as part of the PBS series American Masters", "ber": " and created a renewed interest in Lloyd's work in the United States", "null": [ " but the films were largely unavailable.", "ittimla untim n brawn lu d gil maf iga ug\u1e0dam n usddi n PBS amirikan mastrz", " d issnkr ta\u0263\u1e0dft i twwuri n luyd \u0263 tamazi\u1e5bt n marikan", " mac ur sul llan mnnaw n laflam." ] }, { "en": "They also adopted Gloria Freeman (1924\u20131986) in September 1930", "ber": " whom they renamed Marjorie Elizabeth Lloyd but was known as Peggy for most of her life.", "null": [ "\u201cssgmn da\u0263 glurya friman (1924 - 1986) \u0263 cutanbir 1930", " smmantid marjuri ilizabit luyd mac ttussan d \u201c\u201dbiggi\u201d\u201d \u0263 tugt n tudrtns.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Davis died from a heart attack in 1969", "ber": " two years before Lloyd's death.", "null": [ "tmmut dafis s tassasst null \u0263 1969", " sin isgg\u02b7asn dat aymmt luyd." ] }, { "en": "In 1925", "ber": " at the height of his movie career", "null": [ " Lloyd entered into Freemasonry at the Alexander Hamilton Lodge No.", "\u0263 1925", " \u0263 uxcac n tariditns", " ikcm luyd s tamasunit \u0263 aliksandr hamiltun ludj." ] }, { "en": "In 1926", "ber": " he became a 32\u00b0 Scottish Rite Mason in the Valley of Los Angeles", "null": [ " California.", "\u0263 1926", " iga amasuni n skutlanda n 32\u00b0 \u0263 uza\u0263ar n lus angilis", " kalifurnya." ] }, { "en": "A portion of Lloyd's personal inventory of his silent films (then estimated to be worth $2\u00a0million) was destroyed in August 1943 when his film vault caught fire.", "ber": "rdrn tuggt n usatim \u0263 laflam i\u1e25issiyn (iqddrn s 2 mltun dula\u1e5b) \u0263 \u0263uct 1943 lli\u0263 tumz afa \u0263 tazqqans." }, { "en": "The fire spared the main house and outbuildings.", "ber": "tzzuzr afa \u0263 ugns n tgmmi d awljns." }, { "en": "Lloyd was honored in 1960 for his contribution to motion pictures with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 1503 Vine Street.", "ber": "ittusm\u0263ar luyd \u0263 1960 f tabzartns i ssinima s yat titrit \u0263 huliwud walk uf fiym \u0263 1503 fayn strit." }, { "en": "The second citation was a snub to Chaplin", "ber": " who at that point had fallen foul of McCarthyism and had his entry visa to the United States revoked.", "null": [ "abdar wissin iga a\u1e0dna\u1e93 i cablin", " lli iskrn tisslt n tajmawt d kiisnas l fisa n marikan." ] }, { "en": "Gladys Marie Smith (April 8", "ber": " 1892 \u2013 May 29", "null": [ " 1979)", " known professionally as Mary Pickford", " was a Canadian-American film actress and producer with a career that spanned five decades.", "gladis masi smit (wiss 8 ibrir", " 1892 \u2013 wiss 29 mayyu", " 1979)", " tussn s twwurins s mari bikfurd", " tga tasmdayt d tamsafayut tamarikanit takanadit g yat twwuri ikkan sin wagnarn d mraw isgg\u02b7asn." ] }, { "en": "Her father", "ber": " John Charles Smith was the son of English Methodist immigrants", "null": [ " and worked a variety of odd jobs.", "ixdm ibbas", " jon carlz smit lii igan iwis n imzwagn n imitudist n ngliz", " d iswuri \u0263 ina\u1e0din ittyanawn." ] }, { "en": "To please her husband's relatives", "ber": " Pickford's mother baptized her children as Methodists", "null": [ " the religion of their father.", "bac attkr lxa\u1e6d\u1e5b n ayddars uurgazns", " tra innas n bikfurd attsnkr tarwans bac adgin imitodin", " aqgd n ibbatsn." ] }, { "en": "Gladys", "ber": " her mother and two younger siblings toured the United States by rail", "null": [ " performing in third-rate companies and plays.", "tmunzz galdis", " d innas d ist mas m\u1e93\u1e93inint \u0263 marikan s ulaway", " irarnt \u0263 timnsitin n umala wuss kra\u1e0d d timzgunin." ] }, { "en": "Gladys finally landed a supporting role in a 1907 Broadway play", "ber": " The Warrens of Virginia.", "null": [ "tum\u1e93 gladis tilalt i\u1e93\u1e93i\u1e0d\u1e5bn \u0263 yat tamzgunt n 1907 \u0263 brudway", " da warrinz uf firginia." ] }, { "en": "After completing the Broadway run and touring the play", "ber": " however", "null": [ " Pickford was again out of work.", "mac", " ur sul tlla lkhdmt d bikfurd", " lli\u0263 tkmm \u0263 brudway d umuddu n tanzgunt." ] }, { "en": "She quickly grasped that movie acting was simpler than the stylized stage acting of the day.", "ber": "trms dgya is umsday n ssinima yuf win umzgun." }, { "en": "As Pickford said of her success at Biograph:I played scrubwomen and secretaries and women of all nationalities ... I decided that if I could get into as many pictures as possible", "ber": " I'd become known", "null": [ " and there would be a demand for my work.", "zud ma\u0263 tnna bikfurd \u0263 usmursns: irar\u0263 timarrasin d timiratin d tm\u0263arin g kullu timiza\u1e5b... \u0263ttis\u0263 i\u0263 skr\u0263 mnnawt n twwurin", " middn rad iyissn", " d rad irin tawwurinu." ] }, { "en": "In January 1910", "ber": " Pickford traveled with a Biograph crew to Los Angeles.", "null": [ "\u0263 innayr n 1910", " tmmudda bikfurd d taggayt n byugraf s lus anjlis." ] }, { "en": "Actors were not listed in the credits in Griffith's company.", "ber": "ismdayn ur ttbdirn \u0263 umsnad n tamnstit n grifit." }, { "en": "Pickford left Biograph in December 1910.", "ber": "ifl bikfurd byugraf \u0263 dujanbir 1910." }, { "en": "She returned to Broadway in the David Belasco production of A Good Little Devil (1912).", "ber": "turrid s brudway \u0263 tasayafut n dafid bilasku a gud litl difil (1912)." }, { "en": "In 1913", "ber": " she decided to work exclusively in film.", "null": [ "\u0263 1913", " t\u0263tis atswuri \u0263 laflam ka." ] }, { "en": "Pickford left the stage to join Zukor's roster of stars.", "ber": "ifl bikfurd amzgun bac addimun d itran n zukur." }, { "en": "Comedy-dramas", "ber": " such as In the Bishop's Carriage (1913)", "null": [ " Caprice (1913)", " and especially Hearts Adrift (1914)", " made her irresistible to moviegoers.", "irat igdudn", " lli\u0263 attskar laflam n takumidit d drama zud", " da bicub karyaj (1913)", " kabric (1913)", " d slawan akk\u02b7 harts adrift (1914)." ] }, { "en": "Tess of the Storm Country was released five weeks later.", "ber": "iffu\u0263d tis uf da sturm kuntri awrinn s smmus imalassn." }, { "en": "Only Charlie Chaplin", "ber": " who slightly surpassed Pickford's popularity in 1916", "null": [ " had a similarly spellbinding pull with critics and the audience.", "carli cablin wa\u1e25dut", " lli yugg\u02b7rn bikfurd \u0263 ungnan s imik \u0263 1916", " ittu\u1e25mal ulla ntan dar igdudn." ] }, { "en": "She also became vice-president of Pickford Film Corporation.", "ber": "tga da\u0263 tamarist n inssixf n bikfurd film kurburicn." }, { "en": "Due to her lack of a normal childhood", "ber": " she enjoyed making these pictures.", "null": [ "llig dars \u1e6dufula illugan", " t\u1e25mil attrks laflam ad." ] }, { "en": "In August 1918", "ber": " Pickford's contract expired and", "null": [ " when refusing Zukor's terms for a renewal", " she was offered $250", "000 to leave the motion picture business.", "\u0263 \u0263uct 1918", " tsq\u1e0du tam\u0263unt n bikfurd", " lliF ur tra tifadawin n zukur attismaynu", " fan as $250", "000 bac ittfl tawwuri n laflam." ] }, { "en": "Through United Artists", "ber": " Pickford continued to produce and perform in her own movies; she could also distribute them as she chose.", "null": [ "\u0263 yunaytid a\u1e5btists", " tsuld bikfurd \u0263 urar d tasayafut n laflamns; tufa da\u0263 asstn tb\u1e6d\u1e6du sgilli t\u1e5ba." ] }, { "en": "During this period", "ber": " she also made Little Annie Rooney (1925)", "null": [ " another film in which Pickford played a child", " Sparrows (1926)", " which blended the Dickensian with newly minted German expressionist style", " and My Best Girl (1927)", " a romantic comedy featuring her future husband Charles Buddy Rogers.", "\u201c\u0263 ugur ad", " tsumfu\u0263d tsllwid litl ani runi (1925)", " lfilm ya\u1e0dni lli\u0263 turar bikfurd tabrsirt", " sbarruz (1926)", " lli issr\u025bin tamamkt n dikn d win lalman", " d may bist grl (1927)", " lfilm n takumidit tarumansit d urgazns imaln carlz \u201c\u201dbudi\u201d\u201d r\u025bgrz.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "She played a reckless socialite in Coquette (1929)", "ber": " her first talkie", "null": [ " a role for which her famous ringlets were cut into a 1920s' bob.", "turar yat tanuflayt taqicu\u1e25t \u0263 kukit (1929)", " lfilmns isawaln izwarn", " tbbi ibb\u025buyns \u0263 titlaltad s tin 1920." ] }, { "en": "The public failed to respond to her in the more sophisticated roles.", "ber": "urttira ugdud \u0263 tilalin imhyarn." }, { "en": "Established Hollywood actors were panicked by the impending arrival of the talkies.", "ber": "mnusn ismdayn n huliwud s uwa\u1e0d n laflam isawalnin." }, { "en": "She retired from film acting in 1933 following three costly failures with her last film appearance being Secrets.", "ber": "ttww\u1e25d s usmdya \u0263 1933 iwrinn krad ifa\u1e63aln d sikrits iga lfilmns igguran." }, { "en": "During World War I she promoted the sale of Liberty Bonds", "ber": " making an intensive series of fund-raising speeches", "null": [ " beginning in Washington", " D.C.", " where she sold bonds alongside Charlie Chaplin", " Douglas Fairbanks", " Theda Bara", " and Marie Dressler.", "g amkaru ama\u1e0dlan amzwaru tskr usilliy n izuccln", " lli\u0263 tsmun mnnaw n iqa\u1e5bi\u1e0dn g inawn", " tzzwar g wacin\u1e6dun", " d. s. lli\u0263 tzznza izuccln d carli cablin", " d duglas firbanks", " d tida bara", " d mari drislr." ] }, { "en": "In a single speech in Chicago", "ber": " she sold an estimated five million dollars' worth of bonds.", "null": [ "tzznza smmus n mlyun n ddula\u1e5b n izuccln", " g yan inaw." ] }, { "en": "At the end of World War I", "ber": " Pickford conceived of the Motion Picture Relief Fund", "null": [ " an organization to help financially needy actors.", "lli\u0263 ikmml imn\u0263i ama\u1e0dlan amzwaru", " issuf\u0263d bikfu\u1e5b afniq n usngdwi n twllafin i tmussun", " nna igan tamaddast n yiws n tmna\u1e0din ittuxssan g u\u1e93\u1e5bf." ] }, { "en": "As a result", "ber": " in 1940", "null": [ " the Fund was able to purchase land and build the Motion Picture Country House and Hospital", " in Woodland Hills", " California.", "tayafut n uynna\u0263", " g usgg\u02b7as n 1940", " i\u0263y ufniq ad is\u0263 akal i\u1e63ku asgnaf d taddart n ufilm", " g wudland hill", " kalifurnya." ] }, { "en": "She demanded (and received) these powers in 1916", "ber": " when she was under contract to Zukor's Famous Players in Famous Plays (later Paramount).", "null": [ "tettr (tam\u1e93) tinba\u1e0din asgg\u02b7as n 1916", " lli g tga tanm\u0263unt d imirarn imcna\u025b n zuku\u1e5b g tmzgunin timcna\u025b (\u0263r dat baramawnt)." ] }, { "en": "The Mary Pickford Corporation was briefly Pickford's motion-picture production company.", "ber": "tga tmssurt n ma\u1e5bi bikfu\u1e5bd kurburatyun g yat tizi idrusn yat tmssurt n ufars n twllafin itmussun g bikfu\u1e5bd." }, { "en": "Distributors (also part of the studios) arranged for company productions to be shown in the company's movie venues.", "ber": "skrn inb\u1e0da ( awd aqcu\u1e5b g id studyu) asfsr n tyafutin n tmssurt g wansiwn ifilmn n tmssurt." }, { "en": "It was solely a distribution company", "ber": " offering independent film producers access to its own screens as well as the rental of temporarily unbooked cinemas owned by other companies.", "null": [ "tkka tga \u0263as yat tmssurt n ub\u1e6d\u1e6du", " da tsmnid i imsyafutn n ifilmn isimann ad nn aw\u1e0dn imi\u1e93a\u1e5bn nns i\u1e93lin d awd akrru n ssinima nna ur ittukran igan tin tmssurin ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "As a co-founder", "ber": " as well as the producer and star of her own films", "null": [ " Pickford became the most powerful woman who has ever worked in Hollywood.", "s ufris nns tga timrslt yamun d tmsyafut d titrit n ifilmn nns i\u1e93lin", " ta\u0263ul bikfurd tga tam\u1e6d\u1e6du\u1e0dt idusn nna akk\u02b7 iswurin g huliwud." ] }, { "en": "She and Chaplin remained partners in the company for decades.", "ber": "tqqima nttat d cablin imssurn g tmssurt isgg\u02b7asn." }, { "en": "It is rumored she became pregnant by Moore in the early 1910s and had a miscarriage or an abortion.", "ber": "ar ttinin mas da ttarw sg mu\u1e5b tizwuri n 1910 tsskr yat tarwa ur i\u1e25lin n\u0263d t\u0263ri." }, { "en": "The couple lived together on-and-off for several years.", "ber": "ddrn islan s sin s yat tal\u0263a ibbin kigan n isgg\u02b7asn." }, { "en": "Around this time", "ber": " Pickford also suffered from the flu during the 1918 flu pandemic.", "null": [ "attayn n tizi ad", " yu\u1e0dn bikfurd awd ntta g influwanza g tizi n wa\u1e6d\u1e6dan n influwanza asgg\u02b7as n 1918." ] }, { "en": "They went to Europe for their honeymoon; fans in London and in Paris caused riots trying to get to the famous couple.", "ber": "ddan s urubba ad zzrin ayyur n tamimt; agdud n lundun d bariz ayd igan talntilt n waqqur dda g ran ann aw\u1e0dn islan ittuyassann." }, { "en": "Pickford continued to epitomize the virtuous but fiery girl next door.", "ber": "tssuda bikfu\u1e5bd g uzrk nns maca tlla m wafa \u1e0dart tflut." }, { "en": "Foreign heads of state and dignitaries who visited the White House often asked if they could also visit Pickfair", "ber": " the couple's mansion in Beverly Hills.", "null": [ "islwayn n tmura d ixatarn n b\u1e5b\u1e5ba nna iran ad ikk taddart tamllalt da tettrn kigan ad kkn awd bikfayr", " i\u0263rm n islan g bifirly haylz." ] }, { "en": "Other guests included George Bernard Shaw", "ber": " Albert Einstein", "null": [ " Elinor Glyn", " Helen Keller", " H. G. Wells", " Lord Mountbatten", " Fritz Kreisler", " Amelia Earhart", " F. Scott Fitzgerald", " No\u00ebl Coward", " Max Reinhardt", " Baron Nishi", " Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko", " Sir Arthur Conan Doyle", " Austen Chamberlain", " Sir Harry Lauder", " and Meher Baba", " among others.", "sg inbgiwn ya\u1e0dn ju\u1e5bj bi\u1e5bnar cu", " d albirt inctayn", " d ilinu\u1e5b jlin", " d hilin kil\u1e5b", " d itc ji wil\u1e93", " d lu\u1e5bd mawntbatn", " d fritz krislir", " d amirya irihart", " d if skut fitz ji\u1e5bald", " d nwil kwa\u1e5bd", " d maks rinha\u1e5btd", " d ba\u1e5bun nici", " d fladimir nimi\u1e5bufitc dantcinku", " d alsi\u1e5b a\u1e5btr kunan dwil", " d ustn tcamb\u1e5blin ", " d alsir ha\u1e5bi lu\u1e5bd", " d mahi\u1e5b baba", " sg wiyya\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "They were also constantly on display as America's unofficial ambassadors to the world", "ber": " leading parades", "null": [ " cutting ribbons", " and making speeches.", "kkan awd ar ttu\u0263ran d imsqadn arimaddadn n mirikan g uma\u1e0dl", " ar nrrun tiwadiwin", " ar tbbin isfifn", " ar ttinin tinawin." ] }, { "en": "They divorced January 10", "ber": " 1936.", "null": [ "mya\u1e5b\u1e93amn g 10 innayr 1936." ] }, { "en": "She criticized their physical imperfections", "ber": " including Ronnie's small stature and Roxanne's crooked teeth.", "null": [ "tu\u1e93m ifrru\u0263n n tfggiwin nnsn", " zund tiddi n \u1e5buni il\u1e93\u1e93iyn d tu\u0263mas n \u1e5buksan immun\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "Her siblings", "ber": " Lottie and Jack", "null": [ " both died of alcohol-related causes in 1936 and 1933", " respectively.", "mmutn ayt mas", "luti d jak", " s tmntilin izdin s tissi g isgg\u02b7asn n 1936 d 1933 imm\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn." ] }, { "en": "Pickford withdrew and gradually became a recluse", "ber": " remaining almost entirely at Pickfair and allowing visits only from Lillian Gish", "null": [ " her stepson Douglas Fairbanks Jr.", " and few other people.", "tsrs bikfu\u1e5bd tu\u0263ul tddirz imik s imik", " t\u1e25\u1e0dar ad akk\u02b7 tqqim g bikfay\u1e5b", " ur tudji irfazn \u0263as i lilyan gic d urgaz nns duglas firbanks junyu\u1e5b.", " d kra n mddn idrusn." ] }, { "en": "She appeared in court in 1959", "ber": " in a matter pertaining to her co-ownership of North Carolina TV station WSJS-TV.", "null": [ "tzri dat n tsnb\u1e0dayt asgg\u02b7as n 1959", " g yat tmntilt izdin s yili nns amssur n yan usars atilifizyuniy izlmd n ka\u1e5bulina WSJS-TV." ] }, { "en": "Charles Buddy Rogers often gave guests tours of Pickfair", "ber": " including views of a genuine western bar Pickford had bought for Douglas Fairbanks", "null": [ " and a portrait of Pickford in the drawing room.", "ca\u1e5bl Buddy \u1e5buji\u1e5b da ismras bikfai\u1e5b i inbgawn", " g llan isksiwn n yat t\u1e25anut nna ts\u0263a bikfurd i duglas fay\u1e5bbanks", " d yat twllaft n bikfu\u1e5bd g tdala n uklu." ] }, { "en": "She also owned a house in Toronto", "ber": " Ontario", "null": [ " Canada.", "\u0263urs awd yat taddart g tu\u1e5buntu", " untaryu", " kanada." ] }, { "en": "Her handprints and footprints are displayed at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood", "ber": " California.", "null": [ "da ttusmrasnt twgga\u1e0d nns d lat\u1e5b n i\u1e0darn nns g umzgun n g\u1e5buman a\u1e63\u1e63in g huliwud", " kalifurnya." ] }, { "en": "The Mary Pickford Theater at the James Madison Memorial Building of the Library of Congress is named in her honor.", "ber": "ittwag as ism n amzgun n ma\u1e5bi bikfu\u1e5bd g tu\u1e63ka jims madisun asmktay g tsdlist n ukungris xf wuddur nns." }, { "en": "A first-run movie theatre in Cathedral City", "ber": " California is called The Mary Pickford Theatre", "null": [ " which was established on May 25", " 2001.", "amzgun amzwaru n ssinima g katidral siti", " kalifurnya ism nns amzgun ma\u1e5bi bikfu\u1e5bd", " nna mi ttusrs tirslt g 25 mayyu 2001." ] }, { "en": "Among them are a rare and spectacular beaded gown she wore in the film Dorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall (1924) designed by Mitchell Leisen", "ber": " her special Oscar", "null": [ " and a jewelry box.", "sg digsn yat tkbrt idrusn i\u1e93iln s waqqayn nna tlsa g ufilm n Dorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall (1924) nna as i\u0263gg\u02b7s mitcil lisin", " d uska\u1e5b nns am\u1e93lay", " d ufniq n tzuzaf." ] }, { "en": "The family home had been demolished in 1943", "ber": " and many of the bricks delivered to Pickford in California.", "null": [ "tturdal taddart n tawja asgg\u02b7as n 1943", " d ttwasin kigan n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dubn s bikfurd g kalifurnya." ] }, { "en": "In 1993", "ber": " a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to her.", "null": [ "g usgg\u02b7as n 1993", " srizzfn as titrit n tzdayt n wur\u0263 xf ubrid n itran balm sbring." ] }, { "en": "From January 2011 until July 2011", "ber": " the Toronto International Film Festival exhibited a collection of Mary Pickford memorabilia in the Canadian Film Gallery of the TIFF Bell LightBox building.", "null": [ "sg innayr 2011 ar yulyuz 2011", " ismrs unmuggar ama\u1e0dlan n ssinima tu\u1e5buntu kigan n ismktayn n ma\u1e5bi bikfu\u1e5bd g usfsr akanadiy n ifilmn g tu\u1e63ka TIFF Bell LightBox." ] }, { "en": "It was donated to Keene State College and is currently undergoing restoration by the Library of Congress for exhibition.", "ber": "ittufka i tsdawit n kin stayt ar as ittuga d\u0263i usmaynu sg \u0263ur tsdlist n ukungris afad ad t fsrn." }, { "en": "The Google Doodle of April 8", "ber": " 2017 commemorated Mary Pickford's 125th birthday.", "null": [ "isfugla uklu n tmatart n gugl tanuzaft g 8 ibrir 2017 s wass n tlalit n ma\u1e5bi bikfu\u1e5bd wiss 125." ] }, { "en": "Gloria Josephine May Swanson (March 27", "ber": " 1899 \u2013 April 4", "null": [ " 1983) was an American actress", " producer", " and businesswoman.", "tga glurya jizifin may swansun ( 27 ma\u1e5b\u1e63 1899 - 4 ibrir 1983) yat tsmdayt d tmsyafut d lal n twuriwin." ] }, { "en": "Her schoolgirl crush on Essanay Studios actor Francis X. Bushman led to her aunt taking her to tour the actor's Chicago studio.", "ber": "tmzi tnlmadt nns g ustudyu issanay yan usmday f\u1e5bansis X. yuwi bucman \u025btti nns ad ids tmun s yan wutuy g ustudyu n usmday g cikagu." }, { "en": "Her sound film debut performance in the 1929 The Trespasser", "ber": " earned her a second Academy Award nomination.", "null": [ "yuwi ufilm nns ilimsli amzwaru g The Trespasser g 1929 nna g ttustay s tsm\u0263urt n uska\u1e5b tis snat." ] }, { "en": "Her father was a Swedish American and her mother was of German", "ber": " French", "null": [ " and Polish ancestry.", "iga bba nns amirikiy aswidiy tg mma nns sg u\u1e93u\u1e5b almaniy d ufransis d ubulandiy." ] }, { "en": "In either version", "ber": " she was soon hired as an extra.", "null": [ "g ti\u1e93\u1e5bigin nns s snat", " fisa\u0263 ayd tt igan d tnuflayt." ] }, { "en": "Her first role was a brief walk-on with actress Gerda Holmes", "ber": " that paid an enormous (in those days) $3.25.", "null": [ "tilalt nns tamzwarut tga yan ussara amzzan d tsmdayt jirda hulmz", " nna ifran yan unallam (ussan nna\u0263) \u201c3.25 nid dula\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "In 1915", "ber": " she co-starred in Sweedie Goes to College with her future first husband Wallace Beery.", "null": [ "asgg\u02b7as n 1915", " tssar tabrza g uswidiy iddan s tsdawit nttat d wanna rad ig argaz nns wala\u1e63 biri." ] }, { "en": "Vernon and Swanson projected a great screen chemistry that proved popular with audiences.", "ber": "ismrs firun d swansun yan umi\u1e93a\u1e5b acimiy istawhmman nna issusmn agdud." }, { "en": "Badger was sufficiently impressed by Swanson to recommend her to the director Jack Conway for Her Decision and You Can't Believe Everything in 1918.", "ber": "swansun tssusm badjir is\u0263lf \u0263ifs amssuf\u0263 jak kunway xf t\u0263tast nns d ur tnnid ad tsglud kulci asgg\u02b7as n 1918." }, { "en": "1920)", "ber": " Something to Think About (1920)", "null": [ " and The Affairs of Anatol (1921) soon followed.", "(1920)", " kra g ixssa uswingm (1920)", " fisa\u025b ayd t id dfa\u1e5bn iskkin n ana\u1e6dul (1921)." ] }, { "en": "He had become a star in 1921 for his appearance in The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse", "ber": " but Swanson had known him since his days as an aspiring actor getting small parts", "null": [ " with no seeming hope for his professional future.", "ya\u0263ul iga itri asgg\u02b7as n 1921 s wufu\u0263 nns g kku\u1e93 n imnayn g umuddu n twargit", " maca swansun issn t sg wussan g iga asmday ittam\u1e93n iqcran im\u1e93\u1e93yann", " g ur illi unaruz g imal nns azzulan." ] }, { "en": "Filming was allowed for the first time at many of the historic sites relating to Napoleon.", "ber": "udjan asulf tikklt izwarn g kigan n wansiwn imzrayn nna izdin s nabulyun." }, { "en": "At the time", "ber": " Swanson was considered the most bankable star of her era.", "null": [ "g tizi nna\u0263", " tga swansun titrit nna i\u0263in ad ittus\u1e93\u1e5bf g uzmz nns." ] }, { "en": "The production was a disaster", "ber": " with Parker being indecisive and the actors not experienced enough to deliver the performances she wanted.", "null": [ "iga ufars tawa\u0263it", " id\u0263 trkek ba\u1e5bkr d ismdayn ur ssinn kigan afad smrsn isfsrn nna tra." ] }, { "en": "The members took further steps by registering their discontent with Will H. Hays", "ber": " Chairman of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America.", "null": [ "sskrn igmamn tisurifin ya\u1e0dn idd\u0263 zmmemn ta\u0263uffit nnsn sg will H. hays aslway n imsyafutn d inb\u1e0da n twllafin ittmussun g mirikan." ] }, { "en": "Hays was enthusiastic about the basic story", "ber": " but did have specific issues that were dealt with before the film's release.", "null": [ "i\u1e63\u1e63ub hays s tullist tadslant", " maca \u0263urs imukrisn im\u1e93lay nna ittufsayn urta d iffi\u0263 ufilm." ] }, { "en": "He proposed to personally bankroll her next picture and conducted a thorough examination of her financial records.", "ber": "issumr ad iss\u1e93\u1e5bf tawllaft nns tim\u1e0df\u1e5bt d isskr yan uzzray a\u0263zuran iwarratn nns i\u1e93\u1e5bfann." }, { "en": "Kennedy", "ber": " however", "null": [ " advised her to hire Erich von Stroheim to direct another silent film", " The Swamp", " subsequently retitled Queen Kelly.", "imil", " issfaw tt kinidi s usmrs n irik fun st\u1e5buhaym ad tswala yan ufilm ya\u1e0dn ifstan", " alma", " nna mi ittug \u1e0da\u1e5bt uynna\u0263 ism n tagllidt kili." ] }, { "en": "Stroheim worked for several months on writing the basic script.", "ber": "iswuri st\u1e5buhaym kigan n wayyurn xf tirra n usina\u1e5byu adslan." }, { "en": "Shooting was shut down in January", "ber": " and Stroheim fired", "null": [ " after complaints by Swanson about him and about the general direction the film was taking.", "ittusbdd usulf g innayr", " i\u1e5b\u1e93m st\u1e5buhaym i wafa", " \u1e0da\u1e5bt tnurzin n swansun \u0263ifs d umnid amatay nna yum\u1e93 ufilm." ] }, { "en": "The Trespasser in 1929 was a sound production", "ber": " and garnered Swanson her second Oscar nomination.", "null": [ "iga ufilm The Trespasser yan ufars i\u0263udan asgg\u02b7as n 1929", " ittustay dar swansun ad yam\u1e93 tasm\u0263urt n uska\u1e5b tis snat tikkal." ] }, { "en": "The world premiere was held in London", "ber": " the first American sound production to do so.", "null": [ "ittuga usfsr ama\u1e0dlan amzwaru g lundun", " iga tayafut tag\u1e5b\u1e0dant tamirikaniyt tamzwarut isskrn aynna\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Perfect Understanding", "ber": " a 1933 sound production comedy", "null": [ " was the only film produced by this company.", "armas s tfilawt", " tams\u1e0d\u1e63it d tayafut tag\u1e5b\u1e0dant asgg\u02b7as n 1933", " iga afilm amyiwn nna tsyafu tmssurt ad." ] }, { "en": "She began appearing in stage productions and starred in The Gloria Swanson Hour on WPIX-TV in 1948.", "ber": "tssnti ufu\u0263 g ufars n umzgun turar tana\u1e0dt tasragt n glurya wansun g WPIX-TV asgg\u02b7as n 1948." }, { "en": "The storyline of the film follows a faded silent movie actress Norma Desmond (Swanson)", "ber": " in love with a failed screenwriter Joe Gillis (William Holden).", "null": [ "da tsawal tullist n ufilm ad xf yat tsmdayt n ssinima ifstan tamskkft nu\u1e5bma dismund (swansun)", " imyaran d umiray n usinaryu anaguf ju gilis (wilyam huldn)." ] }, { "en": "Norma plays a card game of bridge with a group of actors also known as the Waxworks.", "ber": "nu\u1e5bma ar ttirir yat tirart n tka\u1e5b\u1e0da n tlgg\u02b7it nttat d trabbut n ismdayn itwassn s yism n tiwuriwin n udqqis." }, { "en": "Norma dreams of a comeback are subverted", "ber": " and when Gillis tries to break up with her", "null": [ " she threatens to kill herself", " but instead kills him.", "uckant twirga n udwal n nu\u1e5bma", " d ig tra gilis ad ids tb\u1e0du", " da tt tsdiddiy ad tn\u0263 i\u0263f nns", " maca ntta ayd tnqqa." ] }, { "en": "Although Swanson had objected to enduring a screen test for the film", "ber": " she had been glad to be making much more money than she had been in television and on stage.", "null": [ "mqqar yugi swansun ad i\u1e93\u1e93i\u1e0d\u1e5b i uzzray n umi\u1e93a\u1e5b i ufilm", " maca tmdz kigan acku tuwi idrimn uggar n uynna tkka tga g tilifizyun d umzgun." ] }, { "en": "Swanson later hosted Crown Theatre with Gloria Swanson", "ber": " a television anthology series in which she occasionally acted.", "null": [ "tsmrs swansun g yat tizi ya\u1e0dn amzgun n kruwn nttat d glurya swansun", " asddi n tmstayin n tilifizyun nna g tswuri kra n tikkal." ] }, { "en": "She was the mystery guest on What's My Line.", "ber": "nttat d tanbgiwt taxndallast watz may layn." }, { "en": "She made a notable appearance in a 1966 episode of The Beverly Hillbillies", "ber": " in which she plays herself.", "null": [ "tga yan wufu\u0263 anm\u0263ur g yat tndrt g bufrly hilbili asgg\u02b7as n 1966", " g turar tilalt n i\u0263f nns." ] }, { "en": "Actor and playwright Harold J. Kennedy", "ber": " who had learned the ropes at Yale and with Orson Wells' Mercury Theatre", "null": [ " suggested Swanson do a road tour of Reflected Glory", " a comedy that had run on the Broadway stage with Tallulah Bankhead as its star.", "asmday d umiray n umzgun ha\u1e5buld j. kinidi", " nna ilmdn isdditn n tnzulin g yal d umzgun n u\u1e5bsun wil mirkuri", " ittr sg swansun ad isskr yan ussutl g riflikt glu\u1e5bi", " yat tkumidiyt nna ittusmrsn g tmu\u0263lit n b\u1e5budway d titrit nns talula bankhid. " ] }, { "en": "After her success with Sunset Boulevard", "ber": " she starred on Broadway in a revival of Twentieth Century with Jos\u00e9 Ferrer", "null": [ " and in Nina with David Niven.", "\u1e0da\u1e5bt umurs nns d sunsit bulifar", " tga tana\u1e0dt g bruwdway g ussidr n tasut tiss simraw d juzi firrir", " awd g nina nttat d da\u0263id nifn." ] }, { "en": "As a Republican she supported the 1940 and 1944 campaigns for president of Wendell Willkie and the 1964 presidential campaign of Barry Goldwater.", "ber": "d tagdudant", "null": [ " tuws imzizziln n 1940 d 1944 n uslway n win\u1e0dl winki d umzizzl n uslway barri guldwatr asgg\u02b7as n 1964." ] }, { "en": "Taking medication given to her by Beery", "ber": " purported to be for morning sickness", "null": [ " she aborted the fetus and was taken unconscious to the hospital.", "isy n usafar nna as tfka biri", " nna s ttinin iga win trarit n tifawt", " i\u0263ri as urba tsxf ttyasi \u0263r usgnaf." ] }, { "en": "In 1923", "ber": " she adopted 1-year-old Sonny Smith", "null": [ " whom she renamed Joseph Patrick Swanson after her father.", "asgg\u02b7as n 1923", " tusi \u1e63uni smit \u0263r illa 1 usgg\u02b7as", " tsnfl as ism s juzif batrik swansun xf ism n babas." ] }, { "en": "She had conceived a child with him before her divorce from Somborn was final", "ber": " a situation that would have led to a public scandal and possible end of her film career.", "null": [ "tusi sg digs yan urba urta ismid u\u1e5b\u1e93\u1e93um nns d sumburn", " asurs ad ikka ira ad yawi s yan uzwar amatay n\u0263d akk\u02b7 tigira n t\u0263arast nns g ssinima." ] }, { "en": "Following a four-month recuperation from her abortion", "ber": " they returned to the United States as European nobility.", "null": [ "\u1e0da\u1e5bt kku\u1e93 n wayyurn n tujit nns sg u\u0263ri nns", " a\u0263uln s iwunak imunn d im\u1e6d\u1e5b\u1e5b\u1e25n n u\u1e5bubba." ] }, { "en": "He became a film executive representing Path\u00e9 (USA) in France.", "ber": "ya\u0263ul iga anmhal amzzgar n ufilm n bati (USA) g fran\u1e63a." }, { "en": "Swanson described herself as a mental vampire", "ber": " someone with a searching curiosity about how things worked", "null": [ " and who pursued the possibilities of turning those ideas into reality.", "tglm swansun i\u0263f nns is tga tamssummt n idammn tungimt", " afgan \u0263r tlla tdwwayt g urzzu xf tmamkt s swurin iskkinn", " ar irzzu is i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5ba n ad irar tanayin d\u0263 ad gnt tidtt." ] }, { "en": "They met by chance in Paris when Swanson was being fitted by Coco Chanel for her 1931 film Tonight or Never.", "ber": "mlalan s usama g bariz g tlsa swansun kuku canil g usujd n ufilm nns i\u1e0d a n\u0263 djun asgg\u02b7as n 1931." }, { "en": "Her friends", "ber": " some of whom openly disliked him", "null": [ " thought she was making a mistake.", "\u0263aln imddukkal nns", " nna d iff\u0263n is t ur \u1e25miln", " is tga azggal." ] }, { "en": "Swanson had initially thought she was going to be able to retire from acting", "ber": " but the marriage was troubled by Davey's alcoholism from the start.", "null": [ "t\u0263al swansun tizwuri is qad ti\u0263iy i tanaft sg usmdi", " maca iwl irwi s tissi n dafi sg tizwuri." ] }, { "en": "He was the co-author (ghostwriter) of Billie Holiday's autobiography Lady Sings the Blues", "ber": " the author of Sugar Blues", "null": [ " a 1975 best-selling health book still in print", " and the author of the English version of Georges Ohsawa's You Are All Sanpaku.", "iga yan umssuf\u0263 amssur (amssuf\u0263marur) n tridrt n bili hulidays laydi singz du bluz", " amssuf\u0263 n udlis cugar bluz", " adlis n udwas inzan kigan g 1975 isul ar itff\u0263", " d umssuf\u0263 n tun\u0263ilt tangliziyt sg udlis yu ar al sanbaku n ju\u1e5bj usawa." ] }, { "en": "Swanson and her husband first got to know John Lennon and Yoko Ono because they were fans of Dufty's work.", "ber": "tmyassan swansun d urgaz nns tikklt izwarn xf jun linun d yuku unu acku gan sg imarayn n twuri n dufti." }, { "en": "She was cremated and her ashes interred at the Episcopal Church of the Heavenly Rest on Fifth Avenue in New York City", "ber": " attended by only a small circle of family.", "null": [ "s\u0263usn amttin nns adrn as i yi\u0263d nns g lkanisa takhhant i usgunfu n ignna g usuk wis smmus g nyuyu\u1e5bk siti", " s yili n yat tmtettayt tam\u1e93\u1e93yant g tawja nns." ] }, { "en": "In 1974", "ber": " Swanson was one of the honorees of the first Telluride Film Festival.", "null": [ "g usgg\u02b7as n 1974", " iga swansun yan sg winna ittusm\u0263rn g unmuggar amzwaru tilu\u1e5bayd n ssinima." ] }, { "en": "Due to the erotic nature of her performances", "ber": " Nielsen's films were censored in the United States", "null": [ " and her work remained relatively obscure to American audiences.", "s tmntilt n ugama issr\u025babn g taggayt nns", " ttusbddan ifilmn n nislnn g iwankn imunn", " tqqim twuri nns tg tuffirt n ugdud amirikaniy." ] }, { "en": "Nielsen's family moved several times during her childhood while her father sought employment.", "ber": "tmmutti tawja n nilsnn kigan n tikkal g tm\u1e93i nns g tizi nna g irzzu babas tawuri." }, { "en": "Nielsen's father died when she was fourteen years old.", "ber": "immut babas n nilsnn ddag \u0263urs kku\u1e93 d mraw n usgg\u02b7as." }, { "en": "In 1901", "ber": " 21-year-old Nielsen became pregnant and gave birth to a daughter", "null": [ " Jesta.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1901", " tusi nilsnn \u0263r tlla 21 n usgg\u02b7as adis taru tarbat", " jista." ] }, { "en": "Nielsen graduated from the Theater school in 1902.", "ber": "tum\u1e93 nilsnn aslkin g tinml n umzgun asgg\u02b7as n 1902." }, { "en": "Nielsen's minimalist acting style was evidenced in her successful portrayal of a naive young woman lured into a tragic life.", "ber": "tbayn tmamkt tafrart n usmdi n nilsnn g uswlf nns imursn i yat tm\u1e6d\u1e6du\u1e0dt ta\u025brrimt tabujadiyt ittus\u1e0dm\u025bn g yat tudrt n uxub." }, { "en": "Nielsen and Gad married", "ber": " then made four more films together.", "null": [ "tmyawal nilsnn d gad", " ssuf\u0263n d akk\u02b7 kku\u1e93 n ifilmn ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "I realised that the age of short film was past.", "ber": "ssn\u0263 mas d izri uzmz n ufilm agzzal." }, { "en": "It was international film sales that provided Union with eight Nielsen films per year.", "ber": "mnziwt n ufilm agra\u0263lan ayd ismrsn tarabbut n tam n ufilm n nilsnn i usgg\u02b7as." }, { "en": "I used every available means \u2013 and devised many new ones \u2013 in order to bring the Asta Nielsen films to the world.", "ber": "ssmrs\u0263 isggurn nna illan \u2013 d snfl\u0263 kigan n isggurn imaynutn \u2013 afad ad awi\u0263 ifilmn n nilsnn i uma\u1e0dal." }, { "en": "In a Russian popularity poll of 1911", "ber": " Nielsen was voted the world's top female movie star", "null": [ " behind Linder and ahead of her Danish compatriot Valdemar Psilander.", "g yan us\u0263l n tannayt tamatayt g rusya asgg\u02b7as n 1911", " ttustay nilsnn d titrit n ssinima tamufayt g uma\u1e0dal", " \u1e0da\u1e5bt lindr d dat n tnamurt nns tadanimarkiyt faldimar bsilandr." ] }, { "en": "In 1921", "ber": " Nielsen", "null": [ " through her own film distribution company of Asta Films", " appeared in the Svend Gade and Heinz Schall directed Hamlet.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1921", " nilsnn", " s tngrant n tmssurt nns n ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n ifilmn as\u1e6da filmz", " tff\u0263d g sifn grad d haynz cal tssdru hamlt." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " scholarly works such as the authoritative filmography published by Filmarchiv Austria in 2010 make no mention of such a film.", "null": [ "imil", " tiwuriwin timassanin zund afilm n ssinima nna tfsr tmssurt filmarcif ustriya g 2010 ur da tbddr zund afilm ad." ] }, { "en": "She worked in German films until the start of sound movies.", "ber": "tswura g ifilmn ilmaniyn ar tizwuri n ifilmn ig\u1e5b\u1e0dann." }, { "en": "Thereafter", "ber": " Nielsen acted only on stage.", "null": [ "\u1e0da\u1e5bt uynna\u0263", " nilsnn tsmdi \u0263as g umzgun." ] }, { "en": "Understanding the implications", "ber": " Nielsen declined and left Germany in 1936.", "null": [ "g trms tusurt n \u1e0da\u1e5bt uynna\u0263", " tugi nilsnn yff\u0263 almanya asgg\u02b7as n 1936." ] }, { "en": "They were divorced by 1919 when Nielsen married the Swedish shipbuilder Freddy Windg\u00e5rdh.", "ber": "mya\u1e5b\u1e93amn asgg\u02b7as n 1919 lli g ttahl nilsnn aswidiy itt\u1e63kun i\u0263\u1e5b\u1e5babutn fridi windga\u1e5bd." }, { "en": "They began a long-term common-law marriage that lasted from 1923 until the late 1930s.", "ber": "ssntan iwl i\u0263zzifn sg 1923 ar tigira n isgg\u02b7asn 1930." }, { "en": "Fred Astaire (born Frederick Austerlitz; May 10", "ber": " 1899\u00a0\u2013 June 22", "null": [ " 1987) was an American dancer", " actor", " singer", " choreographer", " and television presenter.", "frid astir (ilul fridirik ustirlitz; 10 mayyu 1899 \u2013 22 yunyu 1987) iga am\u1e5bka\u1e0d amirikaniy", " askba\u1e5b", " am\u0263naj", " aku\u1e5bigraf", " d amsmnid n tilifizyun." ] }, { "en": "He starred in more than 10 Broadway and West End musicals", "ber": " made 31 musical films", "null": [ " four television specials", " and numerous recordings.", "yurar g wuggar n 10 n tmzgunin n u\u1e93awan g b\u1e5budway d wist ind", " isskr 31 n ufilm n u\u1e93awan", " kku\u1e93 n isaysn im\u1e93lay n tilifizyun", " d kigan n izmmimn." ] }, { "en": "Astaire's mother was born in the US to Lutheran German immigrants from East Prussia and Alsace.", "ber": "tlula immas n astir g US sg lutran jirman imzza sg unqar n brusya d alza\u1e63." }, { "en": "Fritz was seeking work in the brewing trade and moved to Omaha", "ber": " Nebraska", "null": [ " where he was employed by the Storz Brewing Company.", "irza fritz tawuri g tsbbabt n usmtn d immatti s umaha", " nibraska", " g iswuri d tmssurt n stu\u1e5bz briwin." ] }, { "en": "Johanna planned a brother and sister act", "ber": " common in vaudeville at the time", "null": [ " for her two children.", "ts\u0263iws jwana i ugma d ultma", " ittwassn g fudfil g uzmz nna\u0263", " xf sin warraw nns." ] }, { "en": "They began training at the Alviene Master School of the Theatre and Academy of Cultural Arts.", "ber": "ssntin asmuttg g tinml alfin mast\u1e5b n umzgun d tkadimiyt n t\u1e93uriwin tidlsanin." }, { "en": "They were taught dance", "ber": " speaking", "null": [ " and singing in preparation for developing an act.", "sslmdn asn arkks d wawal d u\u0263nnj afad sbu\u0263lun askb\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "In an interview", "ber": " Astaire's daughter", "null": [ " Ava Astaire McKenzie", " observed that they often put Fred in a top hat to make him look taller.", "g yan usqsay", " tarbat n astirz", " afa astir mkinzi", " t\u0263\u1e0df is da tggan i frid yat tcact afad i\u0263zif." ] }, { "en": "As a result of their father's salesmanship", "ber": " Fred and Adele landed a major contract and played the Orpheum Circuit in the Midwest", "null": [ " Western and some Southern cities in the US.", "acku issn babasn ad izznz", " yum\u1e93 frid d adil yat tm\u0263unt tamqqrant ukan urarn g usara n u\u1e5bfum g midwist", " wistirn d kra n tmdinin g US." ] }, { "en": "In 1912", "ber": " Fred became an Episcopalian.", "null": [ "g usgg\u02b7as n 1912", " iga frid abiskubalan." ] }, { "en": "From vaudeville dancer Aurelio Coccia", "ber": " they learned the tango", "null": [ " waltz", " and other ballroom dances popularized by Vernon and Irene Castle.", "sg u\u1e5bkka\u1e0d n fudfil u\u1e5bilyu kukiya", " lmdn i\u1e5bka\u1e0dn n ttangu", " d i\u1e5bka\u1e0dn ya\u1e0dn nna s ttwassn firnun d irin kastl." ] }, { "en": "He first met George Gershwin", "ber": " who was working as a song plugger for Jerome H. Remick's music publishing company", "null": [ " in 1916.", "imlala tikklt izwarn d ju\u1e5bj gircwin", " nna ittawsn g u\u0263nnj g tmssurt n ufsar n u\u1e93awan igan tin ji\u1e5bum H. rimiks", " asgg\u02b7as n 1916." ] }, { "en": "Of their work in The Passing Show of 1918", "ber": " Heywood Broun wrote: In an evening in which there was an abundance of good dancing", "null": [ " Fred Astaire stood out\u00a0... He and his partner", " Adele Astaire", " made the show pause early in the evening with a beautiful loose-limbed dance.", "sg twuri nnsn g du bassin cuw asgg\u02b7as n 1918", " yura hiywud b\u1e5bun: yan yi\u1e0d g iggut u\u1e5bkk\u1e0d i\u0263udan", " ibaynd frid astir ... ntta d tmssurt nns", " adil astir", " sbddan afsar zikk talgg\u02b7at s yan u\u1e5bkk\u1e0d ilelli i\u0263udan." ] }, { "en": "But by this time", "ber": " Astaire's dancing skill was beginning to outshine his sister's.", "null": [ "maca g tizi ad", " astirs ya\u0263ul ar ittaf ultmas g u\u1e5bkk\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Astaire's tap dancing was recognized by then as among the best.", "ber": "qrran is iga u\u1e5bkk\u1e0d n astirs g uzmz nna\u0263 yan sg imafayn." }, { "en": "After the close of Funny Face", "ber": " the Astaires went to Hollywood for a screen test (now lost) at Paramount Pictures", "null": [ " but Paramount deemed them unsuitable for films.", "lli g iqqn fani fays", " ayt astir ddan s huliwud ad sskrn irim ami\u1e93a\u1e5b (ijla d\u0263i) g baramunt biktcur", " maca igatn baramunt is ur d usin i ifilmn." ] }, { "en": "The end of the partnership was traumatic for Astaire but stimulated him to expand his range.", "ber": "ur t\u1e25li tgira n tussurt i astir maca tssikmt ad ittwassn kigan." }, { "en": "They lent him for a few days to MGM in 1933 for his significant Hollywood debut in the successful musical film Dancing Lady.", "ber": "kran t idsn wussan i MGM g usgg\u02b7as n 1933 xf wufu\u0263 nns g huliwud g ufilm n u\u1e93awan imursn dansin laydi." }, { "en": "He wrote his agent", "ber": " I don't mind making another picture with her", "null": [ " but as for this 'team' idea", " it's 'out!'", "yura umskar ntwuriwin nns", " ur igiy\u0263 ad asi\u0263 tawlaft ya\u1e0dn dids", " imma g twngimt n 'tarabbut'", " tga 'ufu\u0263!'" ] }, { "en": "The partnership", "ber": " and the choreography of Astaire and Hermes Pan", "null": [ " helped make dancing an important element of the Hollywood film musical.", "tuws tmssurt d us\u0263iws n i\u1e5bka\u1e0dn astir d hirms ban", " g uswrri n u\u1e5bka\u1e0d d afrdis istawhmman g ufilm n huliwud n u\u1e93awan." ] }, { "en": "Six out of the nine Astaire\u2013Rogers musicals became the biggest moneymakers for RKO; all of the films brought a certain prestige and artistry that all studios coveted at the time.", "ber": "gant \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63 sg t\u1e93a n tmzgunin n u\u1e93awan n astir\u2013\u1e5bujir asagm amqqran n idrimn i RKO; uwind ifilmn kullutn yan wuddur g t\u1e93u\u1e5bi nna \u0263msn istudyunt kullu g uzmz nna\u0263." }, { "en": "This gave the illusion of an almost stationary camera filming an entire dance in a single shot.", "ber": "ifka mayad yan udmu is tlla lkami\u1e5ba timntit ar tswlaf a\u1e5bka\u1e0d ismdn g yan umi\u1e93a\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Astaire's style of dance sequences allowed the viewer to follow the dancers and choreography in their entirety.", "ber": "tamamkt n usnsl n u\u1e5bka\u1e0d n astil yudja im\u1e93ri ad i\u1e0dfu\u1e5b im\u1e5bka\u1e0dn d us\u0263iws n tm\u1e5bka\u1e0din kullu." }, { "en": "Astaire's second innovation involved the context of the dance; he was adamant that all song and dance routines be integral to the plotlines of the film.", "ber": "isllwu wis sin n astir digs amna\u1e0d n urka\u1e0d; isddid ad gn i\u0263nnijn i\u1e5butiniyn d win u\u1e5bka\u1e0d tu\u1e6d\u1e6dut yamun g ifilan n ufilm." }, { "en": "One would be a solo performance by Astaire", "ber": " which he termed his sock solo.", "null": [ "yan digsn qad ig askar am\u1e93lay n astir", " mi iga s wassa\u0263 suk sulu." ] }, { "en": "I think Ginger Rogers was.", "ber": "\u025bni\u0263 jinjr \u1e5bujir iga \u0263ikann." }, { "en": "She faked it an awful lot.", "ber": "trwi tt thyya a\u1e5bka\u1e0d." }, { "en": "In 1976", "ber": " British talk-show host Sir Michael Parkinson asked Astaire who his favorite dancing partner was on Parkinson.", "null": [ "g usgg\u02b7as n 1976", " amsmnid n i\u0263awasn imsawaln ib\u1e5bitaniyn mass maykl ba\u1e5bknsun isqqsa astir xf umssur \u0263urs yufn g u\u1e5bkk\u1e0d g ba\u1e5bknsun." ] }, { "en": "Despite their success", "ber": " Astaire was unwilling to have his career tied exclusively to any partnership.", "null": [ "mqqar mursn", " ur iri astir ad izdi tudrt nns tazzulant s u\u1e93lay d awt yat tassurt." ] }, { "en": "Throughout this period", "ber": " Astaire continued to value the input of choreographic collaborators.", "null": [ "g tizi ad", " issuda astil g usutg n i\u1e0di\u1e63 n imyawasn ikurigrafiyn." ] }, { "en": "They starred in Broadway Melody of 1940", "ber": " in which they performed a celebrated extended dance routine to Cole Porter's Begin the Beguine.", "null": [ "urarn g b\u1e5budway miludi g usgg\u02b7as n 1940", " g smdyan a\u1e5butin n u\u1e5bka\u1e0d ittwassnn n kul burtrz g bigan du bigin." ] }, { "en": "He played alongside Bing Crosby in Holiday Inn (1942) and later Blue Skies (1946).", "ber": "yurar tasga n bing krusbi g huliday g (1942) d \u1e0da\u1e5b as blu skis (1946)." }, { "en": "The latter film featured Puttin' On the Ritz", "ber": " an innovative song-and-dance routine indelibly associated with him.", "null": [ "afsar n ufilm amggaru butin un du raytz", " iga a\u1e5butin ittusllwan i i\u0263nnijn d u\u1e5bka\u1e0d nna digs isl\u0263n abda." ] }, { "en": "The first film", "ber": " You'll Never Get Rich (1941)", "null": [ " catapulted Hayworth to stardom.", "afilm amzwaru", " ur sar tgid amglu abda (1941)", " yu\u0263ul hayurt d itri." ] }, { "en": "It featured a duet to Kern's I'm Old Fashioned", "ber": " which became the centerpiece of Jerome Robbins's 1983 New York City Ballet tribute to Astaire.", "null": [ "yuls i tzlit n kirn am uldfacyunid", " nna igan asgum n usm\u0263r n ji\u1e5bum \u1e5bubinz g nyu yu\u1e5bk sity bali i astir asgg\u02b7as n 1983." ] }, { "en": "Astaire choreographed this film alone and achieved modest box office success.", "ber": "is\u0263iws astir \u0263as ntta afilm ad nna imursn kigan g usira n tnfulin." }, { "en": "The fantasy\u00a0Yolanda and the Thief (1945) featured an avant-garde surrealistic ballet.", "ber": "ittwassn ufilm amarur yulanda d umxxar (1945) ismnadn yan ubali asuryaliy n tzzugra." }, { "en": "Always insecure and believing his career was beginning to falter", "ber": " Astaire surprised his audiences by announcing his retirement during the production of\u00a0his next film Blue Skies\u00a0(1946).", "null": [ "abda ur yumin g i\u0263f nns yi\u0263il is da ttmdu tazzult nns", " astir issr\u025bb aydud nns g ibrr\u1e25 s tanaft nns g ufars n ufilm nns blu skis (1946)." ] }, { "en": "Both of these films revived Astaire's popularity and in 1950 he starred in two musicals.", "ber": "ruran d ifilmn s sin tamdnant n astir d usgg\u02b7as n 1950 yarir g snat tmzgunin ti\u1e93awanin." }, { "en": "While Three Little Words did quite well at the box office", "ber": " Let's Dance was a financial disappointment.", "null": [ "zzi\u0263 g d trura k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt tguriwin igzzuln kigan g usira n tnfulin", " maca lits dans tga tagawit ta\u1e93\u1e5bfant." ] }, { "en": "But because of its high cost", "ber": " it failed to make a profit on its first release.", "null": [ "s tmntilt n t\u0263li nns", " ur t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad d trar walu g wufu\u0263 nns amzwaru." ] }, { "en": "Then", "ber": " his wife Phyllis became ill and suddenly died of lung cancer.", "null": [ "imikk ta\u1e0dn tm\u1e6d\u1e6du\u1e0dt nns filis s nit tmmut s lkunsir n turin." ] }, { "en": "Daddy Long Legs only did moderately well at the box office.", "ber": "t\u0263uda cwiy tfri n i\u1e0da\u1e5bn n baba i\u0263zzafn g usira n tnfulin." }, { "en": "Similarly", "ber": " Astaire's next project \u2013 his final musical at MGM", "null": [ " Silk Stockings (1957)", " in which he co-starred with Cyd Charisse", " also lost money at the box office.", "ula", " asnti ya\u1e0dn n astir \u2013 igan afilm n u\u1e93awan nns amggarug MGM", " silk stuking (1957)", " nna g yamu ntta d kyd caris", " i\u1e5b\u1e93a awd g kigan n idrimn g usira n tnfulin." ] }, { "en": "The first of these programs", "ber": " 1958's An Evening with Fred Astaire", "null": [ " won nine Emmy Awards", " including Best Single Performance by an Actor and Most Outstanding Single Program of the Year.", "amzwaru g i\u0263awasn ad", " yan yi\u1e0d d frid astir g 1958", " yuwi t\u1e93a n tsm\u0263urin n immi", " g illa uswuri amufay n usmday am\u1e93lay d u\u0263awas amufay am\u1e93lay n usgg\u02b7as ad." ] }, { "en": "The choice had a controversial backlash because many believed his dancing in the special was not the type of acting for which the award was designed.", "ber": "astay ad \u0263urs tmrarut tuk\u1e5bi\u1e0dt issr\u025babn acku kigan i\u0263al mas d a\u1e5bkk\u1e0d nns g umi\u1e93a\u1e5b am\u1e93lay ur igi sg wanaw n usmdya nna xf ttus\u0263aws tsm\u0263urt." }, { "en": "They restored the original videotape", "ber": " transferring its contents to a modern format and filling in gaps where the tape had deteriorated with kinescope footage.", "null": [ "rurand a\u0263raw n ufidyu a\u1e93\u0263uran", " ismutti tumayin nns s yat tal\u0263a tatrart iqqn as ti\u1e5b\u1e93iwin nna g ur i\u1e25li u\u0263raw s twlafin g u\u0263raw n ssinima." ] }, { "en": "Astaire appeared in non-dancing roles in three other films and several television series from 1957 to 1969.", "ber": "iff\u0263d astir g tmlalin ur igin ti\u1e5bkka\u1e0din g k\u1e5ba\u1e0d ifilmn ya\u1e0dn d kigan n imsdditn n tilifizyun sg usgg\u02b7as n 1957 ar asgg\u02b7as n 1969." }, { "en": "Astaire's dance partner was Petula Clark", "ber": " who played his character's skeptical daughter.", "null": [ "amssur n astir g u\u1e5bka\u1e0d tga tt bitula klark", " nna yurarn awrik nns tarbat tamckakt." ] }, { "en": "Astaire continued to act in the 1970s.", "ber": "issuda astir g twuri g 1970s." }, { "en": "In the second compilation", "ber": " aged seventy-six", "null": [ " he performed brief dance linking sequences with Kelly", " his last dance performances in a musical film.", "g trabbut tis snat", " \u0263urs samraw d \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63 n usgg\u02b7as", " ismrs a\u1e5bka\u1e0d igzzuln ntta d kili", " afsar nns n u\u1e5bka\u1e0d amggaru g yan ufilm n u\u1e93awan." ] }, { "en": "In 1978", "ber": " he co-starred with Helen Hayes in a well received television film A Family Upside Down in which they played an elderly couple coping with failing health.", "null": [ "g usgg\u02b7as n 1978", " idra tilalt tamqqrant d hilin hays g yan ufilm atilifizyuniy nna issusmn kigan a famili ubsayd dawn nna g aurarn sin iwssarn yuwln ar ttna\u0263n d yan waddad adusan ur i\u1e25lin." ] }, { "en": "Astaire asked his agent to obtain a role for him on Galactica because of his grandchildren's interest in the series and the producers were delighted at the opportunity to create an entire episode to feature him.", "ber": "ittr astir sg umskar nns ad yam\u1e93 yat tilalt g galaktika acku ran wayyawn nns asddi d imsyafutn mdzn s uzmz n usnulfu n yat tndrt ismdn ad t syussnn." }, { "en": "Long after the photography for the solo dance number I Want to Be a Dancin' Man was completed for the 1952 feature The Belle of New York", "ber": " it was decided that Astaire's humble costume and the threadbare stage set were inadequate and the entire sequence was reshot.", "null": [ "\u1e0da\u1e5bt yan uzmz i\u0263zzifn n usmad n uswlf n um\u1e0dan n u\u1e5bkk\u1e0d amyiwn ri\u0263 ad g\u0263 argaz am\u1e5bka\u1e0d ittusmadn i ufilm a\u0263zzaf g 1952 tim\u1e25lit n nyuyu\u1e5bk", " ittu\u0263ts mas d timlsa n astir timanuzin d trabbut n umzgun tamu\u1e25ult d ad alsn i uswlf n usnsl kullu." ] }, { "en": "Frame for frame", "ber": " the two performances are identical", "null": [ " down to the subtlest gesture.", "asati i usati", " ifsarn s sin aksuln", " ar tifras tim\u1e93\u1e93yanin." ] }, { "en": "His was a uniquely recognizable dance style that greatly influenced the American Smooth style of ballroom dance and set standards against which subsequent film dance musicals would be judged.", "ber": "tamamkt nns g u\u1e5bka\u1e0d ttxzsszn s u\u1e93lay d t\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63 tamamkt tamirikaniyt smut i u\u1e5bka\u1e0d n tdala isrs isbdadn nna xf rad ttunba\u1e0dnt tmzgunin ti\u1e93awanin n u\u1e5bka\u1e0d n ifilmn d iddan." }, { "en": "He notes Astaire's dance style was consistent in subsequent films made with or without the assistance of Pan.", "ber": "isskn mas d tamamkt n u\u1e5bka\u1e0d n astir tqqima g ifilmn ittufarsn nna d i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn s umyawas n bann\u0263 bla nns." }, { "en": "However", "ber": " this was almost always confined to the area of extended fantasy sequences", "null": [ " or dream ballets.", "imil", " iqqima uynna\u0263 abda ingr isnsln imarurn", " n\u0263 d bali drim." ] }, { "en": "Later in life", "ber": " he admitted", "null": [ " I had to do most of it myself.", "g yan uzmz am\u1e0df\u1e5b g tudrt nns", " iqrra", " amata diksnt ixss ad tnt sskr\u0263 i i\u0263f inu." ] }, { "en": "Many dance routines were built around a gimmick", "ber": " like dancing on the walls in Royal Wedding or dancing with his shadows in Swing Time.", "null": [ "ttu\u1e63kan kigan n imi\u1e93a\u1e5b n u\u1e5bkk\u1e0d xf gimmik", " zund a\u1e5bkk\u1e0d xf igudar g tm\u0263ra n ugllid n\u0263d a\u1e5bka\u1e0d g s imula nns g tizi n uj\u025blull." ] }, { "en": "They would work with a rehearsal pianist (often the composer Hal Borne) who in turn would communicate modifications to the musical orchestrators.", "ber": "ar swurin d am\u0263nnj n ubyanu anaram (s umata amsnay hal bu\u1e5bn) nna ittawin isnfln i imzdayn n u\u1e93awan." }, { "en": "With all the preparation completed", "ber": " the actual shooting would go quickly", "null": [ " conserving costs.", "ig smdn ismuttugn", " da ssntayn asulf n tidtt fisa\u025b", " ayann ad issdrusn atign." ] }, { "en": "He will not even go to see his rushes... He always thinks he is no good.", "ber": "ur inni ad iddu ar d i\u1e93\u1e5b affafn nns... da itti\u0263il abda is ur i\u1e25li." }, { "en": "Michael Kidd", "ber": " Astaire's co-choreographer on the 1953 film The Band Wagon", "null": [ " found that his own concern about the emotional motivation behind the dance was not shared by Astaire.", "yufa maykl kid", " ams\u0263iws n i\u1e5bka\u1e0dn yamun g astir g ufilm n tuldit n trabbut asgg\u02b7as n 1953", " mas d amnus nns tfras \u1e0da\u1e5bt u\u1e5bka\u1e0d ur t dids idri astir." ] }, { "en": "Let's add the looks later.' ", "ber": "adjat a\u0263 tifrisin ard ukan.' " }, { "en": "Irving Berlin considered Astaire the equal of any male interpreter of his songs\u2014as good as Jolson", "ber": " Crosby or Sinatra", "null": [ " not necessarily because of his voice", " but for his conception of projecting a song.", "isaksul irfing birlin astir d kran umsu\u0263l awtman n i\u0263nnijn nns\u2014s t\u1e5bwi n julsun", " k\u1e5busbi n\u0263d sinatra", " ur id s tmntilt n ug\u1e5b\u1e0d nns", " maca s tannayt nns i ufsar n u\u0263nnij." ] }, { "en": "In his heyday", "ber": " Astaire was referenced in lyrics of songwriters Cole Porter", "null": [ " Lorenz Hart and Eric Maschwitz and continues to inspire modern songwriters.", "g uswir nns anaflla", " sawln xf astir g iwalisn n imyura d imsnayn kul burtr", " lu\u1e5bnz ha\u1e5bt d irik macwitz isul da yakka ulman i imyura n i\u0263nnijn itrarn." ] }, { "en": "During 1952", "ber": " Astaire recorded The Astaire Story", "null": [ " a four-volume album with a quintet led by Oscar Peterson.", "g 1952", " izmmem astir tullist n astir", "yan walbum n kku\u1e93 n tfulin d yat tsmmust iswads uska\u1e5b \u1e25itirsun." ] }, { "en": "Bogart began acting in Broadway shows", "ber": " beginning his career in motion pictures with Up the River (1930) for Fox and appeared in supporting roles for the next decade", "null": [ " sometimes portraying gangsters.", "issnti bugart g usmdya g imi\u1e93a\u1e5b n b\u1e5budway", " issnti tudrt nns tazzulant g iwlafn ittmussun d asif amatuy (1930) i fuks d issnti tilal n tnalit g mraw n isgg\u02b7asn d iddan", " ar iswlaf kra n tikkal imrttaln." ] }, { "en": "Bogart's private detectives", "ber": " Sam Spade (in The Maltese Falcon) and Phillip Marlowe (in 1946's The Big Sleep)", "null": [ " became the models for detectives in other noir films.", "gan imrza imlay n bugarts", " sam sbbid (g ufilm lbaz amaltiy) d filib maluw (i\u1e0ds axatar g 1946)", " d imdyatn n imrza g ifilmn n nuy\u1e5b ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "Soon after the principal photography for The Big Sleep (1946", "ber": " their second film together)", "null": [ " he filed for divorce from his third wife and married Bacall.", "yan uzmz idrusn \u1e0da\u1e5bt uswlf adslan n i\u1e0ds axatar (afilm nnsn s sin", " 1946)", " issutr sg tm\u1e6d\u1e6du\u1e0dt nns tis k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt yawl bakal." ] }, { "en": "He reprised those unsettled", "ber": " unstable characters as a World War II naval-vessel commander in The Caine Mutiny (1954)", "null": [ " which was a critical and commercial hit and earned him another Best Actor nomination.", "yuls asmdya i iwrikn ur in\u1e93i\u1e93n d amuzr n u\u0263rrabu g imn\u0263i ama\u1e0dlan II g a\u0263ww\u0263 n kiyn (1954)", " nna ilan amurs ansbab d u\u1e93\u1e5bfan nna mi ittifka ustay ya\u1e0dn n usmdya amufay." ] }, { "en": "The name Bogart derives from the Dutch surname", "ber": " Bogaert.", "null": [ "ism bugart d anafu\u0263 n tnqqubt tahulandiyt bugart." ] }, { "en": "Maud was an Episcopalian of English heritage", "ber": " and a descendant of Mayflower passenger John Howland.", "null": [ "iga waz yan ukhhan sg wayda angliziy sg mayfl\u025bwir basanjir jun huwland." ] }, { "en": "Clifford McCarty wrote that Warner Bros. publicity department had altered it to January 23", "ber": " 1900 to foster the view that a man born on Christmas Day couldn't really be as villainous as he appeared to be on screen.", "null": [ "yaru klifu\u1e5bd makarti mas d tazuni n usussn g tmssurt n wa\u1e5bnr b\u1e5bus. ittusnfl \u0263r 23 innayr", " 1900 ad yaws amnad nna ittinin is d argaz iluln g wass n tlalit n \u025bisa ur inni ad ig yan ur i\u1e25lin mki nna ismnid umi\u1e93a\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "Lauren Bacall wrote in her autobiography that Bogart's birthday was always celebrated on Christmas Day", "ber": " saying that he joked about being cheated out of a present every year.", "null": [ "taru lurin bakal g tridirt nns tanimant mas da ittusfuglu s wass n tlalit n bugart g wass n tlalit n \u025bisa", " tnna mas da itt\u1e0d\u1e63a xf tukknda nns g trzzift n ku asgg\u02b7as." ] }, { "en": "Maud was a commercial illustrator who received her art training in New York and France", "ber": " including study with James Abbott McNeill Whistler.", "null": [ "tga mud tanfrist tansbabt ittusmuttgn g nyuyu\u1e5bk d f\u1e5bansa", " awd ti\u0263ri d jims abbut mknil wistl\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "She earned over $50", "ber": "000 a year at the peak of her career \u2013 a very large sum of money at the time", "null": [ " and considerably more than her husband's $20", "000.", "tuwi uggar n $50", "000 i usgg\u02b7as g ixf n tudrt nns tazzulant \u2013 d am\u1e0dan axatar n idrimn g uzmz nna\u0263", " uggar n $20", "000 n irgaz nns." ] }, { "en": "He had two younger sisters: Frances (Pat) and Catherine Elizabeth (Kay).", "ber": "llant \u0263urs snat tawmatin tim\u1e93\u1e93yanin: f\u1e5bansis (bat) d katrin ilizabit (kay)." }, { "en": "A kiss", "ber": " in our family", "null": [ " was an event.", "timitt", " g tawja nn\u0263", " tstawhmma." ] }, { "en": "He inherited a tendency to needle", "ber": " a fondness for fishing", "null": [ " a lifelong love of boating", " and an attraction to strong-willed women from his father.", "ikkus sg babas a\u1e25a\u1e5bs s tissmi", " immut xf ugmar n islman", " tayri n tnaka n i\u0263rruba abda", " d ulday n twtmin id m tirat idusn." ] }, { "en": "Bogart later attended Phillips Academy", "ber": " a boarding school to which he was admitted based on family connections.", "null": [ "\u1e0da\u1e5bt uynna\u0263 yudf bugart s tkadimiyt n filibs", " igan tinml tag\u02b7nsant g t usin s imyassatn n tawjiwin." ] }, { "en": "Several reasons have been given; according to one", "ber": " he was expelled for throwing the headmaster (or a groundskeeper) into Rabbit Pond on campus.", "null": [ "ttufkant kigan n tmntilin; nil yat digsnt", " \u1e93\u1e93\u025bn t idd\u0263 igr anmhal n tinml (n\u0263d an\u1e0daf) s aglmam n iqninn g tsdawit." ] }, { "en": "He then volunteered for the Coast Guard Temporary Reserve in 1944", "ber": " patrolling the California coastline in his yacht", "null": [ " the Santana.", "imik imxs i in\u1e0dafn n yill ikudann asgg\u02b7as n 1944", " isskr kra n tmtettayin g yill n kalifu\u1e5bnya s u\u0263rrabu nns", " saman\u1e6da." ] }, { "en": "In one", "ber": " his lip was cut by shrapnel when his ship (the ) was shelled.", "null": [ "g yat digsnt", " ittu\u1e0da\u1e63 wancuc nns s if\u1e6d\u1e6diwj lli g ittwat u\u0263\u1e5b\u1e5babu nns." ] }, { "en": "While changing trains in Boston", "ber": " the handcuffed prisoner reportedly asked Bogart for a cigarette.", "null": [ "g tizi n usnfl n ilawayn g bus\u1e6dun", " ittr as un\u1e25bas mi ttukrafn ifassn agi\u1e5b\u1e5bu i bugart." ] }, { "en": "By the time Bogart was treated by a doctor", "ber": " a scar had formed.", "null": [ "g tizi nna g issuji umsgnaf bugart", " ittuskar digs uzmul." ] }, { "en": "Instead of stitching it up", "ber": " he screwed it up.", "null": [ "g ud\u0263ar n wad t ignu", " isxsr t." ] }, { "en": "His character and values developed separately from his family during his navy days", "ber": " and he began to rebel.", "null": [ "ibu\u0263la uwrik nns d wazaln nns g ittu\u1e93lay xf tawja nns g wussan nna izzri g tylant", " d issnti a\u0263ww\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Bogart resumed his friendship with Bill Brady Jr. (whose father had show-business connections)", "ber": " and obtained an office job with William A. Brady's new World Films company.", "null": [ "issuda bugart g tiddukla nns g bil b\u1e5badi junyu\u1e5b (nna mi ila babas izdayn insbabn imi\u1e93a\u1e5bn)", " yam\u1e93 yat twuri tasirant g tmssurt n ifilmn ima\u1e0dlann imaynutn \u0263r wilyam A. b\u1e5badis." ] }, { "en": "He made his stage debut a few months later as a Japanese butler in Alice's 1921 play Drifting (nervously delivering one line of dialogue)", "ber": " and appeared in several of her subsequent plays.", "null": [ "\u1e0da\u1e5bt idsn wayyurn iff\u0263 d tikklt tamzwarut g umzgun d axddam ayabaniy g tmzgunt alis driftin asgg\u02b7as n 1921 (ittwanna yan uzrirg g umawal s zz\u025baf)", " tff\u0263d g kigan n tmzgunin nns d iddan." ] }, { "en": "A barroom brawl at this time was also a purported cause of Bogart's lip damage", "ber": " dovetailing with Louise Brooks' account.", "null": [ "iga awd imn\u0263i g lbar g tizi nna\u0263 tamntilt isxsrn ancuc n bugart", " imki nna inna lwis bruks." ] }, { "en": "Bogart disliked his trivial", "ber": " effeminate early-career parts", "null": [ " calling them White Pants Willie roles.", "ur i\u1e25mil bugart tilal nns n i\u0263ijban", " igan \u1e25tta g tizwuri n tudrt nns tazzulant", " gant \u0263urs am tilal n wayt bant wili." ] }, { "en": "Menken said in her divorce filing that Bogart valued his career more than marriage", "ber": " citing neglect and abuse.", "null": [ "lli g tra minkin ad tnna\u1e5b\u1e93m tnna mas d bugart ifka uddur i twuri nns tazzulant uggar n yiwl", " tsskn s uwnul d usslku." ] }, { "en": "There he met Spencer Tracy", "ber": " a Broadway actor whom Bogart liked and admired", "null": [ " and they became close friends and drinking companions.", "dinna\u0263 ag imlala d sbansr traysi", " asmdya g brudway nna ira bugart i\u1e25lu \u0263urs", " gn imdduukkal d ismunn n tssi." ] }, { "en": "Tracy received top billing", "ber": " but Bogart appeared on the film's posters.", "null": [ "tum\u1e93 traysi kigan n tfaturin", " maca bugart iff\u0263 d g tsmmalin n ufilm." ] }, { "en": "A quarter of a century later", "ber": " the two men planned to make The Desperate Hours together.", "null": [ "\u1e0da\u1e5bt rrb\u025b n tusut", " s\u0263awsn irgazn s sin ad smunn tizi n uxub." ] }, { "en": "Bogart shuttled back and forth between Hollywood and the New York stage from 1930 to 1935", "ber": " out of work for long periods.", "null": [ "ar ittddu bugart ar d ittu\u0263ul ingr huliwud d nyuyu\u1e5bk sg usgg\u02b7as n 1930 ar 1935", " bla tawuri kigan n tizi." ] }, { "en": "Although Leslie Howard was the star", "ber": " The New York Times critic Brooks Atkinson said that the play was a peach\u00a0... a roaring Western melodrama\u00a0... Humphrey Bogart does the best work of his career as an actor.", "null": [ "mqqar tga lizli h\u025bward titrit", " inna uma\u1e93am g u\u0263mis n nyuyu\u1e5bk siti mas d tamzgunt tga axux ... amiludrama n u\u0263lay is\u0263uyyun ... g iga humfri bugart amsdya ayd isskr tawuri tamufayt g tudrt nns tazzulant." ] }, { "en": "Warner Bros. bought the screen rights to The Petrified Forest in 1935.", "ber": "ts\u0263a wa\u1e5bnr b\u1e5bus izrfan n umi\u1e93a\u1e5b n tagant iqqurn asgg\u02b7as n 1935." }, { "en": "Howard", "ber": " who held the production rights", "null": [ " made it clear that he wanted Bogart to star with him.", "issfra haward", " nna mi gan izrfan n ufars winns", " mas ira ad yurar d bugart." ] }, { "en": "When Warner Bros. saw that Howard would not budge", "ber": " they gave in and cast Bogart.", "null": [ "llig i\u1e93\u1e5ba wa\u1e5bnr b\u1e5budrz is isl\u0263 haward", " rrizn grn bugart." ] }, { "en": "According to Variety", "ber": " Bogart's menace leaves nothing wanting.", "null": [ "nil faryiti", " asdiddi n bugart ur da ittadja awd iri." ] }, { "en": "There must be something in my tone of voice", "ber": " or this arrogant face\u2014something that antagonizes everybody.", "null": [ "ixss ad yili kra g ug\u1e5b\u1e0d inu", " n\u0263d udm ad am\u1e93\u1e93ng\u1e5b\u2014kra igan mgal kullu." ] }, { "en": "In spite of his success", "ber": " Warner Bros. had no interest in raising Bogart's profile.", "null": [ "mqqar imurs", " warnr b\u1e5budrz ur \u0263urs asmkl g wasay n twlaft n bugart." ] }, { "en": "Bogart used these years to begin developing his film persona: a wounded", "ber": " stoical", "null": [ " cynical", " charming", " vulnerable", " self-mocking loner with a code of honor.", "ussmrd bugart isggasn ad isbu\u0263lu awrik nns g ufilm: amagus", " ariwaqiy", " am\u1e6dna\u1e93", " agzzan", " amudrus", " i\u1e6d\u1e6dna\u1e93 g i\u0263f nns", " d inign n wuddur." ] }, { "en": "His disputes with Warner Bros. over roles and money were similar to those waged by the studio with more established and less malleable stars such as Bette Davis and James Cagney.", "ber": "gan imzarayn nns d wa\u1e5bnr brudrz xf tilal d idrimn am winna izzri ustudyu d kigan n itran ittwassn d icqqan am bitt dafid d jims kagni." }, { "en": "His only leading role during this period was in Dead End (1937", "ber": " on loan to Samuel Goldwyn)", "null": [ " as a gangster modeled after Baby Face Nelson.", "g tizi ad tilalt nns tasdlant g diyd ind (1937", " ttu\u1e0df\u1e5b i samwil guldwin)", " am urgaz n trbi\u025bt zund baybi fays nilsun." ] }, { "en": "In Black Legion (1937)", "ber": " a movie Graham Greene described as intelligent and exciting", "null": [ " if rather earnest", " he played a good man who was caught up with (and destroyed by) a racist organization.", "afilm blak ligyun (1937)", " nna isnumml graham grin s ami\u0263is d unbdar", " ig cwiy amaglay", " yarir tilalt n yan urgaz i\u0263udan ittyam\u1e93n (itturmd s) yat trabbut tamssa\u1e93u\u1e5bt." ] }, { "en": "The trouble was they were drinking mine and I was making this stinking movie.", "ber": "amukris d nitni ar ssan sg digi ar swlaf\u0263 afilm ad amijju." }, { "en": "On August 21", "ber": " 1938", "null": [ " Bogart entered a turbulent third marriage to actress Mayo Methot", " a lively", " friendly woman when sober but paranoid and aggressive when drunk.", "g 21 \u0263uct 1938", " ikcm bugart iwl wis k\u1e5ba\u1e0d immrgagin sg tsmdyat mayu mitut", " yat tm\u1e6d\u1e6du\u1e0dt imar\u0263n t\u1e25nuna adday t\u1e5bzn", " maca d tamadutt d tazzrt adday tswa." ] }, { "en": "She set their house afire", "ber": " stabbed him with a knife", "null": [ " and slashed her wrists several times.", "tssa\u0263 afa g taddart nnsn", " tutt s lmuss", " tbbi afus nns kigan n tikklt." ] }, { "en": "According to their friend", "ber": " Julius Epstein", "null": [ " The Bogart-Methot marriage was the sequel to the Civil War.", "nil uynna inna umddakkl nnsn", " julyus ibstin", " iga yiwl n bugart d mitut asmad n imn\u0263i u\u0263rim." ] }, { "en": "Methot's influence was increasingly destructive", "ber": " however", "null": [ " and Bogart also continued to drink.", "kud itddu yi\u1e0di\u1e63 n mitut itt\u025bawad ixllu", " maca bugart issuda g tissi." ] }, { "en": "When he thought an actor", "ber": " director or studio had done something shoddy", "null": [ " he spoke up publicly about it.", "llig i\u0263al kra n usmdya", " amssuf\u0263 n\u0263d astudyu is sskrn kra ur i\u1e25lin", " isawl \u0263ifs i umata." ] }, { "en": "Paul Muni", "ber": " George Raft", "null": [ " Cagney and Robinson turned down the lead role", " giving Bogart the opportunity to play a character with some depth.", "ur iri bul muni", " jurj \u1e5baft", " kagni d \u1e5bubinsun tilalt tadslant", " ittufka uzmz i bugart ad yurar tilalt s usgunfu." ] }, { "en": "He worked well with Ida Lupino", "ber": " sparking jealousy from Mayo Methot.", "null": [ "is\u0263uda tawuri nns d ida lubinu", " issuki akaya\u1e0d n mayu mitut." ] }, { "en": "He could quote Plato", "ber": " Pope", "null": [ " Ralph Waldo Emerson and over a thousand lines of Shakespeare", " and subscribed to the Harvard Law Review.", "i\u0263y ad issmrs iwaliwn n afla\u1e6dun", " bub", " \u1e5balf waldu imirsun d uggar n tmi\u1e0di n uzririg n ciksbir", " d yamu g ts\u0263unt n uzrf harfard." ] }, { "en": "Based on the Dashiell Hammett novel", "ber": " it was first serialized in the pulp magazine Black Mask in 1929 and was the basis of two earlier film versions; the second was Satan Met a Lady (1936)", "null": [ " starring Bette Davis.", "assnd s ungal dacyil hammt", " nna iff\u0263n tikklt izwarn g ts\u0263unt blak mask g 1929 d tga tirslt n snat tun\u0263ilin n ifilmn izrin; wis sin iga ccitan imlala massa (1936)", " d unbraz bitt dafid." ] }, { "en": "Huston then eagerly accepted Bogart as his Sam Spade.", "ber": "yu\u0263ul hastun ira bugart s uddraf ig sam smid." }, { "en": "The film", "ber": " directed by Michael Curtiz and produced by Hal Wallis", "null": [ " featured Ingrid Bergman", " Claude Rains", " Sydney Greenstreet", " Paul Henreid", " Conrad Veidt", " Peter Lorre and Dooley Wilson.", "afilm sg ussuf\u0263 n maykl kirts d ufars n hal walis", " iff\u0263 d digs ingrid birgman", " d klud riyns", " sidni grinstrit", " bul hinrid", " kunrad fidt", " bitr lu\u1e5bi d duli wilsun." ] }, { "en": "Bogart is reported to have been responsible for the notion that Rick Blaine should be portrayed as a chess player", "ber": " a metaphor for the relationships he maintained with friends", "null": [ " enemies", " and allies.", "iga bugart amassay n tannayt n uswlf n rik blin amirar n cc\u1e6d\u1e5banj", " yan ulwa i izdayn nna iqqil d imddukkal d icnga d imssurn." ] }, { "en": "Bogart was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role", "ber": " but lost to Paul Lukas for his performance in Watch on the Rhine.", "null": [ "ittustay bugart d amsdya amufay g tilalt tanarayt", " maca irnat bul lukas s uswuddu nns g yan umi\u1e93a\u1e5b xf wasif n \u1e5bayn." ] }, { "en": "Bogart went on United Service Organizations and War Bond tours with Methot in 1943 and 1944", "ber": " making arduous trips to Italy and North Africa (including Casablanca).", "null": [ "idda bugart g wutuyn n tmaddast n twuri imun d wutuyn wa\u1e5b bund ntta d mitut g 1943 d 1944", " skrn tinyuddutin icqqan s italya n i\u1e93lm\u1e0d n if\u1e5biqya (g tamu kazablanka)." ] }, { "en": "When they met", "ber": " Bacall was 19 and Bogart 44; he nicknamed her Baby.", "null": [ "llig mlalan", " bakal \u0263urs 19 n usgg\u02b7as d bugart 44; issl\u0263 as baybi." ] }, { "en": "We'll have a lot of fun together.", "ber": "qnna ad n\u1e5bcq kullu a\u0263." }, { "en": "By Myself and Then Some", "ber": " HarperCollins", "null": [ " New York", " 2005.", "s ixf inu \u025bad sum", " ha\u1e5bb\u1e5bkulins", " nyuyu\u1e5bk", " 2005." ] }, { "en": "He considered himself Bacall's protector and mentor", "ber": " and Bogart was usurping that role.", "null": [ "iga ixf nns d un\u1e0daf d uslmad n bakal", " bugart isxsr tilalt ad." ] }, { "en": "Also", "ber": " he has a sense of humor that contains that grating undertone of contempt.", "null": [ "d awd", " tlla digs tqbba\u1e0dt nna g illa u\u1e25qqr isgrurusn." ] }, { "en": "The dialogue", "ber": " especially in the added scenes supplied by Hawks", "null": [ " was full of sexual innuendo", " and Bogart is convincing as private detective Philip Marlowe.", "illa g umsawal", " s u\u1e93lay g imi\u1e93a\u1e5bn nna isskr huks", " iskann n tuqqut", " d bugart issn\u1e93a d amssided am\u1e93lay filib marluw." ] }, { "en": "The marriage was a happy one", "ber": " with tensions due to their differences.", "null": [ "imdz yiwl", " d kra n ta\u1e93itt acku mzarayn ingr asn." ] }, { "en": "According to Bogart's biographer", "ber": " Stefan Kanfer", "null": [ " it was a production line film noir with no particular distinction.", "nil umira n tridirt n bugart", " stifan kanfr", " abrid n ufars n ufilm nuy\u1e5b ur digs imxalafn im\u1e93lay." ] }, { "en": "Lacking a love interest or a happy ending", "ber": " it was considered a risky project.", "null": [ "acku ur \u0263urs asmkl s tayri n\u0263d tigira imdzn", " as iga as\u0263nu imizi." ] }, { "en": "James Agee wrote", "ber": " Bogart does a wonderful job with this character\u00a0... miles ahead of the very good work he has done before.", "null": [ "yura jims aji", " isskr bugart tawuri i\u0263udan s uwrik ad ... s dat kigan n twuri i\u0263udan nna isskr sg lli." ] }, { "en": "Bogart appeared in his final films for Warners", "ber": " Chain Lightning (1950) and The Enforcer (1951).", "null": [ "iff\u0263 d bugart g ifilmn nns imggura xf wa\u1e5bnrz", " cayn laytning (1950) d infu\u1e5bsr (1951)." ] }, { "en": "Santana also made two films without him: And Baby Makes Three (1949) and The Family Secret (1951).", "ber": "ifars santana sin ifilmn bla t: baybi mayks tri (1949) d du family sukrit (1951)." }, { "en": "Several Bogart biographers", "ber": " and actress-writer Louise Brooks", "null": [ " have felt that this role is closest to the real Bogart.", "ufrayn kigan n imiratn n tridirt n bugart", " d tsmdyat d tmirayt lwiz bruks", " mas d tilalt d\u0263 ad inmalan bugart." ] }, { "en": "A parody of sorts of The Maltese Falcon", "ber": " Beat the Devil was the final film for Bogart and John Huston.", "null": [ "afilm n biyt du dufil ayd igan amggaru n bugart d jun hustun", " iga am\u1e6dna\u1e93 zund anaw n lbaz amal\u1e6diy." ] }, { "en": "Huston's love of adventure", "ber": " his deep", "null": [ " longstanding friendship (and success) with Bogart", " and the chance to work with Hepburn convinced the actor to leave Hollywood for a difficult shoot on location in the Belgian Congo.", "tayri n histun i tmsksalt", " d tiddukkla nns i\u025bubn i\u0263zzifn (d umurs nns) d bugart", " d wannaz n twuri d hibburn ayd in\u1e93an asmdya ad ifl huliwud xf yan uswlf icqqan g lkungu tabljikiyt." ] }, { "en": "Bacall came for the over-four-month duration", "ber": " leaving their young son in Los Angeles.", "null": [ "iddad bakal yat tizi uggar n kku\u1e93 n wayyurn", " ifl nn memmis g lus anjlus." ] }, { "en": "She Luxed my undies in darkest Africa.", "ber": "tkks isgbas nns g tallst n if\u1e5biqya." }, { "en": "Hepburn (a teetotaler) fared worse in the difficult conditions", "ber": " losing weight and at one point becoming very ill.", "null": [ "hibbu\u1e5bn (tana\u1e93umt) tkrfs tili g waddadn ur i\u1e25lin", " acku tdda as ta\u1e93iyt nns ta\u1e0dn kigan g yat tfrkt." ] }, { "en": "Despite the discomfort of jumping from the boat into swamps", "ber": " rivers and marshes", "null": [ " The African Queen apparently rekindled Bogart's early love of boats; when he returned to California", " he bought a classic mahogany Hacker-Craft runabout which he kept until his death.", "mqqar illa ugrurs g un\u1e0daw sg u\u0263\u1e5b\u1e5babu s isaffn d ilmatn", " tssukid tgllidt n ifriqya tayri n bugart i i\u0263\u1e5b\u1e5babutn; lli g ya\u0263ul s kalifu\u1e5bnya", " is\u0263a yat tsurart taklasikiyt n ukccu\u1e0d amahujiniy hak\u1e5b-kraft i\u1e25\u1e0du tt allig immut." ] }, { "en": "When Bogart won", "ber": " however", "null": [ " he said: It's a long way from the Belgian Congo to the stage of this theatre.", "maca", " lli g imurs bugart inna: i\u025brqq ubrid sg lkungu tabljikiyt s tm\u1e93\u1e5bit n umzgun." ] }, { "en": "As in tennis", "ber": " you need a good opponent or partner to bring out the best in you.", "null": [ "zund ttinis", " ixssak un\u1e0dlib n\u0263d amssur i\u0263udan afad d tssuf\u0263d aynna digk illan." ] }, { "en": "Though he retained some of his old bitterness about having to do so", "ber": " he delivered a strong performance in the lead; he received his final Oscar nomination and was the subject of a June 7", "null": [ " 1954 Time magazine cover story.", "mqqar i\u1e25\u1e0da kra g ta\u1e5b\u1e93gt nns tazaykut n wad isskar aya", " maca isnkd yan waggay anaflla; yam\u1e93 a\u1e93lay nns amggaru i tsm\u0263urt n uska\u1e5b ig imrsi g tullist n ts\u0263unt taym g 7 mayyu 1954." ] }, { "en": "He is the type of director I don't like to work with\u00a0... the picture is a crock of crap.", "ber": "iga anaw n umssuf\u0263 nna s ur ri\u0263 ad ids swuri\u0263 ... tawlaft tga aqcu\u1e5b sg uskstf." }, { "en": "Despite the acrimony", "ber": " the film was successful; according to a review in The New York Times", "null": [ " Bogart was incredibly adroit\u00a0... the skill with which this old rock-ribbed actor blends the gags and such duplicities with a manly manner of melting is one of the incalculable joys of the show.", "mqqar tlla tu\u1e93\u1e93irt", " imurs ufilm; nil uzzray n u\u0263mis nyuyu\u1e5bk taymz", " iga bugart amddnki ur ittudmi ... afuks nna g itssur usmdya ingr umsamma ar tn ismun s tmamkt iz\u025bmn afssay iga sg imdazn n umi\u1e93a\u1e5b iggutn." ] }, { "en": "He was uneasy with Ava Gardner in the female lead; she had just broken up with his Rat Pack buddy Frank Sinatra", "ber": " and Bogart was annoyed by her inexperienced performance.", "null": [ "ur iswanfa ntta d afa ha\u1e5bdnr g tilalt tasdlant ntm\u1e6d\u1e6du\u1e0dt; b\u1e25\u1e5ba tnnu\u1e5b\u1e93m sg umddakkl nns f\u1e5bank sinatra", " igrurs bugart sg taggayt nns g ur tlli tmu\u1e93ayt." ] }, { "en": "When Bacall found them together", "ber": " she extracted an expensive shopping spree from her husband; the three traveled together after the shooting.", "null": [ "lli g tn inn tufa bakal s sin", " tkks d g urgaz nns yat tsutlt n msi\u0263t i\u0263lan; mmuddun s k\u1e5ba\u1e0d \u1e0da\u1e5bt wafa." ] }, { "en": "He also appeared on The Jack Benny Show", "ber": " where a surviving kinescope of the live telecast captures him in his only TV sketch-comedy performance (October 25", "null": [ " 1953).", "iff\u0263d awd g u\u0263awas n du jak bini cuw", " nna g tid yum\u1e93 yan umi\u1e93a\u1e5b n ssinima sg ufsar tilifizyun usrid g waggay nns ams\u1e0d\u1e63i amyiwn (25 ktubr 1953)." ] }, { "en": "Stephen became an author and biographer and hosted a television special about his father on Turner Classic Movies.", "ber": "ya\u0263ul stifn d amgay d umira n tridrt isnbgi yan u\u0263awas atilifizyuniy i\u1e93lin s babas g turnr klasik mufi." }, { "en": "In the wake of Santana", "ber": " Bogart had formed a new company and had plans for a film (Melville Goodwin", "null": [ " U.S.A.) in which he would play a general and Bacall a press magnate.", "g wattayn n santana", " iskr bugart yat tmssurt tamaynut ar is\u0263awas i ufilm (milfil gudwin", " U.S.A.) yurar digs tilalt n ujiniral d bakal tga ta\u0263mist." ] }, { "en": "He did not talk about his health and visited a doctor in January 1956 after considerable persuasion from Bacall.", "ber": "ur isawl xf udwas nns ikk d \u0263ur umssasfr g innayr 1956 g t tssn\u1e93i bakal." }, { "en": "He had additional surgery in November 1956", "ber": " when the cancer had metastasized.", "null": [ "ittskar as way\u1e0d uflay g nuwanbir 1956", " lli g digs ya\u0263 ukunsi\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "On it was inscribed", "ber": " If you want anything", "null": [ " just whistle.", "g as ittugzay", " ig trid kra n t\u0263awsa", " \u0263as \u1e63in\u1e63g." ] }, { "en": "Having studied with Stella Adler in the 1940s", "ber": " he is credited with being one of the first actors to bring the Stanislavski system of acting and method acting", "null": [ " derived from the Stanislavski system", " to mainstream audiences.", "\u1e0da\u1e5bt t\u0263uri nns d stilla adlir g 1940", " iga sg ismdyatn imzwura d yuwin angraw d tmamkt n usmdya stanislafski", " anafu\u0263 n ungraw stanislafski", " s ugdud amqqran." ] }, { "en": "He directed and starred in the cult western One-Eyed Jacks", "ber": " a critical and commercial flop", "null": [ " after which he delivered a series of notable box-office failures", " beginning with Mutiny on the Bounty (1962).", "issuf\u0263 d yurar g kult wistirn wan iyd jaks", " ur imuris g uz\u0263an d usbbeb", " issmrs yat tugt n i\u1e5b\u1e93an ibaynn g usira n tnfulin", " sg ufilm n munity un du bunti (1962)." ] }, { "en": "He refused the award due to alleged mistreatment and misportrayal of Native Americans by Hollywood.", "ber": "ur iri tasm\u0263urt s tmntilt n usmkl ur i\u1e25lin nna inna d gar aswlf n in\u1e63liyn n mirikan sg huliwud." }, { "en": "According to the Guinness Book of World Records", "ber": " Brando was paid a record $3.7\u00a0million ($ million in inflation-adjusted dollars) and 11.75% of the gross profits for 13 days' work on Superman.", "null": [ "nil udlis n giniz i im\u1e0dann inafllatn", " yum\u1e93 b\u1e5bandu atig n 3.7 mlyun dula\u1e5b (mlyun dula\u1e5b n id dula\u1e5b nil ubzzug) d 11.75% sg ib\u0263urn kullu xf 13 n wass n twuri n subirman." ] }, { "en": "His ancestry was mostly German", "ber": " Dutch", "null": [ " English", " and Irish.", "tga tta\u1e63ilt nnas talmaniyt", " tahulandiyt", " tangliziyt", " d tirlandiyt." ] }, { "en": "Brando was raised a Christian Scientist.", "ber": "ixatrd b\u1e5bandu d amassan amasi\u1e25iy." }, { "en": "However", "ber": " she was an alcoholic and often had to be brought home from bars in Chicago by her husband.", "null": [ "mqqar d aynn", " ttubla s tssi ar itxssu urgaz nns ad tt irar s taddart sg id lba\u1e5b g cikagu." ] }, { "en": "Brando harbored far more enmity for his father", "ber": " stating", "null": [ " I was his namesake", " but nothing I did ever pleased or even interested him.", "ur i\u1e25mil b\u1e5bandu babas kigan", " acku inna usi\u0263 ism nns", " maca ur djin yusiy lhmm ula antay s uynna sskr\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Around 1930", "ber": " Brando's parents moved to Evanston", "null": [ " Illinois", " when his father's work took him to Chicago", " but separated in 1935 when Brando was 11 years old.", "attayn n 1930", " mmuttin imarawn n b\u1e5bandu s ifanstun", " ilinwis", " lli g t tuwi twuri n babas s cikagu", " maca nnu\u1e5b\u1e93mn g usgg\u02b7as 1935 lli g illa 11 n usgg\u02b7as \u0263ur b\u1e5bandu." ] }, { "en": "Brando", "ber": " whose childhood nickname was Bud", "null": [ " was a mimic from his youth.", "brandu mi ttinin g tm\u1e93i bud", " iga am\u1e0df\u1e5b sg t\u025burrma nns." ] }, { "en": "In the 2007 TCM biopic Brando: The Documentary", "ber": " childhood friend George Englund recalls Brando's earliest acting as imitating the cows and horses on the family farm as a way to distract his mother from drinking.", "null": [ "g ufilm untim brandu: xf tridrt i TCM asgg\u02b7as n 2007", " ar ismktay umddakkl n tm\u1e93i ju\u1e5bj inglud tawuri tamzwarut n brandu lli g da itgga am tfunasin d iyysan g tu\u1e93ut n tawja afad isslhu immas ad ur tssa." ] }, { "en": "Brando's sister Frances left college in California to study art in New York.", "ber": "tzri f\u1e5bansis ultmas n brandu tasdawit g kalifu\u1e5bnya afad t\u0263r ta\u1e93u\u1e5bi g nyuyu\u1e5bk." }, { "en": "Brando excelled at theater and did well in the school.", "ber": "imurs brandu g umzgun isskr aggay i\u0263udan g tinml." }, { "en": "The faculty voted to expel him", "ber": " though he was supported by the students", "null": [ " who thought expulsion was too harsh.", "tsti tsdawit ad t th\u1e5b\u1e0d", " mqqar t uwsn imzrawn", " nna ittinin mas d a\u1e6d\u1e6day icqqa kigan." ] }, { "en": "In a 1988 documentary", "ber": " Marlon Brando: The Wild One", "null": [ " Brando's sister Jocelyn remembered", " He was in a school play and enjoyed it\u00a0... So he decided he would go to New York and study acting because that was the only thing he had enjoyed.", "g yan ufilm untim g 1988", " ma\u1e5blun brandu: du wayld wan", " tsmmkti jusilin ultmas n brandu", " illa g yat tmzgunt tanmlant tssusm t ... aynna\u0263 axf idda s nyuyu\u1e5bk ad i\u0263r asmdya acku iga yat t\u0263awsa nna t issusmn." ] }, { "en": "For a time he lived with Roy Somlyo", "ber": " who later became a four time Emmy winning Broadway producer.", "null": [ "iddr imik n tizi d \u1e5buy sumlyu", " nna ya\u0263uln iga amssfrs n brudway nna yuwin tasm\u0263urt n immi kkuz n tikkal." ] }, { "en": "Brando's remarkable insight and sense of realism were evident early on.", "ber": "tannayt n brandu i\u0263udan d ufray nns anilaw gan anilawn sg zikk." }, { "en": "According to Dustin Hoffman in his online Masterclass", "ber": " Brando would often talk to camera men and fellow actors about their weekend even after the director would call action.", "null": [ "nil dustin hufman g tmsirin nns tidslanin g wntirnit", " da isawal brandu kigan i imswlafn d imddukkal nns ismdyatn xf tnu\u1e5b\u1e93mt n tgira n imalas qqar ta ur i\u0263ri umssuf\u0263 s tigawt." ] }, { "en": "His behavior had him kicked out of the cast of the New School's production in Sayville", "ber": " but he was soon afterwards discovered in a locally produced play there.", "null": [ "i\u1e93\u1e93l t u\u1e63ni\u025b nns g trabbut n imsdyatn isfarsn tinml tamaynut g sayfil", " maca ufan t \u1e0da\u1e5bt yan uzmz idrusn g ufars n yat tmdgunt tad\u0263rant." ] }, { "en": "Cornell also cast him as the Messenger in her production of Jean Anouilh's Antigone that same year.", "ber": "isti t kurnil d amazan g ufars nns n antigun n jun anwil\u1e25 g usgg\u02b7as nna\u0263." }, { "en": "Bankhead had turned down the role of Blanche Dubois in A Streetcar Named Desire", "ber": " which Williams had written for her", "null": [ " to tour the play for the 1946\u20131947 season.", "ur iri bankhid tilalt n blanc dubwa g ufilm tamssudut ism nns yiri", " nna as tura wilyamz", " afad tsskr asutl n tmzgunt g wannaz n 1946\u20131947." ] }, { "en": "Wilson was largely tolerant of Brando's behavior", "ber": " but he reached his limit when Brando mumbled through a dress rehearsal shortly before the November 28", "null": [ " 1946", " opening. ", "iga wilsun amssuruf kigan d u\u1e63ni\u025b n brandu", " maca yuw\u1e0d nn awttu nns g itmtm brandu g yan u\u025bawd amatay imik dat u\u1e5b\u1e93\u1e93um n 28 nuwanbir 1946." ] }, { "en": "It was marvelous", "ber": " a cast member recalled. ", "null": [ "da d iktti yan g igmamn n trabbut n usmdya", " i\u1e93il. " ] }, { "en": "Critics were not as kind", "ber": " however.", "null": [ "maca imz\u0263an ur gin am wanaw ad i\u1e93iln." ] }, { "en": "He received better reviews at subsequent tour stops", "ber": " but what his colleagues recalled was only occasional indications of the talent he would later demonstrate. ", "null": [ "yum\u1e93 isttgn i\u0263udan g tiram d iddan", " maca aynna bdrn imddukkal nns iga timatarin timzwura n t\u1e93u\u1e5bi nna rad issuf\u0263 \u0263r dat." ] }, { "en": "Brando displayed his apathy for the production by demonstrating some shocking onstage manners.", "ber": "issuf\u0263 d brandu warkkul xf ufars s ussuf\u0263 n tmamkin issbha\u1e0dn g tm\u1e93\u1e5bit." }, { "en": "After several weeks on the road", "ber": " they reached Boston", "null": [ " by which time Bankhead was ready to dismiss him.", "dat kigan n imalasn g ubrid", " iw\u1e0dn bustun", " g tizi nna\u0263 issujd bankhid ukus nns." ] }, { "en": "Pierpont writes that John Garfield was first choice for the role", "ber": " but made impossible demands.", "null": [ "yura birbunt mas iga jun garfild astay amzwaru i tilalt ad", " maca ifka issuturn yagumn." ] }, { "en": "It humanizes the character of Stanley in that it becomes the brutality and callousness of youth rather than a vicious old man\u00a0... A new value came out of Brando's reading which was by far the best reading I have ever heard.", "ber": "isnufgn awrik n stanli g unamk g itgga u\u1e93\u1e93i\u1e5b d uw\u025ba\u1e5b n i\u025brrimn g ud\u0263ar n urgaz awssar amflls ... iff\u0263 d yan wuddur amaynu n t\u0263ri n brandu nna igan sglli ti\u0263ri tamufayt mi slla\u0263 akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "He said", "ber": " The curtain went up and on the stage is that son of a bitch from the gym", "null": [ " and he's playing me.", "inna", " ittwakks usntl yili memmis n tmggant n tdala n ljim g tm\u1e93\u1e5bit", " ar didi itturar." ] }, { "en": "Brando's first screen role was a bitter paraplegic veteran in The Men (1950).", "ber": "tga tilalt tamzwarut n brandu g umi\u1e93a\u1e5b am\u1e25rka azayku ya\u0263 ukkucm i\u1e25\u1e5b\u1e5ban g du min (1950)." }, { "en": "By Brando's own account", "ber": " it may have been because of this film that his draft status was changed from 4-F to 1-A. He had had surgery on his trick knee", "null": [ " and it was no longer physically debilitating enough to incur exclusion from the draft.", "sg umi\u1e0dan n brandu am\u1e93lay", " i\u0263y id s tmntilt n ufilm ad immutti waddad nns sg 4-F \u0263r 1-A. ttuga as yat tkccumt n uflay g ufud ittuknadn", " ur yad igi ama\u1e25ul g tfgga nns afad ittwakks g tnfult." ] }, { "en": "Coincidentally", "ber": " the psychiatrist knew a doctor friend of Brando.", "null": [ "s usama", " issn ubsikyatr yan umsgnaf amddakkl n brandu." ] }, { "en": "The role is regarded as one of Brando's greatest.", "ber": "tilalt tga yan sg imqqrann n brandu." }, { "en": "The film was directed by Elia Kazan and co-starred Anthony Quinn.", "ber": "iliya kazan ayd issuf\u0263n afilm d an\u1e6duni kwin ayd igan ana\u1e0d nns." }, { "en": "During our scenes together", "ber": " I sensed a bitterness toward me", "null": [ " and if I suggested a drink after work", " he either turned me down or else was sullen and said little.", "g imi\u1e93a\u1e5bn nn\u0263 s sin", " frk\u0263 s ta\u1e5b\u1e93gt siwala inu", " d mk ri\u0263 ad nsu kra \u1e0da\u1e5bt twuri", " ur da ittiri n\u0263d isug idris as wawal." ] }, { "en": "After achieving the desired effect", "ber": " Kazan never told Quinn that he had misled him.", "null": [ "adday yaw\u1e0d i\u1e0di\u1e63 nna ira", " ur akk\u02b7 inni kazan i kwin is t izla." ] }, { "en": "Gielgud was so impressed that he offered Brando a full season at the Hammersmith Theatre", "ber": " an offer he declined.", "null": [ "ittususm gilgud kigan allig isumr xf brandu annaz ikmmln g umzgun hamrsmit", " d assumr yugi." ] }, { "en": "It was like a furnace door opening\u2014the heat came off the screen.", "ber": "iga zun t\u1e5b\u1e93md tiflut n uf\u1e5b\u1e5ban\u2014iff\u0263 d unr\u0263i g umi\u1e93a\u1e5b." }, { "en": "By all accounts", "ber": " Brando was upset by his mentor's decision", "null": [ " but he worked with him again in On The Waterfront. ", "s tms\u0263alin kullu", " ittunkkd brandu g t\u0263tast n uslmad nns", " maca iswura ids tikklt ya\u1e0dn g du watrfrunt." ] }, { "en": "Triumph's importers were ambivalent at the exposure", "ber": " as the subject matter was rowdy motorcycle gangs taking over a small town.", "null": [ "gan imkcimn n triyumfz im\u0263nnen d ufsar", " acku iga imrsi xf trubba n imu\u1e6du\u1e5bn yum\u1e93n yan i\u0263rm am\u1e93\u1e93yan." ] }, { "en": "When initially offered the role", "ber": " Brando\u2014still stung by Kazan's testimony to HUAC\u2014demurred and the part of Terry Malloy nearly went to Frank Sinatra.", "null": [ "lli g ttufsar tilalt tizwuri", " brandu\u2014isuln ittu\u1e0da\u1e63 s wawal n kazan dat HUAC\u2014yugi d dru\u0263 idda yan uqcur n tirri malwi s \u0263ur f\u1e5bank sinatra." ] }, { "en": "Brando won the Oscar for his role as Irish-American stevedore Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront.", "ber": "yuwi brandu tasm\u0263urt n uskar xf tilalt n umssartu irlandiy-amirikaniy tirri malwi g ufilm un du watrfrunt." }, { "en": "In his July 29", "ber": " 1954", "null": [ " review", " The New York Times critic A. H. Weiler praised the film", " calling it an uncommonly powerful", " exciting", " and imaginative use of the screen by gifted professionals.", "g uz\u0263an nns g 29 yulyuz 1954", " yul\u0263 umz\u0263an n nyuyu\u1e5bk taymz A. H. wilir afilm", " isnumml t assmrs uslid idusn", " anbdar", " amarur n umi\u1e93a\u1e5b s izzulann." ] }, { "en": "He portrayed Napoleon in the 1954 film D\u00e9sir\u00e9e.", "ber": "iswlf nabulyun g ufilm nna ira g 1954." }, { "en": "Brando was especially contemptuous of director Henry Koster.", "ber": "brandu da it\u1e25qqar s u\u1e93lay amssuf\u0263 henri kustr." }, { "en": "Relations between Brando and costar Frank Sinatra were also frosty", "ber": " with Stefan Kanfer observing: The two men were diametrical opposites: Marlon required multiple takes; Frank detested repeating himself.", "null": [ "izdayn ingr brandu d kustar f\u1e5bank sinatra qrfn", " yukz stifan kanfr: irgazn s sin mxalafn nnik: marlun da ittiri ad yals kigan n tikklt; f\u1e5bank ur da itti\u1e25mil ad yals i ixf nns." ] }, { "en": "Frank Sinatra called Brando the world's most overrated actor", "ber": " and referred to him as mumbles.", "null": [ "inna f\u1e5bank sinatra xf brandu sufn t uggar n ismdyatn numa\u1e0dal", " d issl\u0263 as mumblz." ] }, { "en": "Pauline Kael was not particularly impressed by the movie", "ber": " but noted Marlon Brando starved himself to play the pixie interpreter Sakini", "null": [ " and he looks as if he's enjoying the stunt\u2014talking with a mad accent", " grinning boyishly", " bending forward", " and doing tricky movements with his legs.", "ur ttu\u1e0da\u1e63 bulin kayl s ufilm s u\u1e93lay", " maca tukz tsllu\u1e93 ma\u1e5blun brandu ixf nns afad turar tilalt n umssu\u0263l sakini", " d \u025bni\u0263 issusmt um\u1e0df\u1e5b\u2014awal s ug\u1e5b\u1e0d anafal", " d ta\u1e0d\u1e63a s tmamkt n im\u1e93\u1e93yann", " ar iknnu s dat", " ar ismussu ifaddn nns s ttawil." ] }, { "en": "Newsweek found the film a dull tale of the meeting of the twain", "ber": " but it was nevertheless a box-office success.", "null": [ "tufa nyuzwik afilm tullist tamsilawt n umlala n ikniwn", " maca tmurs mqqar g usira n tnfulin." ] }, { "en": "The film went on to win four Academy Awards.", "ber": "yuwi ufilm kku\u1e93 n tsm\u0263urin n uska\u1e5b." }, { "en": "By all accounts", "ber": " Brando was devastated by her death", "null": [ " with biographer Peter Manso telling A&E's Biography", " She was the one who could give him approval like no one else could and", " after his mother died", " it seems that Marlon stops caring.", "s tms\u0263alin kullu", " iftts brandu s tmttant nns", " id\u0263 ina umira n tridrt bitr mansu tiridrt n A&E's", " nttat ayd i\u0263in ad as ifk amsasa imki nna ur i\u0263iy kra ya\u1e0dn", " \u1e0da\u1e5bt tmttant n immas", " \u025bni\u0263 ma\u1e5blun tsbdd anhlla." ] }, { "en": "The Young Lions also features Brando's only appearance in a film with friend and rival Montgomery Clift (although they shared no scenes together).", "ber": "iga du yung lyuns ufu\u0263 n brandu amyiwn g ufilm ntta d umddakkl d rifal muntgumri klift (mqqar ur amun g awd yan umi\u1e93a\u1e5b s sin)." }, { "en": "Brando portrays the lead character Rio", "ber": " and Karl Malden plays his partner Dad Longworth.", "null": [ "iswlf brandu awrik adslan riyu", " d ka\u1e5bl maldn yurar tilalt n umssur nns dad lungwu\u1e5bt." ] }, { "en": "Brando's inexperience as an editor also delayed postproduction and Paramount eventually took control of the film.", "ber": "aririm n brandu g usnay ayd isma\u1e6dln tifrkt n \u1e0da\u1e5bt ufars allig iba\u1e0d baramunt tigira g ufilm." }, { "en": "By then", "ber": " I was bored with the whole project and walked away from it.", "null": [ "g tizi ad", " qn\u1e0d\u0263 sg us\u0263nu kullut fk\u0263 as s ttisa\u025b." ] }, { "en": "Brando's revulsion with the film industry reportedly boiled over on the set of his next film", "ber": " Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's remake of Mutiny on the Bounty", "null": [ " which was filmed in Tahiti.", "agrurs n brandu g tmguri n ufilm ayd issngin asnay n ufilm nns ya\u1e0dn", " mitru-may\u1e5bz ta\u1e93\u1e5bigt tamaynut sg muniti un du bunti", " nna ittuswlfn g tahiti." ] }, { "en": "Mutiny director Lewis Milestone claimed that the executives deserve what they get when they give a ham actor", "ber": " a petulant child", "null": [ " complete control over an expensive picture.", "amssuf\u0263 n muniti lwis milistun isnalaw mas d imskarn uklaln aynna ttam\u1e93n tizi g akkan aksum n u\u1e25lluf i usmdya", " arba ur i\u1e25lin", " tanba\u1e0dt tamuttrt xf yat twlaft i\u0263lan." ] }, { "en": "The Ugly American (1963) was the first of these films.", "ber": "amirikaniy ur i\u1e25lin (1963) ayd igan amzwaru g ifilmn ad." }, { "en": "All of Brando's other Universal films during this period", "ber": " including Bedtime Story (1964)", "null": [ " The Appaloosa (1966)", " A Countess from Hong Kong (1967) and The Night of the Following Day (1969)", " were also critical and commercial flops.", "kullu ifilmn ima\u1e0dlann n brundu g tizi ad", " g illa tullisn n tizi n yi\u1e0ds (1964)", " du abbaluuza (1966)", " kuntissa sg hun kung (1967) d i\u1e0d n wass d iddan (1969)", " llan infaln imz\u0263ann d insbabn." ] }, { "en": "Brando had also appeared in the spy thriller Morituri in 1965; that", "ber": " too", "null": [ " failed to attract an audience.", "iff\u0263 d brandu awd g ti\u0263li murituri asggas n 1965; nna; d ur ildiyn awd nttat agdud." ] }, { "en": "Candy was especially appalling for many; a 1968 sex farce film directed by Christian Marquand and based on the 1958 novel by Terry Southern", "ber": " the film satirizes pornographic stories through the adventures of its naive heroine", "null": [ " Candy", " played by Ewa Aulin.", "imqqt kigan kandi; afilm am\u1e63\u1e0d\u1e63i n tuqqut asgg\u02b7as n 1968 nna issuf\u0263 kristyan ma\u1e5bkwand yutgn s yat tullist nna yaru tirri sadrn g 1958", " da itt\u1e0d\u1e63a ufilm g tullisin n tuqqut", " sg tmsksalin n tana\u1e0dt n ufilm ifllsn", " kandi", " nna yurarn tilalt n iwa ulayn." ] }, { "en": "In the March 1966 issue of The Atlantic", "ber": " Pauline Kael wrote that in his rebellious days", "null": [ " Brando was antisocial because he knew society was crap; he was a hero to youth because he was strong enough not to take the crap", " but now Brando and others like him had become buffoons", " shamelessly", " pathetically mocking their public reputations.", "g um\u1e0dan n ma\u1e5bs 1966 n ts\u0263unt a\u1e6dlantik", " tura bulin kayl mas d g wussan nns im\u0263ww\u0263n", " brandu ur i\u1e25mil amun acku issn is iga umun iskstufn; iga ana\u1e0d i i\u025brrimn acku idus kigan afad ur yi\u1e25mil iskstufn", " maca d\u0263i ya\u0263ul brandu d am ntta gan ihyya\u1e0dn", " bla l\u1e25ya", " ar tt\u1e0d\u1e63an g wuddur nnsn allig da ssn\u0263an tasa." ] }, { "en": "I was very convincing in my pose of indifference", "ber": " but I was very sensitive and it hurt a lot.", "null": [ "n\u1e93i\u0263 kigan s wansa inu n aramziray", " maca \u1e25nuna\u0263 d uya i\u025brrmi kigan." ] }, { "en": "The film overall received mixed reviews.", "ber": "s umata yum\u1e93 ufilm tannayin imzarayn." }, { "en": "Brando dedicated a full chapter to the film in his memoir", "ber": " stating that the director", "null": [ " Gillo Pontecorvo", " was the best director he had ever worked with next to Kazan and Bernardo Bertolucci.", "yudja brandu yan imir kullu i ufilm g tmsktitin nns", " yini mas d amssuf\u0263", " gilu buntikurfu", " d amssuf\u0263 amufay nna d iswuri akk\u02b7 ntta d kazan d birna\u1e5bdu birtulutci." ] }, { "en": "In 1971", "ber": " Michael Winner directed him in the British horror film The Nightcomers with Stephanie Beacham", "null": [ " Thora Hird", " Harry Andrews and Anna Palk.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1971", " issuf\u0263 t id maykl winir g ufilm n tawda ab\u1e5bitaniydu niytkumrz d stifani bitcam", " tu\u1e5ba hayrd", " harri andruz d anna balk." ] }, { "en": "He bested Brando at the 1972 New York Film Critics Circle Awards.)", "ber": "irna brandu g tfugla n ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n tsm\u0263urin g nyuyu\u1e5bk filmkritik sayrkl asgg\u02b7as n 1972.)" }, { "en": "Brando also had One-Eyed Jacks working against him", "ber": " a troubled production that lost money for Paramount when it was released in 1961.", "null": [ "illa awd \u0263ur brandu wan-ayd jaks iswurin mgal nns", " afars yussan mi ddan idrimn i baramunt lli g tid tssuf\u0263 asgg\u02b7as n 1961." ] }, { "en": "Coppola convinced Brando to a videotaped make-up test", "ber": " in which Brando did his own makeup (he used cotton balls to simulate the character's puffed cheeks).", "null": [ "kubbula tn\u1e93a brandu ad izzri irim l\u025bnayt ittuswlafng ufidyu", " isskr brandu l\u025bnayt i\u1e93lin \u1e93a\u1e5bs (issmrs kra n tkurin n ufdu\u0263 ad isskr aggayn n uwrik innu\u1e5b\u1e93mn)." ] }, { "en": "Brando had doubts himself", "ber": " stating in his autobiography", "null": [ " I had never played an Italian before", " and I didn't think I could do it successfully.", "brandu ickka g ixf nns", " acku inna g tridirt nns", " ur djun urar\u0263 tilalt ta\u1e6dalyaniyt", " ur djun nni\u0263 is \u0263iy\u0263 ad sskr\u0263 aynna\u0263 s umurs." ] }, { "en": "Brando was signed for a low fee of $50", "ber": "000", "null": [ " but in his contract", " he was given a percentage of the gross on a sliding scale: 1% of the gross for each $10\u00a0million over a $10\u00a0million threshold", " up to 5% if the picture exceeded $60\u00a0million.", "isnya brandu mgal n warratn iggzn anct $50", "000", " maca tam\u0263unt nns", " yum\u1e93 tigmi\u1e0di sg usmmun xf tsqqult ittalin: 1% sg usmmun iku 10 n id mlyun dula\u1e5b xf ubadu n 10 n id mlyun dula\u1e5b", " ar 5% ig tzri twlaft 60 n id mlyun dula\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "In a 1994 interview that can be found on the Academy of Achievement website", "ber": " Coppola insisted", "null": [ " The Godfather was a very unappreciated movie when we were making it.", "g yan umsawal g usgg\u02b7as n 1994 nna n\u0263y ad naf g uslkin n tkadimiyt n u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du", " isddid kubbula", " du gudfadr iga afilm nna ur ittustaln lli g dat nsskar." ] }, { "en": "They didn't like the way I was shooting it.", "ber": "ur \u1e25miln ta\u0263arast massa ssuf\u0263\u0263." }, { "en": "In a 2010 television interview with Larry King", "ber": " Al Pacino also talked about how Brando's support helped him keep the role of Michael Corleone in the movie\u2014despite the fact Coppola wanted to fire him.", "null": [ "g yan umsawal alifizyuniy d lari king asgg\u02b7as n 2010", " isawl awd al batcinu xf mamk t tuws tnalit n brandu g u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n tilalt n maykl ku\u1e5blyuni g ufilm\u2014mqqar ira kubbula ad t i\u1e93\u1e93l." ] }, { "en": "He broke the ice by toasting the group with a glass of wine. '", "ber": "\u201cibbi usbat s lkas lli yusi f ugdud. '" }, { "en": "Caan adds", "ber": " 'The first day we met Brando everybody was in awe.'", "null": [ "yrnu asd kaan", " 'ass amzwaru g nmlala d brandu kulci ittsayya.'" ] }, { "en": "Also", "ber": " because he had so much power and unquestioned authority", "null": [ " I thought it would be an interesting contrast to play him as a gentle man", " unlike Al Capone", " who beat up people with baseball bats.", "awd", " idd\u0263 \u0263urs tlla kigan n tdusi d tnba\u1e0dt nna xf ur illi umxalaf", " \u0263al\u0263 is qad yili umzaray issr\u025babn ig yurar tilalt n urgaz i\u0263udan", " mgal al kabun", " nna ikkatn mddn s im\u025b\u1e5ba\u1e0dn n lbizbul." ] }, { "en": "There was really no beginning.", "ber": "zzi\u0263 ur akk\u02b7 lli usnti." }, { "en": "He boycotted the award ceremony", "ber": " instead sending indigenous American rights activist Sacheen Littlefeather", "null": [ " who appeared in full Apache attire", " to state Brando's reasons", " which were based on his objection to the depiction of indigenous Americans by Hollywood and television.", "ur iddi s tfugla n ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n tsm\u0263urin", " g wansa nns yuzn am\u0263nas azrfan amirikaniy igan sg imza\u0263 in\u1e63liyn sacin litlfaydr", " nna d iff\u0263n s tmlsa n abatci kullu", " timntilin n brandu", " nna isnndn xf is ur tri huliwud d tilifizyun n mirikan ad swlfn imirikaniyn in\u1e0dliyn." ] }, { "en": "As with previous films", "ber": " Brando refused to memorize his lines for many scenes; instead", "null": [ " he wrote his lines on cue cards and posted them around the set for easy reference", " leaving Bertolucci with the problem of keeping them out of the picture frame.", "am ifilmn izrin", " ur iri brandu ad imsu izrirign nns g kigan n imi\u1e93a\u1e5bn; g wansa n uynna\u0263", " yura izrirign nns g tka\u1e5b\u1e0dtin ismmktayn ifsrtnt g trabbut afad yiwhin ad \u1e93a\u1e5bs nt yu\u0263ul", " yadj birtulutci d umukris n wad tnt i\u1e6d\u1e6df brra n uswlf." ] }, { "en": "His gross participation deal earned him $3 million.", "ber": "tam\u0263unt nns n wumu tsskcm as 3 n id mlyun dula\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Pauline Kael", "ber": " in The New Yorker review", "null": [ " wrote The movie breakthrough has finally come.", "tura bulin kayk", " g ts\u0263unt n nyuyu\u1e5bkr", " g tgira iddad usnfl n ufilm." ] }, { "en": "In 1973", "ber": " Brando was devastated by the death of his childhood best friend Wally Cox.", "null": [ "g usgg\u02b7as n 1973", " i\u025brrm brandu s tmttant n umddakkl n tm\u1e93i nns wali kuks." ] }, { "en": "Absent for the first hour of the movie", "ber": " Clayton enters on horseback", "null": [ " dangling upside down", " caparisoned in white buckskin", " Littlefeather-style.", "i\u025b\u1e6d\u1e6dr nn tasragt tamzwarut n ufilm", " ikcm nn klaytun s wayyis", " irar ixf s izdar", " ils ab\u1e6d\u1e6dan amllal n tmlalt", "tamamkt-litldaydr." ] }, { "en": "Penn", "ber": " who believed in letting actors do their thing", "null": [ " indulged Marlon all the way.", "bnn", " nna ittamnn s uqqil n ismdyatn ad gn tawuri nnsn", " ar is\u1e25innib marlun g ubrid." ] }, { "en": "In 1978", "ber": " Brando narrated the English version of Raoni", "null": [ " a French-Belgian documentary film directed by Jean-Pierre Dutilleux and Luiz Carlos Saldanha that focused on the life of Raoni Metuktire and issues surrounding the survival of the indigenous Indian tribes of north central Brazil.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1978", " iqqis brandu tanu\u0263ilt tanglizit n ufilm rawni", " d ufilm untim af\u1e5bansiy-abljikiyb nna d issuf\u0263 jan-byir dutulyu d lwiz karlus saldanha nna ismntin tudrt rawni mituktir d tmntilin izdin s i\u0263imi n tqbilin tihindiyin tin\u1e63liyin g i\u1e93lm\u1e0d n wammas n lbrazil." ] }, { "en": "In 1979", "ber": " he made a rare television appearance in the miniseries Roots: The Next Generations", "null": [ " portraying George Lincoln Rockwell; he won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie for his performance.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1979", " iff\u0263 d yan wufu\u0263 atilifizyuniy idrusn g usnsl agzzal i\u1e93u\u1e5ban: tisutiwin d iddan", " nna iswllf ju\u1e5bj linkuln \u1e5bukwil; yuwi tasm\u0263urt n brimitim immi i umsdya amawas amufay g usnsl agzzal n\u0263 d afilm xf taggayt nns." ] }, { "en": "Brando was paid $1\u00a0million a week for 3 weeks work.", "ber": "yum\u1e93 brandu 1 n id mlyun dular i imalas xf 3 imalasn n twuri." }, { "en": "In the documentary", "ber": " Coppola talks about how astonished he was when an overweight Brando turned up for his scenes and", "null": [ " feeling desperate", " decided to portray Kurtz", " who appears emaciated in the original story", " as a man who had indulged every aspect of himself.", "g ufilm untim", " da isawal kubula xf u\u1e5b\u025bab nns llig d iff\u0263 brandu bu ustal izaydn afad ad t i\u1e93\u1e5b", " i\u0263yyr", " yiri ad iswlf ku!rtz", " nna isdidn g tullist tan\u1e63liyt", " d argaz ikcmn ku tsga n tsggin n ixf ns." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " he returned in 1989 in A Dry White Season", "null": [ " based on Andr\u00e9 Brink's 1979 anti-apartheid novel.", "imil", " ya\u0263ul d asgg\u02b7as n 1989 g tizi imlluln tzwu", " s yitg n s tullist n andri brink asgg\u02b7as n 1979 mgal-abartayd." ] }, { "en": "Brando received praise for his performance", "ber": " earning an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor and winning the Best Actor Award at the Tokyo Film Festival.", "null": [ "uttwal\u0263 brandu xf taggayt nns", " yam\u1e93 astay s tsm\u0263urt n uska\u1e5b i usmdya amawas amufay yawy tasm\u0263urt n usmdya amufay g unmuggar n tukyu n ssinima." ] }, { "en": "Variety also praised Brando's performance as Sabatini and noted", "ber": " Marlon Brando's sublime comedy performance elevates The Freshman from screwball comedy to a quirky niche in film history.", "null": [ "tul\u0263 awd farayti taggayt n brandu zund sabatiny takz mas d taggayt takumidiyt i\u0263udan n marlun brandu da tssiliy imsntayn g tkumidiyt s yan watig amqqran g umzruy n ifilmn." ] }, { "en": "The Island of Dr. Moreau screenwriter Ron Hutchinson would later say in his memoir", "ber": " Clinging to the Iceberg: Writing for a Living on the Stage and in Hollywood (2017)", "null": [ " that Brando sabotaged the film's production by feuding and refusing to cooperate with his colleagues and the film crew.", "inna umssuf\u0263 n tgzirt n duktu\u1e5b mu\u1e5bu", " run hutcinsun", " g tmsktiyin nns", " ama\u1e93 s adrar n ugris: tirra xf tudrt g umzgun g huliwud (2017)", " mas d isxsr brandu afars n ufilm s umadu d yigi n umyawas d imddukkal nns d trabbut n ufilm." ] }, { "en": "This was his last role and his only role as a female character.", "ber": "wad ayd igan tilalt nns tamyiwnt d tmggarut d awrik n tm\u1e6d\u1e6du\u1e0dt." }, { "en": "The actor's son", "ber": " Miko", "null": [ " was Jackson's bodyguard and assistant for several years", " and was a friend of the singer. ", "memmis n usmdya", " miku", " igan am\u1e25\u1e0day d umawas n jaksun budigard kigan n isgg\u02b7asn", " d iga amddakkl n um\u0263nnj. " ] }, { "en": "Dad had a hard time breathing in his final days", "ber": " and he was on oxygen much of the time.", "null": [ "ik\u1e5bfs baba g wunfus g wussan nns imggura", " ittug as wuksijin wahli n tizi." ] }, { "en": "So Michael got Dad a golf cart with a portable oxygen tank so he could go around and enjoy Neverland.", "ber": "aynna\u0263 a xf yum\u1e93 maykl yat tmssudut n lgulf d wuksijin amasay i baba afad issutul ar issb\u0263ar s nifrland." }, { "en": "He also suffered from diabetes and liver cancer.", "ber": "yu\u1e0dn awd g ssk\u1e5b d ukun\u1e63ir n tasa." }, { "en": "His single recorded line was included within the final game as a tribute to the actor.", "ber": "ittuskcm izririg nns amyiwn g tirart tamggarut d uddur i usmdya." }, { "en": "A distressed Brando told Malden he kept falling over.", "ber": "inna brandu i maldn mas d isul da i\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Shortly before his death", "ber": " he had apparently refused permission for tubes carrying oxygen to be inserted into his lungs", "null": [ " which", " he was told", " was the only way to prolong his life.", "dat n tmttant nns s imik", " ur iri ad iskcm ij\u025bba ittawin uksijin s turin nns", " nna s as nnan hat tamamkt tamyiwnt afad i\u0263zif usmmud nns." ] }, { "en": "In 1976", "ber": " he told a French journalist", "null": [ " Homosexuality is so much in fashion", " it no longer makes news.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1976", " inna as i yan un\u0263mas af\u1e5bansis", " iga uzunris mu\u1e0da kigan", " ur da iskar in\u0263misn." ] }, { "en": "He also claimed numerous other romances", "ber": " although he did not discuss his marriages", "null": [ " his wives", " or his children in his autobiography.", "yuws awd kigan n t\u1e5bumansiyin ya\u1e0dn", " mqqar ur isawl xf twtmin nns n\u0263d icirran nns g tridirt nns." ] }, { "en": "Brando met actress Rita Moreno in 1954", "ber": " and they began a love affair.", "null": [ "imlala brandu d tmsdyat rita murinu asggas n 1954", " tsnti ingrasn tullist n tayri." ] }, { "en": "Years after they broke up", "ber": " Moreno played his love interest in the film The Night of the Following Day.", "null": [ "isgg\u02b7asn \u1e0da\u1e5bt b\u1e6d\u1e6du nnsn", " turar murinu xf tayri nns g ufilm n i\u1e0d n wass d iddan." ] }, { "en": "She is said to have been the daughter of a Welsh steel worker of Irish descent", "ber": " William O'Callaghan", "null": [ " who had been superintendent on the Indian State railways.", "ittuna mas d tga illis n umwuri g wuzzal awil\u1e93iy sg i\u1e93u\u1e5ban i\u1e5blandiyn", " wilyam ukalajan", " nna yum\u1e93n ibrdan n wuzzal g lhind." ] }, { "en": "Brando and Kashfi had a son", "ber": " Christian Brando", "null": [ " on May 11", " 1958; they divorced in 1959.", "yuru brandu d kacfi yan urba", " kristyan brandu", " g 11 mayyu 1958; m\u1e5b\u1e93amn g 1959." ] }, { "en": "They had two children together: Miko Castaneda Brando (born 1961) and Rebecca Brando (born 1966).", "ber": "\u0263ursn sin icirran: miku kastanida brandu (iluln g 1961) d ribikka brandu (iluln g 1966)." }, { "en": "Because Teriipaia was a native French speaker", "ber": " Brando became fluent in the language and gave numerous interviews in French.", "null": [ "idd\u0263 tga tribaya tutlayt taf\u1e5bansist tansliyt", " ya\u0263ul brandu issn as isskr kigan n imsawaln \u1e93a\u1e5bs." ] }, { "en": "Brando and Teriipaia divorced in July 1972.", "ber": "imya\u1e5b\u1e93am brandu d tiribaya g yulyuz 1972." }, { "en": "Brando had a long-term relationship with his housekeeper Maria Cristina Ruiz", "ber": " with whom he had three children: Ninna Priscilla Brando (born May 13", "null": [ " 1989)", " Myles Jonathan Brando (born January 16", " 1992)", " and Timothy Gahan Brando (born January 6", " 1994).", "iddukkl bandu tamswuddut n taddart nns mariya kristina \u1e5buyz kigan ntizi", " yaru dids k\u1e5ba\u1e0d icirran: ninna briskilla brandu (iluln g 13 mayyu 1989)", " milis junatan brandu (iluln g 16 innayr 1992)", " d timuti gahan brandu (iluln g 6 innayr 1994)." ] }, { "en": "His numerous grandchildren also include Prudence Brando and Shane Brando", "ber": " children of Miko C. Brando; the children of Rebecca Brando; and the three children of Teihotu Brando among others.", "null": [ "sg wayyawn nns iggutn brudns brandu d cayn brandu", " icirran n miku C. brandu; icirran n ribika brandu; d k\u1e5ba\u1e0d icirran tihutu brandu sg wiya\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "His behavior during the filming of Mutiny on the Bounty (1962) seemed to bolster his reputation as a difficult star.", "ber": "iga umskar nns g tizi n uswlf nufilm n muniti un du bunti (1962) da ittaws uddur nns d itri icqqan." }, { "en": "Galella had followed Brando", "ber": " who was accompanied by talk show host Dick Cavett", "null": [ " after a taping of The Dick Cavett Show in New York City.", "galilla t\u1e0dfa\u1e5b brandu", " nna isnbga u\u0263awas n umawal dik kafitt", " \u1e0da\u1e5bt uzmmem n u\u0263awas n dik dafitt g nyuyu\u1e5bk siti." ] }, { "en": "The filming of Mutiny on the Bounty affected Brando's life in a profound way", "ber": " as he fell in love with Tahiti and its people.", "null": [ "aswlf n ufilm muniti un du bunti i\u1e6d\u1e6das tudrt n brandu kigan", " acku i\u1e0d\u1e5b g tayri n tahiti d ayt uxam nns." ] }, { "en": "The 1983 hurricane destroyed many of the structures including his resort.", "ber": "tzll\u025b tazz\u0263rblt n 1983 kigan n tu\u1e63kiwin nna g tamu tsa\u0263ult nns." }, { "en": "He was listed in the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) records as Martin Brandeaux to preserve his privacy.", "ber": "skcmn t g warratn n tsqqamut n imyawa\u1e0dn ifidiraliyn (FCC) s yism n ma\u1e5btan bran\u1e0du ad \u1e25\u1e0dun tudrt nns tusligt." }, { "en": "He attended some fundraisers for John F. Kennedy in the 1960 presidential election.", "ber": "isnbga imsmunn n if\u1e5b\u1e5butn i jun F. kinidi g tfrnin tislwayin n 1960." }, { "en": "In autumn of 1967", "ber": " Brando visited Helsinki", "null": [ " Finland at a charity party organized by UNICEF at the Helsinki City Theatre.", "g umwan n usgg\u02b7as 1967", " ikka brandu hilsinkui", " finlanda g yat tfugla n ufulki nna tssuds lyunissif g umzgun g tmdint n hilsinky." ] }, { "en": "He spoke in favor of children\u2019s rights and development aid in developing countries.", "ber": "isawl xf izrfan n urba d twisi tasgmant g tmura tingmanin." }, { "en": "I felt I'd better go find out where it is; what it is to be black in this country; what this rage is all about", "ber": " Brando said on the late-night ABC-TV talk show Joey Bishop Show.", "null": [ "inna brandu g u\u0263awas n umsawal juw bicub cuw xf usaru ABC-TV: frk\u0263 mas d yuf ad ddu\u0263 ad rzu\u0263 mani g illa", " mayd igan a\u1e25bcan g tmurt ad", " matta zz\u025baf ad kullu." ] }, { "en": "It was one of the most incredible acts of courage I ever saw", "ber": " and it meant a lot and did a lot.", "null": [ "tga yat sg twuriwin tizulanin i\u1e93iln nna \u1e93\u1e5bi\u0263 g tudrt inu", " tga kigan tsskr kigan." ] }, { "en": "In 1964 Brando was arrested at a fish-in held to protest a broken treaty that had promised Native Americans fishing rights in Puget Sound.", "ber": "g usgg\u02b7as n 1964", "null": [ " ittwam\u1e93 brandu g fic-in xf i\u0263uyyan mgal tm\u0263unt imxalafn tkka tka awal i imirikaniyn in\u1e63liyn ad gmrn g bujit sawnd." ] }, { "en": "Brando ended his financial support for the group over his perception of its increasing radicalization", "ber": " specifically a passage in a Panther pamphlet put out by Eldridge Cleaver advocating indiscriminate violence", "null": [ " for the Revolution.", "isbdda brandu annal nns i trabbut s tmntilt n u\u0263ww\u0263 nns", " s u\u1e93lay yat tsddart g udlis n u\u0263ilas nna issyf\u0263 ildridj klifr nna g ittaws ak\u1e5ba\u1e0d aramssuds afad tili tgrawla." ] }, { "en": "Sacheen Littlefeather represented him at the ceremony.", "ber": "issnkd t sacn littlfaydr g yat tfugla." }, { "en": "The event grabbed the attention of the US and the world media.", "ber": "yuwy umzzu ad asn\u0263ms amirikaniy n uma\u1e0dlan." }, { "en": "He was also an activist against apartheid.", "ber": "iga awd am\u0263nas mgal a\u1e6d\u1e6di amss\u1e93u\u1e5ban." }, { "en": "He is listed by the American Film Institute as the fourth greatest male star whose screen debut occurred before or during 1950 (it occurred in 1950).", "ber": "iskcm t usiag n ufilm amirikaniy acku iga itri amay amufay wis kku\u1e93 d iff\u0263n g umi\u1e93a\u1e5b dat d iwnan n usgg\u02b7as 1950 (ij\u1e5ban g 1950)." }, { "en": "Retrieved August 19", "ber": " 2009.Encyclopedia Britannica describes him as the most celebrated of the method actors", "null": [ " and his slurred", " mumbling delivery marked his rejection of classical dramatic training.", "ya\u0263ul d g 19 \u0263uct 2009", " tsnummlt t\u1e93ay\u1e5bt n tussniwin tab\u1e5bi\u1e6daniyt is ittwassan kigan ingr ismdyatn", " d wawal nns itt\u0263m\u0263imn d tamatart n yigy nns i usmuttg g udrama aklasikiy." ] }, { "en": "He was a development from the gangster leader and the outlaw.", "ber": "iga abu\u0263lu n unm\u0263ur n iqtta\u025bn d unafu\u0263 xf uzrf." }, { "en": "His portrayal of the gang leader Johnny Strabler in The Wild One has become an iconic image", "ber": " used both as a symbol of rebelliousness and a fashion accessory that includes a Perfecto style motorcycle jacket", "null": [ " a tilted cap", " jeans and sunglasses.", "ya\u0263ul uswlf nns i unm\u0263ur n iqtta\u025bn junistrablir g du wild wan iga tawlaft tasnflult", " ittusmrasn g tmatart n u\u0263ww\u0263 d l\u025bnayt n tmlsa g tlla tkbrt n usudf anaw n birfiktu", " d tacact ifr\u0263n", " d ikrbayn n jins d tsmaqqalin n tafukt." ] }, { "en": "The I coulda been a contender scene from On the Waterfront", "ber": " according to the author of Brooklyn Boomer", "null": [ " Martin H. Levinson", " is one of the most famous scenes in motion picture history", " and the line itself has become part of America's cultural lexicon.", "ami\u1e93a\u1e5b n \u0263iy\u0263 ad g\u0263 anmzizwr sg watrfrunt", " nil umiray n b\u1e5buuklin buumr", " martan H. lifinsun", " iga yan sg imi\u1e93a\u1e5bn ittwassnn g umzruy n twlafin ittmussun", " d ya\u0263ul ubrid ad iga sg umawal adlsan amirikaniy." ] }, { "en": "You have to make 'em believe that you are dying ... Try to think of the most intimate moment you've ever had in your life.", "ber": "ixss ad tn tadjd ad i\u0263iln is da ttmtatd ... arm ad tswingmd g tizi n tayri nna tzzrid g tudrt nnk." }, { "en": "In 1999 the American Film Institute ranked him eighth among its list of greatest male stars of the Golden Age of Hollywood.", "ber": "g usgg\u02b7as n 1999 isti t usinag n ufilm amirikaniy g tsk\u02b7flt tis tamt g tlgamt nns d itri amay amqqran g uzmz n wur\u0263 n huliwud." }, { "en": "He spent several years in vaudeville as a dancer and comedian", "ber": " until he got his first major acting part in 1925.", "null": [ "izzri kigan n isgg\u02b7asn g fudifil d am\u1e5bka\u1e0d d am\u1e63\u1e0d\u1e63ay", "allig yum\u1e93 tilalt nns adslant tamzwarut asgg\u02b7as n 1925." ] }, { "en": "After rave reviews", "ber": " Warner Bros. signed him for an initial $400-a-week", "null": [ " three-week contract; when the executives at the studio saw the first dailies for the film", " Cagney's contract was immediately extended.", "\u1e0da\u1e5bt imi\u1e93a\u1e5bn im\u1e63\u1e63abn", " tsnya as tmssurt n wa\u1e5bnr brudrz tam\u0263unt tasntayt s watig n 400 dula\u1e5b i imalas", " g tizi n k\u1e5ba\u1e0d imalasn; llig \u1e93\u1e5ban imassayn imskarn g ustudyu a\u0263mis awassan amzwaru n ufilm", " s\u0263zifn tam\u0263unt g wansa." ] }, { "en": "He was nominated a third time in 1955 for Love Me or Leave Me with Doris Day.", "ber": "ittustay tis k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt tikkal asgg\u02b7as n 1955 g iriyi n\u0263d adji g wass n duris." }, { "en": "Cagney walked out on Warner Bros. several times over the course of his career", "ber": " each time returning on much improved personal and artistic terms.", "null": [ "iff\u0263 kagni sg warnr b\u1e5budrz kigan n tikkal iwnan n twuri nns tazzulant", " ku tikklt da d ittu\u0263ul s tfidiwin tinimanin d t\u1e93u\u1e5banin i\u0263udan." ] }, { "en": "He worked for an independent film company for a year while the suit was being settled", "ber": " establishing his own production company", "null": [ " Cagney Productions", " in 1942 before returning to Warner seven years later.", "iswura asgg\u02b7as g tmssurt istin n ifilmn g tizi n usmsasa n lx\u1e0diyt", " isskr tamssurt n ussuf\u0263 nns", " kagniy i ussuf\u0263", " g usggas n 1942 ur ta ya\u0263ul s wa\u1e5bnr \u1e0da\u1e5bt sa n isgg\u02b7asn." ] }, { "en": "Cagney was the second of seven children", "ber": " two of whom died within months of their births.", "null": [ "tga kagniy tis snat sg sa n icirran", " mmtn sin g kra n wayyurn xf tlalit nnsn." ] }, { "en": "The family moved twice while he was still young", "ber": " first to East 79th Street", "null": [ " and then to East 96th Street.", "tmmutti tawja snat tikkal lli g isul im\u1e93\u1e93iy", " tizwuri s unqqar n tsukt 79", " s unqqar n tsukt 96." ] }, { "en": "I feel sorry for the kid who has too cushy a time of it.", "ber": "issqn\u1e0di urba nna \u0263ur kigan n tizi iwhnn." }, { "en": "He was a good street fighter", "ber": " defending his older brother Harry", "null": [ " a medical student", " when necessary.", "iga amnna\u0263 i\u0263udan g isukn", " da ittrara xf umas amqqran ha\u1e5bi", " amzraw n usgnf", " g usu\u0263n." ] }, { "en": "He became involved in amateur dramatics", "ber": " starting as a scenery boy for a Chinese pantomime at Lenox Hill Neighborhood House (one of the first settlement houses in the nation) where his brother Harry performed and Florence James directed.", "null": [ "ikcm s amzgun d yan umnzu", " issnti tawuri s ussun\u0263 g yan ufilm a\u1e63iniy g linuks hill ni\u0263burhud haws (yat sg tiddarin n tmrsal timzwura g tmurt) nna g yurar ugmas ha\u1e5bi d flu\u1e5bans jayms amssuf\u0263." ] }, { "en": "The show began Cagney's 10-year association with vaudeville and Broadway.", "ber": "issnti umi\u1e93a\u1e5b asmun n 10 n isgg\u02b7asn n kagni d fudfil d brudway." }, { "en": "Eventually", "ber": " they borrowed some money and headed back to New York via Chicago and Milwaukee", "null": [ " enduring failure along the way when they attempted to make money on the stage.", "g tgira", " \u1e5b\u1e0dln kra n idrimn u\u0263uln s nyuyu\u1e5bk slin cikagu d milwuki", " \u1e93\u1e93i\u1e0d\u1e5bn i uxssur g ubrid lli g ran ad awin idrimn xf umzgun." ] }, { "en": "As with Pitter Patter", "ber": " Cagney went to the audition with little confidence he would get the part.", "null": [ "zund bittr battr", " tdda kagni s yirim s t\u0263lift tamudrust is qad tawi tafult." ] }, { "en": "This was a devastating turn of events for Cagney; apart from the logistical difficulties this presented\u2014the couple's luggage was in the hold of the ship and they had given up their apartment.", "ber": "iga uyad yan usnfl izll\u025bn timsarin \u0263ur kagni; ig nttu imikrisn ilujistikn nna iga uyad\u2014i\u1e25ruyn d imassn n imyiwln llan g ug\u02b7ns n u\u0263\u1e5b\u1e5babu zrin taddart nnsn." }, { "en": "He made up his mind that he would get a job doing something else.", "ber": "i\u0263ts is qad yaf tawuri afad isskar kra ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "Cagney also established a dance school for professionals", "ber": " and then landed a part in the play Women Go On Forever", "null": [ " directed by John Cromwell", " which ran for four months.", "tsskr kagni awd tinml tazzulant n u\u1e5bka\u1e0d", " tam\u1e93 tilalt g tmzgunt n tam\u1e6d\u1e6du\u1e0dt iddan abda", " nna d issuf\u0263 jun krumwil", " nna izdin tizi n kku\u1e93 n wayyurn." ] }, { "en": "The show received rave reviews and was followed by Grand Street Follies of 1929.", "ber": "yuwi umi\u1e93a\u1e5b kigan n issutugn i\u0263udan \u1e0dfu\u1e5bn t grand striit fuli asgg\u02b7as n 1929." }, { "en": "Retitled Sinners' Holiday", "ber": " the film was released in 1930.", "null": [ "ittusnfl yism n ufilm sinnir hulday", " iff\u0263 ufilm g 1930." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " the contract allowed Warners to drop him at the end of any 40-week period", "null": [ " effectively guaranteeing him only 40 weeks\u2019 income at a time.", "imil", " tudja tm\u0263unt wa\u1e5bnr ad t ts\u1e0d\u1e5b g tgira n ku tizi 40 n imalas", " s man aya da as d iskcam 40 n imalass g yat tikklt." ] }, { "en": "Due to the strong reviews he had received in his short film career", "ber": " Cagney was cast as nice-guy Matt Doyle", "null": [ " opposite Edward Woods as Tom Powers.", "ttustay kagni d argaz i\u1e93iln matt duyl", " acku ttufkan \u0263ifs izzrayn idusn i\u0263udan g tudrt nns tazzulant g ifilmn igzzaln", " mgal idward wudz g tilalt n tum bawrz." ] }, { "en": "Producer Darryl Zanuck claimed he thought of it in a script conference; Wellman said the idea came to him when he saw the grapefruit on the table during the shoot; and writers Glasmon and Bright claimed it was based on the real life of gangster Hymie Weiss", "ber": " who threw an omelette into his girlfriend's face.", "null": [ "inna umssuf\u0263 darril zanuk g yan ugraw amiray mas d iswingm g t\u0263awsa; inna willman mas d tawngimt tdda asd lli g i\u1e93\u1e5ba abanmblumus aflla n tdabut g tizi n uswlf; d nnan imirayn glasm\u025bn d brayt is isnnd xf tudrt tadettant n iq\u1e6d\u1e6da\u025bn haymi ways", " nna igrn tglayt iqlan xf wudm n tmddaklt nns." ] }, { "en": "I never dreamed it would be shown in the movie.", "ber": "ur djun warg\u0263 is qad ittufsar g ufilm." }, { "en": "He saw the film repeatedly just to see that scene", "ber": " and was often shushed by angry patrons when his delighted laughter got too loud.", "null": [ "i\u1e93\u1e5ba afilm kigan n tikklt afad day i\u1e93\u1e5b ami\u1e93a\u1e5b", " ar t sfstan kigan imawazn iz\u025bfn llig zaydnt ta\u1e0d\u1e63iwin nns kigan." ] }, { "en": "Warner Bros. was quick to team its two rising gangster stars\u2014Edward G. Robinson and Cagney\u2014for the 1931 film Smart Money.", "ber": "tsddrf tmssurt n wa\u1e5bnr b\u1e5budrz ad tsmuttg yat trabbut n sin itran n iq\u1e6d\u1e6da\u025bn nna d yulin\u2014idward G. \u1e5bubinsu d kagni\u2014xf ufilm sma\u1e5bt muni asgg\u02b7as n 1931." }, { "en": "As he completed filming", "ber": " The Public Enemy was filling cinemas with all-night showings.", "null": [ "lli g ismd aswlf", " du bublik inmi itk\u02b7ar id ssinima s imi\u1e93a\u1e5bn mayd lan yi\u1e0dan." ] }, { "en": "The studio heads also insisted that Cagney continue promoting their films", "ber": " even ones he was not in", "null": [ " which he opposed.", "ran nnik inm\u0263urn n id ustudyu ad issudu kagni g usussn n ifilmn nns", " awd winna g ur illi", " aynna\u0263 ayd yugi." ] }, { "en": "The success of The Public Enemy and Blonde Crazy forced Warner Bros.' hand.", "ber": "amurs n du bublik inmi d blund krayzi izuccl wa\u1e5bnr b\u1e5budrz afus." }, { "en": "The film was swiftly followed by The Crowd Roars and Winner Take All.", "ber": "ittu\u1e0dfa\u1e5b ufilm fisa\u025b sg du kruwd ruads d winnr tak all." }, { "en": "Historians also debate the nature of history as an end in itself", "ber": " as well as its usefulness to give perspective on the problems of the present.", "null": [ "sgdln imrza awd anamk n umzruy d awttas", " d ub\u0263ur nns g tikki n tannayt xf imukrisn n d\u0263i." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " ancient cultural influences have helped spawn variant interpretations of the nature of history which have evolved over the centuries and continue to change today.", "null": [ "mqqar", " hat uwsn yi\u1e0disn idlsann izaykutn g ufars n ussfru imzarayn i unamk n umzruy nna ibu\u0263lan g tasutin d tsul ar ttnfal assa." ] }, { "en": "Herodotus", "ber": " a 5th-century BC Greek historian", "null": [ " is often considered the father of history in the Western tradition", " although he has also been criticized as the father of lies.", "hirudut", " amrzu ayunaniy sg tasut 5 dat tlalit n \u025bisa", " iga s umata", " babas n umzruy g tmyurin n u\u0263lay", " mqqar ittuz\u0263an awd ntta gin t d babas n tkrkas." ] }, { "en": "In Middle English", "ber": " the meaning of history was story in general.", "null": [ "g tutlayt tangliziyt n wammas", " inamk n umzruy igat tullist s umata." ] }, { "en": "In modern German", "ber": " French", "null": [ " and most Germanic and Romance languages", " which are solidly synthetic and highly inflected", " the same word is still used to mean both history and story.", "g tutlayt talmaniyt tatrart", " d tfransist", " d umata g tutlayin tijirmanin d t\u1e5bumansiyyin", " tinna ittwaskarn s ta\u0263art ar tt\u1e0di\u1e63 kigan", " tsulyat tguri da ttusmras g unamk n amzruy d tullist." ] }, { "en": "In the words of Benedetto Croce", "ber": " All history is contemporary history.", "null": [ "nil uwnni n binidittu k\u1e5bus", " amzruy kullu d amzruy atrar." ] }, { "en": "Therefore", "ber": " the constitution of the historian's archive is a result of circumscribing a more general archive by invalidating the usage of certain texts and documents (by falsifying their claims to represent the true past).", "null": [ "s manaya", " asskr n tm\u1e25\u1e0dit n umrzu iga tayafut n ustay n yat tm\u1e25\u1e0dit tamatayt s tbridt n usbdd n usmrs n kra n i\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63n d warratn ( s tbridt n usnfl n iwaliwn nnsn ad ssmrsn amzruy n tidtt)." ] }, { "en": "The study of history has sometimes been classified as part of the humanities and at other times as part of the social sciences.", "ber": "ttustay t\u0263uri n umzruy kra n tikkal d uqcur n tussniwin tinafganin d tizi ya\u1e0dn d uqcur g tussniwin tinamunin." }, { "en": "In the 20th century", "ber": " French historian Fernand Braudel revolutionized the study of history", "null": [ " by using such outside disciplines as economics", " anthropology", " and geography in the study of global history.", "g tasut tis 20", " isskr umrzu afransawiy firnand brudil tagrawla g t\u0263uri n umzruy", " s usmrs n tm\u1e93layin sg b\u1e5b\u1e5ba zund tadmsa d tussnafgan d tjigrafiyt g t\u0263uri n umzruy." ] }, { "en": "In general", "ber": " the sources of historical knowledge can be separated into three categories: what is written", "null": [ " what is said", " and what is physically preserved", " and historians often consult all three.", "s umata", " i\u0263y ad ttub\u1e0dun i\u0263bula n tussna n umzruy s k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt trubba: mayd ittwaran", " mayd ittwanan", " d uynna ittu\u1e25\u1e0dan s tfgga", " da tn ttcawa\u1e5bn imrza kigan s k\u1e5ba\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Archaeological finds rarely stand alone", "ber": " with narrative sources complementing its discoveries.", "null": [ "idrus mag tbddant tnazufin tudrzanin s ixfawn nnsnt", " acku da smmdnt isugam imiwann." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " Mark Leone", "null": [ " the excavator and interpreter of historical Annapolis", " Maryland", " USA", " has sought to understand the contradiction between textual documents idealizing liberty and the material record", " demonstrating the possession of slaves and the inequalities of wealth made apparent by the study of the total historical environment.", "s umdya", " ira ma\u1e5bk lyun", " am\u0263az d umssu\u0263l amzruyan n anabulyus", " mariland", " USA", " ad irms amzaray ingr warratn imirayn nna ittadjan tidtt d tamsmadt d ususr akmam", " nna isbayan a\u1e0daf n ismxan d tarangaddayt g trusi", " man aya ittwassan sg uzzray n twnna\u1e0dt n umzruy g tsdawit." ] }, { "en": "It is possible for historians to concern themselves with both the very specific and the very general", "ber": " although the modern trend has been toward specialization.", "null": [ "i\u0263y ad swurin imrza g um\u1e93lay d umatay", " mqqar d abrid atrar idda s t\u1e93layt." ] }, { "en": "Thirdly", "ber": " it may refer to why history is produced: the philosophy of history.", "null": [ "tiss k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt", " t\u0263y ad tsn\u0263t s tmntilt n ufars n umzruy: tafilusuft n umzruy." ] }, { "en": "By whom was it produced (authorship)?", "ber": "ntta ayd tt isfarsn (assuf\u0263)?" }, { "en": "What is the evidential value of its contents (credibility)?", "ber": "mayd igan atig alawan n tumayin nns (tidtt)?" }, { "en": "The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history.", "ber": "tamamkt tamzruyant digs titiqniyin d umlan nna s smrasn imrza isugam imzwura d wan\u1e93atn ya\u1e0dn i urzzu d tirra n umzruy." }, { "en": "Thucydides", "ber": " unlike Herodotus", "null": [ " regarded history as being the product of the choices and actions of human beings", " and looked at cause and effect", " rather than as the result of divine intervention (though Herodotus was not wholly committed to this idea himself).", "mgal hirudut", " iga tusididis amzruy d istayn n uynna imskarn n middn", " ar i\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba tamntild d tyafut", " maci tayafut n twuri n \u1e5bbbi (mqqar ur isu\u0263in kullu hirudut s ixf nns i tannayt ad)." ] }, { "en": "There were historical traditions and sophisticated use of historical method in ancient and medieval China.", "ber": "kkant digs tmyurin timzrayanin d usmrs ibu\u0263lan i umamk amzruyan g \u1e63\u1e63in tazaykut d izmzn inammasn." }, { "en": "Chinese historians of subsequent dynastic periods in China used his Shiji as the official format for historical texts", "ber": " as well as for biographical literature.", "null": [ "smrsn imrza i\u1e63iniyn g izmzn n tsutiwin d iddan g \u1e63\u1e63in adlis nns ciji zund tasqqult tamaddudt i i\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63n imzruyann", " awd i tskla n tridrt." ] }, { "en": "Around 1800", "ber": " German philosopher and historian Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel brought philosophy and a more secular approach in historical study.", "null": [ "attayn n usgg\u02b7as 1800", " issnkd ufilusuf almaniyju\u1e5bj wilhlm fridirik higl tafilusuft d yan ubrid a\u025bilmaniy uggar g t\u0263uri n umzruy." ] }, { "en": "The originality of Ibn Khaldun was to claim that the cultural difference of another age must govern the evaluation of relevant historical material", "ber": " to distinguish the principles according to which it might be possible to attempt the evaluation", "null": [ " and lastly", " to feel the need for experience", " in addition to rational principles", " in order to assess a culture of the past.", "ta\u1e93\u0263u\u1e5bt n bnu xaldun ayd ifkan mas d amzaray adlsan g yan uzmz ya\u1e0dn ixss ad innb\u1e0d g usutg n tmtta n umzruy \u1e93ars izdin", " fad ad ttu\u1e93layn imnzay xf ira ad ittu\u1e63ku usitg", " s tgira afray s wassar n tmuzayt", " d imn\u1e93ay imnllitn", " afad ttusutg tdlsa izrin." ] }, { "en": "His historical method also laid the groundwork for the observation of the role of state", "ber": " communication", "null": [ " propaganda and systematic bias in history", "H. Mowlana (2001). ", "awd tamamkt nns tamzruyant tsrs tasila n u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n tilalt n uwank", " d imyawa\u1e0dn", " d usn\u0263ms", " d artudmawin g tmamkt n urzzu", "H. muwlana (2001). " ] }, { "en": "Dr. S.W. Akhtar (1997). ", "ber": "duktur S.W. axtar (1997). " }, { "en": "For Ranke", "ber": " historical data should be collected carefully", "null": [ " examined objectively and put together with critical rigor.", "tannayt n \u1e5banki", " ilaq ad munn in\u0263misn imzruyann s unhlla ttufsun s ums\u0263aru ttusmunn s umn\u0263ud axatar." ] }, { "en": "In the 20th century", "ber": " academic historians focused less on epic nationalistic narratives", "null": [ " which often tended to glorify the nation or great men", " to more objective and complex analyses of social and intellectual forces.", "g tusut tiss 20", " uddan imrza ikadimiyn cwiy xf tullisin tinamunin ti\u1e0dalu\u1e63in", " nna itddun s tsga n ussidr n ugdud n\u0263d irgazn imqqrann", " ddun s isfsayn ims\u0263arutn kigan d immurksn i taggalin tinamunin d twngimin." ] }, { "en": "Many of the advocates of history as a social science were or are noted for their multi-disciplinary approach.", "ber": "amata g winna itdun d umzruy d tussna tanamunt ttwassn s tmamkt nnsn m kigan n t\u1e93layin." }, { "en": "So far only one theory of history came from the pen of a professional Historian.", "ber": "ar d\u0263i tddad yat ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt day g umzruy s u\u0263anib n umrzu azzulan." }, { "en": "Intellectual historians such as Herbert Butterfield", "ber": " Ernst Nolte and George Mosse have argued for the significance of ideas in history.", "null": [ "msawaln imrza imswingmn zund harbrt buttrfild", " irnist nilt d ju\u1e5bj muss xf ub\u0263ur n twngimin g umzruy." ] }, { "en": "Scholars such as Martin Broszat", "ber": " Ian Kershaw and Detlev Peukert sought to examine what everyday life was like for ordinary people in 20th-century Germany", "null": [ " especially in the Nazi period.", "ran imassan zund martn b\u1e5buzat", " iyan kircu d ditlif bukrt ad \u0263rn tawila n tudrt takuyast n middn unziln g almanya g tusut tiss 20", " s u\u1e93lay g tizi tanaziyt." ] }, { "en": "Feminist historians such as Joan Wallach Scott", "ber": " Claudia Koonz", "null": [ " Natalie Zemon Davis", " Sheila Rowbotham", " Gisela Bock", " Gerda Lerner", " Elizabeth Fox-Genovese", " and Lynn Hunt have argued for the importance of studying the experience of women in the past.", "msawaln imrza iwtmann zund jun wallac skutt", " cudya kuunz", " natali zmum dafis", " cila ruwbutham", " gisla buk", " girda lirnr", " ilizabit fuks-jinufs", " d linn hunt xf ub\u0263ur n t\u0263uri n irim n tutmin g uzmz izrin." ] }, { "en": "Another defence of history from post-modernist criticism was the Australian historian Keith Windschuttle's 1994 book", "ber": " The Killing of History.", "null": [ "amza\u0263 ya\u1e0dn xf umzruy sg uz\u0263an n dat atrar iga t udlis n umrzu awstraliy kit windcttls asgg\u02b7as n 1994", " mn\u0263iwt n umzruy." ] }, { "en": "Historical omissions can occur in many ways and can have a profound effect on historical records.", "ber": "\u0263int ad ilint tuttutin timzruyanin skigan n tbridin d i\u0263y ad asnt yili yi\u1e0di\u1e63 i\u025bubn xf warratn imzruyan." }, { "en": "Ancient history: the study from the beginning of human history until the Early Middle Ages.", "ber": "amzruy aqbur: ta\u0263uri sg tizwuri n umzruy n ufgan ar tizwuri n izmzn inammasn." }, { "en": "Comparative history: historical analysis of social and cultural entities not confined to national boundaries.", "ber": "amzruy asmzazzal: assfsi amzruyan i trubba tinamunin d tdlsanin nna ur i\u1e6d\u1e6difn \u0263as tilisa tinamunin." }, { "en": "Cultural history: the study of culture in the past.", "ber": "amzruy adlsan: ta\u0263uri n tdlsa g uzmz izrin." }, { "en": "Intellectual history: the study of ideas in the context of the cultures that produced them and their development over time.", "ber": "amzruy awngimta\u0263uri n twngimin g umna\u1e0d n tdlsatin nna t ifarsn d ubu\u0263lu nns d tizi." }, { "en": "Modern history: the study of the Modern Times", "ber": " the era after the Middle Ages.", "null": [ "amzruy atrar: ta\u0263uri n uzmz atrar", " akud n dat izmzn inammasn." ] }, { "en": "Palaeography: study of ancient texts.", "ber": "tussna n t\u0263uziwin: ta\u0263uri n i\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63n izaykutn." }, { "en": "Psychohistory: study of the psychological motivations of historical events.", "ber": "amzruy anyiman: ta\u0263uri n tmntilin tinyimanin \u1e0da\u1e5bt imzzutn imzruyann." }, { "en": "Women's history: the history of female human beings.", "ber": "amzruy n tm\u1e6d\u1e6du\u1e0dt: amzruy n tizwuri n ufgan." }, { "en": "Centuries and decades are commonly used periods and the time they represent depends on the dating system used.", "ber": "da ittusmras kigan tasut d mraw n isgg\u02b7asn ar tsnnad tizi nna smnidn xf unagraw n umzruy nna ittusmrasn." }, { "en": "To do this", "ber": " historians often turn to geography.", "null": [ "afad gn aya", " da smrasn imrza kigan tju\u0263rafit." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " to explain why the ancient Egyptians developed a successful civilization", "null": [ " studying the geography of Egypt is essential.", "s umdya", " afad nssfru tamntilt n ubu\u0263lu n t\u0263rma imursn \u0263ur imi\u1e63\u1e5biyn", " tga t\u0263uri n tju\u0263rafit n mi\u1e63\u1e5b as\u0263un." ] }, { "en": "History of the Americas is the collective history of North and South America", "ber": " including Central America and the Caribbean.", "null": [ "amzruy n tmirikatin s snat iga amzruy amgru n mirikan n iffus d tin i\u1e93lm\u1e0d", " sg digsn mirikan n wammas d tmna\u1e0dt n yill aka\u1e5bayib." ] }, { "en": "History of the Caribbean begins with the oldest evidence where 7", "ber": "000-year-old remains have been found.", "null": [ "issnta umzruy n tmna\u1e0dt n yill n ka\u1e5bayib s yan un\u1e93a aqbur idd\u0263 ttyafan igulaz asmmud nnsn 7000 n usgg\u02b7as." ] }, { "en": "History of Eurasia is the collective history of several distinct peripheral coastal regions: the Middle East", "ber": " South Asia", "null": [ " East Asia", " Southeast Asia", " and Europe", " linked by the interior mass of the Eurasian steppe of Central Asia and Eastern Europe.", "iga umzruy n urasya amzruy amgru n kigan n tmna\u1e0din ti\u0263aranin timtettayin ixulfn: anqqar anammas d i\u1e93lm\u1e0d n asya d iffus n asya d iffus n unqqar n asya d u\u1e5bubba", " nna izdin d izu\u0263ar n ug\u02b7ns n urasya g asya tanammast d u\u1e5bubba n unqqar." ] }, { "en": "History of East Asia is the study of the past passed down from generation to generation in East Asia.", "ber": "amzruy n uqqar n asya iga ta\u0263uri n uynna izrin nna ittmuttuys sg tsuta s tsuta g unqqar n asya." }, { "en": "History of Southeast Asia has been characterized as interaction between regional players and foreign powers.", "ber": "i\u1e93li umzruy n i\u1e93lm\u1e0d n unqqar n asya s umya\u0263 ingr imirarn isgawann d taggalin n b\u1e5b\u1e5b." }, { "en": "The old social history before the 1960s was a hodgepodge of topics without a central theme", "ber": " and it often included political movements", "null": [ " like Populism", " that were social in the sense of being outside the elite system.", "iga mzruy anamun azayku dat 1960 arkis n imrsitn bla imrsi adslan", " kigan da digs ttilin imussutn isrtann", " zund tagdudant", " gan inamunn acku llan b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n ungraw n tufrint." ] }, { "en": "It examines the records and narrative descriptions of past knowledge", "ber": " customs", "null": [ " and arts of a group of people.", "da izzray xf warratn d isnummal imallasn n tussna d tmyurin d t\u1e93uriwin izrin i trabbut n middn." ] }, { "en": "This type of political history is the study of the conduct of international relations between states or across state boundaries over time.", "ber": "anaw ad n umzruy asrtan iga ta\u0263uri n tikli n imyassatn ima\u1e0dlann ingr tmura n\u0263d sg iwtta n tmura s uzray n tizi." }, { "en": "It gained popularity in the United States", "ber": " Japan and other countries after the 1980s with the realization that students need a broader exposure to the world as globalization proceeds.", "null": [ "tla tagdudant g iwunak imunn d lyaban d tmura ya\u1e0dn \u1e0da\u1e5bt 1980 n tasut izrin d ufrak n imzrawn s wassar n wad isinn ama\u1e0dal s ubaraw nil tsma\u1e0dlant." ] }, { "en": "Despite being a relatively new field", "ber": " gender history has had a significant effect on the general study of history.", "null": [ "mqqar iga cwiy yan igr amaynu", " i\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63 umzruy anawan kigan ta\u0263uri tamatutt n umzruy." ] }, { "en": "At Oxford and Cambridge", "ber": " scholarship was downplayed.", "null": [ "g uksfu\u1e5bd d kambridj", " suggzn g watig n tuggaz g t\u0263uri." ] }, { "en": "The tutors dominated the debate until after the Second World War.", "ber": "um\u1e93n islmadn am\u1e0daka\u1e5b awd \u1e0da\u1e5bt n imn\u0263i ama\u1e0dlan wis sin." }, { "en": "In the United States after World War I", "ber": " a strong movement emerged at the university level to teach courses in Western Civilization", "null": [ " so as to give students a common heritage with Europe.", "\u1e0da\u1e5bt imn\u0263i ama\u1e0dlan wis sin g iwunak imun", " iff\u0263 d yan umussu idusn g tsddawit iss\u0263ran tiwaliwin n t\u0263rma n u\u0263lay", " afad ittufka i imzrawn yan wayda iccarn d u\u1e5bubba." ] }, { "en": "Many view the field from both perspectives.", "ber": "da isuggur kigan s igr ad sg imnidn s sin." }, { "en": "In the United States", "ber": " textbooks published by the same company often differ in content from state to state.", "null": [ "g iwunak imun", " da ttmzzarayn kra n tikkal idlisn inmlann nna tfssr yat tmssurt g tumayt sg tmnadt s tay\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Academic historians have often fought against the politicization of the textbooks", "ber": " sometimes with success.", "null": [ "kra n tikkal da ttna\u0263n imrza ikadimiyn mgal n usrtn n idlisn inmlann", " kra n tikkal s umurs." ] }, { "en": "A\u00a0civilization (or civilisation) is a complex society that is characterized by urban development", "ber": " social stratification", "null": [ " a form of government", " and symbolic systems of communication (such as writing).", "tga t\u0263rma (n\u0263d ta\u0263rma) yan ugdud immurksn i\u1e93lin s ubu\u0263lu a\u0263rman d trubba tinamunin d tal\u0263a sg tal\u0263iwin n tnba\u1e0dt d ingrawn n umyawa\u1e0d iniglann (zund tirra)." ] }, { "en": "In this broad sense", "ber": " a civilization contrasts with non-centralized tribal societies", "null": [ " including the cultures of nomadic pastoralists", " Neolithic societies or hunter-gatherers; however", " sometimes it also contrasts with the cultures found within civilizations themselves.", "g unalk ad abaraw", " tga t\u0263rma mgal igdudn n tqbilin ar tinnumsa", " g tlla tdlsa n imksawn ittmuddun d igdudn n uzmz n u\u1e93\u1e5bu atrar n\u0263d ingmarn; mqqar", " kra n tikkal da itgga mgal n tdlsatin illan ag\u02b7ns n t\u0263rmiwin s ixfawn nnsnt." ] }, { "en": "The fundamental treatise is Norbert Elias's The Civilizing Process (1939)", "ber": " which traces social mores from medieval courtly society to the Early Modern period.", "null": [ "tannayt tadslant d tsi\u0263t n t\u0263rma n nu\u1e5bbrt ilyas (1939)", " nna i\u1e0dffu\u1e5bn izrfan inamunn sg ugdud n tgadirt g izmzn inammasn ar uzmz atrar n zikk." ] }, { "en": "Related words like civility developed in the mid-16th century.", "ber": "tiguriwin \u1e93a\u1e5bs izdin zund a\u0263\u0263urmu tbu\u0263la g uzgn n tasut tis 16." }, { "en": "In the late 1700s and early 1800s", "ber": " during the French Revolution", "null": [ " civilization was used in the singular", " never in the plural", " and meant the progress of humanity as a whole.", "g tgira n tasut 1700 d tizwuri n 1800", " iwnan n tgrawla taf\u1e5bansist", " ttusmrs tguri n t\u0263rma gtsqqult n usuf", " maci g tsqqult n usugt", " nna mi iga unamk alay n ufgan kullu." ] }, { "en": "Only in this generalized sense does it become possible to speak of a medieval civilization", "ber": " which in Elias's sense would have been an oxymoron.", "null": [ "s unamk ad amatay day iz\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nsiwl xf t\u0263rma n izmzn inammasn", " nna i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn ad ig amzagal asnawal g umnid n ilyas." ] }, { "en": "Here", "ber": " civilization", "null": [ " being more rational and socially driven", " is not fully in accord with human nature", " and human wholeness is achievable only through the recovery of or approximation to an original discursive or prerational natural unity (see noble savage).", "\u0263id", " ta\u0263rma", " d tamnllit d tndaht tanamunt", " ur tmsasa d ugama anafgan", " d ur nenni ad naw\u1e0d asmad anafgan \u0263as s tbridt n wu\u0263ul n\u0263d asnmila n ugzzum agaman amn\u0263ud n\u0263d dat agaman (\u1e93\u1e5b nubl sufaj)." ] }, { "en": "Civilizations have been distinguished by their means of subsistence", "ber": " types of livelihood", "null": [ " settlement patterns", " forms of government", " social stratification", " economic systems", " literacy and other cultural traits.", "ttwassnt t\u0263rmiwin s imassn n tudrt nnsnt", " d wanawn n tmamkin n tudrt", " d wanawn n uzdu\u0263", " d tal\u0263atin n unba\u1e0d", " d trubba tinamunin", " d ingrawn idmsann", " d u\u1e63fa\u1e0d n tarussna", " d tmitar tidlsanin ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "All civilizations have depended on agriculture for subsistence", "ber": " with the possible exception of some early civilizations in Peru which may have depended upon maritime resources.", "null": [ "snndnt t\u0263rmiwin kullu xf tkrza afad ddrn", " n\u0263i ad nkks kra n t\u0263rmiwin n zikk g bbiru nna isnndn xf islman." ] }, { "en": "Grain surpluses have been especially important because grain can be stored for a long time.", "ber": "ila ucay\u1e0d n imndi atig am\u1e93lay acku i\u0263y ad ttu\u1e25\u1e0dun imndi yat tizi i\u0263zzifn." }, { "en": "However", "ber": " in some places hunter-gatherers have had access to food surpluses", "null": [ " such as among some of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest and perhaps during the Mesolithic Natufian culture.", "mqqar", " g kra n wansiwn", " \u0263in ingmarn-imsmunn ann lkmn acay\u1e0d n wuttci", " imki nna iga waddad \u0263ur kran igdudn in\u1e63liyn g izlmdn u\u0263lay n yill i\u1e5bsan d i\u0263y idd iwnan n tdlsa n uzmz n u\u1e93ru anammas natufyan." ] }, { "en": "The word civilization is sometimes simply defined as 'living in cities'.", "ber": "kra n tikkal da ttusnkad tguri n t\u0263rma s tfri mas tga 'tudrt g tmdinin'." }, { "en": "State societies are more stratified than other societies; there is a greater difference among the social classes.", "ber": "imunn n uwank gan insmiln uggar n imunn ya\u1e0dn; illa umzaray iggutn ingr ismiln inamunn." }, { "en": "Civilizations", "ber": " with complex social hierarchies and organized", "null": [ " institutional governments.", "ti\u0263rmiwin", " d isnsln izamugn inamunn immurksn", " d tnba\u1e0din timrsalin ituusudns." ] }, { "en": "Some people also acquire landed property", "ber": " or private ownership of the land.", "null": [ "da ttagmn kra n ifgann awd nitni tilit n wakal", " n\u0263d tilit tam\u1e93layt n wakal." ] }, { "en": "By the early Iron Age", "ber": " contemporary civilizations developed money as a medium of exchange for increasingly complex transactions.", "null": [ "g tizwuri n uzmz n wuzzal", " sbu\u0263lant t\u0263rmiwin titrarin idrimn d ammak i unnfka n tasi\u0263in immurksn ar itt\u025bawad." ] }, { "en": "These people may not be personally acquainted with one another and their needs may not occur all at the same time.", "ber": "\u0263in ad ur myussann ifgann ad ingr asn d \u0263in t ad ur j\u1e5bun wassarn nnsn g yat tizi." }, { "en": "The transition from simpler to more complex economies does not necessarily mean an improvement in the living standards of the populace.", "ber": "ammutti sg tdmsatin tifrarin \u0263r tdmsatin immurksn kigan ur igi s usu\u0263n abu\u0263lu g iswirn n tudrt n imzda\u0263." }, { "en": "The average stature of a population is a good measurement of the adequacy of its access to necessities", "ber": " especially food.", "null": [ "tga ts\u0263lt n wuddur n imzda\u0263 tams\u0263alt i\u0263udan n ta\u1e93\u1e0d\u1e5bt nnsn an aw\u1e0dn isu\u0263an", " utci s u\u1e93lay." ] }, { "en": "Like money", "ber": " the writing was necessitated by the size of the population of a city and the complexity of its commerce among people who are not all personally acquainted with each other.", "null": [ "zund idrimn", " tga tirra asu\u0263n s tmntilt n uksay n imzda\u0263 n tmdint d ummurks n tsbbabt nns ingr ifgann nna ur imyassan kigan ingrasn." ] }, { "en": "These include organized religion", "ber": " development in the arts", "null": [ " and countless new advances in science and technology.", "digsnt as\u0263an ittusudn", " d ubu\u0263lu g t\u1e93u\u1e5biwin", " d ibu\u0263lutn imaynutn nna iggutn g tussniwin d ttiknulujiyt." ] }, { "en": "These cultures are called by some primitive", "ber": " a term that is regarded by others as pejorative. ", "null": [ "da asnt ittini kra i tdlsatin ad tiqqburin", " taguri ad tga dar kra ya\u1e0dn a\u1e25qqr. " ] }, { "en": "Anthropologists today use the term non-literate to describe these peoples.", "ber": "assa da smrasn imassan n wan\u1e6d\u1e5bubulujya taguri n id wariqubbaniyn afad snummln igdudn ad." }, { "en": "But civilization is also spread by the technical", "ber": " material and social dominance that civilization engenders.", "null": [ "maca da ttufsar t\u0263rma awd s tbridt n tnbba\u1e0dt tatiqniyt d t\u1e93\u1e5bfant d tnamunt nna d tikki t\u0263rma." ] }, { "en": "Civilizations tend to develop intricate cultures", "ber": " including a state-based decision making apparatus", "null": [ " a literature", " professional art", " architecture", " organized religion and complex customs of education", " coercion and control associated with maintaining the elite.", "da ttirint t\u0263rmiwin ad sbu\u0263lunt tidlsatin immurksn", " g illa ungmam yakkan ta\u0263tast xf tsila n uwank", " d tskla", " d t\u1e93u\u1e5bi tazzulant", " d tmsdagt", " d us\u0263an ittusudsn d tmyurin immurksn n usslmd", " d unmri d tnba\u1e0dt izdin s u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n tufrint." ] }, { "en": "The civilization in which someone lives is that person's broadest cultural identity.", "ber": "ta\u0263rma nna g izd\u0263 ufgan nttat ayd igan tamagit tadlsant tabarawt n ufgan nna\u0263." }, { "en": "The aim is to preserve the cultural heritage of humanity and also the cultural identity", "ber": " especially in the case of war and armed conflict.", "null": [ "awttas igat u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n wayda adlsan n ufgan d awd tamagit tadldant", " s u\u1e93lay g waddad n imn\u0263i d ta\u1e93it talafant." ] }, { "en": "Early twentieth-century philosopher Oswald Spengler", "ber": "Spengler", "null": [ " Oswald", " Decline of the West: Perspectives of World History (1919) uses the German word Kultur", " culture", " for what many call a civilization.", "g tizwuri n tasut tis simraw afilusuf uswald cbnglr", " cbnglr", " uswald", " timmuzdrt n u\u0263lay: imnidn n umzruy ama\u1e0dlan (1919) da ismras taguri talmaniyt kulutur", " tadlsa", " i uynna mi ittini kigan ta\u0263rma." ] }, { "en": "Spengler states civilization is the beginning of the decline of a culture as the most external and artificial states of which a species of developed humanity is capable.", "ber": "da ittini cbnglr mas d ta\u0263rma tga tizwuri n ummuzdr n tdlsa acku tga sg kigan n waddadn ib\u1e5b\u1e5baniyn ittusak\u02b7nn nna s i\u0263i yan wanaw n ufgan yulin ad t isskr." }, { "en": "Civilizations generally declined and fell", "ber": " according to Toynbee", "null": [ " because of the failure of a creative minority", " through moral or religious decline", " to meet some important challenge", " rather than mere economic or environmental causes.", "s umata a\u0263ulnt t\u0263rmiwin \u1e0da\u1e5bt d \u1e0d\u1e5bnt", " nil twimbi", " s tmntilt n unngzu n imsnfluln imudrusn", " acku icww\u1e5b uwngim g us\u0263an", " g tnnalit n tn\u1e93a\u1e5bin istawhmman", " ur id \u0263as timntilin tidmsanin n\u0263d tiwnna\u1e0din." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " trade networks were", "null": [ " until the nineteenth century", " much larger than either cultural spheres or political spheres.", "s umdya", " kkant tradsiwin n tsbbabt", " ar tasut tis t\u1e93a d mraw", " uggar n igran idlsan d igran isrtann." ] }, { "en": "During the Uruk period", "ber": " Guillermo Algaze has argued that trade relations connected Egypt", "null": [ " Mesopotamia", " Iran and Afghanistan.", "g tizi n u\u1e5buk", " im\u0263nnan giyyirmu algaz xf imyassatn isbbabn zdint ingr mi\u1e63\u1e5b d tmazirt ngr sin isaffn d i\u1e5ban d af\u0263anistan." ] }, { "en": "Different civilizations and societies all over the globe are economically", "ber": " politically", "null": [ " and even culturally interdependent in many ways.", "tu\u0263rmiwin d imunn imzarayn g uma\u1e0dal kullu mmzdaynt g tdmsa d tsrtit d awd tadlsa g kigan n tnila." ] }, { "en": "Central Civilization later expanded to include the entire Middle East and Europe", "ber": " and then expanded to a global scale with European colonization", "null": [ " integrating the Americas", " Australia", " China and Japan by the nineteenth century.", "tnn\u0263l t\u0263rma tanammast \u1e0da\u1e5bt uynna\u0263 bac ad tam\u1e93 anqqar anammas kullu d u\u1e5bubba", " imikk tnn\u0263l g uma\u1e0dal g tizi n usddurri n u\u1e5bubba", " ismun id mirikan s snat d ustralya d \u1e63\u1e63in d lyaban llig d tlkm tasut tis t\u1e93a d mraw." ] }, { "en": "This encouraged a secondary products revolution in which people used domesticated animals not just for meat", "ber": " but also for milk", "null": [ " wool", " manure and pulling ploughs and carts\u00a0\u2013 a development that spread through the Eurasian Oecumene.", "issrqb manaya xf tgrawla g iyafutn isinann nna g smrsn middn imudar inmyarn maci \u0263as aksum", " maca awd akffay d ta\u1e0du\u1e6d\u1e6d d l\u0263bar d uzzu\u0263\u1e5b\u1e5b n iwullutn d tulditin \u2013 nna igan abu\u0263lu ittufsarn sg ikumiyn iw\u1e5basiyn." ] }, { "en": "This area has been identified as having inspired some of the most important developments in human history including the invention of the wheel", "ber": " the planting of the first cereal crops and the development of the cursive script.", "null": [ "ttustay tsga ad mas tga tamsfrayt n kran ibu\u0263lutn istawhmman g umzruy n ufgan g illa usnulfu n \u1e5bwi\u1e0da", " d tkrza n l\u0263llat timzwura d usbu\u0263lu n tirra s tarayt izdin." ] }, { "en": "This climate change shifted the cost-benefit ratio of endemic violence between communities", "ber": " which saw the abandonment of unwalled village communities and the appearance of walled cities", "null": [ " associated with the first civilizations.", "asnfl ad n unzwi isitti as\u0263l n atig-ab\u0263ur n uk\u1e5bad illan ingr imunn", " nna isnfln sg imunn n i\u0263rman war igidar s usuf\u0263 n tmdinin mi ttin igidar", " izdin s t\u0263rmiwin ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "The civilized urban revolution in turn was dependent upon the development of sedentism", "ber": " the domestication of grains and animals", "null": [ " the permanence of settlements and development of lifestyles that facilitated economies of scale and accumulation of surplus production by certain social sectors.", "tsnnd tgrawla ta\u0263rmant i\u0263\u0263urman awd nttat xf ubu\u0263lu n u\u1e63\u1e63\u1e5b\u1e63u", " alqqm n imndi d imudar", " assudu n tmrsal d ubu\u0263lu n wanawn n tudrt nna issuhnn asdmsa n uksay d usgudi n ucay\u1e0d n ufars sg kra n yigran inamunn." ] }, { "en": "Some focus on historical examples", "ber": " and others on general theory.", "null": [ "kra da ittadd xf imdyatn imzruyann", " d kra ya\u1e0dn xf ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt tamatayt." ] }, { "en": "For Gibbon", "ber": " The decline of Rome was the natural and inevitable effect of immoderate greatness.", "null": [ "\u0263ur jibun", " ammuzdr n ruma ayd igan i\u1e6d\u1e6di\u1e63 agaman d asu\u0263nan i tim\u0263rt issufan." ] }, { "en": "Theodor Mommsen in his History of Rome suggested Rome collapsed with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE and he also tended towards a biological analogy of genesis", "ber": " growth", "null": [ " senescence", " collapse and decay.", "isumr tyudu\u1e5b musmn g udlis nns amzruy n ruma mas d t\u1e0d\u1e5b \u1e5buma g tizi n t\u1e0du\u1e5bi n tgldit ta\u1e5bumaniyt n u\u0263lay asgg\u02b7as n 476 g tlalit", " ar itddu awd d usmzazzal abyulujy n usmuttg", " tamrniwt", " tawsrt", " ta\u1e0du\u1e5bi", " an\u0263ubu." ] }, { "en": "Arnold J. Toynbee in his A Study of History suggested that there had been a much larger number of civilizations", "ber": " including a small number of arrested civilizations", "null": [ " and that all civilizations tended to go through the cycle identified by Mommsen.", "isumr a\u1e5bnuld J. tuynbi g t\u0263uri nns n umzruy mas d illa yan umna\u1e0d ixatrn uggar n t\u0263rmiwin", " nna g illa yan um\u1e0dan idrusn n t\u0263rmiwin ibddan", " mas d kullu ti\u0263rmiwin \u0263int ad zrint xf usara nna isrs mummsn." ] }, { "en": "During the intermediate phase", "ber": " the increasing population growth leads to the decrease of per capita production and consumption levels", "null": [ " it becomes more and more difficult to collect taxes", " and state revenues stop growing", " whereas the state expenditures grow due to the growth of the population controlled by the state.", "iwnan ntfrkt tanammast", " da ttawi tmrniwt n imzda\u0263 ittalin s wuguz n iswirn n ufars d usmur n ufrid", " ar itcqqu uggar wamma\u1e93 n irgayn", " ar tbddant tnudaf xf tmrniwt", " g tizi g ttalint tmq\u1e5ba\u1e0d n uwank s tmntilt n tmrniwt n imzda\u0263 ittunba\u1e0dn sg uwank." ] }, { "en": "Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends.", "ber": "tisutal ti\u025blmaniyin d imnidn inif\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "The fact that Rome needed to generate ever greater revenues to equip and re-equip armies that were for the first time repeatedly defeated in the field", "ber": " led to the dismemberment of the Empire.", "null": [ "tidtt n unmri n \u1e5buma ad tsskr tinudaf uggar n kra n tizi izrin ad tqwwm n isrdasn tikklt tamzwarut nna ittyarran kigan n tikkal g ubaraz", " \u0263r ucrrg n tgldit." ] }, { "en": "He argues that the collapse of the Maya has lessons for civilization today.", "ber": "ar ittm\u0263nnan mas d ammuzdr n lmaya ila timsirin g t\u0263rma assa." }, { "en": "The energy expended to energy yield ratio is central to limiting the survival of civilizations.", "ber": "iga us\u0263l n tzmrt ittusxsrn s tzmrt tararut ta\u0263awsa tadslant g tudrt n tglditin." }, { "en": "Koneczny claimed that civilizations cannot be mixed into hybrids", "ber": " an inferior civilization when given equal rights within a highly developed civilization will overcome it.", "null": [ "i\u0263al kunikzi mas d ur i\u1e93\u1e0dar ad nccur ti\u0263rmiwin g yat tcrdant", " acku ig ttufkan i t\u0263rma tamazdart izrfan yaksuln ag\u02b7ns n yat t\u0263rma ibu\u0263lan kigan hat qad tt trnu." ] }, { "en": "Cultural Historian Morris Berman suggests in Dark Ages America: the End of Empire that in the corporate consumerist United States", "ber": " the very factors that once propelled it to greatness\u2015extreme individualism", "null": [ " territorial and economic expansion", " and the pursuit of material wealth\u2015have pushed the United States across a critical threshold where collapse is inevitable.", "aisumr umrzu g tdlsa birmas g izmzn illasn n mirikan: tigira n tgldit am iwunak imun asmur i tmssurin", " timntilin nna tt yuwin s tm\u0263rt\u2015tafrdiyt tam\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e5bfut", " d in\u0263al admsan asgawan", " d u\u1e0dfa\u1e5b n ugla amattiw\u2015tuwy iwunak imunn s yan ubadu g ur illi mani kkant i t\u1e0du\u1e5bi." ] }, { "en": "The corrosion of these pillars", "ber": " Jacobs argues", "null": [ " is linked to societal ills such as environmental crisis", " racism and the growing gulf between rich and poor.", "im\u0263nnan jakubs mas d amyatca n tsila ad izdi d tma\u1e0dunin tinamunin zund tassast tawn\u1e0dant d tssa\u1e93u\u1e5bt d tgmi n umziray ingr im\u1e93lad d im\u1e6d\u1e5b\u1e5b\u1e25n." ] }, { "en": "This need for civilizations to import ever more resources", "ber": " he argues", "null": [ " stems from their over-exploitation and diminution of their own local resources.", "ar ittini mas d assar ad i t\u0263rmiwin afad nskcm wiya\u1e0d isugam nna d ittf\u0263n sg usyafa nns kigan d ussdrus n isugam nns id\u0263rann." ] }, { "en": "In the graphic", "ber": " Ma means million years ago.)", "null": [ "g twn\u0263a", " Ma tga mlyun n usgg\u02b7as izrin.)" ] }, { "en": "Much of the Earth was molten because of frequent collisions with other bodies which led to extreme volcanism.", "ber": "tfsi yat tfult taxatart sg wakal s tmntilt n ungas imsnagarn d tazzitin ya\u1e0dn aynna\u0263 ayd isskrn amussu n ibu\u1e5bkann idusn." }, { "en": "Recognizable humans emerged at most 2 million years ago", "ber": " a vanishingly small period on the geological scale.", "null": [ "iff\u0263d ufgan ittwassn dat 2 imlyunn n isgg\u02b7asn", " nttat d tizi tam\u1e93\u1e93yant ittackan g tskala tajyulujit." ] }, { "en": "It is estimated that 99 percent of all species that ever lived on Earth", "ber": " over five billion", "null": [ " have gone extinct.", "da ittini uqddr mas d 99 sg tmi\u1e0di n wanawn kullu nna iddrn xf wakal", " uggar n smmus n id mlya\u1e5b", " ur sulnt." ] }, { "en": "The Earth's crust has constantly changed since its formation", "ber": " as has life since its first appearance.", "null": [ "infl uqcbal n wakal sg mayd ttwaskar", " mkinna tnnfl tudrt sg mayd tff\u0263 tikklt izwarn." ] }, { "en": "The Moon is formed around this time probably due to a protoplanet's collision into Earth.", "ber": "i\u0263y is da ittwaskar wayyur g tizi ad s tmntilt n umlaqqay n itran imzwura d wakal." }, { "en": "The atmosphere is composed of volcanic and greenhouse gases.", "ber": "ittusnay wa\u1e6dmu\u1e63fir sg igazn n iburkann d igazn inr\u0263ann." }, { "en": "Bacteria begin producing oxygen", "ber": " shaping the third and current of Earth's atmospheres.", "null": [ "da tssntay tbaktirt afars n uksijin", " d usskar n t\u0263arift tama\u1e0dut tis k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt n d\u0263i i wakal." ] }, { "en": "The early continents of Columbia", "ber": " Rodinia and Pannotia", "null": [ " in that order", " may have existed in this eon.", "i\u0263y is kkan imn\u1e93awn n zikk n kulumbya d \u1e5budinya d banutya", " g ussuds ad", " llant g usmmud ad." ] }, { "en": "Gradually", "ber": " life expands to land and familiar forms of plants", "null": [ " animals and fungi begin appearing", " including annelids", " insects and reptiles", " hence the eon's name", " which means visible life.", "imik s imik", " ar ttlkam tudrt ta\u0263art ar ssntayn wanawn ittumyurn sg im\u0263ayn d imudar d ig\u02b7rsln g ufu\u0263", " g llan im\u1e25rurdn d ibuxxa", " sg da agd idda ism n usmmud", " nna igan tudrt tamannayt." ] }, { "en": "It was composed of hydrogen and helium created shortly after the Big Bang 13.8\u00a0Ga (billion years ago) and heavier elements ejected by supernovae.", "ber": "ikka ittusnay sg uhid\u1e5bujin d uhilyum nna ittuskarf \u1e0dart yat tizi idrusn n u\u1e6d\u1e6diqs amqqran 13.8 Ga (sg mlyar n usgg\u02b7as) d ifrdisn i\u1e93\u1e93ayn igrtn d u\u1e6d\u1e6diqs n itran." }, { "en": "As the cloud began to accelerate", "ber": " its angular momentum", "null": [ " gravity", " and inertia flattened it into a protoplanetary disk perpendicular to its axis of rotation.", "llig tssnti tsignut g uzizzl", " da ittawy uwtuy nns d unzbi nns i umussu s usmsasa nns \u0263r yat tqa\u1e5bi\u1e0dt tatrit tamzwarut innaln xf ugjdi n wutuy nns." ] }, { "en": "After more contraction", "ber": " a T Tauri star ignited and evolved into the Sun.", "null": [ "\u1e0da\u1e5bt unkumms itturnan", " ya\u0263 itri n T \u1e6du\u1e5bi ibu\u0263lu allig iga tafukt." ] }, { "en": "Earth formed in this manner about 4.54\u00a0billion years ago (with an uncertainty of 1%) and was largely completed within 10\u201320\u00a0million\u00a0years.", "ber": "ittusul\u0263 wakal s tmamkt ad sg wattayn n 4.54 mlya\u1e5b n isgg\u02b7asn (g illa cck 1%) d ttusmad g tizi n 10\u201320 n id mlyun n usggas." }, { "en": "The proto-Earth grew by accretion until its interior was hot enough to melt the heavy", "ber": " siderophile metals.", "null": [ "igma wakal aqqbur s tbridt n usmun allig ir\u0263a ugns nns s tsk\u02b7flt nna isfsayn im\u0263azn i\u1e93\u1e93ayn d uka\u1e5bbun nwuzzal." ] }, { "en": "From crater counts on other celestial bodies", "ber": " it is inferred that a period of intense meteorite impacts", "null": [ " called the Late Heavy Bombardment", " began about 4.1\u00a0Ga", " and concluded around 3.8\u00a0Ga", " at the end of the Hadean.", "sg i\u1e25ssutn xf ixba n itran yadn", " ittun\u1e93a mas d yat tizi n yi\u1e0di\u1e63n n i\u1e93\u1e5ban n yignna idusn", " ism nns titi tamstalt iggran", " tssnti g wattayn n 4.1 Ga", " tsmd g wattayn n 3.8 Ga", " g tgira n hadyan." ] }, { "en": "By the beginning of the Archean", "ber": " the Earth had cooled significantly.", "null": [ "lli gd yuw\u1e0d g tizwuri uzmz arkyani", " iq\u1e5bf wakal s tal\u0263a ittwan\u1e93an." ] }, { "en": "New evidence suggests the Moon formed even later", "ber": " 4.48\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.02\u00a0Ga", "null": [ " or 70\u2013110\u00a0million years after the start of the Solar System.", "da sn\u025batn wan\u1e93iwn imaynutn mas d ayyur ittuskar g yat tizi d iddan 4.48\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.02\u00a0Ga", " n\u0263d 70\u2013110 n id mlyun n usgg\u02b7as \u1e0da\u1e5bt ussnti n ungraw n tafukt." ] }, { "en": "The collision released about 100 million times more energy than the more recent Chicxulub impact that is believed to have caused the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs.", "ber": "i\u1e5b\u1e93m umlaqqay i yat tzmrt yugrn s 100n id mlyun n tikklt tazmrt n umlaqqay n cicxulub nna igan amntil n ymttant n idayna\u1e63u\u1e5bn ur ittaylaln." }, { "en": "The giant impact hypothesis predicts that the Moon was depleted of metallic material", "ber": " explaining its abnormal composition.", "null": [ "da tsnimal turda n umlaqqay axatar s ussmur n tmtta tama\u0263uzt n wayyur", " ar tssfru assul\u0263t nns ar agaman." ] }, { "en": "The initial crust", "ber": " formed when the Earth's surface first solidified", "null": [ " totally disappeared from a combination of this fast Hadean plate tectonics and the intense impacts of the Late Heavy Bombardment.", "ittuskar uqcbal amzwaru llig iga uzur n wakal agris tikklt tamzwarut", " tacck kullu sg usrks n tfilin titiktunin iddrfn sg hadyan d yi\u1e0di\u1e63n idusn i titi i\u1e93\u1e93ayn amggaru." ] }, { "en": "These pieces of late Hadean and early Archean crust form the cores around which today's continents grew.", "ber": "igzzumn ad n uqcban n hadyan d imzwura n arcyan gan i\u0263yayn nna xf gman imn\u1e93awn n wassa." }, { "en": "Cratons consist primarily of two alternating types of terranes.", "ber": "ttusnayn ik\u1e5batunn s tal\u0263a tadslant sg sin wanawn immdfa\u1e5bn n idmkaln." }, { "en": "For this reason", "ber": " greenstones are sometimes seen as evidence for subduction during the Archean.", "null": [ "s manaya", " da ttu\u1e93\u1e5ban i\u1e93\u1e5ban izgzawn d an\u1e93a n wu\u1e93u iwnan n uzmz a\u1e5bkiy." ] }, { "en": "Now it is considered likely that many of the volatiles were delivered during accretion by a process known as impact degassing in which incoming bodies vaporize on impact.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b d\u0263i kigan n imtta ittaylaln ttufkan g tizi n usmun s tbridt n yat tsi\u0263t ittwassn s yism n wukus n ugaz s unggs acku da sruggutn ibddurn d ikcmn g tizi n umlaqqay." }, { "en": "Planetesimals at a distance of 1\u00a0astronomical unit (AU)", "ber": " the distance of the Earth from the Sun", "null": [ " probably did not contribute any water to the Earth because the solar nebula was too hot for ice to form and the hydration of rocks by water vapor would have taken too long.", "ikut inn is llan itran im\u1e93\u1e93yan xf uzaru n 1 ufrdis a\u1e63\u1e6d\u1e5bunumik (AU)", " nttat aygan azaru ingr wakal d tafukt", " ur d kin amya n waman i wakal acku ablala\u0263 n tafuyt ir\u0263a kigan xf uskar n ugris", " d usslwi\u0263 n i\u1e93\u1e5ban s irugga n waman ittca kigan n tizi." ] }, { "en": "Recent evidence suggests the oceans may have begun forming as early as 4.4\u00a0Ga. By the start of the Archean eon", "ber": " they already covered much of the Earth.", "null": [ "da ttinin wan\u1e93atn itrarn mas d illn snntan asmuttg nnsn zikk n 4.4\u00a0Ga. llig yiw\u1e0d uzmz arkyuni", " t\u0263ms i yat tfult taxatart g wakal." ] }, { "en": "Thus", "ber": " the Sun has become 30% brighter in the last 4.5 billion years.", "null": [ "s manaya", " tafukt tssudda uggar s us\u0263l n 30% g 4.5 mlya\u1e5b n usgg\u02b7as izrin." ] }, { "en": "There are many models", "ber": " but little consensus", "null": [ " on how life emerged from non-living chemicals; chemical systems created in the laboratory fall well short of the minimum complexity for a living organism.", "llan kigan n imdyatn", " maca idrus mayd imunn", " xf tmamkt s tlla tudrt sg tmttitin ticimin ur iddirn; ingrawn icimiyn nna ittuskarn g usarm drusn kigan xf trafrart tamudrust n umudr." ] }, { "en": "Although atmospheric composition was probably different from that used by Miller and Urey", "ber": " later experiments with more realistic compositions also managed to synthesize organic molecules.", "null": [ "mqqar ixulf usnay n wa\u1e6dmusfir xf unna ittusmrsn \u0263ur millr d u\u1e5bi", " irimn t id i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn d isnayn inilawn uggar nna i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn ad isskr tiqcrin tigmamin." ] }, { "en": "RNA would later have been replaced by DNA", "ber": " which is more stable and therefore can build longer genomes", "null": [ " expanding the range of capabilities a single organism can have.", "ittusnfal RNA g yat tizi tid i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn s wadiyin", " nna igan imnti uggar s i\u0263y ad i\u1e63ku ijinumn i\u0263zzifn", " s manaya da tn\u0263alnt tzmmar nna rad yili \u0263r yan umudr." ] }, { "en": "A difficulty with the metabolism-first scenario is finding a way for organisms to evolve.", "ber": "tanmart tamzwarut illan g usina\u1e5byu n usmdya n wutci iga tt wafay n tmamkt n ubu\u0263lu n imudar." }, { "en": "Research in 2003 reported that montmorillonite could also accelerate the conversion of fatty acids into bubbles", "ber": " and that the bubbles could encapsulate RNA attached to the clay.", "null": [ "nnan irzzutn nna ittugan asgg\u02b7as n 2003 mas d lmuntmu\u1e5bil\u025bnit i\u0263y ad isddrf asnfl n ismmamn i\u1e0d\u1e5b\u1e93ann s iluffn", " \u0263in iluffn ad gn ta\u0263arift RNA izdin s adqqi." ] }, { "en": "This LUA cell is the ancestor of all life on Earth today.", "ber": "ta\u0263rast n LUA ayd igan tizwuri n tal\u0263atin n tudrt xf wakal assa." }, { "en": "The change to an oxygen-rich atmosphere was a crucial development.", "ber": "asnfl s yan u\u1e6dmusfir iglan s uksijin iga yan ubu\u0263lu am\u0263tas." }, { "en": "They used fermentation", "ber": " the breakdown of more complex compounds into less complex compounds with less energy", "null": [ " and used the energy so liberated to grow and reproduce.", "smrsn amtan", " d uzll\u025b n imsnayn immurksn kigan s imsnayn ur immurkisn d tzmrt idrusn", " smrsn tazmrt tilellit i um\u0263ay d usyafu." ] }, { "en": "Most of the life that covers the surface of the Earth depends directly or indirectly on photosynthesis.", "ber": "da itsnnad umata g tudrt aflla n wakals unamk usrid n\u0263d arusrid xf usmdya asiddan." }, { "en": "To supply the electrons in the circuit", "ber": " hydrogen is stripped from water", "null": [ " leaving oxygen as a waste product.", "afad tturnun ilikt\u1e5bunn g t\u1e93ayrt", " da ittwakkas uhidrujin sg waman", " iqqim uksijin ig afars n warru\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "The simpler anoxygenic form arose about 3.8\u00a0Ga", "ber": " not long after the appearance of life.", "null": [ "tgma tal\u0263a tar uksijin afrar attayn n 3.8 Ga", " \u1e0da\u1e5bt yat tizi ur i\u0263zzifn n wufu\u0263 n tudrt." ] }, { "en": "At first", "ber": " the released oxygen was bound up with limestone", "null": [ " iron", " and other minerals.", "g tizwuri", " uksijin innu\u1e5b\u1e93mn izdi s u\u1e93\u1e5bu n ungmirs d wuzzal d iqdda\u1e25 ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "Though each cell only produced a minute amount of oxygen", "ber": " the combined metabolism of many cells over a vast time transformed Earth's atmosphere to its current state.", "null": [ "mqqar da tsfaras ku ta\u0263rst tasmkta idrusn day n uksijin", " maca asmdya n wutci iccarn n kigan n tt\u0263rasin g iwnan n yan uzmz i\u0263zzifn g wa\u1e6dmusfi\u1e5bn wakal s waddad nns n d\u0263i." ] }, { "en": "The ozone layer absorbed", "ber": " and still absorbs", "null": [ " a significant amount of the ultraviolet radiation that once had passed through the atmosphere.", "da tssumum tisi n u\u1e93un", " tsul ar tssumum", " yat tsmkta taxatart sg i\u1e93n\u1e93a\u1e5bn nnig imk\u1e93ayn nna izrin g wamusfi\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "As a result", "ber": " the Earth began to receive more heat from the Sun in the Proterozoic eon.", "null": [ "s manaya", " issnti wakal ar ittam\u1e93 kigan n unr\u0263i sg tafukt g uzmz n b\u1e5butizwik." ] }, { "en": "Glacial deposits found in South Africa date back to 2.2\u00a0Ga", "ber": " at which time", "null": [ " based on paleomagnetic evidence", " they must have been located near the equator.", "amzruy n isttayn n isaffn n ugris nna illan g iffus n iqya ya\u0263ul s 2.2\u00a0Ga", " g tizi nna\u0263", " g usnnd xf wan\u1e93atn izaykutn", " ixssa ad ilint g \u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e5bf n inb\u1e0di n wakal." ] }, { "en": "The Huronian ice age might have been caused by the increased oxygen concentration in the atmosphere", "ber": " which caused the decrease of methane (CH4) in the atmosphere.", "null": [ "i\u0263y ad ig uzmz ahuruniy amssuf\u0263 n tawna n uksijin g wa\u1e6dmusfi\u1e5b", " nna ismntln g usuggz n lmitan (CH4) g wa\u1e6dmusfi\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " the term Snowball Earth is more commonly used to describe later extreme ice ages during the Cryogenian period.", "null": [ "mqqar d aya", " taguri snuwbal irt da ttusmras s yat tal\u0263a itwassn g usnumml n izmzn n ugris i\u1e6d\u1e6du\u1e5b\u1e5bfn d i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn g tizi n k\u1e5bujinyan." ] }, { "en": "Carbon dioxide combines with rain to weather rocks to form carbonic acid", "ber": " which is then washed out to sea", "null": [ " thus extracting the greenhouse gas from the atmosphere.", "da ittmun uka\u1e5bbun bu sin wuksijin d un\u1e93a\u1e5b afad zzwun i\u1e93\u1e5ban sskrn asmmam akarbunik", " nna itturidn \u0263r dat g ill", " s manaya ar d ttf\u0263\u0263n igazn itt\u1e25\u1e63a\u1e5bn anr\u0263i g wa\u1e6dmusfi\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "The Bacteria domain probably first split off from the other forms of life (sometimes called Neomura)", "ber": " but this supposition is controversial.", "null": [ "i\u0263y is ib\u1e0da yign n tbaktirt d tal\u0263atin ya\u1e0dn n tudrt (nna mi ittwana nyumu\u1e5ba)", " maca admu ad iga a\u0263nnan." ] }, { "en": "The earliest fossils possessing features typical of fungi date to the Paleoproterozoic era", "ber": " some 2.4 ago; these multicellular benthic organisms had filamentous structures capable of anastomosis.", "null": [ "idsnt t\u0263uziwin tiqqburin \u0263ur llant tmitar i\u1e93lin n ig\u02b7rsln da ttu\u0263ulnt s azmz n lbalyubrutiruzwik", " sg wattayn n 2.4; imudar ad isilann aga\u0263ras mi tlla t\u0263ssa n ifilan i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn i usanastumus." ] }, { "en": "Perhaps the large cell attempted to digest the smaller one but failed (possibly due to the evolution of prey defenses).", "ber": "\u025bni\u0263 tra t\u0263rast tamqqrant ad tettc tam\u1e93\u1e93yant maca ur t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b (\u025bni\u0263 s tmntilt n ubu\u0263lu n imza\u0263n n umngmr)." }, { "en": "Using oxygen", "ber": " it metabolized the larger cell's waste products and derived more energy.", "null": [ "s usmrs n uksijin", " da isnfal a\u1e5b\u1e5bu\u1e0d n t\u0263rasin timqqranin issuf\u0263d sul tazmrt." ] }, { "en": "Soon", "ber": " a stable symbiosis developed between the large cell and the smaller cells inside it.", "null": [ "imik ibi\u0263lu umyawas iggign ingr ta\u0263rst tamqqrant d t\u0263rasin n ugns nns tim\u1e93yanin." ] }, { "en": "A similar event occurred with photosynthetic cyanobacteria entering large heterotrophic cells and becoming chloroplasts.", "ber": "ijra yan umzzu imiwi s ukccum n tbaktirt tanilit tasiddant s t\u0263rasin timqqranin itettan \u0263ur kra ya\u1e0dn gnt iblastidn izgzawn." }, { "en": "Besides the well-established endosymbiotic theory of the cellular origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts", "ber": " there are theories that cells led to peroxisomes", "null": [ " spirochetes led to cilia and flagella", " and that perhaps a DNA virus led to the cell nucleus", " though none of them are widely accepted.", "tama n ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n undusimbyutik n u\u1e93ur a\u0263rasan n umitukundri d iblastidn izgzawn", " llant ti\u1e93irin mas d ti\u0263rasin ifkan ibiruksimn", " isbirucitn da akkan abliwn d waddil", " d i\u0263y ad yawi ufirus n wadiyin s a\u0263yay n t\u0263rast", " tra mqqar ur ittufsar awd yan diksn." ] }, { "en": "Around 1.1 Ga", "ber": " the supercontinent Rodinia was assembling.", "null": [ "attayn n 1.1 Ga", " amn\u1e93aw axatar \u1e5budinya ar ttmun." ] }, { "en": "Although the division between a colony with specialized cells and a multicellular organism is not always clear", "ber": " around 1\u00a0billion years ago", "null": [ " the first multicellular plants emerged", " probably green algae.", "mqqar ub\u1e6d\u1e6du ingr tdurruyt m t\u0263rast tam\u1e93layt d umudr aga\u0263ras ur igi anafaw abda", " sg wattayn n 1 mlya\u1e5b n usgg\u02b7as", " iff\u0263 d umzwaru g im\u0263ayn agra\u0263ras", " \u025bni\u0263 adaln izgzawn." ] }, { "en": "Paleomagnetic poles are supplemented by geologic evidence such as orogenic belts", "ber": " which mark the edges of ancient plates", "null": [ " and past distributions of flora and fauna.", "da ttusmadn igjda ibalyumanyitikn s wan\u1e93atn ijyulujiyn zund assasn urujinikn", " nna isttin irawn n tfilin tizaykutin", " d ib\u1e6d\u1e6dutn izrin n imudar d im\u0263ayn." ] }, { "en": "About 1000 to 830\u00a0Ma", "ber": " most continental mass was united in the supercontinent Rodinia.", "null": [ "attayn n 1000ar 830 mlyun n isggasn", " amata g ugudi n umn\u1e93aw imun g umn\u1e93aw axatar rudinya." ] }, { "en": "The hypothetical supercontinent is sometimes referred to as Pannotia or Vendia.", "ber": "da as ittwana i umn\u1e93aw axatar amrdu ism n bannutya n\u0263d findya." }, { "en": "The intensity and mechanism of both glaciations are still under investigation and harder to explain than the early Proterozoic Snowball Earth.", "ber": "tsul tu\u1e93\u1e93i\u1e5bt d tmamkt n sin igudiyn n ugris g t\u0263uri d icqqa ussfru nns g usmzazzal d takurt n udfl tazaykut n zikk." }, { "en": "Because CO2 is an important greenhouse gas", "ber": " climates cooled globally.", "null": [ "acku CO2 sg igazn istawhmman ir\u0263an", " ar ittusqraf unzwi g uma\u1e0dal." ] }, { "en": "Increased volcanic activity resulted from the break-up of Rodinia at about the same time.", "ber": "ittufars umussu n ubu\u1e5bkan ittalin sg ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n \u1e5budinya g wattayn n yat tizi." }, { "en": "The new forms of life", "ber": " called Ediacara biota", "null": [ " were larger and more diverse than ever.", "gan t tal\u0263atin timaynutin n tudrt", " s wassa\u0263 idyaka\u1e5ba byuta", " tibarawin d tsmyanawin uggar n kra n tizi ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "It consists of three eras: The Paleozoic", "ber": " Mesozoic", "null": [ " and Cenozoic", " and is the time when multi-cellular life greatly diversified into almost all the organisms known today.", "ittusnay sg k\u1e5ba\u1e0d izmzn: azmz n tudrt taqqburt", " azmz n tudrt tanammast", " azmz n tudrt tatrart", " igan tizi g tmyanaw kigan tudrt tagra\u0263rast g kullu imudar ittwassan assa s wadas." ] }, { "en": "This causes the sea level to rise.", "ber": "manaya da ittawi s yily n uzur n ill." }, { "en": "Traces of glaciation from this period are only found on former Gondwana.", "ber": "ttyafant tmitar n ugris g tizi ad day g gundwana izrin." }, { "en": "The continents Laurentia and Baltica collided between 450 and 400\u00a0Ma", "ber": " during the Caledonian Orogeny", "null": [ " to form Laurussia (also known as Euramerica).", "mlaqayn sin imn\u1e93awn lu\u1e5buntya d baltika ingr 450 d 400 Ma", " g iwnan n usmuttg n idurar n kalidunyan", " afad snin lu\u1e5busya (ittwassn awd s yism n u\u1e5bamirika)." ] }, { "en": "The collision of Siberia with Laurussia caused the Uralian Orogeny", "ber": " the collision of Gondwana with Laurussia is called the Variscan or Hercynian Orogeny in Europe or the Alleghenian Orogeny in North America.", "null": [ "ttuskarn idurar n u\u1e5bal s tmntilt n umlaqay n sibirya d lurusya", " amlaqay n gundwana d lurusya ism nns fa\u1e5biskan n\u0263d hursinyan u\u1e5bujin g u\u1e5bubba n\u0263d asmuttg n idurar n aliginya g mirikan n i\u1e93lm\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Whereas the Ediacaran life forms appear yet primitive and not easy to put in any modern group", "ber": " at the end of the Cambrian most modern phyla were already present.", "null": [ "g tizi g gant tal\u0263atin n tudrt tidyakarit tiqqburin maca ur iwhin ad ttusrasnt g kra n trabbut tatrart", " g tigira n uzmz agmbari illa umata g tzuniwin titrarin." ] }, { "en": "Some of these Cambrian groups appear complex but are seemingly quite different from modern life; examples are Anomalocaris and Haikouichthys.", "ber": "gant trubba ad n ugambari zun mmurksnt maca mzaraynt kullu xf tudrt tatrart", "null": [ " s umdya anumalukaris d haykwictis." ] }, { "en": "A creature that could have been the ancestor of the fishes", "ber": " or was probably closely related to it", "null": [ " was Pikaia.", "amudr nna i\u0263in ad ig sg imzwura n islman", " n\u0263d izdi didsn yan uzday idusn", " iga t bikaya." ] }, { "en": "Fish", "ber": " the earliest vertebrates", "null": [ " evolved in the oceans around 530\u00a0Ma.", "islman", " sg m isnsuln iqqburn", " bu\u0263lan g yill attayn n 530 Ma." ] }, { "en": "The oldest fossils of land fungi and plants date to 480\u2013460\u00a0Ma", "ber": " though molecular evidence suggests the fungi may have colonized the land as early as 1000\u00a0Ma and the plants 700\u00a0Ma.", "null": [ "a\u0263ulnt t\u0263uziwin tizaykutin n ig\u02b7sln d im\u0263ayn n wakal s 480\u2013460 mlyun n usgg\u02b7as", " mqqar da ttinin wan\u1e93iwn usdidn mas sdurrin ig\u02b7rsln akal sg 1000 mlyun n usgg\u02b7as d im\u0263ayn 700 mlyun n usgg\u02b7as." ] }, { "en": "Fins evolved to become limbs that the first tetrapods used to lift their heads out of the water to breathe air.", "ber": "bu\u0263rlant tmsccfin allig gant igmamn nna smrsnt id m kku\u1e93t n i\u1e0da\u1e5bn timzwura afad asint ixfawn nnsnt s aflla n waman ad asint unfus." }, { "en": "Eventually", "ber": " some of them became so well adapted to terrestrial life that they spent their adult lives on land", "null": [ " although they hatched in the water and returned to lay their eggs.", "g tgira", " imcackad kra diksn d tudrt tab\u025blit allig zzrin tudrt nnsn xf wakal", " mqqar lulan g waman u\u0263uln \u1e93a\u1e5bs ad \u1e63\u1e0d\u1e5bn tiglay." ] }, { "en": "Plants evolved seeds", "ber": " which dramatically accelerated their spread on land", "null": [ " around this time (by approximately 360\u00a0Ma).", "sbu\u0263lan im\u0263ayn ifsan", " s manaya ttufsarn g wakal fisa\u025b g tizi ad (s wattayn n 360 n id mlyun)." ] }, { "en": "Another 30\u00a0million years (310\u00a0Ma) saw the divergence of the synapsids (including mammals) from the sauropsids (including birds and reptiles).", "ber": "30 mlyun n usgg\u02b7as ya\u1e0dn (310 mlyun n usgg\u02b7as) g illa um\u025braq n isinabsidn (g llant tim\u1e93\u1e93agin) sg i\u1e63u\u1e5bubsidn (g llan ig\u1e0da\u1e0d d im\u1e25rurdn)." }, { "en": "The Triassic\u2013Jurassic extinction event at 200\u00a0Ma spared many of the dinosaurs", "ber": " and they soon became dominant among the vertebrates.", "null": [ "ij\u1e5ba uxssuy atriyasik\u2013ajurasik g 200mlyun n usgg\u02b7as iqqil kigan n idina\u1e63u\u1e5bn", " fisa\u025b ayd nnb\u1e0dnt ingr id m usnsl." ] }, { "en": "60% of marine invertebrates became extinct and 25% of all families.", "ber": "60% sg id war asnsul ur suln d 25% g iklaln kullu." }, { "en": "The third mass extinction was the Permian-Triassic", "ber": " or the Great Dying", "null": [ " event was possibly caused by some combination of the Siberian Traps volcanic event", " an asteroid impact", " methane hydrate gasification", " sea level fluctuations", " and a major anoxic event.", "axssuy amgru wis k\u1e5ba\u1e0d igat uzmz abirmi-atriyasi", " n\u0263d tamttant tamqqrant", " \u025bni\u0263 tamntilt nns tarkkust n tamsart taburkanit n sibirya tabs", " i\u1e0di\u1e63 n watri am\u1e93\u1e93yan", " akccum n ugaz s hidrat n umi\u1e6dan", " d isnfln n uzur n yill", " d tmsart n uksijin idrusn." ] }, { "en": "This was by far the deadliest extinction ever", "ber": " with about 57% of all families and 83% of all genera killed.", "null": [ "iga wad axssuy akk\u02b7 asnidam kigan", " acku immut wattay n 57% sg kullu tawjiwin d 83% sg wanawn kullu." ] }, { "en": "By the early Paleocene the earth recovered from the extinction", "ber": " and mammalian diversity increased.", "null": [ "g tizwuri n uzmz abalyusiniy", " ijji wakal sg uxssuy n imudar", " yaly umyanaw g tm\u1e93\u1e93agin." ] }, { "en": "Grassless savanna began to predominate much of the landscape", "ber": " and mammals such as Andrewsarchus rose up to become the largest known terrestrial predatory mammal ever", "null": [ " and early whales like Basilosaurus took control of the seas.", "tssnti ssafana g ur tlli tuga anbb\u1e0d xf kigan n imi\u1e93a\u1e5bn igamann", " alint tm\u1e93\u1e93agin zund andriwsarcus afad ad tg amudr axatar am\u1e93\u1e93ag wamnsdda ab\u025bli akk\u02b7 ittwassn", " nb\u1e0dnt tzmkin n zikk zund abasilusarus xf illn." ] }, { "en": "Giant ungulates like Paraceratherium and Deinotherium evolved to rule the grasslands.", "ber": "bu\u0263lant id m ifnza ixatarn zund barasiratiryum d dinutiryum afad ta\u1e93 ig\u02b7daln." }, { "en": "The Tethys Sea was closed off by the collision of Africa and Europe.", "ber": "ittwargal yill n titis s tmntilt n umlaqay n ifriqya d urubba." }, { "en": "The land bridge allowed the isolated creatures of South America to migrate over to North America", "ber": " and vice versa.", "null": [ "tudja tlgg\u02b7it tanakalt imudar ittu\u1e93layn g mirikan n iffus ad mmuddun s mirikan n i\u1e93lm\u1e0d", " d umgal." ] }, { "en": "The ice ages led to the evolution of modern man in Saharan Africa and expansion.", "ber": "izmzn n ugris ayd yuwn s abu\u0263lu n ufgan atrar g tniri n ifriqya d ubu\u0263lu nns." }, { "en": "It is believed by many that a huge migration took place along Beringia which is why", "ber": " today", "null": [ " there are camels (which evolved and became extinct in North America)", " horses (which evolved and became extinct in North America)", " and Native Americans.", "i\u0263al kigan is ij\u1e5ba yan umuddu axatar xf birinjiya ayann axf llan il\u0263man assa (nna ibu\u0263lan txsi g mirikan n i\u1e93lm\u1e0d)", " d iyysan (nna ibu\u0263lan txsi g mirikan n i\u1e93lm\u1e0d)", " d imirikaniyn in\u1e63liyn." ] }, { "en": "Brain size increased rapidly", "ber": " and by 2\u00a0Ma", "null": [ " the first animals classified in the genus Homo had appeared.", "izayd uksay n walla\u0263 fisa\u025b", " g tuwd 2 mlyun", " iff\u0263d umudr amzwaru ittustayn g wanaw n ufgan." ] }, { "en": "The ability to control fire probably began in Homo erectus (or Homo ergaster)", "ber": " probably at least 790", "null": [ "000\u00a0years ago but perhaps as early as 1.5\u00a0Ma.", "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b is tssnti tazmrt n unb\u1e0d g wafa sg ufgan ibddan (n\u0263d humu irgastr)", " i\u0263y id sg 790", "000 n usgg\u02b7as", " maca i\u0263y id sg zikk ar 1.5 mlyun n usgg\u02b7as." ] }, { "en": "It is more difficult to establish the origin of language; it is unclear whether Homo erectus could speak or if that capability had not begun until Homo sapiens.", "ber": "icqqa ad ittu\u1e93lay uzu\u1e5b n tutlayt", "null": [ " ur ittusfaw is i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ufgan ibddan ad isawal", " n\u0263d tazmrt ad ur tssnti ar afgan humusabyan." ] }, { "en": "Social skills became more complex", "ber": " language became more sophisticated", "null": [ " and tools became more elaborate.", "mmurksnt tzmmar tinamunin uggar", " tmmurks tutlayt kigan", " mmurksn imassn uggar." ] }, { "en": "The first humans to show signs of spirituality are the Neanderthals (usually classified as a separate species with no surviving descendants); they buried their dead", "ber": " often with no sign of food or tools.", "null": [ "afgan amzwaru nna d issuf\u0263n timitar tinimanin igat ufgan nyardrtal (kra n tikkal da ittustay is iga anaw i\u1e93lin ur \u0263urs ayyawn iddrn); udrn i imttin nnsn", " g wahli n tikkal bla awd yat tmatart n imassn n\u0263d uttci." ] }, { "en": "As language became more complex", "ber": " the ability to remember and communicate information resulted", "null": [ " according to a theory proposed by Richard Dawkins", " in a new replicator: the meme.", "lli g tga tmmurks tutlayt uggar", " tga tazmrt n usmkti n in\u0263misn d usslkm nnsn", " nil yat tannayt nna isrs ritcard dawkinz", " s umyalas amaynu: du mim." ] }, { "en": "Between 8500 and 7000 BC", "ber": " humans in the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals: agriculture.", "null": [ "ingr 8500 d 7000 dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25", " issnti ufgan g tsga n du firtil krissnt g unqqar anammas g ussgmi anbrid n imudar d im\u0263ayn: takrza." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " among those civilizations that did adopt agriculture", "null": [ " the relative stability and increased productivity provided by farming allowed the population to expand.", "imil", " sg t\u0263rmiwin nna ikrrzn", " yudja urggig asl\u0263an d tyafut ittalin nna tsskar tkrza imzda\u0263 ad bu\u0263lun." ] }, { "en": "This led to Earth's first civilization at Sumer in the Middle East", "ber": " between 4000 and 3000 BC.", "null": [ "yuwi uya s wufu\u0263 n t\u0263rma tamzwarut n wakal g sumr g unqqar anammas", " ingr 4000 d 3000 dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25." ] }, { "en": "Humans no longer had to spend all their time working for survival", "ber": " enabling the first specialized occupations (e.g. craftsmen", "null": [ " merchants", " priests", " etc.).", "ur yad illi xf ufgan ad izzri tizi nns kullu g twuri afad iddr", " u\u1e0duf n tazzulin tim\u1e93layin timzwura (zund imzzuln", " isbbabn", " ikhhann", " ar tigira.)." ] }, { "en": "By around 500 BC", "ber": " there were advanced civilizations in the Middle East", "null": [ " Iran", " India", " China", " and Greece", " at times expanding", " at times entering into decline.", "g yuw\u1e0d usgg\u02b7as n 500 dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25", " llant t\u0263rmiwin ibu\u0263lan g unqqar anammas d i\u1e5ban d mhind d \u1e63\u1e63in d lyunan", " d kra n tikkal kcmnt g waddad n ummuzdr." ] }, { "en": "This civilization developed in warfare", "ber": " arts", "null": [ " science", " mathematics and in architect.", "tbu\u0263la t\u0263rma g imn\u0263an d t\u1e93u\u1e5biwin d tmassanin d tmsdagt." ] }, { "en": "The Roman Empire was Christianized by Emperor Constantine in the early 4th century and declined by the end of the 5th.", "ber": "ttumss\u1e25 tgldit ta\u1e5bumaniyt xf ufus n imb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5b qs\u1e6dan\u1e6din g tizwuri n tasut tis 4 d tggz g tgira n tasut tis 5." }, { "en": "The House of Wisdom was established in Abbasid-era Baghdad", "ber": " Iraq.", "null": [ "ttuskar taddart tn\u1e93e\u1e93t g uzmz n a\u025bbbasi b\u0263dad", " l\u025bi\u1e5baq." ] }, { "en": "In the 14th century", "ber": " the Renaissance began in Italy with advances in religion", "null": [ " art", " and science.", "g tasut tis 14", " ittusnta uzmz n ubu\u0263lu g \u1e6d\u1e6dalyan s isnfln g us\u0263an d t\u1e93u\u1e5bi d tmassanin." ] }, { "en": "European civilization began to change beginning in 1500", "ber": " leading to the scientific and industrial revolutions.", "null": [ "tssnti t\u0263rma n urubba asnfl sg tizwuri n usggas n 1500", " ifka d tiglawliwin timassanin d tmguranin." ] }, { "en": "From 1914 to 1918 and 1939 to 1945", "ber": " nations around the world were embroiled in world wars.", "null": [ "sg usgg\u02b7as n 1914 ar 1918 d sg usgg\u02b7as n 1939 ar 1945", " bu\u0263lant tmura g uma\u1e0dal g imn\u0263an ima\u1e0dlann." ] }, { "en": "After the war", "ber": " many new states were formed", "null": [ " declaring or being granted independence in a period of decolonization.", "\u1e0da\u1e5bt imn\u0263i", " ttuskarnt tmura timaynutin", " abrr\u1e25 n\u0263d tikki n tsimant g tizi n ussmur n usddurry." ] }, { "en": "Technological developments include nuclear weapons", "ber": " computers", "null": [ " genetic engineering", " and nanotechnology.", "ibu\u0263lutn itiknulujiyn digsn tilafin tim\u0263yayin d wallaln n imssudsn d utwal n tukksi d ttiknulujit n unanu." ] }, { "en": "Major concerns and problems such as disease", "ber": " war", "null": [ " poverty", " violent radicalism", " and recently", " human-caused climate change have risen as the world population increases.", "ulint tk\u1e63\u1e63a\u1e0d d imukrisn idslann zund tamadunt d imn\u0263i d u\u1e93la\u1e0d d u\u0263ww\u0263 uk\u1e63i\u1e0d", " d tgira", " asnfl n unzwi nna iskar ufgan ig yuli um\u1e0dan n imzda\u0263 g uma\u1e0dal." ] }, { "en": "Human history", "ber": " or recorded history", "null": [ " is the narrative of humanity's past.", "amzruy anafgan", " n\u0263d amzruy ittuzmmemn", " iga allas i uynna izrin xf ufgan." ] }, { "en": "The Neolithic saw the Agricultural Revolution begin", "ber": " between 10", "null": [ "000 and 5000 BCE", " in the Near East's Fertile Crescent.", "tssnti tgrawla n tkrza g uzmz n u\u1e93\u1e5bu atrar", " ingr 10", "000 d 5000 dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25", " g tsga firtil krissnt g unqqar amazdar." ] }, { "en": "As farming developed", "ber": " grain agriculture became more sophisticated and prompted a division of labour to store food between growing seasons.", "null": [ "d ubu\u0263lu n tkrza", " tmmurks kigan tkrza n imndi tawi \u0263r ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n twuri afad ittu\u1e25\u1e0du wutci ingr inmuggarn n tkrza." ] }, { "en": "Hinduism developed in the late Bronze Age on the Indian subcontinent.", "ber": "tbu\u0263la thindusiyt g tgira n uzmz ab\u1e5bunziy g umya\u0263 amn\u1e93aw n lhind." }, { "en": "Post-classical history (the Middle Ages", "ber": " c. 500\u20131500 CE", "null": [ ") witnessed the rise of Christianity", " the Islamic Golden Age (c. 750 CE \u2013 c. 1258 CE)", " and the Timurid and Italian Renaissances (from around 1300 CE).", "i\u1e93\u1e5ba umzruy n \u1e0da\u1e5bt tklasikiyt (izmzn inammasn", " attayn n 500\u20131500) ufu\u0263 n tmasi\u1e25iyt", " d uzmz n wur\u0263 anslm (750\u20131258)", " d tnkra taymuriyt d t\u1e6dalyaniyt (sg wattayn n 1300 )." ] }, { "en": "By the 18th century", "ber": " the accumulation of knowledge and technology had reached a critical mass that brought about the Industrial Revolution and began the late modern period", "null": [ " which started around 1800 and has continued through the present.", "g tlkm tasut tiss 18", " yuw\u1e0d ugudi n tussna d ttiknulujit s tzduzt icqqan nna isskrn tagrawla tamgurant nna isstin g tigira n uzmz atrar", " nna issntin g wattayn n 1800 issudu ar tizi ad." ] }, { "en": "Anatomically modern humans arose in Africa about 300", "ber": "000 years ago", "null": [ " and achieved behavioral modernity about 50", "000 years ago.", "igma ufgan atrat ana\u1e6dumik g ifriqya sg wattayn n 300", "000 n usgg\u02b7as", " isskr tamtrart ntikli sg wattayn n 50", "000." ] }, { "en": "Perhaps as early as 1.8 million years ago", "ber": " but certainly by 500", "null": [ "000 years ago", " humans began to use fire for heat and cooking.", "i\u0263y id sg 1.8 mlyunn usgg\u02b7as", " maca bla cck dat 500", "000 n usgg\u02b7as issnti ufgan asmrs n wafa i unr\u0263i d usnwi." ] }, { "en": "Paleolithic humans lived as hunter-gatherers", "ber": " and were generally nomadic.", "null": [ "iddr ufgan sg uzmz n u\u1e93\u1e5bu am ingmarn imsmunn", " gan s umata sg ifarann ittmuddun." ] }, { "en": "The rapid expansion of humankind to North America and Oceania took place at the climax of the most recent ice age.", "ber": "ij\u1e5ba yan un\u0263al iddrfn i ufgan s mirikan n i\u1e93lm\u1e0d d uqyanusya g uflla n uzmz atrar n ugris." }, { "en": "The Yellow River valley in China cultivated millet and other cereal crops by about 7000 BCE; the Yangtze valley domesticated rice earlier", "ber": " by at least 8000 BCE.", "null": [ "da ittukraz uza\u0263ar n wasif awra\u0263 d \u1e63\u1e63in s illan d imndi ya\u1e0dn sg wattayn n 7000 dat tlalit; d ulqqm n \u1e5b\u1e5buz g uza\u0263ar n yangatzi g yat tizi izrin", " attayn n 8000." ] }, { "en": "Metalworking", "ber": " was first used in the creation of copper tools and ornaments around 6000 BCE.", "null": [ "ittusmras uswuri n iqdda\u1e25 tikklt izwarn g tmguri n imassn d wunu\u0263n n nn\u1e25as sg 6000 n usgg\u02b7as dat tlalit." ] }, { "en": "Cities were centres of trade", "ber": " manufacturing and political power.", "null": [ "gant tmdinin ammasn n tsbbabt d tmguri d udabu asrtan." ] }, { "en": "The development of cities was synonymous with the rise of civilization.", "ber": "iga ubu\u0263lu n tmdinin amya\u0263 n wufu\u0263 n t\u0263rma." }, { "en": "These cultures variously invented the wheel", "ber": " mathematics", "null": [ " bronze-working", " sailing boats", " the potter's wheel", " woven cloth", " construction of monumental buildings", " and writing.", "snulfant tdlsatin ad \u1e5bwi\u1e0da", " d tusnakt", " d tmgurin nnn\u1e25as", " d i\u0263rrabutn n uzwu", " d rwi\u1e0da n wunu\u0263", " d tifst i\u1e93\u1e0dan", " d u\u1e63ku n i\u0263rman ixatarn", " d tirra." ] }, { "en": "Typical of the Neolithic was a tendency to worship anthropomorphic deities.", "ber": "iga umdya n uzmz n u\u1e93\u1e5bu atrar u\u0263ul s u\u025bbad n id \u1e5bbbi ittu\u025bdaln." }, { "en": "These settlements were concentrated in fertile river valleys: the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia", "ber": " the Nile in Egypt", "null": [ " the Indus in the Indian subcontinent", " and the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in China.", "um\u1e93nt tmrsal ad iza\u0263arn n isaffn itirsn: isaffn n dijla d lfurat g tmazirt n ingr sin isaffn", " asif n nnil g mi\u1e63\u1e5b", " d wasif n ssnd g umya\u0263 amn\u1e93aw ahindiy", " d wasif n yangtzi d wasif awra\u0263 g \u1e63\u1e63in." ] }, { "en": "Cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs", "ber": " whose pictorial representations eventually became simplified and more abstract.", "null": [ "ssntint tirra s umsma\u1e5b d anagraw n tfrisin timssfrayin", " nna mi gan ismdyatn nns iswllafn s tgira ifrarn d awngim uggar." ] }, { "en": "Transport was facilitated by waterways\u2014by rivers and seas.", "ber": "isswhn usmutti sg ibrdan n waman\u2014s tmamkt n isaffn d illn." }, { "en": "These developments led to the rise of territorial states and empires.", "ber": "uwin ibu\u0263lutn ad s ufu\u0263 n tmura d tglditin tisgawanin." }, { "en": "In Crete the Minoan civilization had entered the Bronze Age by 2700 BCE and is regarded as the first civilization in Europe.", "ber": "tkcm t\u0263rma n minwan g tgzirt n krit", "null": [ " azmz n nn\u1e25as g usggas n 2700 dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25 tga ta\u0263rma izwarn g urubba." ] }, { "en": "Over the following millennia", "ber": " civilizations developed across the world.", "null": [ "iwnan n if\u1e0diwn n isgg\u02b7asn d i\u1e0dfarn", " bu\u0263lant t\u0263rmiwin g wansatn kullu n uma\u1e0dal." ] }, { "en": "In India", "ber": " this era was the Vedic period (1750-600 BCE)", "null": [ " which laid the foundations of Hinduism and other cultural aspects of early Indian society", " and ended in the 6th century BCE.", "g lhind", " iga uzmz ad tizi n fidik (1750-600 dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25)", " nna isrsn tisila n thindusiyt", " d tgg\u02b7in tidlsanin ya\u1e0dn n umun a hiniy n zik", " tsmur g tasut tis 6 dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25." ] }, { "en": "During the formative stage in Mesoamerica (about 1500 BCE to 500 CE)", "ber": " more complex and centralized civilizations began to develop", "null": [ " mostly in what is now Mexico", " Central America", " and Peru.", "g tfrkt n usmuttg g mirikan tanammast (attayn n 1500 dat tlalit ar 500 sg tlalit)", " ssntint t\u0263rmiwin timnammasin immurksn uggar g ubu\u0263lu", " amata g lmiksik d mirikan n wammas d lbbiru." ] }, { "en": "Karl Jaspers' Axial-Age theory also includes Persian Zoroastrianism", "ber": " but other scholars dispute his timeline for Zoroastrianism.)", "null": [ "tannayt n uzmz asguman n ka\u1e5bl jasbrz digs awd ta\u1e93a\u1e5baditciyt tafarisiyt", " maca imassan ya\u1e0dn gan cck g tsnakudt nns i t\u1e93a\u1e5baditciyt.)" ] }, { "en": "These were Taoism", "ber": " Legalism", "null": [ " and Confucianism.", "tid aygan tawizm", " ligalizm", " d kunfucyanism." ] }, { "en": "The great empires depended on military annexation of territory and on the formation of defended settlements to become agricultural centres.", "ber": "snndnt tglditin timqranin xf wasay asrdas i wakaln d usnay n tmrsal ittu\u1e25\u1e0dan afad gnt ammasn n tkrza." }, { "en": "There were a number of regional empires during this period.", "ber": "llant kigan n tglditin tisgawanin iwnan n tizi ad." }, { "en": "The Median Empire gave way to successive Iranian empires", "ber": " including the Achaemenid Empire (550\u2013330 BCE)", "null": [ " the Parthian Empire (247 BCE\u2013224 CE)", " and the Sasanian Empire (224\u2013651 CE).", "t\u1e5b\u1e93m tgldit tanammast abrid dat tglditin nna ikkan i\u1e5ban", " g tlla tgldit taxmint (550\u2013330 dat tlalit)", " d tgldit tabartiyt (247 dat tlalit\u2013224 g tlalit)", " d tgldit tasasaniyt (224\u2013651 g tlalit)." ] }, { "en": "Later", "ber": " Alexander the Great (356\u2013323 BCE)", "null": [ " of Macedon", " founded an empire of conquest", " extending from present-day Greece to present-day India.", "g yat tizi d iddan", " isskr uskandar amaqduniy (356\u2013323 dat tlalit)", " tagldit i alik tum\u1e93 sg lyunan n d\u0263i ar lhind n d\u0263i." ] }, { "en": "From the 3rd century CE", "ber": " the Gupta dynasty oversaw the period referred to as ancient India's Golden Age.", "null": [ "sg tasut tis 3 g tlalit", " inb\u1e0d i\u0263ss n jubta g tizi ittusmulan g s yism n uzmz n wur\u0263 n lhind tazaykut." ] }, { "en": "The ensuing stability contributed to heralding in the golden age of Hindu culture in the 4th and 5th centuries.", "ber": "yuws urggig nna t id i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn g ussl\u0263u s uzmz n wur\u0263 n tdlsa tahindusiyt g tasutin 4 d 5." }, { "en": "By the time of Augustus (63 BCE \u2013 14 CE)", "ber": " the first Roman Emperor", "null": [ " Rome had already established dominion over most of the Mediterranean.", "llig tuw\u1e0d tizi n \u0263uct (63 dat tlalit \u2013 14 g tlalit)", " agllid a\u1e5bumaniy amzwaru", " tzuccl \u1e5buma tanba\u1e0dt nns xf umata g yill umlil anammas." ] }, { "en": "The Western empire would fall", "ber": " in 476 CE", "null": [ " to German influence under Odoacer.", "t\u1e0d\u1e5b tgldit n u\u0263lay", " asgg\u02b7as n 476g tlalit", " g ufus n yi\u1e0di\u1e63 almaniy ddaw tnba\u1e0dt n udakr." ] }, { "en": "The Han dynasty was comparable in power and influence to the Roman Empire that lay at the other end of the Silk Road.", "ber": "iga i\u0263ss n han imiwi g taggalt d yi\u1e0di\u1e63 i tgldit ta\u1e5bumaniyt nna illan g tsga ya\u1e0dn n ubrid n lhrir." }, { "en": "As with other empires during the Classical Period", "ber": " Han China advanced significantly in the areas of government", "null": [ " education", " mathematics", " astronomy", " technology", " and many others.", "imki nna iga waddad d tglditin ya\u1e0dn iwnan n tizi taklasikiyt", " \u1e63\u1e63in n han tssuda g igran n tnba\u1e0dt d usslmd d tusnakt d tussna n yignna d ttiknulujit d kigan ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "Successful regional empires were also established in the Americas", "ber": " arising from cultures established as early as 2500 BCE.", "null": [ "ttuskarnt awd tglditin imursn g id mirikan s snat", " nna ittuskarn sg tdlsatin nna ittuskarn sg 2500 dat tlalit." ] }, { "en": "The great Mayan city-states slowly rose in number and prominence", "ber": " and Maya culture spread throughout the Yucat\u00e1n and surrounding areas.", "null": [ "ulint tmdinin-timura n lmaya g tsga n um\u1e0dan d tizi", " ttufsar tdlsa n lmaya g kullu ansatn n yukatan d tmna\u1e0din nna as ittin" ] }, { "en": "There were", "ber": " however", "null": [ " in some regions", " periods of rapid technological progress.", "imil", " tlla tizi n ubu\u0263lu atiknulujiy iddrfn g kra n tmna\u1e0din." ] }, { "en": "China's Han dynasty fell into civil war in 220 CE", "ber": " beginning the Three Kingdoms period", "null": [ " while its Roman counterpart became increasingly decentralized and divided about the same time in what is known as the Crisis of the Third Century.", "i\u1e0d\u1e5b i\u0263ss n han a\u1e63iniy g imn\u0263i u\u0263rim asgg\u02b7as n 220 g tlalit", " tizwuri n tglditin s k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt", " maca tikni nns ta\u1e5bumaniyt ar tssudu g taranammast d awd tb\u1e0da g uskkin ittwassn s tassast n tasut." ] }, { "en": "The development of the stirrup and the breeding of horses strong enough to carry a fully armed archer made the nomads a constant threat to the more settled civilizations.", "ber": "abu\u0263lu n unrkb d ussgmi n iysan idusn i\u0263in ad yasi amagar n tafalin alafay kullu yudja ifarann ad ssuwudn abda ti\u0263rmiwin illan g talwit." }, { "en": "The remaining part of the Roman Empire", "ber": " in the eastern Mediterranean", "null": [ " continued as what came to be called the Byzantine Empire.", "tssuda tfult nna d iqqiman g tgldit ta\u1e5bumaniyt g unqqar n yill umlil anammas nna mi ttinin tagldit tabizan\u1e6diyt." ] }, { "en": "The era is commonly dated from the 5th-century fall of the Western Roman Empire", "ber": " which fragmented into many separate kingdoms", "null": [ " some of which would later be confederated under the Holy Roman Empire.", "s umata ya\u0263ul umzruy n uzmz dd\u0263 s t\u1e0du\u1e5bi n tgldit ta\u1e5bumaniyt n u\u0263lay g tasut tiss 5", " nna ib\u1e0dan xf kigan n tglditin i\u1e93lin", " kra diksnt i\u1e0d\u1e5b s dat ddaw tnba\u1e0dt n tgldit ta\u1e5bumaniyt tagrramt." ] }, { "en": "South Asia saw a series of middle kingdoms of India", "ber": " followed by the establishment of Islamic empires in India.", "null": [ "izri g asya n iffus yan usnsl n tglditin tinammasin g lhind", " \u1e0da\u1e5b as ttuskarnt tglditin tinslmin g lhind." ] }, { "en": "This allowed Africa to join the Southeast Asia trading system", "ber": " bringing it contact with Asia; this", "null": [ " along with Muslim culture", " resulted in the Swahili culture.", "aya yudja ifriqya ad tamu g ungraw n tsbbabt g iffus n unqqar n asya", " allig tmsawa\u1e0d d asya", " yuwi uyad", " d tdlsa tanslmt", " \u0263r wufu\u0263 n tdlsa ta\u0263arant." ] }, { "en": "This was also a cultural battle", "ber": " with the Byzantine Hellenistic and Christian culture competing against the Persian Iranian traditions and Zoroastrian religion.", "null": [ "tga awd tad imn\u0263i adlsan", " idd\u0263 tmzizwr tdlsa tabizan\u1e6diyt tahilnistiyt d tmasi\u1e25iyt mgal n tmyurin n i\u1e5ban tifarisiyin d us\u0263an azaraditciy." ] }, { "en": "From their centre on the Arabian Peninsula", "ber": " Muslims began their expansion during the early Postclassical Era.", "null": [ "sg wammas nnsn g umya\u0263 n tgzirt n wa\u025brabn", " ssntin inslmn an\u0263al nnsn g tizwuri n uzmz n \u1e0dart tklasikiyt." ] }, { "en": "Much of this learning and development can be linked to geography.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nzdi kigan sg ulmmud d ubu\u0263lu ad s tji\u0263\u1e5bafiyt." }, { "en": "The influence held by Muslim merchants over African-Arabian and Arabian-Asian trade routes was tremendous.", "ber": "i\u1e0di\u1e63 n isbbabn inslmn xf ibrdan n tsbbabt tifriqt-ta\u025brabt d t\u025brabt-tasyawit iga aqqran." }, { "en": "Motivated by religion and dreams of conquest", "ber": " European leaders launched a number of Crusades to try to roll back Muslim power and retake the Holy Land.", "null": [ "s usmctg n us\u0263an d twirga n usik", " \u1e5b\u1e93mn inm\u0263urn n u\u1e5bubba kigan n imn\u0263an i\u1e63alibiyn mar is ur nqqan taggalt tanslmt rarn d ikaln n lquds." ] }, { "en": "Arab domination of the region ended in the mid-11th century with the arrival of the Seljuq Turks", "ber": " migrating south from the Turkic homelands in Central Asia.", "null": [ "tsmar tnba\u1e0dt n wa\u025brabn xf tmna\u1e0dt g uzgn n tasut tis 11 llig d lkmn isljuqiyn iturkiyn", " nna immuddan s iffus n tmura n tu\u1e5bkya g asya tanammast." ] }, { "en": "The region will later be called the Barbary Coast and will host pirates and privateers who will use several North African ports for their raids against the coastal towns of several European countries in search of slaves to be sold in North African markets as part of the Barbary slave trade.", "ber": "qad as ttinin i tmna\u1e0dt s dat ism n ta\u0263art tabrbriyt d qad tsnbgi imrtaln nna rad issmrs iftasn n i\u1e93lmd n ifriqya i imn\u0263an nnsn mgal timdinin n ta\u0263art g kigan n tmura n u\u1e5bubba g urzzu xf ismxan nna rad ittunza g igadazn n i\u1e93lm\u1e0d n ifriqya zund tafult n ismxan ibrbriyn", "null": [ " tasbbabt." ] }, { "en": "In the 8th century", "ber": " Islam began to penetrate the region and soon became the sole faith of most of the population", "null": [ " though Buddhism remained strong in the east.", "g tasut tis 8", " issnti lislam ar ikccm tamna\u1e0dt fisa\u025b ayd iga as\u0263an n umata g imzda\u0263", " mqqar tsul tbudiyt tdus g unqqar." ] }, { "en": "After Genghis Khan died in 1227", "ber": " most of Central Asia continued to be dominated by a successor state", "null": [ " Chagatai Khanate.", "\u1e0da\u1e5bt tmttant n jinkiz xan asgg\u02b7as n 1227", " tssuda tnba\u1e0dt xf umata g asya sg uwank im\u1e0df\u1e5bn", " cagatay xanat." ] }, { "en": "The region then became divided into a series of smaller khanates that were created by the Uzbeks.", "ber": "tb\u1e0da tmna\u1e0dt xf yan usnsl n id xanat im\u1e93\u1e93yann nna isskr uzbik." }, { "en": "The barbarian invaders formed their own new kingdoms in the remains of the Western Roman Empire.", "ber": "smuttgn imkcamn ibrbriyn tiglditin nnsn g uynna d iqqiman g tgldit tarumaniyt n u\u0263lay." }, { "en": "Christianity expanded in western Europe", "ber": " and monasteries were founded.", "null": [ "tnn\u0263l tmasi\u1e25iyt g u\u1e5bubba n u\u0263lay", " d ttusmrsl tmunastirt." ] }, { "en": "Manorialism", "ber": " the organization of peasants into villages that owed rents and labour service to nobles", "null": [ " and feudalism", " a political structure whereby knights and lower-status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rents from lands and manors", " were two of the ways of organizing medieval society that developed during the High Middle Ages.", "manu\u1e5balya", " yan ussuds n iflla\u1e25n g i\u0263rman nna i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn akrru d twuri i ym\u1e6d\u1e5b\u1e5b\u1e25n", " d ufyudalizm", " nna igan yat t\u0263ssa tasrtant nna g \u1e0dffu\u1e5bn imnayn d im\u1e6d\u1e5b\u1e5b\u1e25n ayt tsk\u02b7flt tamazdart s twuri tasrdast i id mass nnsn mgal azrf n ukrru n ikaln d i\u0263rman", " i tmamkin n ussuds n umun n tasutin tinammasin nna ibu\u0263lan iwnan n izmzn inammasn inafllatn." ] }, { "en": "Italian merchants imported slaves to work in households or in sugar processing.", "ber": "uwin d isbbabn i\u1e6dalyaniyn ismxan ad swurin d taddrwin n\u0263d tamguri n ssk\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Famine", "ber": " plague", "null": [ " and war devastated the population of western Europe.", "izll\u025b buhyyuf", " d \u1e6d\u1e6da\u025bun", " d imn\u0263i imzda\u0263 n u\u1e5bubba n u\u0263lay." ] }, { "en": "They eventually gave way to the Zagwe dynasty who are famed for their rock cut architecture at Lalibela.", "ber": "\u1e5b\u1e93mn abrid g tgira i i\u0263ss n \u1e93agwi ittwassn s tmsdagt nns i\u1e5bcmn g u\u1e93\u1e5bu g lalibila." }, { "en": "They controlled the trans-Saharan trade in gold", "ber": " ivory", "null": [ " salt and slaves.", "nb\u1e0dn g tsbbabt n wur\u0263", " l\u025baj", " tisnt d ismxn sg tiniri." ] }, { "en": "Central Africa saw the birth of several states", "ber": " including the Kingdom of Kongo.", "null": [ "lulant d kigan n tmura g ifriqya tanammast", " sg digsnt tagldit n kungu." ] }, { "en": "They built large defensive stone structures without mortar such as Great Zimbabwe", "ber": " capital of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe", "null": [ " Khami", " capital of Kingdom of Butua", " and Danangombe (Dhlo-Dhlo)", " capital of the Rozvi Empire.", "sskrn kra n wu\u1e63kiwn imz\u0263ann imqqran s u\u1e93ru bla tafrdut zund zimbabwi tamqqrant", " tama\u1e93unt n tgldit n zimbabwi", " d xami", " tama\u1e93unt n tgldit n butuwa", " d danangumbi (dlu-dlu)", " tama\u1e93unt n tgldit n \u1e5buzfi." ] }, { "en": "The ninth century saw a Tripartite Struggle for control of northern India", "ber": " among the Pratihara Empire", "null": [ " the Pala Empire", " and the Rashtrakuta Empire.", "g tasut tis t\u1e93a illa um\u0263nnan amk\u1e5ba\u1e0d xf tnba\u1e0dt n i\u1e93lm\u1e0d n lhind", " ingr tgldit n b\u1e5batiha\u1e5ba", " d tgldit n bala", " d tgldit n \u1e5bactrakuta." ] }, { "en": "The Tang dynasty eventually splintered", "ber": " however", "null": [ " and after half a century of turmoil the Song dynasty reunified China", " when it was", " according to William McNeill", " the richest", " most skilled", " and most populous country on earth.", "g tgira ib\u1e0da i\u0263ss n tang", " d \u1e0da\u1e5bt uzgn n tasut n imukrisn", " tsmun twja n sung \u1e63\u1e63in", " lli g tga", " g tannayt n wilyam maknil", " tamurt tam\u1e6d\u1e5b\u1e5b\u1e25t d tnna ifuksn d g ggutn imzda\u0263 kigan aflla n wakal." ] }, { "en": "After about a century of Mongol Yuan dynasty rule", "ber": " the ethnic Chinese reasserted control with the founding of the Ming dynasty (1368).", "null": [ "\u1e0da\u1e5bt wattayn n yat tasut n tnba\u1e0dt n i\u0263ss n mangul yuwan", " ruran d i\u1e63iniyn i\u1e93u\u1e5bann tanba\u1e0dt nnsn s usmrsl n i\u0263ss n ming (1368)." ] }, { "en": "The Nara period of the 8th century marked the emergence of a strong Japanese state and is often portrayed as a golden age.", "ber": "g tizi n na\u1e5ba g tasut tis 8 tff\u0263 d yat tmurt idusn nna snummln kigan is tga azmz n wur\u0263." }, { "en": "The feudal period of Japanese history", "ber": " dominated by powerful regional lords (daimyos) and the military rule of warlords (shoguns) such as the Ashikaga shogunate and Tokugawa shogunate", "null": [ " stretched from 1185 to 1868.", "tkka tizi tafyudaliyt g umzruy ajabbuniy", " nna g nnb\u1e0dn id llurd isgawann idusn (daymyus) d unb\u1e0d asrdas n iglann n imn\u0263i (cuguns) zund acikaga cugunat d tukugawa cugunat", " sg 1185 ar 1868." ] }, { "en": "Silla conquered Baekje in 660", "ber": " and Goguryeo in 668", "null": [ " marking the beginning of the Northern and Southern States period (\ub0a8\ubd81\uad6d\uc2dc\ub300)", " with Unified Silla in the south and Balhae", " a successor state to Goguryeo", " in the north.", "cilla tkcm baykji g 660", " d gujuryu g 668", " tssl\u0263u assnti n tizi n iwunak n i\u1e93lm\u1e0d d iffus (\ub0a8\ubd81\uad6d\uc2dc\ub300)", " d calla imun g iffus d balhay", " tga awank d i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn juju\u1e5byu", " g i\u1e93lm\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Starting in the 9th century", "ber": " the Bagan Kingdom rose to prominence in modern Myanmar.", "null": [ "sg tasut tis 9", " tff\u0263d tgldit n bagan g minama\u1e5b tatrart." ] }, { "en": "The Ancestral Puebloans and their predecessors (9th \u2013 13th centuries) built extensive permanent settlements", "ber": " including stone structures that would remain the largest buildings in North America until the 19th century.", "null": [ "\u1e63kan imzwura n bibluwans d imzwura nnsn", " (tasutin 9 d tis 13) timrsal n wabda tibarawin", " g llan tu\u1e63kiwin n uz\u1e5bu nna rad iqqim d timqqranin g mirikan n i\u1e93lmd ar tasut tiss 19." ] }, { "en": "In South America", "ber": " the 14th and 15th centuries saw the rise of the Inca.", "null": [ "g mirikan n iffus", " tulid inka g tasutin tis 14 d tis 15." ] }, { "en": "The Scientific Revolution received impetus from Johannes Gutenberg's introduction to Europe of printing", "ber": " using movable type", "null": [ " and from the invention of the telescope and microscope.", "tu\u1e0df tgrawla tamassant yan ugudi sg tzwart n yuhans gutnburg ar u\u1e5bubba i usiggz", " d usnulfu n utiliskub d umik\u1e5buskub." ] }, { "en": "The late modern period continues either to the end of World War II", "ber": " in 1945", "null": [ " or to the present.", "tssuda tizi tatrart imatln ar tigira n imn\u0263i ama\u1e0dlan wis sin", " g usgg\u02b7as n 1945", " n\u0263d ar azmz amilan." ] }, { "en": "The early Modern period was characterized by the rise of science", "ber": " and by increasingly rapid technological progress", "null": [ " secularized civic politics", " and the nation state.", "ttwassn tizi tatrart n zikk s wufu\u0263 n tmassant", " d walay atiknulujiy iddrfn kigan", " d tsrtit tu\u0263rimt ta\u025bilmaniyt", " d tmurt tamttit." ] }, { "en": "During the early modern period", "ber": " Europe was able to regain its dominance; historians still debate the causes.", "null": [ "iwnan n tizi tatrart n zikk", " t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b u\u1e5bubba ad trar tanba\u1e0dt nns", " suln imrza ar snubbucn g tmntilin." ] }, { "en": "It had developed an advanced monetary economy by 1000 CE.", "ber": "tsbu\u0263la yat tdmsa taz\u1e5bfant yulin s ulkam n usgg\u02b7as 1000 g tlalit." }, { "en": "It enjoyed a technological advantage and had a monopoly in cast iron production", "ber": " piston bellows", "null": [ " suspension bridge construction", " printing", " and the compass.", "\u0263urs tifrist tatiknulujit d ukwac n ufars n wuzzal ifssin", " amswuf n ubustun", " a\u1e63ku n tlgg\u02b7itin yugln", " asiggz", " tamsnilt." ] }, { "en": "One theory of Europe's rise holds that Europe's geography played an important role in its success.", "ber": "da ttini yat tannayt g walay n u\u1e5bubba mas d taju\u0263rafit ayd yurarn tilalt istawhmman g umurs nns." }, { "en": "This gave Europe some degree of protection from the peril of Central Asian invaders.", "ber": "mayad ifka i u\u1e5bubba yat tsk\u02b7flt n u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du sg imizi n inkcamn n asya." }, { "en": "The Golden Age of Islam was ended by the Mongol sack of Baghdad in 1258.", "ber": "ismar uzmz n wur\u0263 anslm llig ukrn ima\u0263uliyn b\u0263dad asggas n 1258." }, { "en": "Geography contributed to important geopolitical differences.", "ber": "tamu tju\u0263rafiyt g imzarayn iju\u0263rasrtann istawhmman." }, { "en": "By contrast", "ber": " Europe was almost always divided into a number of warring states.", "null": [ "mgal n mayan", " u\u1e5bubba abda tb\u1e0da xf yan um\u1e0dan n tmura ittmn\u0263an." ] }, { "en": "Nearly all the agricultural civilizations have been heavily constrained by their environments.", "ber": "dru\u0263 zdint t\u0263rmiwin n tkrza kullu s twnna\u1e0din nnsnt." }, { "en": "Technological advance and the wealth generated by trade gradually brought about a widening of possibilities.", "ber": "yuwi yily atiknulujiy d ugla ayafu n tsbbabt imik s imik s un\u0263al n i\u025binitn." }, { "en": "Europe's maritime expansion unsurprisingly\u2014given the continent's geography\u2014was largely the work of its Atlantic states: Portugal", "ber": " Spain", "null": [ " England", " France", " and the Netherlands.", "ur igi asr\u025bb un\u0263al aylan g u\u1e5bubba\u2014ig n\u1e93\u1e5ba taj\u0263\u1e5bafiyt n umn\u1e93aw\u2014iga s lawan akk\u02b7 tawuri n iwunak nns i\u1e6dlantikn: b\u1e5b\u1e6dqiz", " sbanya", " nngliz", " f\u1e5bansa", " d hulanda." ] }, { "en": "In North Africa", "ber": " the Saadi Sultanate remained as an independent Berber state until 1659.", "null": [ "g i\u1e93lm\u1e0d n ifriqya", " tqqima tnba\u1e0dt n ss\u025bdi tamurt tamazi\u0263t tilellit ar asgg\u02b7as n 1659." ] }, { "en": "The Swahili coast declined after coming under the Portuguese Empire and later the Omani Empire.", "ber": "tcww\u1e5b ta\u0263art n sawa\u1e25ili llig t tum\u1e93 tgldit tab\u1e5btqizt dffir as tagldit ta\u025bmmaniyt." }, { "en": "The South African Kingdom of Zimbabwe gave way to smaller kingdoms such as Mutapa", "ber": " Butua", "null": [ " and Rozvi.", "t\u1e5b\u1e93m tgldit n zimbabwi g iffus n ifriqya abrid i tglditin tim\u1e93\u1e93yanin zund mutaba d butuwa d \u1e5buzfi." ] }, { "en": "Other civilizations in Africa advanced during this period.", "ber": "ulint t\u0263rmiwin ya\u1e0dn g ifriqya iwnan n tizi ad." }, { "en": "Japan experienced its Azuchi\u2013Momoyama period (1568\u20131603)", "ber": " followed by the Edo period (1603\u20131868).", "null": [ "tzri g lyaban tizi n azutci\u2013mumuyama (1568\u20131603)", " dffir as tizi n idu (1603\u20131868)." ] }, { "en": "The Johor Sultanate", "ber": " centred on the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula", "null": [ " became the dominant trading power in the region.", "tga tsl\u1e6dant n juhu\u1e5b", " isnammsn g ixf n iffus n umya\u0263 n tgzirt n malay", " taggalt tasbbabt iba\u1e0dn g tsga." ] }, { "en": "Russia made incursions onto the northwest coast of North America", "ber": " with a first colony in present-day Alaska in 1784", "null": [ " and the outpost of Fort Ross in present-day California in 1812.", "tsskr rusya isugitn xf ta\u0263art n i\u1e93lm\u1e0d n u\u0263lay n mirikan n izlm\u1e0d", " s yili n tmsdurrit tamzwarut g alaska n d\u0263i asgg\u02b7as n 1784", " d tsmssit n ugadir arusiy g kalifurnya n d\u0263i asgg\u02b7as 1812." ] }, { "en": "The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and used new modes of production\u2014the factory", "ber": " mass production", "null": [ " and mechanization\u2014to manufacture a wide array of goods faster and using less labour than previously required.", "tssnti tgrawla tamgurant g b\u1e5bi\u1e6danya tamqqrant nna ismrsn anawn imaynutn n ufars\u2014asak\u02b7n", " d ufars axatar d tmikanikiyt\u2014afad sskarn kigan n iyafutn fisa\u025b ar ssmrasn imwuritn idrusn xf lli\u0263 zwar." ] }, { "en": "After Europeans had achieved influence and control over the Americas", "ber": " imperial activities turned to the lands of Asia and Oceania.", "null": [ "llig um\u1e93n wu\u1e5bubbiyn nb\u1e0dn g tmirikanin s snat", " mmuttint imussutn n tgldit s wakaln n asya d uqyanusya." ] }, { "en": "The British also colonized Australia", "ber": " New Zealand and South Africa with large numbers of British colonists emigrating to these colonies.", "null": [ "sddurrin ib\u1e5bi\u1e6daniyn awd ust\u1e5balya d nyuzilanda d i\u1e93lm\u1e0d n ifriqya g tizi g ttmuddun kigan n imsdurruyn ib\u1e5bi\u1e6daniyn s tmdurruyin ad." ] }, { "en": "Within Europe", "ber": " economic and military challenges created a system of nation states", "null": [ " and ethno-linguistic groupings began to identify themselves as distinctive nations with aspirations for cultural and political autonomy.", "g u\u1e5bubba", " sskrn im\u0263nnan idmsann d isrdasn angraw n tmura timtta", " ssntint trubba ti\u1e93u\u1e5bnin ar snkadnt ixfan nnsnt d tmura i\u1e93lin iran tasimant tadlsant d tsrtant." ] }, { "en": "Meanwhile", "ber": " industrial pollution and environmental damage", "null": [ " present since the discovery of fire and the beginning of civilization", " accelerated drastically.", "g tizi nna\u0263", " tuly tmrkit tamgurant d imaladn iwnna\u1e0dn", " nna illan sg twafit n wafa d ussnti n t\u0263rma." ] }, { "en": "Much of the rest of the world was influenced by heavily Europeanized nations: the United States and Japan.", "ber": "ttu\u1e0das kigan yat tfult taxatart sg uynna d iqqiman g uma\u1e0dal s tmura n u\u1e5bubba: iwunakimunn d lyaban." }, { "en": "World War I led to the collapse of four empires \u2013 Austria-Hungary", "ber": " the German Empire", "null": [ " the Ottoman Empire", " and the Russian Empire \u2013 and weakened the United Kingdom and France.", "yuwi imn\u0263i ama\u1e0dlan amzwaru s t\u1e0duri n kku\u1e93 n tglditin \u2013 ust\u1e5balya-hangarya", " d tgldit talmaniyt", " d tgldit ta\u025butmaniyt", " d tgldit tarusiyt \u2013 d tss\u1e25fu tagldit imun d f\u1e5bansa." ] }, { "en": "Ongoing national rivalries", "ber": " exacerbated by the economic turmoil of the Great Depression", "null": [ " helped precipitate World War II.", "uwsn im\u0263nnann inamurn izdin", " nna iggudin s tmntilt i imukrisn idmsann n wuguz axatar", " g usddrf n imn\u0263i ama\u1e0dlan wis sin." ] }, { "en": "The Cold War ended peacefully in 1991 after the Pan-European Picnic", "ber": " the subsequent fall of the Iron Curtain and the Berlin Wall", "null": [ " and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the Warsaw Pact.", "ismd imn\u0263i iqrfn s talwit asgg\u02b7as n 1991", " \u1e0dart tnyuddut n kullu u\u1e5bubba", " d t\u1e0du\u1e5bi n usntl n wuzzal d ugadir n birlin", " d uw\u1e6d\u1e6du n ugudi n unqqar d tamunt n wa\u1e5bsu." ] }, { "en": "In the early postwar decades", "ber": " the colonies in Asia and Africa of the Belgian", "null": [ " British", " Dutch", " French", " and other west European empires won their formal independence.", "isggasn \u1e0da\u1e5bt imn\u0263i", " um\u1e93nt tmsdurruyin n tglditin tabljikit d tb\u1e5bi\u1e6daniyt d thulandiyt d tfransist d tglditin ya\u1e0dn tasimant nnsnt tamaddudt g asya d ifriqya." ] }, { "en": "The European Union's effectiveness was handicapped by the immaturity of its common economic and political institutions", "ber": " somewhat comparable to the inadequacy of United States institutions under the Articles of Confederation prior to the adoption of the Constitution of the United States that came into force in 1789.", "null": [ "ti\u1e5bwi n umun n u\u1e5bubba tnbuttl s tmntilt n wartamassayt n tmrsalin nns tidmsanin d tsrtanin iccarn", " ayad i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad t nsmzazal d war tazmrt n tmrsal n iwunak imunn nil izrfan n umun dat uswuri s tmn\u1e0dawt n iwunak imunn nna ittu\u1e93\u1e93ggrn g usggas n 1789." ] }, { "en": "In the decades after World War II", "ber": " these advances led to jet travel", "null": [ " artificial satellites with innumerable applications including the Global Positioning System (GPS)", " and the Internet.", "g isgg\u02b7asn nna d i\u1e0df\u1e5bn imn\u0263i ama\u1e0dlan wis sin", " uwin ibu\u0263lutn ad \u0263r umuddu s tylalt", " d isatiln id busins iggutd nna g illa ungraw n u!zlay n wansatn (GPS)", " d wantirnit." ] }, { "en": "Worldwide competition for natural resources has risen due to growing populations and industrialization", "ber": " especially in India", "null": [ " China", " and Brazil.", "yuly um\u0263nnan ama\u1e0dlan xf isugam igamann s tmntilt n tmrniwt n imzda\u0263 d tmguri", " s u\u1e93lay g lhind d \u1e63\u1e63in d lbrazil." ] }, { "en": "An archive is an accumulation of historical records \u2013 in any media \u2013 or the physical facility in which they are located.", "ber": "tim\u1e25\u1e0dit d asmun n warratn n umzruy \u2013 g matta usn\u0263ms \u2013 n\u0263d asrus amattiw nna g llan." }, { "en": "They have been metaphorically defined as the secretions of an organism", "ber": " and are distinguished from documents that have been consciously written or created to communicate a particular message to posterity.", "null": [ "ttusnkadnt s ulwa mas gant ifu\u0263n n umudr", " ar ttustyn xf warratn nna ittyaran s ufrak n\u0263 ttwaskar ad tssiw\u1e0d tabrat i tsutiwin d iddan." ] }, { "en": "This means that archives are quite distinct from libraries with regard to their functions and organization", "ber": " although archival collections can often be found within library buildings.", "null": [ "s man aya tilalt tim\u1e25\u1e0ditin txulf xf tsdlisin g tzzult nnsnt d ussuds nnsnt", " mqqar d i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad ttyafan trubba n tm\u1e25\u1e0ditin g tu\u1e63ka n tsdlist." ] }, { "en": "Archaeologists have discovered archives of hundreds (and sometime thousands) of clay tablets going back to the third and second millennia BC in sites like Ebla", "ber": " Mari", "null": [ " Amarna", " Hattusas", " Ugarit", " and Pylos.", "ufan imassan n tmitar tim\u1e25\u1e0ditin n tmi\u1e0ditin (n\u0263d if\u1e0diwn) n tfilin n walu\u1e0d igan tin k\u1e5ba\u1e0d yifdn n\u0263d sin yif\u1e0dn dat tlalit g wansatn zund ibla", " ma\u1e5bi", " amarna", " hatusas", " ugarti", " d bilus." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " they have been lost", "null": [ " since documents written on materials like papyrus and paper deteriorated at a faster pace", " unlike their stone tablet counterparts.", "imil", " ucckant", " acku arratn ittyaran xf imtta zund afrkuk n ubrda d twriqin ggznt fisa\u025b", " mgal imya\u0263 nnsn g tfilin n u\u1e93\u1e5bu." ] }, { "en": "England after 1066 developed archives and archival research methods.", "ber": "\u1e0da\u1e5bt 1066 tsbu\u0263la nngliz tim\u1e25\u1e0ditin d tmamkin n urzzu n tm\u1e25\u1e0ditin." }, { "en": "While there are many kinds of archives", "ber": " the most recent census of archivists in the United States identifies five major types: academic", "null": [ " business (for profit)", " government", " non-profit", " and other.", "g tizi nna g llant kigan n tm\u1e25\u1e0ditin", " a\u1e25ssu atrar n im\u1e25\u1e0dawn g iwunak imunn da istti smmus n wanawn idslann: tikadimiyin", " tisbbabin (ab\u0263ur)", " adabu", " tnna ur irin ab\u0263ur", " d tiyya\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Access to the collections in these archives is usually by prior appointment only; some have posted hours for making inquiries.", "ber": "iw\u1e0d s trubba illan g tm\u1e25ditin ad iga s tbridt n umlala day", "null": [ " kra ifsr tisragin afad gin asutr n wumlitn." ] }, { "en": "Examples of prominent business archives in the United States include Coca-Cola (which also owns the separate museum World of Coca-Cola)", "ber": " Procter and Gamble", "null": [ " Motorola Heritage Services and Archives", " and Levi Strauss & Co. These corporate archives maintain historic documents and items related to the history and administration of their companies.", "imdyatn n tm\u1e25\u1e0ditin tisbbabin istawhmman g iwunak imunn kuka-kula (nna ilan awd asfsr izlin wu\u1e5bld uf kuka-kula)", " b\u1e5butiktr and arcifs", " mu\u1e6du\u1e5bula hiritaj sirfis and arcifs", " d lifi st\u1e5bus & Co. tim\u1e25\u1e0ditin ad digsnt arratn n umzruy d imnnitn izdin s umzruy nnsn d uswuddu n tmssurin nnsn." ] }, { "en": "Workers in these types of archives may have any combination of training and degrees", "ber": " from either a history or library background.", "null": [ "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad am\u1e93n imwurin g wanawn ad n tm\u1e25\u1e0ditin xf kran n trubba n ismuttugn d tsk\u02b7fal timassanin", " sg umzruy n\u0263d tasdlist." ] }, { "en": "In the United States", "ber": " National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) maintains central archival facilities in the District of Columbia and College Park", "null": [ " Maryland", " with regional facilities distributed throughout the United States.", "g iwunak imun", " da t\u1e25bbu tmhla n tm\u1e25\u1e0ditin d warratn inamurn (NARA) g wammasn im\u1e25ditn g wansa n kulumbya d kullij ba\u1e5bk", " mariland", " d tnafutin tisgawanin ib\u1e0dan g tmna\u1e0din n iwunak imunn." ] }, { "en": "In the UK", "ber": " the National Archives (formerly known as the Public Record Office) is the government archive for England and Wales.", "null": [ "g tgldit imun", " tim\u1e25\u1e0dit tanamurt (ittwassn zwar s usira n warra amatay) ayd igan tim\u1e25\u1e0dit n tnba\u1e0dt n nngliz d wil\u1e93." ] }, { "en": "Put together", "ber": " the total volume of archives under the supervision of the French Archives Administration is the largest in the world.", "null": [ "s ummuttr", " aksay n kullu tim\u1e25\u1e0dtin illan ddaw n tmhla tafransist ayd igan axatar g uma\u1e0dal." ] }, { "en": "Archdioceses", "ber": " dioceses", "null": [ " and parishes also have archives in the Roman Catholic and Anglican Churches.", "lan i\u1e5bcidyusn", " idyusn", " d ibaricn awd nitni tim\u1e25\u1e0ditin g id lkanisa ti\u1e5bumaniyin tikatulikitin d tnjlikanin." ] }, { "en": "Often these institutions rely on grant funding from the government as well as the private funds.", "ber": "iggut mag tsnnadnt tmrsal xf taggazin ti\u1e93\u1e5bfanin sg tnba\u1e0dt d awd tfniqin i\u1e93lin." }, { "en": "Many museums keep archives in order to prove the provenance of their pieces.", "ber": "\u1e25\u1e0dant kigan n tsnni\u0263in tim\u1e25\u1e0ditin afad tfrrz asagm nnsnt." }, { "en": "This was a separate figure from the 1.3% that identified themselves as self-employed.", "ber": "iga wad am\u1e0dan istin xf 1.3% nna ittusnkdn d imwuritn isimann." }, { "en": "The archive's mission is to gather stories from women who want to express themselves", "ber": " and want their stories heard.", "null": [ "tga tsmiglt n tm\u1e25dit asmuttr n tullisin sg tutmin nna iran ad yinixf ixfawn nnsnt", " irint ad asnt ittusfld." ] }, { "en": "The archives of an organization (such as a corporation or government) tend to contain other types of records", "ber": " such as administrative files", "null": [ " business records", " memos", " official correspondence", " and meeting minutes.", "da ttirint tm\u1e25\u1e0ditin n tmrslt (zund tamssurt n\u0263d tanba\u1e0dt) tawit n wanawn ya\u1e0dn n warratn", " zund isdawn imhlann d warratn n twuriwin d tmsktitin d ismraratn imaddudn d tana\u1e0din n igrawn." ] }, { "en": "Many of these donations have yet to be cataloged", "ber": " but are currently in the process of being digitally preserved and made available to the public online.", "null": [ "ar d\u0263i urta ttusgbirnt kigan n tikkitin", " maca d\u0263i da ttu\u1e25\u1e0dunt s umu\u1e6d\u1e6dun ilint g uswar n ugdud g wantirnit." ] }, { "en": "International partners for archives are UNESCO and Blue Shield International in accordance with the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property from 1954 and its 2nd Protocol from 1999.", "ber": "imssurn igra\u0263lan gantn lyunisku d blu tcanil antirnacyunal nil tmyaqqant n lahay i ufrag n wayda adlsan i usgg\u02b7as n 1954 d ubrutukul nns wis 2 i usgg\u02b7as n 1999." }, { "en": "Page", "ber": " Morgan M. One from the Vaults: Gossip", "null": [ " Access", " and Trans History-Telling.", "tasna", " mu\u1e5bgan M. yan g fniqn: adida", " asadf s umzruy n winna izrin." ] }, { "en": "An example of this is Morgan M. Page\u2019s description of disseminating transgender history directly to trans people through various social media and networking platforms like tumblr", "ber": " Twitter", "null": [ " and Instagram", " as well as via podcast.", "amdya n uya iga t usnumml n mu\u1e5bgan M. tasna n ufsar n umzruy n t\u1e5bans usrid i middn infln g wanaw s tbridt n isn\u0263msn inamunn d tdabutin n tradsatin zund tumblr", " twittr", " d anstagram", " awd s budkast." ] }, { "en": "With the options available through counter-archiving", "ber": " there is the potential to challenge traditional conceptions of history as they are perceived within contemporary archives", "null": [ " which creates space for narratives that are often not present in many archival materials.", "d istayn illan sg mgal-a\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du", " tlla ta\u1e93\u1e0d\u1e5bt n tan\u1e93\u1e5bt n irmmusn ibldiyn n umzruy imkinna s ttuyannayn g tm\u1e25\u1e0ditin tifrarin", " aya da ittgga ansa i ungaln nna ur illin g kigan n warratn n tm\u1e25\u1e0ditin." ] }, { "en": "A biography", "ber": " or simply bio", "null": [ " is a detailed description of a person's life.", "tiridrt", " n\u0263d s ufrar tiridrt", " tga asnumml afruri i tudrt n ufgan." ] }, { "en": "Biographical works are usually non-fiction", "ber": " but fiction can also be used to portray a person's life.", "null": [ "s tnnumi ur da tggant twuriwin n tridrt timarurin", " maca i\u0263y ad tsmrsd amarur g usnimml n tudrt n ufgan." ] }, { "en": "Another well-known collection of ancient biographies is De vita Caesarum (On the Lives of the Caesars) by Suetonius", "ber": " written about AD 121 in the time of the emperor Hadrian.", "null": [ "yat trabbut ya\u1e0dn ittwassn n tridirin tizaykutin tgat du fita kaysrum (g tudrt n ikasarz) yuratnt syutunyus", " attayn n 121 \u1e0da\u1e5bt tlalit g uzmz n imb\u1e5ba\u1e6dur hadryan." ] }, { "en": "Hermits", "ber": " monks", "null": [ " and priests used this historic period to write biographies.", "smrsn ihirmitn", " imunksn", " d ikhhann tizi ad g umzruy afad urun tiridirin." ] }, { "en": "One significant secular example of a biography from this period is the life of Charlemagne by his courtier Einhard.", "ber": "yan sg imdyatn istawhmman g tridirin n uzmz ad iga t tudrt n carlman s unbba\u1e0d nns aynhard." }, { "en": "They contained more social data for a large segment of the population than other works of that period.", "ber": "digs tinmmalin tinamunin n kigan n imzda\u0263 uggar n twuriwin ya\u1e0dn g tizi nna\u0263." }, { "en": "By the late Middle Ages", "ber": " biographies became less church-oriented in Europe as biographies of kings", "null": [ " knights", " and tyrants began to appear.", "g tlkm tgira n izmzn inammasn", " ur tswala tridirt kigan s lkanisa g u\u1e5bubba idd\u0263 dad tff\u0263nt tridirin n igllidn d imnayn d idagazn." ] }, { "en": "Following Malory", "ber": " the new emphasis on humanism during the Renaissance promoted a focus on secular subjects", "null": [ " such as artists and poets", " and encouraged writing in the vernacular.", "\u1e0dart maluri", " isdus usntu amaynu xf tiffugna iwnan n uzmz n tnkra asntu xf imrsitn n t\u025bilmaniyt", " zund ina\u1e93urn d imdyazn", " d usrqb n tirra s tmurant." ] }, { "en": "Two other developments are noteworthy: the development of the printing press in the 15th century and the gradual increase in literacy.", "ber": "llan sin ibu\u0263lutn ya\u1e0dn uklaln asnumml: abu\u0263lu n tsiggzt g tasut tis 15 d yily g usidlf." }, { "en": "Influential in shaping popular conceptions of pirates", "ber": " A General History of the Pyrates (1724)", "null": [ " by Charles Johnson", " is the prime source for the biographies of many well-known pirates.", "yamu g usnay n irmmusn n igdudann n ibi\u1e5batn", " amzruy amatay xf ubirat (1724)", " s tirra n carls junsun", " ntta d asagm adslan n tridirin i kigan n ibiratn ittwassn." ] }, { "en": "Carlyle asserted that the lives of great human beings were essential to understanding society and its institutions.", "ber": "isddid karliyl mas d tudrt n ifgann imqqrann tga tuccilt g urmas numun d tmrsal nns." }, { "en": "Boswell's work was unique in its level of research", "ber": " which involved archival study", "null": [ " eye-witness accounts and interviews", " its robust and attractive narrative", " and its honest depiction of all aspects of Johnson's life and character \u2013 a formula which serves as the basis of biographical literature to this day.", "t\u1e93li twuri n buswil s uswir n urzzu", " nna g tlla yat t\u0263uri tim\u1e25\u1e0dit", " d imi\u1e0dann n imannayn d imsawaln", " d wallas nns idusn almammay", " d uswlf nns adttan i tsgg\u02b7in kullu n tudrt d uwrik n junsun \u2013 nttat d tnfalit igan tasila n tskla n tridirt s assa." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " the number of biographies in print experienced a rapid growth", "null": [ " thanks to an expanding reading public.", "mqqar", " am\u1e0dan n tridirin ittusuggzn yuli fisa\u025b", " s watig n ugdud n im\u0263ritn yulin." ] }, { "en": "Periodicals began publishing a sequence of biographical sketches.", "ber": "ssntin izmzan g ufsar n yan usnsl n twna\u0263in n tridirin." }, { "en": "Sociological biographies conceived of their subjects' actions as the result of the environment", "ber": " and tended to downplay individuality.", "null": [ "da ttinniynt tridirin tinamunin timgga n imrsitn nns zund tayafut n twnna\u1e0dt d irint ad ssdrusnt tufridt." ] }, { "en": "The conventional concept of heroes and narratives of success disappeared in the obsession with psychological explorations of personality.", "ber": "yuccka urmmus abldi n inbrazn d tullisin n umurs g umn\u1e25ur imnign inyimann n uwrik." }, { "en": "Up until this point", "ber": " as Strachey remarked in the preface", "null": [ " Victorian biographies had been as familiar as the cort\u00e8ge of the undertaker", " and wore the same air of slow", " funereal barbarism.", "ar tanqqi\u1e0dt ad", " imkinna isnila st\u1e5baci g tzwart", " tiridirin tifikturin ttumyurnt am u\u1e25arraf n yidrmttin", " ar tlssa am wa\u1e0du taramyart n yidr i\u1e93\u1e93ayn." ] }, { "en": "The book achieved worldwide fame due to its irreverent and witty style", "ber": " its concise and factually accurate nature", "null": [ " and its artistic prose.", "yuw\u1e0dn udlis yat tmsusnt tama\u1e0dlant s tmamkt nns ur izrikn d ti\u0263ist", " d ugama nns isunfn amn\u0263ud i lj\u1e5biyat", " d triwant nns tana\u1e93u\u1e5bt." ] }, { "en": "Robert Graves (I", "ber": " Claudius", "null": [ " 1934) stood out among those following Strachey's model of debunking biographies.", "iff\u0263d \u1e5bubrt grifz (nk", " kludyus", " 1934) sg winna i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn anaw n st\u1e5bacis g uf\u1e0da\u1e25 n tridirin." ] }, { "en": "By World War I", "ber": " cheap hard-cover reprints had become popular.", "null": [ "lli g yuw\u1e0d imn\u0263i ama\u1e0dlan amzwaru", " tun\u0263ilin idm u\u0263amus iqqurn gant timdnanin." ] }, { "en": "Along with documentary biographical films", "ber": " Hollywood produced numerous commercial films based on the lives of famous people.", "null": [ "g tsga n ifilmn n tridirt tuntimt", " tsyafu huliwud kigan n ifilmn n tsbbabt isnndn xf tudrt n winna itwwassn." ] }, { "en": "Unlike books and films", "ber": " they often do not tell a chronological narrative: instead they are archives of many discrete media elements related to an individual person", "null": [ " including video clips", " photographs", " and text articles.", "mgal idlisn d ifilmn", " ur da ttals kigan allas akudan: g ud\u0263ar n uya gant tim\u1e25\u1e0ditin n kigan n ifrdisn n tangrin i\u1e93lin igan win uwrik ufrid", " g amun ifidyutn d iwlafn d imag\u1e5ba\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "General life writing techniques are a subject of scholarly study.", "ber": "titiqniyin n tirra n tudrt tamatayt tga imrsi n t\u0263uri tamassant." }, { "en": "The information can come from oral history", "ber": " personal narrative", "null": [ " biography and autobiography\u201d or diaries", " letters", " memoranda and other materials.", "\u0263in ad ddun in\u0263misn sg umzruy amiwan d wallas animas", " d tridirt\u201d n\u0263d tikuyassin", " tibratin", " timsktitin d tmttitin ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "European-style castles originated in the 9th\u00a0and 10th\u00a0centuries", "ber": " after the fall of the Carolingian Empire resulted in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes.", "null": [ "ttu\u1e63kant t\u0263rmatin s tmamkt taw\u1e5bubbiyt g tasutin tis 9 d tis 10", " \u1e0da\u1e5bt t\u1e0du\u1e5bi n tgldit taka\u1e5bulnjit", " aynna\u0263 ayd ifkan ab\u1e6d\u1e6du n ikaln nns ingr igldunn d igldun ufridn." ] }, { "en": "Urban castles were used to control the local populace and important travel routes", "ber": " and rural castles were often situated near features that were integral to life in the community", "null": [ " such as mills", " fertile land", " or a water source.", "ttusmrasnt t\u0263rmatin ti\u0263rmanin g unnb\u1e0d xf imzda\u0263 id\u0263rann d ibrdan n umuddu istawhmman", " ar ttilint kigan n t\u0263rmatin tirifiyin g tama n ifrdisn nna igan tafult ur ib\u1e6d\u1e6dun d tudrt g umun", " zund tisirin n\u0263d ikaln iblsn n\u0263d asagm n waman." ] }, { "en": "In the late 12th\u00a0and early 13th\u00a0centuries", "ber": " a scientific approach to castle defence emerged.", "null": [ "g tgira n tasut tis 12 d tizwuri n tis 13", " iff\u0263d tmyadast tamassant ittmza\u0263n xf t\u0263rmt." ] }, { "en": "These changes in defence have been attributed to a mixture of castle technology from the Crusades", "ber": " such as concentric fortification", "null": [ " and inspiration from earlier defences", " such as Roman forts.", "isnfln ad g umza\u0263 a\u0263ulnt s ttiknulujit n t\u0263rmatin sg imn\u0263an i\u1e63alibiyn", " asgudr amsdikn", " d tufrayt sg imza\u0263n izrin", " zund igudar i\u1e5bumaniyn." ] }, { "en": "Although gunpowder was introduced to Europe in the 14th\u00a0century", "ber": " it did not significantly affect castle building until the 15th\u00a0century", "null": [ " when artillery became powerful enough to break through stone walls.", "mqqar ikcm lba\u1e5bu\u1e0d s u\u1e5bubba g tasut tis 14", " maca ur i\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63 kigan a\u1e63ku n t\u0263rmt ar tasut tis 15", " lli g idus u\u1e6dbji ar i\u1e5b\u1e93\u1e93a igidar n u\u1e93\u1e5bu." ] }, { "en": "Feudalism was the link between a lord and his vassal where", "ber": " in return for military service and the expectation of loyalty", "null": [ " the lord would grant the vassal land.", "tga tafyudalit tazdayt ingr llu\u1e5bd d im\u1e0df\u1e5bn nns", " s tugdut n tnafut tasrdast d ugani n tullu\u0263t", " ar yakka \u1e5bbbi akal am\u1e0df\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "Castles served a range of purposes", "ber": " the most important of which were military", "null": [ " administrative", " and domestic.", "snufant t\u0263rmatin kigan n iskkin", " winna istawhmman gan isrdasn d imhlann d id\u0263rann." ] }, { "en": "As William the Conqueror advanced through England", "ber": " he fortified key positions to secure the land he had taken.", "null": [ "d ussudu n um\u1e5b\u1e93um wilyam g ngliz", " ifrg addadn idslan afad isfls akal nna yuwi." ] }, { "en": "A castle could act as a stronghold and prison but was also a place where a knight or lord could entertain his peers.", "ber": "t\u0263y ad tg t\u0263rmt afrag d ubniq", "null": [ " maca tga awd ansa g i\u0263y umnay n\u0263 llu\u1e5bd ad isurar xf imddukkal nns." ] }, { "en": "In different areas of the world", "ber": " analogous structures shared features of fortification and other defining characteristics associated with the concept of a castle", "null": [ " though they originated in different periods and circumstances and experienced differing evolutions and influences.", "g kigan n tmna\u1e0din g uma\u1e0dal", " da tssurnt tu\u1e63kiwin tifras n ufrag d inama\u1e93n im\u1e93layn ya\u1e0dn izdin s urmmus n t\u0263rmt", " mqqar ttu\u1e63ka g izmzn d tmsutal imzarayn d tzri g ibu\u0263lutn d yi\u1e0disn iggutn." ] }, { "en": "By the 16th century", "ber": " when Japanese and European cultures met", "null": [ " fortification in Europe had moved beyond castles and relied on innovations such as the Italian trace italienne and star forts.", "g tuw\u1e0d tasut tis 16", " g mlalant tdlsatin n lyaban n u\u1e5bubba", " immutti ufrag g u\u1e5bubba s dffir n t\u0263rmatin isnnd xf isnulfutn zund ifragn i\u1e6dalyaniyn tidrzanin d t\u0263rmatin titranin." ] }, { "en": "The excavation of earth to make the mound left a ditch around the motte", "ber": " called a moat (which could be either wet or dry).", "null": [ "udjant t\u0263uziwin n wakal afad ittuskar u\u025brur yan uxbu \u0263ur ubddur", " ism nns adrras", " (nna i\u0263in ad ilwi\u0263 n\u0263 tzwa)." ] }, { "en": "It was a common feature of castles", "ber": " and most had at least one.", "null": [ "tafrst tamssurt n t\u0263rmatin", " tili yat b\u025bda \u0263ur umata digsnt." ] }, { "en": "Water was supplied by a well or cistern.", "ber": "dad ttawin aman sg wanu n\u0263d ccarij." }, { "en": "Although often associated with the motte-and-bailey type of castle", "ber": " baileys could also be found as independent defensive structures.", "null": [ "mqqar izdi kigan s anaw n t\u0263rmt mutt-d-bili", " i\u0263y awd ad ttyafan ibaylisn nna igan tu\u1e63kiwin i\u1e93lin." ] }, { "en": "Keep was not a term used in the medieval period\u00a0\u2013 the term was applied from the 16th\u00a0century onwards\u00a0\u2013 instead donjon was used to refer to great towers", "ber": " or turris in Latin.", "null": [ "ur igi \u1e25du irm ittusmrasn g tizi n izmzn inammasn \u2013 ittusnas yirm sg tasut tis 16 s aflla \u2013 g wansa nns ittusmras dunjun i tmuli s lbruj imqqran", " n\u0263d turris g tlatiniyt." ] }, { "en": "Although often the strongest part of a castle and a last place of refuge if the outer defences fell", "ber": " the keep was not left empty in case of attack but was used as a residence by the lord who owned the castle", "null": [ " or his guests or representatives.", "mqqar da tgga tafult idusn g t\u0263rmt d l\u1e25\u1e5bma tamggarut ig \u1e0d\u1e5bn imza\u0263n n b\u1e5b\u1e5ba", " maca ur iqqim ixwa g waddad n usugi maca ittusmrs am uzdu\u0263 n llu\u1e5bd bu t\u0263rmt n\u0263d inbgiwn nns n\u0263d ignsesn nns." ] }, { "en": "Walkways along the tops of the curtain walls allowed defenders to rain missiles on enemies below", "ber": " and battlements gave them further protection.", "null": [ "isakatn n waflla n igidar ifrgn da ttadjan inmza\u0263n ad grn afa xf icnga s izdar", " sskrn asn igidar kigan n ufrag." ] }, { "en": "The front of the gateway was a blind spot and to overcome this", "ber": " projecting towers were added on each side of the gate in a style similar to that developed by the Romans.", "null": [ "iga wudm n tflut am unqqi\u1e0d immutn", " afad itturnu uynna\u0263", " ttu\u1e63kan lb\u1e5buj g tsgg\u02b7in n tflut s yat tmamkt igan am tnna sbu\u0263lan \u1e5b\u1e5buman." ] }, { "en": "The passage through the gatehouse was lengthened to increase the amount of time an assailant had to spend under fire in a confined space and unable to retaliate.", "ber": "s\u0263zifn asaka izrin g tflut n u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du afad tzayd tizi itkka umsugi ddaw wafa g yan wansa inyaman g ur i\u0263iy ad irar." }, { "en": "They were most likely used to drop objects on attackers", "ber": " or to allow water to be poured on fires to extinguish them.", "null": [ "i\u0263y is da ttusmras afad ts\u1e0da\u1e5b iskkin xf imsugitn", " n\u0263d an\u0263al n waman xf wafa afad tn sxsin." ] }, { "en": "A smaller horizontal opening could be added to give an archer a better view for aiming.", "ber": "i\u0263y ad rnun yat txbut tam\u1e93\u1e93yant s taflit nna yakkan i umgar n tfalatin tannayt i\u0263udan i usu\u0263d." }, { "en": "The earliest fortifications originated in the Fertile Crescent", "ber": " the Indus Valley", "null": [ " Egypt", " and China where settlements were protected by large walls.", "ttu\u1e63kan ifragn imzwura g du firtil krissnt", " d uza\u0263ar n ssnd d mi\u1e63\u1e5b d \u1e63\u1e63in nna g llant tmrsal ittufragn s igidar ixatarn." ] }, { "en": "Many earthworks survive today", "ber": " along with evidence of palisades to accompany the ditches.", "null": [ "mursnt kigan n twuriwin n t\u0263uzi assa", " d wan\u1e93atn is illa iginann ittmunn d idrrasn." ] }, { "en": "Although primitive", "ber": " they were often effective", "null": [ " and were only overcome by the extensive use of siege engines and other siege warfare techniques", " such as at the Battle of Alesia.", "mqqar tga tizwuri", " maca t\u1e5bwa g kigan n tikkal", " ur tturna \u0263as s usmrs amagut n imussutn n tfrgi d tiqniyt n imn\u0263i n tfrgi ya\u1e0dn", " zund imn\u0263i n alisya." ] }, { "en": "Discussions have typically attributed the rise of the castle to a reaction to attacks by Magyars", "ber": " Muslims", "null": [ " and Vikings and a need for private defence.", "ruran imraratn n wawal ufu\u0263 n t\u0263rmt s tmrarut xf isugay n imajariyn d unslmn d ifaykiyn d wassar n umza\u0263 am\u1e93lay." ] }, { "en": "Some high concentrations of castles occur in secure places", "ber": " while some border regions had relatively few castles.", "null": [ "da ttj\u1e5bunt kra n tawniwin yattuyn i t\u0263rmatin g wansatn infrayn", " maca kra n id\u0263arn iwttann g illa um\u1e0dan idrusn cwiy n t\u0263rmatin." ] }, { "en": "Building the hall in stone did not necessarily make it immune to fire as it still had windows and a wooden door.", "ber": "a\u1e63ku n tdala s u\u1e93\u1e5bu ur igi afrgan mgal n wafa acku sulnt digs talkiwin d tflut n ukccu\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Castles were not just defensive sites but also enhanced a lord's control over his lands.", "ber": "ur gint t\u0263rmatin ansatn n umza\u0263 day", "null": [ " maca tuws tanba\u1e0dt n llu\u1e5bd xf ikaln nns." ] }, { "en": "In 864 the King of West Francia", "ber": " Charles the Bald", "null": [ " prohibited the construction of castella without his permission and ordered them all to be destroyed.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 864 isgdl ugllid n u\u0263lay n f\u1e5bansa", " tca\u1e5blz amjju\u1e0d", " a\u1e63ku n kastilla bla awal nns d wana\u1e0d nns g uxllu nnsnt kullu." ] }, { "en": "Switzerland is an extreme case of there being no state control over who built castles", "ber": " and as a result there were 4", "null": [ "000 in the country.", "swis\u1e5ba addad am\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e5bfu acku ur tlli tnba\u1e0dt n uwank xf wanna i\u1e63kan ti\u0263rmatin", " s manaya llant 4", "000 g tmazirt." ] }, { "en": "In 950 Provence was home to 12\u00a0castles", "ber": " by 1000 this figure had risen to 30", "null": [ " and by 1030 it was over 100.", "g 950 iga b\u1e5bufans ansa n 12 n t\u0263rmt", " yuly um\u1e0dan ad s 30 g usggas n 1000", " llig yiw\u1e0d usgg\u02b7as n 1030 iga uggar n 100." ] }, { "en": "In the early 11th\u00a0century", "ber": " the motte and keep\u00a0\u2013 an artificial mound with a palisade and tower on top\u00a0\u2013 was the most common form of castle in Europe", "null": [ " everywhere except Scandinavia.", "g tizwuri n tasut tis 11", " iga mutt d kib \u2013 ttuskar twrirt g illa uginan d lb\u1e5bj aflla nns \u2013 tal\u0263a n t\u0263rmt ittwassn kigan g u\u1e5bubba", " g wansatn kullu \u0263as timura tiskindinafin." ] }, { "en": "Although stone construction would later become common elsewhere", "ber": " from the 11th\u00a0century onwards it was the primary building material for Christian castles in Spain", "null": [ " while at the same time timber was still the dominant building material in north-west Europe.", "mqqar ittwassn u\u1e63ku s u\u1e93\u1e5bu g yat tizi ya\u1e0dn d ud\u0263ar ya\u1e0dn", " maca sg tasut tis 11 s aflla iga tamtta tadslant n u\u1e63ku n t\u0263rmatin timasi\u1e25in g sbanya", " maca akccu\u1e0d g tizi nna\u0263 isul iga tamtta inb\u1e0dn g izlm\u1e0d n u\u0263lay n u\u1e5bubba." ] }, { "en": "Before the 12th\u00a0century castles were as uncommon in Denmark as they had been in England before the Norman Conquest.", "ber": "dat tasut tiss 12", "null": [ " ur ttwassannt t\u0263rmatin g udanima\u1e5bk imki nna gant g nngliz dat u\u1e5b\u1e93\u1e93um anu\u1e5bmandiy." ] }, { "en": "Their decoration emulated Romanesque architecture", "ber": " and sometimes incorporated double windows similar to those found in church bell towers.", "null": [ "irwas udqqi nnsn tu\u1e63ka ta\u1e5bumaniyt", " d kra n tikkal digs talkiwin tiyuganin igan zund tinna illan g lbrj n ininatn n tm\u1e93\u1e93ulla n i\u1e5bumin." ] }, { "en": "Although superseded by their stone successors", "ber": " timber and earthwork castles were by no means useless.", "null": [ "mqqar d imkkusatn nnsn g u\u1e93\u1e5bu \u1e0d\u1e5bn ansa nnsn", " maca ti\u0263rmatin n ukccu\u1e0d d walu\u1e0d ur gint id tar ab\u0263ur g waddadn kullu." ] }, { "en": "Until the late 12th\u00a0century castles generally had few towers; a gateway with few defensive features such as arrowslits or a portcullis; a great keep or donjon", "ber": " usually square and without arrowslits; and the shape would have been dictated by the lay of the land (the result was often irregular or curvilinear structures).", "null": [ "ar tigira n tasut tis 12", " s umata drusn lb\u1e5buj i t\u0263rmatin", " d tflwin ilan tifrisin timz\u0263anin idrusn zund tixba n tfalatin n\u0263d bu\u1e5btcullis; aqrbuz axatar n\u0263d dunjun", " ittumyur ad ig amkkuz bla tixba n tfalatin; tga tal\u0263a nns ttusfta nil waddad n wakal (da tgga tyafut g kigan n tikkal tu\u1e63kiwin ur ittusudsn mi fr\u0263n izrirign)." ] }, { "en": "The towers would have protruded from the walls and featured arrowslits on each level to allow archers to target anyone nearing or at the curtain wall.", "ber": "dad ttf\u0263n lb\u1e5buj xf igidar ar ttu\u1e93lay s yili n txba n tfalatin g ku aswir afad adjnt imgarn ad kkatn wanna d inmalan agadir anfrag n\u0263d ad tid inmili." }, { "en": "Where keeps did exist", "ber": " they were no longer square but polygonal or cylindrical.", "null": [ "g wansatn g llant tsgitin", " ur sul gint timkkuzin maca gant id m kigan n tama n\u0263d awrerray." ] }, { "en": "Probably developed in the 12th\u00a0century", "ber": " the towers provided flanking fire.", "null": [ "i\u0263y is sbu\u0263lan lb\u1e5buj g tasut tis 12", " g asn ssutin afa." ] }, { "en": "It seemed that the Crusaders had learned much about fortification from their conflicts with the Saracens and exposure to Byzantine architecture.", "ber": "\u025bni\u0263 lmdn i\u1e63alibiyn kigan xf usfrg sg imn\u0263an nnsn d inslmn d mgal tu\u1e63ka tabizan\u1e6diyt." }, { "en": "Legends were discredited", "ber": " and in the case of James of Saint George it was proven that he came from Saint-Georges-d'Esp\u00e9ranche", "null": [ " in France.", "idda asn wuddur i ummiyn", " g waddad n jims sant ju\u1e5bj", " ittufrrz is d idda sg sant ju\u1e5bj disbirantc", " g f\u1e5bansa." ] }, { "en": "The castle builders of Western Europe were aware of and influenced by Roman design; late Roman coastal forts on the English Saxon Shore were reused and in Spain the wall around the city of \u00c1vila imitated Roman architecture when it was built in 1091.", "ber": "imskiwn n t\u0263rmy g u\u1e5bubba ssn amamk a\u1e5bumaniy ttu\u1e0da\u1e63n iss; ttusmrsn di\u0263 ifragn n ta\u0263arin ti\u1e5bumaniyin timggura xf uftas asaksuniy angliziy d g sbanya iga ugadir ittin i tmdint a afila am u\u1e93kka a\u1e5bumaniy llig ittu\u1e63ka asgg\u02b7as n 1091." }, { "en": "An example of this approach is Kerak.", "ber": "amdya xf tmyadast ad igat ki\u1e5bak." }, { "en": "The castles they founded to secure their acquisitions were designed mostly by Syrian master-masons.", "ber": "ti\u0263rmatin nna smrsln xf usfls n im\u025bann nnsn ttu\u0263awsnt sg im\u1e63ka isuriyn." }, { "en": "While castles were used to hold a site and control movement of armies", "ber": " in the Holy Land some key strategic positions were left unfortified.", "null": [ "llig ttusmrasnt t\u0263rmatin i wamma\u1e93 n wansatn d inbb\u1e0d g umussu n tsrdasin", " g wakal i\u025bzzan", " udjan kra n wansatn istratijiyn idslann ur sgunfan." ] }, { "en": "Design varied not just between orders", "ber": " but between individual castles", "null": [ " though it was common for those founded in this period to have concentric defences.", "amyanaw g umamk ur id \u0263as ingr isuturn", " maca ingr t\u0263rmatin tufridin", " mqqar ttwassnt t\u0263rmatin ittu\u1e63kan g tizi ad s imza\u0263n mi imun wammas." ] }, { "en": "If assailants made it past the first line of defence they would be caught in the killing ground between the inner and outer walls and have to assault the second wall.", "ber": "ig zrin imsugitn izririg n umza\u0263 amzwaru", "null": [ " qad ttyam\u1e93n g usarag n mn\u0263iwt ingr igidarn ug\u02b7ns d win b\u1e5b\u1e5ba d ixssatn ad msugin agadir wis sin." ] }, { "en": "For instance", "ber": " it was common in Crusader castles to have the main gate in the side of a tower and for there to be two turns in the passageway", "null": [ " lengthening the time it took for someone to reach the outer enclosure.", "s umdya", " ttwassant t\u0263rmatin ti\u1e63alibiyin s tflut illan \u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e5bf n lb\u1e5bj ilin sin ifrru\u0263n g usaka", " aynna\u0263 ayd is\u0263zifn tizi xf wanna iran ad nn yaw\u1e0d afrag n b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." ] }, { "en": "Although there were hundreds of wooden castles in Prussia and Livonia", "ber": " the use of bricks and mortar was unknown in the region before the Crusaders.", "null": [ "mqqar llant tmi\u1e0ditin n t\u0263rmatin n ukccu\u1e0d g brusya d lifunya", " maca asmrs n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dub d tmgarin n lhawn ur ittwassn g tmna\u1e0dt dat i\u1e63alibiyn." ] }, { "en": "Arrowslits did not compromise the wall's strength", "ber": " but it was not until Edward I's programme of castle building that they were widely adopted in Europe.", "null": [ "ur \u1e6d\u1e6dasnt tafalin n unmgar taggalt n ugadir", " maca ur ttyasi g u\u1e5bubba kullut ar a\u0263awas n idward amzwaru g tu\u1e63ka n t\u0263rmt." ] }, { "en": "Although machicolations performed the same purpose as the wooden galleries", "ber": " they were probably an Eastern invention rather than an evolution of the wooden form.", "null": [ "mqqar da sskarnt lmacinat tawuri n isfsrn n ukccu\u1e0d", " maca tga \u025bni\u0263 asnulfu n unqqar ur id abu\u0263lu n tal\u0263a n ukccu\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Conflict and interaction between the two groups led to an exchange of architectural ideas", "ber": " and Spanish Christians adopted the use of detached towers.", "null": [ "yuwi amnza\u0263 d umya\u0263 ingr snat trubba \u0263r usnfl n twngimin n tu\u1e63ku", " asin imasi\u1e25iyn isblyuniyn asmrs n lb\u1e5buj imzarayn." ] }, { "en": "French historian Fran\u00e7ois Gebelin wrote: The great revival in military architecture was led", "ber": " as one would naturally expect", "null": [ " by the powerful kings and princes of the time; by the sons of William the Conqueror and their descendants", " the Plantagenets", " when they became dukes of Normandy.", "yaru umrzu af\u1e5bansis f\u1e5banswa jiblin: asmaynu amqqran g tu\u1e63ka s tnara n igllidn d igldunn idusn g tizi nna\u0263", " imki nna itti\u0263il ufgan; d tarwa n fati\u1e25 am\u1e5b\u1e93um d wayyawn nnsn", " blantajnts", " lli g gan adduqn inurmandiyn." ] }, { "en": "The new castles were generally of a lighter build than earlier structures and presented few innovations", "ber": " although strong sites were still created such as that of Raglan in Wales.", "null": [ "lant t\u0263rmatin timaynutin tu\u1e63kiwt ifssusn xf tu\u1e63kiwin izrin tfk isnilfutn idrusn", " mqqar suln wansatn idusn ar ttu\u1e63kan zund ansa n \u1e5bajlan g wil\u1e93." ] }, { "en": "These guns were too heavy for a man to carry and fire", "ber": " but if he supported the butt end and rested the muzzle on the edge of the gun port he could fire the weapon.", "null": [ "\u1e93\u1e93aynt tilaf kigan ur i\u0263iy urgaz ad atnt yasi ar issnt ikkat", " maka ig as yutg i tgira ig takmamt g tizwuri n talaft", " qad yibiy ad i\u1e5b\u1e93m i wafa." ] }, { "en": "This adaptation is found across Europe", "ber": " and although the timber rarely survives", "null": [ " there is an intact example at Castle Doornenburg in the Netherlands.", "ittyafa yisy ad g kullu ansiwn n u\u1e5bubba", " mqqar idrus mag tt\u0263iman ikcca\u1e0d xf tudrt", " illa yan umdya i\u0263udan g t\u0263rmt n \u1e0durnenburg g hulanda." ] }, { "en": "Other types of port", "ber": " though less common", "null": [ " were horizontal slits\u00a0\u2013 allowing only lateral movement\u00a0\u2013 and large square openings", " which allowed greater movement.", "gan wanawn ya\u1e0dn n talkiwin", " mqqar ur ttwassnnt", " tixba xf taflit \u2013 da ttadja amussu xf tsga day \u2013 d txba timkku\u1e93in tixatarin", " ittadjan kigan n amussu." ] }, { "en": "Ham is an example of the trend for new castles to dispense with earlier features such as machicolations", "ber": " tall towers", "null": [ " and crenellations.", "ham iga amnid s t\u0263rmatin timaynutin afad ttwattutn tfrisin izrin zund istti\u0263n", " lb\u1e5buj yattuyn", " d tmsil\u0263in." ] }, { "en": "In an effort to make them more effective", "ber": " guns were made ever bigger", "null": [ " although this hampered their ability to reach remote castles.", "g tasi\u0263t n wad tt ig d tim\u1e5bwit", " ttusm\u0263rnt jjwijat uggar n zwar", " mqqar ur zmirnt ann aw\u1e0dnt ti\u0263rmatin yaggugn." ] }, { "en": "While this sufficed for new castles", "ber": " pre-existing structures had to find a way to cope with being battered by cannon.", "null": [ "g tizi nna g iwda i t\u0263rmatin timaynutin", " ixss ad afnt tu\u1e63kiwin illan ad afnt tabridt mgal titiwat n u\u1e6dbji." ] }, { "en": "A solution to this was to pull down the top of a tower and to fill the lower part with the rubble to provide a surface for the guns to fire from.", "ber": "afssay n uya igan uxllu n tfult tanafllat n lb\u1e5bj d utkur n tfult tamazdart s ugrur afad yili uzur i u\u1e5b\u1e93\u1e93um n utbji." }, { "en": "From this evolved star forts", "ber": " also known as trace italienne.", "null": [ "sg t\u0263rmin nyitr dd\u0263 nna mi ttinin tras i\u1e6dalan." ] }, { "en": "The second choice proved to be more popular as it became apparent that there was little point in trying to make the site genuinely defensible in the face of cannon.", "ber": "astay wis sin ayd ituyisn bzzaf idd\u0263 imrar ur isla\u1e25 ad rarin ad\u0263ar imn\u025b xf lmdafi\u025b." }, { "en": "Some true castles were built in the Americas by the Spanish and French colonies.", "ber": "ka n t\u0263rmatin bnan tnt sblyun d f\u1e5bansa g mirikan." }, { "en": "Among other defensive structures (including forts and citadels)", "ber": " castles were also built in New France towards the end of the 17th\u00a0century.", "null": [ "ar tubnunt ti\u0263rmin g\u02b7 fransa tujdit \u0263r tiyira n tasu\u1e6d 17 dawd iwudar di\u0263rman." ] }, { "en": "The manor house and stables were within a fortified bailey", "ber": " with a tall round turret in each corner.", "null": [ "taddart taxatart d u\u1e25anu n lbhaym da tilin ag\u02b7nsu nl bayli ilin id turit i\u0263zafn g lqnat." ] }, { "en": "Although castle construction faded towards the end of the 16th\u00a0century", "ber": " castles did not necessarily all fall out of use.", "null": [ "waxxa ur yad da tubnun ti\u0263rmin g tiyira n tasuta 16 sul mqqar sul lant tawuri." ] }, { "en": "In other cases they still had a role in defence.", "ber": "tsul \u0263\u025brsn tawuri taxatart g iriri." }, { "en": "In later conflicts", "ber": " such as the English Civil War (1641\u20131651)", "null": [ " many castles were refortified", " although subsequently slighted to prevent them from being used again.", "g\u02b7 imn\u0263an didan am win ayt ng\u02b7liz (1641-1651) zaydn s\u1e25an ti\u0263rmin ayna\u0263 iruratn \u025br min tawuri cig\u02b7an." ] }, { "en": "Revival or mock castles became popular as a manifestation of a Romantic interest in the Middle Ages and chivalry", "ber": " and as part of the broader Gothic Revival in architecture.", "null": [ "ti\u0263rmatin n u\u1e93\u1e5bu a\u0263ulnt gant yan umdya ilan atig g t\u1e5bumansit d u\u025bggadi g uzmz anammas", " d yan uzgn sg tgu\u1e6dit taxatart g tsgda." ] }, { "en": "This was because to be faithful to medieval design would have left the houses cold and dark by contemporary standards.", "ber": "aya s umntil n u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n wahil n tsutiwin tinammasin aynna ittajjan tigumma qq\u1e5bfnt llisnt s tfiras titrarin." }, { "en": "Follies were similar", "ber": " although they differed from artificial ruins in that they were not part of a planned landscape", "null": [ " but rather seemed to have no reason for being built.", "timmi\u025bd\u1e5bt d yat", " waxxa tga yan wanaw n uxrbic amguran", " acku ur tgi tagamant", " aynna\u0263 as ur illi imntil n usku nns." ] }, { "en": "A castle with earthen ramparts", "ber": " a motte", "null": [ " timber defences and buildings could have been constructed by an unskilled workforce.", "ti\u0263rmt n ttabut", " akal", " arayn n ukccu\u1e0d d tydrin dru\u0263 ttuskant s ifassn ur wala ilmidn kigan." ] }, { "en": "The cost of building a castle varied according to factors such as their complexity and transport costs for material.", "ber": "ar sttint t\u0263rad n usku n t\u0263rmt s umyanaw n tal\u0263a nns d usgulu n tmttiwin nns." }, { "en": "In the middle were castles such as Orford", "ber": " which was built in the late 12th\u00a0century for UK\u00a31", "null": [ "400", " and at the upper end were those such as Dover", " which cost about UK\u00a37", "000 between 1181 and 1191.", "g wammas kkant t\u0263rmatin zun d u\u1e5bfu\u1e5bd", " ittuskan g tgara n twisi tis 12 s 1", "400 \u00a3 n tgldit imunn", " g uzgn amajjyal gant t\u0263rmatin am duf\u1e5b", " tid ccanin attay n 7", "000 \u00a3 n tgldit imunn ingr usgg\u02b7as n 1181 d 1191." ] }, { "en": "The cost of a large castle built over this time (anywhere from UK\u00a31", "ber": "000 to UK\u00a310", "null": [ "000) would take the income from several manors", " severely impacting a lord's finances.", "usint t\u0263rad n usku n tbr\u0263rmt xf tirut n uzmz (g ak\u02b7 matta ansa sg 1", "000 \u00a3 ar 10", "000 \u00a3 n tgldit imunn) sg iqari\u1e0dn n kigan n i\u0263rman", " aynna ismrratn im\u0263arn." ] }, { "en": "Medieval machines and inventions", "ber": " such as the treadwheel crane", "null": [ " became indispensable during construction", " and techniques of building wooden scaffolding were improved upon from Antiquity.", "allaln d isllwitn n uzmz anammas", " zun d tamssilit tawrerrayt", " labdda nnsnt g usku", " imkinna\u0263 awd i isyan n ukccu\u1e0d ittus\u0263udan xf win uzmz aqbur." ] }, { "en": "Many countries had both timber and stone castles", "ber": " however Denmark had few quarries and as a result most of its castles are earth and timber affairs", "null": [ " or later on built from brick.", "ikka tt nn \u0263ur kigan n tmizar ti\u0263rmatin n ukccu\u1e0d d u\u1e93\u1e5bu", " \u0263as ddanima\u1e5bk \u0263urs imik n wansatn n u\u1e93\u1e5bu aynna\u0263 as ttuskant t\u0263rmatin nnsn s ukccu\u1e0d d iskkinn ya\u1e0dn", " ar way\u1e0d uzmz ayd ttuskant s wu\u1e6d\u1e6dub." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " when Tattershall Castle was built between 1430 and 1450", "null": [ " there was plenty of stone available nearby", " but the owner", " Lord Cromwell", " chose to use brick.", "s umdya", " aynna ttuska t\u0263rmt n tatrcal ingr usgg\u02b7as n 1430 d 1450", " ikka tt nn kigan n i\u1e93\u1e5ban tama n wansa nns", " maka bu t\u0263rmt", " llu\u1e5bd k\u1e5bumwill", " isty ad tt isku s wu\u1e6d\u1e6dub." ] }, { "en": "He relied on the support of those below him", "ber": " as without the support of his more powerful tenants a lord could expect his power to be undermined.", "null": [ "aynna s yuws winna ikkan ddawas", " llu\u1e5bd iff\u0263 g umukris n tnba\u1e0dt." ] }, { "en": "This especially applied to royalty", "ber": " who sometimes owned land in different countries.", "null": [ "imkinna\u0263 awd i izmaz", " ittyama\u1e93n kigan n tikkal g tmizar." ] }, { "en": "Royal households took essentially the same form as baronial households", "ber": " although on a much larger scale and the positions were more prestigious.", "null": [ "gant twacunin tigllidin am twacunin tiba\u1e5bunin", " waxxa d xf yan wakal axatar d id\u0263arn n tnba\u1e0dt imajjyaln." ] }, { "en": "As social centres castles were important places for display.", "ber": "gant t\u0263rmatin ansa adslan i isuyas inamunn." }, { "en": "Castles have been compared with cathedrals as objects of architectural pride", "ber": " and some castles incorporated gardens as ornamental features.", "null": [ "ttusmzazlnt t\u0263rmatin d tkadi\u1e5balin g tsga n tsgda i\u1e93iln", " d ka n t\u0263rmatin stint s us\u0263udu n turtitin." ] }, { "en": "Courtly love was the eroticisation of love between the nobility.", "ber": "tkka tayri tafssast tga anaw n ulday azufan ingr inubln." }, { "en": "The legend of Tristan and Iseult is one example of stories of courtly love told in the Middle Ages.", "ber": "iga umiy n tristan d izult yan umdya n tnfusin n tayri ittyalasn g uzmz anammas." }, { "en": "The purpose of marriage between the medieval elites was to secure land.", "ber": "ikka tt nn iswi n yiwl ingr ikswatn n td\u0263rt g uzmz anammas \u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n wakal." }, { "en": "This derives from the image of the castle as a martial institution", "ber": " but most castles in England", "null": [ " France", " Ireland", " and Scotland were never involved in conflicts or sieges", " so the domestic life is a neglected facet.", "iff\u0263 d uya g wudm n t\u0263rmt nwis tga timrslt tasrdast", " maka kigan n t\u0263matin g nngliz", " f\u1e5bansa", " irlanda", " d skutlanda ur amunt g imn\u0263an n\u0263 tirnawin", " aynna d yakkan yat tudrt tanmyart ur ilin atig." ] }, { "en": "For instance many castles are located near Roman roads", "ber": " which remained important transport routes in the Middle Ages", "null": [ " or could lead to the alteration or creation of new road systems in the area.", "s umdya n t\u0263matin illan g yir n ubrid n i\u1e5bumaniyn", " igan yan ubrid ilan atig g uzmz anammas", " a\u0263y ad d ifk asnfl n\u0263 asnulfu n wahil n ibrdan g wansa." ] }, { "en": "Urban castles were particularly important in controlling centres of population and production", "ber": " especially with an invading force", "null": [ " for instance in the aftermath of the Norman Conquest of England in the 11th\u00a0century the majority of royal castles were built in or near towns.", "ikka \u0263ur t\u0263rmatin yan watig axatar lumn g yim\u1e93 n wammasn n imzda\u0263 d ufrs altu", " kigan s tdusi n umddurri", " s umdya g tizi n umddurri anu\u1e5bmadi sg inglati\u1e5b\u1e5ba g twisi tis 11 g ttuskant t\u0263rmatin g n\u0263 tama n tmdinin." ] }, { "en": "Rural castles were often associated with mills and field systems due to their role in managing the lord's estate", "ber": " which gave them greater influence over resources.", "null": [ "kigan n tikkal ayd nn nttafa ti\u0263rmatin zdint d tisirin d igrratn n tmdinin idd\u0263 da tswuddu ikaln n ilu\u1e5bdn", " aynna s ittgidiy ufus n tnba\u1e0dt nns g isugam." ] }, { "en": "Not only were they practical in that they ensured a water supply and fresh fish", "ber": " but they were a status symbol as they were expensive to build and maintain.", "null": [ "ur gint \u0263ar tamggi dayy idd\u0263 da ttakka aman d islman imaynutn", " maca gant yan uzmul anammas acku ccant kigan g usku d uzizdg." ] }, { "en": "The benefits of castle building on settlements was not confined to Europe.", "ber": "ur d \u0263as u\u1e5bubba ayd istafdn g usku n t\u0263rmatin." }, { "en": "Settlements could also grow naturally around a castle", "ber": " rather than being planned", "null": [ " due to the benefits of proximity to an economic centre in a rural landscape and the safety given by the defences.", "i\u0263y altu ad b\u0263urnt tmzdu\u0263in g tsgg\u02b7in n t\u0263rmt", " s ma ayd rant anmila n wammas admsan g wansa afaran d ufra as akkan im\u0263azn nnsnt." ] }, { "en": "They were usually located near any existing town defences", "ber": " such as Roman walls", "null": [ " although this sometimes resulted in the demolition of structures occupying the desired site.", "g myurt ar tnt nttafa g tsgg\u02b7in n im\u0263azn ittuskan g tmurt", " zun d i\u0263rabn i\u1e5bumanitn", " waxxa da d yakka tardla n wansiwn ittyatarn." ] }, { "en": "When the Normans invaded Ireland", "ber": " Scotland", "null": [ " and Wales in the 11th\u00a0and 12th\u00a0centuries", " settlement in those countries was predominantly non-urban", " and the foundation of towns was often linked with the creation of a castle.", "aynna \u0263zan inu\u1e5bmanitn i\u1e5blanda", " skutlanda", " d wilz g twusa 11 d 12", " ikka tt nn uzdu\u0263 g tmizar nna ur igi a\u0263rman", " ar nn nttafa asku n tmdint i\u1e93ly s usku n t\u0263rmt." ] }, { "en": "This signified a close relationship between feudal lords and the Church", "ber": " one of the most important institutions of medieval society.", "null": [ "aya da isskan nwis illa uzday ingr ilu\u1e5bdn ifyudalitn d tkanisatin", " tad iga yat g tmrsal tinamunin n tsutiwin tinammasin." ] }, { "en": "Another example is that of the 14th-century Bodiam Castle", "ber": " also in England; although it appears to be a state of the art", "null": [ " advanced castle it is in a site of little strategic importance", " and the moat was shallow and more likely intended to make the site appear impressive than as a defence against mining.", "yan umdya ya\u1e0dn iga t ti\u0263rmt n budyam g tsuta tis 14", " g inglati\u1e5b\u1e5ba altu", " s tmitar tzddig t\u1e93u\u1e5bi nns", " maka tla yat t\u0263rmt i\u1e25lan illan g yan wansa war tast\u1e5batijt ilan atig", " acbar nns ur ili tawuri n waray anct ila tawuri n wa\u1e93ly." ] }, { "en": "Garrisons were expensive and as a result often small unless the castle was important.", "ber": "ccan wansiwn n trubba n isrdasn kigan n iqari\u1e0dn aynna\u0263 as ur li \u0263rmt kigan n watig." }, { "en": "In 1403", "ber": " a force of 37\u00a0archers successfully defended Caernarfon Castle against two assaults by Owain Glynd\u0175r's allies during a long siege", "null": [ " demonstrating that a small force could be effective.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1403", " trura s umurs trabbut n 37 n imgarn xf t\u0263rmt n kya\u1e5bna\u1e5bfun mgal n sin i\u0263ww\u0263n imddukal n uwayn glyndwrz g yan ufrag a\u0263zzaf", " aynna d isskann nwis d yat tdusi tam\u1e93\u1e93ant tla imuca nns." ] }, { "en": "Under him would have been knights who by benefit of their military training would have acted as a type of officer class.", "ber": "ddaw tnba\u1e0dt nns", "null": [ " kkan tt nn \u0263urs imnayn", " s usmuttg nnsn asran", " i\u0263in ad ig im\u0263arn n isrdasn." ] }, { "en": "It was more efficient to starve the garrison out than to assault it", "ber": " particularly for the most heavily defended sites.", "null": [ "i\u0263y ad yajj s la\u1e93 tirubba n isrdasn ugar n wad tnt in\u0263", " lumn tinna idusn digsnt." ] }, { "en": "A long siege could slow down the army", "ber": " allowing help to come or for the enemy to prepare a larger force for later.", "null": [ "yat tfrgi ta\u0263zzaft izmrn ad tssulwu isrdasn", " d yijj n twisi ad tzri n\u0263 yujja acngu ad ismuttr yat n tdusi i yan uzmz ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "If forced to assault a castle", "ber": " there were many options available to the attackers.", "null": [ "ar mk icil ad \u0263lin xf t\u0263rmt", " ad yili kigan n istayn i imak\u02b7ayn." ] }, { "en": "The trebuchet", "ber": " which probably evolved from the petraria in the 13th\u00a0century", "null": [ " was the most effective siege weapon before the development of cannons.", "amrig n tribucit", " i\u0263in is isnulfa sg birarya g tsuta tis 13", " ikka tt nn iga axatar n imrign dat n usnfl n imrign n titi." ] }, { "en": "Ballistas or springalds were siege engines that worked on the same principles as crossbows.", "ber": "imrign n titi s i\u1e93\u1e5ban d twsmin zun d ballista d sbringald gan win ugaly skan s t\u0263arast n krussbuw." }, { "en": "They were more commonly used against the garrison rather than the buildings of a castle.", "ber": "ikka tt nn ar tettuswuri mgal isrdasn ugar n titi n tuskiwin n t\u0263rmatin." }, { "en": "A mine leading to the wall would be dug and once the target had been reached", "ber": " the wooden supports preventing the tunnel from collapsing would be burned.", "null": [ "ta\u0263uzi n yan ifri \u0263r u\u0263rab tikklt a tmurs", " maca \u0263as da nn tettaw\u1e0d t\u0263uzi tigira da ittus\u0263us ukccu\u1e0d irrdl ifri." ] }, { "en": "A counter-mine could be dug towards the besiegers' tunnel; assuming the two converged", "ber": " this would result in underground hand-to-hand combat.", "null": [ "i\u0263y ad ittu\u0263z yan ifri g tnila tanmgalt \u0263r tsga n inffurag", " mk ttna\u0263 ad mnalan ifran s sin", " ad ya\u0263 yan imn\u0263i ddaw wakal." ] }, { "en": "They were used to force open the castle gates", "ber": " although they were sometimes used against walls with less effect.", "null": [ "kkant ar ttuswurint i yinf n iflwan n t\u0263rmt", " waxxa kkant da iss rddln i\u0263rabn maka s tdusi idrusn." ] }, { "en": "A safer option for those assaulting a castle was to use a siege tower", "ber": " sometimes called a belfry.", "null": [ "yan ustay ar t \u1e0dffu\u1e5bn g illa ufra ugar tga t t\u0263rmt n u\u1e25uz", " ar as ittyini altu bilfri." ] }, { "en": "The estates of the realm", "ber": " or three estates", "null": [ " were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom (Christian Europe) from the Middle Ages to early modern Europe.", "gan ikaln n tgldit", " n\u0263 k\u1e5ba\u1e0d ikaln", " ana\u1e0dn n usrraru anamun ittuswurin g kristndum (u\u1e5bubba tamasi\u1e25it) sg izmzn inammasn ar u\u1e5bubba tatrart n zik." ] }, { "en": "The monarchy included the king and the queen", "ber": " while the system was made up of clergy (the First Estate)", "null": [ " nobles (Second Estate)", " peasants and bourgeoisie (Third Estate).", "isman ugrra agldan agllid d tgllidt", " yili g ugrra ayt us\u0263an (taskkiwt tamzwarut)", " inubln (taskkiwt tis snat)", " d imkraz d ibu\u1e5bjwazin (taskkiwt tis k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt)." ] }, { "en": "In England", "ber": " a two-estate system evolved that combined nobility and clergy into one lordly estate with commons as the second estate.", "null": [ "\u201cg nngliz", " isnfl ugrra sg snat tfrkiwin ar ismun ingr inubln d ayt us\u0263an \u0263r yat tfrkt g \u201c\u201cusqqim amatu\u201d\u201d g yat n tfrkt.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "In Scotland", "ber": " the Three Estates were the Clergy (First Estate)", "null": [ " Nobility (Second Estate)", " and Shire Commissioners", " or burghers (Third Estate)", " representing the bourgeois", " middle class", " and lower class.", "\u201cg skutlanda", " llant k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt tfrkiwin g llanayt ux\u0263an (tifrkt tamzwarut)", " inubln (ifrkt tis snat)", " d i\u1e0dffu\u1e5bn cayr", " iburgrn (tifrkt tis k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt)", " igan tifrkt tabu\u1e5bjwazit", " d tfrkt tanammast", " d tfrkt tamazdart.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Since clergy could not marry", "ber": " such mobility was theoretically limited to one generation.", "null": [ "s wacku ur da ttawln ayt us\u0263an", " amussu ad isty s ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt \u0263r yat tsuta." ] }, { "en": "Huizinga The Waning of the Middle Ages (1919", "ber": " 1924:47).", "null": [ "hyuzinga tamudrust n uzmz anammas (1919", " 1924:47)." ] }, { "en": "Commoners were universally considered the lowest order.", "ber": "stin mddn ya\u1e0dnn uma\u1e0dal g tfrkt tamazdart akk\u02b7." }, { "en": "In many regions and realms there also existed population groups born outside these specifically defined resident estates.", "ber": "g kigan n wansiwn llant trubba n imzda\u0263 ilulan b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n tfrkiwin ad xf nsawl." }, { "en": "The economic and political transformation of the countryside in the period were filled by a large growth in population", "ber": " agricultural production", "null": [ " technological innovations and urban centers; movements of reform and renewal attempted to sharpen the distinction between clerical and lay status", " and power", " recognized by the Church also had their effect.", "iktar wakal n i\u0263rman kigan s imzda\u0263 acku tgma damsa d tsrtit d ufars n tkrza", " d tifitin tiknujitin d wammasn i\u0263rmann; imkinna urmn imussutn n us\u0263udu d usmaynu n b\u1e6d\u1e6du n gr waddad amiray d waddad n tilawt", " yili altu \u0263ur tkinisa wu\u1e0dus nns awd nttat." ] }, { "en": "The second order", "ber": " those who fight", "null": [ " was the rank of the politically powerful", " ambitious", " and dangerous.", "agrra wis sin", " g winna ittna\u0263n", " iga ayt uswir ikrdn g srtit", " ilan ililan d tdusi." ] }, { "en": "In addition", "ber": " the First and Second Estates relied on the labour of the Third", "null": [ " which made the latter's inferior status all the more glaring.", "rnu as", " skuttan tfrkiwin tamzwarut d tis snat xf twuri n tfrkt tis k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt", " aynna d isskann mu\u1e25ul n tfrk tiss snat." ] }, { "en": "Most were born within this group and also died as a part of it.", "ber": "ilula umata digsn g trabbut ad immt altu digs." }, { "en": "In May 1776", "ber": " finance minister Turgot was dismissed", "null": [ " after failing to enact reforms.", "g mayyu 1776", " kksn aslway n udrim turgut", " ffir gar amurs nns g tigawt n is\u0263udutn." ] }, { "en": "When he could not persuade them to rubber-stamp his 'ideal program'", "ber": " Louis XVI sought to dissolve the Estates-General", "null": [ " but the Third Estate held out for their right to representation.", "allig ur tn iqni\u025b ad as snyan \u2018ahil nns ismdn\u2019 yanf lwis wis XVI tifrkiwin imatutin", " maka tugy tfrkt tis k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt ad tsam\u1e25 g uzrf nns." ] }, { "en": "Because the Parliament of Scotland was unicameral", "ber": " all members sat in the same chamber", "null": [ " as opposed to the separate English House of Lords and House of Commons.", "igmamn kullu da tt\u0263jdmn g yat n tm\u1e63\u1e5biyt", " acku iga ub\u1e5blaman n skutlanda yan", " mgal n usqqim n ilu\u1e5bdn inglizitn ib\u1e0dan d usqqim n wamun amatu." ] }, { "en": "As in England", "ber": " the Parliament of Ireland evolved out of the Magnum Concilium great council summoned by the chief governor of Ireland", "null": [ " attended by the council (curia regis)", " magnates (feudal lords)", " and prelates (bishops and abbots).", "\u201cimkinna ayd iga waddad g inglai\u1e5b\u1e5ba", " iff\u0263 d ub\u1e5blaman n irlanda sg magnim kunsilyum asqqim amqran nna mi d i\u0263ra uxatar n inbba\u1e0dn n irlanda", " yili as nn usqqim (kurya rijis)", " d im\u0263na\u1e6dn (ilu\u1e5bdn ifyudalitn)", " d imawusn (ikswatn d inmhaln n tg\u02b7mma).\u201d" ] }, { "en": "In 1297", "ber": " counties were first represented by elected knights of the shire (sheriffs had previously represented them).", "null": [ "g usgg\u02b7as n 1297", " kcmnt tsnba\u1e6din tikklt tamzwarut s imnayn n cir infrann (nna ikka um\u0263ar n islwayn da nn ittili g ud\u0263ar nnsn)." ] }, { "en": "Each were free men", "ber": " and had specific rights and responsibilities", "null": [ " and the right to send representatives to the Riksdag of the Estates.", "ku yan digsn d afgan ilelli", " \u0263usn izrfan d i\u1e0dfu\u1e5bn im\u1e93lay", " d uzrf n yizn n ima\u1e6d\u1e6dafn n wawal nnsn \u0263r ub\u1e5blaman." ] }, { "en": "Prior to the 18th century", "ber": " the King had the right to cast a deciding vote if the Estates were split evenly.", "null": [ "dat n twisi tis 18", " ikka tt nn \u0263ur ugllid azrf n wad yini awal amggaru g waddad n ungiddi n b\u1e6d\u1e6du n twilayatin." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " after the Diet of Porvoo", "null": [ " the Diet of Finland was reconvened only in 1863.", "waxxa d ay a", " ffir asqqim n burfu", " iff\u0263 d usqqim n finfalda g usgg\u02b7as n 1863." ] }, { "en": "Around 1400", "ber": " letters patent were introduced", "null": [ " in 1561 the ranks of Count and Baron were added", " and in 1625 the House of Nobility was codified as the First Estate of the land.", "attay n usgg\u02b7as n 1400", " kcmnt d tbratin s uzrf n tkbabt", " g usgg\u02b7as n 1561 tturnant tazult n kunt d ba\u1e5bun", " d usgg\u02b7as n 1625 zmmemn tigmmi n inbln nwis tga tifrkt tamzwarut n wakal." ] }, { "en": "Heads of the noble houses were hereditary members of the assembly of nobles.", "ber": "im\u0263arn n tg\u02b7mma n inubln gan igmamn n tmsmunt n inubln." }, { "en": "This resulted in great political influence for the higher nobility.", "ber": "ifka d uya ammctg axatar asrtan i im\u0263arn n inubln." }, { "en": "In later centuries", "ber": " the estate included teachers of universities and certain state schools.", "null": [ "g tsutiwin ya\u1e0dn i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn", " kcmn islmadn n tsdawitin d kra n tinmal n tnba\u1e0dt tarabbut a." ] }, { "en": "Trade was allowed only in the cities when the mercantilistic ideology had got the upper hand", "ber": " and the burghers had the exclusive right to conduct commerce within the framework of guilds.", "null": [ "ur tettilli tsbbabt \u0263as g tmdinin addag tla tdyulujit n tsbbabt amsasa n ufus axatar n tnba\u1e0dt", " imswuritn \u0263ursn azrf nwad swuddun tasbbabt g inmula." ] }, { "en": "In order for a settlement to become a city", "ber": " a royal charter granting market right was required", "null": [ " and foreign trade required royally chartered staple port rights.", "taf ad tg yat trabbut n imzda\u0263 tamdint", " icil as ad tam\u1e93 asidd azgzaw \u0263ur ugllid bar ad as digs yili ugadaz", " ar tssutur tsbbabt tab\u1e5b\u1e5bant izrfan n iftasn idslann ittukran." ] }, { "en": "Since most of the population were independent farmer families until the 19th century", "ber": " not serfs nor villeins", "null": [ " there is a remarkable difference in tradition compared to other European countries.", "idd\u0263 iga umata n imzda\u0263 tiwacunin timkraz tilellitin awd g tsuta tis 19", " bla ismxan ula ixmmasn", " illa yan b\u1e6d\u1e6du axatar g wayda ingrasn d tmizar ya\u1e0dn n urubba." ] }, { "en": "Their representatives to the Diet were elected indirectly: each municipality sent electors to elect the representative of an electoral district.", "ber": "kkan ignsasn nnsn g ub\u1e5blaman da ttyastayn s t\u0263arast taruridt", "null": [ " ar ttazn ku tagrawt ta\u0263rmant imstayn ad stin agnsas n ku tasutlt n tfrnin." ] }, { "en": "They had no political rights and could not vote.", "ber": "ur \u0263ursn izrfan isrtann ula ad umun g tfrnin." }, { "en": "In Sweden", "ber": " the Riksdag of the Estates existed until it was replaced with a bicameral Riksdag in 1866", "null": [ " which gave political rights to anyone with a certain income or property.", "g sswid", " rriksdag n tfrkiwin llant allig ttusnfnt s rriksdag n sin isqqimn g usgg\u02b7as n 1866", " ifkan izrfan isrtann i ku yan d ka n t\u0263rad n\u0263 d ayda." ] }, { "en": "In Finland", "ber": " this legal division existed until 1906", "null": [ " still drawing on the Swedish constitution of 1772.", "g finlanda", " illa ub\u1e6d\u1e6du ya azrfan ar asgg\u02b7as n 1906", " isal illa g tmn\u1e0dawt n sswid n usgg\u02b7as n 1772." ] }, { "en": "Furthermore", "ber": " the industrial workers living in the city were not represented by the four-estate system.", "null": [ "rnu as", " nwis ur illi \u0263ur imswuritn imgurann ukrwas g ugrra n tfrkiwin s kku\u1e93t." ] }, { "en": "Later in the 15th and 16th centuries Brussels became the place where the States General assembled.", "ber": "g way\u1e0d uzmz g twisi tis 15 d tis 16 bruksil tga ansa n ugraw amatu n twilayatin." }, { "en": "As a consequence of the Union of Utrecht in 1579 and the events that followed afterwards", "ber": " the States General declared that they no longer obeyed King Philip II of Spain", "null": [ " who was also overlord of the Netherlands.", "s tyafut n wamun n utrixt g usgg\u02b7as n 1579 d yiggitn t i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn", " usin iwankn imatutn awal n wufu\u0263 ddaw tnba\u1e0dt n filibb wis sin agllid n \u1e63\u1e63blyun", " ilan tanba\u1e0dt awd n hulan\u1e0da." ] }, { "en": "It was the level of government where all things were dealt with that were of concern to all the seven provinces that became part of the Republic of the United Netherlands.", "ber": "syifint tsgg\u02b7in kullutnt s sat s uswir n tnba\u1e0dt d t\u0263arast s tsujji imukrisn kcmt g tgduda n hulan\u1e0da imunn." }, { "en": "In the Southern Netherlands", "ber": " the last meetings of the States General loyal to the Habsburgs took place in the Estates General of 1600 and the Estates General of 1632.", "null": [ "g iffus n hulan\u1e0da", " ttugan igrawn n twilayatin timatutin i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn i habsburg g tfrkt tamatut n 1600 d tin 1632." ] }, { "en": "It no longer consisted of representatives of the States", "ber": " let alone the Estates: all men were considered equal under the 1798 Constitution.", "null": [ "ur yad tb\u1e0di xf ignsasn n twilayatin", " ugar n uya : gan akk\u02b7 mddn yan g tmn\u1e0dawt n usgg\u02b7as n 1798." ] }, { "en": "In 1815", "ber": " when the Netherlands were united with Belgium and Luxemburg", "null": [ " the States General were divided into two chambers: the First Chamber and the Second Chamber.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1815", " aynna tmun hulan\u1e0da d bljika d luksumburg", " tb\u1e0da tnba\u1e0dt xf sin isqqamutn: tasutlt tamzwarut d tsutlt tis snat." ] }, { "en": "From 1848 on", "ber": " the Dutch Constitution provides that members of the Second Chamber be elected by the people (at first only by a limited portion of the male population; universal male and female suffrage exists since 1919)", "null": [ " while the members of the First Chamber are chosen by the members of the States Provincial.", "sg usgg\u02b7as n 1848 \u0263r dat", " tusy tmn\u1e0dawt tahulan\u1e0dit astay n igmamn n tm\u1e63\u1e5biyt tis snat ad ig win wamun (g tizwiri kra n iwtman idrusn; uma astayn g llan iwtman d twtmin inta g usgg\u02b7as n 1919)", " ar sttin igmamn n tgrawin ti\u0263manin igmamn n tsutlt tamzwarut g twilayatin." ] }, { "en": "The clergy was represented by the independent prince-bishops", "ber": " prince-archbishops and prince-abbots of the many monasteries.", "null": [ "gin ignsas n tfrkt n ayt us\u0263an igldunn n isqqufn d igldunn n islwayn nnsn d igldunn n ddir n kigan n tg\u02b7mma n imasi\u1e25itn." ] }, { "en": "Many peoples whose territories within the Holy Roman Empire had been independent for centuries had no representatives in the Imperial Diet", "ber": " and this included the Imperial Knights and independent villages.", "null": [ "kigan n i\u0263rfan \u0263ur mi llan ikalln agnsu n tmb\u1e5btu\u1e5bt ta\u1e5bumanit ilan azarug kigan n tsutiwin ur \u0263ursn ignsasn agnsu n ugrra asuccan n tmb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5bit", " g amun awd imnayn n tmb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5bit d i\u0263rman ilan azarug." ] }, { "en": "The four major estates were: nobility (dvoryanstvo)", "ber": " clergy", "null": [ " rural dwellers", " and urban dwellers", " with a more detailed stratification therein.", "gant tfrkiwin tidslanin kku\u1e93t : inubln", " ayt us\u0263an", " d imzda\u0263 n i\u0263rman", "", " d imzda\u0263 n tmdinin", " s kigan n tfiras n tfrkiwin." ] }, { "en": "The bourgeoisie in its original sense is intimately linked to the existence of cities", "ber": " recognized as such by their urban charters (e.g.", "null": [ " municipal charters", " town privileges", " German town law)", " so there was no bourgeoisie apart from the citizenry of the cities.", "tman tbu\u1e5bjwazit s unamk nns a\u1e93u\u1e5ban d tilawt n tmdinin", " ttyassn s wudm a\u0263rman d warratn i\u0263rmann (s umdya", " arratn n tgrawt ta\u0263rmant", " tib\u0263urin n tmdint", " aslgn n tmdint n lalman)", " allig ur n\u0263i ad nsiwl \u0263r tb\u1e5bjwazit min imzda\u0263 n tmdinin." ] }, { "en": "Historically", "ber": " the medieval French word bourgeois denoted the inhabitants of the bourgs (walled market-towns)", "null": [ " the craftsmen", " artisans", " merchants", " and others", " who constituted the bourgeoisie.", "\u201cg umzruy", " tuwy tguri taf\u1e5bansist tabu\u1e5bjwazit g uzmz anammas \u0263r imzda\u0263 iburjwazitn (timdinin n ugadaz bu u\u0263rab)", " d ayt tazzulin", " d isbbabn", " d wiyya\u1e0d", " wid iskan \u201c\u201ctabu\u1e5bjwazit\u201d\u201d.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Guilds arose when individual businessmen (such as craftsmen", "ber": " artisans and merchants) conflicted with their rent-seeking feudal landlords who demanded greater rents than previously agreed.", "null": [ "ff\u0263n d inmulla idd\u0263 b\u1e0dan id bab n twuri (zun d inadn d imgurann d isbbabn) d ifyudaln nn iran lkri ittrn lkri ugar n uynna xf msasan." ] }, { "en": "They tend to belong to a family that has been bourgeois for three or more generations.", "ber": "illa \u0263ursn yiky nwad ilin g ka n twacunin tibu\u1e5bjwaziyin sg k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt tsutiwin n\u0263 ugar." }, { "en": "The names of these families are generally known in the city where they reside", "ber": " and their ancestors have often contributed to the region's history.", "null": [ "assa\u0263n n twacunin ad ttyassnent kigan g tmdint g zd\u0263n", " kigan n tikkal ayd amun imzwura nnsn g usku n umzruy n tmazirt." ] }, { "en": "These people nevertheless live lavishly", "ber": " enjoying the company of the great artists of the time.", "null": [ "mddn a waxxa d am a da ttidirn s usnubg", " ar ttagmn ta\u1e0dfi s amunt n ina\u1e93u\u1e5bn ixatarn g wakud ann." ] }, { "en": "In the French language", "ber": " the term bourgeoisie almost designates a caste by itself", "null": [ " even though social mobility into this socio-economic group is possible.", "g tutlayt taf\u1e5bansist", " i\u1e93ly dru\u0263 d wassa\u0263 n tbu\u1e5bjwazit s yat taggayt i wul nns", " waxxa illa umussu anamun ammas n taggayt ad tanamunt tadmsant." ] }, { "en": "Hitler distrusted capitalism for being unreliable due to its egotism", "ber": " and he preferred a state-directed economy that is subordinated to the interests of the Volk.", "null": [ "ur da ittamn hitlir g tdgart acku ur tli awal tktur s tmrixft", " ar ittiri tadamsa iddan \u0263r uwank ar ikkat xf tnafut n fulk." ] }, { "en": "Hitler also said that the business bourgeoisie know nothing except their profit. '", "ber": "\u201cinna hitlr altu nwis tga tbu\u1e5bjwazit n tsbbabt\u201d\u201dur tssin kra abla arraz.\u201d\u201d" }, { "en": "The utility of these things was inherent in their practical functions.", "ber": "i\u1e93ly ub\u0263ur n iskkinn a g iswuritn nns ilan ad\u0263ar nnsn." }, { "en": "Belle de Jour (Beauty of the day", "ber": " 1967) tells the story of a bourgeois wife who is bored with her marriage and decides to prostitute herself.", "null": [ "ar ttals bil du jur (ta\u1e25li n wass", " 1967) tullist n yat tm\u0263art taburjwazit i\u0263ufan s yiwl nns ar tkkat tummi\u1e93t." ] }, { "en": "In Europe", "ber": " the title of Emperor has been used since the Middle Ages", "null": [ " considered in those times equal or almost equal in dignity to that of Pope due to the latter's position as visible head of the Church and spiritual leader of the Catholic part of Western Europe.", "g u\u1e5bubba", " ittuswuri wassa\u0263 n umb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5b sg uzmz anammas", " ila anamk n\u0263 d attay n ubaba acku iga am\u0263ar n tkanisa d ukswat animan n tu\u1e6d\u1e6dut takatulikt n u\u1e5bubba n u\u0263lluy." ] }, { "en": "In as much as there is a strict definition of emperor", "ber": " it is that an emperor has no relations implying the superiority of any other ruler and typically rules over more than one nation.", "null": [ "ila umb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5b asml nwis ur \u0263urs izdayn d inaba\u1e0dn y\u1e0dn yili tanba\u1e0dt xf wigar n wamun." ] }, { "en": "Their status was officially recognised by the Holy Roman Emperor in 1514", "ber": " although not officially used by the Russian monarchs until 1547.", "null": [ "ittusqrra waddad nnsn s imi n umb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5b a\u1e5bumani bu waddur g usgg\u02b7as n 1514", " waxxa s tal\u0263a tamaddudt ur iss swurin igllidn n rusya ar asgg\u02b7as n 1547." ] }, { "en": "Such pre-Roman titles as Great King or King of Kings", "ber": " used by the Kings of Persia and others", "null": [ " are often considered as the equivalent.", "am wassa\u0263n n dat \u1e5buma zun d agllid amqran n\u0263 d agllid n igllidn", " ittuswurin g tmizar n faris d wiyya\u1e0d", " gan attay n kkif." ] }, { "en": "Empire became identified instead with vast territorial holdings rather than the title of its ruler by the mid-18th century.", "ber": "ta\u0263ul tnb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5bt tla wahli n ikalln g wahli n tsgs s yism n unbba\u1e0d nns g wammas n twisi tis 18." }, { "en": "Ancient Romans abhorred the name Rex (king)", "ber": " and it was critical to the political order to maintain the forms and pretenses of republican rule.", "null": [ "\u201ci\u1e5bumanitn iqburn smuzdrn assa\u0263 n riks (\u201c\u201dagllid\u201d\u201d)", " yili tawuri ugrra asrtan n u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n tal\u0263iwin d yinitn n tnba\u1e0dt tagdudant.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Augustus", "ber": " considered the first Roman emperor", "null": [ " established his hegemony by collecting on himself offices", " titles", " and honours of Republican Rome that had traditionally been distributed to different people", " concentrating what had been distributed power in one man.", "ugustus", " igan amb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5b amzwaru n \u1e5buma", " isars afus xf tnba\u1e0dt s usmuttr n isira xf ixf nns", " assa\u0263n n waddur", " d kigan n ism\u0263urn tettgga tgduda n \u1e5buma ar tb\u1e6d\u1e6du xf kigan n mddn", " ar ttraran aynna ittub\u1e0dun xf tnba\u1e0dt i yan urgaz." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " it was the informal descriptive of Imperator (commander) that became the title increasingly favored by his successors.", "null": [ "\u201cwaxxa d aya", " ikka tt nn ufaris aramaddud i umb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5b (\u201c\u201camaway\u201d\u201d) stin t s tayri ina\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn nns.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "This is one of the most enduring titles: Caesar and its transliterations appeared in every year from the time of Caesar Augustus to Tsar Simeon II of Bulgaria's removal from the throne in 1946.", "ber": "ig yan sg wassa\u0263n izdin kigan: iff\u0263 d uqay\u1e63a\u1e5b d isu\u0263al nns ku asgg\u02b7as sg tizi n uqay\u1e63a\u1e5b ugustus ar aqay\u1e63a\u1e5b simyun wis sin sg t\u1e0du\u1e5bi n tgldit n bl\u0263a\u1e5bya asgg\u02b7as n 1946." }, { "en": "Exceptions include the title of the Augustan History", "ber": " a semi-historical collection of Emperors' biographies of the 2nd and 3rd century.", "null": [ "yili g islidn uzwl n umzruy n ugustan", " yat trabbut n tazgnmzruyt n tmddurin n ikswatn n tsuta tis 2 d tis 3." ] }, { "en": "Few were however granted the title", "ber": " and it was certainly not a rule that all wives of reigning Emperors would receive it.", "null": [ "maka ka n yids ayd ifkan assa\u0263 a", " ur igi aslgn ad t ilint tm\u0263arin n ikswatn inbba\u1e0dn kull." ] }, { "en": "In the late Republic", "ber": " as in the early years of the new monarchy", "null": [ " Imperator was a title granted to Roman generals by their troops and the Roman Senate after a great victory", " roughly comparable to field marshal (head or commander of the entire army).", "g isgg\u02b7asn imggura n tgduda", " imkinna ikkan g isgg\u02b7asn imzwura n ugrra agldan amaynu", " fkant trubba n isrdasn d usqqim n im\u0263arn i\u1e5bumanitn assa\u0263 n umb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5b i ijini\u1e5baln i\u1e5bumanitn ffir tarnawt nnsn tamq\u1e5bant", " attay n uma\u1e5bcal (aslway n\u0263 amaway n isrdasn kullutn)." ] }, { "en": "The succeeding Nervan-Antonian Dynasty", "ber": " ruling for most of the 2nd century", "null": [ " stabilised the Empire.", "ffir as tum\u1e93 tmb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5bt twacunt n nirfan an\u1e6dunyan", " tili tanba\u1e0dt amata n tsuta tis 2." ] }, { "en": "Three short lived secessionist attempts had their own emperors: the Gallic Empire", "ber": " the Britannic Empire", "null": [ " and the Palmyrene Empire though the latter used rex more regularly.", "ikka tt nn \u0263ur k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt tirimin n ustay tigzlanin al\u0263u\u0263n nns: tamb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5bt ta\u0263alit", " tamb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5bt tab\u1e5bi\u1e6danit", " d tamb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5bt tabalmirinit", " waxxa tkka ar tswuri riks kigan n tikkal." ] }, { "en": "At one point", "ber": " there were as many as five sharers of the imperium (see: Tetrarchy).", "null": [ "g yat n tikklt", " ikka tt nn wattay n smmust n ixatarn n imbiryalitn (\u1e93\u1e5b: titrarci)." ] }, { "en": "The city is more commonly called Constantinople and is today named Istanbul).", "ber": "tg tmdint ad taxatart is\u1e6dambul assa\u0263 nns d\u0263i is\u1e6danbul)." }, { "en": "These Later Roman Byzantine Emperors completed the transition from the idea of the Emperor as a semi-republican official to the Emperor as an absolute monarch.", "ber": "\u201ci\u1e5bumanitn ad imggura \u201c\u201d ibizan\u1e6ditn\u201d\u201d smdn ammuty sg tkti n umb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5b igan am\u0263ar azgnagdudan \u0263r amb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5b igan agllid ismdn.\u201d" }, { "en": "Byzantine period emperors also used the Greek word autokrator", "ber": " meaning one who rules himself", "null": [ " or monarch", " which was traditionally used by Greek writers to translate the Latin dictator.", "\u201cimkinna swurin imb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5bn ibizan\u1e6ditn taguri tayunanit \u201c\u201cuduktatut\u201d\u201d", " \u0263ur anamk n \u201c\u201cafgan innb\u1e0dn g ixf nns\u201d\u201d n\u0263 d \u201c\u201cagllid\u201d\u201d", " swuran s t\u0263arst taqburt imarutn iyunanitn g usu\u0263l n udiktatur alatini.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "In fact", "ber": " none of these (and other) additional epithets and titles had ever been completely discarded.", "null": [ "g tilawt ass\u0263n ad ula assa\u0263n ya\u1e0dn (d wiyya\u1e0d) ur ttuzriyn g yat tikklt s abda." ] }, { "en": "Following the tragedy of the horrific sacking of the city", "ber": " the conquerors declared a new Empire of Romania", "null": [ " known to historians as the Latin Empire of Constantinople", " installing Baldwin IX", " Count of Flanders", " as Emperor.", "\u201cg wakud n uqdds iccay\u1e0dn n tmdint", " ssaf\u0263n d imsdurritn al\u0263u \u201c\u201ctambraturit ta\u1e5bumanit\u201d\u201d tamaynut", " ittwassnn \u0263ur inmzruyn s wassa\u0263 n tambraturit talatinit n tqu\u1e63\u1e6dan\u1e6dint", " yum\u1e93 baldwin wis t\u1e93a. kunt n flandrz", " d amb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5b.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "From the time of Otto the Great onward", "ber": " much of the former Carolingian kingdom of Eastern Francia became the Holy Roman Empire.", "null": [ "sg wakud n uttu amqran s ma ay d ikkan ffi as", " ya\u0263ul umata n tgldit f\u1e5bansya n unqqr taka\u1e5bulijit n zik iga win tmb\u1e6du\u1e5bit ta\u1e5bumanit mm waddur." ] }, { "en": "This junior King then bore the title of Roman King (King of the Romans).", "ber": "illig ila ugllid amaynu assa\u0263 n ugllid a\u1e5bumani (agllid n i\u1e5bumin)." }, { "en": "The Holy Roman Emperor was considered the first among those in power.", "ber": "iga umb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5b a\u1e5bumani bu tibar amzwaru ing ayt tnba\u1e0dt ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "Geography is often defined in terms of two branches: human geography and physical geography.", "ber": "ar as tettufka tsnumlt i tj\u0263rafit s sin wanawn: taj\u0263rafit tanfgant d tj\u0263rafit takmamt." }, { "en": "Traditionally", "ber": " geography has been associated with cartography and place names.", "null": [ "s wayda", " tzdy tj\u0263rafit s wunu\u0263n d wass\u0263n n id\u0263arn." ] }, { "en": "Because space and place affect a variety of topics", "ber": " such as economics", "null": [ " health", " climate", " plants and animals", " geography is highly interdisciplinary.", "idd\u0263 da issnfal usayrar d ud\u0263ar kigan n isntal", " zun d tadamsa d tdusi d unzwi d im\u0263ayn d imudar", " aya as tga tj\u0263\u1e5baft tagti\u1e93li kigan." ] }, { "en": "The former largely focuses on the built environment and how humans create", "ber": " view", "null": [ " manage", " and influence space.", "amzwaru iskutta kigan xf ugama ittskan d mamk illa ifgan", " asksw", " tanba\u1e0dt", " d wu\u1e0dusn n usayrar." ] }, { "en": "It requires an understanding of the traditional aspects of physical and human geography", "ber": " like the ways that human societies conceptualize the environment.", "null": [ "ar ittettr armas i tsgg\u02b7in tiqburin i tj\u0263raft tamttat d tj\u0263raft tanfgant", " zun d ibrdan s ttggant trubba tinfganin ikz n tgama." ] }, { "en": "The study of systems larger than the Earth itself usually forms part of Astronomy or Cosmology.", "ber": "tga tzrawt n imagawn n wakal anaw n ts\u1e6d\u1e5bunumit n\u0263 d n tkusmulujit." }, { "en": "Regional science: In the 1950s", "ber": " the regional science movement led by Walter Isard arose to provide a more quantitative and analytical base to geographical questions", "null": [ " in contrast to the descriptive tendencies of traditional geography programs.", "tussniwin t tsgg\u02b7in: g isgg\u02b7asn ismmumrawn 1950", " tussniwin t tsgg\u02b7in s yiwy n walt\u1e5b iza\u1e5bd i usmri ugar n tsila tamamkt d tsfsayt i isqsitn ij\u0263rafitn", " mgal n tnilatin tisnummal i wahil anj\u0263raf aqbur." ] }, { "en": "Cartography has grown from a collection of drafting techniques into an actual science.", "ber": "igma wunu\u0263 n i\u0263awasn sg yat ts\u1e0dma n t\u0263arasin n wunu\u0263 ar yat tussna n d\u0263i." }, { "en": "In addition to all of the other subdisciplines of geography", "ber": " GIS specialists must understand computer science and database systems.", "null": [ "ilaq i im\u1e93lay n ugrra n tussna n tj\u0263raft ad rmsn tussniwin n umssuds d ugrra n tsila n isfka", " imkinna\u0263 awd i i\u1e93layn iflufn ya\u1e0dn n tj\u0263raft." ] }, { "en": "Geostatistics is used extensively in a variety of fields", "ber": " including hydrology", "null": [ " geology", " petroleum exploration", " weather analysis", " urban planning", " logistics", " and epidemiology.", "ar tettuswuri tj\u0263raft n usi\u1e0dn g kigan n yigran", " g tamu thid\u1e5bulujt", " d tjyulujt", " d yinig n ubit\u1e5bul", " afssay n unzwi", " a\u0263awas a\u0263rman", " lujisytik", " d tussna n wa\u1e6d\u1e6dann." ] }, { "en": "The map as reconstructed by Eckhard Unger shows Babylon on the Euphrates", "ber": " surrounded by a circular landmass showing Assyria", "null": [ " Urartu", " and several cities", " in turn surrounded by a bitter river (Oceanus)", " with seven islands arranged around it so as to form a seven-pointed star.", "\u201ctaka\u1e5b\u1e6da imkinna s as yuls asku ikha\u1e5bd ungr da tsskan babil xf ufrat tetty as yat txft tawrerrayt isskann asirya", " urartu", " d tmdinin ya\u1e0dn", " mi itty \u201c\u201cwasif am\u1e5b\u1e93ag\u201d\u201d (usyanus)", " d sat n tgzirin ilan anmila nns ar sskarnt titrit mm sat n tnqqa\u1e0d.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "In contrast to the Imago Mundi", "ber": " an earlier Babylonian world map dating back to the 9th century BC depicted Babylon as being further north from the center of the world", "null": [ " though it is not certain what that center was supposed to represent.", "mgal n imagu mundi", " ya\u0263ul uzmz n tka\u1e5b\u1e0da tama\u1e0dlant tababilit n zwar \u0263r tsuta tis 9 dat n tlalit ar digs sirisn babil g i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d xf wammas n uma\u1e0dal", " waxxa urss mami i\u0263y wammas a ad t ig." ] }, { "en": "Thales is also credited with the prediction of eclipses.", "ber": "tals ayd ilan addur n uswngm g tifi n t\u0263amut n wayyur." }, { "en": "There is some debate about who was the first person to assert that the Earth is spherical in shape", "ber": " with the credit going either to Parmenides or Pythagoras.", "null": [ "illa waddur \u0263ur ufgan amzwaru innan nwis iga yitri n wakal bu tal\u0263a n tcamma", " ar ittyini yan sg sin a ayd yusin addur ad ya ba\u1e5bminids n\u0263 d fita\u0263urs." ] }, { "en": "One of the first estimates of the radius of the Earth was made by Eratosthenes.", "ber": "yan sg isutgn imzwaura n i\u1e93in\u1e93\u1e5b n wakal iga t win i\u1e5batustinis." }, { "en": "The meridians were sub-divided into 360\u00b0", "ber": " with each degree further subdivided into 60 (minutes).", "null": [ "b\u1e0dan izgigitn n ta\u0263zi xf 360\u00b0", " ku tafsna s 60 (tusdidin)." ] }, { "en": "He extended the work of Hipparchus", "ber": " using a grid system on his maps and adopting a length of 56.5 miles for a degree.", "null": [ "is\u0263uda tawuri n hibba\u1e5bcus", " s uswuri n ugrra n tratsa n xf tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin nns d uswuri n ta\u0263zi n 56.5 mil i tsk\u02b7flt." ] }, { "en": "During the Middle Ages", "ber": " the fall of the Roman empire led to a shift in the evolution of geography from Europe to the Islamic world.", "null": [ "g uzmz anammas", " tuwy d t\u1e0du\u1e5bi n tmb\u1e5bati\u1e5bit ta\u1e5bumanit asnfl n tj\u0263\u1e5baft sg u\u1e5bubba \u0263r uma\u1e0dal amunslm." ] }, { "en": "Further", "ber": " Islamic scholars translated and interpreted the earlier works of the Romans and the Greeks and established the House of Wisdom in Baghdad for this purpose.", "null": [ "ssu\u0263ln imusnawn inslmn ssfrun tiwuriwin timzwura n i\u1e5bumanitn d iyunanitn skun tigmmi n tussna g b\u0263dad xf twuri ad." ] }, { "en": "Abu Rayhan Biruni (976\u20131048) first described a polar equi-azimuthal equidistant projection of the celestial sphere.", "ber": "isnuml abu ri\u1e25an bi\u1e5buni (976\u20131048) tikklt tamzwarut ta\u1e0duri isawan takurt n yignna." }, { "en": "He also developed similar techniques when it came to measuring the heights of mountains", "ber": " depths of the valleys", "null": [ " and expanse of the horizon.", "imkinna isbu\u0263la ti\u0263arasin n ussi\u1e0dn n ta\u0263zi n idurar", " d ta\u025bumt n isaffn", " d tirut n umnid." ] }, { "en": "The problem facing both explorers and geographers was finding the latitude and longitude of a geographic location.", "ber": "amukris ttafan imrzutn d ij\u0263rafitn iga tifi n uzgig n tirut d uzgig n ta\u0263zi i yan unsa aj\u0263rafi." }, { "en": "The 18th and the 19th centuries were the times when geography became recognized as a discrete academic discipline", "ber": " and became part of a typical university curriculum in Europe (especially Paris and Berlin).", "null": [ "gant tsutiwin tis 18 d tis 19 akud g as ittufka i tj\u0263raft ad tsty tg yan ugrra akadimi istin", " tg altu yan ugzzum n t\u0263arast n usslmd asdawan g u\u1e5bubba (lumn g baris d birlin)." ] }, { "en": "Over the past two centuries", "ber": " the advancements in technology with computers have led to the development of geomatics and new practices such as participant observation and geostatistics being incorporated into geography's portfolio of tools.", "null": [ "xf snat tsutiwin izrin", " ifka d ubu\u0263lu n tetiknulujit s uswuri n imssudsn d usbu\u0263lu n tjyumatikt d twuriwin timaynutin zun d \u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n imdrawn d usidf n tjyustatistikt g usu\u0263ad n tj\u0263raft." ] }, { "en": "Arnold Henry Guyot (1807\u20131884)\u00a0\u2013 noted the structure of glaciers and advanced understanding in glacier motion", "ber": " especially in fast ice flow.", "null": [ "i\u1e93\u1e5ba a\u1e5bnuld hinri guyut (1807\u20131884)\u00a0\u2013 tuskiwin n isaffn n ugris d umussu nnsn", " lumn ufu\u0263 asddraf n ugris." ] }, { "en": "William Morris Davis (1850\u20131934)\u00a0\u2013 father of American geography and developer of the cycle of erosion.", "ber": "wilyam mu\u1e5bis difis (1850\u20131934)\u00a0\u2013 bab n tj\u0263\u1e5baft tamirikanit d umsnfl n tsutlt n uttyicc." }, { "en": "Ellen Churchill Semple (1863\u20131932)\u00a0\u2013 first female president of the Association of American Geographers.", "ber": "ilin tcircil simbl (1863\u20131932)\u00a0\u2013 d tam\u0263art tamzwarut igan taslwayt n tzl\u0263a n ij\u0263rafitn imirikanitn." }, { "en": "Walter Christaller (1893\u20131969)\u00a0\u2013 human geographer and inventor of Central place theory.", "ber": "wakt\u1e5b kristalr (1893\u20131969)\u00a0\u2013 amassan n tjyulujt talsant d umsllwu n ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n ud\u0263ar anammas." }, { "en": "David Harvey (born 1935)\u00a0\u2013 Marxist geographer and author of theories on spatial and urban geography", "ber": " winner of the Vautrin Lud Prize.", "null": [ "difid ha\u1e5bfi (ilula g 1935) \u2013 amassan n tjyulujt tamarksit d umssuf\u0263 n ti\u1e93i\u1e5bin xf tju\u0263raft tad\u0263arant d t\u0263rmant", " yawy tasm\u0263urt n futrin lud." ] }, { "en": "In some cases", "ber": " a distinction is made between the official (constitutional) capital and the seat of government", "null": [ " which is in another place.", "g kra n tikkal", " illa b\u1e6d\u1e6du gr udgar amaddud (n tmn\u1e0dawt) d wansa n tnba\u1e0dt", " illan g way\u1e0d wansa." ] }, { "en": "Examples are ancient Babylon", "ber": " Abbasid Baghdad", "null": [ " ancient Athens", " Rome", " Bratislava", " Budapest", " Constantinople", " Chang'an", " ancient Cusco", " Kyiv", " Madrid", " Paris", " Podgorica", " London", " Beijing", " Prague", " Tallinn", " Tokyo", " Lisbon", " Riga", " Vilnius", " and Warsaw.", "sg imdyatn", " babil taqburt", " \u025bbasid b\u0263dad", " atina taqburt", " \u1e5buma", " b\u1e5batislafa", " budabst", " taqus\u1e6dan\u1e6dint", " tcangan", " kusku taqburt", " kyif", " madrid", " baris", " budguritsa", " lundun", " bikkin", " brag", " tallinn", " \u1e6dukyu", " licbuna", " riga", " filnyus", " d warsaw." ] }, { "en": "In some countries", "ber": " the capital has been changed for geopolitical reasons; Finland's first city", "null": [ " Turku", " which had served as the country's capital since the Middle Ages under the Swedish rule", " lost its right during the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1812", " when Helsinki was made the current capital of Finland by the Russian Empire.", "g kra n tmizar", " ittusnfl udgar s umntil n tj\u0263raft tasrtant; tamdint tamzwarut g finlanda", " tu\u1e5bku", " ikkan igan zun d taman\u0263t n uwank sg uzmz anammas ddaw tnba\u1e0dt taswidit", " idda as uzrf g duqya tamqrant n finlanda asgg\u02b7as n 1812", " kudnna tga hilsinki taman\u0263t n finlanda n wasa s ufus n tb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5bt n rusya." ] }, { "en": "In Canada", "ber": " there is a federal capital", "null": [ " while the ten provinces and three territories each have capital cities.", "g kanada", " tlla tman\u0263t tafidiralt", " uma tisgg\u02b7in ya\u1e0dn s mrawt d tmna\u1e0din s k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt \u0263urdnt timan\u0263in nnsnt." ] }, { "en": "In Australia", "ber": " the term capital cities is regularly used to refer to those six state capitals plus the federal capital Canberra", "null": [ " and Darwin", " the capital of the Northern Territory.", "\u201c g us\u1e6d\u1e5balya", " da ittuswuri yirim \u201c\u201ctiman\u0263in\u201d\u201d ad ttusknent tman\u0263in n twilayatin s s\u1e0di\u1e63t d tman\u0263t tafid\u1e5balt kanb\u1e5ba", " d \u1e0da\u1e5bwin", " taman\u0263t n tsga ta\u1e93lma\u1e0dt.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Unlike in federations", "ber": " there is usually not a separate national capital", "null": [ " but rather the capital city of one constituent nation will also be the capital of the state overall", " such as London", " which is the capital of England and of the United Kingdom.", "mgal n tfidi\u1e5balin", " ur da tettili tman\u0263t tanamurt tustiyt", " maka da tettili tman\u0263t n uwank ittggan tin twilayat", " zun d lun\u1e0dun", " igan taman\u0263t n inglati\u1e5b\u1e5ba d tgldit imunn." ] }, { "en": "The national capitals of Germany and Russia (the Stadtstaat of Berlin and the federal city of Moscow) are also constituent states of both countries in their own right.", "ber": "imkinna gant tman\u0263in tinamurin n lmanya d rusya (stadstat n birlin d tmdint tafidi\u1e5balt n musku) gint timdinin awd nitni." }, { "en": "Frankfort", "ber": " Kentucky", "null": [ " midway between Louisville and Lexington.", "f\u1e5bankfu\u1e5bt", " kin\u1e6daki", " g mawwas n ubrid ingr lwisfil d liksingtun." ] }, { "en": "Tallahassee", "ber": " Florida", "null": [ " chosen as the midpoint between Pensacola and St. Augustine", " Florida \u2013 then the two largest cities in Florida.", "talahassi", " flu\u1e5bi\u1e0da", " ttustint g wammas n binsakula d sant ugustin", " flu\u1e5bi\u1e0da \u2013 gint altu snat tmdinit tixatarin g flu\u1e5bi\u1e0da." ] }, { "en": "Changes in a nation's political regime sometimes result in the designation of a new capital.", "ber": "ar d akkan isnulfutn n yigawn isrtann ka n tikkal yiyafutin n astay n tman\u0263t tamaynut." }, { "en": "When the Canary Islands became an autonomous community in 1982", "ber": " Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria were both given capital status.", "null": [ "aynna gant tgzirin n uknari amun animan g usgg\u02b7as n 1982", " gant santa kruz n tnirifi d las \u1e25almas n uknari akswat ammas n udgar." ] }, { "en": "Estonia: the Supreme Court and the Ministry of Education and Research are located in Tartu.", "ber": "istunya : tlla tnba\u1e0dt tamajjgalt d tmawast n usslmd d urzzu g tartu." }, { "en": "In case of emergency", "ber": " the seat of the constitutional powers can be transferred to another town", "null": [ " in order for the Houses of Parliament to sit in the same location as the President and Cabinet.", "g waddad n umukris", " i\u0263y ad ittusitty wansa n tnba\u1e0din tidusturitin \u0263r tay\u1e0d tmazirt", " taf ad tt\u0263iman isqqumn n ub\u1e5blaman g yan ud\u0263ar d uslway d usqqim n imawasn." ] }, { "en": "The entire state machinery shifts from one city to another every six months.", "ber": "ar ttusmuttuyn wallaln n uwank ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba sg tmdint \u0263r tay\u1e0d ku \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63t n wayyurn." }, { "en": "Dharamshala", "ber": " which is also the headquarters of the Central Tibetan Administration", "null": [ " is the second winter capital of the state.", "\u1e0da\u1e5bamcala", " tga ansa n tmhla n ttibit tanammast", " tg taman\u0263t tis snat n twilayat g tgrst." ] }, { "en": "The city itself is administered as a Union territory.", "ber": "ar tssudu tmdint ixf nns d tasga i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn i wamun anamur." }, { "en": "Uttarakhand: Dehradun is the administrative and legislative capital", "ber": " while the high court is located in Nainital.", "null": [ "uta\u1e5baxand: tga dih\u1e5badun tman\u0263t tanmhalt d tslgant", " tili tsb\u1e0dayt tamajjgalt g naynital." ] }, { "en": "Its construction started in 1960 and was completed in 1966.", "ber": "issnta usku nns g usgg\u02b7as n 1960 ismd g usgg\u02b7as n 1966." }, { "en": "The presidential palace (Malacanang Palace) and the Supreme Court are located within the capital city but the two houses of Congress are located in separate suburbs.", "ber": "tlla t\u0263rmt taslwayt (ti\u0263rmt n malakanang) d tsb\u1e0dayt tamajjgalt agnsu n tman\u0263t", "null": [ " maka isqqimn n ukungris llan g sin wansiwn ib\u1e0dan." ] }, { "en": "Sri Lanka: Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is designated the administrative capital and the location of the parliament", "ber": " while the former capital", "null": [ " Colombo", " is now designated as the commercial capital.", "\u201csrilanka: tga sri jayawardinibura kut taman\u0263t tanmhalt d wansa n ub\u1e5blaman", " maka tga tman\u0263t taqburt kulumbu ta\u0263ul tga \u201c\u201ctaman\u0263t n tsbbabt\u201d\u201d.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "South Africa: The administrative capital is Pretoria", "ber": " the legislative capital is Cape Town", "null": [ " and the judicial capital is Bloemfontein.", "ifridya n iffus: taman\u0263t tanmhalt tga bri\u1e6durya", " d tman\u0263t taslgant tga tt kib tawn", " d tman\u0263t tanzraft tga tt blumfuntin." ] }, { "en": "Switzerland: Bern is the Federal City of Switzerland and functions as de facto capital.", "ber": "swis\u1e5ba: tga burn tamdint tafidi\u1e5balt n swis\u1e5ba tg altu taman\u0263t tun\u1e63ibt nns." }, { "en": "Also similar to Illinois and New York State", "ber": " most statewide elected officials and officers who are based in Southeast Pennsylvania (City of Philadelphia", "null": [ " Bucks County", " Montgomery County", " Delaware County", " and Chester County) prefer working mostly in Philadelphia.", "am silinuy d nyuyurk", " da ttirin tawuri umata n inbba\u1e0dn imstayn d ikswatn n isrdasn illan g wammas n iffus n unqqr n bnsilfanya(tamdint n filadilfya", " tagrawt n buks", " tagrawt n muntgumri", " tagrawt n dilawir", " d tgrawt n tcistr) ar ttirin tawuri g filadlifya" ] }, { "en": "Israel and Palestine: Both the Government of Israel and the Palestinian Authority claim Jerusalem as their capital.", "ber": "is\u1e5byil d dilis\u1e6din: lant tnba\u1e0din nnsnt s snat yat tma\u0263t igan lquds." }, { "en": "A symbolic relocation of a capital city to a geographically or demographically peripheral location may be for either economic or strategic reasons (sometimes known as a forward capital or spearhead capital).", "ber": "i\u0263y ad ig usmutty amataran i tman\u0263t \u0263r kra n wansa ittussitmn g tj\u0263raft n\u0263 g tdimu\u0263raft s imntiln idamsann n\u0263 ist\u1e5batijitn (ar ttuyassan s mata s wassa\u0263 n udgar uzwir n\u0263 ixf n udgar)." }, { "en": "The Ming emperors moved their capital to Beijing from the more central Nanjing to help supervise the border with the Mongols.", "ber": "smattin imb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5bn n ming taman\u0263t nnsn \u0263r bikin sg nanjing ikkan g wammas tbdd xf imran n grasn d ima\u0263uln." }, { "en": "Delhi finally became the colonial capital after the Coronation Durbar of King-Emperor George V in 1911", "ber": " continuing as independent India's capital from 1947.", "null": [ "tdwl dilhi taman\u0263t tamsddurrit ffir taguri n usni n du\u1e5bba\u1e5b agllid amb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5b i ju\u1e5bj wis smmus zsgg\u02b7as n 1911", " tqqim tga taman\u0263t n hind tasimant sg usgg\u02b7as n 1947." ] }, { "en": "Sometimes", "ber": " the location of a new capital city was chosen to terminate actual or potential squabbling between various entities", "null": [ " such as in the cases of Canberra", " Ottawa", " Washington", " Wellington and Managua.", "g kra n tikkal", " da tettustay tman\u0263t tamaynut taf ad ifukku imn\u0263i n\u0263 ti\u1e93it illan n\u0263 i\u0263in ad yili ingr igzzumn", " imkinna itugan g kanbi\u1e5ba d utawa d wacin\u1e6dun d wilingtun d managuwa." ] }, { "en": "In the Three Kingdoms period", "ber": " both Shu and Wu fell when their respective capitals of Chengdu and Jianye fell.", "null": [ "g tizi n tglditin s k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt", " i\u1e0d\u1e5ba cu d wu idd\u0263 \u1e0d\u1e5bant tman\u0263in nnsn tcingdu d jyani." ] }, { "en": "After the Qing dynasty's collapse", "ber": " decentralization of authority and improved transportation and communication technologies allowed both the Chinese Nationalists and Chinese Communists to rapidly relocate capitals and keep their leadership structures intact during the great crisis of Japanese invasion.", "null": [ "ffir ta\u1e0du\u1e5bi n twacunt tcing", " tsam\u1e25 tarammas n tnba\u1e0dt d us\u0263udu n tetiqnitin n usmuddu d umyawa\u1e0d i inamunn i\u1e63initn d injmawn i\u1e63initn ad smuttin timan\u0263in zik d wad \u1e25\u1e0dun if\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63n n tnba\u1e0din nnsn imkinna gant g tassast taxatart n usdurri ayabani." ] }, { "en": "It can be defined as a permanent and densely settled place with administratively defined boundaries whose members work primarily on non-agricultural tasks.", "ber": "n\u0263y ad as nfk asnuml n wis iga yan wansa iqqiman izdin s iwtta idblann g swurin igmamn nns g twuriwin ur igin tin tkrza." }, { "en": "Historically", "ber": " city-dwellers have been a small proportion of humanity overall", "null": [ " but following two centuries of unprecedented and rapid urbanization", " more than half of the world population now lives in cities", " which has had profound consequences for global sustainability.", "g umzruy", " kkan imzda\u0263 n tmdinin drusn s umata", " maka ffir snat tsutiwin n us\u0263rm asddrfan jjin ur ikkin", " da ttidirn wugar n uzgn n uma\u1e0dal d\u0263i g tmdinin", " aynna \u0263ur ttilint tyafutin ur i\u0263udin xf tsulant tama\u1e0dlant." ] }, { "en": "This increased influence means that cities also have significant influences on global issues", "ber": " such as sustainable development", "null": [ " global warming and global health.", "i\u1e0di\u1e5b a ittzayadn da d yakka i tmdinin i\u1e0di\u1e5bi\u1e5bn ixatarn xf tmntilin tima\u1e0dlanin", " zun d tanfalit tasulant d i\u0263imi anr\u0263an d tdusi tama\u1e0dlant." ] }, { "en": "Therefore", "ber": " compact cities are often referred to as a crucial element of fighting climate change.", "null": [ "s uya", " da ittyini nwis d timdinin ayd iba\u1e0dn g usnfl n unzwi." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " country capitals such as Beijing", "null": [ " London", " Mexico City", " Moscow", " Nairobi", " New Delhi", " Paris", " Rome", " Athens", " Seoul", " Tokyo", " and Washington", " D.C. reflect the identity and apex of their respective nations.", "s umdya", " timan\u0263in am bikin", " lundun", " miksiku siti", " musku", " nayrubi", " nyudilhi", " baris", " \u1e5buma", " atina", " syul", " \u1e6dukyu", " wacin\u1e6dun", " taman\u0263t da tsskan tamagit n ku awank." ] }, { "en": "The city may be looked on as a story", "ber": " a pattern of relations between human groups", "null": [ " a production and distribution space", " a field of physical force", " a set of linked decisions", " or an arena of conflict.", "i\u0263y ad tettusksw tmdint nwis tga tallast", " n\u0263 d yan wanya n izdayn n gr tgrawin tinfganin", " n\u0263 d yat tasna n ufars d ub\u1e6d\u1e6du", " n\u0263 d igr n tzmrt takmamt", " n\u0263 yat n trabbut n yinitn imunn", " n\u0263 asrar n ti\u1e93it." ] }, { "en": "National censuses use a variety of definitions - invoking factors such as population", "ber": " population density", "null": [ " number of dwellings", " economic function", " and infrastructure - to classify populations as urban.", "da swurin isi\u1e0dinn inamurn yat trabbut n isnmal - g d ttubdarn imwuritn zun d imzd\u0263 d tn\u1e93\u1e93i n imzda\u0263 d um\u1e0dan n imzda\u0263 d twuri tadamsant d tiski tanadawt - i b\u1e6d\u1e6du n imzda\u0263 n wis gan i\u0263rmann." ] }, { "en": "The mutual interdependence of town and country has one consequence so obvious that it is easily overlooked: at the global scale", "ber": " cities are generally confined to areas capable of supporting a permanent agricultural population.", "null": [ "illa \u0263ur ts\u0263unt n gr tmdint d tgama yat n tyafut ibaynn mi nba\u1e0d ad tt nssitm zikk: g uswir ama\u1e0dlan", " da ttilint tmdinin g wansiwn iba\u1e0dn g wannal n imzda\u0263 imkraz aha." ] }, { "en": "As cities grew in complexity", "ber": " the major civic institutions", "null": [ " from seats of government to religious buildings", " would also come to dominate these points of convergence.", "s urnu n urbbj n tmdinin", " a\u0263uln hrfnt tmrsal tidslanin n tmdint xf izdayn sg isgiwar n tnba\u1e0dt ar tuskiwin n us\u0263an." ] }, { "en": "Physical environment generally constrains the form in which a city is built.", "ber": "da ikrrf usku n tmdint ku tikklt tagama." }, { "en": "And it may be set up for optimal defense given the surrounding landscape.", "ber": "i\u0263y ad ittug win waray idd\u0263 as ttin imu\u0263litn i\u0263aratn." }, { "en": "This form could evolve from successive growth over a long time", "ber": " with concentric traces of town walls and citadels marking older city boundaries.", "null": [ "i\u0263y ad tbu\u0263lu tal\u0263a ad sg ubu\u0263lu azdayan xf tizi taxatart", " s yili n i\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e93n munnin d ufrag n tmdint d t\u0263rmatin igan iwtta n tmdint taqburt." ] }, { "en": "In cities such as Moscow", "ber": " this pattern is still clearly visible.", "null": [ "g yids n tmdinin zun d musku", " isul waddad ittyinniy imkinna iga." ] }, { "en": "Excavations in these areas have found the ruins of cities geared variously towards trade", "ber": " politics", "null": [ " or religion.", "ttyafant txntffutin g wansiwn n tmdinin g tla tsbbabt d tsrtit d us\u0263an." ] }, { "en": "China's planned cities were constructed according to sacred principles to act as celestial microcosms.", "ber": "ttuskant tmdinin ti\u1e63initin tis\u0263iwas xf trsal tifu\u1e93arin ad gin imdyan im\u1e93yann n yignna." }, { "en": "These sites appear planned in a highly regimented and stratified fashion", "ber": " with a minimalistic grid of rooms for the workers and increasingly more elaborate housing available for higher classes.", "null": [ "ar ttyinniyn wansiwn ad s us\u0263iws nnsn n is dusn kigan", " g llantkra n tm\u1e63iyin timdhac n imswuritn", " d tzdu\u0263in fulkinin i tfrkiwin tinafllatin." ] }, { "en": "In the following centuries", "ber": " independent city-states of Greece", "null": [ " especially Athens", " developed the polis", " an association of male landowning citizens who collectively constituted the city.", "g tsutiwin tim\u1e0dfa\u1e5b", " gant twilayatin tisimanin g uyunan", " lumn atina", " yan usbu\u0263lu n tmsulta", " igan yat n tzl\u0263a n wamun awtman ilan akal isskrn tamdint s tamunt nnsn." ] }, { "en": "Under the authority of its empire", "ber": " Rome transformed and founded many cities (coloniae)", "null": [ " and with them brought its principles of urban architecture", " design", " and society.", "ddaw tnba\u1e0dt tamb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5bt nns", " tsnfl \u1e5buma tssuds cigan n tmdinin (kulunya)", " g tsskr tasgda ta\u0263rmant", " d us\u0263iws d wamun." ] }, { "en": "The Norte Chico civilization included as many as 30 major population centers in what is now the Norte Chico region of north-central coastal Peru.", "ber": "tskcm t\u0263rma nu\u1e5bt ciku attay n 30 wammas amzda\u0263 adslan illan d\u0263i g wansa n nu\u1e5bt ciku g i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d n wammas n biru n uftas." }, { "en": "The locus of power in the West shifted to Constantinople and to the ascendant Islamic civilization with its major cities Baghdad", "ber": " Cairo", "null": [ " and C\u00f3rdoba.", "idwl wansa n tdusi g iffus \u0263r tqu\u1e6dan\u1e6dint d t\u0263rma tanslmt s tmdinin nns tidslanin g b\u0263dad d qahi\u1e5ba d qu\u1e5b\u1e6duba." ] }, { "en": "By the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries", "ber": " some cities become powerful states", "null": [ " taking surrounding areas under their control or establishing extensive maritime empires.", "g tsuwtiwin tis k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt d mraw d kku\u1e93t d mraw", " dwlnt ka n tmdinin tiwankin dusnin", " usint wansiwn illan ddaw tnba\u1e0dt nnsnt n\u0263 skant timb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5bin n yill tixatarin." ] }, { "en": "Western Europe's larger capitals (London and Paris) benefited from the growth of commerce following the emergence of an Atlantic trade.", "ber": "ssb\u0263rnt tman\u0263in n u\u1e5bubba n u\u0263lluy timqranin (lun\u1e0dun d baris) sg tnfalit n tsbbabt g tiski n tsbbabt n wantlanti\u1e6d." }, { "en": "England led the way as London became the capital of a world empire and cities across the country grew in locations strategic for manufacturing.", "ber": "tusy tanba\u1e0dt n ubrid inglati\u1e5b\u1e5ba sg ma ayd tga lun\u1e0dun taman\u0263t tamb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5bt tma\u1e0dlant bu\u0263lunt tmdinin g tmazirt kullu g wansiwn ist\u1e5batijitn n tmguri." }, { "en": "Entrepreneurial leadership became manifest through growth coalitions made up of builders", "ber": " realtors", "null": [ " developers", " the media", " government actors such as mayors", " and dominant corporations.", "tdwl tnba\u1e0dt g yigr n ussuds n is\u0263nutn sg tfidalitin tigmanin g llan imska d ismsa\u1e5bn", " d imsnfaln", " d ayt t\u0263msa", " d tsgg\u02b7in tinbba\u1e0din zun d amaway d tm\u1e63i\u1e5bin tixatarin." ] }, { "en": "The results were efforts at downtown revitalization; inner-city gentrification; the transformation of the CBD to advanced service employment; entertainment", "ber": " museums", "null": [ " and cultural venues; the construction of sports stadiums and sport complexes; and waterfront development.", "\u201c\u201ctiyafutin d tzmmar ttuganin i ussidr n wammas n tmdint; d uslwi\u0263 n ugnsu n tmdint; d usnfl n umssasa n wanaw abyuluji \u0263r twuri tazwurant g yigr n twuriwin; d wurar d usalay d wansiwn idlsann; d tuski n inurir n tunnunt d igrawn n tunnunt; d usbu\u0263lu n udm n waman.\u201d\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Until the 18th century", "ber": " an equilibrium existed between the rural agricultural population and towns featuring markets and small-scale manufacturing.", "null": [ "awd tasuta tis 18", " ikka tt nn umtawa gr imzda\u0263 imkraz n tgama d tmdinin g llan igadazn d imgurann isnufal im\u1e93\u1e93yann." ] }, { "en": "The cultural appeal of cities also plays a role in attracting residents.", "ber": "ar d ilddy kigan imzda\u0263 altu u\u0263uri adlsan n tmdinin." }, { "en": "Batam", "ber": " Indonesia", "null": [ " Mogadishu", " Somalia", " Xiamen", " China and Niamey", " Niger", " are considered among the world's fastest-growing cities", " with annual growth rates of 5\u20138%.", "tga batam", " d indunisya", " d mugadicu", " d ssumal", " d cyamn", " d \u1e63\u1e63in", " d niyami", " d nnijr", " sg tmdinin ibu\u0263ln zikk", " ar nn ittaw\u1e0d watig n ubu\u0263u asgg\u02b7san digs sg 5\u20138%." ] }, { "en": "The UN predicts an additional 2.5 billion citydwellers (and 300 million fewer countrydwellers) worldwide by 2050", "ber": " with 90% of urban population expansion occurring in Asia and Africa.", "null": [ "dmant tmtta munnin ili n 2.5 mlya\u1e5b n ufgan ad irnu g imzda\u0263 n tmdinin (d 300 mlyun n ufgan iff\u0263n imzda\u0263 n tgama) g cigan n tsgg\u02b7in n uma\u1e0dal g yiw\u1e0d n 2050", " s 90% n tixxitrt n tmdinin g asya d ifriqya." ] }, { "en": "A deep gulf divides rich and poor in these cities", "ber": " with usually contain a super-wealthy elite living in gated communities and large masses of people living in substandard housing with inadequate infrastructure and otherwise poor conditions.", "null": [ "ar b\u1e6d\u1e6dun imzda\u0263 imyiwan d imzda\u0263 im\u1e93la\u1e0d g tmdinin ad", " ar digs ttilint trubba timyiwanin cigan ar tettilint g wansiwn istin d trubba ggudinin n imzda\u0263 ittidirn g tzdu\u0263in dhcnin ar \u0263ursnt ittili usku anadaw idhcn d ukuyass amazdar." ] }, { "en": "Yet municipalities routinely enact sweeping by-laws directed at open ended (and ill-defined) offences such as loitering and obstruction", "ber": " requiring permits for protests or requiring residents and homeowners to remove snow from the city's sidewalks.", "null": [ "\u201cwaxxa da d ssufu\u0263nt tgrawin ti\u0263rmanin s yat n tal\u0263a takuyasst izrfan ignsann i ibkka\u1e0dn (mi ur llin iwtta n usnml) zun d atamallayt d urftil", " n\u0263 d asutr n ibdditn n\u0263 d asutr sg imzad ukus n udf xf taddrwin d g yirawn n ubrid n tmdint.\u201d\u201d\u201d" ] }, { "en": "These are provided more or less routinely", "ber": " in a more or less equal fashion.", "null": [ "ar ttusnili s yan yimk akuyass", " d t\u0263arasin imya\u0263n \u025blayn." ] }, { "en": "These production oriented criteria often give rise to service deliver rules", "ber": " regularized procedures for the delivery of services", "null": [ " which are attempts to codify the productivity goals of urban service bureaucracies.", "\u201car d akkant tiyafutin ittawin s afars n \u201c\u201cilgamn n tukki n twuriwin\u201d\u201d", " d yiggitn imadusn i tukki n twuriwin", " d tirmitin i uzmmem n isu\u0263ad n ufars i tburuqra\u1e6dit n twuriwin ti\u0263rmanin.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Robert L. Lineberry", "ber": " Mandating Urban Equality: The Distribution of Municipal Public Services; in Hahn & Levine (1980).", "null": [ "\u201c\u201c\u201c\u1e5bubi\u1e5bt l. linibirri", " \u201c\u201ctuggi n ungidda a\u0263rman: b\u1e6d\u1e6du n twuriwin timatutin n tgrawt ta\u0263rmant\u201d\u201d", " g han and lifin (1980).\u201d" ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " financing municipal services", "null": [ " as well as urban renewal and other development projects", " is a perennial problem", " which cities address through appeals to higher governments", " arrangements with the private sector", " and techniques such as privatization (selling services into the private sector)", " corporatization (formation of quasi-private municipally-owned corporations)", " and financialization (packaging city assets into tradable financial instruments and derivatives).", "m\u0263ar tlla tikki n iqari\u1e0dn i twuriwin n tgrawt ta\u0263rmant", " d is\u0263nutn n usmaynu a\u0263rman d is\u0263nutn ya\u1e0dn n tigmi", " gan amukris asulan", " ar ids ttna\u0263nt tmdinin s isuturn i tnba\u1e0dt tanafllat", " d uswuddu d yigr am\u1e93lay", " d tetiqnitin zun d as\u1e93ly (azznz n twuriwin i yir am\u1e93lay)", " d umsasa d tm\u1e63i\u1e5bin (tuski n tm\u1e63i\u1e5bin tazgnu\u1e93layin yakkan aqa\u1e5bi\u1e0dn i tgrawin ti\u0263rmanin)", " d uss\u1e93\u1e5bf (aktur n tmdinin s wallaln d ma ay itta\u0263n g iqari\u1e0dn i\u0263in ad ittus\u0263a ar ittuznza)." ] }, { "en": "The impact of globalization and the role of multinational corporations in local governments worldwide", "ber": " has led to a shift in perspective on urban governance", "null": [ " away from the urban regime theory in which a coalition of local interests functionally govern", " toward a theory of outside economic control", " widely associated in academics with the philosophy of neoliberalism.", "yuwi d usyafa s tma\u1e0dlant d twuri n tm\u1e63i\u1e5bin tig\u0263lanin g tnba\u1e0dt tad\u0263rant g uma\u1e0dal kullu \u0263r usnfl n usksw adblan a\u0263rman", " s wuggug i \u201c\u201cti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n ugrra a\u0263rman\u201d\u201d g tba\u1e0d tfidi\u1e5balit n t\u0263\u1e0daf tid\u0263ranin", " \u0263r t\u1e93i\u1e5bt n tnba\u1e0dt tadmsant tab\u1e5b\u1e5bant", " izdin cigan g ikadimitn s tflsaft talibi\u1e5balit tamaynut.\u201d\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Planning tools", "ber": " beyond the original design of the city itself", "null": [ " include public capital investment in infrastructure and land-use controls such as zoning.", "illa g wallaln n us\u0263iws", " d is\u0263iws n tmdint s ixf nns", " asnyuddu n udgar g i\u0263san idslann d islgnn n uswuri n ikaln zun d b\u1e6d\u1e6du n tmna\u1e0din." ] }, { "en": "Also available to cities in their implementation of planning objectives are municipal powers of zoning", "ber": " subdivision control and the regulation of building", "null": [ " housing and sanitation principles.", "\u201cimkinna ittukfa i tndinin f tigawt n isu\u0263ad n us\u0263iws tinba\u1e0din n tgrawt ta\u0263rmant i b\u1e6d\u1e6du n wansiwn", " d \u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n wansiwn ya\u1e0dn", " d ussuds n tuski d uzdu\u0263 d wufi\u0263 adusan.\u201d\u201d\u201d" ] }, { "en": "People living relatively close together may live", "ber": " work", "null": [ " and play", " in separate areas", " and associate with different people", " forming ethnic or lifestyle enclaves or", " in areas of concentrated poverty", " ghettoes.", "da ttidirn mddn imsnmalan g wansiwn imsnmalan", " ar swurin ar tturarn g wansiwn ib\u1e0dan", " zdin d mddn ya\u1e0dn", " ar d akkan titniyin g ukuyass n tudrt d wansiwn n u\u1e93la\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Suburbs in the west", "ber": " and", "null": [ " increasingly", " gated communities and other forms of privatopia around the world", " allow local elites to self-segregate into secure and exclusive neighborhoods.", "\u201ctisgg\u02b7in n u\u0263lluy", " ku tikklt ar ttxitirnt", " tgrawin tid\u0263ranin ifsrn d tl\u0263iwin ya\u1e0dn \u201c\u201ctim\u1e93lay\u201d\u201d g wansiwn n uma\u1e0dal kullu", " ar ittufka i trubba tid\u0263ranin uzrf n b\u1e6d\u1e6du xf i\u0263rman n ufra.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "This outcast proletariat\u2014perhaps 1.5 billion people today", "ber": " 2.5 billion by 2030\u2014is the fastest-growing and most novel social class on the planet.", "null": [ "tab\u1e5buli\u1e6darit ad tam\u1e93lu\u1e0dt\u2014t\u0263y is d 1.5 mlya\u1e5b n ufgan ass ad", " 2.5 mlya\u1e5b g 2030\u2014 tga tafrkt tanamunt ittarwn kigan ar tsnilfu xf yitri n wakal." ] }, { "en": "It is ontologically both similar and dissimilar to the historical agency described in the Communist Manifesto.", "ber": "g tun\u1e6dulujit ya\u0263 n\u0263 ur ya\u0263 g tsnuuryt tamzruyant n usml anjmaw." }, { "en": "As hubs of trade cities have long been home to retail commerce and consumption through the interface of shopping.", "ber": "sg ma ay d gan wammasn n tmdinin n tsbbabt gant awd sg zikk ad\u0263ar n tsbbabt d b\u1e6d\u1e6du d tsmurt sg wudm n ms\u0263iwt." }, { "en": "A thicker labor market allows for better skill matching between firms and individuals.", "ber": "agadaz n twuri yiriwn da yakka i tm\u1e63i\u1e5bin d ibaylaln ad fkin amyuf n ma ay d \u0263ursn." }, { "en": "Cultural elites tend to live in cities", "ber": " bound together by shared cultural capital", "null": [ " and themselves playing some role in governance.", "zl\u0263nt trubba tidlsanin g tudrt n tmdint", " izdin d ugrra adlsan imunn", " ittggan altu s ixf nns anbba\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Greg Kerr & Jessica Oliver", "ber": " Rethinking Place Identities", "null": [ " in Kavaratzis", " Warnaby", " & Ashworth (2015).", "\u201cgrig kir d djissika ulifr", " \u201c\u201ctalasa n uswngm g tmagitin n wansiwn\u201d\u201d", " g kafaratzis", " warnabi", " d acwurt (2015).\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Patriotic tourists visit Agra to see the Taj Mahal", "ber": " or New York City to visit the World Trade Center.", "null": [ "da ttaggan imallayn inamurn agra ad inniyn taj ma\u1e25al", " n\u0263 d tamdint n nyuyu\u1e5bk ad nn aggin xf wammas n tsbbabt tama\u1e0dlant." ] }, { "en": "Why do anonymous people\u2014the poor", "ber": " the underprivileged", "null": [ " the unconnected\u2014frequently prefer life under miserable conditions in tenements to the healthy order and tranquility of small towns or the sanitary subdivisions of semirural developments?", "ma\u0263 allig da ttirin mddn id war ism \u2014im\u1e93la\u1e0d d im\u0263ufa d id war azday\u2014tudrt g wussan ad ixxxan d izdun xf ugrra adusan d ifsti g tmdinin tim\u1e93\u1e93anin n\u0263 d if\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63n i ibu\u0263lutn azgngamatn?" ] }, { "en": "Those who came to live in them did so in order to participate and compete on any attainable level.", "ber": "wi d iddan s tudrt digs sskrn aya xf wumu d u\u0263nas xf ugulu n uswir akk\u02b7 matta ntta." }, { "en": "Sports also play a major role in city branding and local identity formation.", "ber": "imkinna tla tunnunt yan ud\u0263ar adslan g usrrus n tmatarin n tsbbabt xf tmdinin d tigawt n tmagit tad\u0263rant." }, { "en": "More importantly", "ber": " there is also huge long term potential for both tourism and investment (Kasimati", "null": [ " 2003).", "illa altu ma yufn d azizzl n tamallayt d ma ay mi t\u0263i (kasimati", " 2003)." ] }, { "en": "War brought concentration of social leadership and political power in the hands of a weapons-bearing minority", "ber": " abetted by a priesthood exercising sacred powers and possessing secret but valuable scientific and magical knowledge.", "null": [ "\u201cyuwi d imn\u0263i ili n tnba\u1e0dt tanamunt d tnba\u1e0dt tasrtant g ifassn n tdrsi \u0263ur llan imrign", " tssb\u0263as tnba\u1e0dt n ayt us\u0263an ilan tussna d t\u1e25rga \u0263ur illa watig.\u201d\u201d\u201d" ] }, { "en": "During World War II", "ber": " national governments on occasion declared certain cities open", "null": [ " effectively surrendering them to an advancing enemy in order to avoid damage and bloodshed.", "g un\u0263i ama\u1e0dlan wis sin", " la\u0263ant tnba\u1e0din tinamurin g ka n tikkal nwis unfnt kra n tmdinin", " ttufkant i usngu far ard sbddin tan\u0263la n idammn." ] }, { "en": "Such warfare", "ber": " known as counterinsurgency", "null": [ " involves techniques of surveillance and psychological warfare as well as close combat", " functionally extends modern urban crime prevention", " which already uses concepts such as defensible space.", "imn\u0263i ad", " ittwassnn d wassa\u0263 n mgal n u\u0263ww\u0263", " digs ti\u0263arasin n u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du d imn\u0263i uklisn d imn\u0263i s ummrig", " ar digs ittugdal un\u0263a a\u0263rman amaynu", " iswwurin irmmusn zun d asayrar d iriri \u0263ifs." ] }, { "en": "Because of the higher barriers to entry", "ber": " these networks have been classified as natural monopolies", "null": [ " meaning that economic logic favors control of each network by a single organization", " public or private.", "s umntil n tixxitrt n iwtta dat n ukccl", " ttustaynt tratsiwin ad nwis gant akwacn igamann", " aynna d yakkan nwis tra tdamsa yat n tmsmunt xf tratsa tamatut n\u0263 tu\u1e93liyt." ] }, { "en": "Kath Wellman & Frederik Pretorius", "ber": " Urban Infrastructure: Productivity", "null": [ " Project Evaluation", " and Finance; in Wellman & Spiller (2012).", "\u201ckat wilman d fridirik brituryus", " \u201c\u201ctuski tanadawt ta\u0263rmant: tafarst", " d ussig n is\u0263nutn", " d uss\u1e93\u1e5bf\u201d\u201d; g wilyam d sbilr (2012).\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Sanitation", "ber": " necessary for good health in crowded conditions", "null": [ " requires water supply and waste management as well as individual hygiene.", "ar ssuturnt t\u0263mrin tidusanin", " ixssan i tdusi", " tukki n waman d uswuddu n if\u1e5ba\u1e6dn d tazdgi n ku yan." ] }, { "en": "Modern urban life relies heavily on the energy transmitted through electricity for the operation of electric machines (from household appliances to industrial machines to now-ubiquitous electronic systems used in communications", "ber": " business", "null": [ " and government) and for traffic lights", " streetlights and indoor lighting.", "ar tskuttu tudrt ta\u0263rmant tatrart cigan xf tdusi izrrin s um\u1e93\u1e93a\u1e5bu\u1e5b g uswuri n wallaln im\u1e93\u1e93a\u1e5bu\u1e5bn (sg wallaln n tg\u02b7mma ar allaln imgurann ar igrra im\u1e93\u1e93a\u1e5bu\u1e5bn ittuswurin wasa g ku ansa g amyawa\u1e0d d twuruwun d tnba\u1e0dt) d usillf abrdan d uidd n isakatn d usidd agnsan." ] }, { "en": "Tom Hart", "ber": " Transport and the City; in Paddison (2001).", "null": [ "\u201ctum hart", " \u201c\u201cay d tmdint\u201d\u201d; g baddisun (2001).\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Many big American cities still operate conventional public transit by rail", "ber": " as exemplified by the ever-popular New York City Subway system.", "null": [ "kigan n tmdinin timirikanitin tixatarin sulnt da swurint s wassay amatu aqbur s ubrid n wuzzal", " imkinna iga g mit\u1e5bu d uxbu n tmdint n nyuyu\u1e5bk ttirin mddn kigan aha." ] }, { "en": "Anthropogenic buildings and waste", "ber": " as well as cultivation in gardens", "null": [ " create physical and chemical environments which have no equivalents in wilderness", " in some cases enabling exceptional biodiversity.", "d tkrza g wurtan", " d tigawt n tgama tafizikt d tkimawit \u0263ur ur illi umya\u0263", " aynna d yakkan amyanaw abyuluji ustiy." ] }, { "en": "From one perspective", "ber": " cities are not ecologically sustainable due to their resource needs.", "null": [ "g yat tannayt", " ur da ttilint tmdinin yan uzday akuluji s umntil n isuturn tt inngzan." ] }, { "en": "Modern cities are known for creating their own microclimates", "ber": " due to concrete", "null": [ " asphalt", " and other artificial surfaces", " which heat up in sunlight and channel rainwater into underground ducts.", "ttuyassnent tmdinin titrarin s tigawt n unzwi ad\u0263ran ustiy", " s umntil n wuzzal d ssima d tduliwin timguranin ya\u1e0dn", " irqqan g usidd n tafuyt ar tettawy aman n un\u1e93a\u1e5b \u0263r tbrdin n ddaw wakal." ] }, { "en": "Aerial particulates increase rainfall by 5\u201310%.", "ber": "da ttrnunt tgmamin n yignna g tikki n un\u1e93a\u1e5b s 5\u201310%." }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " within the urban microclimate", "null": [ " less-vegetated poor neighborhoods bear more of the heat (but have fewer means of coping with it).", "s umdya", " g unzwi ad\u0263ran a\u0263rman", " da \u1e93\u1e93i\u1e0di\u1e5bnt tm\u0263ayin tim\u1e93la\u1e0d ittm\u0263ayn s tdrsi kigan n unr\u0263i (maca ur \u0263urs allaln s ttna\u0263 ids)." ] }, { "en": "Generally they are called Urban open space (although this word does not always mean green space)", "ber": " Green space", "null": [ " Urban greening.", "s umata", " da asn nttini tijumma timanafin ti\u0263manin (waxxa ur tstiy tguri ad \u0263r tjumma tizgzawin)", " d tjumma tizgzawin", " d uzzgzw a\u0263rman." ] }, { "en": "The study used data from almost 20", "ber": "000 people in the UK.", "null": [ "tswuri tzrawt timufka n wattay n 20", "000 n ufgan g tgldit imunn." ] }, { "en": "People who did not get at least two hours \u2014 even if they surpassed an hour per week \u2014 did not get the benefits.", "ber": "iwrikn mi \u0263ur ur llint snat tzragin dayy \u2014 waxxa zrin tasragt g imalass \u2014 ur ttam\u1e93n ti\u0263rad." }, { "en": "The study didn't count time spent in a person's own yard or garden as time in nature", "ber": " but the majority of nature visits in the study took place within two miles from home. ", "null": [ "\u201cur tssi\u1e0dn tzrawt akud nna ittkka uwrik g usarag d wurti is iga akud n tgama", " maka amata n tzrfin tigamatin g tzrawt ttugant g tuggut n sin id mil xf tgmmi.\u201d\u201d\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Saskia Sassen used the term global city in her 1991 work", "ber": " The Global City: New York", "null": [ " London", " Tokyo to refer to a city's power", " status", " and cosmopolitanism", " rather than to its size.", "\u201csaskya sassin tswuri taguri \u201ctamdint tama\u1e0dlant\u201d g twuri nns asgg\u02b7as n 1991", " tamdint tama\u1e0dlant: nyuyu\u1e5bk", " lun\u1e0dun", " \u1e6dukyu taf ad tfk tamatart n tdusi n tmdint d ud\u0263ar nns d tma\u1e0dlant nns", " g ud\u0263ar n uksay nns.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "3 (1982): 319 Global cities form the capstone of the global hierarchy", "ber": " exerting command and control through their economic and political influence.", "null": [ "3 (1982): 319 tmdinin tima\u1e0dlanin gant azrur ak\u1e5bku\u1e5b ama\u1e0dlan", " ar ttggant tanba\u1e0dt sg yili admsan d usrtan nnsnt." ] }, { "en": "Critics of the notion point to the different realms of power and interchange.", "ber": "da ttraran imz\u0263ann n tidmi s yigran n tdusi d umrara amyanaw." }, { "en": "Multinational corporations and banks make their headquarters in global cities and conduct much of their business within this context.", "ber": "da ttggant tm\u1e63i\u1e5bin d id bank igdawmanitn ansa nnsn g tmdinin tima\u1e0dlanin ar swuddunt tiwuriwin nnsnt g tbrudt ad." }, { "en": "Nancy Duxbury & Sharon Jeannotte", "ber": " Global Cultural Governance Policy; Chapter 21 in The Ashgate Research Companion to Planning and Culture; London: Ashgate", "null": [ " 2013.", "\u201cnansi duksburi d ca\u1e5bun jinut", " \u201c\u201ctasrtit tanbba\u1e0dt tadlsant ama\u1e0dlant\u201d\u201d; ab\u1e6d\u1e6du 21 g irzzutn n acgat i us\u0263iws d tdlsa; lun\u1e0dun:cgat", " 2013.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "The Habitat I conference in 1976 adopted the Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements which identifies urban management as a fundamental aspect of development and establishes various principles for maintaining urban habitats.", "ber": "iskutt usqqim amzwaru g usgg\u02b7as n 1976 \u201c\u201cala\u0263i fankufr g usntl n tzdu\u0263in tinfganin\u201d yakkan tadblt ta\u0263rmant idd\u0263 tga yat tsga n tsgg\u02b7in n tigmi ar yakka a\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n izdu\u0263n i\u0263rmann.\u201d" }, { "en": "In January 2002 the UN Commission on Human Settlements became an umbrella agency called the United Nations Human Settlements Programme or UN-Habitat", "ber": " a member of the United Nations Development Group.", "null": [ "g yanayr 2002", " tga tsqqamut n imzda\u0263 tanfgant i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn i tmtta munnin d tasnurayt tasdawit ilan assa\u0263 n wahil n tmtta munnin i imzda\u0263 infgann n\u0263 d tazdu\u0263t n tmtta munnin", " tg agmam g ugraw n tmtta munnin n tgmi." ] }, { "en": "The Bank's policies have tended to focus on bolstering real estate markets through credit and technical assistance.", "ber": "ddant tstanin n id bank s u\u1e5bma\u1e0d n ti\u1e6d\u1e6d \u0263r igadazn n ikaln s u\u1e5b\u1e6d\u1e6dal d yiws a\u1e93u\u1e5ban." }, { "en": "Cities figure prominently in traditional Western culture", "ber": " appearing in the Bible in both evil and holy forms", "null": [ " symbolized by Babylon and Jerusalem.", "lant tmdinin yan ud\u0263ar axatar g tdlsa n u\u0263lluy aqbur", " ar ittyakaz uya sg udlis n yuc d wanawn akk\u02b7", " ar yakka tamatart n babil d u\u1e5bcalim." ] }, { "en": "Cities can be perceived in terms of extremes or opposites: at once liberating and oppressive", "ber": " wealthy and poor", "null": [ " organized and chaotic.", "i\u0263y ad nals asksw \u0263r tmdinin sg usni\u0263s n tama: tilellitin d mgal g yat n tikklt", " ijjiwnn d i\u1e93l\u1e0dn", " idusn d irbbjn." ] }, { "en": "This and other political ideologies strongly influence narratives and themes in discourse about cities.", "ber": "tidyulujin adtisrtanin lant yan yi\u1e0d\u1e5b s tdusi n wallasn d isntal g yinitn xf tmdinin." }, { "en": "Classical and medieval literature includes a genre of descriptiones which treat of city features and history.", "ber": "tusy tskla taklasikit d uzmz anammas anaw n ifarisn isujjuyn amnad n tmdint d umzruy nns." }, { "en": "Other early cinematic representations of cities in the twentieth century generally depicted them as technologically efficient spaces with smoothly functioning systems of automobile transport.", "ber": "fkan twlafin tisnimatin n zikk i tmdinin n tsuta tis simraw s umata n is gant yat tasniwin ilan tigawt g tetiknulujit d igrratn iswurin s wassay n thiritin." }, { "en": "A country is a distinct territorial body or political entity (i.e. a nation).", "ber": "awank d agrra asgawan n\u0263 d tagzzumt tasrtant istin (igan tamtta)." }, { "en": "It is not inherently sovereign.", "ber": "tla tanba\u1e0dt xf tgama nns." }, { "en": "The largest country in the world by geographical area is Russia", "ber": " while the most populous is China", "null": [ " followed by India", " the United States", " Indonesia", " Pakistan and Brazil.", "awank axatar g uma\u1e0dal g tasna taj\u0263raft tga rusya", " maka \u1e63\u1e63in ay d igan taxatart g um\u1e0dan n imzda\u0263", " t\u1e0dfur tt hind d tmtta munnin d indunisya d bakistan d b\u1e5bazil." ] }, { "en": "In many European countries the words are used for sub-divisions of the national territory", "ber": " as in the German Bundesl\u00e4nder", "null": [ " as well as a less formal term for a sovereign state.", "g kigan n tmizar ti\u1e5bubbiyin", " da ttuswurint tguriwin i b\u1e6d\u1e6du n ikaln inamurn", " am \u0263ur bundslandr almani", " d tguri tar tun\u1e63ibt i uwank ur ilin tanba\u1e0dt kigan." ] }, { "en": "There is no universal agreement on the number of countries in the world since a number of states have disputed sovereignty status.", "ber": "\u201cur illi umsasa ama\u1e0dlan xf um\u1e0dan n \u201c\u201ciwankn\u201d\u201d g uma\u1e0dal acku llan kigan n iwankn xf llan imn\u0263an d umukris n tnba\u1e0dt.\u201d" }, { "en": "The degree of autonomy of non-sovereign countries varies widely.", "ber": "tb\u1e0da tsk\u02b7flt n uzarug n tmura s umata." }, { "en": "The report classifies country development based on per capita gross national income (GNI).", "ber": "ar istty unqqis tigmi n uwank xf umur n ku awrik g ukccum amatu n twank." }, { "en": "The 2019 report recognizes only developed countries in North America", "ber": " Europe", "null": [ " and Asia and the Pacific.", "anqqis n 2019 da yakka asissn i iwankn ibu\u0263lan g amrika n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d d u\u1e5bubba d asya d uftas n ifsti." ] }, { "en": "The World Bank defines its regions as East Asia and Pacific", "ber": " Europe and Central Asia", "null": [ " Latin America and the Caribbean", " Middle East and North Africa", " North America", " South Asia", " and Sub-Saharan Africa.", "issn ubank agra\u0263lan ansiwn nns nwis gan anqqr n asya d uftas n ifsti", " d u\u1e5bubba d asya tanammast", " d amtika talatinit d tmna\u1e0dt n yilel akaraybi", " d unqqr anammas d i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d n ifriqya", " d amrika n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d", " d iffus n asya d afriqya n iffus n tniri." ] }, { "en": "Exploration is the act of searching for the purpose of discovery of information or resources", "ber": " especially in the context of geography or space", "null": [ " rather than research and development that is usually not centred on earth sciences or astronomy.", "ifi iga yat tmggit n urzzu xf tifi n in\u0263misn d isugam", " lumn g tj\u0263raft d usayrar", " g ud\u0263ar n urzzu d usbu\u0263lu ur ittilin g tussniwin n wakal d tin t\u1e63\u1e6d\u1e5bunumt." ] }, { "en": "Only the one done by emperor Nero seemed to be a preparative for the conquest of Ethiopia or Nubia: in 62 AD two legionaries explored the sources of the Nile river.", "ber": "ay nna iga umb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5b ni\u1e5bun dayy iga am is d assujd i usddurry n ityubya d nubya: g usgg\u02b7as n 62 ffir n tlalit", "null": [ " ufan sin n irubba azurz n wasif n nil." ] }, { "en": "The Romans also organized several explorations into Northern Europe", "ber": " and explored as far as China in Asia.", "null": [ "ssudsn \u1e5b\u1e5buman altu kigan n yifitn g i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d n u\u1e5bubba", " afin \u1e63\u1e63in g asya." ] }, { "en": "100 AD-166 AD Romano-Chinese relations begin.", "ber": "100 - 166 ffir n tlalit sntant tzdayin ti\u1e5bimanitin d t\u1e63initin." }, { "en": "The key invention to their exploration was the outrigger canoe", "ber": " which provided a swift and stable platform for carrying goods and people.", "null": [ "iga u\u0263rrabu tasarut n tifi nnsn ntta d allal adslan asn yakkan asddrf d wansa n yidy n talzazin d mddn." ] }, { "en": "2011 studies at Wairau Bar in New Zealand show a high probability that one origin was Ruahine Island in the Society Islands.", "ber": "da ittusni\u0263is g tzrawin n 2011 g wayru ba\u1e5b g nyuzilanda nwis illa yan yi\u0263iy is gan izu\u1e5ban n ayt tgzirt n rwahin g tgzirin tinamunin." }, { "en": "There are cultural and language similarities between Cook Islanders and New Zealand Maori.", "ber": "llan wudmawn ittmya\u0263n idlsann d isnilsn ing izda\u0263 n tgzirin kuk d nyuzilanda mawri." }, { "en": "During 1328\u20131333", "ber": " he sailed along the South China Sea and visited many places in Southeast Asia and reached as far as South Asia", "null": [ " landing in Sri Lanka and India", " and he even went to Australia.", "ingr usgg\u02b7as n 1328 d 1333", " immudda xf ta\u0263zi n yilel n \u1e63\u1e63in n iffus yagg wahli n wansiwn g iffus n unqqr n asya igulu nn awd iffus n asya", " iggz g irilanka d hind", " iddu awd \u0263r ust\u1e5balya." ] }, { "en": "Portugal and Spain dominated the first stages of exploration", "ber": " while other European nations followed", "null": [ " such as England", " Netherlands", " and France.", "tsstwa burtu\u0263al d isbanya xf tfrkiwin timzwura n twafitin", " \u1e0df\u1e5bn tnt iwankn i\u1e5bubbitn ya\u1e0dn zun d inglati\u1e5b\u1e5ba d hulan\u1e0da d f\u1e5bansa." ] }, { "en": "The extreme conditions in the deep sea require elaborate methods and technologies to endure them.", "ber": "da ssuturnt tfadiwin qs\u1e25nin n ta\u025bumt n yilel d t\u0263arasin qs\u1e25nin i iriri nnsnt." }, { "en": "An administrative subdivision", "ber": " instead", "null": [ " is understood to be a division of a state proper.", "b\u1e6d\u1e6du adblan", " g ud\u0263ar nns", " da ittyakaz s b\u1e6d\u1e6du n uwank s t\u0263arast tamddadt." ] }, { "en": "The dependent territories that currently remain in the world today generally maintain a very high degree of political autonomy.", "ber": "timna\u1e0din i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn isuln awd d\u0263i g uma\u1e0dal \u0263ur illa wan usk\u02b7fl anaflla n uzarug asrtan." }, { "en": "Cook Islands' status is considered to be equivalent to independence for international law purposes", "ber": " and the country exercises full sovereignty over its internal and external affairs.", "null": [ "iga waddad n tgzirin n kuk am uzarug i iswitn n usa\u1e0duf agra\u0263lan", " ar ittba\u1e0d uwank g t\u0263awsiwin nns n ugnsu ula tin b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." ] }, { "en": "Under the terms of the free association agreement", "ber": " however", "null": [ " New Zealand retains some responsibility for the foreign relations and defence of Niue.", "s tfadiwin n umsasa n uzday ilelli", " t\u1e6d\u1e6df nyuzilanda s imik n tnba\u1e0dt d izdayn ib\u1e5brann d urar xf niwi." ] }, { "en": "This list is generally limited to entities that are either subject to an international treaty on their status", "ber": " uninhabited", "null": [ " or have a unique level of autonomy and are largely self-governing in matters other than international affairs.", "iqqima wumu\u0263 ad day g tzdu\u0263in i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn i imsasatn igra\u0263lann", " n\u0263 \u0263urs kra n uzarug animan d tnba\u1e0dt tasimant ar yids n t\u0263awsiwin ya\u1e0dn zun d tinba\u1e0din tigra\u0263lanin." ] }, { "en": "They are independently administrated jurisdictions", "ber": " although the British Government is solely responsible for defense and international representation and has ultimate responsibility for ensuring good government.", "null": [ "d tinba\u1e0din ti\u1e63a\u1e0dufin ittettin s tal\u0263a tanimant", " waxxa tba\u1e0d tnba\u1e0dt tab\u1e5bi\u1e6danit g u\u1e25uz d uxfawal agra\u0263lan tba\u1e0d altu g u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n tnba\u1e0dt tu\u0263dimt." ] }, { "en": "No crown dependency has representation in the U.K. Parliament.", "ber": "ur illi ugnses n u\u1e0dfu\u1e5b n usni g ub\u1e5blaman n tgldit inunn." }, { "en": "New Zealand and its dependencies share the same governor-general and constitute one monarchic realm.", "ber": "tmun nyuzilanda d in\u1e0dfu\u1e5bn nns g yan unbba\u1e0d amatu tg yat n tgldit." }, { "en": "The mutually negotiated Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) in Political Union with the United States was approved in 1976.", "ber": "ittumsasa xf warra i tskrawt n kumunwiltn tgzirin n maryana (CNMI) g tamunt tasrtant g twilayatin munnin g usgg\u02b7as n 1976." }, { "en": "This is a constant source of ambiguity and confusion when trying to define", "ber": " understand", "null": [ " and explain Puerto Rico's political relationship with the United States.", "aya d azuzr n urbbj g yirm n usnml d urmas d ussfru n uzday asrtan n gr burturuku d twulayatin munnin." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " the status of its constituent countries in the Caribbean (Aruba", "null": [ " Cura\u00e7ao", " and Sint Maarten) can be considered akin to dependencies or associated non-independent states.", "\u201cm\u0263ar", " n\u0263y ad nini \u201c\u201ciwankn digs illan\u201d\u201d g tmna\u1e0dt n ilel n ka\u1e5baybi (u\u1e5bubba", " d ku\u1e5basaw", " d sant martin) nmalan \u0263r im\u1e0dfu\u1e5bn n\u0263 \u201c\u201ciwankn id war azarug izdin.\u201d\u201d\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Borders are geographic boundaries", "ber": " imposed either by geographic features such as oceans", "null": [ " or by arbitrary groupings of political entities such as governments", " sovereign states", " federated states", " and other subnational entities.", "iwtta d iwtta ij\u0263\u1e5bfn ittugan s tmitar tij\u0263rafitin zun d igarawn n\u0263 d igrwn isrtann d tnba\u1e0din d iwankn id bu tnba\u1e0din d iwankn ifidi\u1e5balitn d irubba id war tanamurt ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "Most external borders are partially or fully controlled", "ber": " and may be crossed legally only at designated border checkpoints and border zones may be controlled.", "null": [ "da ittuba\u1e0d g umata n iwtta ib\u1e5b\u1e5bann s umata n\u0263 s tdrsi", " ar digs ittili uzrruy s tal\u0263a ta\u1e93\u1e5bfant n\u0263 ansiwn n usnubbc n iwtta ar ittuba\u1e0d g wansiwn n iwtta." ] }, { "en": "Most countries have some form of border control to regulate or limit the movement of people", "ber": " animals", "null": [ " and goods into and out of the country.", "lant kigan n iwankn yat tal\u0263a n \u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n iwtta i ussuds d ukraf n umussu n mddn d imudar agnsu d b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n tmazirt." ] }, { "en": "To stay or work within a country's borders aliens (foreign persons) may need special immigration documents or permits; but possession of such documents does not guarantee that the person should be allowed to cross the border.", "ber": "i i\u0263imi n\u0263 uswuri agnsu n iwtta n uwank", "null": [ " i\u0263y ad ittr ub\u1e5b\u1e5ban (mddn ayt b\u1e5b\u1e5ba) tintamin n\u0263 arratn im\u1e93lay s tzwagt; maka ili n tntamin ad ur da as takka i ufgan azray g iwtta." ] }, { "en": "Most countries prohibit carrying illegal drugs or endangered animals across their borders.", "ber": "ittwagdl g umata n iwankn yisy n isduhdutn igdl u\u1e63a\u1e0duf n\u0263 imudar ikkan attay i ufukku g iwtta nnsn." }, { "en": "In places where smuggling", "ber": " migration", "null": [ " and infiltration are a problem", " many countries fortify borders with fences and barriers", " and institute formal border control procedures.", "g id\u0263arn g illa kigan usmutty d tzwagt da ttggan iwalkn afrag n iwtta s isliwn n\u0263 s wuzzal", " ar digs ttilint kigan n tfrkiwin tun\u1e63ibin i \u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n iwtta." ] }, { "en": "This is common in countries within the European Schengen Area and on rural sections of the Canada\u2013United States border.", "ber": "askkin ad iggudy g tmizar n ugnsu cingn n u\u1e5bubba d g igzzumn n tgama n iwtta n gr kanada d twilayatin munnin." }, { "en": "Rivers: some political borders have been formalized along natural borders formed by rivers.", "ber": "isaffn: ittufka wudm un\u1e63ib i kra n iwtta isrtann xf ta\u0263zi n tgama sskrn isaffn." }, { "en": "In the Hebrew Bible", "ber": " Moses defined the middle of the river Arnon as the border between Moab and the Israelite tribes settling east of the Jordan.", "null": [ "g udlis n wudayn", " iga musa asif n a\u1e5bnun d iwtta n gr muwab d tqbilin tisrayilin izd\u0263n g unqqr n wasif n urdun." ] }, { "en": "Examples are Lake Tanganyika", "ber": " with the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia on its west shore and Tanzania and Burundi on the east; and the Great Lakes which form a substantial part of the border between Canada and the United States.", "null": [ "s imdyatn aglmam tanganyika", " d tgduda kungu tadimuqra\u1e6dit d zambya d uftas nns n u\u0263lluy d tanzanya d bu\u1e5bundi d yan ugzzum axatar n iwtta n gr kanada d twilayatin munnin." ] }, { "en": "Mountain ranges: Many nations have their political borders defined along mountain ranges", "ber": " often along a drainage divide.", "null": [ "asrraru n idurar: \u0263ur kigan n iwankn iwtta isrtann xf ta\u0263zi n usrraru n idurar", " s umata xf ta\u0263zi n dinna s uwin idurar aman." ] }, { "en": "One example is the defensive forest created by China's Song Dynasty in the eleventh century.", "ber": "yan umdya xf uya iga t n is tga tgama n waray tska twacunt n sung ta\u1e63init g tsuta tis simraw d yan." }, { "en": "For instance", "ber": " the boundary between East and West Germany is no longer an international boundary", "null": [ " but it can still be seen because of historical markers on the landscape", " and it is still a cultural and economic division in Germany.", "s umdya", " ur yad gin iwtta n gr almanya n unqqr d almanya d u\u0263lluy awtta agra\u0263lan", " maca isul i\u0263y ad t ninny s umntil n tmatarin tinmzruyin g wudm n tgama", " tsal tb\u1e0da g tdlsa d tdamsa g almanya." ] }, { "en": "Maritime borders exist in the context of territorial waters", "ber": " contiguous zones", "null": [ " and exclusive economic zones; however", " the terminology does not encompass lake or river boundaries", " which are considered within the context of land boundaries.", "llan iwtta n yilel g waman inmna\u1e0dn d wansiwn idamsann; waxxa ur kcimn digs irmmusn n iwtta n uglmam d isaffn", " nna illan g iwtta n wakal." ] }, { "en": "Airspace extends 12 nautical miles from the coast of a country and it holds responsibility for protecting its own airspace unless under NATO peacetime protection.", "ber": "g yigr n usyrar digs 12 mil g yilel g uftas n uwank \u0263ifs a\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n usayrar nns mk ur illi ddaw \u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n nnatu g wakud n ufra." }, { "en": "However", "ber": " there is a general agreement of vertical airspace ending at the point of the K\u00e1rm\u00e1n line.", "null": [ "illa umsasa amatu xf usayrar ibddan ar ittfukku g tnqqi\u1e0dt n uzgigi n karman." ] }, { "en": "Overall border regulations are placed by national and local governments and can vary depending on nation and current political or economic conditions.", "ber": "da ttugan wumu\u0263n n iwtta imatutn s ufus n tnba\u1e0din tinamurin d td\u0263arin \u0263int ad b\u1e0dunt xf uwank d tinditin tisrtanin n\u0263 d tidamsatin." }, { "en": "Working across borders \u2013 Harnessing the potential of cross-border activities to improve livelihood security in the Horn of Africa drylands .", "ber": "tawuri xf iwtta \u2013 tikki n tilal xf iwtta i us\u0263udu n tudrt g ikaln n ta\u0263art g yisk n ifriqya." }, { "en": "Human economic traffic across borders (apart from kidnapping) may involve mass commuting between workplaces and residential settlements.", "ber": "i\u0263y ad yili umussu n tsbbabt tadmsant tanfgant xf iwtta (ur igin a\u0263bbr) g umuddu amatu ingr wansiwn n twuri d tzdu\u0263in." }, { "en": "It can enable and stop movement", "ber": " across as well as along borders.", "null": [ "tlla tzmrt ad ittyajj n\u0263 ittusbdd umussu g iwtta n\u0263 \u0263ifsn." ] }, { "en": "Many cross-border regions are also active in encouraging intercultural communication and dialogue as well as cross-border economic development strategies.", "ber": "da swurin kigan n tmna\u1e0din izrrin g iwtta g usb\u0263s n umyawa\u1e0d ingr tdlsiwin d umsawal d tst\u1e5batijitin n tigmi tadamsant xf iwtta." }, { "en": "Since its conception in the mid-80's", "ber": " this artistic practice has assisted in the development of questions surrounding homeland", "null": [ " borders", " surveillance", " identity", " race", " ethnicity", " and national origin(s).", "sg wufu\u0263 nns g uzgn n isgg\u02b7asn 80 itamrawn", " uwsnt t\u0263arsin tina\u1e93u\u1e5bin g usbu\u0263lu n isqsitn istin s wamur", " d iwtta", " d u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du", " d tmagit", " d u\u1e93u\u1e5b", " d tetniyt", " d u\u1e93u\u1e5b n\u0263 i\u1e93u\u1e5ban inamurn." ] }, { "en": "Borders can include but are not limited to language", "ber": " culture", "null": [ " social and economic class", " religion", " and national identity.", "tkcm g iwtta", " s umdya", " tutlayt d tdlsa d tfrkt tanamunt d tdamsant d us\u0263an d tmagit tanamurt." ] }, { "en": "These artists are often border crossers themselves.", "ber": "\u201cina\u1e93u\u1e5bn ad kigan n tikkal ayd gan \u201c\u201cinabbayn n iwtta\u201d\u201d s ixfawn nnsn.\u201d" }, { "en": "In general", "ber": " a rural area or a countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities.", "null": [ "s tal\u0263a tamatut", " tamna\u1e0dt n tgama n\u0263 tagama tga yat n tmna\u1e0dt tanj\u0263raft illan b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n tgrawin ti\u0263rmanin d tmdinin." ] }, { "en": "Typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements.", "ber": "timna\u1e0din n tgama timdyatin mi \u0263ur tan\u1e93\u1e93i n imzda\u0263 idrusn d tzdu\u0263in tim\u1e93\u1e93yanin." }, { "en": "Predominantly urban regions have less than 15 percent of their population living in a rural community.", "ber": "timna\u1e0din ittyassnn s tal\u0263a ta\u0263rmant da digs ttidirn wattay n 15 g tmi\u1e0di n imzda\u0263 nns g tgama." }, { "en": "Rural northern regions are predominantly rural census divisions that are found either entirely or mostly above the following lines of parallel in each province: Newfoundland and Labrador", "ber": " 50th; Quebec 54th; Ontario", "null": [ " 54th; Manitoba", " 53rd; Saskatchewan", " Alberta and British Columbia", " 54th.", "timna\u1e0din n tgama n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d gant tigzzumin n tgama kullu n\u0263 s umata llant xf izgign n tmna\u1e0din n : nyufawnland d labradur", " tis 50; kibik tis 54; untaryu", " tis 54; manituba", " tis 53; saskatciwan", " albirta d kulumbya tab\u1e5bi\u1e6danit", " tis 54." ] }, { "en": "The U.S. Census Bureau", "ber": " the USDA's Economic Research Service", "null": [ " and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) have come together to help define rural areas.", "imun usira n usi\u1e0dn amirikani", " d uswuri n irzzutn idamsann g tmawast n tkrza tamirikanit", " d usira n tdblt d iqa\u1e5bi\u1e0dn (OMB) ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba i yiws xf yifi n tmna\u1e0din n tgama." ] }, { "en": "The 2002 farm bill (P.L. 107\u2013171", "ber": " Sec.", "null": [ "tafaturt n umkraz i usgg\u02b7as n 2002 (P.L. 107\u2013171", " Sec." ] }, { "en": "According to the handbook", "ber": " Definitions of Rural: A Handbook for Health Policy Makers and Researchers", "null": [ " Residents of metropolitan counties are generally thought to have easy access to the relatively concentrated health services of the county's central areas.", "s tumayt n tdlist", " isnmal n tgama: tadlist n imgtn n tsrtitin tidusanin d imrzutn", " \u201c\u201cimzda\u0263 n tgrawin ti\u0263rmanin \u0263ursn s umata tazmrt n yiw\u1e0d \u0263r twuriwin tidusanin iggudin g tmna\u1e0din tinammasin n tgrawt.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "This became the Goldsmith Modification definition of rural. ", "ber": "\u201ciga usnml ad ffir asnfl n guldsmit i urmmus n tgama.\u201d\u201d\u201d" }, { "en": "President Emmanuel Macron government launched an action plan in 2019 in favour for rural areas named Agenda Rural.", "ber": "\u201ctfka tnba\u1e0dt n unssixf imanwil mak\u1e5bun as\u0263iws n twuri g usgg\u02b7as n 2019 i tmna\u1e0din n tgama mi ittufka wassa\u0263 n \u201c\u201cajinda n tgama\u201d\u201d.\u201d" }, { "en": "In Scotland a different definition of rural is used.", "ber": "g skutlanda", "null": [ " da ittuswuri usnml ya\u1e0dn i tgama." ] }, { "en": "RBI defines rural areas as those areas with a population of less than 49", "ber": "000 (tier -3 to tier-6 cities).", "null": [ "ifka RBI asnml i tmna\u1e0din n tgama is gant timna\u1e0din g izd\u0263 ddaw n 49000 (sg uswir n -3 ar timdinin n uswir wis 6)." ] }, { "en": "Rural areas in Pakistan that are near cities are considered as suburban areas or suburbs.", "ber": "gant tmna\u1e0din n tgama g bakistan tid inmalan timdinin tidaw\u0263rmanin n\u0263 d tidaw\u0263rm." }, { "en": "Suburbs might have their own political or legal jurisdiction", "ber": " especially in the United States", "null": [ " but this is not always the case", " especially in the United Kingdom where most suburbs are located within the administrative boundaries of cities.", "i\u0263y ad yili \u0263ur twnna\u1e0d watig nnsnt asrtan n\u0263 d azrfan", " lumn g twilayatin munnin", " maka ur imk i aha", " lumn g tgldit imunn g llant twnna\u1e0d agnsu n iwtta idblann i tmdinin." ] }, { "en": "In others", "ber": " such as Morocco", "null": [ " France", " and much of the United States", " many suburbs remain separate municipalities or are governed locally as part of a larger metropolitan area such as a county", " district or borough.", "g tiyya\u1e0d zun d amu\u1e5bakuc d f\u1e5bansa d yan wussif axatar g twilayatin munnin", " gant kigan n twnna\u1e0d tigrawin ti\u0263rmanin istin as ssudunt agnsu n tmna\u1e0dt ta\u0263rmant zun d tagrawt." ] }, { "en": "The terms inner suburb and outer suburb are used to differentiate between the higher-density areas in proximity to the city centre (which would not be referred to as 'suburbs' in most other countries)", "ber": " and the lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area.", "null": [ "da nswuri irmmusn tawnna\u1e0dt n ugnsu d twnna\u1e0dt n b\u1e5b\u1e5ba i wad nb\u1e0du gr tmna\u1e0din g tlla tan\u1e93\u1e93i taxatart tama n wammas n tmdint (mi \u0263ur assa\u0263 n \u201ctawnna\u1e0dt\u201d g kigan n tmizar ya\u1e0dn)", " d twnna\u1e0d mi \u0263ur tan\u1e93\u1e93i idrusn g twnna\u1e0d n wansa a\u0263rman." ] }, { "en": "In New Zealand", "ber": " most suburbs are not legally defined", "null": [ " which can lead to confusion as to where they may begin and end.", "g nyuzilanda", " ur ttusnmln kigan n wansiwn n twnna\u1e0dt s tal\u0263a tazrfant", " aynna d yakkan arbbj g wansa g tssnu d wansa g tettfukku." ] }, { "en": "The word suburbani was first employed by the Roman statesman Cicero in reference to the large villas and estates built by the wealthy patricians of Rome on the city's outskirts.", "ber": "ittuswura yirm adaw\u0263rman tikklt tamzwarut s yils n urgaz n uwank a\u1e5bumani cic\u1e5bun g usskn n tfillatin d ikaln ixatarn skan iristuq\u1e5ba\u1e6ditn ijjiwnn g \u1e5buma tama n tmdint." }, { "en": "By the mid-19th century", "ber": " the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city (then the largest in the world) became more overcrowded and unsanitary.", "null": [ "g yuw\u1e0d n wammas n tsuta tis 19", " ff\u0263nt d tmna\u1e0din n twnna\u1e0dt tidslanin ttint i lundun allig tga tmdint (tamzwarut g tixxitrt kud ann) tktar ula tga tadusant." ] }, { "en": "The line reached Harrow in 1880.", "ber": "igula nn uzgigi \u0263r harruw g usgg\u02b7as n 1880." }, { "en": "The Met's marketing department coined the term Metro-land in 1915 when the Guide to the Extension Line became the Metro-land guide", "ber": " priced at 1d.", "null": [ "iska ugzzum n usgdz g mit armmus n \u201c\u201cmitruland\u201d\u201d g usgg\u02b7as n 1915 aynna ya\u0263ul unmmal n uzgig n usssiw\u1e0d iga t mitruland", " s 1 wass.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "In part", "ber": " this was a response to the shocking lack of fitness amongst many recruits during World War One", "null": [ " attributed to poor living conditions; a belief summed up in a housing poster of the period you cannot expect to get an A1 population out of C3 homes \u2013 referring to military fitness classifications of the period.", "ig uya tamrarut xf unngzu axatar g tdusi illan g isrdasn g imn\u0263i ama\u1e0dlan amzwaru", " s umntil n waddad n tudrt nnsn", " ittyagl s uzgzl g wusli\u0263 n imzda\u0263 g tizi \u201c\u201cur ttdmud ufu\u0263 n imzda\u0263 sg tfrkt A1 sg taddurin C3\u201d\u201d \u2013s wu\u0263ul \u0263r b\u1e6d\u1e6du n tdusi n isrdasn n tizi ann.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "The Report also legislated on the required", "ber": " minimum standards necessary for further suburban construction; this included regulation on the maximum housing density and their arrangement and it even made recommendations on the ideal number of bedrooms and other rooms per house.", "null": [ "imkinna d iff\u0263 unqqis kigan n islgan isawaln xf tmitar ixssan iciln i urnu n tiski n tmna\u1e0din; g illa usuds umudrus n tn\u1e93\u1e93i n imzda\u0263 d usuds nnsn", " ifk altu ina\u1e0dn xf um\u1e0dan n tm\u1e63i\u1e5bin n unuddm d tm\u1e63i\u1e5bin ya\u1e0dn n ku tigmmi." ] }, { "en": "Within just a decade suburbs dramatically increased in size.", "ber": "g mrawt n isgg\u02b7asn g uzmz day", "null": [ " trna s tal\u0263a taxatart twnna\u1e0dt g tasna." ] }, { "en": "Levittown developed as a major prototype of mass-produced housing.", "ber": "ittusbu\u0263la lifitawn ad ig amdya amzwaru adslan i tzdu\u0263t ittufarsn s tmamkt taxatart." }, { "en": "Shopping for different goods and services in one central location without having to travel to multiple locations", "ber": " helped to keep shopping centers a component of these newly designed suburbs which were booming in population.", "null": [ "yuws asgdz g yili n ma ay d ittus\u0263an d twuriwin s wanawn nnsnt g yan wansa anammas bla amuddu \u0263r wansiwn iggudin", " ad gin wammasn n usgdz yan sg ifrdisn n tmna\u1e0din mi imk day llanin tid g ggudin imzda\u0263." ] }, { "en": "The Highway Act of 1956 helped to fund the building of 64", "ber": "000 kilometers across the nation by having $26 thousand-million to use", "null": [ " which helped to link many more to these shopping centers with ease.", "yuws i uslgn n ubrid asddraf g usgg\u02b7as n 1956 g tikki n iqari\u1e0dn i tiski n 64", "000 n ikilumit\u1e5bn xf tmazirt s uswurii n 26 n yif\u1e0dn n id mlyun dula\u1e5b", " aynna d yuwsn i uzday akd wammasn n usgdz ad tsddrf." ] }, { "en": "Some suburbs had developed around large cities where there was rail transportation to the jobs downtown.", "ber": "yits n tmna\u1e0din ittin i tmdinin tixatarin illa \u0263ursnt wassay n ubrid n wuzzal ar swurin imzda\u0263 nnsnt g wammas n tmdint." }, { "en": "The product was a great housing boom.", "ber": "iga ufars yat tsuf\u0263t n tzdu\u0263t taxatrt." }, { "en": "With 16 million eligible veterans", "ber": " the opportunity to buy a house was suddenly at hand.", "null": [ "s yili n 16 mlyun n isrdasn iqburn", " tga ms\u0263iwt n tgmmi yat t\u0263awsa irxan cigan." ] }, { "en": "Developers purchased empty land just outside the city", "ber": " installed tract houses based on a handful of designs", "null": [ " and provided streets and utilities", " or local public officials race to build schools.", "s\u0263an insbu\u0263la akal yuran b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n tmdint", " ssudsn digs tig\u02b7mma iskan xf imik n wahiln", " sskrn isuka d t\u0263mrin nns", " ar ttna\u0263n d tiski n tinmal." ] }, { "en": "Veterans could get one with a much lower down payment.", "ber": "\u0263in isrdasn iqburn ad ilin yat g yat tikklt." }, { "en": "The growth of the suburbs was facilitated by the development of zoning laws", "ber": " redlining and numerous innovations in transport.", "null": [ "ittushwn ubu\u0263lu n tmna\u1e0din ittin i tmdint s usbu\u0263lu n islgan ib\u1e6d\u1e6dun ansiwn", " ar ttalsn i us\u0263iws n kigan n twafitin g yigr n wassay." ] }, { "en": "African-Americans and other people of color largely remained concentrated within decaying cores of urban poverty.", "ber": "qqiman imirikanitn n ifriqya d wiyya\u1e0d ik\u02b7lan s umata g wansiwn iktarn s u\u1e93la\u1e0d a\u0263rman." }, { "en": "After World War II", "ber": " availability of FHA loans stimulated a housing boom in American suburbs.", "null": [ "ffir imn\u0263i ama\u1e0dlan wis sin", " i\u1e25uz u\u1e5b\u1e6d\u1e6dal n tdblt n uuzdu\u0263 tafidi\u1e5balit yat tiggidit n taddrwin g tmiwa timirikanitin." ] }, { "en": "Economic growth in the United States encouraged the suburbanization of American cities that required massive investments for the new infrastructure and homes.", "ber": "isb\u0263s ubu\u0263lu adamsan g twilayatin munnin tigawt n tmiwa n tmdinin issuturn azizzl axatar d usku udmkal amaynu n taddrwin." }, { "en": "An alternative strategy is the deliberate design of new towns and the protection of green belts around cities.", "ber": "\u201ctast\u1e5batijit tamaynut tga tt asmhhl n \u201c\u201ctmdinin timaynutin\u201d\u201d d \u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n tstawin tizgzawin ittin i tmdinin.\u201d" }, { "en": "Federal subsidies for suburban development accelerated this process as did the practice of redlining by banks and other lending institutions.", "ber": "yuwi d wannal afidi\u1e5bali i tigmi n tmiwa asddrf n tmggit imkinna tsskr tlusi n us\u0263iws n id bank d tmrsal n u\u1e5b\u1e6d\u1e6dal ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "Virginia Beach is now the largest city in all of Virginia", "ber": " having long since exceeded the population of its neighboring primary city", "null": [ " Norfolk.", "tga firjinya bitc tamdint taxatart akk\u02b7 g twilayat n firjinya kullutt", " allig tzri tamdint illan tama nns nurfulk g um\u1e0dan n imzda\u0263." ] }, { "en": "A greater percentage of whites (both non-Hispanic and", "ber": " in some areas", "null": [ " Hispanic) and lesser percentage of citizens of other ethnic groups than in urban areas.", "yan um\u1e0dan g tmi\u1e0di n imllaln (ur igin isbanitn", " d kra n wansiwn sg u\u1e93u\u1e5b asbani) d yan um\u1e0dan g tmi\u1e0di n imzda\u0263 n trubba sg i\u1e93u\u1e5ban ya\u1e0dn s usmzazal d wansiwn i\u0263rmann." ] }, { "en": "Compared to rural areas", "ber": " suburbs usually have greater population density", "null": [ " higher standards of living", " more complex road systems", " more franchised stores and restaurants", " and less farmland and wildlife.", "s umzazal d wansiwn n tgama", " s umata da tettili tan\u1e93\u1e93i taxatart n imzda\u0263 g tmiwa n tmdint", " d iswirn n tudrt inafllatn", " d igrratn n ibrdan iggudin", " d wansiwn n tsbbabt d isuccn yufn", " d ikaln n tkrza d tudrt n tgama idrusn." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " of this metropolitan population", "null": [ " in 2001 nearly half lived in low-density neighborhoods", " with only one in five living in a typical urban neighborhood.", "\u201c m\u0263ar", " sg imzda\u0263 ad i\u0263rmann", " g usgg\u02b7as n 2001", " ddrn wuga n uzgn digsn g i\u0263aramn g tdrus tn\u1e93\u1e93i", " yan day sg smmus ayd ittidirn g \u201c\u201cu\u0263aram\u201d\u201danawan.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Throughout Canada", "ber": " there are comprehensive plans in place to curb sprawl.", "null": [ "g tsgg\u02b7in ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba n kanada", " llant t\u0263arasin n usbdd n usgidy n tzdu\u0263in." ] }, { "en": "The majority of recent population growth in Canada's three largest metropolitan areas (Greater Toronto", "ber": " Greater Montr\u00e9al", "null": [ " and Greater Vancouver) has occurred in non-core municipalities.", "i\u1e63\u1e5ba umata n ubu\u0263lu n imzda\u0263 amggaru g k\u1e5ba\u1e0d wansiwn i\u0263rmann g kanada (turuntu taxatart d muntiryal taxatart d fankufr taxatart) g tgrawin ti\u0263rmanin ur igin tidslanin." ] }, { "en": "This is due to annexation and large geographic footprint within the city borders.", "ber": "aya s umntil n ukccum aj\u0263rafi axatar g iwtta n ugnsu n tmdint." }, { "en": "In the 2016 census", "ber": " the City of Calgary had a population of 1", "null": [ "239", "220", " whereas the Calgary Metropolitan Area had a population of 1", "392", "609", " indicating the vast majority of people in the Calgary CMA lived within the city limits.", "g usi\u1e0dn n 2016", " ilkm nn um\u1e0dan n imzda\u0263 nn tmdint kalgari 1", "239", "220 n umzda\u0263", " ilin g wansa a\u0263man nns 1", "392", "609 n umzda\u0263", " aynna d yakkan nwis zd\u0263n mddn n kalgari CMA s umata g ugnsu n iwtta n tmdint." ] }, { "en": "In the UK", "ber": " the government is seeking to impose minimum densities on newly approved housing schemes in parts of South East England.", "null": [ "g tgldit imunn", " da ttna\u0263 tnba\u1e0dt ad tajj awttu n tn\u1e93\u1e93i n imzda\u0263 g is\u0263iwas n uzddu\u0263 atrar g igzzumn n iffus n unqqr n inglati\u1e5b\u1e5ba." ] }, { "en": "Suburbs can be found in Guadalajara", "ber": " Mexico City", "null": [ " Monterrey", " and most major cities.", "tzmr tifi n twnna\u1e0din g gudalaxara", " d miksiku siti", " d muntirri", " d kigan n tmdinin tixatarin." ] }, { "en": "As the growth of middle-class and upper-class suburbs increased", "ber": " low-class squatter areas have increased", "null": [ " most notably lost cities in Mexico", " campamentos in Chile", " barriadas in Peru", " villa miserias in Argentina", " asentamientos in Guatemala and favelas of Brazil.", "\u201cs tigmi n tmiwa n tfrkt tanammast d tnafllat", " zaydnt tmna\u1e6din n urbbj g tfrkt tamazdart", " lumn \u201ctimdinin zlanin\u201d g miksik", " d kambamintus g tcili", " d baryada g biru", " tfillatin tim\u1e93la\u1e0d g a\u1e5bjuntin", " d asintamyintus g gwatimalaya d i\u0263aramn im\u1e93la\u1e0d g b\u1e5bazil.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "In an illustrative case of South Africa", "ber": " RDP housing has been built.", "null": [ "g waddad n assfraw i ifriqya n iffus", " ittuska kigan n tzdu\u0263in RDP." ] }, { "en": "In certain areas such as Klang", "ber": " Subang Jaya and Petaling Jaya", "null": [ " suburbs form the core of these places.", "g tmna\u1e0din zun d klang d subang jaya d \u1e25etalin jaya", " gant tidaw\u0263rmanin ammas n tmna\u1e0din ad." ] }, { "en": "In the suburban system", "ber": " most trips from one component to another component requires that cars enter a collector road", "null": [ " no matter how short or long the distance is.", "g ugrra n tmiwa", " da issutur umata n imuddutn ad kcmt thiritin abrid n usmun", " swa im\u1e93\u1e93iy ubrid n\u0263 i\u0263zzif." ] }, { "en": "If a traffic crash occurs on a collector road", "ber": " or if road construction inhibits the flow", "null": [ " then the entire road system may be rendered useless until the blockage is cleared.", "g waddad n ungas g ubrid angraw", " n\u0263 ig da ittus\u0263udu ubrid", " da ittu\u0263ul ugrra n ubrid war tawuri ard ittyikks wu\u0263un." ] }, { "en": "This encourages car trips even for distances as low as several hundreds of yards or meters (which may have become up to several miles or kilometers due to the road network).", "ber": "da isb\u0263as uya xf tigawt n imuddutn s thirit g ustum n wattay n tmi\u1e0di n ya\u1e5bdat n\u0263 id mit\u1e5b (i\u0263in ad nn igulu awd yids n id mil n\u0263 id kilumit\u1e5b s umntil n u\u1e93\u1e6d\u1e6da n ibrdan)." }, { "en": "Taken together", "ber": " these two groups of taxpayers represent a largely untapped source of potential revenue that cities may begin to target more aggressively", "null": [ " particularly if they're struggling.", "g munent", " gant snat trubba ad n winna yakkan izmaz yan u\u0263balu ur ittuswurin s yat t\u0263arast g lan tayri mi t\u0263y tmdint ad tt tg d awttas nns", " numal ig \u0263nsnt." ] }, { "en": "French songs like La Zone by Fr\u00e9hel (1933)", "ber": " Aux quatre coins de la banlieue by Damia (1936)", "null": [ " Ma banlieue by Reda Caire (1937)", " or Banlieue by Robert Lamoureux (1953)", " evoke the suburbs of Paris explicitly since the 1930s.", "izlan if\u1e5bansisn zun d ad\u0263ar n f\u1e5bihl (1933)", " g kku\u1e93 n id\u0263arn n tgama n damya (1936)", " tagama inu n \u1e5bi\u1e0da kayr (1937)", " n\u0263 tagama n l\u1e5bubi\u1e5bt lamu\u1e5byu (1953)", "da ttubdarnt g tsgg\u02b7in n baris kigan sg isgg\u02b7asn ik\u1e5bamrawn 1930." ] }, { "en": "French cinema was although soon interested in urban changes in the suburbs", "ber": " with such movies as Mon oncle by Jacques Tati (1958)", "null": [ " L'Amour existe by Maurice Pialat (1961) or Two or Three Things I Know About Her by Jean-Luc Godard (1967).", "tffulls ssinima taf\u1e5bansist s isnfaln i\u0263rman itta\u0263n g tmiwa", " g ifilmn zun d \u025bmmi n jak tati (1958)", " tlla tayri n muris byalat (1961) n\u0263 sin n\u0263 k\u1e5ba\u1e0d iskkinn \u0263ifs ssn\u0263 n jun luk gudar (1967)." ] }, { "en": "The 1962 song Little Boxes by Malvina Reynolds lampoons the development of suburbia and its perceived bourgeois and conformist values", "ber": " while the 1982 song Subdivisions by the Canadian band Rush also discusses suburbia", "null": [ " as does Rockin' the Suburbs by Ben Folds.", "\u201ctizlit n usgg\u02b7as n 1962 \u201c\u201ctimku\u1e93in tim\u1e93\u1e93yanin\u201d\u201d n malfina rinaldz da tt\u1e0d\u1e63a gubu\u0263lu n tmna\u1e0din n tmdinin d watig n tbu\u1e5bjwazit", " ar tsmrara awal tzlit n usgg\u02b7as n 1982 tga trabbut takanadit \u1e5bac", " imkinna\u0263 awd i \u1e5bukin n tmiwa n tmdint iga bin fuldz.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Over the Hedge is a syndicated comic strip written and drawn by Michael Fry and T. Lewis.", "ber": "\u0263f yir iga yan ini\u1e93\u1e5bi is\u1e0d\u1e63an amgraw yara issun\u0263 maykl fray d t. lwis." }, { "en": "British television series such as The Good Life", "ber": " Butterflies and The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin have depicted suburbia as well-manicured but relentlessly boring", "null": [ " and its residents as either overly conforming or prone to going stir crazy.", "isdditn n tin\u1e93\u1e5bi tab\u1e5bi\u1e6danit zun d tudrt i\u0263udan d ibrbissitn d ta\u1e0du\u1e5bi d ily n rijinald biran ttuswlfnt g tmiwa n tmdint nwis zddign ntta \u1e93\u1e93ayn \u0263f wulawn", " imzda\u0263 nnsn msasan kigan n\u0263 tn isly ka." ] }, { "en": "A village is a clustered human settlement or community", "ber": " larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town (although the word is often used to describe both hamlets and smaller towns)", "null": [ " with a population typically ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand.", "tagama tga yat n tzdu\u0263t tanfgant imunn n\u0263 n u\u0263rf", " yugrn i\u0263rm tm\u1e93iy \u0263f tgrawt ta\u0263rmant (waxxa tsman tguri gr unamk n i\u0263man d tmdinin tim\u1e93yanin)", " ar ikkat um\u1e0dan n imzda\u0263 nns gr kra n tmidiwin d kra n yif\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "This also enabled specialization of labor and crafts", "ber": " and development of many trades.", "null": [ "yawi d uya altu as\u1e93ly g twuri d tazzulin", " d usbu\u0263lu n kigan n tazzulin." ] }, { "en": "The size of these villages varies considerably.", "ber": "addud n i\u0263rman ad immarks kigan." }, { "en": "Desa are generally located in rural areas while kelurahan are generally urban subdivisions.", "ber": "tlla diza g wansiwn n tgama tili kilu\u1e5bahan s umata g ib\u1e6d\u1e6dutn ayyawn i\u0263rmann." }, { "en": "A desa or kelurahan is the subdivision of a kecamatan (subdistrict)", "ber": " in turn the subdivision of a kabupaten (district) or kota (city).", "null": [ "diza n\u0263 kilu\u1e5bahan gant ab\u1e6d\u1e6du ayyaw n kikamatan (anwa ayyaw)", " ig awd ntta ab\u1e6d\u1e6du ayyaw n kabubatn (ansa) n\u0263 d kata (tamdint)." ] }, { "en": "In Malaysia", "ber": " a kampung is determined as a locality with 10", "null": [ "000 or fewer people.", "g malizya", " iga kambung yan wansa g llan 10", "000 n ufgan n\u0263 ddawas." ] }, { "en": "All Muslims in the Malay or Indonesian village want to be prayed for", "ber": " and to receive Allah's blessings in the afterlife.", "null": [ "ran imunslmn akk\u02b7 n wasun n malay n\u0263 asun n andunisya ad \u1e93\u1e93allin", " d wad awin imrkidn n allah ffir tamtant." ] }, { "en": "Mainland Singapore used to have many kampung villages but modern developments and rapid urbanisation works have seen them bulldozed away; Kampong Lorong Buangkok is the last surviving village on the country's mainland.", "ber": "imyar wakal adslan n sanga\u0263ufu\u1e5ba ad digs ilin kigan n wasunn ikambungn", "null": [ " maca tuwi d tigmi tatrart d twuriwin n us\u0263rm ansddraf \u0263r urdal nns; kambung lurung bankuk iga asun amggaru iqqiman \u0263f wakal adslan n tmazirt." ] }, { "en": "Vietnam's village is the typical symbol of Asian agricultural production.", "ber": "iga wasun n fitnam azamul amdyan n ufars n tkrza tasyawit." }, { "en": "In Slovenia", "ber": " the word selo is used for very small villages (fewer than 100 people) and in dialects; the Slovene word vas is used all over Slovenia.", "null": [ "g slufakya", " da ttuswuri tguri slu i usnml n wasunn im\u1e93\u1e93yann kigan (ddaw n 100 n ufgan) d g tantalayin; ar ttuswuri tguri taslufinit fas g slufinya kullu." ] }, { "en": "It could be relative to a Sanskrit like Afgan word deh and Indonesian word desa.", "ber": "t\u0263y ad tg tin tutlayt tasanskritit zun d taguri afgan taguri dih d tguri tandunisit disa." }, { "en": "Approximately 46% of all migrated people have changed their residence from one city to another.", "ber": "attay n 46% n\u0263 imzwagn kullu ssnfln ad\u0263ar n uzdu\u0263 nnsn sg tmdint \u0263r tay\u1e0d." }, { "en": "The lowest administrative unit of the Russian Empire", "ber": " a volost", "null": [ " or its Soviet or modern Russian successor", " a selsoviet", " was typically headquartered in a selo and embraced a few neighboring villages.", "tagzzumt tadblant tamazdart n tmb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5bt tarusit", " fulst", " n\u0263 tasufyatit n\u0263 tarusit tatrart tamdfu\u1e5bt", " ssilsufyit", " ikka tt nn wansa nns g silu tskcm ddaw tayt nns kra n wasunn as yujin idrusn." ] }, { "en": "While peasants of central Russia lived in a village around the lord's manor", "ber": " a Cossack family often lived on its own farm", "null": [ " called khutor.", "ilin altu imkrazn g wammas n rusya da ttidirn g wasun ittin i i\u0263rm n llu\u1e5bd", " ar ttidir twacunt n kussak g wurti nns", " mi illa wassa\u0263 n xutur." ] }, { "en": "There is", "ber": " however", "null": [ " another smaller type of settlement which is designated in Ukrainian as a selysche (\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0435).", "illa", " waxxa", " yan wanaw ya\u1e0dn n tzdu\u0263in mi gan iwtta s tutlayt tuk\u1e5banit nwis tga tazdu\u0263t (\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0435)." ] }, { "en": "They represent a type of a small rural locality that might have once been a khutir", "ber": " a fisherman's settlement", "null": [ " or a dacha.", "da sgnsasn yan wanaw n wansa n tgama am\u1e93\u1e93yan isduyn g yids n wussan", " igan tazdu\u0263t n ingmarn", " n\u0263 daca." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " ambiguity is often avoided in connection with urbanized settlements by referring to them using the three-letter abbreviation smt instead.", "null": [ "kigan n tikkal", " da ittyikkis untal n wassa\u0263 n tzdu\u0263in ti\u0263rmanin s uswuri n usgzl s k\u1e5ba\u1e0d n iskkil smt." ] }, { "en": "They became really popular during the Stolypin reform in the early 20th century.", "ber": "a\u0263uln ttyassnn g us\u0263udu n stulibin g tzwiri n tuta tis 20." }, { "en": "Larger villages can also be referred to as a Flecken or Markt depending on the region.", "ber": "n\u0263y altu ad nsiwl xf wasunn ixatarn s wassa\u0263 n flikn n\u0263 d ma\u1e5bkt illan g wansa." }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " in areas such as the Lincolnshire Wolds", "null": [ " the villages are often found along the spring line halfway down the hillsides", " and originate as spring line settlements", " with the original open field systems around the village.", "s umdya", " g wansiwn zun d linukulncayr wuldz", " da ttilin wasunn xf uzgig n tfsut g wammas n ubrid ddaw n twririn", " ar ttilint tzdu\u0263in xf uzgig n tfsut", " d igrratn n yigran imanafn xf wasun." ] }, { "en": "Some villages have disappeared (for example", "ber": " deserted medieval villages)", "null": [ " sometimes leaving behind a church or manor house and sometimes nothing but bumps in the fields.", "zlan ka n wusunn (s umdya", " usunn n uzmz anammas ittuzrin)", " ajjin ffir as yat tkanisat n\u0263 yat taddart mm wurti d kra n tikkal \u0263as igran." ] }, { "en": "Other villages have grown and merged and often form hubs within the general mass of suburbia\u2014such as Hampstead", "ber": " London and Didsbury in Manchester.", "null": [ "gman wasunn ya\u1e0dn zdin d tmiwwa n tmdinin \u2014 am hambstid d lundun d didsburi g mancistr." ] }, { "en": "Seen as being far from the bustle of modern life", "ber": " it is represented as quiet and harmonious", "null": [ " if a little inward-looking.", "acku taggug xf urbbj n tudrt tatrart", " da \u0263ifs ittyinin nwis tfsta", " waxxa tla umd n ugnsu." ] }, { "en": "These (such as Murton", "ber": " County Durham) grew from hamlets when the sinking of a colliery in the early 20th century resulted in a rapid growth in their population and the colliery owners built new housing", "null": [ " shops", " pubs and churches.", "gman wid (zun d murtun ", " tagrawt ta\u0263rman durham) sg wasunn im\u1e93\u1e93yann kudnna i\u025bum ifri g imzwura n tsuta tis 20 yawi d tigmi asddraft n um\u1e0dan n imzda\u0263 skun ayt ifran timzdu\u0263in d wansiwn n tsbbabt d t\u1e25una d tkanisatin timaynutin." ] }, { "en": "Maltby was constructed under the auspices of the Sheepbridge Coal and Iron Company and included ample open spaces and provision for gardens.", "ber": "tettuga maltbi ddaw tayt n tmssurt cibbridj kul d irun g wahli n wakal g llan wurtan." }, { "en": "The typical village had a pub or inn", "ber": " shops", "null": [ " and a blacksmith.", "ila wasun uddis ansa n tsbbabt d usnsu d wansa n umzil." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " some civil parishes have no functioning parish", "null": [ " town", " or city council nor a functioning parish meeting.", "ur illi \u0263ur yids n tmdint wansa n tdblt ula i\u0263rm", " n\u0263 asqqim n tmdint ula agraw adblan ilan tawuri." ] }, { "en": "In Scotland", "ber": " the equivalent is also a community council", "null": [ " however", " despite being statutory bodies they have no executive powers.", "g skutlanda", " iga ungiddi nns altu asqqim agrawan", " waxxa ig ti\u0263mrin tisa\u1e0dufin maca ur \u0263ur tinba\u1e0din timskarin." ] }, { "en": "The district of Danniyeh consists of thirty-six small villages", "ber": " which includes Almrah", "null": [ " Kfirchlan", " Kfirhbab", " Hakel al Azimah", " Siir", " Bakhoun", " Miryata", " Assoun", " Sfiiri", " Kharnoub", " Katteen", " Kfirhabou", " Zghartegrein", " Ein Qibil.", "illa g tnb\u1e0dayt n \u1e0danniy s\u1e0di\u1e63 d kramraw n wasun am\u1e93\u1e93yn", " g illa almra\u1e25", " kfirclan", " kfir\u1e25bab", " \u1e25ayl la\u025b\u1e0dm", " \u1e63i\u1e5b", " baxun", " miryata", " asun", " sfiri", " xa\u1e5bnub", " qa\u1e6din", " kfir\u1e25abu", " z\u0263artigrin", " \u025bin qibil." ] }, { "en": "Dinniyeh has an excellent ecological environment filled with woodlands", "ber": " orchards and groves.", "null": [ "tla \u1e0diniy tuskiwt n tgama izddign iktarn s taganin d wurtan." ] }, { "en": "Villages in the south of Syria (Hauran", "ber": " Jabal al-Druze)", "null": [ " the north-east (the Syrian island) and the Orontes River basin depend mostly on agriculture", " mainly grain", " vegetables", " and fruits.", "da skuttun wasunn n iffus n surya (\u1e25u\u1e5ban d udrar addruz) d i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d n unqqr (tagzirt tasurit) d uglmam n wasif amxib xf tkrza s umata", " lumn irdn d icakan d igumma." ] }, { "en": "Mediterranean cities in Syria", "ber": " such as Tartus and Latakia have similar types of villages.", "null": [ "llan wanawn n wasunn g tmdinin n yilel amllal anammas g surya", " zun d \u1e6da\u1e5b\u1e6dus d lladiqya." ] }, { "en": "Every urbanization is a pueblo unless is elevated by decree to the next category.", "ber": "\u201cku as\u0263rm iga \u201c\u201cbwiblu\u201d\u201d ma\u1e25d ur t izzriy kra n uslgn \u0263r tfrkt ya\u1e0dn.\u201d" }, { "en": "However", "ber": " this is a generality; in many states", "null": [ " there are villages that are an order of magnitude larger than the smallest cities in the state.", "illa s umata g kigan n twilayatin wasunn yugrn timdinin tim\u1e93\u1e93yanin g ussuds n uksay." ] }, { "en": "In some cases", "ber": " the village may be coterminous with the town or township", "null": [ " in which case the two may have a consolidated government.", "g kra n waddadn", " da tettili tgrawt ta\u0263rmant anct n wasun g tikklt a i\u0263y ad \u0263ursn yili yan wanaw n tnba\u1e0dt tn ismunn." ] }, { "en": "Hempstead", "ber": " the largest village", "null": [ " has 55", "000 residents; making it more populous than some of the state's cities.", "himbstid", " d asun axatar", " gulan nn imzda\u0263 nns 55", "000 n umzda\u0263; aynna as yakkan yat tn\u1e93\u1e93i i\u0263in ad yagr yids n tmdinin n twilayat." ] }, { "en": "The village of Arlington Heights", "ber": " Illinois had 75", "null": [ "101 residents as of the 2010 census.", "tusy wasun n arlingtun hayts g twilayat n ilinuy 75", "101 n umzda\u0263 g usi\u1e0dn n 2010." ] }, { "en": "Villages can incorporate land in multiple townships and even multiple counties.", "ber": "\u0263in wasunn ad smunn ikaln n i\u0263rman n\u0263 awd tigrawin ti\u0263rmanin ggudinin." }, { "en": "The largest village is Menomonee Falls", "ber": " which has over 32", "null": [ "000 residents.", "asun axatar akk\u02b7 iga t minumuni fulz", " nn igulan ugar n 32", "000 n umzda\u0263." ] }, { "en": "In Maryland", "ber": " a locality designated Village of ... may be either an incorporated town or a special tax district.", "null": [ "\u201cg mariland", " i\u0263y ad ig wansa ittusmln \u201c\u201casun n ...\u201d\u201d tamdint tuddist n\u0263 d ansa n izmaz u\u1e93liyn.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "At that time Traditional rulers used to have absolute power in their administrative regions.", "ber": "g wakud ann \u0263ur inbba\u1e0dn iqburn tanba\u1e0dt tariwtta g wansiwn nnsn idblann." }, { "en": "Every Hausa village was reigned by Magaji (Village head) who was answerable to his Hakimi (mayor) at the town level.", "ber": "innb\u1e0d magaji (anssixf n wasun)g ku asun n wasunn n husa igan anbba\u1e0d dat n \u1e25akimi (anssixf n tgrawt ta\u0263rmant) g uswir n tmdint." }, { "en": "They have mud houses with thatched roofing though", "ber": " like in most of the villages in the North", "null": [ " zinc roofing is becoming a common sight.", "\u0263ursn taddrwin n walu\u1e0d d tduliwin n ikcci\u1e0dn", " am umata n wasunn n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d", " ya\u0263ul gant tduliwin n zzng askkin akuyass." ] }, { "en": "Others are lucky to have wells within a walking distance.", "ber": "wiyya\u1e0d \u0263ursn annaz lan una nmilin asn waman." }, { "en": "An atlas is a collection of maps; it is typically a bundle of maps of Earth or a region of Earth.", "ber": "a\u1e6dlas iga yat tgrawt n tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin; gant yat trabbut n tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin n wakal s umata n\u0263 d yan wansa g wakal." }, { "en": "This title provides Mercator's definition of the word as a description of the creation and form of the whole universe", "ber": " not simply as a collection of maps.", "null": [ "da isnil uzwl ad asnml n mirkatu\u1e5b i tguri d asnumml i usuf\u0263 n uma\u1e0dal d tal\u0263a nns", " ur d \u0263ar tagrawt n tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin." ] }, { "en": "A desk atlas is made similar to a reference book.", "ber": "illa wa\u1e6dlas n umaris zun d adlis adlsumu\u0263." }, { "en": "In cartography", "ber": " a contour line (often just called a contour) joins points of equal elevation (height) above a given level", "null": [ " such as mean sea level.", "\u201cg wunu\u0263 n tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin", " da ismun uzgig awnna\u1e0d (s wassa\u0263 n \u201c\u201cawnna\u1e0d\u201d\u201d) tinqqa\u1e0d ingaddan g tattayt (tattayt) xf ka n uswir", " zun n aswin anammas n wudm n yilel.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "The gradient of the function is always perpendicular to the contour lines.", "ber": "da ittili usk\u02b7fl aswuran n tannalt n izgign iwnna\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "Contour lines are curved", "ber": " straight or a mixture of both lines on a map describing the intersection of a real or hypothetical surface with one or more horizontal planes.", "null": [ "izgign iwnna\u1e0dn ggussan n\u0263 u\u0263dn n\u0263 ssarn \u0263f tka\u1e5b\u1e0da ar takka timitar n umnala n wudm adttan d aradttan akd uswir amnidan n\u0263 ugar." ] }, { "en": "In 1701", "ber": " Edmond Halley used such lines (isogons) on a chart of magnetic variation.", "null": [ "g usgg\u02b7as n 1701", " iswuri idmund hali zun d izgign (izuguns) g us\u0263iws n b\u1e6d\u1e6du ami\u0263na\u1e6disi." ] }, { "en": "In 1791", "ber": " a map of France by J. L. Dupain-Triel used contour lines at 20-metre intervals", "null": [ " hachures", " spot-heights and a vertical section.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1791", " tswuri j.l duban triyl taka\u1e5b\u1e0da n f\u1e5bansa d izgign iwnna\u1e0dn g istumn n 20 mitr", " d umalu", " d tattayt n tnqqa\u1e0d", " d ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n umnid." ] }, { "en": "Isobaths were not routinely used on nautical charts until those of Russia from 1834", "ber": " and those of Britain from 1838.", "null": [ "ur ittuswuri izubats s tal\u0263a takuyast g tka\u1e5bdiwin tilelitin ar tin rusya g usgg\u02b7as n 1834", " d tin b\u1e5bi\u1e6danya asgg\u02b7as n 1838." ] }, { "en": "As late as 1944", "ber": " John K. Wright still preferred isogram", "null": [ " but it never attained wide usage.", "g yat n tizi ima\u1e0dln g usgg\u02b7as n 1944", " isul jun k. \u1e5bayt isul ira izug\u1e5bam", " maca ur nn igula aswuri n wugar." ] }, { "en": "Despite attempts to select a single standard", "ber": " all of these alternatives have survived to the present.", "null": [ "waxxa d irimn n ustay n yan unaway", " imurs ubrid ad ar akud ad n tihawt." ] }, { "en": "Weather stations are seldom exactly positioned at a contour line (when they are", "ber": " this indicates a measurement precisely equal to the value of the contour).", "null": [ "idrus ma g ttusirisnt tsursin n unzwi xf uzgig n uwnna\u1e0d (ig tga imk a", " i\u1e93ly uya \u0263r ungidda n watig n uwnna\u1e0d)." ] }, { "en": "In meteorology", "ber": " the barometric pressures shown are reduced to sea level", "null": [ " not the surface pressures at the map locations.", "g tasnzwit", " da sdrisn ibrakn iba\u1e5bumitritn ittyakazn xf uswir n wudm n yilel", " ur d ibrakn n wudm illan g wansiwn n tka\u1e5b\u1e0da." ] }, { "en": "Isallobars are lines joining points of equal pressure change during a specific time interval.", "ber": "izgign izalluba\u1e5b gan izgign izddin tinqqa\u1e0d n usnfl n ubrak igaddan g yat tizi mm iwtta." }, { "en": "Isallobaric gradients are important components of the wind as they increase or decrease the geostrophic wind.", "ber": "tisk\u02b7fal ngaddanin gant ifrdisn idslann i uzwu acku da ttrnunt ar ttdrisnt sg uzwu ajyustrufi." }, { "en": "An isotherm at 0\u00a0\u00b0C is called the freezing level.", "ber": "iga usngadda n unr\u0263i g 0\u00a0\u00b0C n tsk\u02b7flt g tmi\u1e0di aswir n ugris." }, { "en": "From these contours", "ber": " a sense of the general terrain can be determined.", "null": [ "sg izgign ad awnna\u1e0d n\u0263y ad naky s wudmkal amatu." ] }, { "en": "In cartography", "ber": " the contour interval is the elevation difference between adjacent contour lines.", "null": [ "g wunu\u0263 n tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin", " b\u1e6d\u1e6du awnna\u1e0d iga t b\u1e6d\u1e6du n tattayt gr izgign iwnna\u1e0dn t iwalan." ] }, { "en": "Two or more contour lines merging indicates a cliff.", "ber": "da d yakka usmun sin izgign n twnna\u1e0dt n\u0263 ugar ajdir." }, { "en": "Usually contour intervals are consistent throughout a map", "ber": " but there are exceptions.", "null": [ "da b\u1e6d\u1e6dunt tizza n uzgig awnna\u1e0d xf tsgg\u02b7in n tka\u1e5b\u1e0da maka llan imslka." ] }, { "en": "Whether crossing an equipotential line represents ascending or descending the potential is inferred from the labels on the charges.", "ber": "ig izry yan uzgig ingaddan g tdusi s yily n\u0263 uguz", "null": [ " da ittfka wunzi\u0263 n ku tastkurt." ] }, { "en": "Acid precipitation is indicated on maps with isoplats.", "ber": "da d yakka uzrdix ansmum xf tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin id mm izublats." }, { "en": "Contour lines are also used to display non-geographic information in economics.", "ber": "da ttuswurin izgign n twnna\u1e0dt altu g ufsar n tussniwin ur igin tin tj\u0263raft d g tussna n tdamsa." }, { "en": "Such isolines are useful for representing more than two dimensions (or quantities) on two-dimensional graphs.", "ber": "isnfan ad \u0263udan i ugnses n sin wudmawn (tmamkin) xf wunu\u0263n imskann ik\u1e5bamnadn." }, { "en": "In interpreting radar images", "ber": " an isodop is a line of equal Doppler velocity", "null": [ " and an isoecho is a line of equal radar reflectivity.", "g usfru n iwlafn n u\u1e5bada\u1e5b", " da ittili isudub d izgig ingaddan g tassast n dublr", " izgig n t\u0263la\u0263alt iga izgig imiwt ingaddan i \u1e5b\u1e5bada\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "Line color is the choice of any number of pigments that suit the display.", "ber": "aklu n izgig iga astay n um\u1e0dan n iklutn imyasan d udgl." }, { "en": "Line type refers to whether the basic contour line is solid", "ber": " dashed", "null": [ " dotted or broken in some other pattern to create the desired effect.", "da isskan wanaw nuzgig is iga uzgig awnna\u1e0d adslan imunn n\u0263 d ur imunn n\u0263 d ibbin n\u0263 d i\u1e5b\u1e5b\u1e93an g way\u1e0d wanaw i ufars n yi\u1e0di\u1e5b ittusutrn." ] }, { "en": "Numerical marking is the manner of denoting the arithmetical values of contour lines.", "ber": "amatr n um\u1e0dan iga ta\u0263arast i unamk n watig n usi\u1e0dn n izgign iwnna\u1e0d." }, { "en": "If the contour lines are not numerically labeled and adjacent lines have the same style (with the same weight", "ber": " color and type)", "null": [ " then the direction of the gradient cannot be determined from the contour lines alone.", "mk ur ittugi wassa\u0263 i izgign iwnna\u1e0dn s imdann ilin izgign as ittin s yan wanw (s yat tastli d yan uklu d yan wanaw)", " ur i\u0263iy ad tettyisin tanila n usk\u02b7fl n ik\u02b7lan n izgign iwnna\u1e0dn day." ] }, { "en": "A properly labeled contour map helps the reader to quickly interpret the shape of the terrain.", "ber": "da ttaws tka\u1e5b\u1e0da n iwnna\u1e0dn ad yaks im\u0263ri udmkal zikk s t\u0263arast tmaddadt." }, { "en": "Then the coordinates of other places are measured from the nearest control point through surveying.", "ber": "ffir as", "null": [ " da ittuga usi\u1e0dn n ismmzditn n id\u0263arn ya\u1e0dn g nqqi\u1e0dt inmalan ittyafan sg usfa\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "This phenomenon is called datum shift.", "ber": "tumant ad tla assa\u0263 n usnfl n tannalt." }, { "en": "More ambitious undertakings such as the Struve Geodetic Arc across Eastern Europe (1816-1855) and the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India (1802-1871) took much longer", "ber": " but resulted in more accurate estimations of the shape of the Earth ellipsoid.", "null": [ "ccant t\u0263awsiwin g iggudy usirm zun d tiskt n struf jyudisi sg urubba n unqqr (1816-1855) d usfa\u1e0d amk\u1e5ba\u1e0d mqran n hid (1802-1871) akud ugar", " maka tuwi \u0263r tiktiwin iddan \u0263r tidt nwis iga wakal aglalay." ] }, { "en": "An approximate definition of sea level is the datum WGS 84", "ber": " an ellipsoid", "null": [ " whereas a more accurate definition is Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008)", " using at least 2", "159 spherical harmonics.", "asnml inmalan i uswir n wudm n yilel iga t wannal WGS 84", " igan tal\u0263a tglalayt", " maka asnml yufn iga t umdya n wakal g\u1e5bafitasyunil 2008 (EGM2008)", " s uswuri n wattay n 2", "159 ismsasatn n tcamma." ] }, { "en": "When used without qualification", "ber": " the term latitude refers to geodetic latitude.", "null": [ "g uswuri nnsn", " iga yirm n uzgug n tirut azgig n tirut ajyudisi." ] }, { "en": "The datum shift between two particular datums can vary from one place to another within one country or region", "ber": " and can be anything from zero to hundreds of meters (or several kilometers for some remote islands).", "null": [ "i\u0263y ad isty isnfl n wannal gr snat n tmuca sg wans r way\u1e0d agnsu n yat n tmazirt n\u0263 yan wansa", " i\u0263y ad ig sg ingr umya ar timi\u1e0diwin n id mitr (n\u0263 kigan n id kilumitr i kra n tgzirin yutmn)." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " in Sydney there is a 200 metres (700\u00a0feet) difference between GPS coordinates configured in GDA (based on global standard WGS 84) and AGD (used for most local maps)", "null": [ " which is an unacceptably large error for some applications", " such as surveying or site location for scuba diving.", "s umdya", " illa g sidni b\u1e6d\u1e6du n 200 mitr (700 n u\u1e0da\u1e5b) ingr tmzdayin GPS ittugan g GDA (s uskut xf unaway ama\u1e0dlan WGS 84) d AGD (ittuswurin g umata n tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin tid\u0263ranin)", " d azggal ur ittuqbaln i kra n iskkirn", " zun d asfa\u1e0d n\u0263 d anasa n u\u0263bbz." ] }, { "en": "Since reference datums can have different radii and different center points", "ber": " a specific point on Earth can have substantially different coordinates depending on the datum used to make the measurement.", "null": [ "idd\u0263 i\u0263y ad yili i isa\u0263uln uzgn n wawum d tnqqa\u1e0d tinammasin ib\u1e0dan", " i\u0263y ad yili \u0263ur yat tnqqi\u1e0dt g wakaltismzdayin ib\u1e0dan s wu\u0263ul \u0263r umswuri n tigawt n usi\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "The most common reference Datums in use in North America are NAD27", "ber": " NAD83", "null": [ " and WGS 84.", "isu\u0263al iggudin g uswuri g amrika tanafllat gan NAD27", " NAD83", " d WGS 84." ] }, { "en": "This datum", "ber": " designated as NAD 83 ...is based on the adjustment of 250", "null": [ "000 points including 600 satellite Doppler stations which constrain the system to a geocentric origin.", "\u201casa\u0263ul ad", " s wassa\u0263 n NAD 83 ...iskut xf usnfl n 250", "000 n tnqqi\u1e0dt g tlla 600 n itri amguran dubblr nnz ikrrfn agrra \u0263r wammas n wakal.\u201d\u201d\u201d" ] }, { "en": "It is the reference frame used by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and is defined by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) (formerly the Defense Mapping Agency", "ber": " then the National Imagery and Mapping Agency).", "null": [ "iga attuy ansa\u0263ul twuri tmawast n umza\u0263 amirikani (DoD) ar t tsnmal tsnurayt n in\u0263misn inj\u0263rafn nud\u0263ar anamur (NGA) (zikk tasnurayt n wunu\u0263 n tk\u1e5b\u1e0diwin", " d tsnurayt tanamurt n iwlafn d tka\u1e5b\u1e0da)." ] }, { "en": "It was used as the reference frame for broadcast GPS Ephemerides (orbits) beginning January 23", "ber": " 1987.", "null": [ "ittuswuri d asati ansa\u0263ul i tguri n GPS ifimirid (isatuyn) sg 23 yanayr 1987." ] }, { "en": "It became the reference frame for broadcast orbits on June 28", "ber": " 1994.", "null": [ "ya\u0263ul iga usati ansa\u0263ul n isatuyn n uzuzzr g 28 yunyu 1994." ] }, { "en": "WGS 84 (G873) was adopted as the reference frame for broadcast orbits on January 29", "ber": " 1997.", "null": [ "ittus\u0263zn WGS 84 (G873) d asati ansu\u0263l i uzuzzr g 29 yanayr 1997." ] }, { "en": "WGS 84 is the default standard datum for coordinates stored in recreational and commercial GPS units.", "ber": "WGS 84 ay d igan asa\u0263ul ams\u0263al d umrdu i tmzday iffrn g tfrdisin GPS n tsbbabt d us\u1e0d\u1e63a." }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " the longitudinal difference between a point on the equator in Uganda", "null": [ " on the African Plate", " and a point on the equator in Ecuador", " on the South American Plate", " increases by about 0.0014 arcseconds per year.", "s umdya", " yugr b\u1e6d\u1e6du n ta\u0263zi gr tnqqi\u1e0dt xf uzgig n ungidda g uganda", " xf wudmkal afriqi", " d tnqqi\u1e0dt g uzgig n ungidda g ikwadur", " xf tifilt n amrika iffus", " s wattay n 0.0014 tasnit n tskrt g usgg\u02b7as." ] }, { "en": "Most mapping", "ber": " such as within a single country", "null": [ " does not span plates.", "amata n tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin", " imkinna s iga waddad agnsu n yat n tmazirt", " ur da tettffr tifilt." ] }, { "en": "Ptolemy credited him with the full adoption of longitude and latitude", "ber": " rather than measuring latitude in terms of the length of the midsummer day.", "null": [ "ifka ba\u1e6dlimus i yixf nns addur n ts\u0263znt n izgign n ta\u0263zi d win tirut", " g ud\u0263ar n as\u0263al azgig n tirut n ta\u0263zi n wass g wammas n unbdu." ] }, { "en": "Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes' recovery of Ptolemy's text a little before 1300; the text was translated into Latin at Florence by Jacobus Angelus around 1407.", "ber": "ts\u1e0df\u1e5b tmggit n wunu\u0263 n tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin tusnakin g u\u1e5bubba ffir iriri n maksimus blanuds i u\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63 n ba\u1e6dlimus dat n usgg\u02b7as n 1300 s imik; ittusu\u0263l u\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63 \u0263r tlatinit g flurinsa s ufus n jakubus anjilus attay n usgg\u02b7as n 1407." }, { "en": "They then choose the most appropriate mapping of the spherical coordinate system onto that ellipsoid", "ber": " called a terrestrial reference system or geodetic datum.", "null": [ "da sttin unu\u0263 n tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin i ugrra n tmzdayin n tcamma s tal\u0263a taglalayt", " yili ugrra assa\u0263 n ugrra amsa\u0263ul n wakal n\u0263 amskut ajyudisi." ] }, { "en": "\u03c6", "ber": " or phi) of a point on Earth's surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through (or close to) the center of the Earth.", "null": [ "\u03c6", " n\u0263 d fi) n yat tnqqi\u1e0dt g wudm n wakal tga ti\u0263mrt n gr u\u0263awas istawan d uzgig yu\u0263dn izrin (n\u0263 ikk attay n) i wammas n wakal." ] }, { "en": "All meridians are halves of great ellipses (often called great circles)", "ber": " which converge at the North and South Poles.", "null": [ "izgign n ta\u0263zi kullutn gan izgnn n t\u1e93ya\u1e5bin tixatarin (mi ittyini tbr\u1e93ya\u1e5bin)", " ittmjma\u025bn g tqrray n wakal n iffus d i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180\u00b0W and 180\u00b0E. This is not to be conflated with the International Date Line", "ber": " which diverges from it in several places for political and convenience reasons", "null": [ " including between far eastern Russia and the far western Aleutian Islands.", "azgig n uzal anmgal i tfggiwing grinitc iga 180\u00b0 n u\u0263lluy d 180\u00b0 n unqqr. ur ilaq ad issar ingr wa d izgig n umzruy ama\u1e0dlan", "\u0263ifs ifr\u0263n g kigan n id\u0263arn imntal isrtann", " sg digsn ingr tama n unqqr n rusya d tama n u\u0263lluy n tgzirin alucyan." ] }, { "en": "Coordinates on a map are usually in terms northing N and easting E offsets relative to a specified origin.", "ber": "da ttilint tmzdayin s umata g tka\u1e5b\u1e0da s usilly n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d N d usilly n unqqr E g tsgg\u02b7in i yat tnqqi\u1e0dt." }, { "en": "In geography", "ber": " latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north\u2013south position of a point on the Earth's surface.", "null": [ "g tj\u0263\u1e5baft", " illa izgig n tirut iga tismzday tij\u0263rafitin d ykan ad\u0263ar ingr i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d d iffus i kra n tnqqi\u1e0dt xf wudm n yilel." ] }, { "en": "Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise location of features on the surface of the Earth.", "ber": "ittuswuri uzgig n tirut akd uzgig n ta\u0263zi i tifi n wansa i t\u0263awsiwin xf wudm n wakal." }, { "en": "The second step is to approximate the geoid by a mathematically simpler reference surface.", "ber": "tifrkt tis snat tga asnmili n jyud g wudm amsa\u0263ul s tusnakt." }, { "en": "Lines of constant latitude and longitude together constitute a graticule on the reference surface.", "ber": "tsskr tratsa n izgign n ta\u0263zi d win tirut ittmrn s sin g trats xf wudm amsa\u0263ul." }, { "en": "Since there are many different reference ellipsoids", "ber": " the precise latitude of a feature on the surface is not unique: this is stressed in the ISO standard which states that without the full specification of the coordinate reference system", "null": [ " coordinates (that is latitude and longitude) are ambiguous at best and meaningless at worst.", "idd\u0263 llan kigan n tal\u0263iwin tiglalayin ib\u1e0dan", " iga izgig n tirut usdid xf wudm ur d abaylal: ssakzn asni\u0263s g umaway ISO ittinin nwis d \u201c\u201cbla ifrisn ismdn i ugrra amsa\u0263ul n tmzdayin", " ad gint tmzdayin (igan izgig n tirut d izgig n ta\u0263zi) llusnt ula \u0263ursnt atig g waddad ur i\u0263udan\u201d\u201d.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "The plane through the centre of the Earth and perpendicular to the rotation axis intersects the surface at a great circle called the Equator.", "ber": "imyabbay uswir g wammas n wakal d annulan xf usgum n wutuy d wudm g tsutlt taxatartigan izgig n tangidda." }, { "en": "The time variation is discussed more fully in the article on axial tilt.", "ber": "ittumrara wawal xf b\u1e6d\u1e6du g wakud s umata g umagrad xf usguss azgigan." }, { "en": "The situation is reversed at the June solstice", "ber": " when the Sun is overhead at the Tropic of Cancer.", "null": [ "da ittng\u02b7dam waddad s unng\u02b7dm n tafukt g yunyu", " akud g ttili tafuyt aflla usutl n ssa\u1e5ba\u1e6dan." ] }, { "en": "Since latitude is defined with respect to an ellipsoid", "ber": " the position of a given point is different on each ellipsoid: one cannot exactly specify the latitude and longitude of a geographical feature without specifying the ellipsoid used.", "null": [ "idd\u0263 da ittufka usnml n uzgig n tirut g uynna izdin s tfgga taglalayt", " ynna\u0263 as iga usntl n tnqqi\u1e0dt istin g ku tal\u0263a taglalayt: ur yufi ufgan isirs iwtta i izgig n tirut d izgig n ta\u0263zi g tsga taj\u0263raft bla ad yaf iwtta n tal\u0263a taglalayt ittuswurin." ] }, { "en": "Geographic latitude must be used with care.", "ber": "ixssa uswuri n uzgig n tirut anj\u0263raf ta\u0263\u1e0dft." }, { "en": "The evaluation of the meridian distance integral is central to many studies in geodesy and map projection.", "ber": "ffir tayaduzt n ustum n uzal igan yant n tgzzumt g kigan n tzrawin g jyudisya d t\u1e0du\u1e5bi n tka\u1e5b\u1e0da." }, { "en": "There are two methods of proceeding.", "ber": "llant snat n t\u0263arasin i u\u1e0dffu\u1e5b." }, { "en": "When converting from isometric or conformal to geodetic", "ber": " two iterations of Newton-Raphson gives double precision accuracy.", "null": [ "g usnfl sg ungadda n us\u0263al d wayya\u1e0d imyz\u0263n d jyudisi", " ar yakka s tlasa nyutun rafsun yan us\u0263udu n tyafut." ] }, { "en": "The differences shown on the plot are in arc minutes.", "ber": "b\u1e6d\u1e6du ittyakazn g umukris iga tiskt n tusdidin." }, { "en": "The transformation between geodetic and Cartesian coordinates may be found in Geographic coordinate conversion.", "ber": "asnfl illan gr tmzdayin tjyudisin d tdikartyin g usnfl n tmzdayin tij\u0263rafitin." }, { "en": "In general the true vertical at a point on the surface does not exactly coincide with either the normal to the reference ellipsoid or the normal to the geoid.", "ber": "s umata", "null": [ " ur da itta\u0263 umnid adttan g tnqqi\u1e0dt xf wudm s waddad aglalay amsa\u0263ul i jyud." ] }, { "en": "Longitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east\u2013west position of a point on the Earth's surface", "ber": " or the surface of a celestial body.", "null": [ "azgig n ta\u0263zi iga imzdayn aj\u0263rafn ar iss nttafa ansa n unqqr d u\u0263lluy i kra n tnqqi\u1e0dt xf wudm n wakal n\u0263 xf wudm n tafgga g yignna." ] }, { "en": "The prime meridian", "ber": " which passes near the Royal Observatory", "null": [ " Greenwich", " England", " is defined as 0\u00b0 longitude by convention.", "da ittusnmal uzgig n uzal adslan", " izrrin tama n u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du agldan", " grinitc", " inglati\u1e5b\u1e5ba", " nwis iga izgig n ta\u0263zi n 0\u00b0." ] }, { "en": "Local time (for example from the position of the sun) varies with longitude", "ber": " a difference of 15\u00b0 longitude corresponding to a one-hour difference in local time.", "null": [ "b\u1e0dan isakudn id\u0263rann (s umdya sg ud\u0263ar n tafuyt) s b\u1e6d\u1e6du n izgig n ta\u0263zi", " ib\u1e0du b\u1e6d\u1e6d n izgig n ta\u0263zi s 15\u00b0 xf b\u1e6d\u1e6du s tsragt g usakud ad\u0263ran." ] }, { "en": "The principle is straightforward", "ber": " but in practice finding a reliable method of determining longitude took centuries and required the effort of some of the greatest scientific minds.", "null": [ "aynna xf iska ittyakz srid", " maca g tsga tamggit", " ifi n yat t\u0263arast s nttafa izgig n ta\u0263zi icca tiwusa issutr yat tdusi sg yids n wannlitn imassann imqrann." ] }, { "en": "His prime meridian passed through Alexandria.", "ber": "izri uzgig n ta\u0263zi miridyan adslan g liskandarya." }, { "en": "He used a prime meridian through the Canary Islands", "ber": " so that all longitude values would be positive.", "null": [ "iswuri azgig n ta\u0263zi miridyan adslan g tgzirin tiknariyin", " aynna as yakkan atig i\u0263udan." ] }, { "en": "Hindu and Muslim astronomers continued to develop these ideas", "ber": " adding many new locations and often improving on Ptolemy's data.", "null": [ "imassan ihindiyn d imunslmn n astrunumi ar smirniwn ayd\u0263 n tiwngimin", " zaydnasnt id\u0263ar ujdudn sxitr umlan n tulumi." ] }, { "en": "In the later Middle Ages", "ber": " interest in geography revived in the west", "null": [ " as travel increased", " and Arab scholarship began to be known through contact with Spain and North Africa.", "g tiyira n isgasn inamasn", " izayd unfa g lju\u0263rafiya g\u02b7 tagut", " id\u0263 izayd umuddu", " zaydn t\u025byisn imassan a\u025brabn s wawad d s\u1e25anya d afriqya n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Christopher Columbus made two attempts to use lunar eclipses to discover his longitude", "ber": " the first in Saona Island", "null": [ " on 14 September 1494 (second voyage)", " and the second in Jamaica on 29 February 1504 (fourth voyage).", "urm kulumbus snat tikal ad yisin ad\u0263arns aday ila wayur g\u02b7 umalu n wacal", " tikklt tamzwarut g tagzirt n suna g 14 cutanbir 1494 (amuddu wissin)", " d wissin g\u02b7 jamayka g\u02b7 29 b\u1e5bay\u1e5b 1504 (amuddu wis kku\u1e93)." ] }, { "en": "Initially an observation device", "ber": " developments over the next half century transformed it into an accurate measurement tool.", "null": [ "tizwiri iga allal n in\u1e93i", " ar ig\u02b7mu g uzgn n tsuta diddan trurat alig iga allal n ums\u0263al amn\u0263ud." ] }, { "en": "On land", "ber": " the period from the development of telescopes and pendulum clocks until the mid 18th-Century saw a steady increase in the number of places whose longitude had been determined with reasonable accuracy", "null": [ " often with errors of less than a degree", " and nearly always within 2-3\u00b0.", "afla n wacal", " azmaz na iddan sg usbu\u0263lu nid tiliskub d timsrag yugln ar wammas n tasut tis 18 a\u0263ul mrniwn id\u0263ar naytuyisin sun\u0263ad", " s tzgalt na ur izriyn yat n tsk\u02b7flt nghd tna ilan g\u02b7r 2-3\u00b0." ] }, { "en": "Making accurate observations in an ocean swell is much harder than on land", "ber": " and pendulum clocks do not work well in these conditions.", "null": [ "tcqqa task\u02b7ra nin\u1e93itn in\u0263dn ammas nyill ug\u02b7ar nwacal", " d timsrag yugln urda tilint tawuri g\u02b7 timsutald\u0263." ] }, { "en": "It offered two levels of rewards", "ber": " for solutions within 1\u00b0 and 0.5\u00b0.", "null": [ "dad tikki sin iswir nudwal", " nufsayn ingr 1\u00b0 d 0.5\u00b0." ] }, { "en": "This work was supported and rewarded with thousands of pounds from the Board of Longitude", "ber": " but he fought to receive money up to the top reward of \u00a320", "null": [ "000", " finally receiving an additional payment in 1773 after the intervention of parliament.", "aytx nlxdmt tiwisit usqqim nud\u0263ar ifas if\u1e0dan nid lbawnd", " walayni ntta inna\u0263 bac ad yam\u1e93 \u00a320", "000", " bac ad yam\u1e93 wayd ifri g\u02b7 1773 dart \u025byna ik\u02b7jm abrlaman." ] }, { "en": "Lunar distances came into general use after 1790.", "ber": "\u025brda itusmras uzaru nwayur ar dart 1790." }, { "en": "It was quickly realised that the telegraph could be used to transmit a time signal for longitude determination.", "ber": "fisa\u025b ayd ituyisn id tiligraf da itazn azmz nluqt nas ituyisin ud\u0263ar." }, { "en": "The Survey established chains of mapped locations through Central and South America", "ber": " and the West Indies", "null": [ " and as far as Japan and China in the years 1874\u201390.", "sn\u025btna\u0263 isqsitn wahli nid\u0263ar na illan g\u02b7 amrika tanammast d amrika niffus", " dl indiz n tagut", " dawd g\u02b7 jabun d xinwa giskkasn n 1874-90." ] }, { "en": "This changed when wireless telegraphy became available in the early 20th-Century.", "ber": "ibdl uya kulxi aynagd tla tiligraf tar slk\u02b7 g\u02b7 tizwiri n tasut tis 20." }, { "en": "Radio navigation systems came into general use after World War II.", "ber": "ibda usmrs n radyu nusara dart im", "null": [ "\u0263i am\u1e0dlan wissin." ] }, { "en": "With the exception of magnetic declination", "ber": " all proved practicable methods.", "null": [ "mx nkks ikri n dinamu", " i\u0263arasn i\u1e25qqan ayd g\u02b7an kulu." ] }, { "en": "Longitude at a point may be determined by calculating the time difference between that at its location and Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).", "ber": "da ntisin ad\u0263ar susi\u1e0din numzaray nukud ing\u02b7r ud\u0263ar na\u0263 d g\u02b7 uzmz am\u1e0dlan imun." }, { "en": "The word near is used because the point might not be at the centre of the time zone; also the time zones are defined politically", "ber": " so their centres and boundaries often do not lie on meridians at multiples of 15\u00b0.", "null": [ "da nsmras tag\u02b7uri n i\u1e25\u1e0dr axk\u02b7u urda itili ud\u0263ar ammas nud\u0263ar nuzmz; id\u0263ar nizmaz da tum\u1e93lan susrti", " ayna\u0263 as\u025brda itili wamas nsn dart id 15\u00b0." ] }, { "en": "The international standard convention (ISO 6709)\u2014that East is positive\u2014is consistent with a right-handed Cartesian coordinate system", "ber": " with the North Pole up.", "null": [ "tamyaqqant tanawayt tgra\u0263lant (ISO 6709)\u2014anqqr ad d amalaw\u2014imsasa d ugrra n isrusn idikartiyn iyffasn", " d usfaylu n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "They have since shifted to the standard approach.", "ber": "sg dina\u0263 bdl \u0263r tamyadast tanawayt." }, { "en": "The geoid is the shape that the ocean surface would take under the influence of the gravity of Earth", "ber": " including gravitational attraction and Earth's rotation", "null": [ " if other influences such as winds and tides were absent.", "jiyud iga tawila na itasi uflla nugaru aday as tussa tinnuz\u0263a nwacal", " ik\u02b7xm dig\u02b7s awd unzu\u0263 n tinnuzg\u0263a dawd uttuy nwacal", " mx ur illi uzwu wala tawant n yill." ] }, { "en": "It can be known only through extensive gravitational measurements and calculations.", "ber": "da ittuyassan hilli s wahli n isi\u1e0dn n tinnuz\u0263a." }, { "en": "Although the physical Earth has excursions of +8", "ber": "848 m (Mount Everest) and \u221210", "null": [ "984 (Marianas Trench)", " the geoid's deviation from an ellipsoid ranges from +85\u00a0m (Iceland) to \u2212106\u00a0m (southern India)", " less than 200 m total.", "waxxa ila wakal asgunfu n +8", "848 mitr (adrar n ifirist) d -10", "984 (acba\u1e5b n ma\u1e5byanas)", " iga uggus n jyuyid n ilibsuydn sg +85\u00a0mitr (islanda) ar -106 mitr (iffus n hind)", " ddaw n 200 mitr g ugrud." ] }, { "en": "If the continental land masses were crisscrossed by a series of tunnels or canals", "ber": " the sea level in those canals would also very nearly coincide with the geoid.", "null": [ "mx n\u0263za acal s bzaf nislda afla n waman ilan ammasnsn qad ig\u02b7 am jiud illan g\u02b7 yill." ] }, { "en": "That means that when traveling by ship", "ber": " one does not notice the undulations of the geoid; the local vertical (plumb line) is always perpendicular to the geoid and the local horizon tangential to it.", "null": [ "una itmuddun su\u0263rrabu", " urda itinniy ixarimn n kiud; icaridn ig\u02b7n da tmun d win jiud ikkasd umnid tasg\u02b7a." ] }, { "en": "That is because GPS satellites", "ber": " orbiting about the center of gravity of the Earth", "null": [ " can measure heights only relative to a geocentric reference ellipsoid.", "idd\u0263 id sattilit n GPS", " na itdur xf ammas n tinnuz\u0263a n wacal", " i\u0263iy ad yisi\u1e0dn tujg\u02b7lt n tak\u02b7urt nisi\u1e0dn n wacal." ] }, { "en": "Modern GPS receivers have a grid implemented in their software by which they obtain", "ber": " from the current position", "null": [ " the height of the geoid (e.g. the EGM-96 geoid) over the World Geodetic System (WGS) ellipsoid.", "id\u0263ar ittamzn g\u02b7 GPS ujdid \u0263ursn taratsa ag\u02b7nsu nas tam\u1e93n", " sg\u02b7 ud\u0263ar nag\u02b7 llan", " tijg\u02b7lt n jiyud (z\u025bnd EGM-96 jiyud) g\u02b7 ung\u02b7raw nid jiyud numa\u1e0dan (WGS)." ] }, { "en": "If that sphere were then covered in water", "ber": " the water would not be the same height everywhere.", "null": [ "mc tdl tak\u02b7urt k\u02b7ul s waman", " \u025br ini ad yili \u0263ur wamat y\u025bwt tijg\u02b7lt." ] }, { "en": "This is why many handheld GPS receivers have built-in undulation lookup tables to determine the height above sea level.", "ber": "wad ay igan amntil n is iga umata n wallaln n usnubg n GPS mi \u0263urs tiratiwin n irzzutn bar ad iss ttafan tattayt xf uswir n wudm n yilel." }, { "en": "The first products based on GOCE satellite data became available online in June 2010", "ber": " through the European Space Agency (ESA)\u2019s Earth observation user services tools.", "null": [ "dwln ifarsn imzwura illan i yitri amguran GOCE llan g ugratsa g yunyu 2010", " s wallaln d imswuritn n u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n wakal i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn i tsnurayt n usayrar n u\u1e5bubba iza (ESA)." ] }, { "en": "The geoid is a particular equipotential surface", "ber": " and is somewhat involved to compute.", "null": [ "jyud iga udm ingaddan g tdusi", " idru g ussi\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "A globe is a spherical model of Earth", "ber": " of some other celestial body", "null": [ " or of the celestial sphere.", "tak\u02b7urt tg\u02b7a azurt itin n uma\u1e0dan", " n\u0263d win can yitr." ] }, { "en": "A model globe of the celestial sphere is called a celestial globe.", "ber": "tak\u02b7urt nuzurt ncan yitr das ntini tak\u02b7urt n yitr." }, { "en": "It might show nations and major cities and the network of latitude and longitude lines.", "ber": "dadis ntiniy timizar d timdinin tixatarin d u\u1e93\u1e6d\u1e6da n icaridn nid\u0263ar." }, { "en": "Typically", "ber": " it will also divide the celestial sphere into constellations.", "null": [ "da ibdu awd tak\u02b7urt n yig\u02b7na g\u02b7r imur." ] }, { "en": "The first known mention of a globe is from Strabo", "ber": " describing the Globe of Crates from about 150\u00a0BC.", "null": [ "amzwaru na isiwl xf tak\u02b7urt numa\u1e0dan ig\u02b7a strabu", " nag\u02b7 da isn\u0263mis xf tak\u02b7urt n kratis na ilan sg 150 BC." ] }, { "en": "Many globes are made with a circumference of one metre", "ber": " so they are models of the Earth at a scale of 1:40\u00a0million.", "null": [ "tik\u02b7urin numadal da disnt tili ta\u0263zi n yan mitru", " bach ad tusk\u02b7rnt sl l\u025bbar n 1:40 mlyun." ] }, { "en": "Most modern globes are also imprinted with parallels and meridians", "ber": " so that one can tell the approximate coordinates of a specific location.", "null": [ "tik\u02b7urin numadal tujdidin lanasnt icaridn idban dicaridn ig\u02b7n", " bac a ni\u0263iy anisin ad\u0263ar n\u0263 sun\u0263ad." ] }, { "en": "Early terrestrial globes depicting the entirety of the Old World were constructed in the Islamic world.", "ber": "tik\u02b7urin numadal tiqdimin dad sbayannt amadan aqdim sk\u02b7rtnt imunslmn." }, { "en": "Behaim was a German mapmaker", "ber": " navigator", "null": [ " and merchant.", "bihaym ig\u02b7a almaniy ar isk\u02b7ar lkardat", " ar itmuddu ar iznza." ] }, { "en": "Before constructing the globe", "ber": " Behaim had traveled extensively.", "null": [ "dat ad iskr bihaym tak\u02b7urt numa\u1e0dan imudda cig\u02b7an." ] }, { "en": "Another early globe", "ber": " the Hunt\u2013Lenox Globe", "null": [ " ca.", "yat yakurt ya\u1e0dn n wakal n zik", " hant-linuks glub", " ka." ] }, { "en": "It may be the oldest globe to show the New World.", "ber": "\u025bni\u0263 tak\u02b7urt numadan taqdimt ak nad isn\u025batn amadan ujdid." }, { "en": "A facsimile globe showing America was made by Martin Waldseemueller in 1507.", "ber": "unu\u0263 n takurt n wakal s faks da isskan amirika s martn faldsimulr g usgg\u02b7as n 1507." }, { "en": "Globus IMP", "ber": " electro-mechanical devices including five-inch globes have been used in Soviet and Russian spacecraft from 1961 to 2002 as navigation instruments.", "null": [ "glubus imb IMP", " ttuswurin wallaln ikh\u1e5bumikanikn g amunt tkurin wakal g illa us\u0263al n smmust inc g tuddisin n usayrar tisufyatyin d trusyin sg 1961 ar 2002 d allan n yiylel." ] }, { "en": "This method of globe making was illustrated in 1802 in an engraving in The English Encyclopedia by George Kearsley .", "ber": "ittufka usfru n ta\u0263arast s tlla takurt n wakal g usgg\u02b7as n 1802 g tunsklubidit n jurj kirsli." }, { "en": "This is placed in a machine which molds the disk into a hemispherical shape.", "ber": "da ittugar g wallal isskarn itwil s tal\u0263a n uzgn n takurt." }, { "en": "These globes were \u201cenormous\u201d and very costly.", "ber": "kkant tkurin n wakal ad \u201cxatrnt\u201d ccint kigan." }, { "en": "The latter has a Soviet bullet hole through Germany.", "ber": "amggaru a illa \u0263urs uxbu tgarit tasufyatit sg almanya." }, { "en": "A great circle", "ber": " also known as an orthodrome", "null": [ " of a sphere is the intersection of the sphere and a plane that passes through the center point of the sphere.", "tasutlt taxatart", " ittwassnn s wassa\u0263 n urtudrum", " \u0263ur takurt ubuyn d uswir g izrrin g tnqqi\u1e0dt n wammas n takurt." ] }, { "en": "This special case of a circle of a sphere is in opposition to a small circle", "ber": " that is", "null": [ " the intersection of the sphere and a plane that does not pass through the center.", "addad ad u\u1e93liy n tsutlt n takurt ur tgi am takurt tam\u1e93\u1e93yant", " igan amyabbay d takurt d uswir ur izrrin g wammas." ] }, { "en": "The exception is a pair of antipodal points", "ber": " for which there are infinitely many great circles.", "null": [ "ukus iga yat tyuga n tnqqa\u1e0d ur mya\u0263nin", " g illan yan um\u1e0dan mi ur tlli tgira n tsutlin tixatarin." ] }, { "en": "The length of the minor arc of a great circle is taken as the distance between two points on a surface of a sphere in Riemannian geometry where such great circles are called Riemannian circles.", "ber": "da tettyasay ta\u0263zi n yiskr am\u1e93\u1e93yan n tsutlt taxatart nwis d gr snat tnqqa\u1e0d xf wudm n takurt g utwal arimani ar ittyini i tsutlin tixatarin tisutlin tirimanitin." }, { "en": "Another great circle is the one that divides the land and water hemispheres.", "ber": "tasutlt ya\u1e0dn taxatart nttat ay d ib\u1e0dan akal xf sin izgnn." }, { "en": "In cartography", "ber": " a map projection is a way to flatten a globe's surface into a plane in order to make a map.", "null": [ "g wunu\u0263 n tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin", " da ittuga ta\u1e0du\u1e5bi n tka\u1e5b\u1e0da d ta\u0263arast n usstwu n wudm n wakal itturar \u0263r uswir taf ad ittug wunu\u0263 n tka\u1e5b\u1e0da." ] }, { "en": "Depending on the purpose of the map", "ber": " some distortions are acceptable and others are not; therefore", "null": [ " different map projections exist in order to preserve some properties of the sphere-like body at the expense of other properties.", "s yiwy xf uwttas n tka\u1e5b\u1e0da", " da ttuqbaln ka n ifrru\u0263n wiyya\u1e0d ur da ttuqbaln; aynna\u0263", " as llant kigan n t\u1e0du\u1e5biwin n tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin farad yili \u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n yids n tmitar n tfgga itta\u0263n g takurt dat n tmitar ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "Projections are a subject of several pure mathematical fields", "ber": " including differential geometry", "null": [ " projective geometry", " and manifolds.", "gant t\u1e0du\u1e5biwin yan usntl n kigan n yigran n tusnakt", " g digsn tlla tsgda n t\u1e0du\u1e5bi", " d wuttiln." ] }, { "en": "Rather", "ber": " any mathematical function that transforms coordinates from the curved surface distinctly and smoothly to the plane is a projection.", "null": [ "g ud\u0263ar nns", " ku tanamkt n tusnakt da tssnfal tisd\u0263ar n wudm iggusn s tal\u0263a ittyakzn izrurgn s uswir tga ta\u1e0du\u1e5bi." ] }, { "en": "The Earth and other large celestial bodies are generally better modeled as oblate spheroids", "ber": " whereas small objects such as asteroids often have irregular shapes.", "null": [ "ib\u1e0da wakal d yitran n yignna ixatarn ya\u1e0dn s tal\u0263a yufn nwis gan tifggiwin tikurin innfsrn", " ma tifggiwin tim\u1e93\u1e93yanin zun d titratin da \u0263ursnt ttilint tal\u0263iwin ur inimn." ] }, { "en": "Because the curved Earth's surface is not isometric to a plane", "ber": " preservation of shapes inevitably leads to a variable scale and", "null": [ " consequently", " non-proportional presentation of areas.", "idd\u0263 ur ingadda wudm n wakal iggusn i us\u0263al g uswir", " as illa \u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n tal\u0263iwin ittawin s as\u0263al amsnfal", " g tgara", " asfsr ur inimn i wansiwn." ] }, { "en": "The purpose of the map determines which projection should form the base for the map.", "ber": "da ittufka uwttas n tka\u1e5b\u1e0da s t\u1e0du\u1e5bi iskan tisira n tka\u1e5b\u1e0da." }, { "en": "Data sets are geographic information; their collection depends on the chosen datum (model) of the Earth.", "ber": "tga tgrumma n tmuca tussniwin tij\u0263rafin; ar tskuttu tgrumma nnsnt xf (umdya) n wakal ittustayn." }, { "en": "Like Tissot's indicatrix", "ber": " the Goldberg-Gott indicatrix is based on infinitesimals", "null": [ " and depicts flexion and skewness (bending and lopsidedness) distortions.", "zun d tissu indicatriks", " ittuska usml guldbirg-gut xf id tar tagara g tm\u1e93y", " ar iswlaf aguss d ufrru\u0263 (aguss d war amyas) ifrru\u0263n." ] }, { "en": "Sometimes spherical triangles are used.", "ber": "kra n tikkal da ttuswurin imk\u1e5ba\u1e0dn imkurarn." }, { "en": "Another way to visualize local distortion is through grayscale or color gradations whose shade represents the magnitude of the angular deformation or areal inflation.", "ber": "tlla tay\u1e0d t\u0263arast i tussna n ufrru\u0263 ad\u0263ran tga sg assk\u02b7fl ami\u0263d n\u0263 assk\u02b7fl n ik\u02b7lan mi iga umalu afrru\u0263 n t\u0263mrt n\u0263 uddiz n tajumma." }, { "en": "Because the Earth's actual shape is irregular", "ber": " information is lost in this step.", "null": [ "acku tal\u0263a n wakal ur tnim", " da ttuzlan in\u0263misn tikklt ad." ] }, { "en": "To compare", "ber": " one cannot flatten an orange peel without tearing and warping it.)", "null": [ "i usmzazal", " ur i\u0263iy awd yan ad yanf ifrki n tmandarint bla ad tt icrrg issfr\u0263 tt.)" ] }, { "en": "Tangent means the surface touches but does not slice through the globe; secant means the surface does slice through the globe.", "ber": "ig nenna amalu ad nini u\u1e0dus n wudm maka ur da ittbbi takurt n wakal; ig nenna anabbay ad nin ubuy n wudm i takurt n wakal." }, { "en": "If these lines are a parallel of latitude", "ber": " as in conical projections", "null": [ " it is called a standard parallel.", "ig wazan izgign azgig n tirut", " imkinna iga waddad i t\u1e0du\u1e5biwin tik\u1e5bku\u1e5bin", " da as ittyini tiwazin tims\u0263alin." ] }, { "en": "This applies for any cylindrical or pseudocylindrical projection in normal aspect.", "ber": "aya iwala ku ta\u1e0du\u1e5bi tawlullut n\u0263 awlullu n tkrkas g tsga tafrart." }, { "en": "Scale is constant along all straight lines radiating from a particular geographic location.", "ber": "ams\u0263al iqqiman \u0263f ta\u0263zi n ku izgign u\u0263dimn d iff\u0263n sg yan wansa anj\u0263raf." }, { "en": "Whether spherical or ellipsoidal", "ber": " the principles discussed hold without loss of generality.", "null": [ "swa tga tamkurart n\u0263 taglalayt", " gant trbdda xf ittumrara wawal tinna iqqiman bla mzliwt n tal\u0263a tamattut." ] }, { "en": "The ellipsoidal model is commonly used to construct topographic maps and for other large- and medium-scale maps that need to accurately depict the land surface.", "ber": "da ittuswuri umdya aglalay s tal\u0263a tamatut i tiski n tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin ti\u1e6dubbugfin d tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin ya\u1e0dn tixatarin d tnammasin iran aswlf n wudmkal s urma\u1e0d n ti\u1e6d\u1e6d." }, { "en": "Compared to the best fitting ellipsoid", "ber": " a geoidal model would change the characterization of important properties such as distance", "null": [ " conformality and equivalence.", "s usmzazal g umyif n tal\u0263a taglalayt inmn", " i\u0263y umdya ajyudali ad issnfl asskan n ifrdisn idslann zun d tajumma d umsasa d ungadda." ] }, { "en": "For irregular planetary bodies such as asteroids", "ber": " however", "null": [ " sometimes models analogous to the geoid are used to project maps from.", "g usntl n tfggiwin n yitran ur inimn zun d titratin", " da ttuswurin kra n tikkal imdyatn ya\u0263n g jyud i usfsr n tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin digs." ] }, { "en": "The projections are described in terms of placing a gigantic surface in contact with the Earth", "ber": " followed by an implied scaling operation.", "null": [ "da ttufkant tmitar n t\u1e0du\u1e5biwin sg usrrus n wudm axatar itt\u1e0dusn akal", " i\u1e0df\u1e5b t yiggi n tukki n tmitar tignsanin." ] }, { "en": "Where the light source emanates along the line described in this last constraint is what yields the differences between the various natural cylindrical projections.", "ber": "idd\u0263 da d ittff\u0263 yan uzurz n usidd xf ta\u0263zi n uzgig aynna d yakkan afars n ib\u1e6d\u1e6dutn gr t\u1e0du\u1e5biwin tiwlellutin \u201c\u201ctingamatin\u201d\u201d iggudin." }, { "en": "This cylinder is wrapped around the Earth", "ber": " projected onto", "null": [ " and then unrolled.", "da ittu\u0263mas uwlellu xf wakal", " ittus\u1e0d\u1e5b ittu\u0263ms di\u0263." ] }, { "en": "North-south distances neither stretched nor compressed (1): equirectangular projection or plate carr\u00e9e.", "ber": "\u201castumn gr i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d d iffus ur ttyiriwn ula ttu\u1e93min (1): ta\u1e0du\u1e5bi angidda n imkku\u1e93n n\u0263 d \u201c\u201ctaflwit tamkku\u1e93t\u201d.\u201d" }, { "en": "Since this projection scales north-south distances by the reciprocal of east-west stretching", "ber": " it preserves area at the expense of shapes.", "null": [ "idd\u0263 da ts\u0263al t\u1e0du\u1e5bi n istumn gr i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d d iffus s tirut tamsnfalt n gr unqqr d u\u0263lluy", " aynna\u0263 as i\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du xf tajumma n usi\u1e0dn n tal\u0263iwin." ] }, { "en": "Other meridians are longer than the central meridian and bow outward", "ber": " away from the central meridian.", "null": [ "izgign n ta\u0263zi ya\u1e0dn \u0263zzifn xf uzgig n wazal anammas ar ttgussun s b\u1e5b\u1e5ba yaggugn i uzgig n wazal anammas." ] }, { "en": "Therefore", "ber": " meridians are equally spaced along a given parallel.", "null": [ "xf mi", " da tt\u025b\u1e5baqn izgign n ta\u0263zi s usngadda xf kra n ta\u0263zi iwazan." ] }, { "en": "The resulting conic map has low distortion in scale", "ber": " shape", "null": [ " and area near those standard parallels.", "tla tka\u1e5b\u1e0da tak\u1e5bku\u1e5bt d iff\u0263n sg ufrru\u0263 yazdurn g ts\u0263alt d tal\u0263a d tjumma tama n twazitin tims\u0263alin." ] }, { "en": "Can be constructed from a point of perspective an infinite distance from the tangent point; r(d) = c\u00a0sin\u00a0.", "ber": "da ttuskant s ustum war tagara sg tnqqi\u1e0dt n umalu; r(d) = c\u00a0sin\u00a0." }, { "en": "Near-sided perspective projection", "ber": " which simulates the view from space at a finite distance and therefore shows less than a full hemisphere", "null": [ " such as used in The Blue Marble 2012).", "ta\u1e0du\u1e5bi n usksw anmilan", " ittilin d ufsar sg usayrar xf ustum ilan iwtta g tgara da d ittff\u0263 uzgn n takurt ismdn", " imkinna s ittuswura g timcci ta\u1e93\u1e5bwalt 2012)." ] }, { "en": "The special point or points may get stretched into a line or curve segment when projected.", "ber": "t\u0263y ad tmmnza\u0263 yat n tnqqi\u1e0dt n\u0263 d tinqqa\u1e0d tu\u1e93layin g uzgig n\u0263 ussif n uswur g t\u1e0du\u1e5bi." }, { "en": "Azimuthal equidistant: Distances from the center and edge are preserved.", "ber": "tamsgaddayt azimutal: da ttu\u1e25\u1e0dun istumn n wammas d win tama." }, { "en": "Thus", "ber": " many projections exist to serve the many uses of maps and their vast range of scales.", "null": [ "g tgara", " llant kigan n t\u1e0du\u1e5biwin i uswuri n tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin d wuttuy amiriw n is\u0263aln." ] }, { "en": "Reference maps of the world often appear on compromise projections.", "ber": "kigan n tikkal ay d ttilint tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin tisa\u0263ulin n uma\u1e0dal g t\u1e0du\u1e5biwin n usstwa." }, { "en": "The Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection presented by Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator in 1569.", "ber": "ta\u1e0du\u1e5bi n markatu\u1e5b iga ta\u1e0du\u1e5bi n tka\u1e5b\u1e0da tawlellut isnal unj\u0263raf d umkla n tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin aflmanki ji\u1e5ba\u1e5bdus mirkatus g usgg\u02b7as n 1569." }, { "en": "As a side effect", "ber": " the Mercator projection inflates the size of objects away from the equator.", "null": [ "d a\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e93 asgawan", " tla t\u1e0du\u1e5bi n mirkatu\u1e5b tafgga n iskkinn yaggugn i uzgig n usstwa." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " given the geometry of a sundial", "null": [ " these maps may well have been based on the similar central cylindrical projection", " a limiting case of the gnomonic projection", " which is the basis for a sundial.", "waxxa d aya", " s tsgda n tsragt n tafuyt", " skuttnt ta\u1e5b\u1e0diwin xf t\u1e0du\u1e5bi tawlellut tanammast imya\u0263n", " d addad ikrfn ta\u1e0du\u1e5bi tanllit", " axf tsga tsragt n tafuyt." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " this was a simple", "null": [ " and common", " case of misidentification.", "waxxa", " ittuga waddad ad afrar i tifi n tzglt." ] }, { "en": "Mercator titled the map : A new and augmented description of Earth corrected for the use of sailors.", "ber": "mmirkatu\u1e5b ifka azwl i tka\u1e5b\u1e0da : \u201c\u201casnumml amaynu d ams\u0263udu i wakal izzrayn i uswuri n yilel\u201d\u201d.\u201d" }, { "en": "Various hypotheses have been tendered over the years", "ber": " but in any case Mercator's friendship with Pedro Nunes and his access to the loxodromic tables Nunes created likely aided his efforts.", "null": [ "ttufkant turdawin g izgg\u02b7asn izrin", " maka awal n mirkatur d bid\u1e5bu nuns d ugulu nnsn \u0263r tdabutin luksudrumik iska nuns tuws as kigan." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " the mathematics involved were developed but never published by mathematician Thomas Harriot starting around 1589.", "null": [ "d uya", " tettusbu\u0263la tusnakt maka ur tt ifsir umassan n tusnakt tumas ha\u1e5byut sg wattay n usgg\u02b7as n 1589." ] }, { "en": "Two main problems prevented its immediate application: the impossibility of determining the longitude at sea with adequate accuracy and the fact that magnetic directions", "ber": " instead of geographical directions", "null": [ " were used in navigation.", "sin imukrisn idslann ayd ibddan dat n usnsi asddraf: war ili n tifi n uzgig n ta\u0263zi g yilel s t\u0263arast n tidt s tnilawin tim\u0263na\u1e6disin", " g ud\u0263ar n tnilawin tinj\u0263rafitin", " ikkan da ttuswurin g ummuddu n yilel." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " it did not begin to dominate world maps until the 19th century", "null": [ " when the problem of position determination had been largely solved.", "waxxa", " ur inti yim\u1e93 n tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin n uma\u1e0dal ar tasuta tis 19", " kudnna ittyafa ufssay i umukris n tifi n wansa s t\u0263arast yufn tiya\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Due to these pressures", "ber": " publishers gradually reduced their use of the projection over the course of the 20th century.", "null": [ "s umntil n i\u1e93yyi\u1e5bn ad", " sdrasn im\u1e93\u1e5bag imik s imik aswuri n t\u1e0du\u1e5bi g tsuta tis 20." ] }, { "en": "In accomplishing this", "ber": " the unavoidable east\u2013west stretching of the map", "null": [ " which increases as distance away from the equator increases", " is accompanied in the Mercator projection by a corresponding north\u2013south stretching", " so that at every point location the east\u2013west scale is the same as the north\u2013south scale", " making it a conformal map projection.", "g ugulu n uya", " iga ustum mi ur illi mani sg unqqr ar a\u0263lluy n tka\u1e5b\u1e0da", " ittzayadn s uzayd n ustum yaggugn i uzgig isstwan", " da d ittmun d t\u1e0du\u1e5bi n mirkatur s ustum innulan gr i\u1e93zlm\u1e0d d iffus", " ig us\u0263al n gr unqqr d u\u0263lluy g ku tnaqqi\u1e0dt zun d as\u0263al n gr i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d d iffus", " aynna tt ittggan d ta\u1e0du\u1e5bi imgaddan d tin tka\u1e5b\u1e0da." ] }, { "en": "At latitudes greater than 70\u00b0 north or south the Mercator projection is practically unusable", "ber": " because the linear scale becomes infinitely large at the poles.", "null": [ "g izgign n tirut izaydn s 70\u00b0 n tsk\u02b7flt g i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d n\u0263 iffus", " da tettili t\u1e0du\u1e5bi n mirkatur ur tgi tin uswuri", " acku as\u0263al n uzgig da ittu\u0263ul ixatr s tal\u0263a tar tagara g isfaylutn." ] }, { "en": "Ellesmere Island on the north of Canada's Arctic archipelago looks about the same size as Australia", "ber": " although Australia is over 39 times as large.", "null": [ "tga tgzirt ilismir illan g i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d n urxibil n usfaylu n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d g kanada anct n ust\u1e5balya", " waxxa txatr tjumma n ust\u1e5balya 39 n tikklt." ] }, { "en": "Greenland's real area is comparable to the Democratic Republic of the Congo's alone.", "ber": "tajumma n grinland n tidt t\u0263y ad ttusmzazal d tgduda n kungu tadimuq\u1e5ba\u1e6dit i wa\u1e0du nns." }, { "en": "Alaska appears to be the same size as Australia", "ber": " although Australia is actually 4\u00bd times as large.", "null": [ "iga uksay n alaska anct n uksay n ust\u1e5balya", " waxxa tt tugr ust\u1e5balya g tidt s 4\u00bd n tikkal." ] }, { "en": "Sweden appears much larger than Madagascar.", "ber": "sswid txatr xf mad\u0263acqar kigan." }, { "en": "A World Map on a Regular Icosahedron by Gnomonic Projection.", "ber": "\u201ctaka\u1e5b\u1e0da n uma\u1e0dal xf tfgga inmn s t\u1e0du\u1e5bi n gnumik.\u201d\u201d\u201d" }, { "en": "As a result of these criticisms", "ber": " modern atlases no longer use the Mercator projection for world maps or for areas distant from the equator", "null": [ " preferring other cylindrical projections", " or forms of equal-area projection.", "tayafut n iz\u0263ann ad", " ur a\u0263ul da swurin i\u1e6dlasn itrarn ta\u1e0du\u1e5bi n mirkatur i tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin n uma\u1e0dal n\u0263 d i wansiwn yaggugn xf uzgig isstwan", " syifnt ti\u1e0du\u1e5biwin tiwlellutin ya\u1e0dn", " n\u0263 d tal\u0263iwiin n t\u1e0du\u1e5bi isngaddan i tjumma." ] }, { "en": "Arno Peters stirred controversy beginning in 1972 when he proposed what is now usually called the Gall\u2013Peters projection to remedy the problems of the Mercator", "ber": " claiming it to be his own original work without referencing prior work by cartographers such as Gall's work from 1855.", "null": [ "ildy d awal a\u1e5bnu bitrz g usgg\u02b7as n 1972 aynna d igr assa\u0263 n t\u1e0du\u1e5bi gal-bitrz i usujji n imukrisn n mirkatur", " isyissn tawuri nns bla ad yu\u0263ul s imkla n tka\u1e5b\u1e0diiwin zun dtawuri n gal asgg\u02b7as n 1855." ] }, { "en": "The range for a amongst the possible choices is about 35\u00a0km", "ber": " but for small scale (large region) applications this variation may be ignored", "null": [ " and mean values of 6", "371\u00a0km and 40", "030\u00a0km may be taken for the radius and circumference respectively.", "sg istayn illan i ustum illa wattay n 35 kilumitr", " maka i iswuritn im\u1e93\u1e93ann (ansa axatar) i\u0263y ad ittusitm anxilaf ad", " ttyisin watign inammasn nn igulan 6", "371 kilumitr d 40", "030 kilumitr i uzgn n wawum d uwnna\u1e0d s us\u1e0df\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "A cylindrical map projection is specified by formulae linking the geographic coordinates of latitude\u00a0\u03c6 and longitude\u00a0\u03bb to Cartesian coordinates on the map with origin on the equator and x-axis along the equator.", "ber": "da ttyafan iwtta n t\u1e0du\u1e5bi n tka\u1e5b\u1e0da n uwlellu s tmuca n usd\u0263r anj\u0263raf i uzgig n tirut \u03c6 d uzgig n ta\u0263zi \u00a0\u03bb s usd\u0263r adikarti xf tka\u1e5b\u1e0da xf uzgig isstwan d ugjdi asini d xf ta\u0263zi n uzgig isstwan." }, { "en": "Since the cylinder is tangential to the globe at the equator", "ber": " the scale factor between globe and cylinder is unity on the equator but nowhere else.", "null": [ "idd\u0263 i\u1e6d\u1e6dus iwlellu takurt n wakal g uzgig isstwan", " ynna\u0263 as tga tgzzumt as\u0263al n gr tkurt n wakal d uwlellu xf uzgig issstwan maka ur d g kra n ud\u0263ar ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "The difference (\u03bb\u00a0\u2212\u00a0\u03bb0) is in radians.", "ber": "b\u1e6d\u1e6du (\u03bb\u00a0\u2212\u00a0\u03bb0) s us\u0263al awrerray." }, { "en": "Even more extreme truncations have been used: a Finnish school atlas was truncated at approximately 76\u00b0N and 56\u00b0S", "ber": " an aspect ratio of 1.97.", "null": [ "ttuswurant tmggayin n wubuy n tama: ittyabby u\u1e6dlas n tinml tafinlandit g 76\u00b0 n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d d 56\u00b0 n iffus", " sg tirut ar tattayt n 1.97." ] }, { "en": "Narrower strips are better: sec\u00a08\u00b0\u00a0=\u00a01.01", "ber": " so a strip of width 16\u00b0 (centred on the equator) is accurate to within 1% or 1 part in 100.", "null": [ "isdditn inyaman ay d yufn: sec\u00a08\u00b0\u00a0=\u00a01.01", " aynna as iga usddi nn ilkmn g tirut 16\u00b0 (illa g wammas n uzgig isstwan) ar ittili min azggal s 1% n\u0263 d 1 ugzzum g 100." ] }, { "en": "The value of e2 is about 0.006 for all reference ellipsoids.)", "ber": "ilkm watig n e2 attay n 0.006 g tal\u0263iwin tiglalayin timsu\u0263al.)" }, { "en": "For the above model 1\u00a0cm corresponds to 1", "ber": "500\u00a0km at a latitude of 60\u00b0.", "null": [ "g usntl n umdya n uflla nns", " 1 santimitr innul 1", "500 kilumitr g uzgig n tirut 60\u00b0." ] }, { "en": "This chord subtends an angle at the centre equal to 2arcsin(cos\u00a0\u03c6\u00a0sin\u00a0) and the great circle distance between A and B is 2a\u00a0arcsin(cos\u00a0\u03c6\u00a0sin\u00a0).)", "ber": "adinan ad innul ti\u0263mrt g wammas igaddan d 2arcsin(cos\u00a0\u03c6\u00a0sin\u00a0) d ustu n twrerrayt taxatart gr A d B tga 2a\u00a0arcsin(cos\u00a0\u03c6\u00a0sin\u00a0).)" }, { "en": "For other bodies a fixed surface feature is usually referenced", "ber": " which for Mars is the meridian passing through the crater Airy-0.", "null": [ "i tfggwin ya\u1e0dn", " da ittsskan \u0263r wudm irmskil", " iga \u0263ur umrrix azgig n wazal izrrin xf imi n ukswar Airy-0." ] }, { "en": "By convention for the Earth", "ber": " Moon", "null": [ " and Sun it is expressed in degrees ranging from \u2212180\u00b0 to +180\u00b0 For other bodies a range of 0\u00b0 to 360\u00b0 is used.", "s tumayt n umsasa u\u1e93liy s wakal d wayyur d tafuyt", " da \u0263ifs nsawal s tsk\u02b7fal illan gr \u2212180\u00b0 ar +180\u00b0 i tfggiwin yadn da ttuswurint s tsk\u02b7fal sg 0\u00b0 ar 360\u00b0." ] }, { "en": "The scale of a map is the ratio of a distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the ground.", "ber": "as\u0263al n tka\u1e5b\u1e0da iga atig n ustum xf tka\u1e5b\u1e0da ar astum innulan akal." }, { "en": "The first way is the ratio of the size of the generating globe to the size of the Earth.", "ber": "ta\u0263arast tamzwarut tga atig n uksay n takurt n wakal d iff\u0263n \u0263r uksay n wakal." }, { "en": "Many maps state the nominal scale and may even display a bar scale (sometimes merely called a 'scale') to represent it.", "ber": "da isskan umata n tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin as\u0263al asmawan ar tfssr as\u0263al n isdditn (s wassa\u0263 n \u201cas\u0263al\u201d) i usnil nns." }, { "en": "In this case 'scale' means the scale factor (= point scale = particular scale).", "ber": "g waddad ad", "null": [ " iga \u2018us\u0263al\u2019 amawy n us\u0263al (=tanqqi\u1e0dt n us\u0263al=kra n us\u0263al)." ] }, { "en": "The map projection becomes critical in understanding how scale varies throughout the map.", "ber": "tga t\u1e0du\u1e5bi n tka\u1e5b\u1e0da asskin ilaqn i urmas n t\u0263arast n umyalla n us\u0263al g tsgg\u02b7in n tka\u1e5b\u1e0da." }, { "en": "This is a survey of virtually all known projections from antiquity to 1993.", "ber": "wad asfa\u1e0d n usd\u0263r ittyassnn attayn sg uzmz aqbur ar asgg\u02b7as n 1993." }, { "en": "Small scale refers to world maps or maps of large regions such as continents or large nations.", "ber": "da isskan us\u0263al am\u1e93\u1e93an tika\u1e5b\u1e0diwin n uma\u1e0dal n\u0263 d tika\u1e5b\u1e0diwin n wansiwn ixatarn zun d imn\u1e93awn n\u0263 d iwankn ixatarn." }, { "en": "Large-scale maps show smaller areas in more detail", "ber": " such as county maps or town plans might.", "null": [ "da sskannt tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin id mm us\u0263al axatar ansiwn im\u1e93\u1e93yann s kigan n ucammu", " am tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin n tgrawin ti\u0263rmatin n\u0263 d as\u0263iws n tmdinin." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " as explained above", "null": [ " cartographers use the term large scale to refer to less extensive maps \u2013 those that show a smaller area.", "\u201cwaxxa", " imkinna s ittusfra aflla nns", " da swurin imkla n tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin irm n \u201c\u201cas\u0263al axatar\u201d\u201d i usskan n tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin mi idrus usmmud \u2013 tinna ifssrn ansa am\u1e93\u1e93yan.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "This is commonly illustrated by the impossibility of smoothing an orange peel onto a flat surface without tearing and deforming it.", "ber": "ittyakz s tal\u0263a tamatut sg wagum n usrrus n ifrka n tmandarint xf wudm isstwan bla b\u1e6d\u1e6du nnsn d uzrb\u025b nnsn." }, { "en": "Conversely isotropic scale factors across the map imply a conformal projection.", "ber": "s unmgal n uya", "null": [ " imawayn n us\u0263al im\u1e93lay xf tka\u1e5b\u1e0da da sskann ta\u1e0du\u1e5bi imnalan." ] }, { "en": "The qualification 'small' means that at some given accuracy of measurement no change can be detected in the scale factor over the element.", "ber": "as\u0263rt \u2018am\u1e93\u1e93yan\u2019 g kra n us\u0263al ittufkan", "null": [ " ur i\u0263iy ad ittyaf kra n usnfl g umawy n us\u0263al aflla n ufrdis." ] }, { "en": "We say that these coordinates define the projection map which must be distinguished logically from the actual printed (or viewed) maps.", "ber": "da nttinin nwis iga usd\u0263r ad amsskan n tka\u1e5b\u1e0da istin s tal\u0263a tawngamt xf tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin ittuklan (n\u0263 d ittufsrn)." }, { "en": "Since the point scale varies with position and direction the projection of the circle on the projection will be distorted.", "ber": "idd\u0263 ib\u1e0da us\u0263al n tnqqa\u1e0d s b\u1e0d\u1e0du n ud\u0263ar d tnila", "null": [ " ad tettusfr\u0263 t\u1e0du\u1e5bi n tsutlt xf t\u1e0du\u1e5bi." ] }, { "en": "Superimposing these distortion ellipses on the map projection conveys the way in which the point scale is changing over the map.", "ber": "da ittawi usmrbib n tal\u0263iwin tiglalayin ifr\u0263n xf t\u1e0du\u1e5bi n tka\u1e5b\u1e0da s assay n t\u0263arast issnfaln as\u0263al n tnqqa\u1e0d xf tka\u1e5b\u1e0da." }, { "en": "The ratio of the major axis to the minor axis is .", "ber": "atig n ugjdi adslan \u0263r ugjdi asinan iga." }, { "en": "The scale is true (k=1) on the equator so that multiplying its length on a printed map by the inverse of the RF (or principal scale) gives the actual circumference of the Earth.", "ber": "as\u0263al idtta (k=1) xf uzgig isstwan ad nwt ta\u0263zi nns g tka\u1e5b\u1e0da ittuklan s unmgal n usnagar an\u1e5badyu RF (n\u0263 d as\u0263al adslan) yakka awnna\u1e0d wakal n d\u0263i." }, { "en": "The top plot shows the isotropic Mercator scale function: the scale on the parallel is the same as the scale on the meridian.", "ber": "da isskan wunu\u0263 amssfraw anaflla yat n tmamkt tams\u0263alt n mirkatur immrkasn: as\u0263al illan s umnila iga as\u0263al illan g uzgig n wazal." }, { "en": "Therefore", "ber": " the tangent Mercator projection is highly accurate within a strip of width 3.24 degrees centred on the equator.", "null": [ "aynna\u0263 as", " tum\u1e93 t\u1e0du\u1e5bi n mirkatur i\u1e6d\u1e6dusn agnsu n usddi s tirut n 3.24 n tsk\u02b7flt illan g wammas n uzgig isstwan." ] }, { "en": "These observations prompted the development of the transverse Mercator projections in which a meridian is treated 'like an equator' of the projection so that we obtain an accurate map within a narrow distance of that meridian.", "ber": "t\u1e25uz tugt n isni\u0263isn ad \u0263r tigmi n t\u1e0du\u1e5biwin n mirkatur ittyagln ar ittuga uzgig n wazal \u2018zun d uzgig isstwan\u2019 i t\u1e0du\u1e5bi taf ad taka\u1e5b\u1e0da inmn g llan istumn inmn g uzgig n wazal ad." }, { "en": "The four cardinal directions", "ber": " or cardinal points", "null": [ " are the four main compass directions: north", " east", " south", " and west", " commonly denoted by their initials N", " E", " S", " and W respectively.", "tanilawin s kku\u1e93t tidslanin", " n\u0263 d tinqqa\u1e0d tidslanin", " gant tanilawin n tbu\u1e63ult s kku\u1e93t tidslanin: i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d dunqqr d iffus d u\u0263lluy", " ar tnt nsskan s iskkiln imzwura nnsnt N", " E", " S", " d W s us\u1e0df\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "When travelling East or West", "ber": " it is only on the Equator that one can keep East or West and be going straight (without the need to steer).", "null": [ "g umuddu sg unqqr n\u0263 a\u0263lluy", " i\u0263y ad i\u1e25\u1e0du ufgan xf unqqr n\u0263 a\u0263lluy iddu g yn uzgig inmn (bla ad yaws s ka n wallal n tnila) \u0263as g uzgig isstwan." ] }, { "en": "The north pole of the magnetic needle points towards the geographic north pole of the earth and vice versa.", "ber": "da isskan usfaylu n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d i tissgnit tami\u0263na\u1e6dist \u0263r usfaylu n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d anj\u0263raf n wakal d mgal d amddad." }, { "en": "In the middle of the day", "ber": " it is to the south for viewers in the Northern Hemisphere", "null": [ " who live north of the Tropic of Cancer", " and the north for those in the Southern Hemisphere", " who live south of the Tropic of Capricorn.", "g wammas n wass", " da tettili n iffus i imannayn g wammas n takurt n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d", " ittidirn g i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d n u\u1e25bu uylal", " d i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d i winna illan g uzgn n takurt n iffus", " winna ittidirn g iffus n u\u1e25bu n wa\u0263a\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "In these locations", "ber": " one needs first to determine whether the sun is moving from east to west through north or south by watching its movements\u2014left to right means it is going through south while the right to left means it is going through north; or one can watch the sun's shadows.", "null": [ "g wansiwn ad", " ixssa i ufgan g tizwiri ad yisin is tga tafuyt tanna ittmattayn sg unqqr \u0263r u\u0263lay sg i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d n\u0263 iffus s usksw n immctign nns \u2014sg uzlma\u1e0d \u0263r ayffas igan is da tettkka iffus d ig d ayffas s azlma\u1e0d is da tettkka i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d; n\u0263 da ittusksiw umalu n tafuyt." ] }, { "en": "Because of the Earth's axial tilt", "ber": " no matter what the location of the viewer", "null": [ " there are only two days each year when the sun rises precisely due east.", "s umntil n uguss n ugjdi \u0263r akal", " waxxa ittusatm wansa n unfsr", " ur illi \u0263ar sin wussan g usgg\u02b7as addag tnqqr tafuyt s umntil n unqqr." ] }, { "en": "For this method to work in the southern hemisphere", "ber": " the 12 is pointed toward the Sun and the point halfway between the hour hand and 12 o'clock will indicate north.", "null": [ "i wad tswuri t\u0263arat ad g uzgn n takurt n iffus", " da ittusnil 12 s tafuyt ar tsskan tnqqi\u1e0dt n wammas n gr urqqas n tsragt d 12 \u0263r i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "This axis intersects the Celestial Sphere at the North and South Celestial poles", "ber": " which appear to the observer to lie directly above due North and South respectively on the horizon.", "null": [ "imyabbay ugjdi d takurt n yignna g isfaylutn n yignna win i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d d win iffus", " ar ittyannay i un\u1e0dufnis illa srid xf i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d d iffu s us\u1e0df\u1e5b g umnid." ] }, { "en": "The resulting photograph reveals a multitude of concentric arcs (portions of perfect circles) from which the exact center can be readily derived", "ber": " and which corresponds to the Celestial pole", "null": [ " which lies directly above the position of the true pole (North or South) on the horizon.", "da isskan uwlaf ad ittufkan s kigan n iskran munnin g wammas ussifn n tsultal smdnin) mi n\u0263iy ad ng tawafu\u0263t n wammas sg digs zik", " imsasan akd usfaylu n yignna", " illan srid xf wansa n ugjdi adttan (i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d d iffus) xf umnid." ] }, { "en": "The exact position of the pole changes over thousands of years because of the precession of the equinoxes.", "ber": "da issnfal wansa n igjdi xf wutuy n if\u1e0dn n isgg\u02b7asn s umntil n tinti n isngaddatn." }, { "en": "The asterism Big Dipper may be used to find Polaris.", "ber": "\u201ct\u0263y ad tettuswuri tmatart n tetrit \u201c\u201cbig dribr\u201d\u201d i tifi n bularis.\u201d" }, { "en": "Since it finds true", "ber": " rather than magnetic", "null": [ " north", " it is immune to interference by local or shipboard magnetic fields.", "idd\u0263 ittyafa i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d d amddad", " ur d anmi\u0263na\u1e6dis", " ila afrag mgal akccum n yigran inmi\u0263na\u1e6disn id\u0263rann n\u0263 xf i\u0263rrabutn." ] }, { "en": "Most maps in medieval Europe", "ber": " for example", "null": [ " placed east (E) at the top.", "ittuga umara n tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin n u\u1e5bubba g uzmz anammas", " s umdya", " anqqr (E) g uflla." ] }, { "en": "Topographic maps include elevation", "ber": " typically via contour lines.", "null": [ "smanent tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin ti\u1e6dubu\u0263rafin tattayt", " s umata xf izgign iwnna\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "The North point will then be the point on the limb that is closest to the North celestial pole.", "ber": "ad tg tnqqi\u1e0dt n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d tanqqi\u1e0dt illan xf tama inmalan i ugjdi n yignna n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Going around the disk clockwise from the North point", "ber": " one encounters in order the West point", "null": [ " the South point", " and then the East point.", "utul xf tqa\u1e5bi\u1e0dt s tnila n irqqasn n tsragt g tnqqi\u1e0dt n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d", " da nn itta\u0263 ufgan xf tnqqi\u1e0dt n u\u0263lluy s u\u1e0dfa\u1e5b", " d tnqqi\u1e0dt n iffus", " d tnqqi\u1e0dt n unqqr." ] }, { "en": "In pre-modern Europe more generally", "ber": " between eight and 32 points of the compass \u2013 cardinal and intercardinal directions \u2013 were given names.", "null": [ "g u\u1e5bubba n dat tetrart s umata", " ittuga wassa\u0263 n gr tamt d 32 n tnqqi\u1e0dt g tbu\u1e63ult \u2013 tanilawin tidslanin d tgnsanin\u2013." ] }, { "en": "Systems with five cardinal points (four directions and the center) include those from pre-modern China", "ber": " as well as traditional Turkic", "null": [ " Tibetan and Ainu cultures.", "smann igrratn n tnqqa\u1e0d tidslanin s smmust (kku\u1e93t n tnilawin d wammas) tann tin \u1e63\u1e63in n dat n tetrart", " d tdlsiwin tiqburin titu\u1e5bkiyin d tin ttibit d tin aynu." ] }, { "en": "Some may also include above and below as directions", "ber": " and therefore focus on a cosmology of seven directions.", "null": [ "\u201ci\u0263y ad ismun kra altu xf \u201cuflla nns\u201d d \u201cizdar nns\u201d zun d ismigiln", " g tgara tawna xff tussna n uma\u1e0dal bu sat n tnalwin.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "North is associated with the Himalayas and heaven while the south is associated with the underworld or land of the fathers (Pitr loka).", "ber": "izdy i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d g idurar n himalaya d yignna day izdi iffus d uma\u1e0dal amazdar n\u0263 d akal n id bba (bitr luka)." }, { "en": "North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d iga yat sg tnqqa\u1e0d n tbu\u1e63ult s kku\u1e93t n\u0263 d tanilawin tidslanin." }, { "en": "Septentrionalis is from septentriones", "ber": " the seven plow oxen", "null": [ " a name of Ursa Major.", "\u201csibtuntryunalis iga sg sibtuntryun", " \u201c\u201cawullu n izgarn s sa\u201d", " assag n u\u1e5bsa maju\u1e5b.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " in Lezgian", "null": [ " kefer can mean both disbelief and north", " since to the north of the Muslim Lezgian homeland there are areas formerly inhabited by non-Muslim Caucasian and Turkic peoples.", "\u201cs umdya", " g lizgyan", " i\u0263y ad tili anamk n tguri kifir s sin idsn \u201c\u201carussn\u201d d i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d\u201d", " idd\u0263 tlla g i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d n tmazirt n imunslmn lizgyan kra n wansiwn iktarn zik s i\u0263rfan n quqaz d iturkitn ur igin imunslmn.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "On any rotating astronomical object", "ber": " north often denotes the side appearing to rotate counter-clockwise when viewed from afar along the axis of rotation.", "null": [ "g ku askkin ast\u1e5bunum", " da ittuskan i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d \u0263r tsga itturerruyn mgal n irqqasn n tsragt g usksw \u0263rs sg tuggugt xf ta\u0263zi n ugjdi n uwrerry." ] }, { "en": "But simple generalizations on the subject should be treated as unsound", "ber": " and as likely to reflect popular misconceptions about terrestrial magnetism.", "null": [ "maka icil uswuri s ismatutn ifrarn xf usntl ad nwis ur gint timddadin", " t\u0263y ad digs ilint tzgalin n irmmusn xf tm\u0263na\u1e6dist n wakal." ] }, { "en": "This convention has developed from the use of a compass", "ber": " which places north at the top.", "null": [ "tettusbu\u0263la tmsasat ad n uswuri n tbu\u1e63ult", " ittggan i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d g uflla." ] }, { "en": "95% of the Global North has enough food and shelter", "ber": " and a functioning education system.", "null": [ "95% n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d n takurt n wakal \u0263urs aynna t isyiwinn g wucci d uzdu\u0263", " d ugrra n usslmd i\u1e25lan." ] }, { "en": "Use of the term South may also be country-relative", "ber": " particularly in cases of noticeable economic or cultural divide.", "null": [ "\u201ci\u0263y ad ig yirm \u2018\u201ciffus\u201d\u201d izdy s tmazirt altu", " lumn g waddadn n b\u1e6d\u1e6du adamdan n\u0263 d adlsan illan.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Rarely does the meaning broaden to Bolivia", "ber": " and in the most restricted sense it only covers Chile", "null": [ " Argentina and Uruguay.", "da ittawy unamk ard isskcm awd bulifya", " s unamk i\u1e5bm\u1e0dn", " idl \u0263as ccili d a\u1e5bjuntin d u\u1e5bugway." ] }, { "en": "West is the direction opposite that of the Earth's rotation on its axis", "ber": " and is therefore the general direction towards which the Sun appears to constantly progress and eventually set.", "null": [ "a\u0263lluy iga tanila tanmgalt n tnila n wutuy n wakal xf ugjdi nns", " g tgara iga tanila g tettddu tafuyt ar tigira nns." ] }, { "en": "In Ancient Egypt", "ber": " the West was considered to be the portal to the netherworld", "null": [ " and is the cardinal direction regarded in connection with death", " though not always with a negative connotation.", "g mi\u1e93\u1e5b taqburt", " tkka tt nn tnila n u\u0263lluy tga tiflut ittawi s ama\u1e0dal amazdar", " igan tanila tadslant mi \u0263ur azday d tmtant", " waxxa ur izdiy abda d unamk ur i\u1e25lin." ] }, { "en": "In Judaism", "ber": " west is seen to be toward the Shekinah (presence) of God", "null": [ " as in Jewish history the Tabernacle and subsequent Jerusalem Temple faced east", " with God's Presence in the Holy of Holies up the steps to the west.", "\u0263ur wudayn", " da ittusksiw u\u0263lluy tanila n cikinah (tihawt)n allah", " imkinna iga g umzruy uday", " tkka tt nn taxamt d ufakan n quds ttin s unqq\u1e5b", " tili tilawt n allah g quds s usk\u02b7fl \u0263r u\u0263lluy." ] }, { "en": "The Arctic Circle is one of the two polar circles and the most northerly of the five major circles of latitude as shown on maps of Earth.", "ber": "tawrerrayt n usfaylu n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d tga yat g twrerrayin tisfaylutin illan g yir n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d sg twrerrayin s smmust tidslanin i uzgig n tirut imkinna s illa g tka\u1e5b\u1e0da n wakal." }, { "en": "A circle of latitude or line of latitude on Earth is an abstract east\u2013west small circle connecting all locations around Earth (ignoring elevation) at a given latitude coordinate line.", "ber": "tawrerrayt n uzgig n tirut n\u0263 d azgig n tirut xf wakal iga yat n twrerrayt tam\u1e93\u1e93yant ingr unqqr d u\u0263lluy izdin d wansiwn akk\u02b7 n wutuy n wakal (s ussitm n tattayt) g uzgig n usd\u0263r n uzgig n tirut." }, { "en": "Circles of latitude are unlike circles of longitude", "ber": " which are all great circles with the centre of Earth in the middle", "null": [ " as the circles of latitude get smaller as the distance from the Equator increases.", "tiwrerrayin n uzgig n tirut b\u1e0dant xf twrerrayin n uzgig n ta\u0263zi", " gint akk\u02b7 tiwrerrayin tixatarin g wammas n wakal", " ar ttm\u1e93iynt twrerrayin n uzgig n tirut ar ittxitir ustum n grasnt d uzgig isstwan." ] }, { "en": "A circle of latitude is perpendicular to all meridians.", "ber": "tnnul tsutlt n uzgig n tirut izgign n ta\u0263zi kullutn." }, { "en": "The Equator is the longest circle of latitude and is the only circle of latitude which also is a great circle.", "ber": "igaikwater tawrerrayt akk\u02b7 i\u0263zzifn i izgig n tirut tg tawrerrayt tabaylalt n uzgig n tirut tg altu tawrerrayt taxatart." }, { "en": "On a map", "ber": " the circles of latitude may or may not be parallel", "null": [ " and their spacing may vary", " depending on which projection is used to map the surface of the Earth onto a plane.", "xf tka\u1e5b\u1e0da", " \u0263int ad gint twrerrayin n tirut imsada\u0263n i\u0263in ad ur imsada\u0263", " imkinna\u0263 i ums\u025braq nnsnt", " s uskutt xf t\u1e0du\u1e5bi ittugan i wunu\u0263 n tka\u1e5b\u1e0da i wudmkal xf uswir." ] }, { "en": "For instance", "ber": " on a Mercator projection the circles of latitude are more widely spaced near the poles to preserve local scales and shapes", "null": [ " while on a Gall\u2013Peters projection the circles of latitude are spaced more closely near the poles so that comparisons of area will be accurate.", "xf umdya", " g t\u1e0du\u1e5bi n mirkatur", " gant twrerrayin n uzgig n tirut tims\u025braqin d kigan tama n isfaylutn taf ad yili \u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n us\u0263al d tal\u0263iwin tid\u0263ranin", " maka g t\u1e0du\u1e5bi n gal\u2013bitrz", " da ttilint twrerrayin n uzgig n tirut nsnmalant tama n isfaylutn ar ittili usmzazal n wansiwn i\u0263yyzn." ] }, { "en": "There are many smaller terms", "ber": " resulting in varying daily shifts of some metres in any direction.", "null": [ "llan kigan n yirman im\u1e93\u1e93yann", " aynna d yakkan imuttuyn ikuyassn i kra n id mitr g ku tanila." ] }, { "en": "54\u00b040'N The border between 19th century Russian territories to the north and conflicting American and British land claims in western North America.", "ber": "54\u00b040'N n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d n iwtta gr ikaln irusitn g tsuta tis 19 ar agafa d isuturn xf ikaln imirikanitn d ib\u1e5bi\u1e6danitn g u\u0263lluy n amirika n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d." }, { "en": "43\u00b030'N In the US", "ber": " the border between Minnesota and Iowa.", "null": [ "43\u00b030'N n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d g twilayatin munnin", " iwtta n gr minisuta d iyuwa." ] }, { "en": "42\u00b0N Originally the northward limit of New Spain.", "ber": "42\u00b0N n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d g u\u1e93u\u1e5b nns awttu n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d n isbanya tamaynut." }, { "en": "41\u00b0N In the US", "ber": " part of the border between Wyoming and Utah", "null": [ " the border between Wyoming and Colorado", " and part of the border between Nebraska and Colorado.", "41\u00b0N n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d g twilayatin munnin", " d ussif sg iwtta n gr wayuming d yutah", " d iwtta n gr wayuming d kulu\u1e5badu", " d wussif n iwtta n gr nb\u1e5baska d kulu\u1e5badu." ] }, { "en": "38\u00b0N The boundary between the Soviet and American occupation zones in Korea", "ber": " and later between North Korea and South Korea", "null": [ " from 1945 until the Korean War (1950\u20131953).", "38\u00b0N n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d tga iwtta n gr wansiwn n umsdurri asufyat d umirikan i kurya", " g tgiriwin ad gr kurya n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d d kurya n iffus", " sg usgg\u02b7as n 1945 ar imn\u0263i akuri(1950\u20131953)." ] }, { "en": "Geographically it is a Westward extension of the border between Virginia and North Carolina and part of the border between Kentucky and Tennessee.", "ber": "g tj\u0263raft iga anzzu\u0263 n i\u0263lluy n iwtta n gr firjinya d ka\u1e5bulina n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d d wussif g iwtta n gr kintaki d tinisi." }, { "en": "Also", "ber": " part of the border between North Carolina and Georgia.", "null": [ "d wussif n iwtta n gr ka\u1e5bulina n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d d ju\u1e5bjya." ] }, { "en": "32\u00b0N In the US", "ber": " part of the border between New Mexico and Texas.", "null": [ "32\u00b0N n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d g twilayatin munnin", " ussif n iwtta n gr nyumiksiku d tiksas." ] }, { "en": "25\u00b0N Part of the border between Mauritania and Mali.", "ber": "25\u00b0N n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d ussif n gr mu\u1e5bi\u1e6danya d mali." }, { "en": "17\u00b0N The division between Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) and Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) during the Vietnam War.", "ber": "17\u00b0N n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d d ab\u1e6d\u1e6du n gr tgduda fitnam (iffus n fitnam) d tgduda fitnam tadimuqra\u1e6dit (fitnam n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d) g imn\u0263i n fitnam." }, { "en": "8\u00b0N Part of the border between Somalia and Ethiopia.", "ber": "8\u00b0N n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d d ussif n iwtta gr \u1e63\u1e63umal d tyubya." }, { "en": "7\u00b0S A short section of the border between Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola.", "ber": "7\u00b0S n iffus yan wubuy am\u1e93\u1e93yan n iwtta n gr tgduda n kungu tdimuqra\u1e6dit d angula." }, { "en": "The arts are a very wide range of human practices of creative expression", "ber": " storytelling and cultural participation.", "null": [ "gant t\u1e93u\u1e5biwin tagrumma taxatart kigan n tigawin tinfganin i usiwl afarsan d wallas n tallasin d tdrawt tadlsant." ] }, { "en": "They can employ skill and imagination to produce objects", "ber": " performances", "null": [ " convey insights and experiences", " and construct new environments and spaces.", "\u0263in ad swurin tawngimt d usurd i ufars n iskkinn d isfsar d wassay n tannayin d tirmitin d tuski n tgama d tjumma timaynutin." ] }, { "en": "They can also develop or contribute to some particular aspect of a more complex art form", "ber": " as in cinematography.", "null": [ "\u0263in altu ad sbu\u0263lun n\u0263 uwsn i tsga n tal\u0263a ta\u1e93u\u1e5bant tuddist", " imkinna iga waddad n uswlf ansinima." ] }, { "en": "The first meaning of the word art is \u00ab way of doing \u00bb.", "ber": "anamk amzwaru n tguri ta\u1e93u\u1e5bi iga \u201cta\u0263arast n uswuri\u201d." }, { "en": "In its most basic abstract definition", "ber": " art is a documented expression of a sentient being through or on an accessible medium so that anyone can view", "null": [ " hear or experience it.", "g usnml nns awngim adslan", " tga t\u1e93u\u1e5bi yan usiwl antam xf umudr bu tufrayin s n\u0263 xf umazan as isshwann alkam \u0263urs ard yi\u0263iy ku yan ad t yinniy n\u0263 as issfld n\u0263 t yurm." ] }, { "en": "Such public rating is dependent on various subjective factors.", "ber": "ab\u1e6d\u1e6du ad amat iskutt xf kigan n imawyn inxfn ggudinin." }, { "en": "In Ancient Greece", "ber": " all art and craft was referred to by the same word", "null": [ " techne.", "g yunan taqbu\u1e5bt", " ittusawl xf wanawn akk\u02b7 n t\u1e93u\u1e5biwin d tazzulin s yat n tguri", " tikn." ] }, { "en": "Ancient Roman art depicted gods as idealized humans", "ber": " shown with characteristic distinguishing features (e.g. Zeus' thunderbolt).", "null": [ "da tsskan t\u1e93u\u1e5bi ta\u1e5bumanit taqbu\u1e5bt ikucn nwis gan am ifgann ismdn", " ar tettili s tmitar tt isttin (am wusm n ziyus)." ] }, { "en": "A characteristic of this style is that the local colour is often defined by an outline (a contemporary equivalent is the cartoon).", "ber": "sg tmitar n wanaw ad nwis da ittuga uklu ad\u0263ran n us\u0263iws (angidda nns atrar iga asaru unni\u0263)." }, { "en": "In modern academia", "ber": " the arts are usually grouped with or as a subset of the humanities.", "null": [ "g wallaln ikadimitn itrarn", " da ttusmutturnt t\u1e93u\u1e5biwin d n\u0263 am tgrumma tussift n tmassanin tinfganin." ] }, { "en": "The word architecture comes from the Greek arkhitekton", "ber": " master builder", "null": [ " director of works", " from \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9- (arkhi) chief + \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (tekton) builder", " carpenter.", "\u201ctamsdagt \u201carcitiktur\u201d tdda d sg tyunanit arxitiktun", " \u201c\u201c axatar n imskitn", " anmhal n twuriwin", "\u201d\u201d sg \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9-(arxi) \u201c\u201cam\u0263ar\u201d\u201d + \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (tiktun) \u201c\u201cimski", " ansram\u201d\u201d.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "In modern usage", "ber": " architecture is the art and discipline of creating", "null": [ " or inferring an implied or apparent plan of", " a complex object or system.", "g uswuri atrar", " tga tmsdagt yat n t\u1e93u\u1e5bi d usnm n tiski n\u0263 tifi n u\u0263awas iffrn n\u0263 d iff\u0263n i ka n umddur n\u0263 agrra idusn." ] }, { "en": "Planned architecture manipulates space", "ber": " volume", "null": [ " texture", " light", " shadow", " or abstract elements in order to achieve pleasing aesthetics.", "da tturar tmsdagt ittus\u0263awsn g usayrar n\u0263 g uksay n\u0263 u\u1e0dus n\u0263 asidd n\u0263 amalu n\u0263 ifrdisn iwngimn bar ad tili a\u0263udu issmdazn." ] }, { "en": "While some ceramic products are considered fine art", "ber": " some are considered to be decorative", "null": [ " industrial", " or applied art objects.", "kra n ifarisn n idqqi gan sg t\u1e93u\u1e5biwin \u1e93ilnin", " maka ka digsn yamu g iskkinn n ddiku\u1e5b n\u0263 amwuran n\u0263 ti\u1e93u\u1e5biwin tismssa." ] }, { "en": "In a pottery or ceramic factory", "ber": " a group of people design", "null": [ " manufacture", " and decorate the pottery.", "g usak\u02b7n n idqqi n\u0263 asiramik", " da ittgga ugraw n mddn as\u0263iws d tiski d usksf n idqqi." ] }, { "en": "It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool", "ber": " or moving a tool across a surface.", "null": [ "ila s tal\u0263a tamatut tawuri n tmitar xf wudm s yikl xf wallal", " n\u0263 asmuss n wallal xf wazur." ] }, { "en": "The main techniques used in drawing are line drawing", "ber": " hatching", "null": [ " crosshatching", " random hatching", " scribbling", " stippling", " and blending.", "titiqnitin tidslanin ittuswurin g wunu\u0263 n uzgig n wunu\u0263", " d usfqis", " d usmalu ittbbin", " d usmlu amisy", " d uxrbc", " d unqq\u1e6d", " d wusur." ] }, { "en": "Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in a still life or landscape painting)", "ber": " photographic", "null": [ " abstract", " narrative", " symbolistic (as in Symbolist art)", " emotive (as in Expressionism)", " or political in nature (as in Artivism).", "\u0263int ad gint tflwitin tigamanind tgnsasin (imkkinna iga waddad i wunu\u0263 n tudrt n imzda\u0263 n\u0263 d imnadn igamann)", " n\u0263 d aswlf afutu\u0263rafi", " n\u0263 awngim", " n\u0263 amallas", " n\u0263 anmatar (g t\u1e93u\u1e5bi tanmatart)", " n\u0263 d tufrayin (g tufrayin)", " n\u0263 mm tgama tasrtant (g artifism)." ] }, { "en": "The noun literature comes from the Latin word littera meaning an individual written character (letter).", "ber": "\u201cda d ittddu wassa\u0263 \u201c\u201ctaskla\u201d\u201d sg tguri talatinit litti\u1e5ba ilan anamk n \u201c\u201caskkil ittyaran abaylal (askkil).\u201d\u201d\u201d" }, { "en": "Each discipline in the performing arts is temporal in nature", "ber": " meaning the product is performed over a period of time.", "null": [ "ku a\u1e93lay g t\u1e93u\u1e5biwin ila tizi s tgama nns", " aynna d yakkan icil n wakud i ku tigawt n ufaris." ] }, { "en": "Dance is also used to describe methods of non-verbal communication (see body language) between humans or animals (e.g. bee dance", "ber": " mating dance)", "null": [ " motion in inanimate objects (e.g. the leaves danced in the wind)", " and certain musical forms or genres.", "da ittuga urka\u1e0d altu i usmal n t\u0263arasin n umyawa\u1e0d amimi (\u1e93\u1e5b tutlayt n tfgga) gr mddn d imudar (zun d arka\u1e0d n tzizwit", " d urka\u1e0d n yiwl)", " d umussu n iskkinn ur iddirn (am tfriwin issrka\u1e0d uzwu)", " d kra n tal\u0263iwin n\u0263 d anawn n u\u1e93awan." ] }, { "en": "The creation", "ber": " performance", "null": [ " significance", " and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context.", "ib\u1e0da ufars d wallal d tixxitrt n ud\u0263ar awd asnml n u\u1e93awan s yili adlsan d yili anamun." ] }, { "en": "The composer Richard Wagner recognized the fusion of so many disciplines into a single work of opera", "ber": " exemplified by his cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung).", "null": [ "\u201cyukz umnya ritcard fagnr tamunt n kigan n t\u1e93layin g yat n twuri n ub\u1e5ba", " ttuskn g tsutlt nns dr ring di niblungn (\u201c\u201clftl n niblung\u201d\u201d).\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Other works in the late 19th", "ber": " 20th and 21st centuries have fused other disciplines in unique and creative ways", "null": [ " such as performance art.", "sskrnt twuriwin ya\u1e0dn n tgariwin n tsuta tis 19 d tsuta tis 20 d 21 tamunt n t\u1e93layin ya\u1e0dn s t\u0263arast tamaynut tanulfut", " zun d ta\u1e93u\u1e5bi n ufrru." ] }, { "en": "John Cage is regarded by many as a performance artist rather than a composer", "ber": " although he preferred the latter term.", "null": [ "da ttinin kigan n mddn nwis iga jun kig ana\u1e93u\u1e5b n ufrru ur d amnya", " waxxa isty isyif irm amggaru." ] }, { "en": "The applied arts includes fields such as industrial design", "ber": " illustration", "null": [ " and commercial art.", "smannt t\u1e93u\u1e5biwin tisnsa kigan n yigran zun d as\u0263iws amguran d usfsr d t\u1e93u\u1e5bi n tsbbabt." ] }, { "en": "Within social sciences", "ber": " cultural economists show how video games playing is conducive to the involvement in more traditional art forms and cultural practices", "null": [ " which suggests the complementarity between video games and the arts.", "sg tmassanin tinamunin", " llan idamsann idlsann mimk ittgga uwrar n wurar n isarutn da ittwy cr idf g tal\u0263iwin tina\u1e93u\u1e5bin d yiggitn idlsann iqbu\u1e5bn kigan", " aynna d yakkan asfukku n gr wurarn n isarutn d t\u1e93u\u1e5biwin." ] }, { "en": "Architecture (Latin architectura", "ber": " from the Greek \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd arkhitekton architect", "null": [ " from \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9- chief and \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd creator) is both the process and the product of planning", " designing", " and constructing buildings or other structures.", "tamsdagt (talatint arcitiktura", " sg tyunank \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd arxitiktun \u201c\u201carxitict\u201d\u201d", " sg \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9- \u201c\u201cam\u0263ar\u201d\u201d d \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u201c\u201camsnulfu\u201d\u201d) iga tamggayt d tyafut n us\u0263iws d tiski n taddrwin n\u0263 ka ya\u1e0dn istin s imnadn.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "The practice", "ber": " which began in the prehistoric era", "null": [ " has been used as a way of expressing culture for civilizations on all seven continents.", "ttuswurint tmggitin ad", " intan g uzmz n dat umzruy", " d ta\u0263arast n usiwl xf tdlsa i t\u0263miwin g imn\u1e93awn s sa idsn." ] }, { "en": "In the 19th century", "ber": " Louis Sullivan declared that form follows function. ", "null": [ "\u201cg tsuta tis 19", " ila\u0263i lwis sulifan nwis \u201cda t\u1e0dffu\u1e5b tal\u0263a tazzult\u201d\u201d.\u201d\u201d\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Architecture began as rural", "ber": " oral vernacular architecture that developed from trial and error to successful replication.", "null": [ "tnta tmsdagt g tgama tamwiwant igman s tirmit d tzglt d wllas imursn." ] }, { "en": "During the European Middle Ages", "ber": " pan-European styles of Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals and abbeys emerged while the Renaissance favored Classical forms implemented by architects known by name.", "null": [ "g uzmz anammas n u\u1e5bubban", " tff\u0263 d twala n wanawn imatutn g u\u1e5bubba sg tkatid\u1e5bayin d t\u1e5bumanit d tqu\u1e6dit maka yuf uzmz n tnkra tal\u0263iwin tiklasikitin nna gan imtwaln d imassann s wassa\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Emphasis was put on modern techniques", "ber": " materials", "null": [ " and simplified geometric forms", " paving the way for high-rise superstructures.", "tettuga tawna xf tetiqnitin titrarin d tal\u0263iwin timsdagin tifrarin", " aynna ittanfn abrid i tuskiwin tinafllatin timqranin." ] }, { "en": "A unifying or coherent form or structure.", "ber": "tal\u0263a n\u0263 ta\u0263ssa imunn imcbbarn." }, { "en": "The most important aspect of beauty was", "ber": " therefore", "null": [ " an inherent part of an object", " rather than something applied superficially", " and was based on universal", " recognisable truths.", "yat n tsga sg tsgg\u02b7in wa\u1e93ly", " day", " yan wussif an\u1e63li sg uskkin", " ur d askkin ittusarsn \u0263as imkinna\u0263", " ibddan xf tidt tamassant mi tlla tussna nnsn." ] }, { "en": "In the 16th century", "ber": " Italian Mannerist architect", "null": [ " painter and theorist Sebastiano Serlio wrote Tutte L\u2019Opere D\u2019Architettura et Prospetiva (Complete Works on Architecture and Perspective).", "g tsuta tis 16", " yara umtwal n tmsdagt d umklu umsksw a\u1e6dalyani sibastyanu sirlyu adlisTutte L\u2019Opere D\u2019Architettura et Prospetiva (tiwuriwin ismdn g tmsdagt d usksw)." ] }, { "en": "Gothic architecture", "ber": " Pugin believed", "null": [ " was the only true Christian form of architecture.", "\u201ci\u0263al bujin is tkka tmsdagt taqu\u1e6dit \u201cmm tal\u0263a \u201c\u201ctamasi\u1e25it n tidt tabaylalt i tmsdagt.\u201d\u201d\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are Rationalism", "ber": " Empiricism", "null": [ " Structuralism", " Poststructuralism", " Deconstruction and Phenomenology.", "sg tflsafin yuwin ta\u0263\u1e0dft i imtwaln n tmsdagt itrarn d t\u0263arast n us\u0263iws n tuskiwin", " tanllit", " tirmit", " tiski", " ffir tiskit", " afrtet", " d tfinuminulujit." ] }, { "en": "The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged.", "ber": "tgma tmsdagt d t\u0263mawin tiklasikitin zun d tiyunanin d trmanin sg twngimin timdinitin g ud\u0263ar n twngimin n us\u0263an d tirmit ff\u0263n d wanawn imaynutn n tiski." }, { "en": "Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time.", "ber": "ttyaran i\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63n istin s tmsdagt g uzmz azayku." }, { "en": "Buddhist architecture", "ber": " in particular", "null": [ " showed great regional diversity.", "tssakz tmsdagt tabudit", " lumn", " yat tiggidit n wanawn isgawann." ] }, { "en": "The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason", "ber": " or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.", "null": [ "g tmyurt iga ud\u0263ar n umtwal n tmsdagt tiski tadslant", " n\u0263 majistr latumurum imkinna s t farsn ka n tikkal g tntamin titrarin." ] }, { "en": "Buildings were ascribed to specific architects \u2013 Brunelleschi", "ber": " Alberti", "null": [ " Michelangelo", " Palladio \u2013 and the cult of the individual had begun.", "ttururant tuskiwin s imtwaln n tmsdagt ibaylaln \u2013 brunliski", " albirti", " maykl anjilu", " balladyu \u2013 ssntun tussumga n ufgan." ] }, { "en": "Formal architectural training in the 19th century", "ber": " for example at \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts in France", "null": [ " gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility.", "ittufka ulmmud n tmsdagt tun\u1e63ibt g tsuta tis 19", " xf umdya tinml n t\u1e93u\u1e5biwin \u1e93ilnin g f\u1e5bansa", " kigan n tawna xf ufars n wunu\u0263n \u1e93ilnin d umudrus n a\u0263udu." ] }, { "en": "Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund", "ber": " formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine-made objects.", "null": [ "sg ixatarn digsn dutcr wirkbund", " ittuskan g usgg\u02b7as n 1907 i ufars n tfggiwin timguranin s wallal i\u0263udan kigan." ] }, { "en": "When modern architecture was first practised", "ber": " it was an avant-garde movement with moral", "null": [ " philosophical", " and aesthetic underpinnings.", "kudnna g tettuga tmsdagt tatrart tikklt tamzwarut", " tkka tt nn tga yan umussu ansdat bu tsura n t\u0263ariwin d tflsaft d yi\u1e93il." ] }, { "en": "The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms", "ber": " removing historical references and ornament in favor of functional details.", "null": [ "iga u\u0263aras n imtwaln n tmsdagt itrarn asdrus n tuskiwin \u0263r tal\u0263iwin \u0263udanin", " d wukus n imsu\u0263al d idiku\u1e5bn n umzruy taf ad yili uffulls n tfiras n tazzulin." ] }, { "en": "Architects such as Mies van der Rohe", "ber": " Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques", "null": [ " trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms", " celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution", " including steel-frame construction", " which gave birth to high-rise superstructures.", "tawuri n imtwal n tmsdagt zun d mis fan dir ruh d filib junsun d marsil brwir xf ufars n yi\u1e93il s tmitar n tangiwin n tiski d tetiqnitin n tiski tatrart", " d uswuri n tal\u0263iwin tiqburin i tal\u0263iwin n tmsdagt tafrart", " d usfuglu s iskkinn d wallaln imaynutn d tfka tgrawla n tmguri", " g tlla tiki n tsqqulin n wuzzal", " d ifkan tigawt n tsqqulin tifllatin timajjgalin." ] }, { "en": "The preparatory processes for the design of any large building have become increasingly complicated", "ber": " and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability", "null": [ " sustainability", " quality", " money", " and compliance with local laws.", "dwlnt tmggitin ti\u0263rmanin i us\u0263iws n ku tiski taxatart idusn s tal\u0263a tamzaydt", " ar ssuturnt tzrawin timzwura i t\u0263awsiwin zun d timggitin am tdusi d tadumt d u\u0263udu d uqari\u1e0d d u\u1e0dffu\u1e5b n islgan id\u0263rann." ] }, { "en": "Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue", "ber": " with a profound effect on the architectural profession.", "null": [ "ta\u0263ul tadumt tangamat tamntilt tadslant mm usyafa axatar g tazzult n tmsdagt n tiski." ] }, { "en": "This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment.", "ber": "asnfl ad axatar g tmsdagt n tiski isnfl ltu tinmal n tmsdagt s tawna taxatart xf tgama." }, { "en": "The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this.", "ber": "ila ugrra n b\u1e6d\u1e6du LEED (tamzwart g tdusi d us\u0263iws angama) i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn i usqqim n tuskiwin tizgzawin n mirikan tilalt tadslant g t\u0263awsa ad." }, { "en": "It can also be the initial design and plan for use", "ber": " then later redesigned to accommodate a changed purpose", "null": [ " or a significantly revised design for adaptive reuse of the building shell.", "i\u0263y ad ig altu as\u0263iws amzwaru d t\u0263arast n uswuri", " ittyils us\u0263iws nns ad tmun d uwttas", " n\u0263 as\u0263iws uzdig i wallas n uswuri i tsqqult n tiski." ] }, { "en": "Preliminary design of the vessel", "ber": " its detailed design", "null": [ " construction", " trials", " operation and maintenance", " launching and dry-docking are the main activities involved.", "iga us\u0263iws amzwaru n u\u0263rrabu", " d us\u0263iws n icumma", " d tiski", " d tirmitin", " d uswuri d us\u0263udu", " d u\u1e5b\u1e93\u1e93um", " d uglmam izwan gant tilal tidslnin." ] }, { "en": "Conversely", "ber": " sacred architecture as a locale for meta-intimacy may also be non-monolithic", "null": [ " ephemeral and intensely private", " personal and non-public.", "s unmgal nns", " iga u\u1e93kka afu\u1e93a\u1e5b ansa n izdayn n i\u1e25ulfan", " i\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e5bn zik", " lumn s tal\u0263a tan\u1e93\u1e93it", " tu\u1e93lit ur d tamatut." ] }, { "en": "With the rise of Christianity and Islam", "ber": " religious buildings increasingly became centres of worship", "null": [ " prayer and meditation.", "s ussnti n tmasi\u1e25it d lislam", " ta\u0263ul tiski n us\u0263an ar tgmma d wammasn n tissumga d t\u1e93allit d umnad." ] }, { "en": "India was crisscrossed by trading routes of merchants from as far away as Siraf and China as well as weathering invasions by foreigners", "ber": " resulting in multiple influences of foreign elements on native styles.", "null": [ "tkka tt nn hind da ttmyabbay s ibrdan n tsbbabt n isbbabn sg id\u0263arn yaggugn zun d siraf d \u1e63\u1e63in s trnawt n imsdurruyn n ib\u1e5b\u1e5banitn", " aynna d ifkan uguyn ggudinin g tmamkin tid\u0263ranin." ] }, { "en": "An existing example is at Nalanda (Bihar).", "ber": "illa umdya illan g nalanda (biha\u1e5b)." }, { "en": "In accordance with changes in religious practice", "ber": " stupas were gradually incorporated into chaitya-grihas (stupa halls).", "null": [ "s ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n isnfal n tmggitin n us\u0263an", " ittuga usmun n t\u0263rmatin s uskfl g cay\u1e6dya grihas (tidaliwin n stuba)." ] }, { "en": "Buddhist temples were developed rather later and outside South Asia", "ber": " where Buddhism gradually declined from the early centuries CE onwards", "null": [ " though an early example is that of the Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya in Bihar.", "ittuga usbu\u0263lu n wansiwn n tku\u1e0da ibiditng yn uzmz t i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn d b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n iffus n asya", " aynna ta\u0263ul \u1e0da\u1e5bt tbudit g tsutiwin timzwura ffir n tlalit", " waxxa iga wansa n tku\u1e0da mahabudi g bud gaya g biha\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "In Hindu belief", "ber": " the temple represents the macrocosm of the universe as well as the microcosm of inner space.", "null": [ "g ta\u0263alt tahindusit", " iga wansa n tuk\u1e0da ama\u1e0dal amqran d uma\u1e0dal am\u1e93\u1e93an n usayrar n ugnsu." ] }, { "en": "It evolved over a period of more than 2000 years.", "ber": "tettugma g wugar n 2000 n usgg\u02b7as." }, { "en": "In addition", "ber": " brick replaced stone", "null": [ " classical order was less strictly observed", " mosaics replaced carved decoration", " and complex domes were erected.", "rnu as", " ittusnfl islli s wu\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e6dub", " ig ugrra aklasiki war aqwwr", " ttusnflnt tdiku\u1e5bin ittuklan tuddisin", " ttuskint tqubba idusn." ] }, { "en": "The earliest styles in Islamic architecture produced 'Arab-plan' or hypostyle mosques during the Umayyad Dynasty.", "ber": "ttufarsnt t\u0263arasin n zikk g u\u1e93kka amunslm timzgidiwin \u2018as\u0263iws a\u025b\u1e5bab\u2019 n\u0263 d timzgidiwin n tsura g uzmz n twacunt tamawit." }, { "en": "In iwan mosques", "ber": " one or more iwans face a central courtyard that serves as the prayer hall.", "null": [ "g tmzgidiwin n iwan", " illa g ud\u0263ar id iwan yan n\u0263 ugar g wammas ar ittuswuri am tdala n t\u1e93allit." ] }, { "en": "The top of the minaret is always the highest point in mosques that have one", "ber": " and often the highest point in the immediate area.", "null": [ "da ittili wussif anaflla abda g ud\u0263ar n t\u0263uri aflla n tmzgida digs \u0263as yat", " ar tettili s umata g ud\u0263ar amajjgal g tmna\u1e0dt ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "Consequently", "ber": " mosque architects borrowed the shape of the bell tower for their minarets", "null": [ " which were used for essentially the same purpose \u2013 calling the faithful to prayer.", "d tyafut n uya", " \u1e5b\u1e6dln imtwaln n tmzgidiwin tal\u0263a n t\u0263rmt i im\u0263ri nnsn", " ittuswurin i yan uwttas \u2013 ta\u0263uri i imumnn \u0263r t\u1e93allit." ] }, { "en": "Although domes normally took on the shape of a hemisphere", "ber": " the Mughals in India popularized onion-shaped domes in South Asia and Persia.", "null": [ "waxxa gant tqubba am uzgn n tkurin", " sskrn ima\u0263uln g hind tiqubba s tal\u0263a n t\u1e93alimt g iffus asya d tmurt n faris." ] }, { "en": "Usually opposite the entrance to the prayer hall is the qibla wall", "ber": " which is the visually emphasized area inside the prayer hall.", "null": [ "g tmyurt da ittili dat n tdala n t\u1e93allit ugadir n lqblt", " ig ansa ittyannayn kigan g tdala n t\u1e93allit." ] }, { "en": "In the qibla wall", "ber": " usually at its center", "null": [ " is the mihrab", " a niche or depression indicating the'qibla wall.", "illa ugadir n lqblt", " g tmyurt g wammas", " ami\u1e25\u1e5bab isskan agadir n lqblt." ] }, { "en": "The mihrab serves as the location where the imam leads the five daily prayers on a regular basis.", "ber": "ami\u1e25\u1e5bab iga ansa g ittili limam n t\u1e93illa s smmust s tal\u0263a tamsudst." }, { "en": "It consists of a nave", "ber": " transepts", "null": [ " and the altar stands at the east end (see cathedral diagram).", "da ittili digs u\u0263zzal n tkanisat", " d ud\u0263ar n t\u0263rsa", " d wansa n t\u0263rsa g tsga n unqqr (\u1e93\u1e5b unu\u0263 n tkatid\u1e5ba)." ] }, { "en": "Most architectural historians regard Michelangelo's design of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome as a precursor to the Baroque style; this can be recognized by broader interior spaces (replacing long narrow naves)", "ber": " more playful attention to light and shadow", "null": [ " extensive ornamentation", " large frescoes", " focus on interior art", " and frequently", " a dramatic central exterior projection.", "gan kigan n inmzruyn n tmsdagt as\u0263iws n maykl anjilu i tkatidrat n ufu\u1e93a\u1e5b bitrs g \u1e5buma zun d tazwarut n tmamkt taba\u1e5bukit; i\u0263y ad ittuyassn s tjummiwin n ugnsu amiriw (asnfl n yilm inyaman i\u0263zzif)", " d uskutt ugar s usidd d umalu", " d udiku\u1e5b amiriw", " kigan n tikkal", " ta\u1e0du\u1e5bi tab\u1e5b\u1e5bant n wammas ad\u1e5bami." ] }, { "en": "While secular structures clearly had the greater influence on the development of modern architecture", "ber": " several excellent examples of modern architecture can be found in religious buildings of the 20th century.", "null": [ "lant tsqqulin titrarin atig axatar g ubu\u0263lu n tmsdagt tatrart", " ar ttyafan kigan n imdyatn \u1e93ilnin u\u1e93kka atrar g tuskiwin n us\u0263an g tsuta tis 20." ] }, { "en": "It has been described as a phalanx of fighters turned on their tails and pointing heavenward.", "ber": "\u201cttufrsnt s \u201c\u201ctas\u1e0dma n isrdasn\u201d\u201d tnng\u02b7dm \u0263if ixf nns ar tsskan ignna.\u201d" }, { "en": "The Temple at Independence", "ber": " Missouri was conceived by Japanese architect Gyo Obata after the concept of the chambered nautilus.", "null": [ "iga umtwal n tmsdagt tayabanit gyu ubata i us\u0263iws n wansa n tku\u1e0da g tsimant n twilayat n mizuri ffir armmus n tm\u1e63\u1e5biyt nutilus." ] }, { "en": "The Basilica of Our Lady of Liche\u0144 on the other hand is a much more traditional edifice.", "ber": "g tay\u1e0d tsga", "null": [ " tga bazilika tamsiwt n litcin tiski rqburt kigan." ] }, { "en": "An architectural style is a set of characteristics and features that make a building or other structure notable or historically identifiable.", "ber": "tga tmamkt tamsdagt yat tgrumma n im\u1e93layn d tmatarin yakkan i tiski n\u0263 d tasqqult ya\u1e0dn isfikkitn n\u0263 ttyassn g umzruy." }, { "en": "Most architecture can be classified within a chronology of styles which changes over time reflecting changing fashions", "ber": " beliefs and religions", "null": [ " or the emergence of new ideas", " technology", " or materials which make new styles possible.", "da ib\u1e6d\u1e6du utwal n tmsdagt g usddi akudan i tmamkin issnfaln g wakud iwad tsskn asnfl n tmu\u1e0da d tm\u0263alin d is\u0263ann", " d wuntu n twmgimin d tetiqnitin n\u0263 d timtta timaynutin yakkan tazmrt i tmamkin timaynutin." ] }, { "en": "At any time several styles may be fashionable", "ber": " and when a style changes it usually does so gradually", "null": [ " as architects learn and adapt to new ideas.", "g ku tizi", " \u0263int ad gint tmamkin titrarin", " addag tsnfl tmamkt da ittuga s imik s imik", " ar ttlmadn imswuritn n tmsdagt ar ttmunn d tktiyin timaynutin." ] }, { "en": "For instance", "ber": " Renaissance ideas emerged in Italy around 1425 and spread to all of Europe over the next 200 years", "null": [ " with the French", " German", " English", " and Spanish Renaissances showing recognisably the same style", " but with unique characteristics.", "xf umdya", " ff\u0263n d tktiyin n uzmz n tnkra g i\u1e6dalya attay n usgg\u02b7as n 1425 allig ta\u0263 tisggin akk\u02b7 n u\u1e5bubba g 200 n usgg\u02b7as", " ssknent tnkriwib taf\u1e5bansist d talmanit d tnglizit d t\u1e63blyunit yat n tmamkt", " maka ku yat s ma s tsty." ] }, { "en": "After an architectural style has gone out of fashion", "ber": " revivals and re-interpretations may occur.", "null": [ "\u1e0da\u1e5bt wufu\u0263 n tmamkt n tmsdagt xf tmu\u1e0da", " i\u0263y ad yili ussidr d wallas n isfrutn." ] }, { "en": "The Spanish mission style was revived 100 years later as the Mission Revival", "ber": " and that soon evolved into the Spanish Colonial Revival.", "null": [ "tettussidr tmamkt twuri tasblyunit ffir 100 n usgg\u02b7as", " zik ffir assidr n umsdurri asblyuni." ] }, { "en": "An example of Mannerist architecture is the Villa Farnese at Caprarola in the rugged country side outside of Rome.", "ber": "amdya n utwal n tmsdagt mannirist igan filla farns g kabrarula g tsga tangamat icqqan b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n \u1e5buma." }, { "en": "Through Antwerp", "ber": " Renaissance and Mannerist styles were widely introduced in England", "null": [ " Germany", " and northern and eastern Europe in general.", "s antwirb", " ttusnalant tmamkin n uzmz n tkra d mannirist kigan g inglati\u1e5b\u1e5ba d almanya d i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d d unqqr n u\u1e5bubba ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba." ] }, { "en": "The Renaissance ideal of harmony gave way to freer and more imaginative rhythms.", "ber": "ifka umnzay n umsasa s tfilawt g uzmz n tnkra abrid i wanyatn ilellitn d iwngamn." }, { "en": "Architectural theory is the act of thinking", "ber": " discussing", "null": [ " and writing about architecture.", "ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt tamsdagt tga igi n uswngm d umrara n wawal d tirra xf tmsdagt." ] }, { "en": "Architectural theory is often didactic", "ber": " and theorists tend to stay close to or work from within schools.", "null": [ "da tettili ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n tmsdagt tin usslmd", " ar zdd\u0263n imi\u1e93i\u1e5bn \u0263r unmila n tinmal n\u0263 da swurin agnsu nnsnt." ] }, { "en": "This does not mean", "ber": " however", "null": [ " that such works did not exist", " given that many works never survived antiquity.", "aya ur igi", " waxxa", " nwis ur llint twuriwin", " s usksw \u0263r kigan n twuriwin ur njimt sg uzmz aqbur." ] }, { "en": "Probably written between 27 and 23 BC", "ber": " it is the only major contemporary source on classical architecture to have survived.", "null": [ "\u025bni\u0263 ittyara ingr 27 d 23 dat n tlalit", " d asa\u0263ul atrar abaylal i tmsgda taklasikt injmn." ] }, { "en": "It also proposes the three fundamental laws that architecture must obey", "ber": " in order to be so considered: firmitas", "null": [ " utilitas", " venustas", " translated in the 17th century by Sir Henry Wotton into the English slogan firmness", " commodity and delight (meaning structural adequacy", " functional adequacy", " and beauty).", "imkinna d igra altu islgan idslann s k\u1e5ba\u1e0d mi ixssa ad i\u1e0df\u1e5b utwal amsdag", " taf ad t asin: firmatas", " \u0263inustas", " utilitas", " issa\u0263l tn hinri wutun g tsuta tiss 17 \u0263r tazult tanglizit astaw d tmtta d umdaz (s unamk n tzmrt n tsqqulin d tzmrt tazzulant", " d wa\u1e93ly)." ] }, { "en": "Since the architectural theories were on structures", "ber": " fewer of them were transcribed.", "null": [ "acku llant ti\u1e93i\u1e5bin timsdagin xf tsqqulin", " aynna\u0263 axf ittyasy yan um\u1e0dan amudrus digsnt." ] }, { "en": "These theories anticipated the development of Functionalism in modern architecture.", "ber": "dmant ti\u1e93i\u1e5bin ad abu\u0263lu n ta\u1e93\u1e93ult g tmsdagt tatrart." }, { "en": "This in turn formed the basis for Art Nouveau in the UK", "ber": " exemplified by the work of Charles Rennie Mackintosh", "null": [ " and influenced the Vienna Secession.", "iga uya tasarut n t\u1e93u\u1e5bi tatrart s twala nns g tgldit imunn", " d iff\u0263n sg twuriwin n tcarlz rini makintuc", " i\u1e6d\u1e6dus altu astay n fitnam." ] }, { "en": "The generation born during the middle-third of the 19th century was largely enthralled with the opportunities presented by Semper's combination of a breathtaking historical scope and a methodological granularity.", "ber": "ssitmnt tasuta d ilulan g wis k\u1e5ba\u1e0d anammas n tsuta tis 19 kigan n twila ifka tamunt smbr n umzruy i\u0263udan d t\u0263arasin ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "The Modern Movement rejected these thoughts and Le Corbusier energetically dismissed the work.", "ber": "yugy umussu atrar tiktiyin yagy lu kurbuzyi tawuri d tdusi." }, { "en": "Another influential planning theorist of this time was Ebenezer Howard", "ber": " who founded the garden city movement.", "null": [ "sg imssi\u1e93i\u1e5bn n us\u0263iws ilan atig g uzmz ann illa ibinizr huward", " iskan amussu n tmdint n wurtan." ] }, { "en": "An early use of the term modern architecture in print occurred in the title of a book by Otto Wagner", "ber": " who gave examples of his own work representative of the Vienna Secession with art nouveau illustrations", "null": [ " and didactic teachings to his students.", "inta uswuri n zikk i yirm n tmsdagt tatrart g tsaggzt n uzwl n udlis sg ufars n utu wagnr", " ifkan imdyatn n twuri nns d agnsas n ustay n fyinna d wunu\u0263n issfrun ta\u1e93u\u1e5bi tatrart", " d ismigiln n usslmd i imzrawn nns." ] }, { "en": "Frank Lloyd Wright", "ber": " while modern in rejecting historic revivalism", "null": [ " was idiosyncratic in his theory", " which he conveyed in copious writing.", "iga frank lwid rayt atrar g yigy n ussidr n umzruy", " maka isty g ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt nns", " d ismatty sg tirra ggudinin." ] }, { "en": "Wright was more poetic and firmly maintained the 19th-century view of the creative artist as unique genius.", "ber": "iga rayt amdyaz i\u1e25\u1e0du asksw n tsuta tis 19 i una\u1e93u\u1e5b n ufars nwis iga anmkrra abaylal." }, { "en": "This has also been the case with educators in academia like Dalibor Vesely or Alberto-Perez Gomez", "ber": " and in more recent years this philosophical orientation has been reinforced through the research of a new generation of theorists (E.G. Jeffrey Kipnis or Sanford Kwinter).", "null": [ "iga uya am waddad n islmadn g wammasn ikadimitn zun d dalibur fisili n\u0263 d albirtu-biriz gumiz", " g isgg\u02b7asn imggura ittyaws i tnila ad tflsaft s urzzu tga tsuta n imssi\u1e93i\u1e5bn (amdya jiffriy kibnis n\u0263 danfurd kwitr)." ] }, { "en": "Others", "ber": " like Beatriz Colomina and Mary McLeod", "null": [ " expand historical understandings of architecture to include lesser or minor discourses that have influenced the development of architectural ideas over time.", "wiyya\u1e0d", " zun d bitriz kulumina d mari imssiliyud", " yunfn armas n umzruy i utwal n tmsdagt allig ismun i\u0263uritn i\u1e6d\u1e6dusn abu\u0263lu n tktiyin n tmsdagt xf ta\u0263zi n wakud." ] }, { "en": "In their theories", "ber": " architecture is compared to a language which can be invented and re-invented every time it is used.", "null": [ "g ti\u1e93i\u1e5bin nnsn", " da tettuzmzazal tmsdagt s tutlayt ittufarsn ittyils as ufars ku tikklt tettuswuri." ] }, { "en": "Since 2000", "ber": " architectural theory has also had to face the rapid rise of urbanism and globalization.", "null": [ "sg usgg\u02b7as n 2000", " icil as i ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n tmsdagt altu ad nttal tattayt tansddraft n tmdint d tma\u1e0dlant." ] }, { "en": "In the past decade", "ber": " there has been the emergence of the so-called Digital Architecture.", "null": [ "\u201cg tmrawant izrin", " illa wufu\u0263 n utwal \u201c\u201canmu\u1e6d\u1e6dun\u201d\u201d amsdag.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Architects also design organic-looking buildings in the attempt to develop a new formal language.", "ber": "da s\u0263awan imtwaln n tmsdagt altu tuskiwin mm umnad n t\u0263ssa taf ad gin asbu\u0263lu n yat tutlayt tun\u1e63ibt taamaynut." }, { "en": "Since these new architectural tendencies emerged", "ber": " many theorists and architects have been working on these issues", "null": [ " developing theories and ideas such as Patrick Schumacher's Parametricism.", "sg wufu\u0263 n tnilawin ad n tmsdagt tamaynut", " iswuri kigan n imssi\u1e93i\u1e5bn d imtwal n tmsdagt xf t\u0263awsiwin ad", " d usbu\u0263lu n ti\u1e93i\u1e5bin d tktiyin zun d baramitrissizm n batrik cumaxr." ] }, { "en": "Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire", "ber": " or Eastern Roman Empire.", "null": [ "tga tmsdagt tabizan\u1e6dit atwal n tmsdagt n tmb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5bt tabizan\u1e6dit", " n\u0263 tambra\u1e6du\u1e5bt ta\u1e5bumanit n unqqr." ] }, { "en": "Magnificent golden mosaics with their graphic simplicity brought light and warmth into the heart of churches.", "ber": "tmun d tfusysist n wur\u0263 i\u1e93iln s ufrar nns n wunu\u0263n asidd d unr\u0263i i wul n tkanisatin." }, { "en": "Some of the columns were also made of marble.", "ber": "imkinna gant yids n trsal altu sg timcci." }, { "en": "Precious wood furniture", "ber": " like beds", "null": [ " chairs", " stools", " tables", " bookshelves and silver or golden cups with beautiful reliefs", " decorated Byzantine interiors.", "a\u1e5b\u1e5bu\u1e0dn n ukccu\u1e0d i\u0263lan", " zun d usutn d isggiwar d tdabutin d isyan n idlisn d i\u0263rrafn n u\u1e93\u1e5bf n\u0263 d win wur\u0263 ayt udikur i\u1e93iln d idikurn n ugnsu abizan\u1e6di." ] }, { "en": "For Classical temples", "ber": " only the exterior was important", "null": [ " because only the priests entered the interior", " where the statue of the deity to whom the temple was dedicated was kept.", "ila wudm n b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n wansiwn n tissumga iklasikitn atig axatar \u0263as ntta", " acku \u0263as ikahunn ayd ikccmn s agnsu", " \u1e25\u1e0dun digs akuc xf ittuga wansa n tissumga." ] }, { "en": "Those in the Cathedral of Saint Mark", "ber": " Venice\u00a0(1071) specially attracted John Ruskin's fancy.", "null": [ "tinna illan g tkatidrat sant mark", " tldy d tayri n tbunduqt (1071) lumn jun ruskin." ] }, { "en": "On eastern columns the eagle", "ber": " the lion and the lamb are occasionally carved", "null": [ " but treated conventionally.", "xf trsal n unqqr", " da ittmsal igidr d yizm d unugu\u1e0d ka n tikkal", " maka s t\u0263arast taqburt." ] }, { "en": "Composite columns line the principal space of the nave.", "ber": "bddant trsal iskan xf tjumma tadslant n u\u0263zzal." }, { "en": "The columns are filled with foliage in all sorts of variations.", "ber": "da ttkturnt trsal s wafriwn n twriqin s wanawn d imzarayn." }, { "en": "Other structures include the ruins of the Great Palace of Constantinople", "ber": " the innovative walls of Constantinople (with 192 towers) and Basilica Cistern (with hundreds of recycled classical columns).", "null": [ "lant tsqqulin ya\u1e0dn g i\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e93n n i\u0263rm n tqus\u1e6dan\u1e6dint axatar", " d i\u0263rabn n tqus\u1e6dan\u1e6dint n zik (akd 192 n t\u0263rmt) d tkatidra n tnu\u1e0dfi (akd timi\u1e0diwin n trsal tiklasikin mi ittuga us\u0263udu)." ] }, { "en": "The Paleologan period is well represented in a dozen former churches in Istanbul", "ber": " notably St Saviour at Chora and St Mary Pammakaristos.", "null": [ "ittyals ugnses n tizi n balyulujan s tal\u0263a idusn g id mraw n tkanisatin tizaykutin g is\u1e6danbul", " lumn sant safyur g tcura d sant mari bamakaristus." ] }, { "en": "The Church of the Holy Apostles (Thessaloniki) is cited as an archetypal structure of the late period with its exterior walls intricately decorated with complex brickwork patterns or with glazed ceramics.", "ber": "tettuga tkanisat n huli abustl (tisaluniki) d tasqqult tamdyat n tiei tamggarut s i\u0263rabn nns n b\u1e5b\u1e5ba idiku\u1e5ban s tal\u0263a tuddist d tntamin tuddisin n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dub n\u0263 d ssiramik bu jjaj." }, { "en": "At Saint Sergius", "ber": " Constantinople", "null": [ " and San Vitale", " Ravenna", " churches of the central type", " the space under the dome was enlarged by having apsidal additions made to the octagon.", "g tkanisatin n sant sirjyus", " taqus\u1e6dan\u1e6dint", " d sant fitali", " rafina", " tettuyiriw tjumma illan izar n tqubt s urnu n trnawin nng\u02b7dmnin xf umtam." ] }, { "en": "This unbroken area", "ber": " about 260\u00a0ft (80 m) long", "null": [ " the larger part of which is over 100\u00a0ft (30 m) wide", " is entirely covered by a system of domical surfaces.", "ansa ad ur i\u1e5b\u1e5b\u1e93in", " mi nn tlkm ta\u0263zi 260 n ubacil (80 mitr)", " d wussif axatar yugr 100 n ubacil (30 mitr)", " imdln kullu s ugrra n tduliwin tidslanin." ] }, { "en": "At the Holy Apostles (6th century) five domes were applied to a cruciform plan; the central dome was the highest.", "ber": "g huli abustl (tasuta tis 6) ttugant smmust n tqubba xf u\u0263awas n wanca; tg tqabbut tanammast tamajjgalt digsnt." }, { "en": "Sometimes the central space was square", "ber": " sometimes octagonal", "null": [ " or at least there were eight piers supporting the dome instead of four", " and the nave and transepts were narrower in proportion.", "g kra n tikkal da ttili tjumma tanammast tamku\u1e93t", " tiyya\u1e0d tamtamt ", " n\u0263 d mm tamt n isulay yswn i ibddi n tqabbut g ud\u0263ar n kku\u1e93", " im\u1e93iy u\u0263zzal d isakatn." ] }, { "en": "Still in front put a square court.", "ber": "isal datas usays amkku\u1e93." }, { "en": "Directly under the center of the dome is the ambo", "ber": " from which the Scriptures were proclaimed", "null": [ " and beneath the ambo at floor level was the place for the choir of singers.", "srid ddaw n wammas n tqabbut tlla tdabut", " g ittu\u0263ra udlis afu\u1e93a\u1e5b", " ddaw n tdabut tlla tduli n wudmkal igan ansa n trubba n imarirn." ] }, { "en": "Rows of rising seats around the curve of the apse with the patriarch's throne at the middle eastern point formed the synthronon.", "ber": "gan idrsn n isggiwar yattuyn xf twrerrayt n tduli d udabu aba\u1e6d\u1e5bi\u1e5bk g tnqqi\u1e0dt n unqqr anammas ittggan sintrunun." }, { "en": "The domes and vaults to the exterior were covered with lead or with tiling of the Roman variety.", "ber": "ttudlant tqubba sg b\u1e5b\u1e5ba s ugari n\u0263 a\u0263mis n wanaw a\u1e5bumani." }, { "en": "There are considerable Byzantine influences which can be detected in the distinctive early Islamic monuments in Syria (709\u2013715).", "ber": "llan wu\u1e0dusn ibizan\u1e6ditn ixatarn mi ittuba\u1e0d usksw g uma\u1e0dal anslm aqbur illan g surya (709\u2013715)." }, { "en": "Bricks 70\u00a0cm x 35\u00a0cm x 5\u00a0cm were used", "ber": " and these bricks were glued together using mortar approximately 5\u00a0cm thick.", "null": [ "ittuswura wu\u1e6d\u1e6dub n 70\u00a0sm x 35\u00a0sm x 5\u00a0sm", " ittusl\u0263 wu\u1e6d\u1e6dub d way\u1e0d s ssima s wattay n 5 sm." ] }, { "en": "Perhaps the most definite feature of the Hagia Irene is the strict contrast between the interior and exterior design.", "ber": "i\u0263y ad ig watig ittyaksn g hajya irin b\u1e6d\u1e6du n us\u0263iws agnsan d ub\u1e5b\u1e5ban." }, { "en": "This style influenced the construction of several other buildings", "ber": " such as St. Peter's Basilica.", "null": [ "t\u1e6d\u1e6dus tmamkt ad tiski n kigan n tuskiwin ya\u1e0dn", " zun d takatidrat n ufu\u1e93u\u1e5b bitrz." ] }, { "en": "The construction of the final version of the Hagia Sophia", "ber": " which still stands today", "null": [ " was overseen by Emperor Justinian.", "ibdda umb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5b justinyan xf tiski tamqqarut n aya \u1e63ufya", " isuln ibddan awd ass ad." ] }, { "en": "Gothic architecture (or pointed architecture) is an architectural style that was particularly popular in Europe from the late 12th century to the 16th century", "ber": " during the High and Late Middle Ages", "null": [ " surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas.", "tmsdagt taqu\u1e6dit (n\u0263 tamsdagt tamdbbebt) tga tamamkt n tmsdagt illan kigan g u\u1e5bubba g u\u1e5bubba g tgara n tsuta tis 12 ar tis 16", " g uzmz anammas amajjgal d umggaru", " idus ar tasuta tis 17 d tis 18 g kra n wansiwn." ] }, { "en": "The style at the time was sometimes known as opus Francigenum (lit.", "ber": "tga tmamkt g wakud ann tettyassn s wassa\u0263 n ubus fansijinum (lit." }, { "en": "The primary engineering innovation and one of the other characteristic design components is the flying buttress.", "ber": "afars n tmsdagt adslan d yan sg ifrdisn n us\u0263iws ya\u1e0dn tga t tsnnalut ittaylaln." }, { "en": "However", "ber": " there is no evidence to indicate that there was a connection between Armenian architecture and the development of the Gothic style in Western Europe.", "null": [ "waxxa", " ur illi unmmal ittawin \u0263r tilawt n uzday gr tmsdagt ta\u1e5bminit d ubu\u0263lu n tmamkt taqu\u1e6dit g u\u1e5bubba n u\u0263lluy." ] }, { "en": "Thus the Gothic style", "ber": " being in opposition to classical architecture", "null": [ " from that point of view was associated with the destruction of advancement and sophistication.", "aya as tga tmamkt taqu\u1e6dit", " tanmgalt n tmsdagt taklasikit", " g tay\u1e0d tsga tzdy d trdla n ubu\u0263lu d tuddist." ] }, { "en": "The term \u2018Saracen\u2019 was still in use in the 18th century and it typically referred to all Muslim conquerors", "ber": " including the Moors and Arabs.", "null": [ "iqqima yirm \u2018sarasin\u2019 ar ittuswuri g tsuta 18 ila anamk n imsdurritn imunslmn", " imurn d wa\u025b\u1e5babn." ] }, { "en": "His aversion of the style was so strong that he refused to put a Gothic roof on the new St. Paul's", "ber": " despite being pressured to do so.", "null": [ "ikka ibrra tamamkt kigan allig yugy ad isirs yat n tduli taqu\u1e6dit i tiski sant bul amaynu", " waxxa ittubrk \u0263ifs ad t ig." ] }, { "en": "Several authors have taken a stance against this allegation", "ber": " claiming that the Gothic style had most likely filtered into Europe in other ways", "null": [ " for example through Spain or Sicily.", "usin kigan n imsnulfa tannayt mgal awal ad", " ar ttinin nwusn tkcm tmamkt taqu\u1e6dit \u0263r u\u1e5bubba s t\u0263arasin ya\u1e0dn", " s umdya sg isbanya n\u0263 \u1e63iqilya." ] }, { "en": "It was also influenced by theological doctrines which called for more light and by technical improvements in vaults and buttresses that allowed much greater height and larger windows.", "ber": "immkinna ttu\u1e0das s ta\u0263alin isawln \u0263if usidd d is\u0263udutn itiqnitn g tqubba d trsal d tsura yakkan tattayt taxatart d is\u1e5b\u1e93am ixatarn." }, { "en": "Rib-vaults were employed in some parts of the cathedral at Durham (1093\u2013) and in Lessay Abbey in Normandy (1098).", "ber": "ttuswurint tqubba tim\u0263zdisin g kra n tu\u1e6d\u1e6dutin n tkatidrat g durham (1093\u2013) d g lissi abbiy g nu\u1e5bmandi (1098)." }, { "en": "The Duchy of Normandy", "ber": " part of the Angevin Empire until the 13th century", "null": [ " developed its own version of Gothic.", "tsbu\u0263la duqya nu\u1e5bmandi", " ikkan d ussif n tmb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5bt anjfin ar tasuta tis 13", " tun\u0263ilt nns g tutlayt taqu\u1e6dit." ] }, { "en": "One example of early Norman Gothic is Bayeux Cathedral (1060\u201370) where the Romanesque cathedral nave and choir were rebuilt into the Gothic style.", "ber": "yan sg imdyatn n tmamkt taqu\u1e6dit tanu\u1e5bmandit n zik tga t tkatidrat bayu (1060\u201370)cg tettyals tiski n u\u0263zzal n tkatidrat ta\u1e5bumanit s tmamkt taqu\u1e6dit." }, { "en": "Coutances Cathedral was remade into Gothic beginning about 1220.", "ber": "tettyals tiski n tkatidrat kutuns \u0263r tmamkt taqu\u1e6dit g wattay n usgg\u02b7as n 1220." }, { "en": "Suger reconstructed portions of the old Romanesque church with the rib vault in order to remove walls and to make more space for windows.", "ber": "yuls sugr tiski n wussifn n tkanisat ta\u1e5bumanit taqburt d t\u1e25mmarin taf ad ikks igudar yajj ad\u0263ar i is\u1e5b\u1e93am." }, { "en": "In addition", "ber": " he installed a circular rose window over the portal on the facade.", "null": [ "rnu as i uya", " iska yan us\u1e5b\u1e93m awrerray s tal\u0263a n tljjigt aflla n tflut n yidf." ] }, { "en": "Durham Cathedral was the first cathedral to employ a rib vault", "ber": " built between 1093 and 1104.", "null": [ "tga tkatidrat durham takatidrat tamzwarut iswuran ti\u1e25ma\u1e5bin", " ttuskant gr usgg\u02b7as n 1093 d 1104." ] }, { "en": "One of the builders who is believed to have worked on Sens Cathedral", "ber": " William of Sens", "null": [ " later travelled to England and became the architect who", " between 1175 and 1180", " reconstructed the choir of Canterbury Cathedral in the new Gothic style.", "immudda wilyam uf sans", " yan sg imska iswurin g tkatid\u1e5bat sins", " \u0263r inglati\u1e5b\u1e5ba idwl ig amtwal n tmsdagt yulsn i tiski n tilalt n tktid\u1e5bat n kantrburi s tmamkt taqu\u1e6dit tamaynut gr usgg\u02b7as n 1175 d 1180." ] }, { "en": "French Gothic churches were heavily influenced both by the ambulatory and side-chapels around the choir at Saint-Denis", "ber": " and by the paired towers and triple doors on the western fa\u00e7ade.", "null": [ "ttuslynt tkanisatin tiqu\u1e6diyin tif\u1e5bansisin kigan s tkanisatin ittmuttuyn d tkanisatin n tsgg\u02b7in n tilalt g san duni", " d t\u0263rmatin tiyugatin d k\u1e5ba\u1e0d n iflwan g tnila n u\u0263lluy." ] }, { "en": "The builders of Notre-Dame went further by introducing the flying buttress", "ber": " heavy columns of support outside the walls connected by arches to the upper walls.", "null": [ "lkmn nn imska n nutrdam ugar n uya s usnil n tsnnalut ittaylaln", " igan tirsal timastalin n tnalit b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n igudar izdin d tskrin n igudar n waflla." ] }, { "en": "His work was continued by William the Englishman who replaced his French namesake in 1178.", "ber": "ismd wilyam anglizi tawuri nns s wassa\u0263 n af\u1e5bansis asgg\u02b7as n 1178." }, { "en": "Tiercerons \u2013 decorative vaulting ribs \u2013 seem first to be have been used in vaulting at Lincoln Cathedral", "ber": " installed c.1200.", "null": [ "tiy\u1e5bsu\u1e5buns \u2013 i\u0263sdisn n t\u1e25mma\u1e5bin\u2013 tettuwuri tizwuri g t\u1e25mma\u1e5bin n tkatid\u1e5bat linkuln", " ittusnin g c.1200." ] }, { "en": "The first building in the High Gothic was Chartres Cathedral", "ber": " an important pilgrimage church south of Paris.", "null": [ "illa u\u1e93kka amzwaru g hay gutik igan takid\u1e5bat ca\u1e5bt\u1e5b", " tg takanisat n trzft g iffus n baris." ] }, { "en": "The walls were filled with stained glass", "ber": " mainly depicting the story of the Virgin Mary but also", "null": [ " in a small corner of each window", " illustrating the crafts of the guilds who donated those windows.", "tkarn i\u0263rabn n jjaj ik\u02b7lan", " ittalsn tanfust n massa mayryam", " d g ku ti\u0263lrt tam\u1e93\u1e93yant n us\u1e5b\u1e93m", " isskann tazzulin n winna isrzfn is\u1e5b\u1e93mn ad." ] }, { "en": "In central Europe", "ber": " the High Gothic style appeared in the Holy Roman Empire", "null": [ " first at Toul (1220\u2013)", " whose Romanesque cathedral was rebuilt in the style of Reims Cathedral; then Trier's Liebfrauenkirche parish church (1228\u2013)", " and then throughout the Reich", " beginning with the Elisabethkirche at Marburg (1235\u2013) and the cathedral at Metz (c.1235\u2013).", "g wammas n u\u1e5bubba", " tff\u0263 d tmamkt taqu\u1e6dit tamajjgalt g tmb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5bt ta\u1e5bumanit tafu\u1e93a\u1e5bt", " tizwiri g tul (1220\u2013)", " g tettyals tiski n tkatid\u1e5bat nns mm tmamkt ta\u1e5bumanskit xf tkatid\u1e5bat rims; g wis sin g tkanisat n ismgan trir libfruynkirc (1228\u2013)", " d ffir as ansiwn akk\u02b7 n rayx", " sg tkanisat ilizabitkirc g marburg (1235\u2013) d tkatid\u1e5bat g mitz (c.1235\u2013)." ] }, { "en": "Lancet windows were supplanted by multiple lights separated by geometrical bar-tracery.", "ber": "ttusnfaln is\u1e5b\u1e93am n lansit s isiddn ggutnin b\u1e0danin s idiku\u1e5bn n tmsdagt." }, { "en": "Other characteristics of the High Gothic were the development of rose windows of greater size", "ber": " using bar-tracery", "null": [ " higher and longer flying buttresses", " which could reach up to the highest windows", " and walls of sculpture illustrating biblical stories filling the facade and the fronts of the transept.", "kkant tfiras ya\u1e0dn n tqu\u1e6dit tamajjgalt gant asbu\u0263lu n is\u1e5b\u1e93am n tljjigin tixatarin", " s uswuri n idiku\u1e5bn imakazn", " d tsnnula yuyllan tixatarin d tmajjgalin", " nn ittaw\u1e0dn is\u1e5b\u1e93am imajjgaln", " d igudar itkarn s igzayn isskann tinfusin timkkusa idlan udmawn n wansa." ] }, { "en": "The high and thin walls of French Rayonnant Gothic allowed by the flying buttresses enabled increasingly ambitious expanses of glass and decorated tracery", "ber": " reinforced with ironwork.", "null": [ "fkan i\u0263rabn imajjgaln isdidn n \u1e5bayununt gutik taf\u1e5bansist d fkant tsnnula yuyllan tijumma i\u1e93iln kigan s jjaj d udiku\u1e5b", " ittwannaln d twuriwin n wuzzal." ] }, { "en": "Masons elaborated a series of tracery patterns for windows \u2013 from the basic geometrical to the reticulated and the curvilinear \u2013 which had superseded the lancet window.", "ber": "fkan imasunitn tigmi i usddi n tmamkin n udiku\u1e5b n is\u1e5b\u1e93am \u2013 n tal\u0263iwin n utwal adslan \u0263r tal\u0263iwin n tratsa d umgguss \u2013 i\u1e0d\u1e5ban ad\u0263ar n us\u1e5b\u1e93m afrar." }, { "en": "Churches with features of this style include Westminster Abbey (1245\u2013)", "ber": " the cathedrals at Lichfield (after 1257\u2013) and Exeter (1275\u2013)", "null": [ " Bath Abbey (1298\u2013)", " and the retro choir at Wells Cathedral (c.1320\u2013).", "smanent tkanisatin id mm tfiras tustiyin i tmamkt ad addir n wistminstr (1245\u2013)", " d tkatid\u1e5batin g litcfiyild (ffir n 1257-)", " d ikstr (1275-)", " d addir n bat (1298-)", " d tilalt taqburt g tkatid\u1e5bat wilz (c.1320-)." ] }, { "en": "Use of ogees was especially common.", "ber": "aswuri n ugiz iggudy kigan." }, { "en": "Examples of French flamboyant building include the west fa\u00e7ade of Rouen Cathedral", "ber": " and especially the fa\u00e7ades of Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes (1370s) and choir Mont-Saint-Michel's abbey church (1448).", "null": [ "smann imdyatn xf tuskiwin tif\u1e5bansisin issuddan tanila n u\u0263lluy n tkatid\u1e5bat \u1e5bwan", " lumn tinila sant cabil du finsinn (1370s) d tkanisat n waddir mun-sant-micil (1448)." ] }, { "en": "It first appeared in the cloisters and chapter-house (c. 1332) of Old St Paul's Cathedral in London by William de Ramsey.", "ber": "tff\u0263 d tikklt tamzwarut g tadir umagrad (c. 1332) g tkatid\u1e5bat n ufu\u1e93a\u1e5b buls taqburt g lundun s ufus n wilyam du ramzi." }, { "en": "Perpendicular is sometimes called Third Pointed and was employed over three centuries; the fan-vaulted staircase at Christ Church", "ber": " Oxford built around 1640.", "null": [ "ila ugjdi assa\u0263 n tnqqi\u1e0dt tis k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt ar iswuri xf k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt tsutiwin; ask\u02b7fl n tqabbut g tkanisat n umasi\u1e25 g uksfurd ittuska attay n 1640." ] }, { "en": "The Kings of France had first-hand knowledge of the new Italian style", "ber": " because of the military campaign of Charles VIII to Naples and Milan (1494)", "null": [ " and especially the campaigns of Louis XII and Francis I (1500\u20131505) to restore French control over Milan and Genoa.", "lan igllidn n f\u1e5bansa tussna tusridt s tmamkt ta\u1e6dalyanit tamaynut", " s umntil n yisy asdas iga tca\u1e5blz wis tam xf nabuli d milanu (1494)", " lumn g yisiyn n lwis wis sin d mraw d f\u1e5bansis amzwaru (1500-1505) i trarit n tnba\u1e0dt taf\u1e5bansist. aflla n milan d jinwa." ] }, { "en": "The Ch\u00e2teau de Blois (1515\u201324) introduced the Renaissance loggia and open stairway.", "ber": "tzwar t\u0263rmt n blwa (1515\u201324) lujya d tsalyiwin unfnin g uzmz n tnkra." }, { "en": "Under Henry VIII and Elizabeth I", "ber": " England was largely isolated from architectural developments on the continent.", "null": [ "g uzmz n hinri wis tam d ilizabit tis tamt", " tkka inglati\u1e5b\u1e5ba ttussitm kigan g tigmi n tmsdagt g umn\u1e93aw." ] }, { "en": "Shute published the first book in English on classical architecture in 1570.", "ber": "ifsr cut adlis amzwaru s tutlayt tanglizit xf tmsdagt taklasikit g usgg\u02b7as n 1570." }, { "en": "The pointed arch did not originate in Gothic architecture; they had been employed for centuries in the Near East in pre-Islamic as well as Islamic architecture for arches", "ber": " arcades", "null": [ " and ribbed vaults.", "ur ittuski yisk amdebbeb g tmsdagt taqu\u1e6dit; swurin t g tsutiwin g unqqr amazdar g tmsdagt n dat lislam d g tmsdagt tamunslmt i yiskawn d tiqubba mm i\u0263sdisn." ] }, { "en": "They were also sometimes used for more practical purposes", "ber": " such as to bring transverse vaults to the same height as diagonal vaults", "null": [ " as in the nave and aisles of Durham Cathedral", " built in 1093.", "da tettuswuri g kra n tikkal i isu\u0263ad ilan tawuri", " zun d anzzu\u0263 n tqubba timaldayin \u0263r yat n tattayt n tqubba iggussn", " am i\u0263zzaln d isakatn n tkatid\u1e5bat du\u1e5bham", " ittuskan asgg\u02b7as n 1093." ] }, { "en": "Unlike the semi-circular barrel vault of Roman and Romanesque buildings", "ber": " where the weight pressed directly downward", "null": [ " and required thick walls and small windows", " the Gothic rib vault was made of diagonal crossing arched ribs.", "mgal n t\u1e25mma\u1e5bin tiwlellutin tizgnwrerrayin n tuskiwin ti\u1e5bumanitin", " g tettili tastli srid s izdar", " ar ttettr i\u0263rabn izurarn d is\u1e5b\u1e93am im\u1e93\u1e93ynn", " gant t\u1e25mma\u1e5bin tiqu\u1e6ditin timguranin sg i\u0263sdisn izgnwrerrayn imyabbayn." ] }, { "en": "The outward thrust against the walls was countered by the weight of buttresses and later flying buttresses.", "ber": "tettuga tnalit d trarit sg b\u1e5b\u1e5ba i i\u0263rabn s tastli n tsnnula d tsnnula yuyllan g way\u1e0d uzmz." }, { "en": "They were very difficult to build", "ber": " and could only cross a limited space.", "null": [ "iga amrar ad tettuska", " ula as tzmr i uzray n tjumma." ] }, { "en": "The alternating rows of alternating columns and piers receiving the weight of the vaults was replaced by simple pillars", "ber": " each receiving the same weight.", "null": [ "ttunfln idrsn ittmwalan n trsal d isalitn d ittmwalan ittam\u1e93n tastli n tqubba s trsal tifrarin", " ku yat digsnt tusy yat tastli." ] }, { "en": "The first of these new vaults had an additional rib", "ber": " called a tierceron", "null": [ " which ran down the median of the vault.", "kkant tqubba ad timaynutin lant yan i\u0263sdis ya\u1e0dn", " ilan assa\u0263 n tirsrun", " ittddun ddaw n wammas n t\u1e25mma\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "These vaults often copied the forms form of the elaborate tracery of the Late Gothic styles.", "ber": "kigan n tikkal ayd da d ttasint tqubba ad g tal\u0263iwin n udiku\u1e5b n tmamkin tiqu\u1e6ditin timggura." }, { "en": "A second type was called a reticulated vault", "ber": " which had a network of additional decorative ribs", "null": [ " in triangles and other geometric forms", " placed between or over the traverse ribs.", "anaw wis sin ila assa\u0263 n t\u1e25mma\u1e5bt mm tratsa", " anaw ad ila i\u0263zdisn idiku\u1e5bn ya\u1e0dn", " g tmk\u1e5ba\u1e0din d tal\u0263iwin timtwal ya\u1e0dn", " illan gr n\u0263 d aflla n i\u0263zdisn innfsrn." ] }, { "en": "An example is the cloister of Gloucester Cathedral (c. 1370).", "ber": "amdya n udir ann iga takatidrat n glusistr attay n (c. 1370)." }, { "en": "They were used later at Sens", "ber": " at Notre-Dame de Paris and at Canterbury in England.", "null": [ "tettuswuri g way\u1e0d uzmz g sans", " g nu\u1e5bt-dam du baris d kantirburi g inglati\u1e5b\u1e5ba." ] }, { "en": "In the High Gothic period", "ber": " a new form was introduced", "null": [ " composed of a central core surrounded several attached slender columns", " or colonettes", " going up to the vaults.", "g uzmz aqu\u1e6di amajjgal", " tettsnal tl\u0263a tamaynut", " g illa wammas mi ttint trsal idusn immzdayn", " n\u0263 d timdurruyin", " da ttalint \u0263r tqubba." ] }, { "en": "In England", "ber": " the clustered columns were often ornamented with stone rings", "null": [ " as well as columns with carved leaves.", "g inglati\u1e5b\u1e5ba", " kkant trsal n tqssulin da ttudiku\u1e5bant s twrerrayin n u\u1e93\u1e5bu", " d trsal d tfriwin timgzay." ] }, { "en": "In place of the Corinthian capital", "ber": " some columns used a stiff-leaf design.", "null": [ "g ud\u0263ar n tman\u0263t taku\u1e5buntit", " ttuswurin yids n trsal n us\u0263iws bu tfriwin ti\u0263urarin." ] }, { "en": "In later structures", "ber": " the buttresses often had several arches", "null": [ " each reaching in to a different level of the structure.", "g tsqqulin tin\u1e0dfa\u1e5bin", " illa i trsal kigan n taskiwin", " ku yat digsnt d uswir nn ttaw\u1e0d g tsqqult." ] }, { "en": "The arches had an additional practical purpose; they contained lead channels which carried rainwater off the roof; it was expelled from the mouths of stone gargoyles placed in rows on the buttresses.", "ber": "\u0263ur taskiwin awttas amswuri ya\u1e0dn; llant digsnt ta\u0263asin n ugari issufu\u0263n aman n un\u1e93ar sg tduli;t\u1e93\u1e93l t sg imawn n tsmuttrt n islliwn ittugan d idrsn xf tirsal." }, { "en": "They also had a practical purpose; they often served as bell towers supporting belfries", "ber": " whose bells told the time by announcing religious services", "null": [ " warned of fire or enemy attack", " and celebrated special occasions like military victories and coronations.", "illa \u0263ursn altu yan usu\u0263d amwuri; llan digsn isrsarn ils\u0263n s t\u0263rmatin", " isrsarn ad lan tawuri n t\u0263uri s twuriwin n us\u0263an", " ar akkant ta\u0263\u1e0dft ig tlla ka n ta\u0263ust n\u0263 ka n ukccum n usngu", " ar sfuglun s tilal zun d tirnawin tisrdasin d usm\u0263r." ] }, { "en": "Since cathedral construction usually took many years", "ber": " and was extremely expensive", "null": [ " by the time the tower were to be built public enthusiasm waned", " and tastes changed.", "idd\u0263 tettr tiski n tkatid\u1e5bat isgg\u02b7asn", " tcc wahli", " inngza wa\u1e63\u1e63ab issnfl um\u1e0day g wakud g ira ad tettug tiski n t\u0263rmt." ] }, { "en": "Chartres would have been even more exuberant if the second plan had been followed; it called for seven towers around the transept and sanctuary.", "ber": "ikka cartr ad iswuri ugar mr \u1e0dfa\u1e5bn tabridt tis snat; icil ad sa n t\u0263rmatin xf yifr d ud\u0263ar n ufra." }, { "en": "The early and High Gothic Laon Cathedral has a square lantern tower over the crossing of the transept; two towers on the western front; and two towers on the ends of the transepts.", "ber": "tla tkatid\u1e5bat lawn n zik d tmajjgalt xf t\u0263rmt n tfanust tamkku\u1e93t aflla n usaka n yifr; snat t\u0263rmatin xf tsga n u\u0263lluy. d snat t\u0263rmatin xf tsgg\u02b7in n um\u1e63\u1e5biy." }, { "en": "In Normandy", "ber": " cathedrals and major churches often had multiple towers", "null": [ " built over the centuries; the Abbaye aux Hommes (begun 1066)", " Caen has nine towers and spires", " placed on the facade", " the transepts", " and the centre.", "g nu\u1e5bmandi", " llant \u0263ur tkatid\u1e5batin d tkanisatin timqranin t\u0263rmatin ttuskanin xf tsutiwin; g abbay uz um (Abbaye aux Hommes) (inta g 1066)", " tlla g kayn (Caen) t\u1e93at n t\u0263rmatin", " ittugan nil", " d um\u1e63\u1e5biy", " d wammas." ] }, { "en": "A variation of the spire was the fl\u00e8che", "ber": " a slender", "null": [ " spear-like spire", " which was usually placed on the transept where it crossed the nave.", "illa imik n umyalla g t\u0263rmt n twsrmt", " acku tga twsrmt idusn", " ar ttugar xf yifr tbby a\u0263zzal." ] }, { "en": "Amiens Cathedral has a fl\u00e8che.", "ber": "tlla twsrmt g tkatid\u1e5bat n amyan." }, { "en": "It was removed in 1786 during a program to modernise the cathedral", "ber": " but was put back in a new form designed by Eug\u00e8ne Viollet-le-Duc.", "null": [ "tetyakks g usgg\u02b7as n 1786 g us\u0263iws n usmaynu n tkatid\u1e5bat", " maka tetturura g tal\u0263a tamaynut iskr ujin \u0263yuli-lu-duk." ] }, { "en": "In English Gothic", "ber": " the major tower was often placed at the crossing of the transept and nave", "null": [ " and was much higher than the other.", "g tutlayt tanglizit taqu\u1e6dit", " da tettili kigan t\u0263rmt tadslant g usaka n yifr d u\u0263zzal n tkanisat", " tili tugr ti\u0263rmatin ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "A crossing tower was constructed at Canterbury Cathedral in 1493\u20131501 by John Wastell", "ber": " who had previously worked on King's College at Cambridge.", "null": [ "tettuska t\u0263rmt n uzray g tkatid\u1e5bat kantrbri g 1493\u20131501 s ufus n jun wastil", " iswurin g ma izrin g kigs kulij g kambridj." ] }, { "en": "An unusual double arch had to be constructed in the centre of the crossing to give the tower the extra support it needed.", "ber": "tcil tiski n tiskt tayugant ur igin tafrart g wammas n usaka ad ifk i t\u0263rmt annal tt inngzan." }, { "en": "Construction began again in 1724 to the design of Nicholas Hawksmoor", "ber": " after first Christopher Wren had proposed a design in 1710", "null": [ " but stopped again in 1727.", "ntan imskitn tay\u1e0d tikklt asgg\u02b7as n 1724 s us\u0263iws nikulas hawksmur", " ffir aynna ibdr kristufr rin asiws tikklt tamzwarut g usgg\u02b7as n 1710", " maka iwdatay\u1e0d tikklt g usgg\u02b7as n 1727." ] }, { "en": "Cologne Cathedral had been started in the 13th century", "ber": " following the plan of Amiens Cathedral", "null": [ " but only the apse and the base of one tower were finished in the Gothic period.", "tnta tkatid\u1e5bat n kulunya g tsuta tis 13", " s us\u0263iws n katid\u1e5bat amyan", " maka ismd g tsura d wusu n yat n t\u0263rmt day g tizi taqu\u1e6dit." ] }, { "en": "The tower of Ulm Minster has a similar history", "ber": " begun in 1377", "null": [ " stopped in 1543", " and not completed until the 19th century.", "ti\u0263rmt n ulm minstr \u0263urs amzruy digs ya\u0263n", " inta asgg\u02b7as n 1377", " iwdu asgg\u02b7as n 1543", " ur ismid ar tasuta tis 19." ] }, { "en": "Burgos Cathedral was more inspired by Northern Europe.", "ber": "tusy d tkatid\u1e5bat n burgus sg i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d n u\u1e5bubba." }, { "en": "Plate tracery was the first type of tracery to be developed", "ber": " emerging in the later phase of Early Gothic or First Pointed.", "null": [ "tga tflwit idiku\u1e5ban anaw amzwaru n udiku\u1e5ba llig tettusbu\u0263la", " ff\u0263nt d g tfrkt i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn g uzmz aqu\u1e6di n\u0263 agzay amzwaru." ] }, { "en": "Tracery is practical as well as decorative", "ber": " because the increasingly large windows of Gothic buildings needed maximum support against the wind.", "null": [ "lan igzayn idiku\u1e5bn tawuri altu", " acku nngzan is\u1e5b\u1e93am icatarn n tuskiwin tiqu\u1e6diyin iws mgal n uzwu." ] }, { "en": "Plate tracery reached the height of its sophistication with the 12th century windows of Chartres Cathedral and in the Dean's Eye rose window at Lincoln Cathedral.", "ber": "\u201ctlkm tdiku\u1e5bt n iflwan aflla n tigmi nns g is\u1e5b\u1e93am n tkatid\u1e5bat n ca\u1e5bt\u1e5b ittuskan sg tsuta tis 12 d g ts\u1e5b\u1e93mt n iljjign \u201c\u201cti\u1e6d\u1e6d n umawy (Dean's Eye)\u201d\u201d g tkatid\u1e5bat n linkuln.\u201d" }, { "en": "Stone bar-tracery", "ber": " an important decorative element of Gothic styles", "null": [ " first was used at Reims Cathedral shortly after 1211", " in the chevet built by Jean D'Orbais.", "tettuswuri tklut n u\u1e93\u1e5bu", " igan yan wanaw n tlut ilan atig g tmamkin tiqu\u1e6ditin", " tikklt tamzwarut g tkatid\u1e5ba rims ffir asgg\u02b7as n 1211 g yat tizi tam\u1e93\u1e93yant", " g isyan iska jan durbis." ] }, { "en": "Bar-tracery became common after c.1240", "ber": " with increasing complexity and decreasing weight.", "null": [ "tettyassn tklut n izriritn ffir asgg\u02b7as n 1240", " tmun d tuddist d tafssi." ] }, { "en": "Rayonnant also deployed mouldings of two different types in tracery", "ber": " where earlier styles had used moulding of a single size", "null": [ " with different sizes of mullions.", "ifsr \u1e5bayunnunt altu tisqqulin n sin wanawn n tklut", " g iswuri timamkin zrinin n yan uksay", " s iksayn imzarayn n tsqqulin." ] }, { "en": "The mullions of Geometrical style typically had capitals with curved bars emerging from them.", "ber": "llant \u0263ur tmamkin n tmsdagt sin isnitn id bu igjda iggussan digs iff\u0263n." }, { "en": "The mullions were in consequence branched into Y-shaped designs further ornamented with cusps.", "ber": "i tyafut", "null": [ " ttub\u1e0dant trsal s tal\u0263a n uskkil Y ttudiku\u1e5bant s kigan n tgzzumin." ] }, { "en": "Second Pointed (14th century) saw Intersecting tracery elaborated with ogees", "ber": " creating a complex reticular (net-like) design known as Reticulated tracery.", "null": [ "i\u1e93\u1e5ba umdbbeb wis sin (tasuta tis 14) tikla timyabbayin tettug asnt tigmi s uswuri n ugis (ogees)", " aynna d ifkan tiski n us\u0263iws n tratsa tuddist (ya\u0263n g tratsa) ittwassnen s wassa\u0263 n tklut n tratsa." ] }, { "en": "These shapes are known as daggers", "ber": " fish-bladders", "null": [ " or mouchettes.", "ttwassnent tal\u0263iwin ad d tuzzalun n\u0263 d tabawalt n uslm n\u0263 a\u1e25majju." ] }, { "en": "Perpendicular strove for verticality and dispensed with the Curvilinear style's sinuous lines in favour of unbroken straight mullions from top to bottom", "ber": " transected by horizontal transoms and bars.", "null": [ "iskutt xf unnfsr issitm izgign infrar\u0263n n tmamkt kurfilinir i\u1e0df\u1e5b tisnnula yu\u0263dn ur ittyabbayn sg uflla \u0263r izdar", " ibbin s tsnnula isstwan." ] }, { "en": "The transoms were often topped by miniature crenellations.", "ber": "da ttyirnint tsnnula s ifragn im\u1e93\u1e93yann." }, { "en": "It frequently covered the facades", "ber": " and the interior walls of the nave and choir were covered with blind arcades.", "null": [ "ttuslant tnilawin", " ttudln altu igudar n u\u0263zzal d ud\u0263ar n t\u0263rsa s taskiwin." ] }, { "en": "2 Vaults Barrel or groin Ribbed Ribbed vaults appeared in the Romanesque era and were elaborated in the Gothic era.", "ber": "ff\u0263nt d 2 tfniqin n uzattin n\u0263 tiqubba n i\u0263zdisn g uzmz a\u1e5bumanski tettug asnt tigmi g uzmz aqu\u1e6di." }, { "en": "They have a long nave making the body of the church", "ber": " where the parishioners worshipped; a transverse arm called the transept and", "null": [ " beyond it to the east", " the choir", " also known as a chancel or presbytery", " that was usually reserved for the clergy.", "illa \u0263urs u\u0263zzal a\u0263zzaf isskarn tafgga n tkanisat", " g tt\u1e93allan; afus ilan assa\u0263 n yifr n tkanisa", " ffiras tanila \u0263r unqqr", " tilalt", " d ittwassnn s wassa\u0263 n ud\u0263ar n t\u0263rsa", " i\u1e93lin s ayt us\u0263an." ] }, { "en": "A passage called the ambulatory circled the choir.", "ber": "illa yan usaka ilan assa\u0263 n ajijji ittin i tilalt." }, { "en": "The early cathedrals", "ber": " like Notre-Dame", "null": [ " had six-part rib vaults", " with alternating columns and piers", " while later cathedrals had the simpler and stronger four-part vaults", " with identical columns.", "kkant tkatid\u1e5batin n zik", " zun d nutrdam", " lant tiqubba n \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63t n tgzzumin", " d tsnnula timwalatin", " ilint tkatid\u1e5batin tnt i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn ilan tiqubba tifrarin n kku\u1e93t n tgzzumin", " d tsnnula imya\u0263n." ] }, { "en": "Transepts were usually short in early French Gothic architecture", "ber": " but became longer and were given large rose windows in the Rayonnant period.", "null": [ "iga yifr n tkanisat agzlal g tizwuriwin n tmsdagt taqu\u1e6dit taf\u1e5bansist", " maka idwl a\u0263zzaf igan as kigan n is\u1e5b\u1e93am n tal\u0263a n tljjigt g tizi n rayunnunt." ] }, { "en": "In England", "ber": " transepts were more important", "null": [ " and the floor plans were usually much more complex than in French cathedrals", " with the addition of attached Lady Chapels", " an octagonal Chapter House", " and other structures (See plans of Salisbury Cathedral and York Minster below).", "g inglati\u1e5b\u1e5ba", " lan isakatn atig axatar", " ilin is\u0263iwas n tduliwin uddisn kigan xf tkatid\u1e5batin tif\u1e5bansisin", " i trnwt n lidi tcablz inmalan", " d tadala mm tamt n i\u0263zdisn d tsqqulin ya\u1e0dn (\u1e93\u1e5b as\u0263iws n tkadi\u1e5batin salizburi d yurk minstr izdar nns)." ] }, { "en": "An elevation typically had four levels.", "ber": "da ittili \u0263ur tattayt kku\u1e93 n iswirn." }, { "en": "Above that was a narrower gallery", "ber": " called the triforium", "null": [ " which also helped provide additional thickness and support.", "aya", " illa yan usfsr inyaman", " s wassa\u0263 n trifuryum", " ifkan altu tazzrt d wannal ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "This system was used at Noyon Cathedral", "ber": " Sens Cathedral", "null": [ " and other early structures.", "ittuswuri ugrra ad g tkatid\u1e5bat nuyun d tkatid\u1e5bat sins d tiyya\u1e0d id mm tsqqulin tiqburin." ] }, { "en": "The tribune disappeared", "ber": " which meant that the arcades could be higher.", "null": [ "tzla tadkk\u02b7ant", " aynna d yakkan tazmrt n is kkan isfsar ajjguln." ] }, { "en": "A similar arrangement was adapted in England", "ber": " at Salisbury Cathedral", "null": [ " Lincoln Cathedral", " and Ely Cathedral.", "ittusnfl usuds am wa g inglati\u1e5b\u1e5ba", " g tkatid\u1e5bat salizburi", " d tkatid\u1e5bat linkuln", " d tkatid\u1e5bat ili." ] }, { "en": "This was made possible by the development of the flying buttress", "ber": " which transferred the thrust of the weight of the roof to the supports outside the walls.", "null": [ "ya\u0263ul i\u0263y ad yili s tigmi n tsnnalut yuyllan", " ismattin tadusi n u\u1e25uz sg tduli \u0263r tsnnula b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n igudar." ] }, { "en": "Beauvais Cathedral reached the limit of what was possible with Gothic technology.", "ber": "tlkm tkatid\u1e5bat bufi \u0263r uwttu n tetiknulujit taqu\u1e6dit." }, { "en": "Gothic facades were adapted from the model of the Romanesque facades.", "ber": "ttus\u0263udan tnilawin tiqu\u1e6ditin s tmamkt n tnilatin ti\u1e5bumanitin." }, { "en": "The sculpture of the central tympanum was devoted to the Last Judgement", "ber": " that to the left to the Virgin Mary", "null": [ " and that to the right to the Saints honoured at that particular cathedral.", "tsty tklut n tdabut tammast i wass asnb\u1e0day", " d win u\u1e93lma\u1e0d i massa maryam", " d xf uyffas i usm\u0263r n ifu\u1e93a\u1e5b g tkatid\u1e5bat." ] }, { "en": "They followed the doctrine expressed by Saint Thomas Aquinas that beauty was a harmony of contrasts.", "ber": "\u201c\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn ta\u0263alt xf isawl ufu\u1e93a\u1e5b\u0263tuma akinas nwis iga wa\u1e93ly \u201c\u201casnya n inmgaln.\u201d\u201d\u201d" }, { "en": "In England the rose window was often replaced by several lancet windows.", "ber": "g inglati\u1e5b\u1e5ba", "null": [ " da ttusnfaln is\u1e5b\u1e93am n iljjign s kigan n is\u1e5b\u1e93m ayt izgign." ] }, { "en": "The portals were crowned with high arched gables", "ber": " composed of concentric arches filled with sculpture.", "null": [ "ttusnint tflwin s isnitn imajjgaln n taskiwin munnin g wammas ktarnin s tk\u02b7la." ] }, { "en": "The towers were adorned with their own arches", "ber": " often crowned with pinnacles.", "null": [ "ttudiku\u1e5bant t\u0263rmatin s taskiwin tim\u1e93lay", " ittggrun s tqrray." ] }, { "en": "While French cathedrals emphasised the height of the facade", "ber": " English cathedrals", "null": [ " particularly in earlier Gothic", " often emphasised the width.", "um\u1e93n tkatid\u1e5batin tif\u1e5bansisin g tayyayt n tnila", " am\u1e93nt tkatid\u1e5batin tinglizin xf tirut lumn g tqu\u1e6dit tazaykut." ] }, { "en": "He broke away from the French emphasis on height", "ber": " and eliminated the column statutes and statuary in the arched entries", "null": [ " and covered the facade with colourful mosaics of biblical scenes (The current mosaics are of a later date).", "yaggug xf tawna taf\u1e5bansist g tattayt", " ikks tisfras n trsal d tsfras n tkccumin n taskiwin", " idl tanila s tfusayfst ik\u02b7lan i yi\u1e93i\u1e5bn n ttu\u1e5bat (tifusayfsin n d\u0263i gant tinyan uzmz i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn)." ] }, { "en": "The sculptor Andrea Pisano made the celebrated bronze doors for Florence Baptistry (1330\u20131336).", "ber": "ifars unmsal andriya bisanu tiflwin tib\u1e5bunzin ittwassnen i fluruns babtistri (1330\u20131336)." }, { "en": "There is usually a single or double ambulatory", "ber": " or aisle", "null": [ " around the choir and east end", " so parishioners and pilgrims could walk freely easily around east end.", "g tmyurt da ittili yan usaka n\u0263 sin", " g wutuy n tsga n unqqr", " aynna asn yakkan i tarwa d imn\u1e93aln tawada s tlelli g tsga n unqqr." ] }, { "en": "Abbot Suger first used the novel combination rib vaults and buttresses to replace the thick walls and replace them with stained glass", "ber": " opening up that portion of the church to what he considered divine light.", "null": [ "\u201ciswuri abut sugr tikklt tamzwarut tagrumma tamaynut n tqubba n i\u0263zdisn d tsnnula g ud\u0263ar n igudar izurarn issnfl tn s jjaj ik\u02b7lan", " aynna yunfn agzzum n tkanisat i uynna mi ittini \u201c\u201casidd n wakuc\u201d\u201d.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "There are three such chapels at Chartres Cathedral", "ber": " seven at Notre Dame de Paris", "null": [ " Amiens Cathedral", " Prague Cathedral and Cologne Cathedral", " and nine at Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua in Italy.", "llant k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt n tm\u1e93\u1e93illa n wanaw ad g tkatid\u1e5bat n cartr", " sat g nutrdam du baris", " d tkatid\u1e5bat amyan", " d tkatid\u1e5bat brag", " d tkatid\u1e5bat kulunya", " d t\u1e93at g bazilika n ufu\u1e93a\u1e5b antuni badwa g i\u1e6dalya." ] }, { "en": "An edict of the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 had declared: The composition of religious images is not to be left to the inspiration of artists; it is derived from the principles put in place by the Catholic Church and religious tradition.", "ber": "\u201cazwil d issaf\u0263 usqqim wis sin g niqiya asgg\u02b7as n 787 g illa: \u201c\u201cittwagdl ussitm n uswuri n iwlafn n us\u0263an i ussiky n ina\u1e93u\u1e5bn; d anafu\u0263 sg tsura tfka tkanisat takatulikit d tmyurin n us\u0263an.\u201d" }, { "en": "Gradually", "ber": " as the style evolved", "null": [ " the sculpture became more and more prominent", " taking over the columns of the portal", " and gradually climbing above the portals", " until statues in niches covered the entire facade", " as in Wells Cathedral", " to the transepts", " and", " as at Amiens Cathedral", " even on the interior of the facade.", "imik s imik", " s tigmi n tmamkt", " ta\u0263ul tklut da ttyissin", " tuwy tirsal n tflut", " allig tdl tisfras g is\u1e5b\u1e93am n tnila kullutt", " imkinna\u0263 g tkatid\u1e5bat n wilz", " \u0263r ism\u1e0dal", " d", " am g tkatid\u1e5bat amyan", " awd g ugzzum n ugnsu n tnila." ] }, { "en": "This set a pattern of complex iconography which was followed at other churches.", "ber": "tettusars yat n tmamkt n tkunugrafin idusn \u1e0dfa\u1e5bnt tkanisatin ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "The tympanum over the central portal on the west fa\u00e7ade of Notre-Dame de Paris vividly illustrates the Last Judgement", "ber": " with figures of sinners being led off to hell", "null": [ " and good Christians taken to heaven.", "da isskan um\u1e93\u1e93u\u0263 n uflla n tflut tanila n u\u0263lluy n nutrdam du baris ass amsb\u1e0day", " g ttyawin iwrikn izggln \u0263r ad\u0263u", " yisy nimasi\u1e25itn inmn \u0263r imglel." ] }, { "en": "The torments of hell were even more vividly depicted.", "ber": "ittuswlf waxub n ud\u0263u s tal\u0263a ittyikizn kigan." }, { "en": "They were part of the visual message for the illiterate worshippers", "ber": " symbols of the evil and danger that threatened those who did not follow the teachings of the church.", "null": [ "tga tagzzumt n tbrt ittyannayn i im\u1e93\u1e93illa", " d tmatart n tixxit d imizi issiwidn winna ur i\u1e0dfi\u1e5bn ismgal n tkanisat." ] }, { "en": "They were replaced with figures in the Gothic style", "ber": " designed by Eug\u00e8ne Viollet-le-Duc during the 19th-century restoration.", "null": [ "ttusnfln s tal\u0263iwin n tmamkt taqu\u1e6dit", " is\u0263aws ujin \u0263yuli-lu-duk g us\u0263udu ikkan g tsuta tis 19." ] }, { "en": "Religious teachings in the Middle Ages", "ber": " particularly the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite", "null": [ " a 6th-century mystic whose book", " De Coelesti Hierarchia", " was popular among monks in France", " taught that all light was divine.", "ismigiln n us\u0263an g uzmz anammas", " lumn tirra n bsudu-dyunisyus de aryubajit", " a\u1e63ufi n tsuta tis 6 iga udlisn", " du cwilisti hirarci", " ttwassnn kigan gr iruhbann g f\u1e5bansa", " allig ssnen nwis d ku asidd iga win wakuc." ] }, { "en": "The windows on the north side", "ber": " frequently in the shade", "null": [ " had windows depicting the Old Testament.", "is\u1e5b\u1e93am illan g tsga n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d", " g umalu", " digs is\u1e5b\u1e93am iswlafn azmz azayku." ] }, { "en": "The details were painted onto the glass in vitreous enamel", "ber": " then baked in a kiln to fuse the enamel on the glass.", "null": [ "ttuk\u02b7lant tgzzummin xf jjaj sg tmina n jjaj", " ttugr g uf\u1e5b\u1e5ban ad tmun tmina d jjaj." ] }, { "en": "Sainte-Chapelle became the model for other chapels across Europe.", "ber": "ta\u0263ul sant-cabil amdya i tkanisatin ya\u1e0dn g tsgg\u02b7in n u\u1e5bubba kulu." }, { "en": "Clear glass was dipped into coloured glass", "ber": " then portions of the coloured glass were ground away to give exactly the right shade.", "null": [ "ffir as ittugr jjaj issuddan g jjaj ik\u02b7lan", " ittu\u1e93\u1e0d jjaj ik\u02b7lan iwaad d ifk amalu ilaqn." ] }, { "en": "One of the most celebrated Flamboyant buildings was the Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes (1370s)", "ber": " with walls of glass from floor to ceiling.", "null": [ "illa sant cabil bins (1370 s) iga yat tuskiwt taxatart ittwassan g flabuyant s yidar n zzaj sg wakal ar taduli." ] }, { "en": "The stained glass windows were extremely complex and expensive to create.", "ber": "llant talkiwin n zzaj ik\u02b7lan smurksnt bzzaf d wazal." }, { "en": "The rose was a symbol of the Virgin Mary", "ber": " and they were particularly used in churches dedicated to her", "null": [ " including Notre-Dame de Paris.", "tlla tldjigt s uzmmul n mari tamsurift", " da tt swurin g lkanisa tm\u1e93layt", " nna g illa nutrdam g bariz." ] }, { "en": "The Palais de la Cit\u00e9 in Paris", "ber": " close to Notre-Dame de Paris", "null": [ " begun in 1119", " which was the principal residence of the French kings until 1417.", "issnti ibrgmmi balis n sitig bariz", " tama n nutrdam di bariz", " g usgg\u02b7as n 1119", " nna igan ad\u0263ar n igllidn if\u1e5ban\u1e63i\u1e63n ar asgg\u02b7as 1417." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " it was soon made obsolete by the development of artillery", "null": [ " and in the 15th century it was remodelled into a comfortable residential palace.", "s man aya", " s tfssi ad s iga aqbur s tmntilt n usbu\u0263lu n tsdda", " g tsuta tiss 15 yuls i twala nns ad ig ibrgmmi n uzddu\u0263 iswanfan." ] }, { "en": "The oldest existing example in England is probably the Mob Quad of Merton College at Oxford University", "ber": " constructed between 1288 and 1378.", "null": [ "i\u0263y ad yili umdya aqbur g inglati\u1e5b\u1e5ba s mub kwad uf lirtun kulij g tsdawit n uksfurd", " ittuskan gr isgg\u02b7asn n 1288 d 1378." ] }, { "en": "A similar kind of academic cloister was created at Queen's College", "ber": " Oxford in the 1140s", "null": [ " likely designed by Reginald Ely.", "ittuska yan wanaw imya\u0263n n waddirn ikadimitn g kwinz kulidj", " uksfurd g isgg\u02b7zsn ikkumrawn n tsuta tis yan d mraw 1140s", " i\u0263y ad ig sg us\u0263iws n rijinald ili." ] }, { "en": "Some colleges", "ber": " like Balliol College", "null": [ " Oxford", " borrowed a military style from Gothic castles", " with battlements and crenolated walls.", "\u1e5b\u1e0dlnt kra n t\u0263iwanin", " zun d ta\u0263iwant balyul g uksfurd", " tamamkt tasrdast n t\u0263rmatin tiqu\u1e6ditin", " mm ifragn d igudir ttyaglnin." ] }, { "en": "He wrote in 1447 that he wanted his chapel to proceed in large form", "ber": " clean and substantial", "null": [ " setting apart superfluity of too great curious works of entail and busy moulding.", "\u201cyara g usgg\u02b7as n 1447 nwis ira ad txitr tm\u1e93\u1e93illit nns \u201c\u201cg tal\u0263a taxatart", " tizdig", " ar tb\u1e6d\u1e6du gr twuriwin icay\u1e0dn ittettrn anng\u02b7dm n twuri.\u201d\u201d\u201d" ] }, { "en": "The walls had two levels of walkways on the inside", "ber": " a crennellated parapet with merlons", "null": [ " and projecting machicolations from which missiles could be dropped on besiegers.", "illa \u0263ur i\u0263rabn sin iswirn n isakatn sg ugnsu", " d ufrag yum\u1e93n", " d t\u0263arasin ittyakzn g nba\u1e0d i t\u1e0du\u1e5bi n isglam xf imssutln." ] }, { "en": "Castles were surrounded by a deep moat", "ber": " spanned by a single drawbridge.", "null": [ "llant t\u0263rmatin ttwasrasnt g uxbu axatar ittwa\u1e6d\u1e6dafn s yan uzz\u02b7r izzigizn." ] }, { "en": "One good surviving example is the Ch\u00e2teau de Dourdan", "ber": " near Nemours.", "null": [ "\u0263an umdya i\u1e25lan d iqqiman nna igan ti\u0263rmt n burdu tama nmurs." ] }, { "en": "The conversion implied compromises since Latin churches are oriented towards the East and mosques are oriented towards Mecca.", "ber": "ukus iffrn n usnfl acku takanisat talatinit ittawin \u0263r unqqr d tmzgida ittawin \u0263r mkka." }, { "en": "Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque", "ber": " in Famagusta", "null": [ " Northern Cyprus.", "timzgida lala m\u1e63\u1e6dafa baca", " g ma\u0263usta", " i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d n qub\u1e5bu\u1e63" ] }, { "en": "The Gothic style began to be described as outdated", "ber": " ugly and even barbaric.", "null": [ "issnti usnuml n usiwan aqu\u1e6di acku ittwasurf \u0263ifs uzmz d wagar ula abarbari." ] }, { "en": "Ireland was an island of Gothic architecture in the 17th and 18th centuries", "ber": " with the construction of Derry Cathedral (completed 1633)", "null": [ " Sligo Cathedral (c. 1730)", " and Down Cathedral (1790\u20131818) are other examples.", "tga i\u1e5blada tagumant sg u\u1e93kka aqu\u1e6di g snat tsutiwin tiss 17 d tiss 18", " ula imdyatn a\u1e0dnin tuska n uktrdal diri (ittwasmad g usgg\u02b7as 1633)", " d uktrdal sliju ( g wattayn 1730) d uktrdan duwn (1790-1818)." ] }, { "en": "The two western towers of Westminster Abbey were constructed between 1722 and 1745 by Nicholas Hawksmoor", "ber": " opening a new period of Gothic Revival.", "null": [ "iska nikulas huksmur snat t\u0263rmatin n u\u0263lluy g dir wistminstr gr sin isgg\u02b7asn 1722 d 1745", " aynna yudjjan ad i\u1e5b\u1e93m uzmz amaynu n tankra taqu\u1e6dit." ] }, { "en": "This period of more universal appeal", "ber": " spanning 1855\u20131885", "null": [ " is known in Britain as High Victorian Gothic.", "azmz ad mm tinnuz\u0263a tama\u1e0dlant", " yum\u1e93n gr 1855 ar 1885", " tettwassn g b\u1e5bi\u1e6danya s yism azmz lqu\u1e6di lfikturi amaflla." ] }, { "en": "From the second half of the 19th century onwards", "ber": " it became more common in Britain for neo-Gothic to be used in the design of non-ecclesiastical and non-governmental buildings types.", "null": [ "sg uzgn wiss sin n tsuta tis 19", " ya\u0263ul iggut g b\u1e5bi\u1e6danya asmrs n lqu\u1e6di amaynu g umamk n wanawn tuskiwin tar takanisit d tar tanba\u1e0dt." ] }, { "en": "Landscape architects work on structures and external spaces in the landscape aspect of the design \u2013 large or small", "ber": " urban", "null": [ " suburban and rural", " and with hard (built) and soft (planted) materials", " while integrating ecological sustainability.", "da swurin imtwaln n yi\u1e93i\u1e5bn igamatn xf tisqqulin d tjumma tib\u1e5b\u1e5batin g tsga n yi\u1e93i\u1e5bn igamatn n umamk - taxatart n\u0263 d tam\u1e93\u1e93ant", " a\u0263rman", " \u1e5bunu\u1e0d n ufara", " d tmtta \u201c iqqurn\u201d (ittuskan)", " d tlgg\u02b7a\u0263t (ittwa\u1e93\u1e93an)", " d usmun Imu\u02b7la tawnna\u1e0dt." ] }, { "en": "They can also review proposals to authorize and supervise contracts for the construction work.", "ber": "ifukk \u0263ifsn di\u0263 ad allsn tisumar I ubarax igllayn n twuriwin tuskawin d uburz \u0263ifs." }, { "en": "The first person to write of making a landscape was Joseph Addison in 1712.", "ber": "iga juzif adisun afgan amzwaru yarun xf unguri n yi\u1e93i\u1e5bn igamatn g usgg\u02b7as n 1712." }, { "en": "During the latter 19th century", "ber": " the term landscape architect began to be used by professional landscapes designers", "null": [ " and was firmly established after Frederick Law Olmsted", " Jr. and Beatrix Jones (later Farrand) with others founded the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) in 1899.", "g tsuta tiss 19 izrin", " issnti usmrs n imamkn i\u1e93i\u1e5ban igamat imzzuln n yirm n umtwal i\u1e93i\u1e5ban igamatn", " d ismd usbddi nns s tdusi dfir n usbddi n fridirik law ulmstid junyur d byatriks junz (i\u1e0dfu\u1e5b frand) d wiyya\u1e0d n tmsmunt n marikan I imtwaln n i\u1e93i\u1e5ban igamatn (asla) g 1899." ] }, { "en": "Their projects can range from site surveys to the ecological assessment of broad areas for planning or management purposes.", "ber": "izmr ad gulun is\u0263nun nnsn n tzrawin n wansa ar astal awn\u1e0dan n tmna\u1e0din tibariwin n iswitn n us\u0263iws n\u0263 d tamnhla." }, { "en": "Their work is embodied in written statements of policy and strategy", "ber": " and their remit includes master planning for new developments", "null": [ " landscape evaluations and assessments", " and preparing countryside management or policy plans.", "da tettgga twuri nnsn g ismmaln ittyaran n tsrtit d tastratijit", " ar tsmun imazzagn nnsn g us\u0263iws asilan n isbu\u0263la imaynutn", " d usmuttg a\u0263iwas n tmnhla tafirant n\u0263 d tisrta." ] }, { "en": "In recent years the need and interest of therapeutic gardens have been increasingly rising.", "ber": "g tiyyira n isgg\u02b7asn", "null": [ " tettwarna t\u0263awsa s turtatin isujjin d tawit zars s twala taxatart." ] }, { "en": "Among these were Central Park in New York City", "ber": " Prospect Park in Brooklyn", "null": [ " New York and Boston's Emerald Necklace park system.", "g wid illa \u1e63un\u1e6d\u1e5bal bark g tmdint nyuyurk", " d brusbt bark g bruklin", " dnyuyurk", " d usuds n turtit imradl g bus\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "She was design consultant for over a dozen universities including: Princeton in Princeton", "ber": " New Jersey; Yale in New Haven", "null": [ " Connecticut; and the Arnold Arboretum for Harvard in Boston", " Massachusetts.", "tlla tnsfawt n umamk uggar n sin d mraw n tsdawit g tlla brinstun g brinstun nyujirsi", " yil g nyuhafn", " kunitik", " d mictl arnuld i tsdawit harfard g bu\u1e63\u1e0dn mastcusts." ] }, { "en": "Urban Planners are qualified to perform tasks independent of landscape architects", "ber": " and in general", "null": [ " the curriculum of landscape architecture programs do not prepare students to become urban planners.", "zmrn ims\u0263iwas i\u0263rman ad frun tiwuriwin tisimanin xf imtwaln n yi\u1e93i\u1e5bn igamatn", " s twala tamatayt", " ur nnin i\u0263arasn ihiln itwaln n yi\u1e93i\u1e5bn igamatn ad gin imzrawn imtwaln i\u0263rman." ] }, { "en": "Roberto Burle Marx in Brazil combined the International style and native Brazilian plants and culture for a new aesthetic.", "ber": "iga rubirtu birl ma\u1e5bks g lb\u1e5ba\u1e93il asskcm asiwan agra\u0263lan d ima\u0263yn d tussna tab\u1e5b\u1e93iliyt tasilant fad ad yaf ti\u1e93ilt." }, { "en": "He popularized a system of analyzing the layers of a site in order to compile a complete understanding of the qualitative attributes of a place.", "ber": "iga asmata asudsan i usfsi n tskiwin tismlanin fad ad ismuttg armas amatay i tfrisin tinawin i ud\u0263ar." }, { "en": "Once recognized by AILA", "ber": " landscape architects use the title 'Registered Landscape Architect' across the six states and territories within Australia.", "null": [ "\u0263ir tettwassn \u0263ifs ayla", " da swurin imtwaln n yi\u1e93i\u1e5bn igamatn azwl amtwal n yi\u1e93i\u1e5bn igamatn amssusr s tiwilayin d \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63t n tmna\u1e0din agnsu n u\u1e63\u1e6d\u1e5balya." ] }, { "en": "Within NZ", "ber": " Members of NZILA when they achieve their professional standing", "null": [ " can use the title Registered Landscape Architect NZILA.", "agnsu n nyu\u1e93ilanda", " izmr i imslan nzila kudnna addur nnsn azulan g uswuri n uzwl rijistrid landskab arcitk nzila." ] }, { "en": "ILASA's mission is to advance the profession of landscape architecture and uphold high standards of professional service to its members", "ber": " and to represent the profession of landscape architecture in any matter which may affect the interests of the members of the institute.", "null": [ "da tsmdya twuri n ilisa g tnkra s tazzulant tatwalt n yi\u1e93i\u1e5bn igamatn d tnalit n inawayn yattuyn g tawalt tazzulant i imslan nns", " d usmdya tazzult tatwalt n yi\u1e93i\u1e5bn igamatn g kan t\u0263awsa nna i\u1e0di\u1e63n xf tnafut n imslan n usinag." ] }, { "en": "At present there are fifteen accredited programmes in the UK.", "ber": "illa d\u0263i smmus d mraw n u\u0263awas u\u0263zin g tgldit imunn." }, { "en": "In 2008", "ber": " the LI launched a major recruitment drive entitled I want to be a Landscape Architect to encourage the study of Landscape Architecture.", "null": [ "g usgg\u02b7as n 2008", " i\u1e5b\u1e93m li i amzizzl aswuran axatar s uzwl ri\u0263 ad gg\u0263 amtwan n yi\u1e93i\u1e5ban igamatn i usb\u0263s n tzrawin titwalin n yi\u1e93i\u1e5ban igamatn." ] }, { "en": "Several states require passage of a state exam as well.", "ber": "da ssuturnt kigan n twilayatin azzray n yirim n uwank altu." }, { "en": "By the 6th century BC", "ber": " the sand already covered the statues of the main temple up to their knees.", "null": [ "g yiw\u1e0dn tasuta tis 6 dat n tlalit", " idl akk\u02b7 iyidu s tsfrisin n wumu\u0263 asatal ar ifaddn." ] }, { "en": "One scheme to save the temples was based on an idea by William MacQuitty to build a clear freshwater dam around the temples", "ber": " with the water inside kept at the same height as the Nile.", "null": [ "iskuttyan sg is\u0263iwas n ussidr n ansiwn n tissumga xf tidmi n wilyam makkiti i tiski n wuggug n waman ya\u1e0dfutn izddign tama n wansa n tissumga", " d u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n waman agnsu nns s tattayt n nnil." ] }, { "en": "They considered that raising the temples ignored the effect of erosion of the sandstone by desert winds.", "ber": "awin tt xf tattayt n wansiwn n tissumga is da ittrara afrtet n islliwn n ulxix mgal azwu n tniri." }, { "en": "Between 1964 and 1968", "ber": " the entire site was carefully cut into large blocks (up to 30 tons", "null": [ " averaging 20 tons)", " dismantled", " lifted and reassembled in a new location 65 metres higher and 200 metres back from the river", " in one of the greatest challenges of archaeological engineering in history.", "ingr usgg\u02b7as n 1964 d 1968", " ittyabby wansa xf ib\u1e6d\u1e6dutn ixatarn kullut (ar 30 \u1e6dun", " s unammas n 20\u1e6dun)", " ttyisyn ittyals usmuttr nnsn \u0263r wansa amaynu g tattayt n 65 mitr d 200 mitr sg wasif", " iniln n tmsdagt n u\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e93 g umzruy." ] }, { "en": "Many visitors also arrive by plane at an airfield that was specially constructed for the temple complex", "ber": " or by road from Aswan", "null": [ " the nearest city.", "da d ttgulun kigan n imsrzaf altu g taylalt \u0263r usagg\u02b7z ittugan \u0263as i ud\u0263ar n wansa n tissumga", " n\u0263 g ubrid sg aswan", " tamdint t inmalan." ] }, { "en": "The colossal statues along the left-hand wall bear the white crown of Upper Egypt", "ber": " while those on the opposite side are wearing the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt (pschent).", "null": [ "tisfras tixatarin xf ta\u0263zi n ugadir a\u1e93lma\u1e0d usint asni amllal n tixxitrt n mi\u1e93\u1e5b", " uma tisffras n tsga ya\u1e0dn lsan asni ayugan n mi\u1e93\u1e5b tamajjgalt d tmazdart (pschent)." ] }, { "en": "The most famous relief shows the king on his chariot shooting arrows against his fleeing enemies", "ber": " who are being taken prisoner.", "null": [ "igzayn ttwassnnin digsn agllig g thirit nnsn ar ikkat isnga nns s twssimin ar rgg\u02b7ln ar d tn ikrf." ] }, { "en": "There are depictions of Ramesses and Nefertari with the sacred boats of Amun and Ra-Horakhty.", "ber": "llant twlafin n ramsis d nfrtari d imddukkal ifu\u1e93a\u1e5bn i amun d ra\u1e25uraxti." }, { "en": "These dates are allegedly the king's birthday and coronation day", "ber": " respectively.", "null": [ "ixatarn n umzruy illa yiswi n tlalit n ugllid d wass n tsm\u0263urt nns." ] }, { "en": "In fact", "ber": " according to calculations made on the basis of the heliacal rising of the star Sirius (Sothis) and inscriptions found by archaeologists", "null": [ " this date must have been October 22.", "g tilawt", " s isi\u1e0dinn ittugan xf tattyt n tafuyt i yitri siryus (sutis) d igzayn ufan imassann n ta\u1e5bkyulujit", " ilaq ad ig wakud ad 22 ktub\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "This was in fact the second time in ancient Egyptian history that a temple was dedicated to a queen.", "ber": "tga g tilawt tad tikklt tis snat g umzruy ami\u1e93\u1e5bi azayku g ittu\u1e93lay wansa n tissumga i tgllidt." }, { "en": "Traditionally", "ber": " the statues of the queens stood next to those of the pharaoh", "null": [ " but were never taller than his knees.", "s tal\u0263a taqburt", " bddant tsfras n tgllidin g tsga n fr\u025bun", " maka ur nn gulant g ta\u0263zi afud nns." ] }, { "en": "The capitals of the pillars bear the face of the goddess Hathor; this type of column is known as Hathoric.", "ber": "usint trsal isnitn n wudm n wakuc \u1e25at\u1e25u\u1e5b; ittwassn wanaw ad s trsal n id mm wassa\u0263 n \u1e25at\u1e25u\u1e5bik." }, { "en": "On the south and the north walls of this chamber there are two graceful and poetic bas-reliefs of the king and his consort presenting papyrus plants to Hathor", "ber": " who is depicted as a cow on a boat sailing in a thicket of papyri.", "null": [ "illa g igidar n yiffus d u\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d i tm\u1e63\u1e5biyt ad snat tgzzayin i\u0263udan d snat tmdyazin n ugllid d tm\u0263art nns da as akkant im\u0263ayn i hatur", " t\u0263al id tafunast itt\u025buml aflla n u\u0263rrabu g tagant mm ifrawn n lbrdi." ] }, { "en": "None of the current buildings are believed to date from before the 17th century", "ber": " but they were likely built with the same construction methods and designs as had been used for centuries before.", "null": [ "ur idmi kan tuskiwin n d\u0263i ad u\u0263ulnt s dat n tsuta tiss 17", " macan izmr ad t skun s tal\u0263iwin tuskiwin d tmamkt nna s swurin g tsutiwin n dat." ] }, { "en": "Other kasbahs and ksour were located all along this route", "ber": " such as the nearby Tamdaght to the north.", "null": [ "llant t\u0263rmatin d ibrgmmitn a\u1e0dnin g ta\u0263zi n ubrid", " zun d tamada\u0263t iltmalan i i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "The village's buildings are grouped together within a defensive wall that includes corner towers and a gate.", "ber": "da ttmunt tskiwin n yi\u0263rm g u\u0263rab am\u0263zan ismunn ibrjitn ti\u0263mrin d tawwurt." }, { "en": "The village also has a number of public or community buildings such as a mosque", "ber": " a caravanserai", "null": [ " a kasbah (castle-like fortification) and the Marabout of Sidi Ali or Amer.", "tsmun ti\u0263rmt di\u0263 uggar n tskiwin timatayin n\u0263 d zun d timzgida wixan d t\u0263rmt(tskiwin aksulnt d t\u0263rmt) d ma\u1e5babu\u1e6d sidi \u025bli n\u0263 d \u025bam\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "It was made of compressed earth and mud", "ber": " usually mixed with other materials to aid adhesion.", "null": [ "tettwahyya g walu\u1e0d d wakal in\u0263dn", " tikkal da tt nssmrkas d tmttiwin a\u1e0dnin i tawsa g wu\u1e0duf." ] }, { "en": "The Aswan Dam", "ber": " or more specifically since the 1960s", "null": [ " the Aswan High Dam", " is the world's largest embankment dam", " which was built across the Nile in Aswan", " Egypt", " between 1960 and 1970.", "uggug aswan", " n\u0263 d s twala tam\u1e93layt sg isgg\u02b7asn 1960s", " uggug aswan yattuyn", " iga uggug ad axatar g uma\u1e0dal", " ittuska xf nnil g uswan", " mi\u1e63\u1e5b", " gr isgg\u02b7asn 1960 d 1970." ] }, { "en": "Like the earlier implementation", "ber": " the High Dam has had a significant effect on the economy and culture of Egypt.", "null": [ "zun d tiggi izrin", " illa xf wuggug i\u1e63i\u1e0d axatar xf tdamsa d tussna g mi\u1e63\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " this natural flooding varied", "null": [ " since high-water years could destroy the whole crop", " while low-water years could create widespread drought and consequently famine.", "s man aya", " bayn isaffn imamatn", " izmr ad rdln isgg\u02b7asn g ggudin waman isarn s umata", " macan izmr ad tili t\u0263urart d buhyyuf g isgg\u02b7asn g drusn waman." ] }, { "en": "Instead the Nile Valley Plan by the British hydrologist Harold Edwin Hurst was favored", "ber": " which proposed to store water in Sudan and Ethiopia", "null": [ " where evaporation is much lower.", "t\u1e25la tabridt n wasif n nnil nna iskr umusnaw ahidurulujya ab\u1e5bi\u1e6dani haruld hirst", " issumr tt i usmun n waman g ssudan d itubya", " acku da dis ttilin irugg\u02b7a s imikk." ] }, { "en": "Initially", "ber": " both the United States and the USSR were interested in helping development of the dam.", "null": [ "g tizwiri", " tlla tawilayit tamunit d wamun asufyati stawhmmant s twizi g usbu\u0263lu n wuggug." ] }, { "en": "At that time the U.S. feared that communism would spread to the Middle East", "ber": " and it saw Nasser as a natural leader of an anticommunist procapitalist Arab League.", "null": [ "akud nna\u0263", " kkant twilayatin munnin gg\u02b7dnt ad tzri tjmawt \u0263r unqqr anammas", " t\u1e93\u1e5b \u025bbd nna\u1e63\u1e5b am\u0263ar angama n tsdawit ta\u025b\u1e5babt tamdgart ittna\u0263n mgal tajmawt." ] }, { "en": "After the UN criticized a raid by Israel against Egyptian forces in Gaza in 1955", "ber": " Nasser realized that he could not portray himself as the leader of pan-Arab nationalism if he could not defend his country militarily against Israel.", "null": [ "ffir uynna z\u0263nent tmtta munnin ta\u0263zut n is\u1e5bayil xf tdusiwin timi\u1e93\u1e5bitin g \u0263azza asggas n 1955", " yukz na\u1e63i\u1e5b nwis ur i\u0263iy ad yini gi\u0263 amuzr n tmtta ta\u025b\u1e5babt ma\u1e25d ur izmir ad irar xf tmazirt nns mgal n is\u1e5bayil." ] }, { "en": "Nasser did not accept these conditions", "ber": " and consulted the USSR for support.", "null": [ "yugy na\u1e63i\u1e5b tifadiwin ad", " ittr iws i tamunt tasufyatit." ] }, { "en": "Dulles was angered more by Nasser's diplomatic recognition of China", "ber": " which was in direct conflict with Dulles's policy of containment of communism.", "null": [ "ij\u025br dals xf \u025bbd nna\u1e63i\u1e5b idd\u0263 iqrra s tl\u0263a tadiblumasit s \u1e63\u1e63in", " ur imsasan d tsrtit n dals iran ad tg tjmawt tinns." ] }, { "en": "He was also irritated by Nasser's neutrality and attempts to play both sides of the Cold War.", "ber": "ij\u025br altu xf tudrt n \u025bbd nna\u1e63i\u1e5b d tirim nns n wurar xf tsgg\u02b7in n imn\u0263i iqrfn s snat." }, { "en": "The enormous rock and clay dam was designed by the Soviet Hydroproject Institute along with some Egyptian engineers.", "ber": "iga usinag asufyati hid\u1e5bub\u1e5buji as\u0263iws n wuggug n islliwn d wakal axatar awsn as yids n imtwaln imi\u1e93\u1e5bitn." }, { "en": "Conversely", "ber": " the dam flooded a large area", "null": [ " causing the relocation of over 100", "000 people.", "s unmgal", " iktar wuggug tajumma taxatart", " aynna d ifkan allas n uzddu\u0263 i wugar n 100", "000 n ufgan." ] }, { "en": "The assessment of the costs and benefits of the dam remains controversial decades after its completion.", "ber": "isul usitg n ismigiln d ib\u0263urn n wuggug digs amrara n wawal \u1e0dart timrawin n isgg\u02b7asn xf usmad nns." }, { "en": "Not taking into account the negative environmental and social effects of the dam", "ber": " its costs are thus estimated to have been recovered within only two years.", "null": [ "bla aswan xf tyafutin tuzdirin tingamatin d tnamunin n wuggug", " i\u0263y ad yili watig nns ittusllwa d g sin isgg\u02b7asn dayy." ] }, { "en": "Another observer disagreed and he recommended that the dam should be torn down.", "ber": "ifk ismigiln nns yan unmmutr nwad itturdl wuggug." }, { "en": "The dam mitigated the effects of floods", "ber": " such as those in 1964", "null": [ " 1973", " and 1988.", "isdras wuggug ingyan", " am winna ikkan g isgg\u02b7asn n 1964 d 1973 d 1988." ] }, { "en": "A new fishing industry has been created around Lake Nasser", "ber": " though it is struggling due to its distance from any significant markets.", "null": [ "ittuska usukn amaynu n tgmrt g uglmam n na\u1e63i\u1e5b", " waxxa t\u1e93\u1e93i\u1e0d\u1e5b s umntil n u\u025braq nns i igadazn ixatarn." ] }, { "en": "About half a million families were settled on these new lands.", "ber": "izd\u0263 wattay n mlyun n twacunt g ikaln ad imaynutn." }, { "en": "On other previously irrigated land", "ber": " yields increased because water could be made available at critical low-flow periods.", "null": [ "g ikaln ya\u1e0dn ikkan da ittusswa", " tm\u0263ur l\u0263llt acku tlla tzmrt n yili n waman g tizi n tdrsi n waman." ] }, { "en": "In Sudan", "ber": " 50", "null": [ "000 to 70", "000 Sudanese Nubians were moved from the old town of Wadi Halfa and its surrounding villages.", "g ssudan", " ttusmattin wattay n 50", "000 ar 70", "000 n inubitn isudanitn sg tmazirt n wadi \u1e25alfa d i\u0263rman ya\u1e0dn as ittin." ] }, { "en": "The government developed an irrigation project", "ber": " called the New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme to grow cotton", "null": [ " grains", " sugar cane and other crops.", "tsbu\u0263la tnba\u1e0dt as\u0263un n tissi ilan assa\u0263 n us\u0263iws n \u1e25alfa tamaynut i tigmi takrzant d tkrza n uf\u1e0du\u0263 d yirdn d u\u0263anim n ssk\u02b7\u1e5b d wiyya\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Housing and facilities were built for 47 village units whose relationship to each other approximated that in Old Nubia.", "ber": "ttuskan izdu\u0263n d t\u0263mrin nnsn i 47 n i\u0263rm msnmilin izdayn grasn am winna ikkan g nubya taqburt." }, { "en": "The nutrient value added to the land by the sediment was only 6", "ber": "000 tons of potash", "null": [ " 7", "000 tons of phosphorus pentoxide and 17", "000 tons of nitrogen.", "ikka watig n wucci itturnan i wakal n wusli\u0263n 6", "000 \u1e6dun dayy n butas d 7", "000 \u1e6dun n usimuksid n fusfu\u1e5b d 17", "000 \u1e6dun n nit\u1e5bujin." ] }, { "en": "Soil salinity also increased because the distance between the surface and the groundwater table was small enough (1\u20132\u00a0m depending on soil conditions and temperature) to allow water to be pulled up by evaporation so that the relatively small concentrations of salt in the groundwater accumulated on the soil surface over the years.", "ber": "tm\u0263ur timir\u0263t n wakal altu acku im\u1e93\u1e93iy ustum n gr wudmkal d wufu\u0263 n waman n ddaw wakal", "null": [ " (1-2 mitr s wanaw n wakal d tsk\u02b7flt n unr\u0263i) i wad ittyijj i usuf\u0263 n waman s irugga acku tggudi tawna n tisnt g waman n ddaw wakal xf wudmkal isgg\u02b7asn xf isgg\u02b7asn." ] }, { "en": "By the 1950s only a small proportion of Upper Egypt had not been converted from basin (low transmission) to perennial (high transmission) irrigation.", "ber": "s ulkam n isgg\u02b7asn n 1950s n tsuta izrin", "null": [ " ur ittusnfl \u0263as yat n tigmi\u1e0di tam\u1e93\u1e93ant g mi\u1e93\u1e5b tanafllat g uglmam (amazdar n usmutty) ar tissi tam\u0263lalt (anaflla n usmutty)." ] }, { "en": "S. haematobium has since disappeared altogether.", "ber": "sg wakud ann tzla s. himatubyum." }, { "en": "This means that the dead storage volume would be filled up after 300\u2013500 years if the sediment accumulated at the same rate throughout the area of the lake.", "ber": "aya ay rad d yawy aktur n uksay n u\u0263zan ffir n 300-500 n usgg\u02b7as mk da ttmutturn isla\u0263n s imki g wansiwn ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba n tmna\u1e0dt n uglmam." }, { "en": "After construction of the dam", "ber": " aquatic weeds grew much faster in the clearer water", "null": [ " helped by fertilizer residues.", "ffir tiski n wuggug", " gman im\u0263ayn n waman zikk kigan g waman izddagn", " s yiws n uynna d iqqiman n umazir." ] }, { "en": "Mediterranean fishing and brackish water lake fishery declined after the dam was finished because nutrients that flowed down the Nile to the Mediterranean were trapped behind the dam.", "ber": "tggz tgmrt g yilel amellal anamas drisn wansiwn n tgmrt g uglmam ffir afukku n wuggug acku qqiman wuccitn d ittawy wasif n nil igaly tn wuggug." }, { "en": "A concern before the construction of the High Dam had been the potential drop in river-bed level downstream of the Dam as the result of erosion caused by the flow of sediment-free water.", "ber": "ur da yuwiy tawngimt \u0263as tiski n wuggug amajjgal \u0263as uguz n uswir n yizdar n wasif \u0263r tnila n yiwy n waman aya s tyafut n wukus n wakal akkan waman d ur ittmun d wusli\u0263n." }, { "en": "The red-brick construction industry", "ber": " which consisted of hundreds of factories that used Nile sediment deposits along the river", "null": [ " has also been negatively affected.", "imkinna ttu\u1e0das tmguri n tiski s wu\u1e6d\u1e6dub azgg\u02b7a\u0263", " digs ag llant tmi\u1e0diwin n isugarn iswurin i\u0263la\u0263n n nil xf ta\u0263zi n wasif", " s tal\u0263a tuzdirt." ] }, { "en": "Because of the lower turbidity of the water sunlight penetrates deeper in the Nile water.", "ber": "s umntil n tdrsi n tsk\u02b7flt n i\u1e0d\u1e5b n waman", "null": [ " da \u0263llin i\u1e93n\u1e93a\u1e5bn n tafuyt g waman n nil kigan." ] }, { "en": "Construction work began in 1995 and", "ber": " after some US$220\u00a0million had been spent", "null": [ " the complex was officially inaugurated on 16 October 2002.", "ntant twuriwin n tiski g usgg\u02b7as n 1995", " ffir ucci n wattay n 220 mlyun dula\u1e5b amiriki", " d yinf n wuddis s tal\u0263a tun\u1e63ibt g 16 ktub\u1e5b 2002." ] }, { "en": "The recreation of the ancient library was not only adopted by other individuals and agencies", "ber": " it garnered support from Egyptian politicians.", "null": [ "llan middn d tsnurayin ya\u1e0dn akd wallas n tiski n tsdlist taqburt awsn asn awd isrtann imi\u1e93\u1e5bitn." ] }, { "en": "UNESCO's involvement beginning in 1986 created a great opportunity for the project to truly be international in focus.", "ber": "tnta tdrawt n unisku (UNESCO) asgg\u02b7as n 1986 g tikki n waddur axatar i us\u0263nu ad yili ta\u0263\u1e0dft tagra\u0263lant." }, { "en": "This architectural team consisted of ten members representing six countries.", "ber": "illa g trabbut n tmsdagt mraw n igmamn igan ignsasn n s\u1e0dis n iwankn." }, { "en": "The first pledges were made for funding the project at a conference held in 1990 in Aswan: USD $65\u00a0million", "ber": " mostly from the MENA states.", "null": [ "ttufkant iwaliwn imzwura i tikki n iqa\u1e5bi\u1e0dn n us\u0263nu g unmuggar ittugan g usgg\u02b7as n 1990 g aswan: 65 mlyun dula\u1e5b amiriki", " amata digsn sg iwankn n unqqr anammas d i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d n ifriqya." ] }, { "en": "In 2010", "ber": " the library received a donation of 500", "null": [ "000 books from the National Library of France", " Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France (BnF).", "g usgg\u02b7as n 2010", " ittufka as i tsdlist watig n 500", "000 n udlis sg tsdlist tanamurt n f\u1e5bansa", " (BnF)." ] }, { "en": "The main reading room stands beneath a 32-meter-high glass-panelled roof", "ber": " tilted out toward the sea like a sundial", "null": [ " and measuring some 160 m in diameter.", "tlla tdala adslant n ti\u0263ri ddaw yat n tduli idlan s iflwan n jjaj s tattayt n 32 mitr", " iggusn s tsga n yilel zun d tasazalt", " g wawum nns attay n 160 mitr." ] }, { "en": "Holding approximately 1", "ber": "316 artifacts", "null": [ " the Antiquities Museum collection provides a glimpse into Egyptian history from the Pharaonic era to the conquest of Alexander the Great to the Roman civilizations before the advent of Islam across Egypt.", "tlla g usalay n idrizn wattay n 1316 n tgzzumt", " ar tsskan amzruy ami\u1e93\u1e5bi sg uzmz afr\u025buni ar umsdurri iskandar axatar ar ti\u0263rmiwin ti\u1e5bumanitin dat wufu\u0263 n lislam g tmna\u1e0din akk\u02b7 n mi\u1e93\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "Microfilm: This section includes microfilms of around 30", "ber": "000 rare manuscripts and 50", "null": [ "000 documents", " as well as a collection from The British Library of around 14", "000 Arabic", " Persian", " and Turkish manuscripts", " which is considered the largest collection in Europe.", "mik\u1e5bufilm: illa g tgzzum ad wattay n 30", "000 n warra idrusn d 50", "000 n tntamt", " d tgrawt n tsdlist tab\u1e5bi\u1e6danit g illa wattay n 14", "000 n warra a\u025b\u1e5bab d ufarisi d utu\u1e5bki", " iga taxatart n tgzzumin g u\u1e5bubba." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " in 2010 the library received an additional 500", "null": [ "000 books from the Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France.)", "waxxa", " g usgg\u02b7as n 2010", " tum\u1e93 tsdlist 500", "000 n udlis ya\u1e0dn sg \u0263ur tsdlist tanamurt n f\u1e5bansa (Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France).)" ] }, { "en": "The Great Mosque of Djenn\u00e9 is a large banco or adobe building that is considered by many architects to be one of the greatest achievements of the Sudano-Sahelian architectural style.", "ber": "tga tmzgida tamqrant g djini a\u1e93kka n banku axatar ittuskan s wu\u1e6d\u1e6dub ar \u0263ifs ttinin imtwaln n tmsdagt nwis iga tiski tmaq\u1e5bant n tmsdgt g ssudan n yir n yilel." }, { "en": "The earliest document mentioning the mosque is Abd al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan which gives the early history", "ber": " presumably from the oral tradition as it existed in the mid-seventeenth century.", "null": [ "tantamt taqburt akk\u02b7 isskann timzgida tga amzruy n \u025bbd ss\u025bdi", " amzruy n ssudan yakkan tim\u1e63a\u1e5bin tiqburin", " s imkinna s t tettini tmyurt tamiwant s imkinna illan g wammas n tsuta tis sa d mrawt." ] }, { "en": "His immediate successor built the towers of the mosque while the following Sultan built the surrounding wall.", "ber": "iska umkkus nns ti\u0263rmatin n tmzgida isku usul\u1e6dan t i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn afrag as ittin." }, { "en": "This would have been the building that Cailli\u00e9 saw.", "ber": "i\u0263y is d dru\u0263 d a\u1e93kka ad ay d ira ad i\u1e93\u1e5b kayli." }, { "en": "The new mosque was a large", "ber": " low building lacking any towers or ornamentation.", "null": [ "tga tmzgida tamaynut a\u1e93kka axatar igg\u02b7zn g wakal maka ur digs ti\u0263rmatin ula kra n udiku\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "The rebuilding was completed in 1907 using forced labour under the direction of Ismaila Traor\u00e9", "ber": " head of Djenn\u00e9's guild of masons.", "null": [ "ifukka wallas n tiski g usgg\u02b7as n 1907 s uswuri n u\u1e93\u1e5bu ddaw ibddi n isma\u025bil t\u1e5baw\u1e5bi", " anssixf n unmalu n imskutn g djini." ] }, { "en": "There has been debate as to what extent the design of the rebuilt mosque was subject to French influence.", "ber": "ittumrara wawal xf ugrad n us\u0263iws n tmzgida mi ttyals tiski i wu\u1e0dus af\u1e5bansis." }, { "en": "He thought that the cones made the building resemble a baroque temple dedicated to the god of suppositories.", "ber": "gan digs iqrawn am is iga asum\u0263 aba\u1e5buki n wakuc n ik\u1e5bku\u1e5bn." }, { "en": "He also says that local people were so unhappy with the new building that they refused to clean it", "ber": " only doing so when threatened with prison.", "null": [ "imkinna inna nwis \u1e5bmin imzda\u0263 id\u0263rann ur \u1e25miln a\u1e93kka amaynu allig ur ugin ad sizdign", " ur t sazdgn allig tn ttusdiddin s ukurmu." ] }, { "en": "The larger tomb to the south contains the remains of Almany Isma\u00efla", "ber": " an important imam of the 18th century.", "null": [ "illa g usm\u1e0dl axatar illan g iffus udriz n almani isma\u025bil", " igan yan yimam axatar g tsuta tis 18." ] }, { "en": "In some cases", "ber": " the original surfaces of a mosque have even been tiled over", "null": [ " destroying its historical appearance and in some cases compromising the building's structural integrity.", "kra n tikkal", " tettyabbi tduli taqbu\u1e5bt n tmzgida s iflila", " aynna as ikksn udm aqbur n u\u1e93kka", " allig ikka attayn i t\u1e0du\u1e5bi." ] }, { "en": "In 1996", "ber": " Vogue magazine held a fashion shoot inside the mosque.", "null": [ "g usgg\u02b7as n 1996", " tga ts\u0263unt fug asqqim n uswlf n wa\u1e5b\u1e5bu\u1e0dn agnsu n tmzgida." ] }, { "en": "It is accessed by six sets of stairs", "ber": " each decorated with pinnacles.", "null": [ "da nn ittyalkam s ubrid n \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63t n trubba n tsalyiwin", " ku yan digsnt ittuzyyn s tqrray." ] }, { "en": "The prayer wall or qibla of the Great Mosque faces east towards Mecca and overlooks the city marketplace.", "ber": "ila ugadir n t\u1e93allit n\u0263 lblt n tmzgida taxatart asksw \u0263r anqqr s tnila n makka ar isiggi s agadaz n tmdint." }, { "en": "The cone shaped spires or pinnacles at the top of each minaret are topped with ostrich eggs.", "ber": "xf t\u0263rmatin tiwlellutin n\u0263 taskiwin illan aflla n tm\u0263rit tiglay n tnhalt." }, { "en": "The small", "ber": " irregularly-positioned windows on the north and south walls allow little natural light to reach the interior of the hall.", "null": [ "da zzrun is\u1e5b\u1e93am im\u1e93\u1e93yann ur ittusdusn g igudar n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d d iffus imik n usidd n tafuyt s agnsu n tdala." ] }, { "en": "The imam conducts the prayers from the mihrab in the larger central tower.", "ber": "da itt\u1e93alla \u1e6d\u1e6dalb s middn g umi\u1e25\u1e5bab n t\u0263rmt tanammast taxatart." }, { "en": "To the right of the mihrab in the central tower is a second niche", "ber": " the pulpit or minbar", "null": [ " from which the imam preaches his Friday sermon.", "illa xf uyffas n umi\u1e25\u1e5bab g t\u0263rmt tanammast way\u1e0d umi\u1e25\u1e5bab", " iga aminba\u1e5b", " g yakka yimam tabrat n wass n usimwas." ] }, { "en": "The walls of the galleries facing the courtyard are punctuated by arched openings.", "ber": "xf ta\u0263zi n isakatn isfs llant taskiwin yunfn." }, { "en": "Rather than a single central niche", "ber": " the mihrab tower originally had a pair of large recesses echoing the form of the entrance arches in the north wall.", "null": [ "illa yan umi\u1e25\u1e5bab anammas", " maka tga t\u0263rmt nns mm sin wansiwn n uswunfu ixatarn ilan tal\u0263a n taskiwin n ukccum n ugadir n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "It requires several days to cure but needs to be periodically stirred", "ber": " a task usually falling to young boys who play in the mixture", "null": [ " thus stirring up the contents.", "tssatr tujit yids n wussan waxxa t ixssa uqllb ku tikklt", " taga yat twuri ttggan irban im\u1e93\u1e93yann itturarn g wusur", " g tgira ar smussun tumayin." ] }, { "en": "A race is held at the beginning of the festival to see who will be the first to deliver the plaster to the mosque.", "ber": "da ittuga um\u1e25izwar g tizwiri g unmuggar xf mayd nn issiwi\u1e0dn anmirs amzwaru \u0263r tmzgida." }, { "en": "In 1930", "ber": " an inexact replica of the Djenn\u00e9 Mosque was built in the town of Fr\u00e9jus in southern France.", "null": [ "g usggas n 1930", " tettuska yat tun\u0263ilt n tmzgida n djini g tmdint n frijus g iffus n f\u1e5bansa." ] }, { "en": "The original mosque presided over one of the most important Islamic learning centers in Africa during the Middle Ages", "ber": " with thousands of students coming to study the Quran in Djenn\u00e9's madrassas.", "null": [ "innb\u1e0d g tmzgida ta\u1e93\u0263rant yan sg wammasn sg ixatarn n ussslmd anslm g ifriqya g uzmz anammas", " \u0263rin digs if\u1e0dawn n imzrawn tizrawin n uquran g tinmal n djini." ] }, { "en": "On 20 January 2006 the sight of a team of men hacking at the roof of the mosque sparked a riot in the town.", "ber": "g 20 yanayr 2006", "null": [ " turw d tdwwayt n yat trabbut n irgazn ikcmn s tk\u1e5bi\u1e0dt \u0263r tduli n tmzgida g tmdint." ] }, { "en": "In the mosque the mob ripped out the ventilation fans that had been presented by the US Embassy at the time of the Iraq War and then went on a rampage through the town.", "ber": "g tmzgida", "null": [ " ttyakksnt tfrfarin n ukccum n wa\u1e0du nna tfka tmsqadt tamirikanit g wuzmz n imn\u0263i n \u025bi\u1e5baq", " day grn issnt g tmdint." ] }, { "en": "The Great Sphinx of Giza", "ber": " commonly referred to as the Sphinx of Giza or just the Sphinx", "null": [ " is a limestone statue of a reclining sphinx", " a mythical creature.", "asfris n usfinks n jiza", " ittyassann s asfinks n jiza n\u0263 \u0263as asfinks", " iga asfris n u\u1e93\u1e5bu n ungmirs ig amuddr umiy." ] }, { "en": "Furthermore", "ber": " the angle and location of the south wall of the enclosure suggests the causeway connecting Khafre's Pyramid and Valley Temple already existed before the Sphinx was planned.", "null": [ "ar tsskan t\u0263mrt n ugadir n iffus n ufrag nwis ittuska uzamug xaf\u1e5ba\u025b d usum\u0263 n wasif ur ta ittugi us\u0263iws i usfinks." ] }, { "en": "When the Stele was re-excavated in 1925", "ber": " the lines of text referring to Khaf flaked off and were destroyed.", "null": [ "aynna tettyals t\u0263uzi i tnigit (Stele) g usgg\u02b7as n 1925", " bbint tzririgin n u\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63 isskann xaf gifn." ] }, { "en": "The cult of the Sphinx continued into medieval times.", "ber": "tzdi tissumga n usfinks g uzmz anammas." }, { "en": "Alexandria", "ber": " Rosetta", "null": [ " Damietta", " Cairo and the Giza Pyramids are described repeatedly", " but not necessarily comprehensively.", "ittuga usnml n aliskandirya d rusi\u1e6da d damya\u1e6d d qahi\u1e5ba d izamugn n jiza kigan", " maka ur d s tal\u0263a tasmmadt." ] }, { "en": "Seven years after visiting Giza", "ber": " Andr\u00e9 Th\u00e9vet (Cosmographie de Levant", "null": [ " 1556) described the Sphinx as the head of a colossus", " caused to be made by Isis", " daughter of Inachus", " then so beloved of Jupiter.", "\u201c ffir sa n isgg\u02b7asn n urzaf n jiza", " ifka andri tift (takusmu\u0263raft n ccam", " 1556) asnuml i usfinks nwis d \u201c\u201cixf n usfris axatar", " tsskr izis", " illis n inakus", " i\u1e25lan kigan \u0263ur yubitir\u201d\u201d.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Johannes Helferich's (1579) Sphinx is a pinched-face", "ber": " round-breasted woman with a straight haired wig; the only edge over Th\u00e9vet is that the hair suggests the flaring lappets of the headdress.", "null": [ "asfinks n yuhans hilfiric (1579) iga tam\u1e6d\u1e6dut mm wudm ur ismidn", " mi wrerrayn idmarn d wazzaf innu\u1e5b\u1e93mn; askkin s isti xf tifi (Th\u00e9vet) llant xf wazzar nns t\u0263mrin isfikkitn g usnsi." ] }, { "en": "Although certain tracts on the Stela are likely accurate", "ber": " this passage is contradicted by archaeological evidence", "null": [ " thus considered to be Late Period historical revisionism", " a purposeful fake", " created by the local priests as an attempt to imbue the contemporary Isis temple with an ancient history it never had.", "waxxa \u0263int ad gint kra n tjumma g tflwit timddadin", " maka ussif ad imzaray d isn\u1e93ay n idrizn", " aynna\u0263 as iga assfr\u0263 n umzruy n uzmz d inmalan", " asfr\u0263 ad iga awttas n ikahunn id\u0263rann taf ad fkin amzruy jjin ur ikkin i usun\u0263 n izis atrar." ] }, { "en": "Recent discoveries", "ber": " however", "null": [ " strongly show that it was really not built before the reign of Khafre", " in the fourth dynasty.", "\u201ctifitin timggura", " waxxa", " da sskanent s tdusi nwis ur ittuski dat n uzmz n xaf\u1e5ba\u025b", " g twacunt tis kku\u1e93t.\u201d\u201d\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Maspero believed the Sphinx to be the most ancient monument in Egypt.", "ber": "\u201ci\u0263al masbiri is ig usfinks \u201c\u201casbdad aqbur g iqburn n mi\u1e93\u1e5b\u201d\u201d.\u201d" }, { "en": "Part of its headdress had fallen off in 1926 due to erosion", "ber": " which had also cut deeply into its neck.", "null": [ "i\u1e0d\u1e5ba ugzzum n usnsi nns g usgg\u02b7as n 1926 s usurrs", " ifkan altu ifxsi g ugr\u1e0d nns." ] }, { "en": "The layer in which the head was sculpted is much harder.", "ber": "tifrkit g ittukla ixf tmrar kigan." }, { "en": "Other tales ascribe it to being the work of Mamluks.", "ber": "tinfusin ya\u1e0dn da tt ttrarant nwis iga tawuri n mamalik." }, { "en": "According to al-Maqr\u012bz\u012b", "ber": " many people living in the area believed that the increased sand covering the Giza Plateau was retribution for al-Dahr's act of defacement.", "null": [ "s wawal n almaqrizi", " \u0263aln kigan n imzda\u0263 n wansa nwis tga ti\u0263awt n ussfr\u0263 n a\u1e0d\u1e0dah\u1e5b amntil n tiggidit n ulxix issntln amrdul n jiza." ] }, { "en": "Al-Minufi stated that the Alexandrian Crusade in 1365 was divine punishment for a Sufi sheikh of the khanqah of Sa'id breaking off the nose.", "ber": "inna awd alminufi nwis iga wuguz ancan n iskandiriya asggas n 1365 amutl taf ad i\u1e5b\u1e5b\u1e93 ccix a\u1e63ufi n xanqah n \u1e63\u1e63a\u025bid." }, { "en": "The idea is considered pseudoarchaeology by academia", "ber": " because no textual or archaeological evidence supports this to be the reason for the orientation of the Sphinx.", "null": [ "tga tikti ad tazgglt g wammasn ikadimitn", " acku ur illi awd yan u\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63 n tntamt ula n udriz isawaln xf umntil n tnila n usfinks." ] }, { "en": "There is a long history of speculation about hidden chambers beneath the Sphinx", "ber": " by esoteric figures such as H. Spencer Lewis.", "null": [ "illa yan umzruy a\u0263zzaf n ikahunn n tm\u1e63\u1e5bay n ddaw usfris n usfinks", " s iwrikn imgzayn zun d h. sbinsr luwis." ] }, { "en": "It is believed to be the second most visited historical site in Egypt; only the Giza pyramid complex near Cairo receives more visits.", "ber": "iga ansa axatar yugrn akk\u02b7 ansiwn n mi\u1e93\u1e5b g trzft; \u0263as uddis n izamugn n jiza tama n qahi\u1e5ba ayd isnubugn ku tikklt ar ttrnun g trzaf." }, { "en": "The three other parts", "ber": " the Precinct of Mut", "null": [ " the Precinct of Montu", " and the dismantled Temple of Amenhotep\u00a0IV", " are closed to the public.", "ussifn s k\u1e5ba\u1e0d ya\u1e0dn", " igan ansa n mut", " d wansa n muntu", " d usun\u0263 amin\u1e25utib wis kku\u1e93 ittusrin", " qqnn dat n imrzaf." ] }, { "en": "The original temple was destroyed and partially restored by Hatshepsut", "ber": " although another pharaoh built around it in order to change the focus or orientation of the sacred area.", "null": [ "itturdl usun\u0263 an\u1e93\u0263\u1e5b is\u0263udu digs \u1e25atcbsut imik", " isku g tsgg\u02b7in nns yan ufir\u025bawn ya\u1e0dn taf ad issnfl tawna d tnila n wansa afu\u1e93a\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "Construction of temples started in the Middle Kingdom and continued into Ptolemaic times.", "ber": "inta usku n isun\u0263n g tgldit tanammast izdi ar azmz abu\u1e6dlumi." }, { "en": "The deities represented range from some of the earliest worshiped to those worshiped much later in the history of the Ancient Egyptian culture.", "ber": "iyucn ad ittuskan", "null": [ " kigan ayd tn igan d isun\u0263n g umzruy adsan n mi\u1e93\u1e5b taqburt." ] }, { "en": "These architraves may have been lifted to these heights using levers.", "ber": "i\u0263y is ttuswurint tsdkalin i yisy n imnarn \u0263r tattayin ad." }, { "en": "If stone had been used for the ramps", "ber": " they would have been able to use much less material.", "null": [ "mr ittuswuri u\u1e93\u1e5bu g tsurr\u1e25in", " ad swurin timtta drusnin kigan." ] }, { "en": "Final carving was executed after the drums were put in place so that it was not damaged while being placed.", "ber": "ittuga uklu amggaru ffir taguri n izattinn g id\u0263arn nnsn ula frr\u0263n g usrrus nnsn." }, { "en": "The city of Thebes does not appear to have been of great significance before the Eleventh Dynasty and previous temple building there would have been relatively small", "ber": " with shrines being dedicated to the early deities of Thebes", "null": [ " the Earth goddess Mut and Montu.", "ur as ittyakz i tmdint n \u1e6diba nwis tla atig taxatar dat twacunt tis tan d mrawt g ittuska usun\u0263 amzwaru im\u1e93\u1e93iyn", " tili altu ansiwn n iyicn n zik g \u1e6diba", " ttusm\u0263r digs iyucn n wakal mut d muntu." ] }, { "en": "Amun (sometimes called Amen) was long the local tutelary deity of Thebes.", "ber": "ikka amun (mi ittu\u0263ra s amin ka n tikkal) iga ayuc n urbi ad\u0263ran n \u1e6diba." }, { "en": "Major construction work in the Precinct of Amun-Re took place during the Eighteenth Dynasty", "ber": " when Thebes became the capital of the unified Ancient Egypt.", "null": [ "ttugant twuriwin tidslanin g wansa n tamun ra\u025b g uzmz n twacunt tis tam d mrawt", " aynna tga \u1e6diba taman\u0263t taqburt imunn n mi\u1e93\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "Another of her projects at the site", "ber": " Karnak's Red Chapel or Chapelle Rouge", "null": [ " was intended as a barque shrine and originally may have stood between her two obelisks.", "sg is\u0263nutn ya\u1e0dn g wansa", " takanisat n ka\u1e5bnak tazgg\u02b7a\u0263t n\u0263 cabil ruj", " ikka tt nn uwttas nns ad tg ansa n usrzf zun d tabarkit i\u0263y is tkka gr sin isbdadn (obelisks)." ] }, { "en": "Known as the unfinished obelisk", "ber": " it provides evidence of how obelisks were quarried.", "null": [ "tettwassn s usbdad arusmid", " ar tsskan ta\u0263arast n usukf n isbdadn." ] }, { "en": "The last major change to the Precinct of Amun-Re's layout was the addition of the First Pylon and the massive enclosure walls that surround the whole precinct", "ber": " both constructed by Nectanebo\u00a0I of the Thirtieth Dynasty.", "null": [ "iga usnfl adslan amggaru g us\u0263iws n wansa n amun ra\u025b tarnawt n udydy amzwaru d i\u0263rabn ixatarn ittin i wansa kullut", " s sin idsn iska tn naxt anbu amazwaru n twacunt tis k\u1e5bamrawt." ] }, { "en": "The Karnak temple complex is first described by an unknown Venetian in 1589", "ber": " although his account gives no name for the complex.", "null": [ "isnuml uddis n usun\u0263 n k\u1e5bank tikklt tmzwarut yan ufgan ittwassn g tbunduqt g usgg\u02b7as n 1589", " waxxa ur tfki tallast nns assa\u0263 n wuddis." ] }, { "en": "Protais' writing about their travel was published by Melchis\u00e9dech Th\u00e9venot (Relations de divers voyages curieux", "ber": " 1670s\u20131696 editions) and Johann Michael Vansleb (The Present State of Egypt", "null": [ " 1678).", "ifsr milcizidic ti\u0263inu tirra n brutays xf umuddu nnsn (izdayn n umuddu bu tdwwayt", " 1670s\u20131696 ti\u1e93\u1e5bigin) d yuhan mayk fanslb (addad n mi\u1e93\u1e5b n d\u0263i", " 1678)." ] }, { "en": "Following excavation and restoration works by the Johns Hopkins University team", "ber": " led by Betsy Bryan (see below) the Precinct of Mut has been opened to the public.", "null": [ "ffir tiwuriwin n unada d us\u0263udu tga trabbut n tsdawit junz hubkinz s u\u1e25ray n bitsi bryan (\u1e93\u1e5b ddawas) ittyanf wansa n mut i ugdud." ] }, { "en": "In 2006", "ber": " Betsy Bryan presented her findings of one festival that included apparent intentional overindulgence in alcohol.", "null": [ "g usgg\u02b7as n 2006", " tfka bitsi bryan tiyafutin nn tlkm g yan g igrawn xf ucciy\u1e0d n tissi n uku\u1e25ul." ] }, { "en": "These findings were made in the temple of Mut because when Thebes rose to greater prominence", "ber": " Mut absorbed the warrior goddesses", "null": [ " Sekhmet and Bast", " as some of her aspects.", "ttufant tifitin g usun\u0263 n mut acku akud g yuly uttyissn n \u1e6diba ukzn wayucn n inmn\u0263itn sxmt d bast", " nwis gant sg digs." ] }, { "en": "In a later myth developed around the annual drunken Sekhmet festival", "ber": " Ra", "null": [ " by then the sun god of Upper Egypt", " created her from a fiery eye gained from his mother", " to destroy mortals who conspired against him (Lower Egypt).", "g wumiy an\u1e0dfu\u1e5b", " ittusnfln g usfuglu asg\u02b7san n tissi sxmt", " iga tt \u1e5ba\u025b", " ayuc n tafuyt g mi\u1e93\u1e5b anafllatakud ann", " sg ti\u1e6d\u1e6d n wafa tkkusa tt \u0263ur mma nns", " taf ad tn\u0263 middn iman mgal nns. (mi\u1e93\u1e5b tmazdart)." ] }, { "en": "The Luxor Temple is a large Ancient Egyptian temple complex located on the east bank of the Nile River in the city today known as Luxor (ancient Thebes) and was constructed approximately 1400 BCE.", "ber": "iga usun\u0263 n aluq\u1e63u\u1e5b asun\u0263 uddis ami\u1e93\u1e5bi aqbu\u1e5b axatar illan g ug\u02b7mma\u1e0d n unqqr n wasif n nil g tmdint ittwassnn ass ad s wassa\u0263 n aluq\u1e63u\u1e5b (\u1e6diba taqburt) ittuskan g wattay n 1400 dat n tlalit." }, { "en": "Four of the major mortuary temples visited by early travelers include the Temple of Seti I at Gurnah", "ber": " the Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el Bahri", "null": [ " the Temple of Ramesses II (i.e.", " Ramesseum)", " and the Temple of Ramesses III at Medinet Habu.", "kku\u1e93 n isun\u0263n n tmtant idslann rzfn inmudda imzwura g illa usun\u0263 siti amzwaru g alqurna", " d usun\u0263 n \u1e25atcibsut g dir nba\u1e25ri", " d usun\u0263 n \u1e5bamsis wis sin (igan", " \u1e5bamsyum)", " d usun\u0263 \u1e5bamsis wis k\u1e5ba\u1e0d g tmdint n habu." ] }, { "en": "To the rear of the temple are chapels built by Amenhotep III of the 18th Dynasty", "ber": " and Alexander.", "null": [ "g ugzzum n \u1e0da\u1e5bt n usum\u0263 llan tm\u1e93\u1e93illa iska amn\u1e25utb wis k\u1e5ba\u1e0d n twacunt tis 18", " d aliksandar." ] }, { "en": "This sandstone is referred to as Nubian sandstone.", "ber": "ila islli ad n ulxix assa\u0263 n islli n ulxix anubi." }, { "en": "Alexander Badawy", "ber": " Illusionism in Egyptian Architecture", "null": [ " Studies in the Ancient Oriental Civilization", " 35 (1969): 23.", "\u201caliksandar badawi", " \u201c\u201canmarur g tmsdagt tami\u1e93\u1e5bit", "\u201d\u201d tizrawin g t\u0263rma n unqqr taqbu\u1e5bt", " 35 (1969): 23.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Along the avenue the stations were set up for ceremonies such as the Feast of Opet which held significance to temple.", "ber": "xf ta\u0263zi n ubrid", "null": [ " ttuskan isrsiw n usfuglu zun d ubit g \u0263urs illa watig n usum\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Lalibela is a town in Lasta district of North Wollo Zone in Amhara Region", "ber": " Ethiopia.", "null": [ "tga lalibila yat tmazirt g tmna\u1e0dt lasta g tmna\u1e0dt n nutrt wulu g tmna\u1e0dt zmhara", " ityubya." ] }, { "en": "To Christians", "ber": " Lalibela is one of Ethiopia's holiest cities", "null": [ " second only to Axum", " and a center of pilgrimage.", "\u0263ur imasi\u1e25itn", " tga lalibila yat sg tmdinin tifu\u1e93a\u1e5bin", " tili g twala tis snat ffir n aksum", " tg ansa n trzft n us\u0263an." ] }, { "en": "The names of several places in the modern town and the general layout of the rock-cut churches themselves are said to mimic names and patterns observed by Lalibela during the time he spent as a youth in Jerusalem and the Holy Land.", "ber": "da ittwanna nwis d amata n wassa\u0263n n id\u0263arn g tmdint tatrart d us\u0263iws amatu n tkanisatin isna\u0263s lalibila g uzmz ikka g isul iga a\u025brrim g quds d ikaln ifu\u1e93a\u1e5bn." }, { "en": "Christian faith inspires many features with Biblical names \u2013 even Lalibela's river is known as the River Jordan.", "ber": "da yakka u\u0263ilan amasi\u1e25i kigan n t\u0263arin s wassa\u0263n n utu\u1e5bat - awd asif n lalibila ittwassn s wassa\u0263 n wasif n lu\u1e5bdun." }, { "en": "Portuguese priest Francisco \u00c1lvares (1465\u20131540)", "ber": " accompanied the Portuguese Ambassador on his visit to Dawit II in the 1520s.", "null": [ "imun uqiss aburtu\u0263ali f\u1e5bansisku alfaris (1465\u20131540)", " d umrqad aburtu\u0263ali g trzft nns \u0263r dawit wis sin g isgg\u02b7asn n 1520s." ] }, { "en": "The next reported European visitor to Lalibela was Miguel de Castanhoso", "ber": " who served as a soldier under Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o da Gama and left Ethiopia in 1544.", "null": [ "anrzaf anu\u1e5bubbi an\u1e0dfu\u1e5b ittyaznn \u0263r lalibila iga migil di kastanhusu", " iga asrdas ddaw tnba\u1e0dt n kristufaw da gama iff\u0263 ityubya g usgg\u02b7s n 1544." ] }, { "en": "Its pillars were likewise cut from the mountain.)", "ber": "", "null": [ "\u201cs umya\u0263 tbbi tirsal nns sf udrar.\u201d\u201d)", "\u201d" ] }, { "en": "There is some controversy as to when some of the churches were constructed.", "ber": "illa umrara n walal xf mantur ttuskant yids n tkanisatin." }, { "en": "His report described two types of vernacular housing found in the area.", "ber": "isnuml unqqis nns sin wanawn n izdu\u0263n id\u0263rann illan g tmna\u1e0dt." }, { "en": "Saint Catherine's Monastery", "ber": " officially Sacred Monastery of the God-Trodden Mount Sinai", "null": [ " is an Eastern Orthodox monastery located on the Sinai Peninsula", " at the mouth of a gorge at the foot of Mount Sinai", " near the town of Saint Catherine", " Egypt.", "addir n sant katrin", " iga addir un\u1e63ib afu\u1e93a\u1e5b n udrar n gud-t\u1e5budn", " iga addir a\u1e5btuduksi n unqqr illan g tzgngzirt sina", " g usfi n ta\u0263ya \u0263ur u\u1e0da\u1e5b n udrar n sina", " tama n tmdint sant katrin", " mi\u1e93\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "The Saint Catherine monastery is located in the shadow of a group of three mountains; Ras Sufsafeh (possibly Mount Horeb c.1\u00a0km west)", "ber": " Jebel Arrenziyeb and Jebel Musa", "null": [ " the Biblical Mount Sinai (peak c.2\u00a0km south).", "illa waddir n tqiddist katrin g umalu n k\u1e5ba\u1e0d n idurar; \u1e5bas \u1e63\u1e63f\u1e63afa (i\u0263y \u201cadrar n \u1e25urib attay n 1 kilumitr g u\u0263lluy)", " d udrar a\u1e5bnzib d udrar musa", " d \u201c\u201cudrar sina atu\u1e5bati\u201d\u201d (isk g wattay n 2 km g iffus).\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Catherine herself ordered the execution to commence.", "ber": "tfka ana\u1e0d nns katrin ad ntun g tin\u0263i." }, { "en": "The monastery was built by order of Emperor Justinian I (reigned 527\u2013565)", "ber": " enclosing the Chapel of the Burning Bush (also known as Saint Helen's Chapel) ordered to be built by Empress Consort Helena", "null": [ " mother of Constantine the Great", " at the site where Moses is supposed to have seen the burning bush.", "\u201cittuska waddir s wana\u1e0d n umb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5b justinyan amzwaru (innb\u1e0d sg 527\u2013565)", " yili digs wansa n t\u1e93allit buc i\u0263usn (ittwassnn altu s wassa\u0263 n \u201ctakanisat sant hilin\u201d) nna tska tmb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5bt hilina", " tamarawt n qus\u1e6dan\u1e6din amqran", " g wansa g ilaq ad yili musa yanny tagant ar tt\u0263us\u201d." ] }, { "en": "The site is sacred to Christianity", "ber": " Islam", "null": [ " and Judaism.", "ansa afu\u1e93a\u1e5b n tmasi\u1e25it d islam d tudayt." ] }, { "en": "During the seventh century", "ber": " the isolated Christian anchorites of the Sinai were eliminated: only the fortified monastery remained.", "null": [ "g tsuta tis sat", " tturdlnt ittusitmn t\u0263mrin timasi\u1e25itin n sina: iqqim d \u0263as waddir." ] }, { "en": "From the time of the First Crusade", "ber": " the presence of Crusaders in the Sinai until 1270 spurred the interest of European Christians and increased the number of intrepid pilgrims who visited the monastery.", "null": [ "sg tizwiri n wuguz ancan amzwaru", " yuwi yili n incann g sina ar asgg\u02b7as n 1270 ta\u0263\u1e0dft n imasi\u1e25itn n u\u1e5bubba ixitr um\u1e0dan n im\u1e25ijjan n jiza irzfn addir." ] }, { "en": "The exact administrative status of the church within the Eastern Orthodox Church is ambiguous: by some", "ber": " including the church itself", "null": [ " it is considered autocephalous", " by others an autonomous church under the jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem.", "addad abdlan n tkanisat agnsu n tkanisat tu\u1e5btuduksit n unqqr ur isfaw: \u0263ur ka n yids", " g tamu tkanisat s ixf nns", " tga tkanisat tasimant", " sg \u0263ur wayya\u1e0d tga takanisat tasimant ddaw tnba\u1e0dt tkanisat tu\u1e5btusuksit tayunanit." ] }, { "en": "But in 2003 Russian scholars discovered the donation act for the manuscript signed by the Council of Cairo Metochion and Archbishop Callistratus on 13 November 1869.", "ber": "maca g usgg\u02b7as n 2003 ufan imassann n rusya aslgn n twizi n warra ittugan gr usqqim mitucyun d unssixf n isqqufn kalistratus g qahira ass n 13 nuwanbir 1869." }, { "en": "Palimpsests are notable for having been reused one or more times over the centuries.", "ber": "tettuswuri tals balimbsist yat tikklt n\u0263 kigan n tikkal xf tsutiwin." }, { "en": "Each page took approximately eight minutes to scan completely.", "ber": "tcca ku tasna attay n tamt n tusdidin i usfa\u1e0d nns kulu s usidd." }, { "en": "The large icon collection begins with a few dating to the 5th (possibly) and 6th centuries", "ber": " which are unique survivals; the monastery having been untouched by Byzantine iconoclasm", "null": [ " and never sacked.", "tnta tgrawt n tayqunin tixatarin s yan um\u1e0dan am\u1e93\u1e93an ittugan g tsutiwin tis 5 (i\u0263y) d tis 6", " tayqunin ad gant idrizn ibaylaln; iqqima waddir ur t rdiln ibizan\u1e6ditn." ] }, { "en": "The conservation of its architectural structures", "ber": " paintings", "null": [ " and books comprise much of the Foundation's purpose.", "iga u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n tsqqulin n tmsdagt nns d tflwitin d idlisn nns sg isu\u0263ad n tmrslt." ] }, { "en": "Its size reflects the relative prosperity of the time.", "ber": "da isskan uksay nns tixxitrt nns tansla\u0263t g wakud ann." }, { "en": "It was built on the site of an earlier", "ber": " smaller temple also dedicated to Horus", "null": [ " although the previous structure was oriented east-west rather than north-south as in the present site.", "ittuska g wansa azayku imzziyn g uksay ittu\u1e93layn i \u1e25urus", " waxxa tla tsqqult nns tqburt tanila n sg unqqr \u0263r a\u0263lluy g ud\u0263ar n sg i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d \u0263r iffus imkinna iga g ud\u0263ar d\u0263i." ] }, { "en": "The temple of Edfu fell into disuse as a religious monument following Theodosius I's persecution of pagans and edict banning non-Christian worship within the Roman Empire in 391.", "ber": "ittusitm usun\u0263 idfu asbdad n us\u0263an ffir asmrrt n tyudusyus amzwaru i iwatanitn s warra igddln tissumga b bla tamasi\u1e25it agnsu n tmb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5bit ta\u1e5bumanit g usgg\u02b7as n 391." }, { "en": "Over the centuries", "ber": " the temple became buried to a depth of 12 metres (39\u00a0ft) beneath drifting desert sand and layers of river silt deposited by the Nile.", "null": [ "xf ta\u0263zi n tsutiwin", " ittum\u1e0dl usun\u0263 g t\u0263uzi n 12 mitr (39 n ubacil) ddaw ulxix n tniri d tfrkiwin n tla\u0263t n wasif issls\u0263 wasif n nil." ] }, { "en": "In 1860 Auguste Mariette", "ber": " a French Egyptologist", "null": [ " began the work of freeing Edfu temple from the sands.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1860", " inta umassan n tmi\u1e93\u1e5bin af\u1e5bansis ugust maryit tawuri xf wukus n ulxix i wansa n tissumga idfu." ] }, { "en": "Great Zimbabwe is a medieval city in the south-eastern hills of Zimbabwe near Lake Mutirikwe and the town of Masvingo.", "ber": "tga zimbabwi tamqrant yat n tmdint n uzmz anammas illan g uza\u0263ar n iffus n unqqr n zimbabwi tama n uglmam mutirikwi d tmazirt n masfingu." }, { "en": "Great Zimbabwe is believed to have served as a royal palace for the local monarch.", "ber": "i\u0263y is tkka tga zimbabwi tamqrant i\u0263rm agldan n ugllid ad\u0263ran." }, { "en": "They were constructed without mortar (dry stone).", "ber": "tettuska bla iflila (islliwn izwan)." }, { "en": "The first confirmed visits by Europeans were in the late 19th century", "ber": " with investigations of the site starting in 1871.", "null": [ "kkant trzaf gan imzda\u0263 n u\u1e5bubba g tigariwin n tsuta tis 19", " ntun irzzutn g wansa asgg\u02b7as n 1871." ] }, { "en": "The Great Zimbabwe area was settled by the 4th century AD.", "ber": "tettuzd\u0263 tmna\u1e0dt n zimbabwi tamqrant g ukccum n tsuta tis 4 n tlalit." }, { "en": "David Beach believes that the city and its state", "ber": " the Kingdom of Zimbabwe", "null": [ " flourished from 1200 to 1500", " although a somewhat earlier date for its demise is implied by a description transmitted in the early 1500s to Jo\u00e3o de Barros.", "da isksiw dayfid bitc nwis tbu\u0263la tmdint d twilayatin nns", " tagldit n zimbabwi gr 1200 d 1500", " waxxa da ittini umzruy izrin nwis t\u1e0d\u1e5ba g imzwura n isgg\u02b7asn n 1500s \u0263r jwaw di ba\u1e5bus." ] }, { "en": "They are known as the Hill Complex", "ber": " the Valley Complex and the Great Enclosure.", "null": [ "ttwwassnn s wuddis n gil d wuddis n wasif d tgnsut taxatart." ] }, { "en": "The Valley Complex is divided into the Upper and Lower Valley Ruins", "ber": " with different periods of occupation.", "null": [ "ib\u1e0da wuddis n wasif xf idrizn n wasif anaflla d wasif amazdar", " s yids n tfrkiwin n umsdurri." ] }, { "en": "The focus of power moved from the Hill Complex in the 12th century", "ber": " to the Great Enclosure", "null": [ " the Upper Valley and finally the Lower Valley in the early 16th century.", "tmmutty tawna n tdusi n wuddis hil g tsuta tis 12 \u0263r tmaqqant taxatart d wasif anaflla g tgira asif mazdar g imzwura n tsuta tis 16." ] }, { "en": "Other artefacts include soapstone figurines (one of which is in the British Museum)", "ber": " pottery", "null": [ " iron gongs", " elaborately worked ivory", " iron and copper wire", " iron hoes", " bronze spearheads", " copper ingots and crucibles", " and gold beads", " bracelets", " pendants and sheaths.", "smanent tmgurin n ufus ya\u1e0dn tisfras n u\u1e93\u1e5bu aclalf (yan digsnt illa g usalay ab\u1e5bi\u1e6dani)", " d idqqi", " d i\u0263zzaln n wuzzal", " d u\u025baj mi ttu\u0263yyz twuri", " d ifilan n usidd d wanas", " d tlg\u02b7an n wuzzal", " d ixfawn n twsmin ibrunzn", " d tf\u1e6da\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e25in n wanas d tnxrin", " d txrsin n wur\u0263", " d wutuln", " d tsaglin d t\u0263uni n imrign." ] }, { "en": "That international commerce was in addition to the local agricultural trade", "ber": " in which cattle were especially important.", "null": [ "tkka tsbbabt tagra\u0263lant d tsbbabt takrzant tad\u0263rant", " g ikka \u0263ur wulli watig i\u1e93lin digs." ] }, { "en": "Portuguese traders heard about the remains of the medieval city in the early 16th century", "ber": " and records survive of interviews and notes made by some of them", "null": [ " linking Great Zimbabwe to gold production and long-distance trade.", "sllan isbbabn iburtu\u0263litn xf isrizn n tmdint n uzmz anammas g tizwiriwin n tsuta tis 16", " salnt tntamin llanin g imraratnn n wawal d isni\u0263isn gan idsn digsn", " izdin zimbabwi taxatart d ufars n wur\u0263 d tsbbabt ilan imal axatar." ] }, { "en": "He asserted that the figurine instead appeared to date to the subsequent Ptolemaic era (c. 323\u201330 BC)", "ber": " when Alexandria-based Greek merchants would export Egyptian antiquities and pseudo-antiquities to southern Africa.", "null": [ "isiwl inna nwis d iff\u0263 usfris g tizwiri g uzmz abu\u1e6dlumi an\u1e0dfu\u1e5b ( attay n 30-323 dat n tlalit)", " kud nna kkan isbbabn iyunanitn izd\u0263n g iskandirya ad aznn idrizn imi\u1e93\u1e5bitn n mi\u1e93\u1e5b d idrizn n tkrkas \u0263r ifriqya n iffus." ] }, { "en": "Bent had no formal archaeological training", "ber": " but had travelled very widely in Arabia", "null": [ " Greece and Asia Minor.", "ur ili bint awd yan usmuttg un\u1e63ib g yigr n idrizn", " maka immadda kigan g tazgngzirt d yunan d asya tam\u1e93\u1e93yant." ] }, { "en": "They have a tradition of ancient Jewish or South Arabian descent through their male line.", "ber": "tlla \u0263ursn yat tmyurt taqburt n wudayn n\u0263 d sg i\u1e93u\u1e5ban n wa\u025b\u1e5babn n iffus sg taggayt n iwtman." }, { "en": "The Lemba claim was also reported by a William Bolts (in 1777", "ber": " to the Austrian Habsburg authorities)", "null": [ " and by an A.A. Anderson (writing about his travels north of the Limpopo River in the 19th century).", "isgula nn wilyam bults d a.a. andrsun (ar ittara xf imuddutn nns sg i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d asutr n limbubu g tsuta tis 19) altu (g1777", " \u0263r tnba\u1e0din n habsburg n nnamsa)." ] }, { "en": "She had first sunk three test pits into what had been refuse heaps on the upper terraces of the hill complex", "ber": " producing a mix of unremarkable pottery and ironwork.", "null": [ "\u0263zan tizwiri k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt txba n yirm g ibduzn xf tskfal timajjgalin i wuddis n twrirt", " aynna d ifkan afars n wusur ingr idqqi d wuzzal." ] }, { "en": "Caton Thompson immediately announced her Bantu origin theory to a meeting of the British Association in Johannesburg.", "ber": "tfka katun \u1e6dumsun ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt nns xf u\u1e93\u0263\u1e5b n bantu g ugraw n tmsmunt tabri\u1e6danit g juhannsburg." }, { "en": "The radiocarbon evidence is a suite of 28 measurements", "ber": " for which all but the first four", "null": [ " from the early days of the use of that method and now viewed as inaccurate", " support the 12th-to-15th-centuries chronology.", "iga unmmal n u\u1e5badyuka\u1e5bbun tagrawt n 28 n ts\u0263alt", " ittunalan kullutnt \u0263as kku\u1e93t timzwura", " sg wussan imzwura n uswuri n t\u0263arast s ittusksiw d\u0263i nwis ur yad tli tiyafutin zddignin", " asddi n wakud sg tasuta tis 12 ar tasuta tis 15." ] }, { "en": "The removal of gold and artefacts in amateurist diggings by early colonial antiquarians caused widespread damage", "ber": " notably diggings by Richard Nicklin Hall.", "null": [ "ujjan d wukusn n wur\u0263 d ifarsn n ufus d inadatn n inramsutn n umsdurri ittinign idrizn kigan n twa\u0263itin", " lumn g wu\u0263uzn isskr ritcard niklin hu." ] }, { "en": "Preben Kaarsholm writes that both colonial and black nationalist groups invoked Great Zimbabwe's past to support their vision of the country's present", "ber": " through the media of popular history and of fiction.", "null": [ "yara bribn krculm is d ldint tgrawin timsdurritin d tfrkit tungalt izri n zimbabwi tamqrant i ti\u1e93\u1e5bi n umha n tmazirt", " s wallaln n usn\u0263ms d umzruy anmun d uwwingm." ] }, { "en": "Pikirayi and Kaarsholm suggest that this presentation of Great Zimbabwe was partly intended to encourage settlement and investment in the area.", "ber": "igr d tannaynt nns bikirayi ntta d karculm is ittufka i zimbabwi yan usfsr bu uwttas n usb\u0263s n uzdu\u0263 d uzizzl g tmna\u1e0dt." }, { "en": "In 1980 the new internationally recognised independent country was renamed for the site", "ber": " and its famous soapstone bird carvings were retained from the Rhodesian flag and Coat of Arms as a national symbol and depicted in the new Zimbabwean flag.", "null": [ "g usgg\u02b7as n 1980", " ittyals as wassa\u0263 i uwank tasimant tamaynut ittwassnn s tal\u0263a tagra\u0263lant", " ttu\u1e25\u1e0dun igzayn n ig\u1e0da\u1e0d ittwassnn n i\u1e93\u1e5ban iclulaf g ucnyal arudisi d tmatart n twsrmt i tmurt ittusun\u0263 g ucnyl n zimbabwi amaynu." ] }, { "en": "An example of the former is Ken Mufuka's booklet", "ber": " although the work has been heavily criticised.", "null": [ "amdya xf umzwaru tga t tdlist kin mufuka", " waxxa ittufka uz\u0263an axatar xf twuri nns." ] }, { "en": "It was created to preserve the rich history of this country which was facing a dark future due to globalisation.", "ber": "ittuska i u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du xf umzruy axatar n tmazirt ad ittna\u0263n d imal n tillas s umntil n tma\u1e0dlant." }, { "en": "The site exhibits a multitude of architectural styles", "ber": " reminiscent of styles seen in central Mexico and of the Puuc and Chenes styles of the Northern Maya lowlands.", "null": [ "da isfsar wansa kigan n tmamkin n tmsdagt", " da a\u0263 d tssktay anawn ittyannayn g wamas n miksik d wanawn n buk (Puuc) d hins (Chenes) illan g i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d n maya g ikaln yazdurn." ] }, { "en": "The city may have had the most diverse population in the Maya world", "ber": " a factor that could have contributed to the variety of architectural styles at the site.", "null": [ "i\u0263y is tusy tmdint amyanaw n imzda\u0263 g uma\u1e0dal n maya", " ig yan umawy i\u0263in ad yaws i amyanaw n tmamkin n tmsdagt g tmna\u1e0dt." ] }, { "en": "One possible translation for Itza is enchanter (or enchantment) of the water", "ber": " from its (itz)", "null": [ " sorcerer", " and ha", " water.", "\u201cyat sg tsu\u0263lin tinzmar i itza tlla \u201ci\u1e25rgi\u201d n waman", " \u201c\u201csg its (itz) \u201c\u201ci\u1e25rgi\u201d\u201d", " d ha", " \u201c\u201caman\u201d\u201d.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "This form preserves the phonemic distinction between ch\u02bc and ch", "ber": " since the base word ch\u02bce\u02bcen (which", "null": [ " however", " is not stressed in Maya) begins with a postalveolar ejective affricate consonant.", "yujja umdya ad b\u1e6d\u1e6du n imsli illan gr ch\u02bc d ch", " acku taguri tadslant ccin ch\u02bce\u02bcen (nna", " waxxa", " ur \u0263ifs ibrik g maya) tnta s uskkil ntrgalt amaqqan n ffiran\u0263an." ] }, { "en": "Of these cenotes", "ber": " the Cenote Sagrado or Sacred Cenote (also variously known as the Sacred Well or Well of Sacrifice)", "null": [ " is the most famous.", "\u201csg igrratn ad", " \u201c\u201csinut sagradu\u201d\u201d n\u0263 sinut afu\u1e93a\u1e5b (ittwassnn altu s wassa\u0263 n wanu n tfaska tafu\u1e93a\u1e5bt)", " as ittwassn kigan.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Instead", "ber": " the city's political organization could have been structured by a multepal system", "null": [ " which is characterized as rulership through council composed of members of elite ruling lineages.", "g ud\u0263ar n uya", " mr ittusuds ugrra asrtan n tmdint s ugrra n \u201cumyanaw n inubln\u201d", " ittwassnn s tnba\u1e0dt n usqqim g llan igmamn n twacunin n tjddu\u025bt innb\u1e0dn.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "It was", "ber": " however", "null": [ " toward the end of the Late Classic and into the early part of the Terminal Classic that the site became a major regional capital", " centralizing and dominating political", " sociocultural", " economic", " and ideological life in the northern Maya lowlands.", "waxxa", " g usmmud n tgiriwin n uzmz aklassiki g ugzzum amzwaru n asrsiw aklassiki", " ya\u0263ul wansa iga taman\u0263t tasgawant tdslant", " ar ttba\u1e0d g tudrt tasrtant d tmttant n ikaln yazdurn g i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d n maya." ] }, { "en": "Hunac Ceel supposedly prophesied his own rise to power.", "ber": "tga turdawt ad yili hunak sil idma ily nns \u0263r tnba\u1e0dt." }, { "en": "While there is some archeological evidence that indicates Chich\u00e9n Itz\u00e1 was at one time looted and sacked", "ber": " there appears to be greater evidence that it could not have been by Mayapan", "null": [ " at least not when Chich\u00e9n Itz\u00e1 was an active urban center.", "ilin yids n in\u1e93atn n idrizn isskann is ttyakr tmdint tcitcn itza g ka n tikklt", " ilin in\u1e93atn yugrn wi is tkka ad ur tili mayaban g wakud g tga tcitcn itza ammas a\u0263rman ismussan." ] }, { "en": "After Chich\u00e9n Itz\u00e1 elite activities ceased", "ber": " the city may not have been abandoned.", "null": [ "ffir asbdd n tilal n tjddu\u025bt g tcitcn itza", " \u025bni\u0263 ur tettyjj tmdint." ] }, { "en": "Montejo returned to Yucat\u00e1n in 1531 with reinforcements and established his main base at Campeche on the west coast.", "ber": "idwl muntiju \u0263r yukatan asgg\u02b7as n 1531 imun nn d yiws isku taffa nns tadslant g kambitci xf uftas n u\u0263lluy." }, { "en": "Montejo the Younger eventually arrived at Chichen Itza", "ber": " which he renamed Ciudad Real.", "null": [ "ilkm muntiju am\u1e93\u1e93yan g tgira \u0263r tmdint n tcitcn itza", " mi ifka assa\u0263 n siwdad riyal." ] }, { "en": "Months passed", "ber": " but no reinforcements arrived.", "null": [ "zrin wayyurn maka ur tt nn kkin kra wannaln." ] }, { "en": "By 1535", "ber": " all Spanish had been driven from the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula.", "null": [ "g ukccum n 1535", " ttu\u1e93\u1e93ln isblyunitn kull sg tzngzirt yukatan." ] }, { "en": "In 1860", "ber": " D\u00e9sir\u00e9 Charnay surveyed Chich\u00e9n Itz\u00e1 and took numerous photographs that he published in Cit\u00e9s et ruines am\u00e9ricaines (1863).", "null": [ "g usgg\u02b7as n 1860", " isf\u1e0d dizirih tca\u1e5bnay tcintcn itza yasy kigan n twlafin tifutugrafin ittufsrn g i\u0263rman d idrizn imirikann (1863)." ] }, { "en": "Augustus Le Plongeon called it Chaacmol (later renamed Chac Mool", "ber": " which has been the term to describe all types of this statuary found in Mesoamerica).", "null": [ "\u201cugustun lu blunjun ittawwnn s \u201c\u201ccakmul\u201d\u201d (g tgiriwin ad s wassa\u0263 n \u201c\u201ccak mul\u201d\u201d", " igan irm n usnml n wanawn n usfris illan g amrika tanammast).\u201d" ] }, { "en": "In 1894 the United States Consul to Yucat\u00e1n", "ber": " Edward Herbert Thompson", "null": [ " purchased the Hacienda Chich\u00e9n", " which included the ruins of Chichen Itza.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1894", " is\u0263a uqunsu tiwilayatin munnin g yukatan idward harbrt \u1e6dumsun hasyinda cicayn", " g llan idrizn n tcitcn itza." ] }, { "en": "Thompson is most famous for dredging the Cenote Sagrado (Sacred Cenote) from 1904 to 1910", "ber": " where he recovered artifacts of gold", "null": [ " copper and carved jade", " as well as the first-ever examples of what were believed to be pre-Columbian Maya cloth and wooden weapons.", "ittwassn \u1e6dumsun s uf\u1e5ba\u1e0d n sinut sag\u1e5badu (sinut tafu\u1e93a\u1e5bt) sg 1904 ar 1910", " g d irura tigzzumin n udriz n wur\u0263 d wanas d tk\u02b7la", " d uxrruq n maya n dat kulumbus d imrign n ukccu\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "The Mexican Revolution and the following government instability", "ber": " as well as World War I", "null": [ " delayed the project by a decade.", "tuwi d tgrawla tamiksikit d war aswunfu n tnba\u1e0dt tan\u1e0dfu\u1e5bt", " d imn\u0263i ama\u1e0dlan amzwaru", " \u0263r usma\u1e0dl n us\u0263nu tamrawt n isgg\u02b7asn." ] }, { "en": "At the same time", "ber": " the Mexican government excavated and restored El Castillo (Temple of Kukulc\u00e1n) and the Great Ball Court.", "null": [ "g yan wakad", " iga tnba\u1e0dt tamiksikit s unada d us\u0263udu n lkastiyu (asun\u0263 n kukulcan) d unrar n rakurt ama\u1e0dlan." ] }, { "en": "Thompson", "ber": " who was in the United States at the time", "null": [ " never returned to Yucat\u00e1n.", "ur ya\u0263ul \u1e6dumsun", " ikkan g twilayatin munnin g wakud ann", " \u0263r yukatan." ] }, { "en": "In 1944 the Mexican Supreme Court ruled that Thompson had broken no laws and returned Chichen Itza to his heirs.", "ber": "g usgg\u02b7as n 1944", "null": [ " tff\u0263 tsb\u1e0dayt tamajjgakt tamiksikit nwis ur iffi\u0263 \u1e6dumsun awd yan islgan irar tctcn itza \u0263r imkkusa nns." ] }, { "en": "The first was sponsored by the National Geographic", "ber": " and the second by private interests.", "null": [ "amzwaru n tkssa n nacyunal jyug\u1e5bafik", " d wis sin ddaw tkssa n ta\u0263\u1e0dfin tim\u1e93lay." ] }, { "en": "The city was built upon broken terrain", "ber": " which was artificially levelled in order to build the major architectural groups", "null": [ " with the greatest effort being expended in the levelling of the areas for the Castillo pyramid", " and the Las Monjas", " Osario and Main Southwest groups.", "tettuska tmdint xf ikaln ikkat uzunz", " tettusnm taf ad digs ilint tgrumma g tmsdagt tidslanin", " d tigawt n tdusi taxatart i usstw n uzamug kastilu", " d tgrawin las munjas d usaryu d iffus n u\u0263lluy adslan." ] }, { "en": "Many of these stone buildings were originally painted in red", "ber": " green", "null": [ " blue and purple colors.", "ittukla wahli n tuskiwin ad n u\u1e93\u1e5bu s uklu azgg\u02b7a\u0263 d uzgzaw d unili d unibi." ] }, { "en": "Just like gothic cathedrals in Europe", "ber": " colors provided a greater sense of completeness and contributed greatly to the symbolic impact of the buildings.", "null": [ "zun d tikatid\u1e5batin tiqu\u1e6dutin g u\u1e5bubba", " fkan ik\u02b7lan iky s tixxitrt d usmad awsnt i ta\u1e25li n i\u1e93kkatn." ] }, { "en": "The Puuc-style building feature the usual mosaic-decorated upper fa\u00e7ades characteristic of the style but differ from the architecture of the Puuc heartland in their block masonry walls", "ber": " as opposed to the fine veneers of the Puuc region proper.", "null": [ "ila u\u1e93kka ittus\u0263awsn s tmamkt n buk (Puuc) s tnilawin tinafllatin ittuklan s tfusayfst maka tsty xf utwal n tmsdagt n buk g igudar nns ittuskan s wu\u1e6d\u1e6dub", " mgal n tfrkit tusdidt n wansa n buk." ] }, { "en": "At the base of the balustrades of the northeastern staircase are carved heads of a serpent.", "ber": "llan g yizdar n balust\u1e5bad n tskflt n iffus n unqqr ixfawn ittuklan n tfi\u0263ra." }, { "en": "After several false starts", "ber": " they discovered a staircase under the north side of the pyramid.", "null": [ "ffir tisntay izgln", " ufan yan usk\u02b7fl izdar n iffus n uzamug." ] }, { "en": "The Mexican government excavated a tunnel from the base of the north staircase", "ber": " up the earlier pyramid's stairway to the hidden temple", "null": [ " and opened it to tourists.", "t\u0263za tnba\u1e0dt tamiksikit yan uxbrid g tsila n usk\u02b7fl n i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d", " s yily g uzamug ar asung iffrn", " anfn t dat n imrzaf." ] }, { "en": "In one panel", "ber": " one of the players has been decapitated; the wound emits streams of blood in the form of wriggling snakes.", "null": [ "g yat g tflwitin", " ittyabby ixf i yan g imaddaln; ar d isfiffi sg utrs umzaz n idammn s tal\u0263a n ifa\u0263riwn ittmanna\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "At the south end is another", "ber": " much bigger temple", "null": [ " but in ruins.", "g tsga n iffus illa wansa n tissumga ya\u1e0dn axatar kigan", " maka irrdl." ] }, { "en": "Inside there is a large mural", "ber": " much destroyed", "null": [ " which depicts a battle scene.", "illa g ugnsu yan umnad n tflwit g ugadir irrdln kigan digs aswlf n yi\u1e93i\u1e5b n imn\u0263i." ] }, { "en": "It is built in a combination Maya and Toltec styles", "ber": " with a staircase ascending each of its four sides.", "null": [ "ittuska s usmun n tmamkin maya d tultik", " g yan usk\u02b7fl issiliyn g tsgg\u02b7in ns s kku\u1e93." ] }, { "en": "In its interior archeologists discovered a collection of large cones carved out of stone", "ber": " the purpose of which is unknown.", "null": [ "ufan imassann n ta\u1e5bkyulujit g ugnsu wahli n t\u1e93umag tixatarin ittuklan g islliwn", " ur ittyassn uwttas nnsnt." ] }, { "en": "Its name comes from a series of altars at the top of the structure that are supported by small carved figures of men with upraised arms", "ber": " called atlantes.", "null": [ "\u201cassa\u0263 nns illa g wumu\u0263 n wansiwn n u\u0263ras g ugzzum anaflla n tqssult tama nns tal\u0263iwin ittuklan tim\u1e93\u1e93yanin i irgazn s i\u0263alln ittyasin", " ilin assa\u0263 n \u201c\u201ca\u1e6dlan\u1e6ds.\u201d\u201d\u201d" ] }, { "en": "This complex is analogous to Temple B at the Toltec capital of Tula", "ber": " and indicates some form of cultural contact between the two regions.", "null": [ "da itta\u0263 wuddis ad n usun\u0263 B g tultik taman\u0263t n tula", " ar isskan yan wanaw sg wanawn n umyawad adlsan ingr tmna\u1e0din s snat." ] }, { "en": "This temple encases or entombs a former structure called The Temple of the Chac Mool.", "ber": "tlla g usun\u0263 ad tasuqlt taqburt s wassa\u0263 n usun\u0263 n tcak mul." }, { "en": "To the south of the Group of a Thousand Columns is a group of three", "ber": " smaller", "null": [ " interconnected buildings.", "\u0263r iffus n tgrawt n yif\u1e0d n trslt", " tlla yat trabbut n kra\u1e0d i\u1e93kkiwn immzdayn mi im\u1e93\u1e93iy uksay." ] }, { "en": "A section of the upper fa\u00e7ade with a motif of x's and o's is displayed in front of the structure.", "ber": "ifsr ugzzum n tnila tanafllat s igzayn n iskkiln id x d id o dat n tuskiwt." }, { "en": "The Temple of Xtoloc is a recently restored temple outside the Osario Platform is.", "ber": "asum\u0263 stuluk d asum\u0263 mi ittuga usmaynu tigiriwin ad b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n tadkk\u02b7ant usaryu." }, { "en": "Between the Xtoloc temple and the Osario are several aligned structures: The Platform of Venus", "ber": " which is similar in design to the structure of the same name next to Kukulkan (El Castillo)", "null": [ " the Platform of the Tombs", " and a small", " round structure that is unnamed.", "illa gr usun\u0263 n ikstuluk d usa\u1e5byu wahli n tuskiwin tikniwin: tadkk\u02b7ant n finus", " itta\u0263n g u\u0263awas asqqul yusun assa\u0263 tama n kukulkan (ilkastilu)", " d tadk\u02b7ant n ism\u1e0dal", " d tsqqult tam\u1e93\u1e93ant tawrerrayt tar ism." ] }, { "en": "The Casa Colorada (Spanish for Red House) is one of the best preserved buildings at Chichen Itza.", "ber": "\u201ckasa kulurada (tla anamk n tgmmi tazgg\u02b7a\u0263t\u201d) tg yan sg i\u1e93kka ittu\u1e25\u1e0dan g tcitc n itza.\u201d" }, { "en": "In 2009", "ber": " INAH restored a small ball court that adjoined the back wall of the Casa Colorada.", "null": [ "g usgg\u02b7as n 2009", " trura inah (INAH) yan unrar n takurt ama\u1e93\u1e93yan illan tama n ugasir n \u1e0da\u1e5bt n kasa kulu\u1e5bada." ] }, { "en": "This building's name has been long used by the local Maya", "ber": " and some authors mention that it was named after a deer painting over stucco that doesn't exist anymore.", "null": [ "swurin maya id\u0263rann assa\u0263 n u\u1e93kka ad sg wahli", " ar ttinin yids n iamaratn nwis ila assa\u0263 xf tflwit n tmlalin xf ungmirs ur yad illin sg d\u0263i." ] }, { "en": "The Spanish named this complex Las Monjas (The Nuns or The Nunnery)", "ber": " but it was a governmental palace.", "null": [ "\u201cgan isblyunitn i wansa ad assa\u0263 n las munjas (\u201c\u201ci\u1e5bahibn\u201d\u201d n\u0263 d \u201c\u201cnnunri\u201d\u201d)", " maka iga i\u0263rm n tnba\u1e0dt.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "These texts frequently mention a ruler by the name of K\u02bcak\u02bcupakal.", "ber": "da bddrn i\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63n ad kigan yan unbba\u1e0d s yism n kakubakal." }, { "en": "It gets its name from the stone spiral staircase inside.", "ber": "tla assa\u0263 nns sg usk\u02b7fl awlullu n islli g ugnsu." }, { "en": "The long", "ber": " western-facing fa\u00e7ade has seven doorways.", "null": [ "i tnila ta\u0263zzaft mm wudm n u\u0263lluy bu sa n iflwan." ] }, { "en": "The southern end of the building has one entrance.", "ber": "tasga n iffus \u0263urs yan ukccum." }, { "en": "Inside one of the chambers", "ber": " near the ceiling", "null": [ " is a painted hand print.", "agnsu n yat g tm\u1e63\u1e5biyin", " tama n tduli", " tlla tmssigzt s tirayt n ufus." ] }, { "en": "The location of the cave has been well known in modern times.", "ber": "ansa n ifri ittwassn kigan g uzmz atrar." }, { "en": "E. Wyllys Andrews IV also explored the cave in the 1930s.", "ber": "yufa e. willys andrwz wis kku\u1e93 altu ifri g isgg\u02b7asn n 1930s." }, { "en": "On 15 September 1959", "ber": " Jos\u00e9 Humberto G\u00f3mez", "null": [ " a local guide", " discovered a false wall in the cave.", "g 15 cutanbir 1959", " yufa unmmal ad\u0263ran xussi umbirtu gumiz yan ugadir n usshwu g ifri." ] }, { "en": "Even before the book was published", "ber": " Benjamin Norman and Baron Emanuel von Friedrichsthal traveled to Chichen after meeting Stephens", "null": [ " and both published the results of what they found.", "awd dat n ufsar n udlis", " immudda binyamin nu\u1e5bman d uba\u1e5bun imanwil fun fridricstal \u0263r tcitcn ffir timnilit d stifnz", " ifsr ku yan digsn tiyafutin n uynna ufan." ] }, { "en": "In 1923", "ber": " Governor Carrillo Puerto officially opened the highway to Chichen Itza.", "null": [ "g usgg\u02b7as n 1923", " yunf unbba\u1e0d karilu buwirtu s tal\u0263a tun\u1e63ibt abrid abrbrid ittawin \u0263r tcitcn itza." ] }, { "en": "In 1930", "ber": " the Mayaland Hotel opened", "null": [ " just north of the Hacienda Chich\u00e9n", " which had been taken over by the Carnegie Institution.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1930", " ittyanf usnsu mayaland", " g i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d n hasyind tcitcn", " tum\u1e93 tmrslt kanji." ] }, { "en": "In 1972", "ber": " Mexico enacted the Ley Federal Sobre Monumentos y Zonas Arqueol\u00f3gicas", "null": [ " Art\u00edsticas e Hist\u00f3ricas (Federal Law over Monuments and Archeological", " Artistic and Historic Sites) that put all the nation's pre-Columbian monuments", " including those at Chichen Itza", " under federal ownership.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1972", " tsskr miksik Ley Federal Sobre Monumentos y Zonas Arqueol\u00f3gicas", " Art\u00edsticas e Hist\u00f3ricas (aslgn imunn i idrzn d wansiwn n idrizn d ina\u1e93u\u1e5bn d inmzruyn) nna g tga ansiwn akk\u02b7 n idrizn n g tmazirt dat n kulumbus", " g aamun awd winna illan g tcitcn itza", " ddaw tgldit tafidi\u1e5balit." ] }, { "en": "Tour guides will also demonstrate a unique the acoustical effect at Chichen Itza: a handclap before the in front of the staircase the El Castillo pyramid will produce by an echo that resembles the chirp of a bird", "ber": " similar to that of the quetzal as investigated by Declercq.", "null": [ "sskrn inmmaln n tmallayt altu as usb\u0263s nnsn g tmdint n tcitcn itza: s ubqqa dat n usk\u02b7fl ar zamug ilkastilu yan wan\u1e93i\u1e93 s tqlit ya\u0263n g uzqzq n ig\u1e0da\u1e0d", " zun d win kitzal s inna diklirk." ] }, { "en": "INAH", "ber": " which manages the site", "null": [ " has closed a number of monuments to public access.", "inah (INAH) issudun ansa", " tqqn kigan n wansiwn i\u1e5bkyulijitn i imallayn." ] }, { "en": "Originally a project of real estate developer and former New York State Senator William H. Reynolds", "ber": " the building was constructed by Walter Chrysler", "null": [ " the head of the Chrysler Corporation.", "iga asun\u0263 n umsnalfu n tmsgda d ikkan iga agmam n usqqim n im\u0263arn n twilayat nyuyu\u1e5bk wilyam h. rinuldz", " iska a\u1e93kka unssixf n tm\u1e63i\u1e5bt krayslr waltr krayslr." ] }, { "en": "An annex was completed in 1952", "ber": " and the building was sold by the Chrysler family the next year", "null": [ " with numerous subsequent owners.", "ifukka us\u1e0df\u1e5b g usgg\u02b7as n 1952", " tzznz twacunt n krayslr a\u1e93kka g usgg\u02b7as an\u1e0dfu\u1e5b", " d kigan n imilan in\u1e0dfa\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "The era was characterized by profound social and technological changes.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e5ba uzmz isnfal inamunn d itiknulujitn idusn." }, { "en": "The following year", "ber": " Chrysler was named Time\u00a0magazine's Person of the Year.", "null": [ "\u201cgusgg\u02b7as t i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn", " yuwy k\u1e5bayslr tasm\u0263urt n \u201c\u201canm\u0263ur n usgg\u02b7as\u201d\u201d i ts\u0263unt taym.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Following the end of World War I", "ber": " European and American architects came to see simplified design as the epitome of the modern era and Art Deco skyscrapers as symbolizing progress", "null": [ " innovation", " and modernity.", "g tgara n imn\u0263i ama\u1e0dlan amzwaru", " ddan d imtwaln n tmsdagt n u\u1e5bubba d imirikanitn ad i\u1e93i\u1e5bn a\u0263awas n uzmz atrar d tnkcam n isigniw d tmamkt art diku n ubu\u0263lu d ysnulfu d tetrart." ] }, { "en": "Prior to his involvement in planning the building", "ber": " Reynolds was best known for developing Coney Island's Dreamland amusement park.", "null": [ "ittwassn rinuldz s usbu\u0263lu n tmdint n malahi drim land g kuni ayland", " ur ta yamu g us\u0263iws n u\u1e93kka." ] }, { "en": "In 1927", "ber": " after several years of delays", "null": [ " Reynolds hired the architect\u00a0William Van Alen to design a forty-story building there.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1927", " ffir yids n isgg\u02b7asn n uma\u1e0dl", " ifka rinuldz tawuri i umtwal n tmsgda wilyam fan alin i tawuri n us\u0263iws n u\u1e93kka g llant kkumraw n tduliwin." ] }, { "en": "Van Alen and Severance complemented each other", "ber": " with Van Alen being an original", "null": [ " imaginative architect and Severance being a shrewd businessperson who handled the firm's finances.", "myawasn fan alan d sifiruns grsn", " iga fan alan amtwal n tmsgdagt amsnulfu ig sifiruns argaz n twuriwin ami\u0263is iswurin iqari\u1e0dn n tm\u1e63i\u1e5bt." ] }, { "en": "The proposal was changed again two weeks later", "ber": " with official plans for a 63-story building.", "null": [ "ittusnfl u\u0263awas tay\u1e0d tikklt ffir sin imalassn", " s yili n t\u0263arasin tunsibin n u\u1e93kka g tlla 63 n tduliwin." ] }, { "en": "The adjacent 56-story Chanin Building was also under construction.", "ber": "ar ittusku u\u1e93kka cayn awd ntta inmalan g llan 56 n tduliwin." }, { "en": "These plans were approved in June 1928.", "ber": "ittuga umsasa xf i\u0263awasn ad g yunyu 1928." }, { "en": "He instead devised an alternate design for the Reynolds Building", "ber": " which was published in August 1928.", "null": [ "g ud\u0263ar nns isnulfa d as\u0263iws n u\u1e93kka n rinaldz", " ittufsrn g \u0263uct 1928." ] }, { "en": "A contract was awarded on October 28", "ber": " and demolition was completed on November 9.", "null": [ "tettufka tma\u0263unt g 28 ktub\u1e5b", " tsmd trdla g 9 nuwanbir." ] }, { "en": "From late 1928 to early 1929", "ber": " modifications to the design of the dome continued.", "null": [ "g tgiriwin n usgg\u02b7as n 1928 ar tizwiri n usgg\u02b7as n 1929", " zdin is\u0263udutn xf us\u0263iws n tqabbut." ] }, { "en": "Lower down", "ber": " the design was affected by Walter Chrysler's intention to make the building the Chrysler Corporation's headquarters", "null": [ " and as such", " various architectural details were modeled after Chrysler automobile products", " such as the hood ornaments of the Plymouth (see ).", "g yizdar", " ira walt\u1e5b ad ittug u\u1e93kka ansa n tm\u1e63i\u1e5bt krislr(Chrysler Corporation)", " aynna\u0263 as is\u0263aws timitar nns n tmsdagt ad a\u0263nt g ifarisn n thiritin n krayslr", " zun d ik\u02b7lan n tsmdlt n unsmassu n thirit blimut (\u1e93\u1e5b)." ] }, { "en": "Construction of the building proper began on January 21", "ber": " 1929.", "null": [ "issnti usku n u\u1e93kka d yusan g 21 yanayr 1929." ] }, { "en": "Despite a frantic steelwork construction pace of about four floors per week", "ber": " no workers died during the construction of the skyscraper's steelwork.", "null": [ "waxxa tmrar twuri n wattay n kku\u1e93t n tdaliwin g imalass", " ur immut awd yan g imswuritn akud n tiski n tnkcamt n isigniw." ] }, { "en": "40 Wall Street and the Chrysler Building started competing for the distinction of world's tallest building.", "ber": "\u201cissnta 40 wul strit d u\u1e93kka n krayslr xf umzizwr n \u201c\u201ca\u0263zzaf n i\u1e93kkatn g uma\u1e0dal\u201d\u201d.\u201d" }, { "en": "On October 23", "ber": " 1929", "null": [ " one week after surpassing the Woolworth Building's height and one day before the catastrophic Wall Street Crash of 1929 started", " the spire was assembled.", "g 23 ktub\u1e5b 1929", " ffir yan imalass n uzray n tattyt n u\u1e93kka wulurt d wass dat n t\u1e0du\u1e5bi n wul strit asgg\u02b7as n 1929", " tettusmattr t\u0263rmt." ] }, { "en": "Even the New York Herald Tribune", "ber": " which had virtually continuous coverage of the tower's construction", "null": [ " did not report on the spire's installation until days after the spire had been raised.", "awd ta\u0263mist n nyuyurk hirald tribyun", " i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn in\u0263misn n tiski n t\u0263rmt", " ur tfki an\u0263mis n umuttr n t\u0263rmt allig zrin yids n wussan." ] }, { "en": "In the lobby of the building", "ber": " a bronze plaque that read in recognition of Mr. Chrysler's contribution to civic advancement was unveiled.", "null": [ "\u201cg tnammast n u\u1e93kka tettyanf tlwit tb\u1e5bunzit xf ittyara \u201c\u201ci usm\u0263r n tdrawt n mass krayslr g uzizzl n tmdint\u201d\u201d.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "The Chrysler Building was appraised at $14 million", "ber": " but was exempt from city taxes per an 1859 law that gave tax exemptions to sites owned by the Cooper Union.", "null": [ "ittufka g watig n u\u1e93kka n krayslr 14 mlyun n dula\u1e5b", " maka ttyakksn as izmaz n tmdint s uslgn n 1859 ikksn izmaz i wansiwn igan win tamunt kubr." ] }, { "en": "Van Alen's satisfaction at these accomplishments was likely muted by Walter Chrysler's later refusal to pay the balance of his architectural fee.", "ber": "i\u0263 is ur iswanfa fan alan g tyafutin ad acku yuggy waltr krayslr ad as ifk ti\u0263rad n tmsdagt nns." }, { "en": "However", "ber": " the lawsuit against Chrysler markedly diminished Van Alen's reputation as an architect", "null": [ " which", " along with the effects of the Great Depression and negative criticism", " ended up ruining his career.", "waxxa", " tettyagy t\u1e63\u1e5bu\u1e0dt n umtwal n tmsdagt mgal n krayslr", " aynna t yujjan ad irrdl g tudrt nns tazzuulant", " ildy d \u0263ifs kigan n iwaliwn d uz\u0263an is\u1e0du\u1e5bn." ] }, { "en": "In 1944", "ber": " the corporation filed plans to build a 38-story annex to the east of the building", "null": [ " at 666 Third Avenue.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1944", " tfka tm\u1e63i\u1e5bt a\u0263awas n usku n u\u1e93kka an\u1e0dfu\u1e5b g tlla 38 n tduliwin g unqqr n u\u1e93kka", " g 666 asuk wis k\u1e5ba\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "The stone for the original building was no longer manufactured", "ber": " and had to be specially replicated.", "null": [ "ur yad da ittufars islli n u\u1e93kka an\u1e93\u0263\u1e5b", " maka icil wallas nns." ] }, { "en": "The family sold the building in 1953 to William Zeckendorf for its assessed price of $18 million.", "ber": "tzznza twacunt a\u1e93kka g usgg\u02b7as n 1953 i wilyam zikinduruf s watig n 18 mlyun dula\u1e5b." }, { "en": "At the time", "ber": " it was reported to be the largest real estate sale in New York City's history.", "null": [ "g wakud ann", " tga tmggit ad taxatart n mnziwt g umzruy n tmdint n nyuyu\u1e5bk." ] }, { "en": "In 1961", "ber": " the building's stainless steel elements", "null": [ " including the needle", " crown", " gargoyles", " and entrance doors", " were polished for the first time.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1961", " ttusfakksnt tgzzumin n u\u1e93kka ittuskan s wa\u0263ar anmgal n tanigt", " g tamu tissgnit d isni d ugarguyl d iflwan n ukccum tikklt tmazwarut." ] }, { "en": "The company purchased the building for $35 million.", "ber": "ts\u0263a tm\u1e63i\u1e5bt a\u1e93kka s 35 mlyun dula\u1e5b." }, { "en": "The spire underwent a restoration that was completed in 1995.", "ber": "ittuga us\u0263udu i t\u0263rmt allig tfukka g usgg\u02b7as n 1995." }, { "en": "The cleaning received the New York Landmarks Conservancy's Lucy G. Moses Preservation Award for 1997.", "ber": "yuwi usizdg tasm\u0263urt n luki g. musa i u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n i\u1e93kkatn n nyuyurk asgg\u02b7as n 1997." }, { "en": "In June 2008", "ber": " it was reported that the Abu Dhabi Investment Council was in negotiations to buy TMW's 75% economic interest", "null": [ " a 15% interest from Tishman Speyer Properties in the building", " and a share of the Trylons retail structure next door for US$800 million.", "g yunyu 2008", " ikcm usqqim n abu\u1e0dabi i uzizzl ad is\u0263 yan ugzzum adamsan s tgmi\u1e0di n 75% n tm\u1e63i\u1e5bt TMW", " d ugzzum n 15% g igratn n ticman sbiyr (Tishman Speyer Properties) g u\u1e93kka", " d tgzzumt n tiski n tzi\u0263a triluns s 800 mlyun dula\u1e5b amriki." ] }, { "en": "This resulted in a 21% decrease in the building's total energy consumption", "ber": " a 64% decrease in water consumption", "null": [ " and an 81% rate of waste being recycled.", "yujja d uya uguz s us\u0263l n 21% g yiwy n tdusi n u\u1e93kka", " d wuguz s us\u0263al n 64% g yiwy n waman", " d us\u0263al n 81% n if\u1e5ba\u1e0dn ittuswrerrayn." ] }, { "en": "The Ethics of Philosophical Practice.", "ber": "\u201cti\u0263ariwin n tigawin tiflsafin.\u201d\u201d\u201d" }, { "en": "Philosophy is rationally critical thinking", "ber": " of a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world (metaphysics or theory of existence)", "null": [ " the justification of belief (epistemology or theory of knowledge)", " and the conduct of life (ethics or theory of value).", "tga tflsaft aswngm anz\u0263an anlla\u0263", " sg wanaw n t\u0263arast g tgama tamatut n uma\u1e0dal (mitfiziqya n\u0263 ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n tilwat)", " asn\u1e93y n ta\u0263alt (ibistimulugya n\u0263 ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt tamassant)", " tikli n tudrt (ti\u0263ariwin n\u0263 ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n watig)." ] }, { "en": "Metaphysics replaces the unargued assumptions embodied in such a conception with a rational and organized body of beliefs about the world as a whole.", "ber": "da ttusnfal tmitafiziqt turdawin ur in\u1e93iyn igan zun d armmus ad s tfgga tanlla\u0263t tamssudst sg ta\u0263alin n uma\u1e0dal." }, { "en": "In the 19th century", "ber": " the growth of modern research universities led academic philosophy and other disciplines to professionalize and specialize.", "null": [ "g tsuta tis 19", " tuwi d tigmi n tsdawitin n irzzutn titrarin as\u1e93ly g tflsaft takadimit d t\u1e93layin." ] }, { "en": "In Against the Logicians the Pyrrhonist philosopher Sextus Empiricus detailed the variety of ways in which the ancient Greek philosophers had divided philosophy", "ber": " noting that this three-part division was agreed to by Plato", "null": [ " Aristotle", " Xenocrates", " and the Stoics.", "g tirra nns mgal n im\u1e93lann", " issfra ufaylasuf abiruni sikstus imbirikus yat tgrawt n t\u0263arasin s b\u1e0dan iflfufn iyunanitn iqburn taflsaft", " b\u1e6d\u1e6du ad igzmn xf k\u1e5b\u1e0dt tgzzumin imun \u0263ifs afla\u1e6dun d a\u1e5bis\u1e6du d zinuq\u1e5ba\u1e6d d iriwaqitn." ] }, { "en": "Other ancient philosophical traditions influenced by Socrates included Cynicism", "ber": " Cyrenaicism", "null": [ " Stoicism", " and Academic Skepticism.", "sg tmyurin tiflsafin tiqburin ya\u1e0dn ilan a\u1e0du n suqra\u1e6d: as\u1e0d\u1e63u", " tasirinit", " tariwaqit", " d usurd akadimi." ] }, { "en": "Some key Medieval thinkers include St. Augustine", "ber": " Thomas Aquinas", "null": [ " Boethius", " Anselm and Roger Bacon.", "kra n inswngimn idslann g uzmz anammas g illa ufu\u1e93a\u1e5b ugustin d tuma akwin", " d butyus d ansilm d rujr bikun." ] }, { "en": "Major modern philosophers include Spinoza", "ber": " Leibniz", "null": [ " Locke", " Berkeley", " Hume", " and Kant.", "sg ixatarn n iflsufn itrarn sbinuza", " d libnz", " d luk", " d birkli", " d hyum", " d kan\u1e6d." ] }, { "en": "Babylonian astronomy also included much philosophical speculations about cosmology which may have influenced the Ancient Greeks.", "ber": "illa g tst\u1e5bunumt tababilit altu kigan n t\u1e25rga tiflsafin xf tussna tama\u1e0dlant izrin \u025bni\u0263 s iyunanitn iqburn." }, { "en": "Later Jewish philosophy came under strong Western intellectual influences and includes the works of Moses Mendelssohn who ushered in the Haskalah (the Jewish Enlightenment)", "ber": " Jewish existentialism", "null": [ " and Reform Judaism.", "tugm tflsaft tudayt g tktayin dusnin n u\u0263lluy", " smattrnt twuriwin n musa mndilsun d yuwin \u1e25askala (asfiw n wudayn) d tilawt tudyt d tudayt tams\u0263udut." ] }, { "en": "Islamic philosophy is the philosophical work originating in the Islamic tradition and is mostly done in Arabic.", "ber": "tga tflsaft tanslmt tawuri taflsaft iskan g tmyurin tinslmin ar tettuga kigan s tutlayt ta\u025b\u1e5babt." }, { "en": "Early Islamic philosophy developed the Greek philosophical traditions in new innovative directions.", "ber": "tssgma tflsaft tanslmt n zikk timyurin tiflsafin tiyunanin g tnilawin timsnulfutin timaynutin." }, { "en": "The work of Aristotle was very influential among philosophers such as Al-Kindi (9th century)", "ber": " Avicenna (980 \u2013 June 1037) and Averroes (12th century).", "null": [ "ugmn ifsufn kin s twuri n a\u1e5bis\u1e6du zun d alkindi (tasuta tis 9)", " d ibn sina (980- yunyu 1037)", " d ibn \u1e5bucd (tasuta tis 12)." ] }, { "en": "Ibn Khaldun was an influential thinker in philosophy of history.", "ber": "iga ibnxaldun amswingm g tflsaft n umzruy." }, { "en": "Indian philosophical traditions share various key concepts and ideas", "ber": " which are defined in different ways and accepted or rejected by the different traditions.", "null": [ "ssarnt tmyurin tiflsafin tihindiyin g umata n irmmusn d tktiyin tidslanin", " ittugan s kigan n t\u0263arasin \u0263f msasan n\u0263 ur msasan \u0263ifs tmyurin." ] }, { "en": "Indian philosophy is commonly grouped based on their relationship to the Vedas and the ideas contained in them.", "ber": "da ttusmuttur tflsaft tahindit s uskutt xf izdayn nns d fida (Vedas) d tktiyin digs illan." }, { "en": "The schools which align themselves with the thought of the Upanishads", "ber": " the so-called orthodox or Hindu traditions", "null": [ " are often classified into six dar\u015banas or philosophies:S\u0101nkhya", " Yoga", " Ny\u0101ya", " Vaisheshika", " Mim\u0101ms\u0101 and Ved\u0101nta.", "tinmal ittmunn d tkti n uncad", " aynna i ittyini timyurin \u201c\u201cturtuduksin\u201d\u201d n\u0263 \u201c\u201ctihindusiyin\u201d\u201d", " da tb\u1e6d\u1e6du xf \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63t n darizana n\u0263 tflsafin: sanxya", " yuja", " nyaya", " faycika", " mimamsa", " d fadanta.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "They also reflect a tolerance for a diversity of philosophical interpretations within Hinduism while sharing the same foundation.", "ber": "imkinna digsn asurf d tgrumma timyanawin n issfrutn iflsafn agnsu n thindust", "null": [ " ilint tamunt g yat n tiski." ] }, { "en": "There are also other schools of thought which are often seen as Hindu", "ber": " though not necessarily orthodox (since they may accept different scriptures as normative", "null": [ " such as the Shaiva Agamas and Tantras)", " these include different schools of Shavism such as Pashupata", " Shaiva Siddhanta", " non-dual tantric Shavism (i.e. Trika", " Kaula", " etc.).", "llant altu tinmal n tktayin ya\u1e0dn ittyinniyn am is gant \u201c\u201dtihindusiyin\u201d\u201d waxxa ur gint ti\u1e5btuduksin (acku tmsasa d idlisn ifu\u1e93a\u1e5bn ya\u1e0dn acku gant tinawayin", " zun d cayfa agamas d tantras)", " smunent tinmal ad istin xf cafism zun dbacubata", " cifa sidantan", " cafiz tantra aryugan (zun d trika", " kula", " ar tigira).\u201d" ] }, { "en": "The denial that a human being possesses a self or soul is probably the most famous Buddhist teaching.", "ber": "\u201ci\u0263y is ur ili ufgan \u201c\u201cixf\u201d\u201d n\u0263 \u201c\u201ciman\u201d\u201d d tussninwin tibudiyin ttwassnnin.\u201d" }, { "en": "Jain philosophy is one of the only two surviving unorthodox traditions (along with Buddhism).", "ber": "\u201ctaflsaft n jayn tga yat sg tmyurin \u201c\u201cur igin u\u1e5btuduks\u201d\u201d isuln (iddrn d tbudit).\u201d" }, { "en": "Jain thought holds that all existence is cyclic", "ber": " eternal and uncreated.", "null": [ "i\u0263al jayn is d wanna akk\u02b7 illan iga awrerray am\u0263lal ur ittufars." ] }, { "en": "In these regions", "ber": " Buddhist thought developed into different philosophical traditions which used various languages (like Tibetan", "null": [ " Chinese and Pali).", "g tmna\u1e0din ad", " igma uswngm abudi \u0263r tmyurin tiflsafin iswurin tutlayin ib\u1e0dan (zun d tatibitit d tcinwit d tbalit)." ] }, { "en": "The philosophy of the Theravada school is dominant in Southeast Asian countries like Sri Lanka", "ber": " Burma and Thailand.", "null": [ "tum\u1e93 tflsaft n tinml tirafada g iwankn n iffus n unqqr n asya zun d srilanka d burma d tayland." ] }, { "en": "After the death of the Buddha", "ber": " various groups began to systematize his main teachings", "null": [ " eventually developing comprehensive philosophical systems termed Abhidharma.", "ffir tamtant n buda", " ssntant trubba g ussuds n ilmmudn nns idslann", " g tgira ssgmant igrratn iflsafn smdnin mi ittyini wassa\u0263 n abida\u1e5bma." ] }, { "en": "There were numerous schools", "ber": " sub-schools", "null": [ " and traditions of Buddhist philosophy in ancient and medieval India.", "kkant kigan n tinmal d wayyawn nnsnt d tmyurin n tflsaft tabudit g hid taqburt d uzmz anammas." ] }, { "en": "These philosophical traditions developed metaphysical", "ber": " political and ethical theories such Tao", "null": [ " Yin and yang", " Ren and Li.", "ssgmant tmyurin ad tiflsafin ti\u1e93i\u1e5birin timitafiziqin d tsrtitin d ti\u0263ariwin zun d taw", " d yin dyang", " d rin d li." ] }, { "en": "Neo-Confucianism came to dominate the education system during the Song dynasty (960\u20131297)", "ber": " and its ideas served as the philosophical basis of the imperial exams for the scholar official class.", "null": [ "tnnb\u1e0d tkunfucyusit tamaynut g ugrra n usslmd g uzmz n twacunt sung (960\u20131297)", " kkint tktitin nns zun d usu n tiski n tflsaft i yirimn n tmb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5bit i tfrkt tun\u1e63iibt n imassann." ] }, { "en": "During later Chinese dynasties like the Ming Dynasty (1368\u20131644) as well as in the Korean Joseon dynasty (1392\u20131897) a resurgent Neo-Confucianism led by thinkers such as Wang Yangming (1472\u20131529) became the dominant school of thought", "ber": " and was promoted by the imperial state.", "null": [ "g twacunin tigldanin ti\u1e63iniyin ten\u1e0dfa\u1e5bin zun d tawacunt ming (1368\u20131644) d twacunt junsun takurit (1392\u20131897)", " ta\u0263ul tkunfucyusit tamaynut d iff\u0263n di\u0263 s usudu n imswngimn zun d wang yangming (1472\u20131529) tinml n uswngm irnan", " issm\u0263r t uwank amb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5bi." ] }, { "en": "In the Modern era", "ber": " Chinese thinkers incorporated ideas from Western philosophy.", "null": [ "g uzmz atrar", " smattrn imswngimn i\u1e63initn tiktiyin n tflsaft n u\u0263lluy." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " New Confucianism", "null": [ " led by figures such as Xiong Shili", " has become quite influential.", "xf umdaya", " ta\u0263ul tkkunfucyusit tamaynut", " s ussddu n ixtarn zun d cyung cili", " tla ad\u0263ar nns." ] }, { "en": "Another trend in modern Japanese philosophy was the National Studies (Kokugaku) tradition.", "ber": "tanila ya\u1e0dn n tflsaft tayabanit tatrart tga tamyurt n \u201ctzrawin tinamurin\u201d (kukugaku).\u201d" }, { "en": "During the 17th century", "ber": " Ethiopian philosophy developed a robust literary tradition as exemplified by Zera Yacob.", "null": [ "g tsuta tis 17", " tssgma tflsaft tittyubbit tamyurt tasklant idusn s imkinna tg g zi\u1e5ba yakub (Zera Yacob)." ] }, { "en": "Another feature of the indigenous American worldviews was their extension of ethics to non-human animals and plants.", "ber": "tay\u1e0d tmyift n tannayin timirikanitin tin\u1e93\u0263\u1e5bin i uma\u1e0dal gant azray n t\u0263ariwin \u0263r imudar d im\u0263ayn wid ur igin ifgann." }, { "en": "The theory of Teotl can be seen as a form of Pantheism.", "ber": "i\u0263y ad tettyisy ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n tyutl (Teotl) am tal\u0263a sg tal\u0263iwin n tilawt." }, { "en": "Nevertheless", "ber": " U.S. Department of Education reports from the 1990s indicate that few women ended up in philosophy", "null": [ " and that philosophy is one of the least gender-proportionate fields in the humanities", " with women making up somewhere between 17% and 30% of philosophy faculty according to some studies.", "waxxa", " da sskann inqqisn n tmawast tamairikanit sg isgg\u02b7asn 1990s is drusnt twtmin ikccmn igr n tflsaft", " d is tga tflsaft yat sg yigran ur ingaddan gr taggayt g tmassanin tinfganin", " ar nn ttaw\u1e0dnt twtmin g us\u0263l n gr 17% d 30% n igmamn n usslmd g tflsaft s wawal n yids n tzrawin." ] }, { "en": "See also Characteristics and Attitudes of Instructional Faculty and Staff in the Humanities.", "ber": "\u201c\u1e93\u1e5b altu \u201c\u201ctifras d tnilawin n ungmam n usslmd d ismrasn n tussniwin tinfhganin.\u201d\u201d\u201d" }, { "en": "Its primary investigations include how to live a good life and identifying standards of morality.", "ber": "smann irzzutn imzwra tamamkt n tudrt mm waddur d us\u1e93ly n isnummal n t\u0263ariwin." }, { "en": "Epistemologists examine putative sources of knowledge", "ber": " including perceptual experience", "null": [ " reason", " memory", " and testimony.", "da frrnn imassann n tussna isa\u0263uln n turdawin n tussna", " g tamu tirmit n urmas d walla\u0263 d twngimt g tnigit." ] }, { "en": "It arose early in Pre-Socratic philosophy and became formalized with Pyrrho", "ber": " the founder of the earliest Western school of philosophical skepticism.", "null": [ "tgma d g yan wakud ya\u1e0dn g tflsaft n dat n suqra\u1e6d issu\u0263l tt biru (Pyrrho) d tun\u1e63ibt", " imski n tinml n u\u0263lluy tamzwarut i usurd aflsuf." ] }, { "en": "Empiricism places emphasis on observational evidence via sensory experience as the source of knowledge.", "ber": "da tsuttuy anirmit xf in\u1e93ayn ibddan xf usni\u0263s s tirmit amakayt iga asa\u0263ul n tussna." }, { "en": "Rationalism is associated with a priori knowledge", "ber": " which is independent of experience (such as logic and mathematics).", "null": [ "tzdi tnalla\u0263t s tussna izwarn", " tasimant xf tirmit (zun d a\u1e93lan d tusnakt)." ] }, { "en": "Metaphysics includes cosmology", "ber": " the study of the world in its entirety and ontology", "null": [ " the study of being.", "tsmattr tmitafiziqit tussna n uma\u1e0dal", " d tzrawt n uma\u1e0dal kullut", " d tussna n tilawt", " d tzrawt n tilawt." ] }, { "en": "Essence is the set of attributes that make an object what it fundamentally is and without which it loses its identity while accident is a property that the object has", "ber": " without which the object can still retain its identity.", "null": [ "iga mummu tarabbut n tmatarin ittraran askkin ad ig aynna s iga g tsila nns bla t da as t\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e5b tamust nns maka ashwu ku am\u0263naw ila t", " bla t izmr um\u0263naw ad i\u1e25\u1e0du tamust nns." ] }, { "en": "Because sound reasoning is an essential element of all sciences", "ber": " social sciences and humanities disciplines", "null": [ " logic became a formal science.", "acku iga uswngm amadus yan ugzzum adslan g tmassanin d tmassanin tinamunin d t\u1e93layin tinfganin", " ya\u0263ul u\u1e93lan iga tussna tun\u1e63ibt." ] }, { "en": "New York: Oxford University Press.", "ber": "nyuyu\u1e5bk: tamsigzt n tsdawit uksfu\u1e5bd." }, { "en": "However", "ber": " most students of academic philosophy later contribute to law", "null": [ " journalism", " religion", " sciences", " politics", " business", " or various arts.", "waxxa", " yuws umata n imzrawn n tflsaft takdimit g uslgn", " d usn\u0263ms", " d us\u0263an", " d tmassanin", " d twuriwin n\u0263 d t\u1e93u\u1e5biwin." ] }, { "en": "In analytic philosophy", "ber": " philosophy of language investigates the nature of language", "null": [ " the relations between language", " language users", " and the world.", "g tflsaft tasfsayt", " da trzzu tflsaft g tutlayt d tiski n tutlayt d izdayn n gr tutlayt d imswuritn n tutlayt d uma\u1e0dal." ] }, { "en": "These writers were followed by Ludwig Wittgenstein (Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus)", "ber": " the Vienna Circle as well as the logical positivists", "null": [ " and Willard Van Orman Quine.", "\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn imaratn ad ludfig fitgnctayn (Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus)", " d tsutlt fyinnad im\u1e93lann imalawn wilya\u1e5b fan u\u1e5bman kwin." ] }, { "en": "He criticized conventionalism because it led to the bizarre consequence that anything can be conventionally denominated by any name.", "ber": "iz\u0263n timyurin acku uwunt d yat n tyafut allig d ku askkin tlla tzmrt n ad \u0263urs yili wassa\u0263 akk\u02b7 matta wassa\u0263." }, { "en": "To do this", "ber": " he pointed out that compound words and phrases have a range of correctness.", "null": [ "i tigawt n uya", " inna is illa \u0263us tguriwin d twnnitin tuddisin yan wutuy n tidt." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " by the end of the Cratylus", "null": [ " he had admitted that some social conventions were also involved", " and that there were faults in the idea that phonemes had individual meanings.", "waxxa", " g yiw\u1e0d n tgara n k\u1e5batilus", " iqrra nwis kcmnt tmyurin tinamunin g umukris", " ilin yids n wagarn g tkti n is lan ifunimn yan unamk abaylal." ] }, { "en": "He separated all things into categories of species and genus.", "ber": "ib\u1e0da iskkinn kullu xf wanawn." }, { "en": "However", "ber": " since Aristotle took these similarities to be constituted by a real commonality of form", "null": [ " he is more often considered a proponent of moderate realism.", "\u201cwaxxa", " gan igzzumn imssarn n tal\u0263a s wawal n a\u1e5bis\u1e6du i uynna g mya\u0263n", " allig t gan yids d imnnula n \u201c\u201ctilawt tu\u0263dimt\u201d\u201d.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "This lekt\u00f3n was the meaning (or sense) of every term.", "ber": "ikka linktun iga anamk n ku irm." }, { "en": "There were several noteworthy philosophers of language in the medieval period.", "ber": "ikka tt nn kigan n iflsafn n tutlayt ittwassnn g uzmz anammas." }, { "en": "The scholastics of the high medieval period", "ber": " such as Ockham and John Duns Scotus", "null": [ " considered logic to be a scientia sermocinalis (science of language).", "ikka skulastis g uzmz n tsutiwin tinammasin timajjgalin", " zun d ukham d jun dunis skutus", " iga \u0263ursn un\u1e93an tussna n tutlayt sirmusinalis (tussna n tutlayt)." ] }, { "en": "The phenomena of vagueness and ambiguity were analyzed intensely", "ber": " and this led to an increasing interest in problems related to the use of syncategorematic words such as and", "null": [ " or", " not", " if", " and every.", "ittuga usfsi n tumayin n ummrks d ummrks kigan", " ynna d ifkan tikki n ta\u0263\u1e0dft imukrisn i\u1e93lin s uswuri n tguriwin am d", " uhu", " mk", " d kull." ] }, { "en": "The suppositio of a term is the interpretation that is given of it in a specific context.", "ber": "iga yisy n yirm assfru as ittufkan g kra n umna\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Such a classification scheme is the precursor of modern distinctions between use and mention", "ber": " and between language and metalanguage.", "null": [ "a\u0263awas n tu\u1e6d\u1e6dut ad iga tazwarut n usyif atrar gr uswuri d ubdar", " d ingr tutlayt d txftutlayt." ] }, { "en": "One part of the common sentence is the lexical word", "ber": " which is composed of nouns", "null": [ " verbs", " and adjectives.", "yat n tgzzumt g twinst tamatut tga tt tguri tanj\u1e5b\u1e5bumt", " g lan wassa\u0263n d imyagn d ifarisn." ] }, { "en": "Philosophical semantics tends to focus on the principle of compositionality to explain the relationship between meaningful parts and whole sentences.", "ber": "ggussn isnummal iflsufn \u0263r tawna xf usnay i ussfru n uzday n gr igzzumn s unamk d twinas tismmadin." }, { "en": "It is possible to use the concept of functions to describe more than just how lexical meanings work: they can also be used to describe the meaning of a sentence.", "ber": "tlla tzmrt n uswuri n urmmus tis\u0263nin i usnml ugar n t\u0263arast n uswuri n inumak n umawal: aswuri nns g usnumml n unamk n twinst." }, { "en": "A propositional function is an operation of language that takes an entity (in this case", "ber": " the horse) as an input and outputs a semantic fact (i.e.", "null": [ " the proposition that is represented by The horse is red).", "\u201ctazzult ittyanan tga yat tmggit n tutlayt ittawin afrdis (g waddad ad ayyis) d akccum ar d yakka tidt tanamkt (s umdya", " asurd yakka \u201c\u201cwayyis azgg\u02b7a\u0263\u201d\u201d).\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Is language acquisition a special faculty in the mind?", "ber": "is tgatutlayt ta\u0263iwant tu\u1e93liyt illan g twngimt?" }, { "en": "The first is the behaviorist perspective", "ber": " which dictates that not only is the solid bulk of language learned", "null": [ " but it is learned via conditioning.", "amzwaru sg usksw n t\u0263ara", " yakkan turdawin is ur d \u0263as agzzum a\u0263urar n tutlayt tamasayt", " maka da ttulmad s u\u025bafr." ] }, { "en": "Nativist models assert that there are specialized devices in the brain that are dedicated to language acquisition.", "ber": "da d akkan imdyatn n tirawt is llan wallaln im\u1e93lay g unnli illan d yisy n tutlayt." }, { "en": "Linguists Sapir and Whorf suggested that language limited the extent to which members of a linguistic community can think about certain subjects (a hypothesis paralleled in George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four).", "ber": "\u201cbdrn imsnilsn sabir d wurf is da takka tutlayt iwtta i mami \u0263int \u201c\u201ctgrawin n tutayt\u201d\u201d ad digs swngmt d isntal g \u0263in ad siwln (turdawt iddan g tnila ad tin ju\u1e5bj u\u1e5bwil g wungal n yif\u1e0d d t\u1e93a n tma\u1e0d d tammraw d kku\u1e93).\u201d" }, { "en": "The stark opposite to the Sapir\u2013Whorf position is the notion that thought (or", "ber": " more broadly", "null": [ " mental content) has priority over language.", "iga unmgal axatar n umnad n sabir wu\u1e5bf tikti ittinin is d aswngm (n\u0263 tumayt tanlla\u0263t s umata) iga amzwaru xf tutlayt." ] }, { "en": "Another argument is that it is difficult to explain how signs and symbols on paper can represent anything meaningful unless some sort of meaning is infused into them by the contents of the mind.", "ber": "an\u1e93a ya\u1e0dn iga is imrar usfsr n mimk zmrnt tmatarin d izmuln xf tifrt ad ilin anamk mk ur ittuskcim unamk digs s tumayin n wala\u0263." }, { "en": "Another tradition of philosophers has attempted to show that language and thought are coextensive \u2013 that there is no way of explaining one without the other.", "ber": "turm yat tmyurt ya\u1e0dn n tflsaft ad tsskn is tman tutlayt d uswngm - d ur tlli ka n t\u0263arast n usfsr n yan bla way\u1e0d." }, { "en": "To an extent", "ber": " the theoretical underpinnings to cognitive semantics (including the notion of semantic framing) suggest the influence of language upon thought.", "null": [ "ar yan uswir", " da sskanent tsila n ti\u1e93i\u1e5bin tinamkin timassanin (g yamu urmmus n ustaw anamkan) is da tettili u\u1e0du\u1e63 tutlayt xf uswngm." ] }, { "en": "There are studies that prove that languages shape how people understand causality.", "ber": "llant tzrawin da tkka askbeb i tutlayin is d nitnti ayd yakkan armas n umntil i middn." }, { "en": "However", "ber": " Spanish or Japanese speakers would be more likely to say the vase broke itself.", "null": [ "\u201cwaxxa", " i\u0263y is d ad inin imsawaln n tutlayt tasblyunit n\u0263 tayabanit \u201c\u201ct\u1e5b\u1e5b\u1e93a tdala ixf nns\u201d\u201d.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Spanish and Japanese speakers did not remember the agents of accidental events as well as did English speakers.", "ber": "ur nnin imsawaln n tutlayt tasblyunit d tyabanit imntiln n tm\u1e63i\u1e5bin am imkinna ttggan imssawaln n tutlayt tanglizit." }, { "en": "In one study German and Spanish speakers were asked to describe objects having opposite gender assignment in those two languages.", "ber": "g yat g tzrawin\u201d ittyattr i imsawaln n tutlayt talmanit d tsblyunit ad fkin timitar i iskkin ur imya\u0263n g wanaw g tutlayin ad s snat." }, { "en": "To describe a bridge", "ber": " which is feminine in German and masculine in Spanish", "null": [ " the German speakers said beautiful", " elegant", " fragile", " peaceful", " pretty and slender", " and the Spanish speakers said big", " dangerous", " long", " strong", " sturdy and towering.", "\u201ci tikki n tfiras n \u201ctillgg\u02b7it\u201d", " tawtmant g tutlayt talmanit uwtman g tutlayt tasblyunit", " nnan i imsawaln ilmanitn \u201ci\u0263uda\u201d", " \u201cizddig\u201d", " \u201cidhc\u201d", " \u201cdigs tisk\u02b7fal\u201d", " \u201ct\u1e93il\u201d d \u201ct\u0263uda\u201d", " ininn imsawaln isblyunitn \u201cixatr\u201d d \u201cimrar\u201d d i\u0263zzif\u201d d idus\u201d d \u201caznta\u1e5b\u201d.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Whether each alien was friendly or hostile was determined by certain subtle features but participants were not told what these were.", "ber": "ittuyassn digsn ma n digsn ayd igan amlwa\u0263 d imhrri sg tmitar maka ur ttyanant i imdrawn tmitar ad." }, { "en": "For the rest", "ber": " the aliens remained nameless.", "null": [ "\u0263ur wiyya\u1e0d", " qqiman ib\u1e5b\u1e5banitn id war ism." ] }, { "en": "It was concluded that naming objects helps us categorize and memorize them.", "ber": "iff\u0263 nwis d tikki n wassa\u0263n i iskkinn ayd ittawn xf tu\u1e6d\u1e6dut d u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du nns." }, { "en": "Within this area", "ber": " issues include: the nature of synonymy", "null": [ " the origins of meaning itself", " our apprehension of meaning", " and the nature of composition (the question of how meaningful units of language are composed of smaller meaningful parts", " and how the meaning of the whole is derived from the meaning of its parts).", "g yigr ad", " llant tmntilin: tilawt n ikniwn", " i\u1e93u\u1e5ban n unamk", " tawda nn\u0263 sg unamk", " d wanaw n usmuttg (asqsi n mimk ttilint tgzzumin n tutlayt mm unamk sg inumak im\u1e93\u1e93ann", " d mimk ittili unamk n ugzzum sg tgzzumin nns)." ] }, { "en": "The ideational theory of meaning", "ber": " most commonly associated with the British empiricist John Locke", "null": [ " claims that meanings are mental representations provoked by signs.", "tnna ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n unamk aswngam", " izdin s umsnirm ab\u1e5bi\u1e6dani jun luk", " gan inumak tiggunsa tanlla\u0263t d akkant tmitar." ] }, { "en": "(See also Wittgenstein's picture theory of language.)", "ber": "(\u1e93\u1e5b altu ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt iwlafn n fitgnctayn i tutlayt.)" }, { "en": "Cambridge", "ber": " Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.", "null": [ "kambridj", " masatcusts: tamsigzt n tsdawit n ha\u1e5bfu\u1e5bd." ] }, { "en": "The reference theory of meaning", "ber": " also known collectively as semantic externalism", "null": [ " views meaning to be equivalent to those things in the world that are actually connected to signs.", "ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt tsa\u0263ult n unamk", " ittwassnn altu s tal\u0263a tamatut s tb\u1e5b\u1e5bant tanamkt", " imnadn n usksw ingaddan d uma\u1e0dal n izmuln." ] }, { "en": "The traditional formulation of such a theory is that the meaning of a sentence is its method of verification or falsification.", "ber": "tal\u0263a taqburt n ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt ad tga nwis d anamk n twinst iga ta\u0263arast nns n\u0263 asili n\u0263 d tas\u1e25sayt." }, { "en": "In this version", "ber": " the comprehension (and hence meaning) of a sentence consists in the hearer's ability to recognize the demonstration (mathematical", "null": [ " empirical or other) of the truth of the sentence.", "g tun\u0263ilt ad", " illa g urmas n twinst (d unamk) tazmrt n umssfls ad yakz afssay (n tusnakt n\u0263 d tanirimt n\u0263 kra ya\u1e0dn) i tidt n twinst." ] }, { "en": "A pragmatic theory of meaning is any theory in which the meaning (or understanding) of a sentence is determined by the consequences of its application.", "ber": "ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt tab\u1e5bagmatit i unamk tga ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt ilan iwtta n unamk (n\u0263 armas) n twinst g tyafutin n usmssi nns." }, { "en": "Gottlob Frege was an advocate of a mediated reference theory.", "ber": "iga gutlub friji yan umary xf ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt tasa\u0263ult tanammast." }, { "en": "Such a thought is abstract", "ber": " universal and objective.", "null": [ "iga uswngm ad zun d tidmi tawngimt tama\u1e0dlant d tin tm\u0263ara." ] }, { "en": "Referents are the objects in the world that words pick out.", "ber": "gant tsu\u0263al iskkinn illan g uma\u1e0dal ar ttustayn s tguriwin." }, { "en": "He viewed proper names of the sort described above as abbreviated definite descriptions (see Theory of descriptions).", "ber": "\u201ci\u1e93\u1e5ba ass\u0263n sg wanaw ittusnmln aflla nns n is gan \u201cisnumal s iwtta isgzal\u201d\u201d (\u1e93\u1e5b ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n isnummal).\u201d" }, { "en": "Such phrases denote in the sense that there is an object that satisfies the description.", "ber": "da sskanent twnnitin anamk n is illa kra yakkan asnumml." }, { "en": "On Frege's account", "ber": " any referring expression has a sense as well as a referent.", "null": [ "g usi\u1e0dn n friji", " ku asnfl asu\u0263al \u0263urs anamk igan asu\u0263al." ] }, { "en": "Despite the differences between the views of Frege and Russell", "ber": " they are generally lumped together as descriptivists about proper names.", "null": [ "waxxa b\u1e0dant tnilawin n usksw gr friji d rusl maka munn g usnuml n wassa\u0263n i\u1e93lin." ] }, { "en": "Consider the name Aristotle and the descriptions the greatest student of Plato", "ber": " the founder of logic and the teacher of Alexander.", "null": [ "\u201caky s wassa\u0263 n a\u1e5bis\u1e6du d tmitar nns \u201c\u201canlmad n afla\u1e6dun amqran\u201d\u201d", " \u201c\u201canbdad n tungint\u201d\u201d d \u201c\u201caslmad n iskanda\u1e5b\u201d\u201d.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "He may have existed and not have become known to posterity at all or he may have died in infancy.", "ber": "i\u0263y is illa maka ur ittusyassn i tsutiwin tin\u1e0dfa\u1e5b n\u0263 immut g tm\u1e93y nns." }, { "en": "But this is deeply counterintuitive.", "ber": "maka askkin ad ur igi am\u1e93lan." }, { "en": "Questions inevitably arise on surrounding topics.", "ber": "ur illi mani i tguri n isqsitn xf isntal as ittin." }, { "en": "David Kellogg Lewis proposed a worthy reply to the first question by expounding the view that a convention is a rationally self-perpetuating regularity in behavior.", "ber": "ifka dayfid kilug lwis tamrarut i\u0263idan i usqsi amzwaru s usfsr n umnad ittinin is tga tmsasat asuds idumn anlla\u0263 g t\u0263ariwin." }, { "en": "Noam Chomsky proposed that the study of language could be done in terms of the I-Language", "ber": " or internal language of persons.", "null": [ "inna na\u025bum tcumski is t\u0263y tzrawt n tutlayt ad tili sg usksw n tutlayt tamzwarut", " n\u0263 tutlayt tagnsant n ku yan." ] }, { "en": "One fruitful source of research involves investigation into the social conditions that give rise to", "ber": " or are associated with", "null": [ " meanings and languages.", "ila yan sg isugam n urzzu ila tiyafutin anada g wutuyn inamunn ittawin s anamk d tutlayin n\u0263 zdint \u1e93i\u1e5bs." ] }, { "en": "The presumptions that prop up each theoretical view are of interest to the philosopher of language.", "ber": "uwint ta\u0263\u1e0dt i uflsaf n tutlayt turdawin ittnalan amnad n ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt." }, { "en": "Rhetoric is the study of the particular words that people use to achieve the proper emotional and rational effect in the listener", "ber": " be it to persuade", "null": [ " provoke", " endear", " or teach.", "tga tasnawalt tazrawt n tguriwin swurin middn ad \u1e6d\u1e6dasn ul d walla\u0263 n imssflidn", " swa iga asyimn n\u0263 agar n\u0263 asyiri n\u0263 asslmd." ] }, { "en": "It also has applications to the study and interpretation of law", "ber": " and helps give insight to the logical concept of the domain of discourse.", "null": [ "tla altu tisnsa i tzrawt n uslgn d sfsr nns", " ar takka asksw i urmmus n tungint g yigr n tinawt." ] }, { "en": "The idea of language is often related to that of logic in its Greek sense as logos", "ber": " meaning discourse or dialectic.", "null": [ "\u201ctzdy tutlayt d tkti n tungint s unamk ayunani zun d \u201c\u201clugus\u201d\u201d", " igan tinawt n\u0263 dialiktik.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Heidegger combines phenomenology with the hermeneutics of Wilhelm Dilthey.", "ber": "da ismun haydigr gr tussna n tumanin d usfsr n filhilm dilti." }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " Sein (being)", "null": [ " the word itself", " is saturated with multiple meanings.", "s umdya ", " taguri Sein (being)", " taguri i ixf nns tla inumak ggudinin." ] }, { "en": "Heidegger claims writing is only a supplement to speech", "ber": " because even readers construct or contribute their own talk while reading.", "null": [ "\u201cinna haydigr nwis ur gint tirra \u0263as asmaad n wawal", " acku awd im\u0263ritn da ttumun g \u201c\u201ctinawt\u201d\u201d addag da qqarn.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "In Truth and Method", "ber": " Gadamer describes language as the medium in which substantive understanding and agreement take place between two people.", "null": [ "\u201cg tidt d t\u0263arast", " inna gadamr nwis tga tutlayt \u201c\u201canammas g ittili urmas d umsasa gr sin mddn.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Paul Ric\u0153ur", "ber": " on the other hand", "null": [ " proposed a hermeneutics which", " reconnecting with the original Greek sense of the term", " emphasized the discovery of hidden meanings in the equivocal terms (or symbols) of ordinary language.", "\u201c bul rikur", " sg tay\u1e0d tsga", " inna is iga ufasr igan", " s wallas n umyawa\u1e0d d unamk ayunani an\u1e93\u0263\u1e5b n yirm", " i\u1e6d\u1e6df g tifi n inumak uffirn g yirmawn imrkas (n\u0263 \u201c\u201cizmuln\u201d\u201d) n tutlayt tafrart.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "It allows them to take advantage of and effectively manipulate the external world in order to create meaning for themselves and transmit this meaning to others.", "ber": "ifka asn isy g uma\u1e0dal ab\u1e5b\u1e5ban d wurar iss s tal\u0263a yakkan anamk i ixfawn nnsn d usmutty n unamk ad \u0263r middn ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "Some important figures in the history of semiotics", "ber": " are Charles Sanders Peirce", "null": [ " Roland Barthes", " and Roman Jakobson.", "kra n iwrikn idslann g umzruy ansinima", " zun d tcarlz sandrz birs", " d \u1e5buland bart", " d \u1e5buman jakubsun." ] }, { "en": "19th century romanticism emphasised human agency and free will in meaning construction.", "ber": "tssakz t\u1e5bumansit g tsuta tis 19 is tayri n ufgan d tlelli nns g unamk n tiski." }, { "en": "Humanistic views are challenged by biological theories of language which consider languages as natural phenomena.", "ber": "ttusnfl imnadn infgann s ti\u1e93i\u1e5bin tibyulujitin n tutlayt ittinin is gant tutlayin tumatin tingamatin." }, { "en": "In Neo-Darwinism", "ber": " Richard Dawkins and other proponents of cultural replicator theories consider languages as populations of mind viruses.", "null": [ "g tdrwinit tmaynut", " inna ritcard dukinz d im\u1e25\u1e0da n ti\u1e93i\u1e5bin n tmyurin tidlsanin nwis gant tutlayin tigrumma n ifirusn n walla\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Some have said that the expression stands for some real", "ber": " abstract universal out in the world called rocks.", "null": [ "\u201cnnan yids is da isskan uwnni ad ama\u1e0dal adttan d uwngim g um\u1e0dal ila assa\u0263 n \u201c\u201ci\u1e93\u1e5ban\u201d\u201d.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "The issue here can be explicated if we examine the proposition Socrates is a Man.", "ber": "\u201cta\u0263awsa da nba\u1e0d ad as ng asfsr mk nga tazrawt \u201c\u201ciga suq\u1e5ba\u1e6d argaz\u201d\u201d.\u201d" }, { "en": "These two things connect in some way or overlap.", "ber": "sin iskkinn ad da ttmzdayn n\u0263 da ttmkcamn." }, { "en": "Another perspective is to consider man to be a property of the entity", "ber": " Socrates.", "null": [ "\u201cyan usksw ya\u1e0dn iga \u201c\u201cargaz\u201d\u201d igan agzzum n yili", " \u201c\u201csuq\u1e5ba\u1e6d\u201d\u201d.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Some of the most prominent members of this tradition of formal semantics include Tarski", "ber": " Carnap", "null": [ " Richard Montague and Donald Davidson.", "yids n ixatarn n igmamn n umyur sg inumak un\u1e63ibn g illa tarski", " karnab", " ritcard muntag d dunald difidsun." ] }, { "en": "They did not believe that the social and practical dimensions of linguistic meaning could be captured by any attempts at formalization using the tools of logic.", "ber": "ur \u0263aln is \u0263in ad ttyasin wudmawn inamunn imassann i unamk n tulayt sg tirmitin i tikki n tal\u0263a tun\u1e63ibt s uswuri n wallaln n tungint." }, { "en": "Many of its ideas have been absorbed by theorists such as Kent Bach", "ber": " Robert Brandom", "null": [ " Paul Horwich and Stephen Neale.", "ukzn im\u1e93\u1e5bitn kigan n tktiyin nns zun d kint bax", " d rubirt brandum d bul hurwitc d stifn nil." ] }, { "en": "In Word and Object", "ber": " Quine asks readers to imagine a situation in which they are confronted with a previously undocumented", "null": [ " group of indigenous people where they must attempt to make sense of the utterances and gestures that its members make.", "g tguri d usntl (Word and Object)", " ittr kwayn sg im\u0263ritn aswngm n is da ttna\u0263n d yat trabbut n imzda\u0263 in\u1e93\u0263\u1e5bn g ixssa ad armn armas n iwaliwn d isllifn ttggan igmamn nns." ] }, { "en": "All that can be done is to examine the utterance as a part of the overall linguistic behaviour of the individual", "ber": " and then use these observations to interpret the meaning of all other utterances.", "null": [ "aynna mi i\u0263y ad ittug d ta\u0263usi n wawal igan agzzum n tikli n tutlayt ittgga ufgan", " d uswuri n isni\u0263isn ad i usfsr n unamk n iwaliwn ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "For Quine", "ber": " as for Wittgenstein and Austin", "null": [ " meaning is not something that is associated with a single word or sentence", " but is rather something that", " if it can be attributed at all", " can only be attributed to a whole language.", "\u0263ur kwayn", " imkinna s iga waddad \u0263ur fitginstayn d ustin", " amak ur d ka izdin s tguri n\u0263 yat n twinst maca ka ig i\u0263y ad as ittufk ad as ittufk g tutlayt kullutt." ] }, { "en": "The specific instances of vagueness that most interest philosophers of language are those where the existence of borderline cases makes it seemingly impossible to say whether a predicate is true or false.", "ber": "\u201caddadn g illa warikz ilan ta\u0263\u1e0dft n umata n iflsafn n tutlayt gan winna ittraran ili n \u201c\u201cwaddadn ayt iwtta\u201d\u201d ur yakkan tazmrt i tinawt ad ttyissn is tga tin tidt n\u0263 tin tkrkas.\u201d" }, { "en": "The philosophy of mathematics is the branch of philosophy that studies the assumptions", "ber": " foundations", "null": [ " and implications of mathematics.", "tga tflsaft n tusnakt yat sg tflsafin ittggan tazrawt i turdawin d tsila d idrizn illan xf tusnakt." ] }, { "en": "Today", "ber": " some philosophers of mathematics aim to give accounts of this form of inquiry and its products as they stand", "null": [ " while others emphasize a role for themselves that goes beyond simple interpretation to critical analysis.", "ass ad", " lan yids n iflsafn n tusnakt asu\u0263d n usnil n isi\u1e0dinn i usfsr d tyafutin nns imkinna gant", " uma yids ya\u1e0dn ar ttinin nwis zrin asfsr afrar ddun \u0263r usfsr amz\u0263an." ] }, { "en": "Greek philosophy on mathematics was strongly influenced by their study of geometry.", "ber": "tugm tflsaft tayunanit n tusnakt g tzrawin nnsn gan g utwal." }, { "en": "Therefore", "ber": " 3", "null": [ " for example", " represented a certain multitude of units", " and was thus not truly a number.", "xf mi", " 3", " xf umdya", " tga yan um\u1e0dan n tgzzumin", " aynna\u0263 as ur tgi azwil." ] }, { "en": "These earlier Greek ideas of numbers were later upended by the discovery of the irrationality of the square root of two.", "ber": "tik\u02b7tay ad tiyunanitin zrinin xf izwiln nng\u02b7dmnt g yat n tizi ya\u1e0dn s tifi n taranlla\u0263t i u\u1e93u\u1e5b amkku\u1e93 n sin." }, { "en": "According to legend", "ber": " fellow Pythagoreans were so traumatized by this discovery that they murdered Hippasus to stop him from spreading his heretical idea.", "null": [ "s tinawt n wumiy", " duyn in\u1e0dfa\u1e5b n fita\u0263urs s tifi ad aynna\u0263 as n\u0263an hubasus ad ur issuf\u0263 tiktit nns tahir\u1e6diqt." ] }, { "en": "It is a profound puzzle that on the one hand mathematical truths seem to have a compelling inevitability", "ber": " but on the other hand the source of their truthfulness remains elusive.", "null": [ "\u201cd ta\u0263uni i\u025bubn n tiditin n tusnakt mi ittyakz nwis tla sg yat tnila \u201ctidt\u201d tay\u1e0d tsga da tsskan is taggug \u0263ifs.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Three schools", "ber": " formalism", "null": [ " intuitionism", " and logicism", " emerged at this time", " partly in response to the increasingly widespread worry that mathematics as it stood", " and analysis in particular", " did not live up to the standards of certainty and rigor that had been taken for granted.", "ff\u0263nt d k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt n tinmal", " tal\u0263ant", " tawngimant", " tam\u1e93lant", " g wakud ad", " tamrarut i umrar iggudin is tg tusnakt s imkinna s tlla d usfsi g tizwiri", " ur da ttaly ad nn tlkm tidt g ittyakkas usurd." ] }, { "en": "As the century unfolded", "ber": " the initial focus of concern expanded to an open exploration of the fundamental axioms of mathematics", "null": [ " the axiomatic approach having been taken for granted since the time of Euclid around 300\u00a0BCE as the natural basis for mathematics.", "tdda s dat tsuta", "tirw tawna tamzwarut n umrrt allig issadf tifitin timanafin i tmyurin tidslanin n tusnakt", " allig tcil i t\u0263arast takuyast ad tg tasila angama n tusnakt sg uzmz n iqlids attay n 300 dat n tlalit." ] }, { "en": "In mathematics", "ber": " as in physics", "null": [ " new and unexpected ideas had arisen and significant changes were coming.", "g tusnakt", " imkinna\u0263 awd i tfiziqt", " ff\u0263nt d tktay timaynutin ur ittudmin d illwan isnfaln idslann d ikkan abrid." ] }, { "en": "I do not think that the difficulties that philosophy finds with classical mathematics today are genuine difficulties; and I think that the philosophical interpretations of mathematics that we are being offered on every hand are wrong", "ber": " and that philosophical interpretation is just what mathematics doesn't need.", "null": [ "ur \u0263al\u0263 is gan imukrisn ttafa tflsaft g tusnakt taklasikit ass ad ", " gant timukrisin n tidt; i\u0263il\u0263 is gan ifsarn iflsufn i tusnakt nsnili g ku ttasga is tzgl", " d \u201c\u201cusfsr aflsafi\u201d\u201d iga askkin ur as inngzin i tusnak." ] }, { "en": "Many working mathematicians have been mathematical realists; they see themselves as discoverers of naturally occurring objects.", "ber": "kigan n imassann n tusnakt iswurin gan inilawn g tusnakt; da sksiwn ixfawn nnsn is lan asurd g ku askkin itts\u1e5bun iwa\u1e0du nns." }, { "en": "Certain principles (e.g.", "ber": " for any two objects", "null": [ " there is a collection of objects consisting of precisely those two objects) could be directly seen to be true", " but the continuum hypothesis conjecture might prove undecidable just on the basis of such principles.", "i\u0263y ad ittyinny kra n usila (s umdya", " i ku sin imilit", " tlla trabbut n iskkinn g llan sin imilitn ad day) s tal\u0263a tusridt is tga tamddadt", " maka i\u0263y ad ur ig unqqis n uswngm g tudrawin nns ma ay d ittbddan xf iwtta imzwura." ] }, { "en": "Both Plato's cave and Platonism have meaningful", "ber": " not just superficial connections", "null": [ " because Plato's ideas were preceded and probably influenced by the hugely popular Pythagoreans of ancient Greece", " who believed that the world was", " quite literally", " generated by numbers.", "ila ifri n afla\u1e6dun d tfla\u1e6dunit izdayn ayt isu\u0263ad", " maka ur d \u0263as izdayn udmkaln", " acku zwarnt tnt tktay n afla\u1e6dun n\u0263 is digsnt tugm", " lant tktay n fita\u0263urs ad\u0263ar axatar gr wamun ayunani aqbur", " i\u0263aln is iska uma\u1e0dal s tbridt n im\u1e0dann." ] }, { "en": "This view bears resemblances to many things Husserl said about mathematics", "ber": " and supports Kant's idea that mathematics is synthetic a priori.)", "null": [ "ya\u0263 umnad a g imnadn inna husrl cf tusnakt", " ar ittaws i tkti n kan\u1e6d nwis tga tusnakt tasnayt n wafrar.)" ] }, { "en": "Full-blooded Platonism is a modern variation of Platonism", "ber": " which is in reaction to the fact that different sets of mathematical entities can be proven to exist depending on the axioms and inference rules employed (for instance", "null": [ " the law of the excluded middle", " and the axiom of choice).", "tga tfla\u1e6dunit ismdn amzaray n tinawt n tfla\u1e6dunit ittraran xf tidt n tgrawin tusnakin iskan xf tfrarin d islgan n usn\u1e93y ittuswurin (s umdya", " aslgn anammas isuggugn", " tafrart n ustay)." ] }, { "en": "Set-theoretic realism (also set-theoretic Platonism) a position defended by Penelope Maddy", "ber": " is the view that set theory is about a single universe of sets.", "null": [ "ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n tilawt iwrn (altu tagrawt n ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt tafla\u1e6dunit) yan umnad xf irura binilubi maddi", " ittinin is d ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n tgrawin ittettin xf yan uma\u1e0dal n tgrawin." ] }, { "en": "They attributed the paradox to vicious circularity and built up what they called ramified type theory to deal with it.", "ber": "\u201crarin amyillas \u201c\u201ctwrerrayt yuran\u201d\u201d skun ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n wanaw amagut i umrara ids.\u201d" }, { "en": "Even Russell said that this axiom did not really belong to logic.", "ber": "awd rasl inna is ur da tamu tfrart ad g tungint." }, { "en": "Frege required Basic Law V to be able to give an explicit definition of the numbers", "ber": " but all the properties of numbers can be derived from Hume's principle.", "null": [ "ittr friji ad izmr uslgn adslan wis smmus i tikki n usnuml ittyakazn i im\u1e0dann", " maka tlla tzmrt nwad ttufkinnt tmitar n izwiln s twafu\u0263t sg usnti n hyum." ] }, { "en": "But it does allow the working mathematician to continue in his or her work and leave such problems to the philosopher or scientist.", "ber": "macan da tettadja i umusnaw n tusnakt ad iswuri s tsult g twuri nns d tadj zun d imukrisn ad i ifilusuf n\u0263 d amusnaw." }, { "en": "Hilbert aimed to show the consistency of mathematical systems from the assumption that the finitary arithmetic (a subsystem of the usual arithmetic of the positive integers", "ber": " chosen to be philosophically uncontroversial) was consistent.", "null": [ "is\u0263ud hilbrt ad issuff\u0263 amsasa isdsan isnkan s turda asi\u1e0dn amggaru(d amagaw ayyaw i usi\u1e0dn n im\u1e0dann imddadn ", " d stin t ad ur ig anbdar i tflsafit) iga amsasa." ] }, { "en": "Thus", "ber": " in order to show that any axiomatic system of mathematics is in fact consistent", "null": [ " one needs to first assume the consistency of a system of mathematics that is in a sense stronger than the system to be proven consistent.", "s man aya", " fad ad iff\u0263 umagaw abadihi i tusnaka imsasa g tilawt", " ira bnadm d amzwaru ad idmu amsasa n umagaw asnukan nna idusn fad ad izga amsasa." ] }, { "en": "Other formalists", "ber": " such as Rudolf Carnap", "null": [ " Alfred Tarski", " and Haskell Curry", " considered mathematics to be the investigation of formal axiom systems.", "ar ssitig\u0263 itsn imckwitn a\u1e0dnin zun d \u1e5budulf ka\u1e5bnab", " d haskil kari", " tusnikwin gant asaggu g imigaw ibidahitn un\u1e63ibn." ] }, { "en": "The more games we study", "ber": " the better.", "null": [ "kud trnun uggar n tsurarin nss\u0263ra", " yuf imki." ] }, { "en": "The main critique of formalism is that the actual mathematical ideas that occupy mathematicians are far removed from the string manipulation games mentioned above.", "ber": "ismdya ufran asilan i twila g twngimin tisknawin nna swurin imusnawn n tsnakt yaggugn i tsurarin s udinan nenna yad." }, { "en": "Brouwer", "ber": " the founder of the movement", "null": [ " held that mathematical objects arise from the a priori forms of the volitions that inform the perception of empirical objects.", "yannay b\u1e5buw\u1e5b", " amrsl n umussu", " ti\u0263awsiwin n tsnaka tettwahyya g twila izrin i tirayin nna issnn atam n t\u0263awsiwin tinaramin." ] }, { "en": "The axiom of choice is also rejected in most intuitionistic set theories", "ber": " though in some versions it is accepted.", "null": [ "yugy tabadihit tafranit g uggar n tannayin tirubba tiwngimin", " ur ittssudn g itsnt tfif\u0263in." ] }, { "en": "In this view", "ber": " mathematics is an exercise of the human intuition", "null": [ " not a game played with meaningless symbols.", "g tannayt inu ad", " gant tsnukin timskarin i twngimin n ufgan", " maci tasurart ittirirn s uzmmul ur ilin anamk." ] }, { "en": "Likewise all the other whole numbers are defined by their places in a structure", "ber": " the number line.", "null": [ "s umdya", " da itt\u1e93lay tuggt inm\u1e0dan a\u1e0dnin s ud\u0263arn nnsn g uhaykali", " tarayt n inm\u1e0dan." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " its central claim only relates to what kind of entity a mathematical object is", "null": [ " not to what kind of existence mathematical objects or structures have (not", " in other words", " to their ontology).", "s man aya", " tuttra nns tinnumsa tga anaw am\u0263naw nna ismya t um\u0263naw amaddal", " maci anaw n tilit nna ilan ti\u0263awsiwin d tn\u0263a tamaddalt ( s twnnit a\u1e0dnin", " s tussna n tilit ta\u1e93layt)." ] }, { "en": "Structures are held to have a real but abstract and immaterial existence.", "ber": "i\u0263la id tan\u0263iwin lant tidt macan waratig d warakmam." }, { "en": "Structures are held to exist inasmuch as some concrete system exemplifies them.", "ber": "tan\u0263iwin illan anct n imagawn ix\u1e5b\u1e63iyn." }, { "en": "Like nominalism", "ber": " the post rem approach denies the existence of abstract mathematical objects with properties other than their place in a relational structure.", "null": [ "zun d tassa\u0263t", " inkr ammak dat n rim llan im\u0263nawn imaddaln iwngimn s unama\u1e93 ya\u1e0dnin ur illin g tuska tuqqant." ] }, { "en": "It is held that mathematics is not universal and does not exist in any real sense", "ber": " other than in human brains.", "null": [ "i\u0263al id tusnakt is ur tgi tama\u1e0dlant d is ur tlli s unamk n tidit", " s umzaray n walni n ufgan." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " the human mind has no special claim on reality or approaches to it built out of math.", "null": [ "s man aya", " ur illi i walni n ufgan kan tuttra s tilawt n\u0263 d tamyadast nns ittuskan xf tusnakat." ] }, { "en": "The most accessible", "ber": " famous", "null": [ " and infamous treatment of this perspective is Where Mathematics Comes From", " by George Lakoff and Rafael E. N\u00fa\u00f1ez.", "asujji ittwassan bzzaf i umnad ad iga t ma g d tettddu tusnakat", " s u\u0263anib ju\u1e5bj lakuf d \u1e5bafil inuniz." ] }, { "en": "Franklin", "ber": " James (2014)", "null": [ " An Aristotelian Realist Philosophy of Mathematics", " Palgrave Macmillan", " Basingstoke; Franklin", " James (2021)", " Mathematics as a science of non-abstract reality: Aristotelian realist philosophies of mathematics", " Foundations of Science 25.", "f\u1e5bankil", " jimis (2014)", " \u201c taflsaft n a\u1e5bi\u1e63\u1e6du tanilawt i tusnakat\u201d", " baljrif makmilan", " basinjstus", " f\u1e5banklin", " jimis (2021)", " \u201c\u201c tasnakt d tussna i tilawt ur igin waratig : tiflsafin tinaliwin ta\u1e5bu\u1e63\u1e6du\u1e6din", "\u201d\u201c timrsal n tussna 25.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "The Euclidean arithmetic developed by John Penn Mayberry in his book The Foundations of Mathematics in the Theory of Sets also falls into the Aristotelian realist tradition.", "ber": "asi\u1e0dn aqbur nna isbu\u0263la jun bn mayibiri g udlis nns asrs n trsal n tuskanat g tannayt n trubba illa ula g tilawt taqburt tari\u1e63\u1e6du\u1e6d." }, { "en": "Edmund Husserl", "ber": " in the first volume of his Logical Investigations", "null": [ " called The Prolegomena of Pure Logic", " criticized psychologism thoroughly and sought to distance himself from it.", "ifrn idmund hursl", " g ufr\u0263s amzwaru d ufaggu nns n tidt", " s uzwl tazwart n tilawt izddign tussna tuklist iran tuggugt i yiman nns." ] }, { "en": "That is", "ber": " since physics needs to talk about electrons to say why light bulbs behave as they do", "null": [ " then electrons must exist.", "tafiziyt tra amzzu xf iliktrunat ad tini max ad tmskr tasafut n usidd nna tskr", " ifukk ad ilin iliktrunitn." ] }, { "en": "It argues for the existence of mathematical entities as the best explanation for experience", "ber": " thus stripping mathematics of being distinct from the other sciences.", "null": [ "illa mrara n wawal xf tilawt n imilitn n tusnakt d yakkan asfsr n tirmit g tgara ukus n ustay n tusnakt xf tmassanin ya\u1e0dnin." ] }, { "en": "This grew from the increasingly popular assertion in the late 20th century that no one foundation of mathematics could be ever proven to exist.", "ber": "igma ubrak a\u0263rfan ittxitirn g tgiriwin n tsuta tis 20 nwis ur tli tusnakt yan usila day ula i\u0263y awd yan ad yini tla t." }, { "en": "A mathematical argument can transmit falsity from the conclusion to the premises just as well as it can transmit truth from the premises to the conclusion.", "ber": "tba\u1e0d tn\u1e93at n tusnakt ad tsmutty azggal sg tyafut \u0263r tzwaratin imkinna t\u0263y ad tsmutty tidt n tzwaratin \u0263r tigira." }, { "en": "He gave a detailed argument for this in New Directions.", "ber": "ifka an\u1e93a amgzum i uya g tnaliwin timaynutin." }, { "en": "If mathematics is just as empirical as the other sciences", "ber": " then this suggests that its results are just as fallible as theirs", "null": [ " and just as contingent.", "mk tga tusnakt tanirmit am tussniwin ya\u1e0dn", " aya da isskan is rad zdint tyafutin nns d tyafutin nnsn", " tinmgalin." ] }, { "en": "For a philosophy of mathematics that attempts to overcome some of the shortcomings of Quine and G\u00f6del's approaches by taking aspects of each see Penelope Maddy's Realism in Mathematics.", "ber": "i tifi n tflsaft n tusnakt ittna\u0263n d inngzutn illan g tannayt n kwayn dgudl s yisy n igzzumn digsn", "null": [ " \u1e93\u1e5b tanilawt n binilub maddi g tusnakt." ] }, { "en": "He started with the betweenness of Hilbert's axioms to characterize space without coordinatizing it", "ber": " and then added extra relations between points to do the work formerly done by vector fields.", "null": [ "\u201cissnta s \u201c\u201ctangrt\u201d\u201d n tfrarin n hilbrt i usfrs n usayrar min assuds", " irnu as azday ya\u1e0dn n gr tnqqa\u1e0d i twuri kkan da ttggan yigran n tnilawin zikk.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "By this account", "ber": " there are no metaphysical or epistemological problems special to mathematics.", "null": [ "sg usi\u1e0dn ad", " ur llin imukrisn imitafiziqn n\u0263 d imassann lumn s tusnakt." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " while on an empiricist view the evaluation is some sort of comparison with reality", "null": [ " social constructivists emphasize that the direction of mathematical research is dictated by the fashions of the social group performing it or by the needs of the society financing it.", "\u201cw\u0263ar", " iga ussitg n umnad anirim anaw n usmzazal d \u201c\u201ctilawt\u201d\u201d", " ar ttinin imskitn inamunn is tga tnila n urzzu n tusnakt yat akkant tmamkin n tgrawt tanamunt tt ittggan n\u0263 inngzutn n usdrim anamun.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "But social constructivists argue that mathematics is in fact grounded by much uncertainty: as mathematical practice evolves", "ber": " the status of previous mathematics is cast into doubt", "null": [ " and is corrected to the degree it is required or desired by the current mathematical community.", "mak da tt\u1e93in imska inamunn is tga tusnakt mm tawna g tilawt xf kigan n usurd: d tigmi n tigawt n tusnakt", " allig illa usurd g tusnakt taqburt", " ar ttus\u0263ti \u0263r tsk\u02b7flt ira wamun n tusnakt n d\u0263i." ] }, { "en": "The social nature of mathematics is highlighted in its subcultures.", "ber": "da ttusskan tgama tanamunt n tusnakt g tdlsa nns tanadawt." }, { "en": "Social constructivists see the process of doing mathematics as actually creating the meaning", "ber": " while social realists see a deficiency either of human capacity to abstractify", "null": [ " or of human's cognitive bias", " or of mathematicians' collective intelligence as preventing the comprehension of a real universe of mathematical objects.", "\u201cda sksiwn imska inamunnis tga tmggit \u201c\u201dtigawt n tusnakt\u201d\u201d g tilawt da ttarw anamk", " maka da sksiwn inilawn inamunn is iga ku anngzu g tzmrt tanfgant i uwngm", " n\u0263 ku agguss awassan i ufgan", " n\u0263 g umi\u0263is angraw n imassann n tusnakt da igddl armas n uma\u1e0dal adttan i iskkinn n tusnakt.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "More recently Paul Ernest has explicitly formulated a social constructivist philosophy of mathematics.", "ber": "g tgiriwin ad", "null": [ " iska bul irnist tflsaft taniskit tanamunt i tusnakt." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " the tools of linguistics are not generally applied to the symbol systems of mathematics", "null": [ " that is", " mathematics is studied in a markedly different way from other languages.", "xf umdya", " ur da ttusnsin wallaln n tsnilst s tal\u0263a tamatut xf izmuln n tusnakt", " s unamk n is da ttuslmad tusnakt s t\u0263arast istin xf tutlayin ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " the methods developed by Frege and Tarski for the study of mathematical language have been extended greatly by Tarski's student Richard Montague and other linguists working in formal semantics to show that the distinction between mathematical language and natural language may not be as great as it seems.", "null": [ "m\u0263ar", " isbu\u0263la ritcard muntag amzraw n tarski ti\u0263arasin issgma firji d taski i tzrawt n tutlayt n tusnakt d imsnilsn ya\u1e0dn iswurin xf inumak un\u1e63ibn i usskan n b\u1e6d\u1e6du illann gr tutlayt n tusnakt d tutlayt tangamat i\u0263y is ur ixatr \u025bni\u0263." ] }, { "en": "The assertion that all entities postulated in scientific theories", "ber": " including numbers", "null": [ " should be accepted as real is justified by confirmation holism.", "\u201casddid xf \u201c\u201cma\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u201d imilitn ittusarsn g ti\u1e93i\u1e5bin timassanin", " g amun im\u1e0dann", " isil umsasa d is gan win tidt", " ar as takka an\u1e93a t\u0263iwant n isddid.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Field developed his views into fictionalism.", "ber": "isbu\u0263la fyild imnadn nns \u0263r tiwngimanin." }, { "en": "The argument hinges on the idea that a satisfactory naturalistic account of thought processes in terms of brain processes can be given for mathematical reasoning along with everything else.", "ber": "iskutt wan\u1e93a xf tktit is i\u0263y isfsr angam ama\u1e0dun i tmggitin n uswngm sg tmggitin n unli i\u0263y ad ittuzri \u0263r uswingm n tusnakt g tsga n ku askkin ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "Another line of defense is to maintain that abstract objects are relevant to mathematical reasoning in a way that is non-causal", "ber": " and not analogous to perception.", "null": [ "izririg itrrar ya\u1e0dn iga t u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du xf iskkinn iwngimn mi \u0263ur azday s uswngm n tusnakts t\u0263arast tar amntil ula ta\u0263 g yikz." ] }, { "en": "By way of example", "ber": " they provide two proofs of the irrationality of .", "null": [ "s t\u0263arast n umdya", " da akkan sin in\u1e93atn xf taranlla\u0263t." ] }, { "en": "Paul Erd\u0151s was well known for his notion of a hypothetical Book containing the most elegant or beautiful mathematical proofs.", "ber": "\u201cittyassn bul idus s urmmus nns xf \u201c\u201cudlis\u201d\u201d awngim g llan in\u1e93atn n tusnakt izddign \u1e93iln.\u201d" }, { "en": "By the same token", "ber": " however", "null": [ " philosophers of mathematics have sought to characterize what makes one proof more desirable than another when both are logically sound.", "g yan ubrud", " ddan iflsafn n tusnakt g usnuml n uynna ittraran yan un\u1e93a ad yaf way\u1e0d addag akk\u02b7 dttan s sin." ] }, { "en": "Philosophy of mind is a branch of philosophy that studies the ontology and nature of the mind and its relationship with the body.", "ber": "tga tflsaft n walla\u0263 anaw n tflsaft isslmadn tun\u1e6dulujit d tgama n walla\u0263 d uzday nns d tfgga." }, { "en": "Dualism and monism are the two central schools of thought on the mind\u2013body problem", "ber": " although nuanced views have arisen that do not fit one or the other category neatly.", "null": [ "tayuga d tyuwnt gant tinmal tinammasin i tkti xf umukris n walla\u0263 d tfgga", " waxxa d ff\u0263n imnadn imzarayn ur igi win yat tsga n tay\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Hart", "ber": " W.D. (1996) Dualism", "null": [ " in Samuel Guttenplan (org) A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind", " Blackwell", " Oxford", " 265-7.", "\u201chart", " w.d. (1996) \u201c\u201ctayuga\u201d\u201d", " g samwil gittnblan (org) asmun n tflsaft n walla\u0263", " blakwil", " uksfurd", " 265-7." ] }, { "en": "Pinel", "ber": " J. Psychobiology", "null": [ " (1990) Prentice Hall", " Inc. LeDoux", " J. (2002) The Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are", " New York:Viking Penguin.", "binil", " j. tabsikulujit", " (1990) brintis hul", " ink. ludu", " j. (2002) tafgga tamratsat: ma imk ttgan walla\u0263n nn\u0263 matta nkk\u02b7ni", " nyuyurk: fayking bingwin." ] }, { "en": "Psychological Predicates", "ber": " in W. H. Capitan and D. D. Merrill", "null": [ " eds.", "", "\u201cimnnitn inimann\u201d", " g w. h. kabitan", " d. d. mrril", " imaran", "\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Secondly", "ber": " intentional states of consciousness do not make sense on non-reductive physicalism.", "null": [ "wis sin", " addadn n yiky ittyaran ur \u0263urs anamk g takmamt tarazgzl." ] }, { "en": "Someone's desire for a slice of pizza", "ber": " for example", "null": [ " will tend to cause that person to move his or her body in a specific manner and in a specific direction to obtain what he or she wants.", "tayri n uwrik g yili n tf\u1e6da\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e25t n bitza", " xf umdya", " da ttrara awrik nna da ard yawy tafkka nns s yat n t\u0263arast d yat n tnila taf ad tt yam\u1e93." ] }, { "en": "Robinson", "ber": " H. (1983): Aristotelian dualism", "null": [ " Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 1", " 123\u201344.", "\u201c\u1e5bubinsun", " h. (1983): \u201c\u201ctayugant n aris\u1e6du\u201d\u201d", " tizrawin n uksfurd g tflsaft taqburt 1", " 123\u201344." ] }, { "en": "They would almost certainly deny that the mind simply is the brain", "ber": " or vice versa", "null": [ " finding the idea that there is just one ontological entity at play to be too mechanistic or unintelligible.", "dru\u0263 iga asddid yigy is iga walla\u0263 anli", " n\u0263 d mgal", " i tifi n tkti n is illa yan imili n tilawt da iswuri ad ig amikaniki n\u0263 ur itturmis." ] }, { "en": "So", "ber": " for example", "null": [ " one can reasonably ask what a burnt finger feels like", " or what a blue sky looks like", " or what nice music sounds like to a person.", "aynna\u0263 as", " xf umdya", " i\u0263y ufgan ad isqsa s tal\u0263a tanlla\u0263t xf yiky n u\u1e0dad ixusn", " n\u0263 ma imk iga yignna anili", " n\u0263ma imk iga u\u1e93awan i\u1e25lan \u0263ur ka." ] }, { "en": "There are qualia involved in these mental events that seem particularly difficult to reduce to anything physical.", "ber": "llant tzmmar tignsatin illan g tim\u1e63a\u1e5bin tinlla\u0263in imrarn i uzgzl \u0263r kra n uskkin n tfgga." }, { "en": "Dualism must therefore explain how consciousness affects physical reality.", "ber": "aynna\u0263 as da ttusfsar tyugant ma imk s rad i\u1e6d\u1e6das yiky tilawt takmamt." }, { "en": "Knowledge", "ber": " however", "null": [ " is apprehended by reasoning from ground to consequent.", "tussna", " m\u0263ar", " da ttyikiz s usn\u1e93y sg wakal d ma ayd ids ittmunn." ] }, { "en": "The basic idea is that one can imagine one's body", "ber": " and therefore conceive the existence of one's body", "null": [ " without any conscious states being associated with this body.", "taktit tadslant tga iky mi i\u0263y ufgan ad t ig i tfgga nns", " ar ittakz imi n tfgga nns", " bla addadn yukzn tilawt n tfgga ad." ] }, { "en": "Others such as Dennett have argued that the notion of a philosophical zombie is an incoherent", "ber": " or unlikely", "null": [ " concept.", "n\u1e93in wiyya\u1e0d zun d dinit is tga tkti n \u1e93umbi aflsaf yan urmmus immzdayn n\u0263 t ur igi." ] }, { "en": "It is the view that mental states", "ber": " such as beliefs and desires", "null": [ " causally interact with physical states.", "d umnad ittinin nwis da ttmmfkan waddadn inalla\u0263n", " zun d a\u0263aln d tayriwin", " s umntil d waddadn n tfgga." ] }, { "en": "Descartes' argument depends on the premise that what Seth believes to be clear and distinct ideas in his mind are necessarily true.", "ber": "\u201ciskutt wan\u1e93a n dikart xf turda n uynna i\u0263al sit is d tiktitin \u201c\u201cittyakzn \u0263udunt\u201d\u201d g twngimt nns gant timddadin.\u201d" }, { "en": "Cambridge", "ber": " MA: MIT Press (Bradford) For example", "null": [ " Joseph Agassi suggests that several scientific discoveries made since the early 20th century have undermined the idea of privileged access to one's own ideas.", "kambridj", " masatcusts: tamsiggzt n usinag masatcusts i tetiknlujit (bradfur) xf umdya", " ar ittini juzif agsi is d kigan n tifitin timassanin ittugan g imzwura n tsuta tis 20 ifka takti n ugulu n tktitin n ufgan." ] }, { "en": "This view was most prominently defended by Gottfried Leibniz.", "ber": "irura jutfrid laybiniz xf umnad ad kigan." }, { "en": "These emergent properties have an independent ontological status and cannot be reduced to", "ber": " or explained in terms of", "null": [ " the physical substrate from which they emerge.", "timitar ad ittuskan \u0263urs addad n tilawt tasimant ur ittuzgzaln n\u0263 ttusfsr g trslt tagmamt g tska." ] }, { "en": "Epiphenomenalism is a doctrine first formulated by Thomas Henry Huxley.", "ber": "tibifinuminalit tga yat ta\u0263alt iska tikklt tamzwarut tumas hinri huksli." }, { "en": "This view has been defended by Frank Jackson.", "ber": "irar frank jaksun xf umnad ad." }, { "en": "Panpsychism is the view that all matter has a mental aspect", "ber": " or", "null": [ " alternatively", " all objects have a unified center of experience or point of view.", "asksw ansmuttr iga amnad ittinin is d ku agmam \u0263urs yat n tsga tanalla\u0263t", " n\u0263", " g ud\u0263ar nns", " kull iskkinn \u0263ursn ammas n tirmit n\u0263 amnad amyuwn." ] }, { "en": "An example of these disparate degrees of freedom is given by Allan Wallace who notes that it is experientially apparent that one may be physically uncomfortable\u2014for instance", "ber": " while engaging in a strenuous physical workout\u2014while mentally cheerful; conversely", "null": [ " one may be mentally distraught while experiencing physical comfort.", "\u201camdya ad n tsk\u02b7fal n tlelli imzarayn ifka t alan walas innan is \u201c\u201ct\u0263arast tanirmt is ur iswanfa ufgan g tfgga - s umdya", " akud g illa g yan yirim imrarn n tfgga - maka da ittmdaz g walla\u0263; d unmgal nns", " ad yili u\u1e5bmay n walla\u0263 d uswunfu n tfgga\u201d\u201d.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Mental states can cause changes in physical states and vice versa.", "ber": "i\u0263y ad fkin waddadn n walla\u0263 isnfal g waddadn n tfgga d mgal amddad." }, { "en": "Experiential dualism is accepted as the conceptual framework of Madhyamaka Buddhism.", "ber": "tayugant tanirmit", "null": [ " tzry is tga asuty armmusan n tbudit madhyamaka." ] }, { "en": "In denying the independent self-existence of all the phenomena that make up the world of our experience", "ber": " the Madhyamaka view departs from both the substance dualism of Descartes and the substance monism\u2014namely", "null": [ " physicalism\u2014that is characteristic of modern science.", "g yigy n tilawt tanimant tasimant i tumanin illan g uma\u1e0dal n tirmit nns", " ifr\u0263 umnad n madyamaka xf tyugant n mummu \u0263ur dikart d xf tmyuwt n mummu -igan tagmamt- iga yat sg tmatarin n tussna tatrart." ] }, { "en": "Indeed", "ber": " physicalism", "null": [ " or the idea that matter is the only fundamental substance of reality", " is explicitly rejected by Buddhism.", "g tilawt", " tagmamt", " n\u0263 tikti n is d tagmamt ayd igan mummi adslan abaylal n tilawt", " tugy tt tbudit." ] }, { "en": "While the former commonly have mass", "ber": " location", "null": [ " velocity", " shape", " size", " and numerous other physical attributes", " these are not generally characteristic of mental phenomena.", "g ud\u0263ar", " tlla \u0263ur tmzwarut tastli d wansa d usddrf d tal\u0263a d uksay d kigan n tmitar n tfgga ya\u1e0dn", " tid ur gint sg tmitar n tumanin tinalla\u0263in s tal\u0263a tamatut." ] }, { "en": "The fundamentally disparate nature of reality has been central to forms of eastern philosophies for over two millennia.", "ber": "mkta aya tga tgama tamzarayt i tilawt tadslant n tal\u0263iwin tiflsafin n unqqr ugar n snat tma\u1e0d n isgg\u02b7asn aya." }, { "en": "Physicalistic monism asserts that the only existing substance is physical", "ber": " in some sense of that term to be clarified by our best science.", "null": [ "ar tsddi tmyuwt tafiziqt is ur illi g tgmamin illan bla tafiziqt", " s unamk n is da ittusikiz yirm ad s umyif n tussna illan." ] }, { "en": "Although pure idealism", "ber": " such as that of George Berkeley", "null": [ " is uncommon in contemporary Western philosophy", " a more sophisticated variant called panpsychism", " according to which mental experience and properties may be at the foundation of physical experience and properties", " has been espoused by some philosophers such as Alfred North Whitehead and David Ray Griffin.", "waxxa ur ttyassn tmyant tabaylalt", " zun d tin jurj birkli g tflsaft n u\u0263lluy tatrat", " maka illa yan usnfl ittyassnn s tabanbsikit (panpsychism)", " i\u0263in is tga tasila n tirmt d tmitar n tfiziqt", " usin tt kra n iflsafn zun d albirt nurt waytihid d diayfid ray grifin." ] }, { "en": "A third possibility is to accept the existence of a basic substance that is neither physical nor mental.", "ber": "ti\u0263it tis k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt tga amsasa n yili n tgmamt taadslant ur igin tin tfgga ula tin walla\u0263." }, { "en": "Introspective reports on one's own interior mental life are not subject to careful examination for accuracy and cannot be used to form predictive generalizations.", "ber": "ur da tta\u0263n inqqisn inilmn xf tudrt tanalla\u0263t tagnsant i uwdan i unada n usddid ula \u0263in ad ttuswurin i tskrawt n tmatttin ninimalin." }, { "en": "Parallel to these developments in psychology", "ber": " a philosophical behaviorism (sometimes called logical behaviorism) was developed.", "null": [ "s tamunt d ibu\u0263lutn ad g tbsikulujt", " tettuga tigmi i tikli taflsaft (ilan assa\u0263 n tikli tungint)." ] }, { "en": "These philosophers reasoned that", "ber": " if mental states are something material", "null": [ " but not behavioral", " then mental states are probably identical to internal states of the brain.", "syfan iflsufn ad s ig gan waddadn inalla\u0263n agmam", " maca ur d tungint", " i\u0263y ad gin addadn inalla\u0263n imunn d waddadn ignsann n unli." ] }, { "en": "According to token identity theories", "ber": " the fact that a certain brain state is connected with only one mental state of a person does not have to mean that there is an absolute correlation between types of mental state and types of brain state.", "null": [ "s ti\u1e93i\u1e5bin n tamust tazmulant", " tga tidt n waddad analla\u0263 tamzdayt s waddad analla\u0263 n yan ufgan", " ur igin angidda d tilawt n gr wanawn n waddad analla\u0263 d wanawn n waddad n inli." ] }, { "en": "Finally", "ber": " Wittgenstein's idea of meaning as use led to a version of functionalism as a theory of meaning", "null": [ " further developed by Wilfrid Sellars and Gilbert Harman.", "g tgira", " tuwi d tkti n fitjnctayn xf unamk igan aswuri n tun\u0263ilt sg tazzult n ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n unamk", " issgma wilfrid silarz d jilbrt harman." ] }, { "en": "Hence", "ber": " the question arises whether there can still be a non-reductive physicalism.", "null": [ "ddir as", " iga usqsi yakkan ixf nns", " is isul illa anddu afiziqi ur ittusgzln." ] }, { "en": "Davidson uses the thesis of supervenience: mental states supervene on physical states", "ber": " but are not reducible to them. ", "null": [ "\u201ciswuri dayfidsun arzzu anaflla: addadn inalla\u0263n rnan addadn n fiziqt", " maka ur tlli tzmrt n usgzl nnsn.\u201d\u201d\u201d" ] }, { "en": "The brain goes on from one moment of time to another; the brain thus has identity through time.", "ber": "immutty unli sg tizi \u0263r tay\u1e0d; aynna d yakkan is ila unli tamust xf wakud." }, { "en": "An analogy of the self or the \u201cI\u201d would be the flame of a candle.", "ber": "asmzazal n tankkt n\u0263 \u201cnkk\u201d ad ig ablala\u0263 n tburbut." }, { "en": "The flame displays a type of continuity in that the candle does not go out while it is burning", "ber": " but there is not really any identity of the flame from one moment to another over time.", "null": [ "da isskan ublala\u0263 yan wanaw n tadumt g yi\u0263 n tburbut d wu\u0263us nns", " maca ur tlli awd yat tamust \u0263ur ublala\u0263 g yat tizi \u0263r tay\u1e0d xf twada n wakud." ] }, { "en": "Similarly", "ber": " it is an illusion that one is the same individual who walked into class this morning.", "null": [ "imkinna\u0263", " ila atig ad iqqim ufgan s imkinna iga ig wadda\u0263 ikcmn a tdala tifawt ad." ] }, { "en": "This is analogous to physical properties of the brain giving rise to a mental state.", "ber": "aya imya\u0263 d tmitar n tfiziqt i uli ittawin \u0263r waddad analla\u0263." }, { "en": "The Churchlands often invoke the fate of other", "ber": " erroneous popular theories and ontologies that have arisen in the course of history.", "null": [ "kigan n tikkal ayd tsmummuy twacunt n tcircland s imal n tizi\u1e5bin d tun\u1e6dulujtij tigdudatin zglnin ya\u1e0dnin skanin xf ta\u0263zi umzruy." ] }, { "en": "Some philosophers argue that this is because there is an underlying conceptual confusion.", "ber": "mraran awal kra n iflsafn xf umntil n tilawt n uxww\u1e0d n irmmusn idslann." }, { "en": "Rather it should simply be accepted that human experience can be described in different ways\u2014for instance", "ber": " in a mental and in a biological vocabulary.", "null": [ "g ud\u0263ar nns", " ilaq umsasa d tirmit tanfgant mi n\u0263y ad nfk timitar n ibrdan ib\u1e0dan - xf umdya", " g tguriwin tinalla\u0263in d tbyulujitin." ] }, { "en": "The brain is simply the wrong context for the use of mental vocabulary\u2014the search for mental states of the brain is therefore a category error or a sort of fallacy of reasoning.", "ber": "iga unli yan wansa izgln n uswuri n tguriwin tinalla\u0263in - g tgira iga urzzu xf waddadn inalla\u0263n n unli azggal g b\u1e6d\u1e6du n\u0263 anaw n izggaln g uswngm." }, { "en": "And it is characteristic of a mental state that it has some experiential quality", "ber": " e.g. of pain", "null": [ " that it hurts.", "sg tmitar n waddad analla\u0263 is \u0263urs tamatart tanirimt", " xf umdya i yi\u0263iq", " da tssi\u0263iq." ] }, { "en": "The existence of cerebral events", "ber": " in and of themselves", "null": [ " cannot explain why they are accompanied by these corresponding qualitative experiences.", "ur tlli tzmrt n usfsr n umntil tamun nns d tirmitin ad tisnnulatin i yili n tm\u1e63i\u1e5bin n unli." ] }, { "en": "This follows from an assumption about the possibility of reductive explanations.", "ber": "da d ittddu uya sg turdawin n tzmrt n isfsar isgzal." }, { "en": "The 20th-century German philosopher Martin Heidegger criticized the ontological assumptions underpinning such a reductive model", "ber": " and claimed that it was impossible to make sense of experience in these terms.", "null": [ "ifka uflsaf almani martn haydigr az\u0263an nns g tsuta tis 20 xf turdawin tun\u1e6dulujitin xf iska umdya ad n uzgzl", " inna is ur ittuzmir urmas n tirmit g yirmawn ad." ] }, { "en": "This problem of explaining introspective first-person aspects of mental states and consciousness in general in terms of third-person quantitative neuroscience is called the explanatory gap.", "ber": "tamukrist ad tla asfsr g tsgg\u02b7in tinilmin i waddadn inalla\u0263n d yiky s tal\u0263a tamatut sg usksw n tussna n i\u1e93\u1e5ban tams\u0263alt i uwdanwis k\u1e5ba\u1e0d tla assa\u0263 n txbut tasfsart." }, { "en": "There are two separate categories involved and one cannot be reduced to the other.", "ber": "llant snat n trubba ib\u1e0dan ula tlla tzmrt ad ttusgzl yat digsnt \u0263r tay\u1e0d." }, { "en": "For Nagel", "ber": " science is not yet able to explain subjective experience because it has not yet arrived at the level or kind of knowledge that is required.", "null": [ "ar isksiw najil", " ur tzmir tussna ad tssfru tirmit tnkkint acku ur nn tlkim \u0263r uswir n\u0263 anaw n tussna ittyattrn." ] }, { "en": "This property of mental states entails that they have contents and semantic referents and can therefore be assigned truth values.", "ber": "ittettr um\u1e93lay n waddadn inalla\u0263n ad \u0263urs yili tumayin d isa\u0263uln n inumak g tgira ad tzmr ad tili tiniditin timddadin." }, { "en": "But mental ideas or judgments are true or false", "ber": " so how then can mental states (ideas or judgments) be natural processes?", "null": [ "maca tiktin n\u0263 d tinba\u1e0din tinalla\u0263in timddadin n\u0263 zgalnin", " ma imk zmrn waddadn inalla\u0263n (tiktin d tnba\u1e0din) ad gin timggitin tingamtin?" ] }, { "en": "If the fact is true", "ber": " then the idea is true; otherwise", "null": [ " it is false.", "mc tga tidt tamddadt", " ula tawingm tga tamddat; bla aya", " tga azgal." ] }, { "en": "Since mental processes are intimately related to bodily processes", "ber": " the descriptions that the natural sciences furnish of human beings play an important role in the philosophy of mind.", "null": [ "llig zdint tmggitin nn wanli \u0263r tmggitin n tfgga", " hat isnummal nna da tsnkad timassanin tigamanin i ywdan illa \u0263ars yan tmlilt taxatart g tflsaft n wanli." ] }, { "en": "Within the field of neurobiology", "ber": " there are many subdisciplines that are concerned with the relations between mental and physical states and processes: Sensory neurophysiology investigates the relation between the processes of perception and stimulation.", "null": [ "g yigr n tmassant", " lant t\u1e93layin tayyawant nna da ittakan tawit i is\u0263unn gr waddadn d tmggitin n wanli d tfgga: da isnubbuc tamassant n ts\u0263natin n isknaf n umulli xf uzday gr tmggitin n tussna d unzal." ] }, { "en": "Lastly", "ber": " evolutionary biology studies the origins and development of the human nervous system and", "null": [ " in as much as this is the basis of the mind", " also describes the ontogenetic and phylogenetic development of mental phenomena beginning from their most primitive stages.", "g umggaru", " da tqqra twssntudrt tazzigzant i\u1e93u\u1e5ban d tmrniwt n ungmam n unlli anafgan", " ar issitig aynna igan agjdan n unlli", " mkinna da isnummal azzigz ajiniy n d ufilujiniy n tumanin n unlli ar issntay sg tfrkiwin nns timzwura." ] }, { "en": "A simple example is multiplication.", "ber": "amdya afrar iga t akfud." }, { "en": "This question has been propelled into the forefront of much philosophical debate because of investigations in the field of artificial intelligence (AI).", "ber": "ittufka as i usqsi ad kigan n tizi g tuggt n imraratn iflsafiyn s tmntilt n isugg\u02b7a g yigr n tigzi tamgurant." }, { "en": "The objective of strong AI", "ber": " on the contrary", "null": [ " is a computer with consciousness similar to that of human beings.", "g unggu n man aya", " iga umssuds awttas n tmddast n usaruf agra\u0263lan ama\u0263lac nna \u0263ur illa yan ufrak irwasn win ufgan." ] }, { "en": "The Turing test has received many criticisms", "ber": " among which the most famous is probably the Chinese room thought experiment formulated by Searle.", "null": [ "ttufkan kigan n iz\u0263an i yirim n turing", " sg winna digsn ittwassan tarmit n uwingm n tm\u1e63riyt ta\u1e63iniyt nna i\u1e63ka sirsl." ] }, { "en": "Psychology investigates the laws that bind these mental states to each other or with inputs and outputs to the human organism.", "ber": "ar tsuggu tklisnt g ilugan nna izdin s waddadn n unlli ingrasn n\u0263 d ikccumn d tyafutin n um\u0263naw n ufgan." }, { "en": "A law of the psychology of forms says that objects that move in the same direction are perceived as related to each other.", "ber": "algan n tklisnt n wunu\u0263n da ittini masd tifggiwin nna ismussun s yat tsga da ttu\u1e93\u1e5bant masd ttwazdaynt ingr asnt." }, { "en": "It includes research on intelligence and behavior", "ber": " especially focusing on how information is represented", "null": [ " processed", " and transformed (in faculties such as perception", " language", " memory", " reasoning", " and emotion) within nervous systems (human or other animal) and machines (e.g. computers).", "ismun urzzu g yigr n ti\u0263ist d tikli", " slawan akk\u02b7 tawna xf tmamkt n usmdya n umlan d usmkl nnsn ula as\u0263n nnsn (g tig\u1e93\u1e93ulin zund atam", " d tutlayt", " d tmktit", " d ussn\u1e93a", " d ufcad.) ammas n umagaw n unlli (afgan n\u0263 kra nni\u1e0dn (imudar) d imassn (zund ingmamn n umssuds)." ] }, { "en": "Nonetheless", "ber": " Hegel's work differs radically from the style of Anglo-American philosophy of mind.", "null": [ "mqqar d man aya", " tmzaray twuri n higl yan umzaray mqqurn xf t\u0263arast n tflsaft tanllit n anjilu tamirikaniyt." ] }, { "en": "Phenomenology", "ber": " founded by Edmund Husserl", "null": [ " focuses on the contents of the human mind (see noema) and how processes shape our experiences.", "da sdikint tmanutin nna iskr idmund husirl xf wassayn n unlli n ufgan (\u1e93\u1e5b amya) d mamk s ttusskarnt tmskarin tirimin nn\u0263." ] }, { "en": "This is the case for materialistic determinists.", "ber": "man aya da irwas imsswutta inakmamn." }, { "en": "Some take this reasoning a step further: people cannot determine by themselves what they want and what they do.", "ber": "da ttasin idsn tungint ad yat tsurift ya\u1e0dn: middn ur \u0263iyn ad swuttun s ixfawn nnsn aynna ran d uynna skarn." }, { "en": "Those who adopt this position suggest that the question Are we free?", "ber": "winna \u0263ur illa waddad dd\u0263 ar ttinin asqsi ad \u2018\u2019is nga imazi\u0263n\u2019\u2019." }, { "en": "It is not appropriate to identify freedom with indetermination.", "ber": "d ur d yusi ad nswttu tilelli s warraz." }, { "en": "The most important compatibilist in the history of the philosophy was David Hume.", "ber": "amassan amqqran n tmsmunin g uma\u1e0dal g umzruy n tflsaft iga t dafid hyum." }, { "en": "These philosophers affirm the course of the world is either a) not completely determined by natural law where natural law is intercepted by physically independent agency", "ber": " b) determined by indeterministic natural law only", "null": [ " or c) determined by indeterministic natural law in line with the subjective effort of physically non-reducible agency.", "da sddidn ifaylasufn mas abrid n uma\u1e0dal ur da tswuttun islgan agaman acku da ittumgal ulgan agaman s tasnurayt takmamt (b) da t iswuttu uslgan akmam ur igin amassan day", " n\u0263 (j) da t iswuttu ulgmam agaman gar amassan nil tmssumant nna tgga tsnurayt i ixf nns nna ur innin ad idris g ukmam." ] }, { "en": "They argue as follows: if our will is not determined by anything", "ber": " then we desire what we desire by pure chance.", "null": [ "ar ttukrazn s tmamkt ad : mk ur tswuttit tarayt nn\u0263 s kra n t\u0263awsa", " hat qad niri aynna xf nkkat s usmma nn\u0263 azddag." ] }, { "en": "The idea of a self as an immutable essential nucleus derives from the idea of an immaterial soul.", "ber": "tawngimt n tnkkint amm t\u0263yanit tagjdant tarmskilt d iddan g twngimt n yiman arakmam." }, { "en": "Mantranga", "ber": " the principal governing body of these states", "null": [ " consisted of the King", " Prime Minister", " Commander in chief of army", " Chief Priest of the King.", "tmun mantran\u0263a nna igan tnna yum\u1e93n tanba\u1e0dt tamqqrant n tm\u1e93layt", " sg ugllid", " d umqqran n isnba\u1e0dn", " d umuzr amatu n tsrdast", " d uxatar n irhibn n ugllid." ] }, { "en": "The Arthashastra provides an account of the science of politics for a wise ruler", "ber": " policies for foreign affairs and wars", "null": [ " the system of a spy state and surveillance and economic stability of the state.", "ar yakka artsastra yan wallas i tmassant n tsrtitin n umnba\u1e0d anflus", " d tsrtitin n b\u1e5b\u1e5ba d imn\u0263an", " d umagaw n uwank n timmu\u0263la d un\u1e0daf d uzggu admsan n wunk." ] }, { "en": "The major philosophies during the period", "ber": " Confucianism", "null": [ " Legalism", " Mohism", " Agrarianism and Taoism", " each had a political aspect to their philosophical schools.", "tiflsafiyin tigjdanin g uzmz nna igan akunfucyusiy", " d a\u1e63adfa", " d umhusiy", " d tlazhariyt ula tata\u1e6dawiyt", " illa \u0263ur ku yat digsnt yat tsga n tsrtit g tinmal tiflsafiyin nnsnt." ] }, { "en": "Legalism advocated a highly authoritarian government based on draconian punishments and laws.", "ber": "han ta\u1e63adaft da tkkat xf yat tnba\u1e0dt mi tggut tdnka nna ibddan xf izmaz d ilugan iqs\u1e25n." }, { "en": "By the late ancient period", "ber": " however", "null": [ " the traditionalist Asharite view of Islam had in general triumphed.", "\u2018\u2019maca lli\u0263 g d tlkm tigariwin n uzmz azayku rna tannayt tacu\u1e5biyt \u2018\u2019tazaykut\u2019\u2019 n yislm s umata." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " in Western thought", "null": [ " it is generally supposed that it was a specific area peculiar merely to the great philosophers of Islam: al-Kindi (Alkindus)", " al-Farabi (Abunaser)", " \u0130bn Sina (Avicenna)", " Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) and Ibn Rushd (Averroes).", "maca g uwngm udrim", " \u025bni\u0263 s umata ad yili tga yan ud\u0263ar i\u1e93lin day s tflsaft tamqqrant n yislm: lkinidi", " lfa\u1e5bi", " ibn sina", " d ibn baja", " bnu \u1e5bucd." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " the ideas of the Khawarij in the very early years of Islamic history on Khilafa and Ummah", "null": [ " or that of Shia Islam on the concept of Imamah are considered proofs of political thought.", "sumdya", " tiwndimin n lxawarij g isggwasn imzwura n umzruy n yislm xf tmnukalt d tmtti", " n\u0263 tiwngimin n yislm acioiy xf urmmus n tizwuri gant anzatn xf wungm asrtan." ] }, { "en": "Aristotleanism flourished as the Islamic Golden Age saw rise to a continuation of the peripatetic philosophers who implemented the ideas of Aristotle in the context of the Islamic world.", "ber": "tbbu\u0263lla tri\u1e63\u1e6duq\u1e5ba\u1e6diyt mkinna ij\u1e5ban g uzmz n wur\u0263 ayislm g tattayt d tasult n iflsafn i\u1e6d\u1e5bblusyin nna ittggan s twngimin n a\u1e5bi\u1e63\u1e6du g umia\u1e0d n uma\u1e0dal ayislm." }, { "en": "Other notable political philosophers of the time include Nizam al-Mulk", "ber": " a Persian scholar and vizier of the Seljuq Empire who composed the Siyasatnama", "null": [ " or the Book of Government in English.", "sg kigan n ifaylasufn istrann nna illan g tizi nna\u0263 illa nizam lmulk", " iga amassan afarisiy d amawas g tmb\u1e5ba\u1e6du\u1e5biyt n siljuq nna ittugan sg siyyasatnama", " n\u0263 \u2018\u2019adlis n tnba\u1e0dt\u201d s tutlayt tangliziyt." ] }, { "en": "Perhaps the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe was St. Thomas Aquinas who helped reintroduce Aristotle's works", "ber": " which had only been transmitted to Catholic Europe through Muslim Spain", "null": [ " along with the commentaries of Averroes.", "iga \u1e6dumas akwinas afaylasuf nna i\u1e0di\u1e63n kigan g u\u1e5bubba g uzmz anammas nna yiwsn g ullus n ussnkd n twuriwin n a\u1e5bi\u1e63\u1e6du", " nna ur ittusn\u0263aln s u\u1e5bubba takatuliyt xs xf ubrid n i\u1e63bbanya tamunslmt", " akd uwnnitn n afirrus." ] }, { "en": "Others", "ber": " like Nicole Oresme in his Livre de Politiques", "null": [ " categorically denied this right to overthrow an unjust ruler.", "g tizi lli\u0263 g nakrn wiyya\u1e0d akkw", " amdya n nikul urismi g tsrtit nns tasrtant", " g uzrf ad n t\u1e0du\u1e5bi n unbba\u1e0d igin anzzarfu." ] }, { "en": "That work", "ber": " as well as The Discourses", "null": [ " a rigorous analysis of classical antiquity", " did much to influence modern political thought in the West.", "tawuri ad", " ula inawn gan yan tsl\u1e6d i\u0263ban sg uzmz azayku aklasikiy", " gan tamssumant ad i\u1e0di\u1e63n xf awngm asrtan amaynu g lm\u1e5b\u1e5buk." ] }, { "en": "At any rate", "ber": " Machiavelli presents a pragmatic and somewhat consequentialist view of politics", "null": [ " whereby good and evil are mere means used to bring about an end\u2014i.e.", " the acquisition and maintenance of absolute power.", "mkinna tgga", " da yakka mikyafilli yat tannayt igan tamggit tam\u1e0dfart yan imik i tsrtit", " acku da ittusmras wafulgi d gar zund yan imiss \u1e25ma ad ng awttu n\u0263 ad yam\u1e93 tanba\u1e0dt tamqqrant d u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du nns." ] }, { "en": "These theorists were driven by two basic questions: one", "ber": " by what right or need do people form states; and two", "null": [ " what the best form for a state could be.", "ttutkayn d imu\u0263la ad ssin s sin isqsitn igjann: asqsi amzwaru: mad igan ta\u0263awsa xf ttggan iwdan timzlayin; wiss sin", " mad igan amu\u0263li i\u1e93iln n uwunk." ] }, { "en": "The term government would refer to a specific group of people who occupied the institutions of the state", "ber": " and create the laws and ordinances by which the people", "null": [ " themselves included", " would be bound.", "\u201cda isskan yirm n \u201ctnba\u1e0dt\u201d s yat trbi\u025bt n iwdan nna iswurin g tmrsal n twunkt", " ar sskarn islgan d wana\u1e0dn nna xf d iqqan i ugdud", " yili gisn awd ntta", " ad \u1e93a\u1e5bsn zuccln\u201d." ] }, { "en": "It can also be understood as the free market idea applied to international trade.", "ber": "mkinna nzmr ad tt nrms mas tga twngimt tilelli n ugadaz ittugan xf tsbbabt tama\u1e0dlant." }, { "en": "The most outspoken critic of the church in France was Fran\u00e7ois Marie Arouet de Voltaire", "ber": " a representative figure of the enlightenment.", "null": [ "iga f\u1e5bansu mari urwayt dibultir afrnan ittwassan s tidt nns i lkanisa g f\u1e5bansa", " d iga awrik ismdyan i ussisfw." ] }, { "en": "My one regret in dying is that I cannot aid you in this noble enterprise", "ber": " the finest and most respectable which the human mind can point out.", "null": [ "\u201cassurf inu amyiwn xf tmttant acku ur zmir\u0263 ad kkwn aws\u0263 g tmssntit ad tamazi\u0263t", " i\u1e93lin", " bab n wuddur axatar nna s i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad iss isskn unli anafgan.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Locke stood to refute Sir Robert Filmer's paternally founded political theory in favor of a natural system based on nature in a particular given system.", "ber": "tbdda luk ad tsffukl ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt tasrtant n sir rubirt filmrz nna ibddan xf igjdi n imarawn i umagaw i\u1e93lin." }, { "en": "Unlike Aquinas's preponderant view on the salvation of the soul from original sin", "ber": " Locke believes man's mind comes into this world as tabula rasa.", "null": [ "g unggu n tannayt n akwinas nna irran xf ufra n yiman sg ubkka\u1e0d a\u1e93u\u1e5ban", " i\u0263al luk masd anlli n ufgan da ittddu s uma\u1e0dal ad zund \u1e6dabula rasa." ] }, { "en": "Though one could be worried about restrictions on liberty by benevolent monarchs or aristocrats", "ber": " the traditional worry is that when rulers are politically unaccountable to the governed they will rule in their own interests", "null": [ " rather than the interests of the governed.", "mqqar qad isyafa ufgan s uzziwz sg iskraf nna gan kra n igldaninfalkayn n\u0263 a\u1e5bi\u1e63\u1e6dur\u1e5ba\u1e6dyin i tlelli", " han tawdiwin tizaykutin da ttusgzal asra g ur ba\u1e0dn inbdadn g tsrtit dat n imsba\u1e0dn han daq asn ba\u1e0dn g t\u0263\u1e0dfin nnsn tim\u1e93layin." ] }, { "en": "Justice involves duties that are perfect duties\u2014that is", "ber": " duties that are correlated with rights.", "null": [ "da ttili tzrfi g amaflla\u0263n s tfilawt nna igan d imaflla\u0263n izdin akd uzrf." ] }, { "en": "He uses", "ber": " On Liberty to discuss gender equality in society.", "null": [ "ar issmras tas\u0263unt xf tlelli \u1e25ma ad masasan gr inawn g wamun." ] }, { "en": "The Liberty of the Ancients was participatory republican liberty", "ber": " which gave the citizens the right to directly influence politics through debates and votes in the public assembly.", "null": [ "tga tlelli n izaykutn tilelli tagdudant nna ibddan xf udraw", " aynna yakkan i inamurn azrf g yi\u1e0di\u1e63 usrid xf tsrtitin g imraratn d istayn g wamun amatu." ] }, { "en": "Ancient Liberty was also limited to relatively small and homogenous societies", "ber": " in which the people could be conveniently gathered together in one place to transact public affairs.", "null": [ "da tbdda tlelli tazaykut day xf imunn im\u1e93\u1e93yaznn nna imsarin", " d winna izmrn ad gis munn middn qqa\u1e25 g yan wansa ad su\u0263dun askkin amatu." ] }, { "en": "Instead", "ber": " the voters would elect representatives", "null": [ " who would deliberate in Parliament on behalf of the people and would save citizens from the necessity of daily political involvement.", "s usnfal n uynna\u0263", " qad smstin ismmstayn nna ismdayn ar ttmraran g ub\u1e5blaman s wassa\u0263 n ugdud ar ssnjamn inmura sg unbraz n tumut tasrtant takuyast." ] }, { "en": "In Leviathan", "ber": " Hobbes set out his doctrine of the foundation of states and legitimate governments and creating an objective science of morality.", "null": [ "Iiswtta hubz tabridt nns s yan u\u0263rrabu amqqran g tsila n wanukn d tnba\u1e0din i\u1e63a\u1e0dfn d tiggi n yat tmassant tams\u0263ara n t\u0263ara." ] }, { "en": "In that state", "ber": " each person would have a right", "null": [ " or license", " to everything in the world.", "g waddad ad", " ku awrik dars azrf", " i matta t\u0263awsa illan g uma\u1e0dal." ] }, { "en": "Published in 1762", "ber": " it became one of the most influential works of political philosophy in the Western tradition.", "null": [ "ttsfrar g usggwasn 1762", " tga yat sg twuriwin nna i\u1e0disn g tflsaft tartant g tmyurin tudrimin." ] }, { "en": "Those who think themselves the masters of others are indeed greater slaves than they.", "ber": "\u201cwinna nna itti\u0263ln ixfawn nnsn is gan id mass n wiyya\u1e0d", "null": [ " nitni nit ad iga ismxan g tilawt uggar nnsn." ] }, { "en": "The industrial revolution produced a parallel revolution in political thought.", "ber": "tagrawla tamkunant tfka d yat tgrawla imsada\u0263n akd tgrawla g uwngm asrtan." }, { "en": "In the mid-19th century", "ber": " Marxism was developed", "null": [ " and socialism in general gained increasing popular support", " mostly from the urban working class.", "g wammas n tsuti tiss mraw d t\u1e93a (19)", " tbu\u0263lla tmrksiyt", " tam\u1e93 talictirakiyt s umata yan usdus agdudan ittgidiyn", " d kigan nnsn sg taggayt tamswurant tanr\u0263amt." ] }, { "en": "Unlike Marx who believed in historical materialism", "ber": " Hegel believed in the Phenomenology of Spirit.", "null": [ "g umnid n marks nna ifulsn s tkmamt tamzuyt", " illa higl ifuls s tumanin n yiman." ] }, { "en": "In the Anglo-American world", "ber": " anti-imperialism and pluralism began gaining currency at the turn of the 20th century.", "null": [ "g usggwas n lanjlu amrikiy", " tssnti tmnskart n libbiryaliya d tmanawt ar ttam\u1e93 tanfalit g tsuti tiss 20." ] }, { "en": "This was the time of Jean-Paul Sartre and Louis Althusser", "ber": " and the victories of Mao Zedong in China and Fidel Castro in Cuba", "null": [ " as well as the events of May 1968", " led to increased interest in revolutionary ideology", " especially by the New Left.", "tga tad tizi n jun bbul sat\u1e5btr d lwis altusir", " d trnawin n mawtsi \u1e6dung g \u1e63\u1e63in s fidl kastru g kuba", " d izmuzzutn n mayyu 1968", " nna yiwin s tmrniwt n t\u0263\u1e0dft s tadyulujiyt tagrawliyt", " slawan akkw dar u\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d amaynu." ] }, { "en": "Colonialism and racism were important issues that arose.", "ber": "iga usddurru d tmssa\u1e93u\u1e5bt snat t\u0263awsiwin tigjdanin tinbdarin." }, { "en": "The rise of feminism", "ber": " LGBT social movements and the end of colonial rule and of the political exclusion of such minorities as African Americans and sexual minorities in the developed world has led to feminist", "null": [ " postcolonial", " and multicultural thought becoming significant.", "yiwi u\u0263lay n umussu n tm\u0263arin d imussutn inamunn n id lmitlyyin d lmitliyat d winna \u0263ur sin iswala awsyan d winna ittusnfaln g uwsyan d tgira n unba amsddurruy d tnkda tasrtant i tdrsiwin zund mirikan d ifriqiyn d tsdrsiwin n iwsyan g uma\u1e0dal ar d ig uwngm n tm\u0263arin d dat n lkulunil d uwngm amyinaw axatar." ] }, { "en": "Rawls used a thought experiment", "ber": " the original position", "null": [ " in which representative parties choose principles of justice for the basic structure of society from behind a veil of ignorance.", "issmrs rawlz yat tirmt n twngimt", " nna igan addad a\u1e93u\u1e5ban", " acku da sttin ikaba\u1e5bn ismdyatn imnzayn n tnzzarfut i tu\u1e63\u1e63ka tagjdant i wamun dffir n tbd\u0263it n gar assan." ] }, { "en": "Contemporaneously with the rise of analytic ethics in Anglo-American thought", "ber": " in Europe", "null": [ " several new lines of philosophy directed at the critique of existing societies arose between the 1950s and 1980s.", "s umyakud n u\u0263lay n t\u0263ariwin tisfsayin g uwngm n anjlu amrikiy", " g u\u1e5bubba", " ttuskarn kigan n ifalan imaynutn g tflsaft nna iskarn afran n wamunn ibddan gr usgg\u02b7s 1950 d 1980." ] }, { "en": "Along somewhat different lines", "ber": " a number of other continental thinkers\u2014still largely influenced by Marxism\u2014put new emphases on structuralism and on a return to Hegel.", "null": [ "\u2018\u2018s ts\u0263znt n kra n izrirign n izrirign imyallan yan imik", " srsn kigan n imwngmn n imn\u1e93awin nni\u1e0dn- nna isuln yusin tamarksiyt-yan wanct n t\u0263\u1e0dft s tu\u1e63\u1e63ka n tfgga d udwal s higl\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Another debate developed around the (distinct) criticisms of liberal political theory made by Michael Walzer", "ber": " Michael Sandel and Charles Taylor.", "null": [ "ibu\u0263lla yan umrara nni\u1e0dn xf iz\u0263ann (ifulki) i tmagunt tasrtant talibiraliyt nna ifka maykl walzr sandl d tcalz taylu\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "Communitarians tend to support greater local control as well as economic and social policies which encourage the growth of social capital.", "ber": "ar tkkan imwura g imunn id\u0263ran tasga n usdus n kigan n tkiri\u1e6d\u1e6d tamurant akd tsrtitin n tidmsanin d tnamunin nna ittawsn abu\u0263lu n aytli anamun." }, { "en": "A pair of overlapping political perspectives arising toward the end of the 20th century are republicanism (or neo- or civic-republicanism) and the capability approach.", "ber": "ilin snat tannayin tirtanin immkcamn nna ittu\u1e63kan g tgira n tsuti tiss simraw (20) nna igan timgunin (n\u0263 timgunin timaynutin n\u0263 tigdudin tu\u0263rimin) d wammak n tzmmar." }, { "en": "To a republican the mere status as a slave", "ber": " regardless of how that slave is treated", "null": [ " is objectionable.", "s mad i\u1e93lin s kra n imgdudanin", " xs adday ittugr ismx", " ur a\u0263 igi g tmamkt ittwasskarn d ismx ad", " iga yat t\u0263awsa ur ittyagi." ] }, { "en": "Both the capability approach and republicanism treat choice as something which must be resourced.", "ber": "ar isnmaggu ku wnna immakn tizmmar d unzzu\u0263 agdudan akd ustay masd iga yat t\u0263awsa nna s iqqan as ttufkan isugam." }, { "en": "Notable for the theories that humans are social animals", "ber": " and that the polis (Ancient Greek city state) existed to bring about the good life appropriate to such animals.", "null": [ "iqqan d ad nsni\u0263s timagunin nna ittinin masd afgan iga imudar inamunn", " d lbulis (awank n i\u0263rman iyunayn izaykutn) illa \u1e25ma ad yawi tudrt i\u0263udan d yusan i zund imudar ad." ] }, { "en": "Burke was one of the biggest supporters of the American Revolution.", "ber": "iga burk yan sg ixatarn nna n imwwasn n tgrawla tamirikaniyt." }, { "en": "Chomsky is a leading critic of U.S. foreign policy", "ber": " neoliberalism and contemporary state capitalism", "null": [ " the Israeli\u2013Palestinian conflict", " and mainstream news media.", "iga tcumski yan sg imafran imqqran n tsrtit n b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n mirikan", " talibirayt tamaynut d usihri n uwank atrar", " d iumyasay ayisrayiliy afili\u1e63\u1e6diniy", " d imassan n usmmal ixatarn." ] }, { "en": "William E. Connolly: Helped introduce postmodern philosophy into political theory", "ber": " and promoted new theories of Pluralism and agonistic democracy.", "null": [ "wilyam kunuli : yiws g ukccum n tflsaft n dffir n tatrart g tmagunt tasrtant", " d issuds timgunin timaynutin n timyanawin d tdimuq\u1e5batiyin n ufgan." ] }, { "en": "Thomas Hill Green: Modern liberal thinker and early supporter of positive freedom.", "ber": "\u1e6dumas hil grin : yan uamswingm alibiraliy aatrar nna ittawsn sg zik tilelli i\u0263udan." }, { "en": "His early work was heavily influenced by the Frankfurt School.", "ber": "ttu\u1e0di\u1e63 twuri nns n zik s yat tmamkt tamqqrant s tinml n f\u1e5bfu\u1e5bt." }, { "en": "He advocated free-market capitalism in which the main role of the state is to maintain the rule of law and let spontaneous order develop.", "ber": "ar iqqra s usihri ilelli n ugadaz nna igan gis tilal taxatart n uwank xf u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n tnba\u1e0dt n islgan d ad adjin amagaw anmmtray ad ibu\u0263lu." }, { "en": "David Hume: Hume criticized the social contract theory of John Locke and others as resting on a myth of some actual agreement.", "ber": "dafid hyum : iz\u0263nenn hiyum tamagunt n tfilit tanamunt n jun luk d wiyya acku swanfan sg umin n kra n umsasa amyagan." }, { "en": "Most famous for the United States Declaration of Independence.", "ber": "issu\u1e0drer uzrug n mirikan." }, { "en": "Argued that an international organization was needed to preserve world peace.", "ber": "inna masd ns\u0263awsa s yat tnmalayt tama\u1e0dlant xf u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n ufra ama\u1e0dlan." }, { "en": "He departed from Hobbes in that", "ber": " based on the assumption of a society in which moral values are independent of governmental authority and widely shared", "null": [ " he argued for a government with power limited to the protection of personal property.", "idda xf hubz g uynna\u0263", " isnnal s yudran n wamun nna g t\u1e93ly tnditin n t\u0263ariwin xf tnba\u1e0dt tunbi\u1e0dt iccarn s tmamkt mqqurn", " in\u025br xf tnba\u1e0dt nna i\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6dun ayda animan." ] }, { "en": "One of the founders of Western Marxism.", "ber": "yan sg imrsal n tmarksiyt tudrimt." }, { "en": "Gave an account of statecraft in a realistic point of view instead of relying on idealism.", "ber": "wallas i ccwiyt n twunkt g tannayt n tilawt g s usmskl n ts\u0263znt xf tfilawt." }, { "en": "As a political theorist", "ber": " he believed in separation of powers and proposed a comprehensive set of checks and balances that are necessary to protect the rights of an individual from the tyranny of the majority.", "null": [ "d aydd\u0263 iga yan amssi\u1e93i\u1e5b asrtan", " hat ifuls s ub\u1e6d\u1e6du gr tnba\u1e0din ifk kigan n t\u0263awsiwin d ismsasatn s d iqqan afad ad ttu\u1e25\u1e6dun izrfan n ku yan sg udnki n tugt." ] }, { "en": "Introduced the concept of repressive desublimation", "ber": " in which social control can operate not only by direct control", "null": [ " but also by manipulation of desire.", "\u2018\u2018iskcm armmus n (aran\u0263al n umsay) nna izmrn ad gis iswuri uslgamu anamun ur d \u0263as g tbridt n tkiri\u1e6d\u1e6d tusridt", " maca awd s tbridt n wurar s tn\u1e93e\u1e93t\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Created the concept of ideology in the sense of (true or false) beliefs that shape and control social actions.", "ber": "yudja d urmmus n lidyulujiyya s unamk n tmyurin (tidt n\u0263 tazglt) nna i\u1e63kkun ar ttam\u1e93 xf twuriwin tinamunin." }, { "en": "Mencius: One of the most important thinkers in the Confucian school", "ber": " he is the first theorist to make a coherent argument for an obligation of rulers to the ruled.", "null": [ "minsyun : han amyassan axatar g tinml takunfucyusiyt", " iga amssi\u1e93i\u1e5b amzwaru iwcan afakul idusn \u1e25ma ad isu\u0263n unbba\u1e0d xf unba\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Montesquieu: Analyzed protection of the people by a balance of powers in the divisions of a state.", "ber": "\u2018\u2018muntiskyu : \u1e63l\u1e0d\u0263 a\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n ugdud s (umyas n idwasn) g ib\u1e6d\u1e6dutn n twunkt.\u2019\u2019" }, { "en": "His interpreters have debated the content of his political philosophy.", "ber": "mraran imssu\u0263al nns assay n tflsaft nns tasrtant." }, { "en": "Plato: Wrote a lengthy dialog The Republic in which he laid out his political philosophy: citizens should be divided into three categories.", "ber": "afla\u1e6dun : yura yan umsawal a\u0263zzaf : tagdudant nna g iga tafklsaft nns tasrtant : iqqand ad nb\u1e0du inmura xf k\u1e5bad wanawn." }, { "en": "Ayn Rand: Founder of Objectivism and prime mover of the Objectivist and Libertarian movements in mid-twentieth-century America.", "ber": "iyn rand : amssrsl n umussu n wagi n umussu axatar n imussutn ilibiraliyn g wammas n tsuti tiss simraw g amrika." }, { "en": "The government was to be separated from economics the same way and for the same reasons it was separated from religion.", "ber": "iqqand ad nb\u1e0du tanba\u1e0dt xf tdmsa s yat tmamkt zund timntilin nna s tmzaray d usgd." }, { "en": "Adam Smith: Often said to have founded modern economics; explained emergence of economic benefits from the self-interested behavior (the invisible hand) of artisans and traders.", "ber": "\u2018\u2018adam smit : kigan ad innan masd issrsl i tdmsa", "null": [ " d issfra ufu\u0263 n tyafutin tidmsanin g wawal ; timrsilin n winna tt gis ittawin s ixfawn nsn (afus ur ittuyannayn) n inadn d isbbabn\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Socrates: Widely considered the founder of Western political philosophy", "ber": " via his spoken influence on Athenian contemporaries; since Socrates never wrote anything", "null": [ " much of what we know about him and his teachings comes through his most famous student", " Plato.", "suq\u1e5ba\u1e6d : iga nik yan sg imrsaln n tflsaft tasrtant tudrimt", " sg i\u1e0di\u1e63", " ixatar xf itrarn ; aydd\u0263 ddjin yaru (suq\u1e5ba\u1e6d) awd \u1e25a\u1e25", " gan akk\u02b7 ssin ; kigan n winna fllas nssn d idrizn nns idda d sg unlmad nns nna bahra ittwassan", " afla\u1e6dun." ] }, { "en": "Max Stirner: Important thinker within anarchism and the main representative of the anarchist current known as individualist anarchism.", "ber": "maks stirnr : yan amswingm issawhmman ammas n trwayt d umsuni agjdan i umzaz n arwin ittwassan s wassa\u0263 n urway amdan." }, { "en": "Other forms of social philosophy include political philosophy and jurisprudence", "ber": " which are largely concerned with the societies of state and government and their functioning.", "null": [ "llant g tflsaft tanamut tal\u0263iwin ya\u1e0dnin am tflsaft tasrtant d usgd", " nna da ittakan tawit i wamunn n twwunkt d tnba\u1e0dt d twuri nnsnt." ] }, { "en": "Pre-Socratic philosophy", "ber": " also known as early Greek philosophy", "null": [ " is ancient Greek philosophy before Socrates.", "taflsaft n dat n \u1e63uq\u1e5ba\u1e6d", " ttuyasn s taflsaft tagrikiyt tamzwarut", " tga dat n \u1e63uq\u1e5ba\u1e6d taflsaft tagrikiyt taqburt." ] }, { "en": "Their work and writing has been almost entirely lost.", "ber": "tiggitin nnsn d tirra nnsn twa\u1e0d\u1e0d\u1e5bnt." }, { "en": "Pre-Socratic philosophy began in the 6th century BCE with the three Milesians: Thales", "ber": " Anaximander", "null": [ " and Anaximenes.", "tbda tflsaft n dat n \u1e63uq\u1e5ba\u1e6d g tasut wiss 6 dat n tlalit n lmasi\u1e25 d k\u1e5ba\u1e0d n milisyan: \u1e6dali\u1e63", " anaksimandr", " d anaksiminis." ] }, { "en": "Xenophanes is known for his critique of the anthropomorphism of gods.", "ber": "ittwassn ksinuban s ufran nns i ummrws n wakuc." }, { "en": "The Eleatic school (Parmenides", "ber": " Zeno of Elea", "null": [ " and Melissus) followed in the 5th century BCE.", "tinml n ilyatik (ba\u1e5bminids ", " zinu n ilya", " d milisus) t\u1e0dfa\u1e5b g tasutit wiss 5 dat n tlalit n lmasi\u1e25." ] }, { "en": "Anaxagoras and Empedocles offered a pluralistic account of how the universe was created.", "ber": "iwca anaksagu\u1e5ba\u1e63\u1e5ba\u1e63 d imbidukli\u1e63 asnumml iggudin xf tmamkt n tugi n i\u0263zwr." }, { "en": "It was first used by the German philosopher J.A. Eberhard as vorsokratische Philosophie''' in the late 18th century.", "ber": "\u201c issmrs t tikklt tamzwarut afiluzufi almani j. a. ibhha\u1e5bd am \u201d\u201d taflsaft n bu\u1e5b\u1e63ukratic\u201d\u201d g umggaru n tasutit wiss 18." }, { "en": "The term comes with drawbacks", "ber": " as several of the pre-Socratics were highly interested in ethics and how to live the best life.", "null": [ "irm ad llan \u0263ars wagar", " kigan n imassan dat n \u1e63uqra\u1e6d fkan tawit i t\u0263ariwin d mamk as \u0263a ddrn yan tudrt i\u1e25lan." ] }, { "en": "According to James Warren", "ber": " the distinction between the pre-Socratic philosophers and philosophers of the classical era is demarcated not so much by Socrates", "null": [ " but by geography and what texts survived.", "s uynna inna jims wayn", " asmzazal gr iflsafn n dat n suq\u1e5ba\u1e6d d iflsafn n uzmz atrar ur da ittili d un\u1e63ib kigan \u0263ur suq\u1e5ba\u1e6d", " maca \u0263ur tju\u0263rafiyt d uynna illan g i\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63n." ] }, { "en": "Scholar Andr\u00e9 Laks distinguishes two traditions of separating pre-Socratics from Socratics", "ber": " dating back to the classical era and running through current times.", "null": [ "da ib\u1e0d\u1e0du umrzu andri laks snat tmyurin \u1e25ma ad ismziriy aynna igan dat asuqra\u1e6diy d uristuqra\u1e6dy", " acku da ittu\u0263ul umzruy nns s uzmz atrar ikk ammas n izmazn n \u0263ila." ] }, { "en": "Many of the works are titled Peri Physeos", "ber": " or On Nature", "null": [ " a title probably attributed later by other authors.", "kigan n twuriwin usint assa\u0263 n \u1e25iri fizyus", " u\u1e5b natu\u0263", " iga yan uzwl nna i\u0263in ad ittufka g tizi ya\u1e0dn i kra n imgayn nni\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "Adding more difficulty to their interpretation is the obscure language they used.", "ber": "uggar n tnmart n ussfru nnsn tga tt tutlayt ur ifawn nna ssmrasn." }, { "en": "Theophrastus", "ber": " Aristotle's successor", "null": [ " wrote an encyclopedic book Opinion of the Physicists that was the standard work about the pre-Socratics in ancient times.", "yura tifrastus", " amkkassu n a\u1e5bis\u1e6d", " adlis n tannayt n ifizikn nna igan tawuri n tasbdadt xf dat n tsuq\u1e5ba\u1e6diyt g izmaz izaykutn." ] }, { "en": "Scholars now use this book to reference the fragments using a coding scheme called Diels\u2013Kranz numbering.", "ber": "ar ssmrasn imassan \u0263ilad adlis dd\u0263 ad mln if\u1e6d\u1e6dawjn s ussmrs n twna\u0263t n ummatar ar as ttinin asnq\u1e0d dilz-kranz." }, { "en": "After that is a code regarding whether the fragment is a testimonia", "ber": " coded as A", "null": [ " or B if is a direct quote from the philosopher.", "dffir n uynna\u0263 tlla yat tmatart i\u1e93lin s mas gan if\u1e6d\u1e6dawjn zund turagin", " ar as nttgga tamatart n \u2018\u2019a\u2019\u2019 n\u0263 \u2018\u2019b\u2019\u2019 mk illa takssuyt tusridt sg ufaylasuf." ] }, { "en": "The pre-Socratic era lasted about two centuries", "ber": " during which the expanding Persian Achaemenid Empire was stretching to the west", "null": [ " while the Greeks were advancing in trade and sea routes", " reaching Cyprus and Syria.", "ikka uzmz n dat n suq\u1e5ba\u1e6d dar snat tsutitin", " acku tkka tmnukadt tafarisiyt tacuriyt nna isxitirn nn ilkmn lm\u0263rib", " g tizi nna g ika lyunan g tsbbabt d ibrdan n wammas n yil", " ar nn tlkm qub\u1e5bu\u1e63 d suriya." ] }, { "en": "The Greeks revolted in 499 BCE", "ber": " but ultimately were defeated in 494 BCE.", "null": [ "j\u025brn iyunanyyin g 499 dat n tlalit", " maca g tgira n tasum\u0263t ttwarnan g 494 dat n tlalit." ] }, { "en": "Several factors contributed to the birth of pre-Socratic philosophy in Ancient Greece.", "ber": "ibzr kigan n tmntilin n tlalit n tflsaft n dat n suq\u1e5ba\u1e6d g lyunan azayku." }, { "en": "Another factor was the ease and frequency of intra-Greek travel", "ber": " which led to the blending and comparison of ideas.", "null": [ "sg tmntilin ya\u1e0dn awhan d uzday n umuddu ammas n lyunan", " nna yudjan tussurt n twngimin d usnu\u1e25yu nnsn." ] }, { "en": "The democratic political system of independent poleis also contributed to the rise of philosophy.", "ber": "mkinna yiws umagaw asrtan adimuq\u1e5batiy i umagaw innb\u1e0dn n yimal g tgmi n tflsaft." }, { "en": "The philosophers' ideas", "ber": " were", "null": [ " to a certain extent", " answers to questions that were subtly present in the work of Homer and Hesiod.", "gant twngimin n ifaylasufn", " yan imik", " timrarutin xf isqsitn nna ittuskarn s yat tmamk icwan g twuri n humr d hisud." ] }, { "en": "They are considered predecessors of the pre-Socratics since they seek to address the origin of the world and to organize traditional folklore and legends systematically.", "ber": "gan sg imizutn n dat usuq\u1e5ba\u1e6diy acku da kkatn ad su\u0263dn a\u1e93u\u1e5b uma\u1e0dal d u\u1e25yyl n lfulklu\u1e5b azayku d inqqisn s yat twlaft igan tarrayt." }, { "en": "The first pre-Socratic philosophers also traveled extensively to other lands", "ber": " meaning that pre-Socratic thought had roots abroad as well as domestically.", "null": [ "sg ifaylasufn imzwura nna immuddan dat n suq\u1e5ba\u1e6d s yan ud\u0263ar bhra imqqurn s ikaln nni\u1e0dn", " nna immalan masd awngm dat n suq\u1e5bat llan as i\u1e93\u1e5ban g b\u1e5b\u1e5ba ula g uswir amuran." ] }, { "en": "The pre-Socratic philosophers shared the intuition that there was a single explanation that could explain both the plurality and the singularity of the whole \u2013 and that explanation would not be direct actions of the gods.", "ber": "amun ifaylasufn n dat suq\u1e5ba\u1e6d tawngimt masd illa yan ussfsr nna izmrn ad issfru tamanawt d tmdant n ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba- d ussfru ad ur inni ad ig iggitn usridn dar id wakucn." }, { "en": "Many sought the material principle (arche) of things", "ber": " and the method of their origin and disappearance.", "null": [ "wtn kigan gisn ad snsin n umnzay n t\u0263awsiwin", " d tmamkt nna g ttuga d ula\u1e25 nns." ] }, { "en": "In their effort to make sense of the cosmos they coined new terms and concepts such as rhythm", "ber": " symmetry", "null": [ " analogy", " deductionism", " reductionism", " mathematicazion of nature and others.", "g tmssumant nns ad rmsn am\u0263rad \u1e25yyln irimn d irmmusn imaynutn zund anya", " d umtra", " d wukus", " d uzgzl", " d tusnakt tagamant d wiyya\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "It could mean the beginning or origin with the undertone that there is an effect on the things to follow.", "ber": "i\u0263y ad tg tzwiri n\u0263 u\u1e93u\u1e5b akd umrkul masd illa i\u1e0di\u1e63 xf t\u0263awsiwin nna ittwatfarn." }, { "en": "This may have been because of a lack of instruments", "ber": " or because of a tendency to view the world as a unity", "null": [ " undeconstructable", " so it would be impossible for an external eye to observe tiny fractions of nature under experimental control.", "\u025bni\u0263 illa uynna\u0263 s tmntilt n tdrsi n imassn", " n\u0263 s tmntilt n ufrru\u0263 s tsga n tannayt n uma\u1e0dal mas iga yan ufrdis ur ilaqn i usmun", " man aya qad as yugum i ti\u1e6d\u1e6d n b\u1e5b\u1e5ba ad t\u1e93\u1e5b igzzumn im\u1e93\u1e93ann g ugama ddaw n wu\u1e6duf n tnaramt." ] }, { "en": "Systematic because they tried to universalize their findings.", "ber": "d anbrid", "null": [ " acku mma\u0263n ad as wcin yat tmatart tama\u1e0dlant." ] }, { "en": "The pre-Socratics were not atheists; however", "ber": " they minimized the extent of the gods' involvement in natural phenomena such as thunder or totally eliminated the gods from the natural world.", "null": [ "aynna i\u1e93lin s dat n isuq\u1e5ba\u1e6diyn ur gin akk\u02b7 ikafrn", " xs tdda allig tdrus tlkm nn yan uswir g dran ikucn g tumanin tigamanin zund aggin n\u0263 tkks ikucn qqa\u1e25 sg uma\u1e0dal agaman." ] }, { "en": "The first phase of pre-Socratic philosophy", "ber": " mainly the Milesians", "null": [ " Xenophanes", " and Heraclitus", " consisted of rejecting traditional cosmogony and attempting to explain nature based on empirical observations and interpretations.", "tifrkt tamzwarut g tflsaft n dat suq\u1e5ba\u1e6d", " slawan akk\u02b7 lmilisiyyin", " zinufans", " d hiraklitus", " da ttu\u1e63\u1e63ka sg wagi a\u0263zuran azayku d yirim n ussfru n ugama xf uynna gan tannayin d issfrutn inaramn." ] }, { "en": "The Eleatics were also monists (believing that only one thing exists and everything else is just a transformation of it).", "ber": "mkinna gan awd ilyatikyun sg imwa\u1e25\u1e25dn (\u0263aln nitni masd xs yat t\u0263awsa ad illan d uynna\u0263 a\u1e0dnin iga xs asnfl day)." }, { "en": "He is considered the first western philosopher since he was the first to use reason", "ber": " to use proof", "null": [ " and to generalize.", "iga afaylasuf udrim amzwaru sg mayd iga amzwaru nna issmrasn anlli", " d ussmrs n unmmal", " d usmata." ] }, { "en": "Thales may have been of Phoenician ancestry.", "ber": "\u025bni\u0263 iga \u1e6dalis sg tdfrt n finistri." }, { "en": "Thales", "ber": " though", "null": [ " advanced geometry with his abstract deductive reasoning reaching universal generalizations.", "talis", " mqqar tlla tanzgit tatrart akd tungint n usflu nns am\u1e93lay ad ilkm asmata ama\u1e0dlan." ] }, { "en": "Thales visited Sardis", "ber": " as many Greeks then", "null": [ " where astronomical records were kept and used astronomical observations for practical matters (oil harvesting).", "irzf \u1e6dalis i\u0263rm n sardis", " mkinna irzf kigan n iyunayiyn g tizi nna\u0263", " acku i\u1e25\u1e0da arratn iwngimn issmrs tannayin tiwngimin g t\u0263awsiwin timassanin (asmun n ufitrul)." ] }, { "en": "He attributed the origin of the world to an element instead of a divine being.", "ber": "idwl u\u1e93u\u1e63 n uma\u1e0dal s yan ufrdis g wansa n um\u0263naw akucan." }, { "en": "He was a member of the elite of Miletus", "ber": " wealthy and a statesman.", "null": [ "iga yan umslay g td\u0263art n militus", " lli g llan iba\u0263urn d irgazn n wunkt." ] }, { "en": "In response to Thales", "ber": " he postulated as the first principle an undefined", "null": [ " unlimited substance without qualities (apeiron)", " out of which the primary opposites", " hot and cold", " moist and dry", " became differentiated.", "g tmrarut xf \u1e6dalis", " i\u0263al masd assnti amzwaru iga yat tmtta ur igin tam\u1e93layt d ur ilin awuttu d bla tifrasin", " lli as igan tuzlt tagjdant", " ir\u0263an d iqrfn", " ilgg\u02b7a\u0263n izwan", " ur ilin anaw." ] }, { "en": "He is also known for speculating on the origin of mankind.", "ber": "ittwassan awd s uswingm nns g u\u1e93u\u1e5b n tfganit." }, { "en": "He also wrote a book on nature in prose.", "ber": "yara awd ittara yan udlis xf ugama g triwant." }, { "en": "He was a well-traveled poet whose primary interests were theology and epistemology.", "ber": "iga yan unmaddu i\u0263udan d tiwitin nns tixatarin gant llahut d tussnadrizn." }, { "en": "He famously said that if oxen", "ber": " horses", "null": [ " or lions could draw", " they would draw their gods as oxen", " horses", " or lions.", "inna umassan mas mk llan imassn", " iysan", " n\u0263 izmawn zmrn ad ttusun\u0263n", " hat qad tssu\u0263nt id \u1e5bbbi nnsn zund imassn", " iysan", " n\u0263 izmawn." ] }, { "en": "Xenophanes also offered naturalistic explanations for phenomena such as the sun", "ber": " the rainbow and St. Elmo's fire.", "null": [ "mkinna iwca zinufans issfrutn n igaman i tumanin zund tafugt d tislit n un\u1e93a\u1e5b d takatin n lmusfir." ] }, { "en": "While Xenophanes was a pessimist about the capability of humans to reach knowledge", "ber": " he also believed in gradual progress through critical thinking.", "null": [ "lli\u0263 g imqt zinufans awal xf tzmrt n ufgan ad ilkm tussna", " illa ifuls awd s ufara imik s imik s uswingm anfaran." ] }, { "en": "Heraclitus posited that all things in nature are in a state of perpetual flux.", "ber": "idma hiraklitus masd qqa\u1e25 ti\u0263awsiwin g ugama llant g yan waddad n ubu\u0263llu n wabda." }, { "en": "Fire becomes water and earth and vice versa.", "ber": "da ttdwal takat tga aman d wakal n\u0263 asmlelli nns." }, { "en": "There", "ber": " Heraclitus claims we can not step into the same river twice", "null": [ " a position summarized with the slogan ta panta rhei (everything flows).", "\u0263inna as ittini hiraklitus masd ur nzmir ad nkcm g yan wasif snat tikkal", " d ntta ad igan asgzl n waddad s tmatart : (qqa\u1e25 ti\u0263awsiwin d da tbu\u0263lunt)." ] }, { "en": "Another key concept of Heraclitus is that opposites somehow mirror each other", "ber": " a doctrine called unity of opposites.", "null": [ "yan urmmus agjdan nni\u1e0dn n hiraklitus iga t ad ttusmlallin ingr atsn s kra n t\u0263arast", " iga tabridt s wassa\u0263 n tafrdist n tuzlt." ] }, { "en": "Heraclitus' doctrine on the unity of opposites suggests that unity of the world and its various parts is kept through the tension produced by the opposites.", "ber": "ar tmmala t\u0263arast n hiraklitus s mad i\u1e93lin s tfrdist n tuzult masd tafrdist n uma\u1e0dl d igzzumn nns ya\u1e0dn llant bddant xf gar amsasa d ikkan tuzlt." }, { "en": "A fundamental idea in Heraclitus is logos", "ber": " an ancient Greek word with a variety of meanings; Heraclitus might have used a different meaning of the word with each usage in his book.", "null": [ "tawngimt tagjdant dar hiraklitus ttusgzal g tmatarin", " lli igan yat tguri tayunaniyt tazaykut yusin kigan n inamkn imyanawn ; (hiraklitus) \u025bni\u0263 issmrs anamk ya\u1e0dn i tguri g matta ussmrs illan g udlis nns." ] }, { "en": "Some decades later he had to flee Croton and relocate to Metapontum.", "ber": "dffir n kra n isgg\u02b7asn iqqan d fllas ad irwl sg kartun immutti s mita\u1e25untum." }, { "en": "They advanced his ideas", "ber": " reaching the claim that everything consists of numbers", "null": [ " the universe is made by numbers and everything is a reflection of analogies and geometrical relations.", "hat attuyn s twngimin nns", " alig lkmn ad ttinin masd ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba ti\u0263awsiwin gant akk\u02b7 u\u1e6d\u1e6dunn", " am\u0263rad ittuga s wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun d aynna qqa\u1e25 illan iga yan wu\u0263ul n us\u0263al d tzdayin tinzgani." ] }, { "en": "Their way of life was ascetic", "ber": " restraining themselves from various pleasures and food.", "null": [ "tamamkt n tudrt nnsn tlla tfulki", " da sbddan ixfawn nnsn sg matta ifjjijn d wuttci." ] }, { "en": "Other pre-Socratic philosophers mocked Pythagoras for his belief in reincarnation.", "ber": "\u1e6dnzn kra n ifaylasufn dat n suq\u1e5ba\u1e6d sg bita\u0263urs aydd\u0263 ifuls s usn\u0263l." }, { "en": "Pythagoreanism influenced later Christian currents as Neoplatonism", "ber": " and its pedagogical methods were adapted by Plato.", "null": [ "t\u1e0di\u1e63 tfita\u0263urs xf imzazn g yat tizi ya\u1e0dn aydd\u0263 tga nyublatiniyya", " isimk afla\u1e6dun ammakn nns asagman nns." ] }, { "en": "According to Aristotle and Diogenes Laertius", "ber": " Xenophanes was Parmenides' teacher", "null": [ " and it is debated whether Xenophanes should also be considered an Eleatic.", "susulf n a\u1e5bs\u1e6du d dyujins layrtyus", " iga awd zinufans aslmad n \u1e25irmandis", " ar isgdal is n\u0263y ad ig zinufans ilyatiki." ] }, { "en": "He was the first to deduce that the earth is spherical.", "ber": "iga amzwaru nna isflan mas iga wakal aqlallay." }, { "en": "Parmenides wrote a hard to interpret poem", "ber": " named On Nature or On What-is", "null": [ " that substantially influenced later Greek philosophy.", "yura birmands yat tmdyazt icqqa ussfru nns s uzwl n ugama n\u0263 aynna gis illan", " d tnna i\u1e0di\u1e63n bahra g tflsaft tayunaniyt d iddan." ] }, { "en": "The poem consists of three parts", "ber": " the proem (i.e.", "null": [ " preface)", " the Way of Truth and the Way of Opinion.", "tb\u1e0da tmdyazt xf k\u1e5ba\u1e0d igzzumn", " tizwuri", " d tabridt n tidt d tbridt n tannayt." ] }, { "en": "The Way of Truth was then", "ber": " and is still today", "null": [ " considered of much more importance.", "tga tbridt n tidt g tizi nna\u0263", " d tsul s d\u0263i", " tlla tga tagjdant bahra." ] }, { "en": "Hence", "ber": " all the things that we think to be true", "null": [ " even ourselves", " are false representations.", "sg da han aynna s ntti\u0263il is issa\u0263", " awd g i\u0263fawn nn\u0263", " iga xs ismdyatn n \u025bnwa." ] }, { "en": "The goddess teaches Kouros to use his reasoning to understand whether various claims are true or false", "ber": " discarding senses as fallacious.", "null": [ "issn wakuc n krus ad issmrs tawngimt afad ad irms is ssa\u0263n i\u0263iln nnsn imzarayn n\u0263 is zgln", " akd tuttut n tagayin aydd\u0263 ur \u0263zant." ] }, { "en": "Zeno and Melissus continued Parmenides' thought on cosmology.", "ber": "issnti zinu d milusiz g uswingm g tmassanin n tm\u0263radin." }, { "en": "He tried to explain why we think various non-existent objects exist.", "ber": "yurm ad issfru max allig da ntti\u0263il is \u0263inna llan kra n t\u0263awsiwin imzarayn ur akk\u02b7 illin." }, { "en": "Anaxagoras was born in Ionia", "ber": " but was the first major philosopher to emigrate to Athens.", "null": [ "ilul anakajuras g iwnya", " maca iga afaylasuf amzwaru ammqran i\u1e25taln s atina." ] }, { "en": "Anaxagoras was also a major influence on Socrates.", "ber": "iga anakajuras awd sg i\u1e0di\u1e5bn ixatarn xf suq\u1e5ba\u1e6d." }, { "en": "Interpretations differ as to what he meant.", "ber": "d mzarayn issfrutn s uynna zars i\u1e93lin." }, { "en": "All objects were mixtures of various elements", "ber": " such as air", "null": [ " water", " and others.", "gant tazzitin qqa\u1e25 urkisn sg ifrdisn imyanawn", " zund azwu d waman d wiyya\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Nous was also considered a building block of the cosmos", "ber": " but it exists only in living objects.", "null": [ "mkinna iga \u2018\u2019nus\u2019\u2019 yat tirrit n tu\u1e63\u1e63ka n um\u0263rad", " maca ur illi xs g imidrn." ] }, { "en": "Anaxagoras advanced Milesian thought on epistemology", "ber": " striving to establish an explanation that could be valid for all natural phenomena.", "null": [ "ibu\u0263la uwngm alanxa\u0263uriy g tmussna", " acku da ikkat ad issrsl i ussfru nna izmrn ad ilaq i tumanin tigamanin ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba." ] }, { "en": "According to Diogenes Laertius", "ber": " Empedocles wrote two books in the form of poems: Peri Physeos (On nature) and the Katharmoi (Purifications).", "null": [ "s unmsasay d dyujins laytyus", " yura imiduks sin idlisn igan tmdyazin n umarg: biri fyus (xf ugama) d wikata\u1e5bmu\u1e5bi (im\u1e5bfi n wudm)." ] }, { "en": "He also continues Anaxagoras' thought on the four roots (i.e.", "ber": " classical elements)", "null": [ " that by intermixing", " they create all things around us.", "mkinna da ittsmad uswingm n anakajuras g \u2018\u2019i\u1e93u\u1e5ban\u2019\u2019 s kku\u1e93 (d ifrdisn itrarn) nna ittugan sg tussurt n t\u0263awsiwin nna a\u0263 akk\u02b7 ittin\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "These two forces are opposite and by acting upon the material of the four roots unite in harmony or tear apart the four roots", "ber": " with the resulting mixture being all things that exist.", "null": [ "tidusiwin ad gant anggu n man aya", " d sg uswuri xf tmtta sg i\u1e93u\u1e5ban s kku\u1e93 da ttakz g tmsasit n\u0263 da ttbbi i\u1e93u\u1e5ban s kku\u1e93", " mqqar iga urkis tayafut n t\u0263awsiwin nna akk\u02b7 illan." ] }, { "en": "They are most famous for their atomic cosmology even though their thought included many other fields of philosophy", "ber": " such as ethics", "null": [ " mathematics", " aesthetics", " politics", " and even embryology.", "ittwassan uggar s tussniwin n um\u0263rad afanuz mqqar yusi uwngm nns kigan n yigran n tflsaft", " zund ta\u0263arnt", " tusnakt", " tim\u1e25lanin", " tasrtit", " d tussna n ljinat." ] }, { "en": "Democritus and Leucippus were skeptics regarding the reliability of our senses", "ber": " but they were confident that motion exists.", "null": [ "iga dimukrits d lusib sg imturda g unna izdin s u\u0263zan n isyafatn", " maca fulsn is illa umussu." ] }, { "en": "Atoms move within the void", "ber": " interact with each other", "null": [ " and form the plurality of the world we live in", " in a purely mechanical manner.", "da tmussunifnuzn ammas n tarit", " ar ttmrara ing asnt", " ar tgga tamyinawt n uma\u1e0dal nna g nddr", " s yat tmamkt igan tamikanikiyt izddign." ] }, { "en": "Democritus concluded that since everything is atoms and void", "ber": " several of our senses are not real but conventional.", "null": [ "i\u1e6d\u1e6day dimukris mas d qqa\u1e25 ti\u0263awsiwin gant ifnuzn d untiln", " ur nnin ad gin kigan n isyafatn nn\u0263 tidt maca qad gin izaykutn." ] }, { "en": "They attacked traditional thinking", "ber": " from gods to morality", "null": [ " paving the way for further advances of philosophy and other disciplines such as drama", " social sciences", " mathematics", " and history.", "tan\u1e6dagan kigan aswingm azayku", " sg id wakuc ar ti\u0263ariwin", " aynna yudjan abrid i tuggt n tsattuyt g tflsaft d tm\u1e93layin nni\u1e0dn zund \u1e0d\u1e0d\u1e5bama", " d tmassanin tinfganin", " d tusnakt", " d umzruy." ] }, { "en": "The sophists taught rhetoric and how to address issues from multiple viewpoints.", "ber": "lmdn imssudsn tutlayt n uwnni d tmamkt n usu\u0263d n tmsarin sg tannayin imyanawn." }, { "en": "Gorgias wrote a book named On Nature", "ber": " in which he attacked the Eleatics' concepts of What-is and What-is-not.", "null": [ "yura gurjyas yan udlis s uzwl \u2018\u2019 xfagama\u2019\u2019 ittukya digs xf irmmusn n alyatiks s uynna as illan d uynna as ur illin." ] }, { "en": "Antiphon placed natural law against the law of the city.", "ber": "isrs antifun asnagal n ugama g unggu n usnagal n i\u0263rm." }, { "en": "He attempted to explain both the variety and unity of the cosmos.", "ber": "yurm ad issfru amyanaw n um\u0263rad d tamunt nns." }, { "en": "Diogenes of Apollonia returned to Milesian monism", "ber": " but with a rather more elegant thought.", "null": [ "idwl dyujinis abulunya s unzzu\u0263 amyiwn amiliziy", " maca akd yat twngimt ifulkin uggar." ] }, { "en": "While Pythagoras and Empedocles linked their self-proclaimed wisdom to their divinely inspired status", "ber": " they tried to teach or urge mortals to seek the truth about the natural realm\u2014Pythagoras by means of mathematics and geometry and Empedocles by exposure to experiences.", "null": [ "lli\u0263 izdy fita\u0263urs d umidulis tin\u1e93e\u1e93dt nns ittuynnan s wansa nns d umlan nns n yuc", " urmn ad lmdn i ufgan", " n\u0263 ad tn ajjin ad snubbucn xf tidt g uma\u1e0dal agaman", " nna igan fita\u0263urs sg tusnakt d tnzgi s tbridt n umnad n tmazzayin." ] }, { "en": "They attacked the traditional representations of gods that Homer and Hesiod had established and put Greek popular religion under scrutiny", "ber": " initiating the schism between natural philosophy and theology.", "null": [ "ggzn xf wu\u1e0du\u1e0dn izaykutn n id wakuc nna issrsl humirus d whisyud srsn as\u0263an aamdnan ayunaniy ddaw u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du", " issnti ub\u1e6d\u1e6du gr tflsaft tagamant d llahut." ] }, { "en": "The theological thought starts with the Milesian philosophers.", "ber": "da isfal uwngm alahutiy akd ifaylasufn imiliziyn." }, { "en": "Xenophanes set three preconditions for God: he had to be all good", "ber": " immortal and not resembling humans in appearance", "null": [ " which had a major impact on western religious thought.", "isrs gznufan kra\u1e0d ifadan n uzzwur n \u1e5bbbi: iqqand ad yili aynna akk\u02b7 illan i\u1e93il", " d am\u0263lul d ur irwas afgan g tfiras", " nna dar illa yan i\u1e0di\u1e63 mqqurn xf uwngm n us\u0263an udrim." ] }, { "en": "Anaxagoras asserted that cosmic intelligence (nous) gives life to things.", "ber": "islkn anakajuras masd tigzi n i\u0263zwr", "null": [ " da yakka tudrt i t\u0263awsiwin." ] }, { "en": "It was Hippocrates (often hailed as the father of medicine) who separated \u2013 but not completely \u2013 the two domains.", "ber": "iga abuqra\u1e6d ( nna mi ssl\u0263n bab n assasfr) ntta d ismzarin gr yigran", "null": [ " maca ur d tal\u0263a ismdn." ] }, { "en": "Ever-transforming nature is summarized by Heraclitus' axiom panta rhei (everything is in a state of flux).", "ber": "agama nna izdin isnfiln nns da t tsgzalnt tbadihyyin n \u2018\u2019hirakli\u1e6ds banta \u0263yi\u2019\u2019 - aynna illan illa g waddad n isnfiln izdin)." }, { "en": "The pre-Socratics sought to understand the various aspects of nature by means of rationalism", "ber": " observations", "null": [ " and offering explanations that could be deemed as scientific", " giving birth to what became Western rationalism.", "mma\u0263n dat suqra\u1e6d ad rmsn tisggiwin amyanawn n ugama sg umnlli", " d tannayin", " fkin issfrutn nna izmrn ad gint imassan", " nna d ittarun aynna igan amnlli udrim." ] }, { "en": "Anaximander offered the principle of sufficient reason", "ber": " a revolutionary argument that would also yield the principle that nothing comes out of nothing.", "null": [ "ifka anacimandr asnti n unlli yudan", " nna igan inigi n tgrawla nna izmrn awd nttat ad tawi s usnti n nna igan awd \u1e25a\u1e25 da d ittf\u0263 sg umya." ] }, { "en": "Xenophanes also advanced a critique of anthropomorphic religion by highlighting in a rational way the inconsistency of depictions of the gods in Greek popular religion.", "ber": "mkinna inna zinubhanis g ufran nns i us\u0263an n ufgan ittmnqarn lli\u0263 g \u1e93a\u1e5bs igr asidd s yat tmamkt tam\u0263zant xf gar tamsarit n uswlf n id yuc g usgd ayunaniy amdnan." }, { "en": "Other pre-Socratics also sought to answer the question of arche", "ber": " offering various answers", "null": [ " but the first step towards scientific thought was already taken.", "mkinna da kkatnt tnmalayin nni\u1e0dn ad rarint xf usqsi n u\u0263\u1e5b\u1e5babu", " wcin tirarutin imyanawn", " maca ttuskar tsurift tamzwarut g ubrid n uwngm amassan." ] }, { "en": "The philosophic thought produced by the pre-Socratics heavily influenced later philosophers", "ber": " historians and playwrights.", "null": [ "i\u1e0di\u1e63uwngm aflsafiy kigan s uynna d ifrs dat n tussniwin n iwlsessn xf ifaylasufn d inmzray d ibarazn g yat tizi ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "The naturalists impressed young Socrates and he was interested in the quest for the substance of the cosmos", "ber": " but his interest waned as he became steadily more focused on epistemology", "null": [ " virtue", " and ethics rather than the natural world.", "tss\u1e0dhr tmna\u1e6d\u1e6d n ugama agaraz n u\u025brrim suq\u1e5ba\u1e6d yasy anzgum n ad ilkm mummu n um\u0263rad", " maca tdrus tiwit nns akd t\u0263\u1e0dft nns idduhdan akd tussniwin n tnditin tt\u0263ariwin", " d tnafutin", " d t\u0263ariwin ur d ama\u1e0dal amu\u0263lan." ] }, { "en": "Cicero analyzed his views on the pre-Socratics in his Tusculanae Disputationes", "ber": " as he distinguished the theoretical nature of pre-Socratic thought from previous sages who were interested in more practical issues.", "null": [ "\u2018\u2019isfsi sisiru tannayin nns s mad i\u1e93lin s dat n uwlal g udlis nns \u2018\u2019imn\u0263i n irmskiln\u2019\u2019", " acku ib\u1e0da agama n tmagunt n uwngm n dat n suq\u1e5ba\u1e6d xf \u2018\u2019influsn\u2019\u2019 imzwura nn tt yiwin g tmntilin igan timassanin uggar\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Aristotle discussed the pre-Socratics in the first book of Metaphysics", "ber": " as an introduction to his own philosophy and the quest for arche.", "null": [ "imrara aris\u1e6du dat n tussniwin niwlaln g udlis amzwaru n lmitafiziqya", " zund tazwart n tflsaft nns g urzzu n u\u0263rrabu." ] }, { "en": "Francis Bacon", "ber": " a 16th-century philosopher known for advancing the scientific method", "null": [ " was probably the first philosopher of the modern era to use pre-Socratic axioms extensively in his texts.", "\u025bni\u0263 iga fransis bikun afaylasuf sg tsuti tiss mraw d \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63 (16) nna ittwassan s ufara n tmamkt tamassant", " afaylasuf amzwaru sg uzmz atrar nna issmrasn lbadihyyat n dat n tnba\u1e0dt g yan ud\u0263ar mqqurn g i\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63n nns." ] }, { "en": "Friedrich Nietzsche admired the pre-Socratics deeply", "ber": " calling them tyrants of the spirit to mark their antithesis and his preference against Socrates and his successors.", "null": [ "\u2018\u2019ikka fridirik nitc ittussusm bahra s uynna ittubdarn g dat ssuqra\u1e6dyyin", " ar asn ittini \u2018\u2019i\u1e93accaln n yiman\u2019\u2019 \u1e25ma ad isin anmakal nnsn d usmyafa nns g unggu n suq\u1e5ba\u1e6d d im\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn nns." ] }, { "en": "According to his narrative", "ber": " limned in many of his books", "null": [ " the pre-Socratic era was the glorious era of Greece", " while the so-called Golden Age that followed was an age of decay", " according to Nietzsche.", "s uynna inna", " lli illan g kigan n idlisn nns", " han azmz n dat n tnba\u1e0dt n lyunan iga yan uzmz ams\u0263udu", " g tizi lli\u0263 g iga unna mi ttinin azmz n wur\u0263 lli i\u1e0dfu\u1e5bn g maynna azmz n tqryant", " mkinna inna nitc." ] }, { "en": "Even though this period \u2013 known in its earlier part as the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period \u2013 in its latter part was fraught with chaos and bloody battles", "ber": " it is also known as the Golden Age of Chinese philosophy because a broad range of thoughts and ideas were developed and discussed freely.", "null": [ "mqqar tga tizi ad ittwassan g ugzzum amzwaru g unqqis s tizi n tfsut d tfsut d tizi n iwunkn ittma\u0263n-tkka tga akk\u02b7 g ugzzum amggaru g tizi ad xs irwayn d tma\u0263itin igan idammn", " d ittawassan awd s uzmz n wur\u0263 n tflsaft ta\u1e5biniyt", " acku llant kigan n twngimin d twngimin nna ittusbu\u0263lla d ttusmrarant s telelli." ] }, { "en": "Taoism (also called Daoism)", "ber": " a philosophy which emphasizes the Three Jewels of the Tao: compassion", "null": [ " moderation", " and humility", " while Taoist thought generally focuses on nature", " the relationship between humanity and the cosmos; health and longevity; and wu wei (action through inaction).", "ta\u1e6dawiyt (tga s wassa\u0263 awd ta\u0263uri) tga yat tflsaft nna ibddan xf k\u1e5ba\u1e0d n t\u0263awsiwin: afcad d uldudi d wunnuz", " g tizi nna g da isikil uwgm a\u1e6dawiy s umata xf ugama d tzdayt gr tfganiyt d um\u0263rad; tadusi d ta\u0263zi n usmmud;d twuri (tawuri adday ur tt tawit g twuri)." ] }, { "en": "Agrarianism", "ber": " or the School of Agrarianism", "null": [ " which advocated peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism.", "tagraniyt", " n\u0263 tinml tagraniy ar tqqra i imkrazn nna iran inamun id\u0263rann d ilibiraliyn." ] }, { "en": "Scholars from this school were good orators", "ber": " debaters and tacticians.", "null": [ "gan imrza n tinml ad sg tmistin fulkinin", " d tkucanin", " d imazzayn n u\u1e25yyl." ] }, { "en": "The School of Minor-talks", "ber": " which was not a unique school of thought", "null": [ " but a philosophy constructed of all the thoughts which were discussed by and originated from normal people on the street.", "tinml n \u2018tismnawalin tim\u1e93\u1e93yanin\u2019\u2019", " nna ur igi xs tinml tawlawalt", " maca tga yat tflsaft nna ittu\u1e63\u1e63kan xf twngimin qqa\u1e25 nna mraran iwdan unziln g wasuk nna d tff\u0263\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Confucianism was particularly strong during the Han Dynasty", "ber": " whose greatest thinker was Dong Zhongshu", "null": [ " who integrated Confucianism with the thoughts of the Zhongshu School and the theory of the Five Elements.", "tlla tkunfucyusiyt tdus s yat tmamkt tam\u1e93layt g uzmz n tdfrt n han", " nna g iga dung zuncu yan sg imswingmn nns imqqran", " iskcm takunfucyusiyt akd twngimin n tinml zun\u0263cu d tmakunt n ifrdisn s smmus." ] }, { "en": "In particular", "ber": " they refuted the assumption of Confucius as a godlike figure and considered him as the greatest sage", "null": [ " but simply a human and mortal.", "slawan akk\u02b7", " msuc\u1e0dn turda n kunfucyus amm kra n uwrik akucan gin t d anflus uggar", " maca iga day xs afgan nna qad ifnu." ] }, { "en": "Buddhism arrived in China around the 1st century AD", "ber": " but it was not until the Northern and Southern", "null": [ " Sui and Tang Dynasties that it gained considerable influence and acknowledgement.", "tlkm tbudiyt \u1e63\u1e63in dar tsutit tamzwarut (1) n tlalit", " maca ur dars atig amqqran ula tusnas n idayna\u1e63u\u1e5bn n ugafay d uyffus", " yastwa im\u0263ur." ] }, { "en": "This leads to the inquiry into the one being that underlies the diversity of empirical phenomena and the origin of all things.", "ber": "da ittawi man aya s wazzray g tmsart nna illan dffir n wanaw n tumanin n tinaramin d u\u1e93u\u1e5b n t\u0263awsiwin." }, { "en": "Seven Rishis \u2014 Atri", "ber": " Bharadwaja", "null": [ " Gautama", " Jamadagni", " Kasyapa", " Vasishtha", " Viswamitra.", "sa n id rcis-atri", " bahradwaja", " \u0263awtama", " jamda\u0263ni", " kasyaba", " fasicta", " fisyumitra." ] }, { "en": "Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BC", "ber": " marking the end of the Greek Dark Ages.", "null": [ "ttuga tflsaft tayunaniyt tazaykut g tsutit tiss 6 dat n tlalit", " anka\u1e0d n tgira n izmaz ad iyunaniyn illasn." ] }, { "en": "It dealt with a wide variety of subjects", "ber": " including astronomy", "null": [ " epistemology", " mathematics", " political philosophy", " ethics", " metaphysics", " ontology", " logic", " biology", " rhetoric and aesthetics.", "isawl xf kigan n isntal imyanawn", " g tamu tawssnitran", " d tmassadrizn", " d tusnakt", " d tflsaft tasrtant", " d t\u0263ariwin", " d tussnamitafiziqiyt", " d tungint", " d tawssntudrt", " d tissrqqt", " d tussnafalkayin." ] }, { "en": "Clear", "ber": " unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophers to Roman philosophy", "null": [ " Early Islamic philosophy", " Medieval Scholasticism", " the European Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment.", "ar ttawin izrirign n i\u1e0di\u1e63n ifawn nna ur i\u1e5b\u1e93\u1e93an sg ifaylasufn iyunayiyn d ihiliniyn izaykutn s tflsaft tarumaniyt", " d tflsaft tayislmt n zik", " d tussniwin n izmazn inammasn d uzmz n tnkra ta\u1e5bubbiyt d uzmz n usfaw." ] }, { "en": "But they taught themselves to reason.", "ber": "maca sslmdn i ixfawn nnsn anlli." }, { "en": "Thales inspired the Milesian school of philosophy and was followed by Anaximander", "ber": " who argued that the substratum or arche could not be water or any of the classical elements but was instead something unlimited or indefinite (in Greek", "null": [ " the apeiron).", "\u2018\u2019tssusm tinml n tflsaft tamilisiyt ula im\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn nns anaksimn\u1e0d\u1e5b", " nna ittinin masd tiski n yizdar n\u0263 a\u0263\u1e5b\u1e5babu ur inni ad ig win waman n\u0263 kra g ifrdisn itrarn mca tga g wansa n maynna kra \u2018\u2019ur imkutti\u2019\u2019 n\u0263 \u2018\u2019ur igi am\u1e93lay\u2019\u2019 (s tyunaniyt.\u2019\u2019" ] }, { "en": "Contrary to the Milesian school", "ber": " which posits one stable element as the arche", "null": [ " Heraclitus taught that panta rhei (everything flows)", " the closest element to this eternal flux being fire.", "\u2018\u2019s unmgal n tinml tamilisiyt", " nna ywcan yan ufrdis amzda\u0263 zund a\u0263\u1e5b\u1e5babu", " issn hiraklitus masd qqa\u1e25 ti\u0263awsiwin da d tblbu\u1e6dnt", " d ufrdis nna akk\u02b7 ilmalan i ubblb\u1e6d ad igat wafa." ] }, { "en": "Being", "ber": " he argued", "null": [ " by definition implies eternality", " while only that which is can be thought; a thing which is", " moreover", " cannot be more or less", " and so the rarefaction and condensation of the Milesians is impossible regarding Being; lastly", " as movement requires that something exist apart from the thing moving (viz.", "da ittini masd iga unamk nns", " sg ussnkd nns", " tga tasult", " g tizi nna g ur nenni ad nswingm xs g man aya", " iga yat t\u0263awsa ur innin ad yili", " uggar n man aya", " ad yili uggar n\u0263 ddaw as", " s tgira nns iga uggafy n lmilisiyyin d tiggidit nnsn yat t\u0263awsa yagumn", " g umggaru", " aydd\u0263 da ittiri umussu ili n kra n t\u0263awsa nna ur igin ta\u0263awsa lli ittmctagn." ] }, { "en": "In support of this", "ber": " Parmenides' pupil Zeno of Elea attempted to prove that the concept of motion was absurd and as such motion did not exist.", "null": [ "asdus n uynna\u0263", " imma\u0263 unlmad n birminds zinu sg ilya ad isskr tilawt mas iga urmmus n umussu ansgafa", " aynna yudjan tannayt ad asumr dd\u0263 ur illi." ] }, { "en": "Leucippus also proposed an ontological pluralism with a cosmogony based on two main elements: the vacuum and atoms.", "ber": "mkinna isummr awd lyusibyus tamyinawt ta\u1e6dubbulujiyt i\u1e93lin s um\u0263rad ibddan xf sin ifrdisn igjdan : tarit d ifnuzn." }, { "en": "While philosophy was an established pursuit prior to Socrates", "ber": " Cicero credits him as the first who brought philosophy down from the heavens", "null": [ " placed it in cities", " introduced it into families", " and obliged it to examine into life and morals", " and good and evil.", "g tizi lli\u0263 g tm\u1e63\u1e0dfa\u1e5b tflsaft dat n suq\u1e5ba\u1e6d", " iga t sansiru d \u2018\u2019amzwaru d isuggzn taflsaft sg ujnna", " isrs tt g i\u0263rman", " iskcm tt g tawjiwin", " isslzm \u0263ifs asnubbc g tudrt d t\u0263ariwin", " d wafulki d gar." ] }, { "en": "The fact that many conversations involving Socrates (as recounted by Plato and Xenophon) end without having reached a firm conclusion", "ber": " or aporetically", "null": [ " has stimulated debate over the meaning of the Socratic method.", "d tidt llan kigan n tsmnawalin nna g i\u1e63\u1e5b suq\u1e5ba\u1e6d (mkinna tnt yuls afla\u1e6dun d kzinyufu) da ttsmad s yan wa\u1e6d\u1e6day armskil", " n\u0263 s yat tmamkt ur ittudman", " tga tamntilt n ukam n umrara xf unamk n wammak asuq\u1e5ba\u1e6diy." ] }, { "en": "Socrates taught that no one desires what is bad", "ber": " and so if anyone does something that truly is bad", "null": [ " it must be unwillingly or out of ignorance; consequently", " all virtue is knowledge.", "issn suq\u1e5ba\u1e6d is ur iri awd yan aynna ihrcn", " s man aya iga igi nna iskr uwrik illan kra iwcn nit iqqand ad ig bla turda d gar assn", " aya", " tanafut illan tga tussna." ] }, { "en": "The great statesman Pericles was closely associated with this new learning and a friend of Anaxagoras", "ber": " however", "null": [ " and his political opponents struck at him by taking advantage of a conservative reaction against the philosophers; it became a crime to investigate the things above the heavens or below the earth", " subjects considered impious.", "izdy urgaz n twunkt amqqran briklis yat tzdayt tamqqrant s usslmd ad amaynu d umddak\u02b7l n anaksajuras", " maca inggutn nns isrtann wtnt s ussb\u0263r sg urar n yigi n yan umaguz mgak n tflsaft", " tg an\u0263a n usaggu g t\u0263awsiwin n nnig ujnna n\u0263 ddaw n wakal", " idsn iwrikn mi la\u1e25 la\u1e6d\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "Socrates", "ber": " however", "null": [ " is the only subject recorded as charged under this law", " convicted", " and sentenced to death in 399 BCE (see Trial of Socrates).", "maca suq\u1e5ba\u1e6d ntta ad igan awrik amyiwn nna ittuzmmamn mas iga amrday s usa\u1e0duf ad", " nna s fllas nnb\u1e0dn s uslluy\u0263 g usgg\u02b7as n 399 dat n tlalit (\u1e93\u1e5b asa\u1e5ba\u1e0d n suq\u1e5ba\u1e6d)." ] }, { "en": "Plato casts Socrates as the main interlocutor in his dialogues", "ber": " deriving from them the basis of Platonism (and by extension", "null": [ " Neoplatonism).", "ar isrus afla\u1e6dun suq\u1e5ba\u1e6d zund anmsawal axatar g imsawaln nns", " ar gisn d ittasi tirsal n tfla\u1e6duniyt (dffir as nyublatuniyya)." ] }, { "en": "Zeno of Citium in turn adapted the ethics of Cynicism to articulate Stoicism.", "ber": "issusa d zinu sg siti awd ntta ti\u0263ariwin n \u1e6d\u1e6dn\u1e93 \u1e25ma ad isiwl xf tufrayin n \u1e6d\u1e6dn\u1e93." }, { "en": "Along with Xenophon", "ber": " Plato is the primary source of information about Socrates' life and beliefs and it is not always easy to distinguish between the two.", "null": [ "g tama n zinufun", " iga afla\u1e6dun a\u0263balu axatar n in\u0263misn xf tudrt d ta\u0263alin n suq\u1e5ba\u1e6d d ur iwhin abda ad nsmzaray grasn s ssin." ] }, { "en": "Although rule by a wise man would be preferable to rule by law", "ber": " the wise cannot help but be judged by the unwise", "null": [ " and so in practice", " rule by law is deemed necessary.", "mqqar illa unnb\u1e0d n yan urgaz anflus yuf annb\u1e0d ns unnb\u1e0d n ilugan", " acku anflus ur inni ad ittuyawas g unnb\u1e0d xs dar id gar un\u1e93i\u1e93n", " man aya as d iqqan unnb\u1e0d s tnba\u1e0dt n ilugan g tmskrt tamassant." ] }, { "en": "Plato's dialogues also have metaphysical themes", "ber": " the most famous of which is his theory of forms.", "null": [ "imsawaln n afla\u1e6dun \u0263ursn awd isntal imitafiziqiyn", " tnna gisn akk\u02b7 ittwassan tga tt tamagunt nns xf twidatin." ] }, { "en": "It likens most humans to people tied up in a cave", "ber": " who look only at shadows on the walls and have no other conception of reality.", "null": [ "ar issrwas kigan g ufgan s iwdan nna ittwakrafn g ifran", " lli i\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ban xs imula g igudir d ur darsn yat tannayt ya\u1e0dn i tilawt." ] }, { "en": "If these travelers then re-entered the cave", "ber": " the people inside (who are still only familiar with the shadows) would not be equipped to believe reports of this 'outside world'.", "null": [ "mk dwln inmudda ad s ifri tikklit ya\u1e0dn", " ur nnim iwdan (winna isuln um\u1e93n xs imula day) ur nnin ad wjdn i yimn n \u2018\u2019unqqis n b\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Bertrand Russell", "ber": " A History of Western Philosophy (New York: Simon & Schuster", "null": [ " 1972).", "birna\u1e5bd rasl", " amzruy n tflsaft tudrimt (nyuyurk : simun - wcustr", " 1972)." ] }, { "en": "He criticizes the regimes described in Plato's Republic and Laws", "ber": " and refers to the theory of forms as empty words and poetic metaphors.", "null": [ "ar ifrrn imagawn nna ittugan g tgdudant n ilugan n afla\u1e6dun", " ar immal tamagunt n wunu\u0263n aydd\u0263 gan tiguriwin ixwan d ilwatn n tmdyazin.\u2019\u2019" ] }, { "en": "Antisthenes was inspired by the ascetism of Socrates", "ber": " and accused Plato of pride and conceit.", "null": [ "ddan d inmgaln sg yily n suq\u1e5ba\u1e6d", " issurda afla\u1e6dun s wuddur d tiddist." ] }, { "en": "It was founded by Euclides of Megara", "ber": " one of the pupils of Socrates.", "null": [ "isrs tirsal nns yuklids sg mi\u0263ara", " yan sg inlmadn n suq\u1e5ba\u1e6d." ] }, { "en": "Pyrrhonism places the attainment of ataraxia (a state of equanimity) as the way to achieve eudaimonia.", "ber": "da iittaws uwliwl ad ilkm yan waddad n umsasa aydd\u0263 iga ta\u0263arst n tsistant n uritu." }, { "en": "His ethics were based on the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain.", "ber": "\u2018\u2019bddant t\u0263ariwin nns xf \u2018\u2019t\u1e0df\u1e5bt dffir n ufjjij d iry n ungaz\u2019\u2019.\u2019\u2019" }, { "en": "Their logical contributions still feature in contemporary propositional calculus.", "ber": "tsuln ff\u0263n d ibzarn nn\u0263 g yil\u0263 nn\u0263 n tullu\u0263t atrar." }, { "en": "This skeptical period of ancient Platonism", "ber": " from Arcesilaus to Philo of Larissa", "null": [ " became known as the New Academy", " although some ancient authors added further subdivisions", " such as a Middle Academy.", "g tizi ad igan turda nns g tfla\u1e6duniyt tazaykut", " sg arksilaws ar filurisa", " tdwl ttwassan s wassa\u0263 n takadimiyt tamaynut", " mqqar zaydn kra n imgayn izaykutn kigan n ib\u1e6d\u1e6dutn ayyawn", " zund takadimiyt tanammast." ] }, { "en": "While the objective of the Pyrrhonists was the attainment of ataraxia", "ber": " after Arcesilaus the Academic skeptics did not hold up ataraxia as the central objective.", "null": [ "g tizi nna g iga uwttas n izumag ad isagg\u02b7 ataraksiya", " dffir n arsislyus imssurda ikadimiyn ur iqsi\u1e25 ataraksiya zund awttas anammas." ] }, { "en": "In the Byzantine Empire Greek ideas were preserved and studied", "ber": " and not long after the first major expansion of Islam", "null": [ " however", " the Abbasid caliphs authorized the gathering of Greek manuscripts and hired translators to increase their prestige.", "g tmnukda tabizan\u1e6diyt \u1e25\u1e0dan tiwngimin tiyunayin zrun tn", " d ur fllasn tkki kigan n tizi dffir n usxir amqqran g lislam", " mqqar d man aya", " wddnen inbba\u1e0dn i\u025bbbasiyn s usmun n warratn iyunaniyn frun i imssu\u0263al \u1e25ma ad asin g watig nnsn." ] }, { "en": "Medieval philosophy is the philosophy that existed through the Middle Ages", "ber": " the period roughly extending from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century to the Renaissance in the 15th century.", "null": [ "taflsaft n tsutin inammasn", " nna ikkan dar sg t\u1e0du\u1e5bi n tmnukda trumaniyt tudrimt g tsuta tiis 5 ar azmz n tnkra g tsuta tiss 15." ] }, { "en": "With the possible exceptions of Avicenna and Averroes", "ber": " medieval thinkers did not consider themselves philosophers at all: for them", "null": [ " the philosophers were the ancient pagan writers such as Plato and Aristotle.", "aynna ur igin afisina d ufirus : ur ddjin dmin imgayn n tsutin inammasn i\u0263f awn nnsn is gan ifaylasufn : ifaylasufn darsn gan tn imaratn iwataniyn izaykutn zund afla\u1e6dun d aris\u1e6du." ] }, { "en": "One of the most heavily debated things of the period was that of faith versus reason.", "ber": "yan sg kigan n t\u0263awsiwin nna ittumraran bahra g tizi nna g illa ufuls g wansa n unlli." }, { "en": "It is generally agreed that it begins with Augustine (354\u2013430) who strictly belongs to the classical period", "ber": " and ends with the lasting revival of learning in the late eleventh century", "null": [ " at the beginning of the high medieval period.", "aynna xf msasan ad ssntin akd ugi\u1e63\u1e6din (354-430) nna yamun nik g tizi tatrart", " ar ittsmad s uussidr n usslmd izdin g tgira n tsuti n mraw d yan", " g tizwuri n tizi n tstin tinammasin yattuyn." ] }, { "en": "In later periods", "ber": " monks were used for training administrators and churchmen.", "null": [ "g tizza ya\u1e0dn", " ssmrsn irhbiyn g issanun n inmhaln d irgazn n lkaisat." ] }, { "en": "Much of the work of Aristotle was unknown in the West in this period.", "ber": "kigan n twuriwin n aris\u1e6du ur ttwassant g tizi ad g udrim." }, { "en": "Augustine is regarded as the greatest of the Church Fathers.", "ber": "iga u\u0263u\u1e63\u1e6din yan sg imqqran n id bab n lkanisa." }, { "en": "For over a thousand years", "ber": " there was hardly a Latin work of theology or philosophy that did not quote his writing", "null": [ " or invoke his authority.", "uggar n if\u1e0d n usgg\u02b7as", " tlla \u0263inna yat twuri talatiniyt sg llahut n\u0263 taflsaft nna ur d itwasayn sg idlisn nns", " n\u0263 ad isuqqur s tnbat nns." ] }, { "en": "He became consul in 510 in the kingdom of the Ostrogoths.", "ber": "iga aqunsu g 510 n tgldit g ustru\u0263us." }, { "en": "He wrote commentaries on these works", "ber": " and on the Isagoge by Porphyry (a commentary on the Categories).", "null": [ "yura i\u0263fawaln xf twuriwin ad", " d xf izajuj sg wa\u1e93y n burfiri (iga i\u0263fawal xf tigrumma)." ] }, { "en": "Around this period several doctrinal controversies emerged", "ber": " such as the question of whether God had predestined some for salvation and some for damnation.", "null": [ "g tizi ad ffu\u0263n d kigan n imzarayn n t\u0263arasin", " zund tamsart n mas izwar \u1e5bbbi ka s fra d kra yan s uxlu." ] }, { "en": "Is the host the same as Christ's historical body?", "ber": "is iga umsnbgi zund tafgga n umasi\u1e25 amzray." }, { "en": "This period also witnessed a revival of scholarship.", "ber": "tssn awd tizi dd\u0263 assidr n tawsiwin tinmlanin." }, { "en": "Later", "ber": " under St. Abbo of Fleury (abbot 988\u20131004)", "null": [ " head of the reformed abbey school", " Fleury enjoyed a second golden age.", "g yat tizi ya\u1e0dn", " g uzmz n mass abu manfaluri (baba 988-1004)", " axatar n tinml n ddir dffir n ma ittus\u0263ad", " ifjjij fluri s yan uzmz nni\u1e0dn wiss sin." ] }, { "en": "The early 13th century witnessed the culmination of the recovery of Greek philosophy.", "ber": "tssn tzwuri n tsuti tiss 13 afa n urar n tflsaft tayunaniyt." }, { "en": "Powerful Norman kings gathered men of knowledge from Italy and other areas into their courts as a sign of their prestige.", "ber": "qqa\u1e25 igldan iurmaniyn idusn d irgazn n tussna sg i\u1e6dalya d wansiwn nni\u1e0dn darsn tisnb\u1e0dayin nns zund tamatart n wuddur nnsn." }, { "en": "The universities developed in the large cities of Europe during this period", "ber": " and rival clerical orders within the Church began to battle for political and intellectual control over these centers of educational life.", "null": [ "bu\u0263llant tsdawitin g u\u1e5bubba g tizi ad", " ssntin wana\u1e0dn ittyaran ammas n lkanisa g yat tma\u0263it xf yim\u1e93 asrtan d ungman g wansiwn ad g tudrt n usslmd." ] }, { "en": "The great representatives of Dominican thinking in this period were Albertus Magnus and (especially) Thomas Aquinas", "ber": " whose artful synthesis of Greek rationalism and Christian doctrine eventually came to define Catholic philosophy.", "null": [ "llan kigan n isgbarn n uwngm aduminikiy g tizi ad gisn albirtu magnus (slawan akk\u02b7) \u1e6dumas akwinas", " lli d yiwin yan uswlf i\u0263udan i uwnlli ayunaniy d ta\u0263alt tamasi\u1e25iyt g umggaru \u1e25ma ad isnml taflsaft takatulikiyt." ] }, { "en": "Aquinas showed how it was possible to incorporate much of the philosophy of Aristotle without falling into the errors of the Commentator Averroes.", "ber": "tsskn \u2018\u2019akinas\u2019\u2019 mkinna s izmr ad ikcm kigan g tflsaft n aris\u1e6du bla n\u1e0d\u1e5b g \u2018\u2019tzggal\u2019\u2019\u2019 n \u2018\u2019umxfawal abirus\u2019\u2019." }, { "en": "The problem of evil: The classical philosophers had speculated on the nature of evil", "ber": " but the problem of how an all-powerful", "null": [ " all-knowing", " loving God could create a system of things in which evil exists first arose in the medieval period.", "amukris n gar: kkan ttn ifaylasufn n itrarn s\u1e25argn s ugama n gar", " maca amukris iga t manik s ittuga wakuc adusan", " nna ittirin ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba", " amagaw n t\u0263awsiwin nna g illa gar", " ittusrsal tiklt izwarn g tsutin tinammasin." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " from the fourteenth century onward", "null": [ " the increasing use of mathematical reasoning in natural philosophy prepared the way for the rise of science in the early modern period.", "mqqar d man aya", " sg tsuti tiss mraw d kku s uflla", " yiwi ussmrs ittgidiyn i tungint tusnakant g tflsaft tagamant ad s ubrid istwan i yily n tmssanin g tizi tatrart zikk." ] }, { "en": "In the earlier period", "ber": " writers such as Peter Abelard wrote commentaries on the works of the Old logic (Aristotle's Categories", "null": [ " On interpretation", " and the Isagoge of Porphyry).", "g tizi izrin", " ittyara udlis zund bitr abila\u1e5b\u1e0d ixfawaln xf twuriwin n tungimt tazaykut (tigrumma n a\u1e5bi\u1e63\u1e6du", " g tmsart n ussfru", " d iza\u0263uj n burfiri)." ] }, { "en": "(The word 'intentionality' was revived by Franz Brentano", "ber": " who was intending to reflect medieval usage).", "null": [ "(ttussidr tguri n \u2018\u2019tirslt\u2019\u2019 s franz birtanu", " nna igan xf ad isnqlb assmrs n tisuta tinammasin)." ] }, { "en": "The designation Renaissance philosophy is used by scholars of intellectual history to refer to the thought of the period running in Europe roughly between 1355 and 1650 (the dates shift forward for central and northern Europe and for areas such as Spanish America", "ber": " India", "null": [ " Japan", " and China under European influence).", "\u2018\u2019da ttusmras tguri n \u2018\u2019tflsaft n uzmz n tnkra\u2019\u2019 day imassan n umzruy amassan \u1e25ma ad gin tamatart i uwngm nna illan g u\u1e5bubba \u025blayn \u0263ur usgg\u02b7as 1355 d 1650 ( da tmuttuyn isakudn s dat n u\u1e5bubba tanammast d tin i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d ima mad i\u1e93lin s wansiwn zund amrika ta\u1e63blyuniyt d lhind d lyaban d \u1e63\u1e63in ddaw tnba\u1e0dt tayu\u1e5bubbiyt).\u2019\u2019" ] }, { "en": "The assumption that Aristotle's works were foundational to an understanding of philosophy did not wane during the Renaissance", "ber": " which saw a flourishing of new translations", "null": [ " commentaries", " and other interpretations of his works", " both in Latin and in the vernacular.", "mk nenna masd tiwuriwin n a\u1e5bis\u1e6du gant tirslt n urmmus n tflsaft nna ur ibu\u0263lin g uzmz n tnkra", " nna issn yan ubu\u0263lu g yigr n usu\u0263l amaynu d ixfawaln d issfrutn nni\u1e0dn i twuriwin nns", " swa g tutlayt talatiniyt n\u0263 tutlayt tanmatayt." ] }, { "en": "The latter", "ber": " similar in some ways to modern debates", "null": [ " examined the pros and cons of particular philosophical positions or interpretations.", "tamggarut ad", " nna irwasn g kra n tsggiwin nns imraratn itrarn", " s tb\u0263urin d tuzdirin n waddadn n\u0263 issfrutn n kra n iflsafiyn." ] }, { "en": "Plato", "ber": " known directly only through two and a half dialogues in the Middle Ages", "null": [ " came to be known through numerous Latin translations in fifteenth century Italy", " culminating in the hugely influential translation of his complete works by Marsilio Ficino in Florence in 1484.", "afla\u1e6dun nna ittwassan s wusrid nday sg sin d uzgn n imsawaln g izmazn inammasn", " idwl ittwassan sg kigan n tmssu\u0263ulin tilatiniyin g i\u1e6dalya g tsuti tiss mraw d smmus", " tlkm aswir nns yattuyn ammas n twuriwin nns qqa\u1e25 ismdn dar marsilyu fisinu g 1484." ] }, { "en": "Not all Renaissance humanists followed his example in all things", "ber": " but Petrarch contributed to a broadening of his time's 'canon' (pagan poetry had previously been considered frivolous and dangerous)", "null": [ " something that happened in philosophy as well.", "ur nn lmalan awd yan sg inafgann g uzmz n tnkra almila nns g t\u0263awsiwin", " maca bitrark yiws g usxitr n wansa n \u2018\u2019t\u0263ruct\u2019\u2019 g tizi nns (iga wazzar awataniy g mad izrin ukus n umya icqqu)", " d ntta d ta\u0263awsa nna ij\u1e5ban awd g tflsaft." ] }, { "en": "Other movements from ancient philosophy also re-entered the mainstream.", "ber": "mkinna d dwln imussutn nni\u1e0dn sg tflsaft tazaykut s umzaz nna iggutn." }, { "en": "This position came under increasing strain in the Renaissance", "ber": " as various thinkers claimed that Thomas's classifications were inaccurate", "null": [ " and that ethics were the most important part of morality.", "illa waddad ad ddaw yan ussikl ittzayadn g uzmz n tnkra", " aydd\u0263 fulsn kigan n imswingmn masd ib\u1e6d\u1e6dutn n \u1e6dumas ur bahra gin imn\u0263udn", " d lant t\u0263ariwin yan ugzzun ilan atig cigan sg t\u0263ariwin." ] }, { "en": "As we have seen", "ber": " they believed that philosophy could be brought under the wing of rhetoric.", "null": [ "mkinna nannay", " da tti\u0263iln masd taflsaft tzmr ad ttug ddaw yifr n ummslay." ] }, { "en": "In 1416\u20131417", "ber": " Leonardo Bruni", "null": [ " the pre-eminent humanist of his time and chancellor of Florence", " re-translated Aristotle's Ethics into a more flowing", " idiomatic and classical Latin.", "g tizi n 1416-1417", " yuls lyuna\u1e5bdu b\u1e5buni", " asklan anafgan nna issuddan g uzmz nns ig ansfaw n flu\u1e5binsa", " asu\u0263l n t\u0263ariwin n a\u1e5bi\u1e63\u1e6du s tlatiniyt nna ibbu\u0263llan", " d tiinna bahra i\u1e25i\u1e0dn gint titrarin." ] }, { "en": "The driving conviction was that philosophy should be freed of its technical jargon so that more people would be able to read it.", "ber": "afuls igan ammak iga masd iqqan i tflsaft ad ttulelli sg ulday nns atiqniy ar asra g zmrn kigan n middn ad tt \u0263rin." }, { "en": "Desiderius Erasmus", "ber": " the great Dutch humanist", "null": [ " even prepared a Greek edition of Aristotle", " and eventually those teaching philosophy in the universities had to at least pretend that they knew Greek.", "allig iswjd disidiryus irasmus", " ahulandiy amqqran anafgan", " yat tazzult tayunaniyt xf a\u1e5bis\u1e6du", " s tgira iqqand xf winna iqqran taflsaft g tsdawitin ad s\u1e0dh\u1e5bn day xs snn i tyunaniyt." ] }, { "en": "Once it had been determined", "ber": " however", "null": [ " that Italian was a language with literary merit and that it could carry the weight of philosophical discussion", " numerous efforts in this direction started to appear", " particularly from the 1540s onward.", "maca lli\u0263 g ittus\u0263ts mas tga te\u1e6dalyaniyt yat tutlayt tasklant d tzmr ad tasi a\u1e93a\u1e93a n umrara aflsafiy", " ssntint kigan n tzmmar g tsga ad g wufu\u0263", " slawan akk\u02b7 sg 1540 s uflla." ] }, { "en": "We know that debates about the freedom of the will continued to flare up (for instance", "ber": " in the famous exchanges between Erasmus and Martin Luther)", "null": [ " that Spanish thinkers were increasingly obsessed with the notion of nobility", " that duelling was a practice that generated a large literature in the sixteenth century (was it permissible or not?).", "nssn masd imraratn xf tlelli n tarayt tssnti g ussi\u0263 (s umdya", " g immskaln ittwassan gr irasmus d martin lut)", " d masd imassan i\u1e63blyuniyn kkan ttn ccan tnt s yat tmamkt taxatart s twngimt n tmmuz\u0263a", " d mas tga ti\u0263ilt yat tmskrt nna d issirun kigan n tskla g tsuti tiss mraw d \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63\u1e63 (is ittussurf man aya mad uhuy ?)." ] }, { "en": "We must not forget that most philosophers of the time were at least nominal", "ber": " if not devout", "null": [ " Christians", " that the sixteenth century saw both the Protestant and the Catholic reformations", " and that Renaissance philosophy culminates with the period of the Thirty Years' War (1618\u20131648).", "iqqand ad ur nttu masd tuggt n ifaylasufn g tizi nna\u0263 gan day xs assa\u0263n", " xs mk ur d ddin sg imasi\u1e25iyn", " d tssn tsutit tiss mraw d \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63\u1e63 cigan n is\u0263udutn ib\u1e5bustintaniyt d ikatulikiyn", " d masd taflsaft n uzmz n tnkra tlkm aflla g tizi n ugari n k\u1e5ba\u1e0d d mraw n usgg\u02b7asn (1618-1648)." ] }, { "en": "In conclusion", "ber": " like any other moment in the history of thought Renaissance philosophy cannot be considered to have provided something entirely new nor to have continued for centuries to repeat the conclusions of its predecessors.", "null": [ "g umggaru", " tga tflsaft n uzmz n tnkra", " zund nttat zund tiziwin nni\u1e0dn g umzruy n uwngm", " ur tnni ad yili tfka kra igan amaynu akk\u02b7 n\u0263 is tzdy kigan n tsutin g wallas n isfluln n imzwura nns." ] }, { "en": "Modern philosophy is philosophy developed in the modern era and associated with modernity.", "ber": "taflsaft tatrart tga yat tflsaft nna ittuskarn g uzmz atrar d tzdy s tmtrart." }, { "en": "By the 17th and 18th centuries the major figures in philosophy of mind", "ber": " epistemology", "null": [ " and metaphysics were roughly divided into two main groups.", "lli\u0263 d lkmn tsutin tiss 17 d 18 gant iwrik igjdann g tflsaft n unlli d libbistimulujiyya (tussniwin n tussna) d lmi\u1e6dafiziqa b\u1e0dan \u025blayn xf snat trabbutin tixatarin." ] }, { "en": "The Empiricists", "ber": " by contrast", "null": [ " held that knowledge must begin with sensory experience.", "\u2018\u2019g mgal n man aya", " \u1e93\u1e5ban \u2018\u2019inaramn\u2019\u2019 mas iqqan d i tussna ad tssnti s tmuzayt n ifrk\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Other important figures in political philosophy include Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.", "ber": "sg iwrikn nni\u1e0dn issawhmman g tflsaft tasrtant n \u1e6dumas hubz d ddjun jak \u1e5bu\u1e63u." }, { "en": "Kant sparked a storm of philosophical work in Germany in the early nineteenth century", "ber": " beginning with German idealism.", "null": [ "issa\u0263 kan\u1e6d tazwut n twuri tflsaft g almanya g tizwuri n tsutit tiss mrawt\u1e93a", " issnti s tfilawt talalmaniyt." ] }, { "en": "Karl Marx appropriated both Hegel's philosophy of history and the empirical ethics dominant in Britain", "ber": " transforming Hegel's ideas into a strictly materialist form", "null": [ " setting the grounds for the development of a science of society.", "yum\u1e93 ka\u1e5bl ma\u1e5bks taflsaft n higl n umzruy d t\u0263ariwin tinaramin nna illan g b\u1e5bi\u1e6danya", " isnfl tiwngimin n higl s yat tmamkt igan akk\u02b7 takmamt", " aynna isrsn tirsal n usbu\u0263lu n wamun." ] }, { "en": "Arthur Schopenhauer took idealism to the conclusion that the world was nothing but the futile endless interplay of images and desires", "ber": " and advocated atheism and pessimism.", "null": [ "iff\u0263 a\u1e5bt\u1e5b cubbnhaw\u1e5b mas iga uma\u1e0dal xs yan umrara la\u1e25 mani as ikka yan gr twlafin d tin\u1e93e\u1e93\u1e0din", " igr ta\u0263uri nns s tcufrt d usn\u0263imal." ] }, { "en": "Descartes argued that many predominant Scholastic metaphysical doctrines were meaningless or false.", "ber": "im\u0263anna dika\u1e5b\u1e6d masd kigan n t\u0263arasin timi\u1e6dafiziqyin timassanin nna illan ur darsnt awd yan unamk n\u0263 tin \u025bnwa." }, { "en": "He tries to set aside as much as he possibly can of all his beliefs", "ber": " to determine what if anything he knows for certain.", "null": [ "imma\u0263 ad isrs yat tsga nna t ittadjan g qqa\u1e25 tiflsin nns", " afad ad iswuttu aynna issn slawan akk\u02b7 s uslkn." ] }, { "en": "From this basis he builds his knowledge back up again.", "ber": "da i\u1e63kku tussna nns xf tmrslt ad." }, { "en": "While historicism also acknowledges the role of experience", "ber": " it differs from empiricism by assuming that sensory data cannot be understood without considering the historical and cultural circumstances in which observations are made.", "null": [ "mqqar da ittqrra umzruy awd ntta s tilalt n tirmit", " da ittmziriy akd tnaramt aydd\u0263 i\u0263al is ur inni ad irms ismmaln n icramn bla ismuqql g imrnutn n umzruy n\u0263 idlsann nna g da ttugant tannayin." ] }, { "en": "As such empiricism is first and foremost characterized by the ideal to let observational data speak for themselves", "ber": " while the competing views are opposed to this ideal.", "null": [ "\u2018\u2019s usatig n mas t\u1e93ly tnaramt ad zwar akk\u02b7 s umdya anaflla nna ittdjan i warratn n imdi \u2018\u2019ad tsawal xf i\u0263f nns\u2019\u2019", " g tizi nna g mgalnt tannayin ismzizwarn amdya ad anaflla\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "In other words: Empiricism as a concept has to be constructed along with other concepts", "ber": " which together make it possible to make important discriminations between different ideals underlying contemporary science.", "null": [ "s tguri nni\u1e0dn : iqqand ad ttu\u1e63ka kra n tnaramt zund kra n urmmus tama n irmmusn ya\u1e0dn", " ta\u0263awsa nna qad ig sg uynna qad yili ssin usnu\u1e25yu axatar gr umdyatn inafllatn imzarayn nna xf bddant tussniwin titrarin." ] }, { "en": "Epistemologically", "ber": " idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing.", "null": [ "sg tsga tamagunt", " ar d tff\u0263 tfilawt aydd\u0263 tga turda g tzmrt n tussna n matta t\u0263awsa ib\u1e0dan d unlli." ] }, { "en": "It describes a process where theory is extracted from practice", "ber": " and applied back to practice to form what is called intelligent practice.", "null": [ "ar isnummal tamggit nna g d tssufu\u0263 tamggunt sg tmskrt", " ar ttuskar di\u0263 s tmskrt afad ad t\u1e63ku aynna ittusmman timskrt icwan." ] }, { "en": "Brian Leiter (2006) webpage \u201cAnalytic\u201d and \u201cContinental\u201d Philosophy.", "ber": "b\u1e5bayn litr (2006) n tfrt g ifilan ima\u1e0dlan s uzwl n \u2018\u2019asfsi\u2019\u2019 d tflsaft \u2018\u2019tamn\u1e93awiyt\u2019\u2019." }, { "en": "Contemporary philosophy is the present period in the history of Western philosophy beginning at the early 20th century with the increasing professionalization of the discipline and the rise of analytic and continental philosophy.", "ber": "taflsaft tatrart ad igan tizi n \u0263ila g umzruy n tflsaft tudrimt nna issntin g tzwuri n tsutit tiss 20 tzayd g tzuzzlt g u\u0263yud d u\u0263lay n tflsaft isfsayn d tamn\u1e93awiyt." }, { "en": "Germany was the first country to professionalize philosophy.", "ber": "tga almanya tamazirt tamzwarut nna as ikan i tflsaft wudm azzulan." }, { "en": "Furthermore", "ber": " unlike many of the sciences for which there has come to be a healthy industry of books", "null": [ " magazines", " and television shows meant to popularize science and communicate the technical results of a scientific field to the general populace", " works by professional philosophers directed at an audience outside the profession remain rare.", "uggar n man aya", " d s usmgal n kigan n tmassanin nna igan \u0263inna imukan idusan n idlisn d tts\u0263unin d isfsarn itilifizyuniyn nna ikkatn ad tfsr tussniwin d usn\u0263l n tyafutin titiqniyyin g yigr amassan i iwdan ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba", " sulnt twuriwin nna skarn ifaylasufn ixatarn nna ittuskarn i ugdud n b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n usadur drusnt." ] }, { "en": "Each division organises a large annual conference.", "ber": "ar tsnmala ku tzuni amsgraw amqqran asag\u02b7san." }, { "en": "Among its many other tasks", "ber": " the association is responsible for administering many of the profession's top honors.", "null": [ "sg tmskirin ya\u1e0dn iggutn", " \u1e6dum\u1e93 tsqqnt tanba\u1e0dt n tnmahla n kigan n ixatarn nna mi ttufka tazzult." ] }, { "en": "This development was roughly contemporaneous with work by Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell inaugurating a new philosophical method based on the analysis of language via modern logic (hence the term analytic philosophy).", "ber": "\u2018\u2019iga ubu\u0263llu ad atrar s twuri nna isskr \u0263utlub frij d birt\u1e5band rasl g u\u1e5b\u1e93\u1e93um n t\u0263arast taflsafiyt tamaynut ibddan xf usfsi n tutlayt sg tungint tatrart (s man aya irm n \u2018\u2019taflsaft tasfsayt\u2019\u2019)." }, { "en": "Some philosophers", "ber": " such as Richard Rorty and Simon Glendinning", "null": [ " argue that this analytic\u2013continental divide is inimical to the discipline as a whole.", "\u2018\u2019kra n ifaylasufn", " zund \u1e5bitca\u1e5bd \u1e5bu\u1e5bti d simun \u0263lindnin\u0263", " m\u0263annan xf mas iga ub\u1e6d\u1e6du ad \u2018\u2019asfsay- amn\u1e93awiy\u2019\u2019 inmagal akd u\u025byud qqa\u1e25\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Afterwards", "ber": " analytic and continental philosophers differ on the importance and influence of subsequent philosophers on their respective traditions.", "null": [ "dffir n man aya", " da ttmziriyn ifaylasufn ismfsayn d imn\u1e93wayn xf tindi n tflsaft d iddan d i\u1e0di\u1e63 nnsn xf tmyurin nnsn." ] }, { "en": "Although", "ber": " since analytic and continental philosophy have such starkly different views of philosophy after Kant", "null": [ " continental philosophy is also often understood in an extended sense to include any post-Kant philosophers or movements important to continental philosophy but not analytic philosophy.", "mqqar llan \u0263ur tflsaft tasfsant d tmn\u1e93wayt zund aydd\u0263 n tannayin imzarayn s yat tmamkt ixatrn g tflsaft n dffir n kan\u1e6d", " ar tturmas tflsaft tamn\u1e93wayt di\u0263 s yan unamk ixatrn ad \u1e6dam\u1e93 akk\u02b7 ifaylasufn n\u0263 imussutn n dffir n kan\u1e6d issawhmman i tflsaft tamn\u1e93wayt maca ur idd taflsaft tasfsant." ] }, { "en": "Thus continental philosophy tends toward historicism", "ber": " where analytic philosophy tends to treat philosophy in terms of discrete problems", "null": [ " capable of being analyzed apart from their historical origins.", "xf man aya da ttawi tflsaft tamn\u1e93wayt s tssakudt", " g tizi nna g ttawi tflsaft tasfsayt s unuggu d tflsaft ammas n imukrisn imzarayn. nna i\u0263in ad sfsin mqqar ur tt niwiy g u\u1e93u\u1e5ban n umzruy nns." ] }, { "en": "The major orthodox schools arose sometime between the start of the Common Era and the Gupta Empire.", "ber": "ttugant tinmal \u1e6da\u1e5btu\u1e0duksiyin tixatarin g tizi n tzwuri n uzmz iccarn d tmnukda n \u0263ubta." }, { "en": "These religio-philosophical traditions were later grouped under the label Hinduism.", "ber": "timyurin dd\u0263 tis\u0263anin ttusmattarnt g yat tizi ya\u1e0dn ddaw n wassa\u0263 n thindusiyt." }, { "en": "Western scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion or synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions", "ber": " with diverse roots and no single founder.", "null": [ "ar ttannayn imassan udrimn tahindusiyt tga yan wurkis n\u0263 yan usnay n tdlsiwin d tmyurin tihindiyyin imyanawn. ilin \u0263ursn i\u1e93u\u1e5ban imyanawn d ur \u0263urs yan umssnti." ] }, { "en": "Indian philosophers developed a system of epistemological reasoning (pramana) and logic and investigated topics such as Ontology (metaphysics", "ber": " Brahman-Atman", "null": [ " Sunyata-Anatta)", " reliable means of knowledge (epistemology", " Pramanas)", " value system (axiology) and other topics.", "sbu\u0263llan ifaylasufn ihndiyn yan umagaw n us\u0263udu abbulujiy (bramana) d tungint", " zzrin xf isntal zund lun\u1e6dulujiyya", " d b\u1e5baman - atman", " d sunyata- anata", " d imassn n tussna igan influsn", " d umagaw n tnditin", " d isntal ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "Later developments include the development of Tantra and Iranian-Islamic influences.", "ber": "um\u1e93nnt tizzigzin d iddan azzigz n ttantra d i\u1e0di\u1e63n iraniyn islmn." }, { "en": "Ny\u0101ya traditionally accepts four Pramanas as reliable means of gaining knowledge \u2013 Pratyak\u1e63a (perception)", "ber": " Anum\u0101\u1e47a (inference)", "null": [ " Upam\u0101\u1e47a (comparison and analogy) and \u015aabda (word", " testimony of past or present reliable experts).", "nyaya tazaykut \u1e6dum\u1e93 kkuz n bramana zund yan imiss anflus i yim\u1e93 n tussna", " atam", " asnumml", " asnu\u1e25yu d us\u0263an", " d sabada ( taguri", " d uslkin n imassan inflasn g mad izrin n\u0263 \u0263ila)." ] }, { "en": "This philosophy held that the universe was reducible to param\u0101\u1e47u (atoms)", "ber": " which are indestructible (anitya)", "null": [ " indivisible", " and have a special kind of dimension", " called \u201csmall\u201d (a\u1e47u).", "ar ttini tflsaft ad masd i\u0263y um\u0263rad ad innqlb xf (ifnuzn)", " nna ur nzmir ad tnt nzll\u025b (anitya)", " nna ur in\u025bddaln ad tnt n\u1e93li", " d tinna \u0263ur mi ggudin wudman", " ar as ttinin \u2018\u2019\u1e6dam\u1e93\u1e93yant\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Later Vai\u015be\u1e63ikas (\u015ar\u012bdhara and Udayana and \u015aiv\u0101ditya) added one more category abhava (non-existence).", "ber": "g yat tizi ya\u1e0dn", "null": [ " tsadf (isfrdhara widyana) yat tgrumma nni\u1e0dn (gar tilawt)." ] }, { "en": "Because of their focus on textual study and interpretation", "ber": " M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101 also developed theories of philology and the philosophy of language which influenced other Indian schools.", "null": [ "aydd\u0263 t\u0263ubbz mimamsa g tzrawt n i\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63n d ussfru", " awd asbu\u0263lu n tmagunin n tssniwin n tflsaft d tflsaft n tutlayt nna i\u1e0di\u1e63n g tinmal nni\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "The distinguishing features of Jain philosophy include a mind-body dualism", "ber": " denial of a creative and omnipotent God", "null": [ " karma", " an eternal and uncreated universe", " non-violence", " the theory of the multiple facets of truth", " and morality based on liberation of the soul.", "mun digs ifrdisn i\u1e93lin s tflsaft n jayn asinran n unlli d tfgga", " d unak\u1e5b n wakuc amsnflul a\u0263zuran", " d wuddur", " d um\u0263rad n wabda ur imcucc\u1e0dn", " d gar tk\u1e5b\u1e0di", " d tmagunt n tsgg\u02b7in imyanawn n tidt", " d t\u0263ariwin ibddan xf ulelli n yiman." ] }, { "en": "It has also been called a model of philosophical liberalism for its insistence that truth is relative and multifaceted and for its willingness to accommodate all possible view-points of the rival philosophies.", "ber": "ttusmma awd amdya alibiraliy n tflsaft aydd\u0263 tqqrfa g mas tga tidt tamasa\u0263t d tmyanaw g wudmawn nns d tzmr ad tasi qqa\u1e25 tannayin i\u0263in ad yili n tflsafin tinggutin." }, { "en": "C\u0101rv\u0101ka philosophers like Brihaspati were extremely critical of other schools of philosophy of the time.", "ber": "kkan ifaylasufn ikrafikyiyn zund brihasbiti ar frrn cigan tinmal ya\u1e0dn g tflsaft g tizi nna\u0263." }, { "en": "It is the dominant philosophical tradition in Tibet and Southeast Asian countries like Sri Lanka and Burma.", "ber": "iga a\u1e0dg\u02b7u\u1e5b aflsafiy nna illan g ttibt d i\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d n ugmma\u1e0d n asya zund sri lanka d burma." }, { "en": "Later Buddhist philosophical traditions developed complex phenomenological psychologies termed 'Abhidharma'.", "ber": "sbu\u0263lant tmyurin tibudiyin g yat tizi nni\u1e0dn idsn issurfn uklisn i\u1e0dh\u1e5bn immrksn s wassa\u0263 \u2018\u2019abihidharma\u2019\u2019." }, { "en": "This tradition contributed to what has been called an epistemological turn in Indian philosophy.", "ber": "\u2018\u2019a\u1e0dfu\u1e5b ad yiws g mami ttinin \u2018\u2019asnfl ayibbistimulujiy\u2019\u2019 g tflsaft tahindiyt\u2019\u2019." }, { "en": "Important exponents of Buddhist modernism include Anagarika Dharmapala (1864\u20131933) and the American convert Henry Steel Olcott", "ber": " the Chinese modernists Taixu (1890\u20131947) and Yin Shun (1906\u20132005)", "null": [ " Zen scholar D.T. Suzuki", " and the Tibetan Gend\u00fcn Ch\u00f6phel (1903\u20131951).", "sg cigan n imjjukku\u1e5bn nna tt yiwin g tmtrart tabudiyt anjarika darmbala (1864-1933)", " d usnfl amrikiy hinri stil ulkut", " d imtrarn i\u1e63iniyn tayksu (1890-1947)", " win cun (1906-2005)", " d umassan d.t sufski", " d umassan n tubut \u0263indun cufil (1903-1951)." ] }, { "en": "Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity", "ber": " concerned with human behavior", "null": [ " human biology", " cultures and societies", " in both the present and past", " including past human species.", "tuusniwin n ufgan iga tazrawt tamassant n tfganiyt", " nna tt ittawin g tmskrt n ufgan", " d twssntudrt n ufgan", " d tdlsiwin n imunn", " swa d\u0263i n\u0263 mad izrin", " aynna g amun wanawn n ifgan izrin." ] }, { "en": "Biological or physical anthropology studies the biological development of humans.", "ber": "tussnafganin abyulujiy n\u0263 afizik da izrru abu\u0263lu abyulujiy n ufgan." }, { "en": "Various short-lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed.", "ber": "ttuskant nik tmddasin imzarayn id mm uzmz ag\u02b7zzal sg imassan n lan\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiyya." }, { "en": "When slavery was abolished in France in 1848", "ber": " the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 was abandoned.", "null": [ "lli\u0263 g ittussr ukllu g f\u1e5bansa g usgg\u02b7as n 1848", " ttwazray tmsmunt." ] }, { "en": "For them", "ber": " the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect.", "null": [ "i nitni", " ifs ttca\u1e5blz darwin xf u\u1e93u\u1e5b n wanawn", " iga yat tska n uynna g bdan da digs tggan turda." ] }, { "en": "There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences.", "ber": "illa g man aya yan untay g wansa aydd\u0263 t id yiwi s tmassanin tinamunin." }, { "en": "His definition now became the study of the human group", "ber": " considered as a whole", "null": [ " in its details", " and in relation to the rest of nature.", "\u2018\u2019idwl iga usissn nns d\u0263i \u2018\u2019tazrawt n trabbut tanfgant", " nna igan s umata", " g ufrurin nns", " d s uynna izrin s ugama\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "He discovered the speech center of the human brain", "ber": " today called Broca's area after him.", "null": [ "yufa wammas n wawal g dffir n unlli n ufgan", " assa s wassa\u0263 n ansa n bruka." ] }, { "en": "The last two volumes were published posthumously.", "ber": "ttwasfsarn sin ifr\u0263as imgg\u02b7ra dffir n ma ismd ugari." }, { "en": "He stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical", "ber": " gathered by experimentation.", "null": [ "yussa mas d ismmaln n usmzazal iqqan d ad gin inaramn", " d ad mun s yirm." ] }, { "en": "Waitz was influential among the British ethnologists.", "ber": "iga witz i\u1e0di\u1e63 ammas n imassan n i\u1e93u\u1e5ban ib\u1e5bi\u1e6daniyn." }, { "en": "Representatives from the French Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 were present", "ber": " though not Broca.", "null": [ "illa g ugraw imsuniyn n tsqqnt taf\u1e5bansawiyt", " maca ur illi bruka." ] }, { "en": "Previously Edward had referred to himself as an ethnologist; subsequently", "ber": " an anthropologist.", "null": [ "g mad izrin ikka idward da ittini i ixf nns is iga amassan a\u1e93u\u1e5ban", " dffir n man aya", " amassan n tusnafganin." ] }, { "en": "One notable exception was the Berlin Society for Anthropology", "ber": " Ethnology", "null": [ " and Prehistory (1869) founded by Rudolph Virchow", " known for his vituperative attacks on the evolutionists.", "gsg wammas n uslidn nna illan tamsmunt n birlin n lan\u1e6d\u1e5bubbuliji", " d tussna\u1e93u\u1e5ban", " d tussniwin n dat n umzruy (1869) nna mi iga rudulf fircu tirsal nns", " nna ittwassan s tn\u1e6dagin nns timarurin xf im\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn n ubu\u0263lu." ] }, { "en": "The major theorists belonged to these organizations.", "ber": "amun im\u1e63\u1e63i\u1e93i\u1e5bn ixatarn g aydd\u0263 n tmddasin." }, { "en": "Practical anthropology", "ber": " the use of anthropological knowledge and technique to solve specific problems", "null": [ " has arrived; for example", " the presence of buried victims might stimulate the use of a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene.", "lkmt tmassafganin timassanin", " d ussmrs n tussniwin d titiqniyyin tilan\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiyyin afad ad ttufukkun imukrisn ittwa\u1e93layn ; s umdya", " qad inzl yili n wungisn ittum\u1e0daln g ussmrs n umassan n idrizn a\u1e63a\u1e0dfa n wallas n tu\u1e63\u1e63ka n umu\u0263li amggaru." ] }, { "en": "This has been particularly prominent in the United States", "ber": " from Boas' arguments against 19th-century racial ideology", "null": [ " through Margaret Mead's advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation", " to current criticisms of post-colonial oppression and promotion of multiculturalism.", "tlla t\u0263awsa ad cigan g mirikan", " g umzwaru ifakuln n buwas mgal n tidyulujiyt n tsutit tiss 19 ta\u1e93u\u1e5bant", " nzri s t\u0263uri nna tga mar\u0263rit mid s usmsasa gr wanawn d ulelli awsyan", " g tgira ifran n d\u0263i xf umsay n dffir n usddurri d usdus n tmyinawt tadlsant." ] }, { "en": "In Great Britain and the Commonwealth countries", "ber": " the British tradition of social anthropology tends to dominate.", "null": [ "g b\u1e5bi\u1e6danya tamqqrant d tmizar n lkumnt", " da itkka w\u1e0dfu\u1e5b ab\u1e5bi\u1e6daniy g tussnafganin tinamunin s tkiri\u1e6d\u1e6d." ] }, { "en": "Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them", "ber": " while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among individuals and groups.", "null": [ "ussna fganin tidlsanin iga yat tzrawt n usmzazal n tbridin imyanawn nna s iktti ufgan iwdan n uma\u1e0dal nna asn ittin", " g tizi g tga tussnafganin tinamunin yat tzrawt n tmzdayin gr imdan d trubba." ] }, { "en": "There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them", "ber": " and these categories overlap to a considerable degree.", "null": [ "d ur illi yan um\u1e93lay issuddan gratsn ifssusn", " d mmkcamnt tgumma ad cigan." ] }, { "en": "This project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography.", "ber": "ar bahra tturmasn isnfarn ad g ubaraz n litnu\u0263\u1e5bafiya." }, { "en": "Participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology.", "ber": "tga tannayt n imadrawn yat sg t\u0263arasin tigjdanin n tuusnafganin tinamunin d tdlsanin." }, { "en": "The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology", "ber": " as kinship is a human universal.", "null": [ "tga tzrawt n tayyawt d uusuds anamun yan ugjdi n usmssi axatar g tussnafganin tinamunin d tdlsanin", " acku ta tayyawt tama\u1e0dlant tfganiyt." ] }, { "en": "Ethnography views first-hand experience and social context as important.", "ber": "ar ttannay lin\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiyya is tga tirimt tusridt g umna\u1e0d anamun snat t\u0263awsiwin issawhmman." }, { "en": "Ethnomusicology can be used in a wide variety of fields", "ber": " such as teaching", "null": [ " politics", " cultural anthropology etc.", "nzmr ad nssmrs tussna\u1e93u\u1e5bant g yan ugudiy n yigran", " zund asslmd d tsrtit d lin\u1e6d\u1e5bbbulujiyya tadlsant d wiyya\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Economic Anthropology remains", "ber": " for the most part", "null": [ " focused upon exchange.", "tsul lan\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiyya tadmsant da isikil kigan dis xf umrira." ] }, { "en": "The first of these areas was concerned with the pre-capitalist societies that were subject to evolutionary tribal stereotypes.", "ber": "\u2018iga yigr amzwaru amms n yigran ad i\u1e93li s wamunen \u2018\u2019dat n usihri\u2019\u2019 nna ittugan g dat g ilbu\u1e0dn igan issunan d ubu\u0263lan." }, { "en": "Why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer?", "ber": "max allig wjdn widda\u0263 iswurin g yigr n tmallayt ad ttun tim\u0263ritin nna akkan?" }, { "en": "Within kinship you have two different families.", "ber": "ammas n tayyawt dar snat tawjiwin imzarayn." }, { "en": "Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western traditions", "ber": " whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white feminists of Europe", "null": [ " America", " and elsewhere.", "g cigan n tizza tdra lun\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiyya akd tuwlawin tmyurin ur igin tudrimin", " nna i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn ad mzaraynt tannayin d tirimin nnsnt xf aynna\u0263 n twtmant timllalin g u\u1e5bubba d amrika d id\u0263arn ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies", "ber": " a new development started from the 1960s", "null": [ " and is still unfolding: anthropologists started increasingly to study more complex social settings in which the presence of states", " bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena.", "\u2018\u2019tbu\u0263la tussnafganin asrtan aydd\u0263 iga yan umagaw tt yiwin g tsrtit g uswir amzwaru g wamunen mi la\u1e25 i\u1e93\u1e5ban", " issnti yan ubu\u0263lu amaynu sg isgg\u02b7asn n 1960", " d isul da ittbu\u0263lu : ssntin imassan n lan\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiyya g yat t\u0263arast ittalin g tzrawt n tmussin tinmna\u1e0din nna \u2018\u2019irwin\u2019\u2019 kigan aydd\u0263 ikcm ilitn n iwunkn d tbiruq\u1e5ba\u1e6diyin d igadazn g matta issi\u1e6dn itnu\u0263\u1e5bafiyn d usfsi n tumanin titimuranin.\u2019\u2019" ] }, { "en": "Secondly", "ber": " anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions (and on the relationship between formal and informal political institutions).", "null": [ "g wiss sin", " ssntin imassan n lan\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiyya g ta\u1e93iyt n ubu\u0263lu n uz\u025baf abunay akd mirikan d tmrsal nns (d gr tzdayin gr tmrsalin tisrtanin tun\u1e63ibin d gar tun\u1e63ibin)." ] }, { "en": "It is sometimes grouped with sociocultural anthropology", "ber": " and sometimes considered part of material culture.", "null": [ "ar ittmun idsnt tikkal d tussnafganin taidlsanin", " iga awd g kra n tikkal yan agzzum sg tdlsa tarakmamt." ] }, { "en": "It is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today.", "ber": "mkinna tlla tzrawt n umzruy n trubba ti\u1e93u\u1e5banin imyanawn n\u0263 ur tnni ad tili." }, { "en": "Various social processes in the Western World as well as in the Third World (the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists) brought the attention of specialists in 'other cultures' closer to their homes.", "ber": "\u2018\u2019 zwint kigan n tmggitin tinamunin g uma\u1e0dal udrim ula g \u2018\u2019ama\u1e0dal wiss k\u1e5ba\u1e0d\u2019\u2019 (d umggaru ad iga yan wansa n tawit myarn imassan n lan\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiyya) ta\u0263\u1e0dft n \u2018\u2019im\u1e93layn n tdlsiwin nni\u1e0dn \u2018\u2019ilmalan i taddrwin nnsn\u2019\u2019." }, { "en": "It is an interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines", "ber": " including anthropology", "null": [ " ethology", " medicine", " psychology", " veterinary medicine and zoology.", "iga yan yigr g myanawnt tm\u1e93layin nna immkcamn d cigan n im\u1e93lay nni\u1e0dn", " g tamu tussnafgant d tussna\u0263ariwin d ussasfr d tiklisnt d ussasfr n imudar d tusnamudar." ] }, { "en": "It is the study of ancient humans", "ber": " as found in fossil hominid evidence such as petrifacted bones and footprints.", "null": [ "tga tazrawt tazaykun n ufgan", " mkinna ttuyafa g inmmaln n t\u0263uzi zund ixsan ittwabbayn d idrizn n i\u1e0da\u1e5bn." ] }, { "en": "In 1989", "ber": " a group of European and American scholars in the field of anthropology established the European Association of Social Anthropologists (EASA) which serves as a major professional organization for anthropologists working in Europe.", "null": [ "g usgg\u02b7as n 1989", " tsrs yat trabbut n imsnubbac u\u1e5bubbiyn d imirakaniyn g yigr n tusnafgant tirsal n umulli u\u1e5bubbiy n imassan talun\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiyt n imwura g u\u1e5bubba." ] }, { "en": "This is the notion that cultures should not be judged by another's values or viewpoints", "ber": " but be examined dispassionately on their own terms.", "null": [ "wad ad igan armmus ittinin masd ur i\u1e25li ad nennb\u1e0d xf tdlsiwin sg tnditin n\u0263 tannayin ya\u1e0dnin", " maca iqqand ad n\u1e93\u1e5b s ud\u0263ri xf tsilawin i\u1e93lin." ] }, { "en": "Franz Boas publicly objected to US participation in World War I", "ber": " and after the war he published a brief expose and condemnation of the participation of several American archaeologists in espionage in Mexico under their cover as scientists.", "null": [ "yumm franz bwas s umslli adwar n mirikan g imn\u0263i ama\u1e0dlan amzwaru", " d dffir n imn\u0263i ifsr d icwctr d ink\u1e0d adwar n kigan n imassan n idrizn imirikaniyn dda g da \u0263llin xf lmiksik ddaw tduli nnsn zund imassan." ] }, { "en": "At the same time", "ber": " David H. Price's work on American anthropology during the Cold War provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies.", "null": [ "g tizi nna\u0263 kamla", " da tssnkad twuri n dabid b\u1e5bays s uynna i\u1e93lin s tan\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiyt tamirikaniyt g jaj n imn\u0263i iqrfn ungaln ifrurin xf u\u1e6dfu\u1e5b d tu\u1e93\u1e93la n kigan n imassan in\u1e6d\u1e5bbbulujiyn g tmrsin nnsn aydd\u0263 fcdn akd icuyu\u025biyn." ] }, { "en": "Numerous resolutions condemning the war in all its aspects were passed overwhelmingly at the annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association (AAA).", "ber": "cigan n t\u0263tasin nna ink\u1e0dn imn\u0263i sg tsggiwin nns akk\u02b7 ffu\u0263nt d s tuggt tamqqrant g igrawn asgsan i tamast tan\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiyt tamirikaniyt." }, { "en": "The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth (ASA) has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous.", "ber": "tsnumml tmast n imassan n ttlan\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiyt tanfgant g b\u1e5bi\u1e6danya d lkumnult kra n taggazin tinmlanin nna icqqan xf t\u0263ariwin." }, { "en": "One of the central characteristics is that anthropology tends to provide a comparatively more holistic account of phenomena and tends to be highly empirical.", "ber": "yat sg tm\u1e93layin nns timqqranin tga yiri n tusnafgan ad issnkd isnumml uggar s usutl \u025blayn xf tumant ar awd ittiri ad ig anaram uggar." }, { "en": "These dynamic relationships", "ber": " between what can be observed on the ground", "null": [ " as opposed to what can be observed by compiling many local observations remain fundamental in any kind of anthropology", " whether cultural", " biological", " linguistic or archaeological.", "uynna s n\u0263y ad t ninniy s usmuttr n kigan n tannayin tid\u0263raninn tigjdanin g matta wanaw illan g lan\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiy", " swa tga tadlsan n\u0263 tabyulujiyt n\u0263 tasnils n\u0263 tadrizant." ] }, { "en": "On the biological or physical side", "ber": " human measurements", "null": [ " genetic samples", " nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs.", "g tsga n ubyulujiy n\u0263 akmam", " nzmr ad nsmuttr is\u0263aln n ufgan", " d tussifin n ljinat", " d ismmaln n wuttci d ad ttusfsarn zund imgradn d izrawin." ] }, { "en": "Further cultural subdivisions according to tool types", "ber": " such as Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past.", "null": [ "ar ttawsn ib\u1e6d\u1e6dutn ayyawn idlsan nnin mkinna gan imassn", " zund \u2018\u2019uldawn\u2019\u2019 n\u0263 \u2018\u2019mustariyan\u2019\u2019 n\u0263 \u2018\u2019lfalwaziyan\u2019\u2019 imassan n idrizn d wiyya\u1e0d gisn imassan n lan\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiyya g urmas n tbridin tigjdanin n ufgan g mad izrin." ] }, { "en": "A cultural norm codifies acceptable conduct in society; it serves as a guideline for behavior", "ber": " dress", "null": [ " language", " and demeanor in a situation", " which serves as a template for expectations in a social group.", "ar itthiyya ulgam tikli izrin g wamun ; iga zund asnti n anilan n tkliwin d tmlsit d tutlayt g kra n waddad", " ig amm amdya n turdiwin g tgrumma tanamunt." ] }, { "en": "These include expressive forms like art", "ber": " music", "null": [ " dance", " ritual", " religion", " and technologies like tool usage", " cooking", " shelter", " and clothing.", "smunnt tal\u0263iwin n iwnnitn dd\u0263 zund ta\u1e93u\u1e5bi", " a\u1e93awan", " arkaz", " timyurin", " asgd", " d tatiknulujiyin zund assmrs n imassn", " d usnwi", " assrk\u02b7n", " d tmlsit." ] }, { "en": "The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been used to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies.", "ber": "mkinna da issmras idsnt tikkal aswir n usbu\u0263lu adlsan nna s \u1e93linnt kra n t\u0263rmiwin xf wamunn nna ur bahra immurksn." }, { "en": "Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of consumer culture that emerged in the 20th century.", "ber": "da tmmala tdlsa tanamunt unu\u0263n n tdlsa n tissumra nna d iff\u0263n g tsuta tiss 20." }, { "en": "In the wider social sciences", "ber": " the theoretical perspective of cultural materialism holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life", "null": [ " as humans create the conditions for physical survival", " and that the basis of culture is found in evolved biological dispositions.", "g tmassanin tinamunin ixatrn", " da ittannay umnad imi\u1e93i\u1e5b i tkmamt tadsant mas tuga tdlsa tamatrant tanfgant sg idsn imsutal ikmamn n tudrt n ufgan", " acku da ittgga ufgan ismtal nna igan win i\u0263imi akmam", " d tirslt n tdlsa tlla g imskarn ibyulujiyn yattuyn." ] }, { "en": "In this sense", "ber": " multiculturalism values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same planet.", "null": [ "s unamk ad", " tka as tmyinawt tadlsant i tmyidirt n ufra d uwqqr iammskal yan wuddur axatar gr kigan n tdlsiwin nna iddrn g yan utri." ] }, { "en": "In 1986", "ber": " philosopher Edward S. Casey wrote", "null": [ " The very word culture meant 'place tilled' in Middle English", " and the same word goes back to Latin colere", " 'to inhabit", " care for", " till", " worship' and cultus", " 'A cult", " especially a religious one.'", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1986", " yaru ufaylasuf idward s. kasi", " \u2018\u2019tkka tga tguri n tdlsa \u2018\u2019 ansa iddjiwinn\u2019\u2019 g tutlayt tangliziyt tanammast", " ar ttdwal tguri nna\u0263 nik g tlatiniyt", " xf \u2018\u2019tzddu\u0263t", " a\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du", " ar", " ta\u1e93allit", " tadlsa", " tarbi\u025bt", " slawan akk\u02b7 tasgdant\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Thus a contrast between culture and civilization is usually implied in these authors", "ber": " even when not expressed as such.", "null": [ "asmgal nna illan gr \u2018\u2019tdlsa\u2019\u2019 d \u2018\u2019t\u0263rma\u2019\u2019 ar bahra ittili g jaj gr imassan dd\u0263", " mqqar ur t nnin s tmamkt ad\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "This ability arose with the evolution of behavioral modernity in humans around 50", "ber": "000 years ago and is often thought to be unique to humans.", "null": [ "ttuga tzmrt ad akd ubu\u0263lu n tmtrart n tiklit g ufgan dat n \u0263ur 50000 n usgg\u02b7as d kigan ma s da itti\u0263il is tga tam\u1e93layt iwa\u1e0du nns g ufgan." ] }, { "en": "Rein Raud", "ber": " building on the work of Umberto Eco", "null": [ " Pierre Bourdieu and Jeffrey C. Alexander", " has proposed a model of cultural change based on claims and bids", " which are judged by their cognitive adequacy and endorsed or not endorsed by the symbolic authority of the cultural community in question.", "ika rin rawd", " xf twuri nna iskr ambi\u1e5b\u1e6du iku d bir bu\u1e5b\u1e0dyu d jifri si alkisandr", " yan umdya n usnfl adlsan ittu\u0263uln xf issuturn d isfsrn", " nna xf ttnba\u1e0dn xf tsugrt n tussna ar as ttk tasga n\u0263 ur da tt \u1e0dffu\u1e5b tnba\u1e0dt n tmatart n wamun adlsan anmmak." ] }, { "en": "Culture repositioning means the reconstruction of the cultural concept of a society.", "ber": "iga wuallas n usnmala n tdlsa anamk n tu\u1e63\u1e63ka n urmmus adlsan i wamun." }, { "en": "Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models", "ber": " and spurring or enabling generative action.", "null": [ "i\u0263y umyasa anamun d usbu\u0263lu n tetiknulujiyin ad skrn yan usnfl ammas n wamun adday snfln ddinamiyyat tinamunin d usdus n imdyatn idlsan imaynutn", " d unzal n\u0263 tazmrt n twuri assirwan." ] }, { "en": "Environmental conditions may also enter as factors.", "ber": "\u0263in ad kcmn awd tmsutal n twna\u1e0dt zund imggitn." }, { "en": "War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ugari ad i\u1e0di\u1e63 n\u0263 am\u1e25izwar s i\u0263bula ubu\u0263lu atiknulujiy d ddinamiyyat tinamunin." }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " Western restaurant chains and culinary brands sparked curiosity and fascination to the Chinese as China opened its economy to international trade in the late 20th-century. ", "null": [ "\u2018\u2019s umdya", " ssnkrnt tmzdayin n winwutcitn udrimn d tmatarin n us\u0263nzi n usnwi tawnaft d i\u1e25rgi \u0263ur i\u1e63iniyn li\u0263 g t\u1e5b\u1e93m \u1e63\u1e63in tadmsa nns dat n tsbbabt tama\u1e0dlant g tigariwin n tsutit tiss 20.\u2019\u2019" ] }, { "en": "He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding", "ber": " but from a lack of courage to think independently.", "null": [ "inna mas iga uya gar tixxitrt ur da d ittddu sg usx\u1e63\u1e63a s urmas", " maca sg usx\u1e63\u1e63a ar tanggamt n uswigm s yat tmamkt i\u1e93lin." ] }, { "en": "Moreover", "ber": " Herder proposed a collective form of Bildung: For Herder", "null": [ " Bildung was the totality of experiences that provide a coherent identity", " and sense of common destiny", " to a people.", "uggar n man aya", " ifka hirdr yan ul\u0263an amgraw sg wunu\u0263n n bildunj : \u2018\u2019i hirdr ntta", " tga bidunj yan ugudiy n yirimn nna yakkan i kra ugdud yat tmagit imcabbarn d yan usyafa s umsdul issar\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "According to this school of thought", "ber": " each ethnic group has a distinct worldview that is incommensurable with the worldviews of other groups.", "null": [ "g tinml n uswingm ad", " ku tarabbut ta\u1e93u\u1e5bant illan dars tannayt nns tama\u1e0dlant i\u1e93lin ur nenni ad tt narm xf tannayin tima\u1e0dlanin n trubba ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements.", "ber": "issimr ad yaf usmzazal amassan gr inamun inafgan mas gant tannayin i\u1e93lin ttu\u1e63ka sg zund ifrdisn igjdan." }, { "en": "a particular way of life", "ber": " whether of a people", "null": [ " period or a group.", "\u2018\u2019yan wammak n tudrt", " swa i ugdud n\u0263 g yat tizi n\u0263 tarabbut\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "In other words", "ber": " the idea of culture that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries reflected inequalities within European societies.", "null": [ "\u2018\u2019s uwnni ya\u1e0dn", " tawngimt \u2018\u2019tadlsa\u2019\u2019 nna ibu\u0263lan g u\u1e5bubba g tsutit tiss 18 d tzwuri n tsutit tiss 19 tssuf\u0263 d udmawn n gar amsasa ammas n imunen u\u1e5bubbiyn\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "According to this way of thinking", "ber": " one could classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others and some people as more cultured than others.", "null": [ "s tmamkt ad n uswingm", " nzmr ad nb\u1e0du gr tmizar d tmttiwin nna igan i\u0263\u0263urman uggar n tiyya\u1e0d d kra n middn mas \u0263urs tadlsa uggar n wiyya\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Other 19th-century critics", "ber": " following Rousseau", "null": [ " have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture", " but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature.", "qbln imafran ya\u1e0dn g tsutit tiss 19", " g uzmz n \u1e5busu", " asmzazal dd\u0263 gr tdlsa tanafllat d tdlsa tamazdart", " maca \u1e93\u1e5ban g mas tdlsa tanafllat tqqur d tmcbbak s ibu\u0263llutn ur i\u1e25lin ur igin igamamn ittffrn ar tt\u025bdam agama agjdan n iwdan." ] }, { "en": "In 1870 the anthropologist Edward Tylor (1832\u20131917) applied these ideas of higher versus lower culture to propose a theory of the evolution of religion.", "ber": "g usgg\u02b7as n 1870 izzugz umassan n lan\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiyya idward taylu\u1e5b (1832-1917) tiwngimin n tdlsa tanafllat g umnid n tdlsa tamazdart \u1e25ma ad ttufka tmagunt n tmrniwt n usgd." }, { "en": "For sociologist Georg Simmel (1858\u20131918)", "ber": " culture referred to the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history.", "null": [ "\u2018\u2019aynna i\u1e93lin s umassan n tasnamunt ju\u1e5bj simil (1858-1918)", " tsskn tdlsa \u2018\u2019tayrza n imdan g twida n wunu\u0263n n b\u1e5b\u1e5ba nna ur rin g umzruy\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Non-material culture refers to the non-physical ideas that individuals have about their culture", "ber": " including values", "null": [ " belief systems", " rules", " norms", " morals", " language", " organizations", " and institutions", " while material culture is the physical evidence of a culture in the objects and architecture they make or have made.", "ar tsskan tdlsa tarakmamt s twngimin gartinakmanin nna illan \u0263ur imdan i\u1e93lin s tdlsa nnsn", " g amunt tnditin", " d t\u0263alin", " d ulugn", " d tskla", " d tutlayt", " d tmaddasin", " d tmrsal", " g tizi nna g tga tdlsa anmmal anakmam n yili n tdlsa g t\u0263awsiwin d utwal n taska nna tggan n\u0263 gan." ] }, { "en": "Cultural sociology was then reinvented in the English-speaking world as a product of the cultural turn of the 1960s", "ber": " which ushered in structuralist and postmodern approaches to social science.", "null": [ "ittuga \u2018\u2019walls n usnflul\u2019\u2019 n tusnamunt tdlsant g uma\u1e0dal nna isawaln s tngliziyt zund tayafut n\u2019\u2019 wunu\u1e0d adlsan\u2019\u2019 g isgg\u02b7asn n 1960", " nna gan tasurift izwarn i tbridt ta\u0263rant d tin dffir n tatrant g tussniwin tinafganin\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Culture has since become an important concept across many branches of sociology", "ber": " including resolutely scientific fields like social stratification and social network analysis.", "null": [ "iga urmmus n \u2018\u2019tadlsa\u2019\u2019 sg tizi nna\u0263 yan urmmus agjdan g kigan n wayyawn n tusnamunt", " nna g amun igran imassan iqqurn zund tiggayin tinamunin d ussfsi n tratsiwin tinamunin\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "They saw patterns of consumption and leisure as determined by relations of production", "ber": " which led them to focus on class relations and the organization of production.", "null": [ "\u1e93\u1e5ban mas gan tmamkin n tsmurt g tizza n uqjdim da tn tswuttu tzdayin n usnflul", " aynna tn yuddjan ad swingmn s t\u0263\u1e0dft g tzdayin an\u0263nan d usuds n tsyafut." ] }, { "en": "It has since become strongly associated with Stuart Hall", "ber": " who succeeded Hoggart as Director.", "null": [ "sg tizi nna\u0263 ad izdy tazdayt mqqurn akd stiwart hul", " nna d yuddjan hujart d anmhal." ] }, { "en": "These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television or eating out) in a given culture.", "ber": "smunt tmskarin ad tibridin nna skarn iwdan s kra n t\u0263awsiwin (zund afrrj g ttlfaza n\u0263 uttci) g kra n tdlsa." }, { "en": "Watching television to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be thought of as culture unless referring to the medium of television itself", "ber": " which may have been selected culturally; however", "null": [ " schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends to fit in certainly qualifies since there is no grounded reason for one's participation in this practice.", "\u2018\u2019iqqan d ad ur nsksiw g ttlifizyu \u1e25ma ad nsmuqql g umnad antamay s yat tmsart n umzruy mas iga yat tdlsa adday ur isskn tas\u0263lt n ttilifizyun s ixf nns", " nna \u0263ni\u0263 illa ustay nns adlsan ; mqqar d man aya", " han icirran n tinmal nna ittmnadn attilifzyun dffir n tinml akd imddukkal nnsn \u1e25ma ad \u2018\u2019yas\u2019\u2019 da ttusmuttugn nik acku ur tlli awd yat tmntilt taxatart ad drun g uydd\u0263 n tmskrt\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Culture for a cultural-studies researcher not only includes traditional high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture", "ber": " but also everyday meanings and practices.", "null": [ "tga \u2018\u2019tdlsa\u2019\u2019 \u0263ur umrzu g tzrawin tidlsanin ur gis tamu tdlsa yattuyn tazaykyt (tadlsa n tgumma yum\u1e93n tanba\u1e0dt) d tdlsa tamdnant day", " maca \u1e6dumz awd inamkn d tmskarin tikuyasin\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s.", "ber": "sbu\u0263llan imrza g mirikan tun\u0263ilin imzarayn imik tizrawin tidlsanin dffir n tgirawin n isgg\u02b7asn n 1970." }, { "en": "The distinction between American and British strands", "ber": " however", "null": [ " has faded.", "mqqar man aya", " ur yad ismid u\u1e93lay gr ifalan imirikaniyn d ib\u1e5bi\u1e6daniyn." ] }, { "en": "The main focus of an orthodox Marxist approach concentrates on the production of meaning.", "ber": "ar issikil umssi agjdan n t\u0263arast tamarksiyt ta\u1e5b\u1e0duksiyt xf usnflul n unamk." }, { "en": "Other approaches to cultural studies", "ber": " such as feminist cultural studies and later American developments of the field", "null": [ " distance themselves from this view.", "illa di\u0263 yan ubrid ya\u1e0dn g tzrawin tadlsanin", " zund tizrawin tidlsanin n tutmin d tmrniwin timirikaniyn d iddan g yigr dd\u0263", " ar ttal\u0263 ixf nns g tsga dd\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Culture psychologists began to try to explore the relationship between emotions and culture", "ber": " and answer whether the human mind is independent from culture.", "null": [ "n twafit n tzdayt gr isyafatn d tdlsa", " d urar mas imzary unlli n ufgan xf tdlsa." ] }, { "en": "On the other hand", "ber": " some researchers try to look for differences between people's personalities across cultures.", "null": [ "g tsga ya\u1e0dn", " nna\u0263n kra n imrza ad rzun xf imzarayn gr iwrikn n iwdan g jaj n tdlsiwin." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " people who are raised in a culture with an abacus are trained with distinctive reasoning style.", "null": [ "s umdya", " ar ttusl\u0263man iwrikn nna d igmin g tdlsa mm inlli akd tmamkt n tungint ittumatarn." ] }, { "en": "Basically", "ber": " the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and the UNESCO Convention for the Protection of Cultural Diversity deal with the protection of culture.", "null": [ "ar ttini tmqqunt n lahay n u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n taglda tadlsan mk idda ar d inkr umsalay amemrik akd tmaqqunt n lyunisku n u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n umyinaw adlsan d u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n tdlsa." ] }, { "en": "Under international law", "ber": " the UN and UNESCO try to set up and enforce rules for this.", "null": [ "s umalaw n uslgan ama\u1e0dlan", " tmma\u0263 mirikan d iyunisku ad srsnt kra n ilgamn i man aya." ] }, { "en": "The target of the attack is the identity of the opponent", "ber": " which is why symbolic cultural assets become a main target.", "null": [ "awttas n unzzu\u0263 tga t tmagit n unmgal", " s tmtilt dd\u0263 dwln i\u1e93u\u1e5bn idlsan n tmatarin yan uwttas axatar." ] }, { "en": "A festival is an event ordinarily celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect of that community and its religion or cultures.", "ber": "iga unmuqqar yan uzmuzzu nna s isfuglu wamun ad\u0263ran mcta aya xf kra n tsggiwin i\u1e93lin aynna\u0263 n trabbut d usgad nns n\u0263 tadlsa nns." }, { "en": "Next to religion and folklore", "ber": " a significant origin is agricultural.", "null": [ "g tama n us\u0263an d ufulklu\u1e5b", " illa yan u\u1e93u\u1e5b axatar tgat tyrza." ] }, { "en": "Festivals often serve to fulfill specific communal purposes", "ber": " especially in regard to commemoration or thanking to the gods", "null": [ " goddesses or saints: they're called patronal festivals.", "ar bahra swurin inmuqqran xf ad sugg\u02b7n ti\u0263awsiwin n wamun i\u1e93lin", " slawan akk\u02b7 aynna i\u1e93lin s ussidr n ukttuy n id yucc n\u0263 ifu\u1e93a\u1e5bn n\u0263 asnimmr nnsn." ] }, { "en": "In Ancient Greece and Rome", "ber": " festivals such as the Saturnalia were closely associated with social organisation and political processes as well as religion.", "null": [ "g lyunan tazaykut d \u1e5buma tazaykut !", " gan inmuqqarn zund saturnya zdin yat tzdayt mqqurn akd usnmala anamun d tmskarin tisrtanin akd usgad." ] }, { "en": "In Middle English", "ber": " a festival dai was a religious holiday.", "null": [ "\u2018\u2019 g tutlayt tangliziyt tanammast \u2018\u2019anmuqqar n \u2018\u2019anmuqqar n day\u2019\u2019 iga tanu\u1e5b\u1e93mt n usgad\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "The term feast is also used in common secular parlance as a synonym for any large or elaborate meal.", "ber": "ar ittusmras yirm n \u2018\u2019timucca\u2019\u2019 awd g ug\u02b7mmay a\u025bilmaniy issarn zund akniw n kra n tirmt takswat n\u0263 i\u1e93lin\u2019\u2019." }, { "en": "The most important religious festivals such as Christmas", "ber": " Rosh Hashanah", "null": [ " Diwali", " Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha serve to mark out the year.", "sg inmuqqrn n is\u0263ann zund tafugla n umulli", " d \u1e5buc hacanah", " d dyuwali", " d iswi", " d tfaska", " gan inmuqqarn nna s isfuglu usgg\u02b7as." ] }, { "en": "An early example is the festival established by Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses III celebrating his victory over the Libyans.", "ber": "sg imdyatn n zikk xf unmuqqar nna\u0263 nna iskr ufir\u025bun ami\u1e63\u1e5biy azayku ramsis wiss k\u1e5ba\u1e0d dda g isfuglu xf lli\u0263 g irna ilibiyn." }, { "en": "There are numerous types of festivals in the world and most countries celebrate important events or traditions with traditional cultural events and activities.", "ber": "ilin kigan n wanawn g inmuqqarn g uma\u1e0dal", "null": [ " ar sfuglun kigan n tmizar s izmuzzutn n\u0263 timyurin issawhmman n tmdliwin d tilal tidlsanin tizaykutin." ] }, { "en": "Ancient Egyptian festivals could be either religious or political.", "ber": "\u0263in ad gin inmuqqarn imi\u1e63\u1e5biyn izaykutn iisgdan n\u0263 isrtann." }, { "en": "The Sed festival", "ber": " for example", "null": [ " celebrated the thirtieth year of an Egyptian pharaoh's rule and then every three (or four in one case) years after that.", "s umdya", " isfugla s unmuqqar n mass s usgg\u02b7as wiss k\u1e5bamraw n usgg\u02b7as n unnb\u1e0d n fir\u025bun ami\u1e63riy", " imil ar isfuglu ku k\u1e5ba\u1e0d isgg\u02b7asn (n\u0263 kku\u1e93 n isgg\u02b7asn g yat tikklt) dffir n maynna." ] }, { "en": "In the Christian liturgical calendar", "ber": " there are two principal feasts", "null": [ " properly known as the Feast of the Nativity of our Lord (Christmas) and the Feast of the Resurrection (Easter)", " but minor festivals in honour of local patron saints are celebrated in almost all countries influenced by Christianity.", "g usmsi n tlalit n umasi\u1e25", " llant snat tfugliwin", " ittwassan kigan s wassa\u0263 n tafugla n tlalit d tfugla n ussfru", " maca ar ttusfuglun inmuqqarn im\u1e93\u1e93yan s ussm\u0263r n ig\u02b7u\u1e93a\u1e5b imksan id\u0263ran g matta tmazirt illan \u025blayn g tlla tmasi\u1e25iyt." ] }, { "en": "Buddhist religious festivals", "ber": " such as Esala Perahera are held in Sri Lanka and Thailand.", "null": [ "ar ttuskarn inmuqqarn n usgad abudiy", " zund asala birahira g sri lanka d ttayland." ] }, { "en": "Film festivals involve the screenings of several different films", "ber": " and are usually held annually.", "null": [ "da ttilin isura g inmuqqarn d da ttusfsarn kigan n isura imyanawn", " ar bahra ttilin ku asgg\u02b7as." ] }, { "en": "There are also specific beverage festivals", "ber": " such as the famous Oktoberfest in Germany for beer.", "null": [ "llan awd kra n inmuqqarn i\u1e93lin s umswi", " zund uk\u1e6dub\u1e5bfist n lbirra ittwassan g almanya." ] }, { "en": "Ancient Egyptians relied upon the seasonal inundation caused by the Nile River", "ber": " a form of irrigation", "null": [ " which provided fertile land for crops.", "da s\u0263zan imi\u1e63\u1e5biyn izaykutn angan n ku asgg\u02b7as nna isskar wasif n nnil", " iga yan wanaw n mswu", " nna yakkan akaln i\u1e25lan i tyafutin." ] }, { "en": "Dree Festival of the Apatanis living in Lower Subansiri District of Arunachal Pradesh is celebrated every year from July 4 to 7 by praying for a bumper crop harvest.", "ber": "da ittusfuga unmuqqar n dri n labbatanin nna iddrn g tsga n subansiri tamazdart g a\u1e5bunatcal bradic ku asgg\u02b7as as 4 ar 7 yunyu ar tt\u1e93allan afad ad mgrn inbda." }, { "en": "A holiday is a day set aside by custom or by law on which normal activities", "ber": " especially business or work including school", "null": [ " are suspended or reduced.", "tga tswunfut yan wass nna iswuttu umsasa n\u0263 aslgan nna g ittuyagalt n\u0263 ttwaggaznt tilal tunzilin", " luma\u1e5b tiwiriwin n tsbbabt n\u0263 tiwuriwin g llant tinmal." ] }, { "en": "The degree to which normal activities are reduced by a holiday may depend on local laws", "ber": " customs", "null": [ " the type of job held or personal choices.", "t\u0263y ad tbdd tsk\u02b7flt n us\u1e0da\u1e5b n tilal tunzilin s tmntilt n tswunfut xf iugan id\u0263ran n\u0263 imsasatn n\u0263 anaw n twuri ittwasrasn n\u0263 tim\u1e93layin tinimanin." ] }, { "en": "In most modern societies", "ber": " however", "null": [ " holidays serve as much of a recreational function as any other weekend days or activities.", "maca da skarnt tswunfutin ammas n kigan n wamunen itrarn yat tilal n uwrar zund g wussan n\u0263 tilal ya\u1e0dn g tgira n imalass." ] }, { "en": "In some cases", "ber": " a holiday may only be nominally observed.", "null": [ "g kra n waddadn", " ur nenni ad nttukraf s tnnu\u1e5b\u1e93mt xs s wassa\u0263." ] }, { "en": "The modern use varies geographically.", "ber": "ar ittmzaray ussmrs atrar g taraglant." }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " Monkey Day is celebrated on December 14", "null": [ " International Talk Like a Pirate Day is observed on September 19", " and Blasphemy Day is held on September 30.", "s umdya", " da ittusfuglu s wass n u\u1e93\u025b\u1e0du\u1e0d g 14 dujanbir", " ar ittusfuglu s yan wass ama\u1e0dlan n wawal zund imritln g 19 cutanbir", " ar ittili wass n yuwl ass n 30 cutanbir." ] }, { "en": "Jehovah's Witnesses annually commemorate The Memorial of Jesus Christ's Death", "ber": " but do not celebrate other holidays with any religious significance such as Easter", "null": [ " Christmas or New Year's.", "\u2018\u2019da sfuglun wudayn ku asgg\u02b7s s ukttay n \u2018\u2019amulli n tmttant n umasi\u1e25\u2019\u2019", " maca ur da sfuglun s tfugliwin nni\u1e0dn nna \u0263ur atig n usgad zund tafugla n uf\u1e6da\u1e25 n\u0263 tafugla n tlalit n\u0263 tafugla n ixf n usgg\u02b7as." ] }, { "en": "Ahmadi Muslims additionally celebrate Promised Messiah Day", "ber": " Promised Reformer Day", "null": [ " and Khilafat Day", " but contrary to popular belief", " neither are regarded as holidays.", "mkinna sfuglun imslmn i\u1e25madiyn s wass n umasi\u1e25 amiran", " d wass n us\u0263udu amiran", " d wass n tma\u0263itin", " maca mgal n us\u0263an amdnan", " ur igi awd yan gissn tafugla." ] }, { "en": "Celtic", "ber": " Norse", "null": [ " and Neopagan holidays follow the order of the Wheel of the Year.", "siltk", " d nurz", " d iswunfutn n nyubbagan da \u1e6dffu\u1e5bnt tarula n isgg\u02b7asn." ] }, { "en": "Researchers in bioarchaeology combine the skill sets of human osteology", "ber": " paleopathology", "null": [ " and archaeology", " and often consider the cultural and mortuary context of the remains.", "msasan imrza tussnadrizn n usidr gr trubba d tzmmar g tusaxsant n ufgan", " d tusna n t\u0263uzi d tussnadrizn", " d kigan ma dda ttannayn s umna\u1e0d adlsan d tsggit n tfggiwin." ] }, { "en": "Evolutionary psychology is the study of psychological structures from a modern evolutionary perspective.", "ber": "tga tklisnt tamrniwt yat tzrawt n tan\u0263iwin tuklisin sg umnad n tzzigzt tatrart." }, { "en": "Human behavioral ecology is the study of behavioral adaptations (foraging", "ber": " reproduction", "null": [ " ontogeny) from the evolutionary and ecologic perspectives (see behavioral ecology).", "tusnamna\u1e0dt n tklint n ufgan tga imsasatn n imskirn (aggidy", " d tarwa", " d tetrrawt) sg imnadn tazzigzant d ukulujiy (\u1e93\u1e5b tusnamna\u1e0dt n tiggi)" ] }, { "en": "Paleoanthropology is the study of fossil evidence for human evolution", "ber": " mainly using remains from extinct hominin and other primate species to determine the morphological and behavioral changes in the human lineage", "null": [ " as well as the environment in which human evolution occurred.", "tussniwin n t\u0263uzi iga yat tzrawt n in\u1e93atn n t\u0263uzi n u\u1e93\u1e93igz n ufgan", " s yat tmamkt taxatart s ussmrs n uynna d i\u0263aman sg n uhuminiyin ibbin d wanawn igjdan nni\u1e0dn \u1e25ma ad lkmn isnfaln imu\u1e5bfulujiyn d tkli g i\u1e93\u1e5ban n ufgan ", " ula tawna\u1e0dt nna g ij\u1e5ba u\u1e93\u1e93igz n ufgan." ] }, { "en": "The name is even relatively new", "ber": " having been 'physical anthropology' for over a century", "null": [ " with some practitioners still applying that term.", "iga yan wassa\u0263 amaynu", " aydd\u0263 ttn ikka iga \u2018\u2019tussnafganin tikmamin\u2019\u2019 uggar n yat tsutit g tizi", " d suln kra n imskarn da ttinin irm ad." ] }, { "en": "Some editors", "ber": " see below", "null": [ " have rooted the field even deeper than formal science.", "idsn imaratn", " \u1e93\u1e5b izdarn i\u1e93u\u1e5ban n yigr uggar n t\u0263ubi n tussnawin tun\u1e63ibin." ] }, { "en": "This became the main system through which scholars thought about nature for the next roughly 2", "ber": "000 years.", "null": [ "idwl wad iga amagaw axatar nna s swingmn imassan g twna\u1e0dt \u0263ur 2000 n usgg\u02b7as d iddan." ] }, { "en": "He also wrote about physiognomy", "ber": " an idea derived from writings in the Hippocratic Corpus.", "null": [ "mkinna ittyara xf tussniwin n twuri n igmamn", " d tga yat twngimt d iddan g warratn n kubrus abuq\u1e5ba\u1e6d." ] }, { "en": "In the 19th century", "ber": " French physical anthropologists", "null": [ " led by Paul Broca (1824-1880)", " focused on craniometry while the German tradition", " led by Rudolf Virchow (1821\u20131902)", " emphasized the influence of environment and disease upon the human body.", "g tsutit tiss 19", " sdkln imassan n f\u1e5bansa n lun\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiyya tafizikiyt", " s tnara n bul b\u1e5buka (1824-1880)", " as\u0263al n ukras g tizi nna g ilkan u\u1e0dfu\u1e5b alalmniy", " s tnara n rudulf fircu (1821-1902)", " xf u\u1e0di\u1e63 n twnna\u1e0dt d tma\u1e0dunt xf tfgga n ufgan." ] }, { "en": "He changed the focus from racial typology to concentrate upon the study of human evolution", "ber": " moving away from classification towards evolutionary process.", "null": [ "bla tawna g tsnawayt n i\u1e93u\u1e5ban s tawna xf tzrawt n ubu\u0263llu n ufgan", " d tuggugt xf tsnawayt s ttmggit n ubu\u0263llu." ] }, { "en": "A race is a grouping of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into categories generally viewed as distinct by society.", "ber": "a\u1e93u\u1e5b iga yan ugudiy n iwdan xf tdiras n tfggiwin n\u0263 tinamunin iccarn g tgrumma nna s ittu\u1e93\u1e5ban slawan akk\u02b7 maydd\u0263 tga tam\u1e93layt g tannayt n wamun." }, { "en": "Modern science regards race as a social construct", "ber": " an identity which is assigned based on rules made by society.", "null": [ "ar sksiwint tussniwin titrarin s u\u1e93u\u1e5b mas iga tu\u1e63\u1e63ka tanamunt", " ig tamagit ittufkan xf ilugunn nna isrus wamun." ] }, { "en": "Still others argue that", "ber": " among humans", "null": [ " race has no taxonomic significance because all living humans belong to the same subspecies", " Homo sapiens sapiens.", "suln winna ittinin gr middn mas ur illi \u0263ur u\u1e93u\u1e5b awd yat tindi n ub\u1e6d\u1e6du acku qqa\u1e25 iwdan iddrn da ttumun g yan wanaw n wanawn ayyawn", " afgan bu unlli." ] }, { "en": "In South Africa", "ber": " the Population Registration Act", "null": [ " 1950 recognized only White", " Black", " and Coloured", " with Indians added later.", "g iffus n ifriqyya (janub ifriqya)", " ur iqrra uslgun n uzmmem n imzda\u0263 n usgg\u02b7as 1950 xs s imllaln d usggan bu idrimn", " s usadf n ihindiyn g yat tizi ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "The United States Census Bureau proposed but then withdrew plans to add a new category to classify Middle Eastern and North African peoples in the U.S. Census 2020", "ber": " over a dispute over whether this classification should be considered a white ethnicity or a separate race.", "null": [ "ilmala uumaris n u\u1e25yyl n mirikan maca dffir n mayan ildi imtuln nns \u1e25ma ad isadf aguzdi amaynu n tirra n igdudn g ugmma\u1e0d anammas d ugafay n afriqyya g u\u1e25yyl n mirikan 2020", " xf imn\u0263i n mas tga tirra ad iqqand ad ig a\u1e93u\u1e5b amllal n\u0263 kra n u\u1e93u\u1e5b swa mayga." ] }, { "en": "The establishment of racial boundaries often involves the subjugation of groups defined as racially inferior", "ber": " as in the one-drop rule used in the 19th-century United States to exclude those with any amount of African ancestry from the dominant racial grouping", "null": [ " defined as white.", "\u2018\u2019 kigan n tikkal ad igif usrrus n iwtta n izu\u1e5ban \u1e25ma ad ttu\u1e5b\u1e93ant trubba timassanin mas drusn ifrdisn nns", " mkinna iga waddad g ulgam n t\u1e0du\u1e5bi ittusmrasn g mirikan g tsutit tiss 19 \u1e25ma ad nn ssaggugn winna \u0263uri awd imik g i\u1e93u\u1e5ban n afriqyya ammas n wamun a\u1e93u\u1e5ban winna gis tt yiwin", " d tnna ittusnmaln is tga \u2018\u2019tamllalt\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "According to geneticist David Reich", "ber": " while race may be a social construct", "null": [ " differences in genetic ancestry that happen to correlate to many of today's racial constructs are real.", "\u2018\u2019g winna inna umassan atari difid ritc", " \u2018\u2019g tizi nna g i\u0263y u\u1e93u\u1e5b ad isskr tu\u1e63\u1e63ka tanamunt", " imzarayn g i\u1e93u\u1e5ban itariyn nna izddin kigan n tskiwin ti\u1e93u\u1e5banin assa tga tt tidt\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Other dimensions of racial groupings include shared history", "ber": " traditions", "null": [ " and language.", "tsmun awd udmawn nni\u1e0dn n wamunn i\u1e93u\u1e5ban d umzruy d tmyurin d tutlayt iccarn." ] }, { "en": "Socioeconomic factors", "ber": " in combination with early but enduring views of race", "null": [ " have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups.", "iwin imggitn inamun-idmsan", " imzazaln d tannayin n u\u1e93u\u1e5b izwarn maca izdin", " s ismummuyn ixatrn ammas n tgrumma \u0263ur ur illi." ] }, { "en": "Racism has led to many instances of tragedy", "ber": " including slavery and genocide.", "null": [ "tiwi tmssa\u1e93u\u1e5bt s kigan n waddadn n tqryant", " sg gisn tissumxa d usfsay agrawan." ] }, { "en": "Because in some societies racial groupings correspond closely with patterns of social stratification", "ber": " for social scientists studying social inequality", "null": [ " race can be a significant variable.", "aydd\u0263 gan wamunn i\u1e93u\u1e5bann g kra n wamunn tmsasa s yat tmamkt takswat akd tbridin n ub\u1e6d\u1e6du an\u0263an anamun", " s mad i\u1e93lin s imassan n tsnamunt nna iss\u0263ran gar amsasa anamun", " izmr ad ig u\u1e93u\u1e5b yat umsnfal axatar." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " in 2008", "null": [ " John Hartigan", " Jr. argued for a view of race that focused primarily on culture", " but which does not ignore the potential relevance of biology or genetics.", "s umdya", " g usgg\u02b7as n 2008", " jun harti\u0263an", " arba. im\u0263anna xf tannayt n mas isikl u\u1e93u\u1e5b xf tdlsa zwar", " maca ur da tettu uddur illan \u0263ur tussnatudrt n\u0263 tussniwin n utariy." ] }, { "en": "In this way the idea of race as we understand it today came about during the historical process of exploration and conquest which brought Europeans into contact with groups from different continents", "ber": " and of the ideology of classification and typology found in the natural sciences.", "null": [ "s tmamkt ad ag d tdda twngimt n u\u1e93u\u1e5b mkinna da tt nttrmas assa g tmggit n umnig d wazza\u0263 n umzruy nna yujjan u\u1e5bubbiyn ad myawa\u1e0dn akd trubba g lqa\u1e5b\u1e5bat imyanawn", " s tidyulujiyt n tsnawayt n wanawn illan g tmassanin tigamanin." ] }, { "en": "A set of folk beliefs took hold that linked inherited physical differences between groups to inherited intellectual", "ber": " behavioral", "null": [ " and moral qualities.", "zuzzlnt kigan i\u0263aln imdnan nna izdin s imzarayn n tfggiwin ittusn gr trubba s tfrdisin tingmanin d n tikki d t\u0263arant ittukkusan." ] }, { "en": "The 1735 classification of Carl Linnaeus", "ber": " inventor of zoological taxonomy", "null": [ " divided the human species Homo sapiens into continental varieties of europaeus", " asiaticus", " americanus", " and afer", " each associated with a different humour: sanguine", " melancholic", " choleric", " and phlegmatic", " respectively.", "iga ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n ka\u1e5bl linayus 1735", " amggi n ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n imudar", " ib\u1e0da wanaw n ufgan huma sabins s istayn n aqarriy sg yurubayus", " d amrikanus", " d dffir man aya", " izdi ku wanaw s ta\u1e0d\u1e63a ya\u1e0dn imzarayn: ag\u1e5b\u1e0d", " d tmilankuliyt", " d tkulistiyt", " d tfulujmatiyt", " yat s yat." ] }, { "en": "Blumenbach also noted the graded transition in appearances from one group to adjacent groups and suggested that one variety of mankind does so sensibly pass into the other", "ber": " that you cannot mark out the limits between them.", "null": [ "\u2018\u2019i\u1e93\u1e5ba blumnbach awd asnfl yu\u1e93e\u1e93n g imu\u0263la g yat trabbut s trubba iggutn ifk masd \u2018\u2019tarabbut tamyanawt g ufgan ur tzriy s yat t\u0263arast i\u1e25lan s tiyya\u1e0d", " acku ur inni ad iswuttu iwtta n ngratsn\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "It was further argued that some groups may be the result of mixture between formerly distinct populations", "ber": " but that careful study could distinguish the ancestral races that had combined to produce admixed groups.", "null": [ "nnan awd mas kra n trubba zmrnt ad gint tayafut n yan urkis gr trubba n imzda\u0263 i\u1e93lin g mad izrin", " maca tazrawt tusdidt tzmr ad t\u1e93ly gr wanawn n imzwura nna imann \u1e25ma ad snfluln tirubba timrskalin." ] }, { "en": "New studies of culture and the fledgling field of population genetics undermined the scientific standing of racial essentialism", "ber": " leading race anthropologists to revise their conclusions about the sources of phenotypic variation.", "null": [ "sdlint tzrawin timaynutin n tdlsa n ubaraz d issilin tussna tatariyt n imzda\u0263 ansa n tussniwin tigjdanin n i\u1e93u\u1e5ban", " aynna yujjan imassan n lun\u1e6dulujya ta\u1e93u\u1e5bant s n t\u0263usi n tyafutin s uynna i\u1e93lin i i\u0263bula n usmzazal i\u1e0dh\u1e5bn." ] }, { "en": "Studies of human genetic variation show that human populations are not geographically isolated", "ber": " and their genetic differences are far smaller than those among comparable subspecies.", "null": [ "ar mmalnt tzrawin n usmzazal aatariy mas gan imzda\u0263 n ufgan ur stiyn g tzddu\u0263in nnsn", " d ismzazaln n ljinat nnsn drusn uggr n tinna\u0263 gr wanawn n wayyawn ittmya\u0263n." ] }, { "en": "Andreasen cited tree diagrams of relative genetic distances among populations published by Luigi Cavalli-Sforza as the basis for a phylogenetic tree of human races (p.\u00a0661).", "ber": "ibdr andiryasn tiwna\u0263in n waddagn i ustum amasa\u0263 gr imzda\u0263 nna ifs luji kafali sfurza zund tasila n tsklut n \u2018\u2019filujinik\u2019\u2019 g wanawn n ifgann (tifrt 661)." }, { "en": "Marks", "ber": " Templeton", "null": [ " and Cavalli-Sforza all conclude that genetics does not provide evidence of human races.", "iff\u0263 ma\u1e5bks d timblitun d kafali sfurza mas tga tussna tatariyt ur da takka anzatn xf i\u1e93u\u1e5ban n ifgann." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " with respect to skin color in Europe and Africa", "null": [ " Brace writes:To this day", " skin color grades by imperceptible means from Europe southward around the eastern end of the Mediterranean and up the Nile into Africa.", "s umdya", " aynna izdin s uklu n wudm g u\u1e5bubba d afriqqya", " yura brays : ar assa", " da ttusqqulnt tskfal n uklu n wudm s ussmrs n kra n imassn ur innin ad ittusnsa g u\u1e5bubba s uyffus ar tasga n unqar n yill amllal d unammas tddut ar nnil s ifriqya." ] }, { "en": "He further argued that one could use the term race if one distinguished between race differences and the race concept.", "ber": "\u2018\u2019inna di\u0263 is i\u0263y ad ittusmras n yirm n u\u1e93u\u1e5b mk da ismzazal ufgan gr \u2018\u2019isnu\u1e25yutn i\u1e93u\u1e5ban\u2019\u2019 d \u2018\u2019armmus n u\u1e93u\u1e5b\u2019\u2019." }, { "en": "In short", "ber": " Livingstone and Dobzhansky agree that there are genetic differences among human beings; they also agree that the use of the race concept to classify people", "null": [ " and how the race concept is used", " is a matter of social convention.", "s usgzl", " imsasa lifni\u0263stun d dubzanski mas llan ismzarayn ijiniyn gr iwdan; ran awd ad ittusmras urmmus n u\u1e93u\u1e5b g tsnawayt n iwrikn", " d tmamkt n ussmrs n urmmus n u\u1e93u\u1e5b", " yat tmsart nna izdin s tmqqant tanamunt." ] }, { "en": "As the anthropologists Leonard Lieberman and Fatimah Linda Jackson observed", "ber": " Discordant patterns of heterogeneity falsify any description of a population as if it were genotypically or even phenotypically homogeneous.", "null": [ "mkinna yannay umassan n lan\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiyya lyunard librman d fatima linda jaksun", " gan \u2018\u2019wanawn imyagaln g gar tamsarit da trzaf matta asnumml illan n imzda\u0263 zund is gan imsarin sg tsga n ljinat n\u0263 g tsga n wudm i\u1e0dhrn\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "The mid-20th-century anthropologist William C. Boyd defined race as: A population which differs significantly from other populations in regard to the frequency of one or more of the genes it possesses.", "ber": "issnkd umassan n lun\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiyya wilyam bwid g wammas n tsutit tiss 20 a\u1e93u\u1e5b s \u2018\u2019imzda\u0263 nna imarayn yan umzaray axatar d imzda\u0263n ya\u1e0dn nna izdin g yan tsga n\u0263 uggar g ljinat nna \u0263ursn illan\u2019\u2019." }, { "en": "Moreover", "ber": " the anthropologist Stephen Molnar has suggested that the discordance of clines inevitably results in a multiplication of races that renders the concept itself useless.", "null": [ "uggar n man aya", " ifka umassan n lun\u1e6drubbulujiyya stifn mulna\u1e5b masd gar awqqr n lklinat da nit ittawi s tiggidit n wanawn nna ittdjan armmus s ixf nns ad ig war tayafut." ] }, { "en": "Joanna Mountain and Neil Risch cautioned that while genetic clusters may one day be shown to correspond to phenotypic variations between groups", "ber": " such assumptions were premature as the relationship between genes and complex traits remains poorly understood.", "null": [ "ismzz\u0263 jwana mawntn d nil ric g umun n ljinat qad tfk tilawt yan wass mas tmsasa akd ismzazaln i\u1e0dh\u1e5bn gr trubba", " zund aydd\u0263 n turdiwin zwarnt qqa\u1e25 acku tazdayt gr ljinat d tfiras irwin sulnt ur ta tturmasnt mli\u1e25." ] }, { "en": "Any category you come up with is going to be imperfect", "ber": " but that doesn't preclude you from using it or the fact that it has utility.", "null": [ "\u2018\u2019tagrumma nna qad tumut ur tnni ad tsmd", " maca man aya ur inni ad tqqimt ur tt tsmmrist n\u0263 s tidt dars yat tyafut\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "This assumed three population groups separated by large geographic ranges (European", "ber": " African and East Asian).", "null": [ "mana aya da ittiri ad ilint k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt n trubba n imzda\u0263 da b\u1e0d\u1e0dunt gratsnt wahli n ibrdan (u\u1e5bubbiyya", " d tafriqiyyt", " d tasyawiyt n u\u0263lay)." ] }, { "en": "Anthropologists such as C. Loring Brace", "ber": " the philosophers Jonathan Kaplan and Rasmus Winther", "null": [ " and the geneticist Joseph Graves", " have argued that while there it is certainly possible to find biological and genetic variation that corresponds roughly to the groupings normally defined as continental races", " this is true for almost all geographically distinct populations.", "\u2018\u2019imassan n lun\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiyya zund luring b\u1e5bas", " d ufaylasuf junatan kablan d rasmus wintr", " d imassan n utari juzif jrayfz", " m\u0263annan mas izmr ad yaf asnu\u1e25yu abyulujiy atariy d yusan \u025blayn akd wamunn nna isnmalan kigan n tikkal mas tga \u2018\u2019anawawn imn\u1e93awiyn\u2019\u2019", " man aya idda yusad xf kigan n imzda\u0263 im\u1e93layn tarakalt\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Weiss and Fullerton have noted that if one sampled only Icelanders", "ber": " Mayans and Maoris", "null": [ " three distinct clusters would form and all other populations could be described as being clinally composed of admixtures of Maori", " Icelandic and Mayan genetic materials.", "i\u1e93\u1e5ba ways d fulirtun mk tusit yan imik sg laslisdin d lmawyyin day", " qad ilin k\u1e5ba\u1e0d n trubba tim\u1e93layin d i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad isnumml im\u1e93da\u0263 n qqa\u1e25 nni\u1e0dn mas da ttusgman g wusu sg tmtta n utari sg lmawri d laslandyyin d lmaya." ] }, { "en": "Moreover", "ber": " the genomic data underdetermines whether one wishes to see subdivisions (i.e.", "null": [ " splitters) or a continuum (i.e.", " lumpers).", "uggar n man aya gan warratn n ljinyum ur da tswuttu mas ira ufgan ad yannay ib\u1e6d\u1e6dutn n wayyawn (ib\u1e6d\u1e6dutn) n\u0263 tizdayt izdin (ifalan)." ] }, { "en": "Alongside empirical and conceptual problems with race", "ber": " following the Second World War", "null": [ " evolutionary and social scientists were acutely aware of how beliefs about race had been used to justify discrimination", " apartheid", " slavery", " and genocide.", "\u2018\u2019tama n imukrisn dd\u0263 anaram d irmmusn akd \u2018\u2019u\u1e93u\u1e5b\u2019\u2019", " ammas n ugari ama\u1e0dlan wiss sin", " ssn imassan n tzzigzt d tsnamunt nik mamk s swurin n is\u0263ann xf u\u1e93u\u1e5b \u1e25ma ad asnu\u1e25yu", " d wannaz amssa\u1e93u\u1e5b", " d tissumxa", " d usfsi n tgrumma\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000.", "ber": "idra kri\u0263 fintr d fransis kulinz g usinag anamur n tdusi g usmmal xf wunu\u0263 n tak\u1e5b\u1e0diwin n ljinyum g usgg\u02b7as n 2000." }, { "en": "It's not a scientific one.", "ber": "ur tgi tamassant." }, { "en": "Anthropologist Stephan Palmi\u00e9 has argued that race is not a thing but a social relation; or", "ber": " in the words of Katya Gibel Mevorach", "null": [ " a metonym", " a human invention whose criteria for differentiation are neither universal nor fixed but have always been used to manage difference.", "inna umassan n lan\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiyya stifan balmyih mas iga u\u1e93u\u1e5b \u2018\u2019ur igi amya mac iga tazdayt tanamunt\u2019\u2019", " n\u0263", " mkinna s tnna katya jil mifurac", " \u2018\u2019myutunim\u2019\u2019", " \u2018\u2019yan usnflulu anafgan ur gin isfra nns n u\u1e93lay ama\u1e0dlan ur igin armskil mac tlla da ttusmras abda tamskurt n umzaray\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "There", "ber": " racial identity was not governed by rigid descent rule", "null": [ " such as the one-drop rule", " as it was in the United States.", "dinna\u0263", " ur da t\u1e0dfu\u1e5b tmagit ta\u1e93u\u1e5bant n taffa n tsk\u02b7fal iqrfn", " zund taffa n yat t\u1e0du\u1e5bi", " mkinna iga waddad g mirikan." ] }, { "en": "These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum", "ber": " and not one category stands significantly isolated from the rest.", "null": [ "anawn ad ttusrasn ka xf ka zund ik\u02b7lan awlaf", " d ur tlli yat tgrumma i\u1e93lin s yat tmamkt tamqqrant xf wiyya\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc", "ber": " 1984.", "null": [ "nyu jirsi: brantis hal ins", "1984." ] }, { "en": "In European context", "ber": " historical resonance of race underscores its problematic nature.", "null": [ "\u2018\u2019g umna\u1e0d u\u1e5bubbiy", " issintm unza n umzruy n \u2018\u2019u\u1e93u\u1e5b\u2019\u2019 xf tmust nns n ukrass\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "The concept of racial origin relies on the notion that human beings can be separated into biologically distinct races", "ber": " an idea generally rejected by the scientific community.", "null": [ "\u2018\u2019da isfulu urmmus n i\u1e93u\u1e5ban xf twngimt mas izmr ad nb\u1e0du iwdan xf \u2018\u2019wanawn\u2019\u2019 i\u1e93lin s tbyulujiyt", " tg yat twngimt ur iri wamun amassan s umata\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "In the United States most people who self-identify as African American have some European ancestors", "ber": " while many people who identify as European American have some African or Amerindian ancestors.", "null": [ "g mirikan kigan n mddn nna da tggan ixf awn nnsn zund imirikaniyn n ifriqya \u0263ursn \u0263ur kra n imzwura u\u1e5bubbiyn", " g tizi nna n mddn", " g tizi nna g da tggan kigan n mddn zund imirikaniyn u\u1e5bubbiyn \u0263ursn kra n imzwura ifriqiyn n\u0263 imirikaniyn igindiyn." ] }, { "en": "The criteria for membership in these races diverged in the late 19th century.", "ber": "mzarayn isbdadn igmawan g i\u1e93u\u1e5ban g tgiriwin n tsutit tiss 19." }, { "en": "Amerindians continue to be defined by a certain percentage of Indian blood (called blood quantum).", "ber": "\u2018\u2019suln ihindiyn izgg\u02b7a\u0263n da swuttun s kra n us\u0263l sg \u2018\u2019idammn ihindiyn\u2019\u2019 (assa\u0263 nns anct n idammn\u2019\u2019)." }, { "en": "This rule meant that those that were mixed race but with some discernible African ancestry were defined as black.", "ber": "tga tlgamt tnna mi ccarn i\u1e93u\u1e5ban maca akd kra n iz\u0263ran ifriqiyn yat tannayt ttusnkad mas tga tungalt." }, { "en": "The term Hispanic as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century with the rise of migration of laborers from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America to the United States.", "ber": "\u2018\u2019iff\u0263 d irm n \u2018\u2019a\u1e63banya\u2019\u2019 zund yan wassa\u0263 a\u1e93u\u1e5ban g tstut tiss 20 akd yily n imswura ittzugn sg iwunkn nna isawan s tutlayt ta\u1e63blyuniyt g amrika llatiniyya ar lwilayat lmutta\u1e25ida\u2019\u2019." }, { "en": "Three factors", "ber": " country of academic education", "null": [ " discipline", " and age", " were found to be significant in differentiating the replies.", "ar tss\u1e0dha\u1e5b k\u1e5ba\u1e0d imggitn", " nna igan tamazirt n ussgmi d u\u0263yud d usmmud", " nna issawhmman g usmzazal ula timrarutin." ] }, { "en": "In 2007", "ber": " Ann Morning interviewed over 40 American biologists and anthropologists and found significant disagreements over the nature of race", "null": [ " with no one viewpoint holding a majority among either group.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 2007. tskr ar murin\u0263 inmuqqarn akd wuggar n 40 sg imassan n tawssntudrt d imassan n tant\u1e5bubbulujiyt imirikaniyn tafn imzarayn ixatrn xf wanaw n u\u1e93u\u1e5b", " d ula\u1e25 n kra n tannayt nna yusin tuggt gr akk\u02b7 trubba." ] }, { "en": "While he can see good arguments for both sides", "ber": " the complete denial of the opposing evidence seems to stem largely from socio-political motivation and not science at all.", "null": [ "\u2018\u2019mqqar \u0263in ad annayn ifakuln iqs\u1e25n i tsggiwin s snat", " maca illa yan irdg akswat i yfakuln imgaln \u2018\u2019\u025bni\u0263 ikka d uya sg tmntilt tanamunt n\u0263 tasrtant ur d tussniwin qqa\u1e25\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "In partial response to Gill's statement", "ber": " Professor of Biological Anthropology C. Loring Brace argues that the reason laymen and biological anthropologists can determine the geographic ancestry of an individual can be explained by the fact that biological characteristics are clinally distributed across the planet", "null": [ " and that does not translate into the concept of race.", "g yat tmrarut tam\u1e93\u1e93yant xf ul\u0263u n \u0263il", " aslmad n tussnafganin tibyulujiyin s. im\u0263anna akids luring brays mas tga tmntilt nna s \u0263in imassan n lun\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiyya tabyulujiyt ad tswttu a\u1e93u\u1e5b aju\u0263rafiy n kra n yan izmr ad ittusfsar s tidt n tfrisin tibyulujiyin nna ib\u1e0dan g wusu g qqa\u1e25 ansiwn n utri", " man aya ur da ittusu\u0263ul s urmmus n u\u1e93u\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "Physical anthropology texts argued that biological races exist until the 1970s", "ber": " when they began to argue that races do not exist.", "null": [ "m\u0263annan i\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63n n lun\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiyya tafizikt mas llan wanawn ibyulujiyn ar tizi n isgg\u02b7asn n 1970", " lli\u0263 g tssnti g yini mas ur llin wanawn." ] }, { "en": "In February 2001", "ber": " the editors of Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine asked authors to not use race and ethnicity when there is no biological", "null": [ " scientific", " or sociological reason for doing so.", "g fb\u1e5bay\u1e5b n 2001", " ssutrn imaratn n imsasfrn n icirran d i\u1e25udriyn sg \u2018\u2019imaratn\u2019\u2019 ad ur ssmrasn a\u1e93u\u1e5b adday ur tili tmntilt tabyulujiyt n\u0263 tamassant n\u0263 tanamunt xf uynna\u0263\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Morning (2008) looked at high school biology textbooks during the 1952\u20132002 period and initially found a similar pattern with only 35% directly discussing race in the 1983\u201392 period from initially 92% doing so.", "ber": "iz\u1e5ba \u1e63\u1e63bbah (2008) idlisn n tawssntudrt g tinmal n usinan g tizi illan gr 1952-2002", "null": [ " yufa nn g tzwuri yat t\u0263arast irwasn akd usmrara 35% day s yan waddad usrid n u\u1e93u\u1e5b g tizi n 1983-92 sg 92% g tzwuri." ] }, { "en": "In general", "ber": " the material on race has moved from surface traits to genetics and evolutionary history.", "null": [ "s umata", " mmuttin tngiwin n u\u1e93u\u1e5b sg tfiras n b\u1e5b\u1e5ba ar tussniwin n utariy d umzruy azzigzan." ] }, { "en": "She notes", "ber": " At best", "null": [ " one can conclude that biologists and anthropologists now appear equally divided in their beliefs about the nature of race.", "\u2018\u2019ar ttannay g tizi i\u1e25lan", " mas i\u0263y ufgan ad isfulu mas b\u1e0dan imassan n tussnatudrt d imassan n lun\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiyya s umsasa g tannayin nnsn xf wanaw n u\u1e93u\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "33 health services researchers from differing geographic regions were interviewed in a 2008 study.", "ber": "ttuskar yat unmuqqar akd 33 n umrzu g yigr n isnaratn n tdusi g wansiwn iju\u0263rafiyn imyanawn g tzrawt nna ittugan g usgg\u02b7as n 2008." }, { "en": "Many sociologists focused on African Americans", "ber": " called Negroes at that time", "null": [ " and claimed that they were inferior to whites.", "sdikl kigan n imassan n tsnamunin xf imirikaniyn ifriqyyin", " nna mi ttinin zzunuj g tizi nna\u0263", " ar ttinin mas kkan ddaw n imllaln." ] }, { "en": "In 1910", "ber": " the Journal published an article by Ulysses G. Weatherly (1865-1940) that called for white supremacy and segregation of the races to protect racial purity.", "null": [ "g usgg\u02b7as n 1910", " ifsr u\u0263mis yan umgrad n ulsis j. widrli (1865-1940) i\u0263ra gis s mrniwt n umllal d ub\u1e6d\u1e6du gr i\u1e93u\u1e5ban \u1e25ma ad \u1e25\u1e6dun tazdgi ta\u1e93u\u1e5bant." ] }, { "en": "In his work", "ber": " he contended that social class", "null": [ " colonialism", " and capitalism shaped ideas about race and racial categories.", "g twuri nns", " inna mas d ismiln inamunn", " asdurri d taggart hyyan tiwngimin xf u\u1e93u\u1e5b d ismiln i\u1e93u\u1e5bann." ] }, { "en": "By 1978", "ber": " William Julius Wilson (1935\u2013) argued that race and racial classification systems were declining in significance", "null": [ " and that instead", " social class more accurately described what sociologists had earlier understood as race.", "g 1978", " wilyam julyus wilsun (1935-) yukz is d a\u1e93u\u1e5b d ingrawn n usttf a\u1e93u\u1e5ban ur asn yad iqqimi waddur", " d is d g ud\u0263ar nns", " asmil anamun da isnmal s um\u0263ad aynna s t nn kkan isnamunn rmsn t d a\u1e93u\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "Eduardo Bonilla-Silva", "ber": " Sociology professor at Duke University", "null": [ " remarks", " I contend that racism is", " more than anything else", " a matter of group power; it is about a dominant racial group (whites) striving to maintain its systemic advantages and minorities fighting to subvert the racial status quo.", "idwardu bunilla silba", " amsslmd n tsnumant g tsdawit n duk yukz \u201c lli\u0263 nkkin d wiss d tasna\u1e93u\u1e5bt ", " uggar n kra a\u1e0dnin", " tga ta\u0263awsa n unba\u1e0d illan \u0263ur trabbut ta\u1e93u\u1e5bant innb\u1e0dn ( imllaln)", " nna isskarn tugga\u1e93 nnsn afad ad asn qqimint tb\u0263urin tingrawin mgal n tdrsiyin ittmwatn afad ad ssnfln addad a\u1e93u\u1e5ban yad illan." ] }, { "en": "In clinical settings", "ber": " race has sometimes been considered in the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions.", "null": [ "g wammas asdusi ", " a\u1e93u\u1e5b da ittusutg itsnt tikkal g yikz d usujji n uma\u1e0dun." ] }, { "en": "There is an active debate among biomedical researchers about the meaning and importance of race in their research.", "ber": "illa umrara n wawal d umdikar gr imrzutn ibyusnujjitn xf watig d wazal n u\u1e93u\u1e5b g yinign nnsn." }, { "en": "Members of the latter camp often base their arguments around the potential to create genome-based personalized medicine.", "ber": "imdrawn n umnad ad da ssn\u1e93ayn tiwngimin nnsn s ta\u0263iyt n uhyyu n yat tsnujjit tanimant ibddan xf ujinum." }, { "en": "They argue that overemphasizing genetic contributions to health disparities carries various risks such as reinforcing stereotypes", "ber": " promoting racism or ignoring the contribution of non-genetic factors to health disparities.", "null": [ "da snaln mas d kigan n undad d ussitg iggudin i tjinitikt g uynna i\u1e93lin s imzirayn n tdusi", " da d ittawy kigan n imizitn", " zund asmm\u0263ur d usdus n istiryutibn (tannayin tursilin)", " asnyuddu n tssa\u1e93u\u1e5bt", " n\u0263d assitm n usufr n tarkusutin g imzirayn i\u1e93lin s tdusi." ] }, { "en": "IC stands for Identification Code; these items are also referred to as Phoenix classifications.", "ber": "\u2018IC\u2019 iga t \u201cinig n usmagi\u2019;ti\u0263awsiwin ad ttuyassant s issudsn n funiks\u2019\u2019" }, { "en": "In many countries", "ber": " such as France", "null": [ " the state is legally banned from maintaining data based on race", " which often makes the police issue wanted notices to the public that include labels like dark skin complexion", " etc.", "g wahli n tmura amm f\u1e5ban\u1e63a", " iga ugdil i uwnak ad i\u1e25\u1e0du timuca tinimanin yugln s a\u1e93u\u1e5b. aya da ittgga i\u0263nan i lbulis ad fsrn al\u0263utn n yinig i ugdud", " winna g llant tcnyalin zund: \u2018\u2019\u0263urs tifrkit idnunsn \u2018\u2019 d tiyyad\u2019\u2019" ] }, { "en": "Many consider de facto racial profiling an example of institutional racism in law enforcement.", "ber": "kigan da sksiwn is d", "null": [ " s tidt", " asbrufil a\u1e93u\u1e5ban d yan umdya n tssa\u1e93u\u1e5bt tasinagt g tiggit n uzrf." ] }, { "en": "Mass incarceration is also", "ber": " the larger web of laws", "null": [ " rules", " policies", " and customs that control those labeled criminals both in and out of prison.", "ass\u0263zu afa\u1e0disan awd ntta d \u2018\u2019\u2019\u2019taratsa ta\u0263zzaft n izrfan ", " ilugn ", " tisrtiyin d tmyurin nna i\u1e25\u1e0dan winna xf twagl tmatart n umbkki\u1e0d agnsu n\u0263d brra n ubniq\u2019\u2019\u2019\u2019" ] }, { "en": "Many research findings appear to agree that the impact of victim race in the IPV arrest decision might possibly include a racial bias in favor of white victims.", "ber": "kigan n tyafutin n irzzutn zun msasan xf i\u1e0di\u1e63 n u\u1e93u\u1e5b n ungis g \u2018\u2019IPV\u2019\u2019 t\u0263atast n ussbdd", "null": [ " i\u0263y is da ttuyakkant tsnuraf amkad n iwdan ni\u0263 ungisn imllaln." ] }, { "en": "Some studies have reported that races can be identified with a high degree of accuracy using certain methods", "ber": " such as that developed by Giles and Elliot.", "null": [ "idsnt t\u0263uriwin uwint d mas i\u0263y ad ittuyassan u\u1e93u\u1e5b n yan s un\u0263ad s usmrs n idsnt tmamkin", " imkinna issfra jilz d ilyut." ] }, { "en": "The study concluded that The apportionment of genetic diversity in skin color is atypical", "ber": " and cannot be used for purposes of classification.", "null": [ "idsnt t\u0263uriwin ff\u0263nt s mas d \u201c tib\u1e0dit n tmanawt tajinitikt g uklu n tfrkit iga aranawan ", " mas ur n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad t nsmrs g iwttasn n ussuds\u201d." ] }, { "en": "Cultural anthropology is a branch of anthropology focused on the study of cultural variation among humans.", "ber": "tasnafgant tadlsant d yan wanaw n tsnafgant nna tt ittawin g uzru n tiggidint tadlsant gr iwdan." }, { "en": "In addressing this question", "ber": " ethnologists in the 19th century divided into two schools of thought.", "null": [ "g usgdl xf isqsitn ad", " imassan n tetnlujit n tswatut tiss 19 b\u1e0dan xf snat tinmal n uswingm." ] }, { "en": "Some of those who advocated independent invention", "ber": " like Lewis Henry Morgan", "null": [ " additionally supposed that similarities meant that different groups had passed through the same stages of cultural evolution (See also classical social evolutionism).", "idsn g winna illan d \u201c\u201d\u201d\u201disliwwi asiman \u201c\u201d\u201d", " zund lwiss hunri murgan urdan mas d mayd llant tmya\u0263in", " aya da issn\u1e93ay akk\u02b7 zrint trubba tifganin g tkliwin yaksuln n tnfla tadlsant ( agg nn awd tanfla tanamunt)." ] }, { "en": "Morgan", "ber": " like other 19th century social evolutionists", "null": [ " believed there was a more or less orderly progression from the primitive to the civilized.", "murgan", " amm imusnawn inflann inamunn a\u1e0dnin n tswatut tiss 19", " umnn is tt nn tkka yat tzzigzt sg twnnant ar ta\u0263rma." ] }, { "en": "Although 19th-century ethnologists saw diffusion and independent invention as mutually exclusive and competing theories", "ber": " most ethnographers quickly reached a consensus that both processes occur", "null": [ " and that both can plausibly account for cross-cultural similarities.", "mqqar annayn itnulujiyn n tswatut tiss 19 \u201casnyuddu\u201d d \u201cisliwwi asiman\u201d is gant ti\u1e93i\u1e5bin ittmayakkasn ar tm\u0263nnant grasnt", " kigan n itnulujiyn uw\u1e0dn nn s usddrf yan umsasa n wiss da ttj\u1e5bunt snat tzzigzin", " d wiss da ssfrunt s snat timya\u0263in tingrdlsanin." ] }, { "en": "Boas first articulated the idea in 1887: ...civilization is not something absolute", "ber": " but ... is relative", "null": [ " and ... our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes.", "iska buwz tawngimt tikklt tamzwarut g 1887: \u201c\u201d\u201d\u201d ta\u0263rma ur d kra igan ankuc", " macan ...amqqan ", " d ... tiwngimin nn\u0263 d irmisn nn\u0263 ur d imdadn xs adday tssudu t\u0263rma nn\u0263\u2019\u2019\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Cultural relativism involves specific epistemological and methodological claims.", "ber": "tankuct tadlsant tla tutriwin tibistimulujiyin d tmi\u1e6dudulujiyin i\u1e93lin." }, { "en": "Cultural relativism was in part a response to Western ethnocentrism.", "ber": "tankuct tadlsant", "null": [ " tga g yat tsga", " yat tmrarut i utnu\u1e63untrizm ataram." ] }, { "en": "This understanding of culture confronts anthropologists with two problems: first", "ber": " how to escape the unconscious bonds of one's own culture", "null": [ " which inevitably bias our perceptions of and reactions to the world", " and second", " how to make sense of an unfamiliar culture.", "armas ad n tussna isnal isnafgann/ int\u1e5bubbulujiyn i sin imkrisn: amzwaru", " mamk s nrgg\u02b7l i tzdayin tarafranin nna illan gr yan d tussna nns nna as issf\u1e5ba\u0263n armas nns d idi\u0263iskrn nns akd uma\u1e0dal. wiss sin", " mamk s nttzmak/ nqqra yat tussna ur nennmyar." ] }, { "en": "One such method is that of ethnography: basically", "ber": " they advocated living with people of another culture for an extended period of time", "null": [ " so that they could learn the local language and be enculturated", " at least partially", " into that culture.", "yat g tbridin nna tte\u1e0dfu\u1e5bn g tetnugrafit: da tt\u1e25bbarn tudrt d tussniwin a\u1e0dnin yan uzmz i\u0263zzifn", " afad ad lmdn tutlayt tad\u0263rant lmdn tussna mqqar d \u0263as imik g tussna nna." ] }, { "en": "His approach was empirical", "ber": " skeptical of overgeneralizations", "null": [ " and eschewed attempts to establish universal laws.", "tamyadast nns tga taramant", " tamijant/ tasurdant g usmata iwfan iggudin", " d yugy irimn n usku n islgn i\u0263zurann." ] }, { "en": "He believed that each culture has to be studied in its particularity", "ber": " and argued that cross-cultural generalizations", "null": [ " like those made in the natural sciences", " were not possible.", "yumn is d iqqan ad ittusbayn uynna s tsty ku tussna. inna mas d ismatayn ingrdlsann", " zund winna ittugan g tmassanin tigamanin", " ur gin izuba\u1e93." ] }, { "en": "His first generation of students included Alfred Kroeber", "ber": " Robert Lowie", "null": [ " Edward Sapir", " and Ruth Benedict", " who each produced richly detailed studies of indigenous North American cultures.", "tasuta nns tamzwarut n imzrawn illa digs alfrid krubr", " \u1e5bubir luwi", " idward sabir", " d rut binidikt", " ku yan digsn ifka ti\u0263uriwin ifrurn xf imzwura n tussniwin n tamirikt n ugafa." ] }, { "en": "The publication of Alfred Kroeber's textbook Anthropology (1923) marked a turning point in American anthropology.", "ber": "ta\u1e93\u1e5bigt n alfrid k\u1e5bub\u1e5b xf tsnafgant (1923) issnfl azzigz n tsnafgant tamirikant." }, { "en": "Influenced by psychoanalytic psychologists including Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung", "ber": " these authors sought to understand the way that individual personalities were shaped by the wider cultural and social forces in which they grew up.", "null": [ "ttu\u1e0di\u1e63n s ibsikulugn ibsikanalitkn zund sigmund fruyd d rakl jung", " imgayn ad rzan ad rmsn imkidda s qqazn wagga\u1e0dn idlsann d inamunn i\u0263zzafn tiwrikin timdanin nna iddrn rmunt digsn." ] }, { "en": "Economic anthropology as influenced by Karl Polanyi and practiced by Marshall Sahlins and George Dalton challenged standard neoclassical economics to take account of cultural and social factors", "ber": " and employed Marxian analysis into anthropological study.", "null": [ "tasnafgant tadmsant imkinna s tt i\u1e0du\u1e63 ka\u1e5bl bulanyi", " d imkinna s tt ittgga ma\u1e5bcal salinz d ju\u1e5bj dal\u1e6dun ", " tugy tadmsa tanawayt tanyuklasikt", " afad ad tssitg ifrdisn idlsann d inamunn", " tsmrs asfsi ama\u1e5bksan g t\u0263uri tasnafgant." ] }, { "en": "In keeping with the times", "ber": " much of anthropology became politicized through the Algerian War of Independence and opposition to the Vietnam War; Marxism became an increasingly popular theoretical approach in the discipline.", "null": [ "s tulut n uynna tt nn ikkan g wakudn nna", " wahli g tsnafgant tk\u02b7cm s tsrtit idd\u0263 illa imn\u0263i n dzayr d tnmgla tt nn ikkan mnid n imn\u0263i n ubi\u1e6dnam", " ta\u0263ul tmarksant d yat tmyadast ta\u1e93i\u1e5bant ittuyassn kigan g igr n tsnafgant." ] }, { "en": "In the 1980s books like Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter pondered anthropology's ties to colonial inequality", "ber": " while the immense popularity of theorists such as Antonio Gramsci and Michel Foucault moved issues of power and hegemony into the spotlight.", "null": [ "g idlisn nna iff\u0263n g isgg\u02b7asn n 1980 zund \u201can\u1e6d\u1e5bubuluji\u201d d \u201ckulunyal inkawntr\u2019\u2019 fkan asqsi xf tzdayt illan gr tsnafgant d tmyagarin tinamunin", " idd\u0263 ttuyassan kigan n imssi\u1e93\u1e5bitn zund an\u1e6dunyu gramci d micil fuku", " tamdnant nnsn tssuf\u0263 d s asidd isqsitn illan gr uwank d ubrskil." ] }, { "en": "These interpretations must then be reflected back to its originators", "ber": " and its adequacy as a translation fine-tuned in a repeated way", "null": [ " a process called the hermeneutic circle.", "ifarsn ad ix\u1e63\u1e63a ad u\u0263uln s imgayn nnsn", " ad tturmasn amm isu\u0263ln yulsn", " aya d yan uzzigz igan s wassa\u0263 \u201ctawrerrayt tirmitikt\u201d" ] }, { "en": "David Schnieder's cultural analysis of American kinship has proven equally influential.", "ber": "afsi adlsan n dabid cnaydr xf umyassa amirikan ifka awd ntta i\u1e0di\u1e63 nns." }, { "en": "The method originated in the field research of social anthropologists", "ber": " especially Bronislaw Malinowski in Britain", "null": [ " the students of Franz Boas in the United States", " and in the later urban research of the Chicago School of Sociology.", "tamamkt tufa i\u1e93u\u1e5ban nns g irzzutn n yigr nna gan isnafgan inamunn", " luma\u1e5b b\u1e5bunislaw malinufski g b\u1e5bi\u1e6danya", " imzraw n f\u1e5banz bwas g mirikan d ", " g tiyyira", " g urzzu a\u0263rman nna tga tinml n tsnamunt n cikagu." ] }, { "en": "Walnut Creek", "ber": " CA: AltaMira Press.", "null": [ "walunt krik", " sa: al\u1e6da mira b\u1e5biss." ] }, { "en": "To establish connections that will eventually lead to a better understanding of the cultural context of a situation", "ber": " an anthropologist must be open to becoming part of the group", "null": [ " and willing to develop meaningful relationships with its members.", "afad ad isku tizdayin nna i\u0263in ad issiw\u1e0dn s yan urmas yufn i umna\u1e0d adlsan n yan usurs", " ix\u1e63\u1e63a ad yumu usnafgan", " ik\u02b7cm s ammas n trabbut", " tili \u0263urs tirat ad issm\u0263ur isxitr tizdayin iggudin d igmamn n trabbut." ] }, { "en": "Before participant observation can begin", "ber": " an anthropologist must choose both a location and a focus of study.", "null": [ "dat ussnti n usni\u0263s s wumu", " ix\u1e63\u1e63a ad isty usnafgan ad\u0263ar d uwttas n t\u0263uri nns g yat tikklt." ] }, { "en": "This allows the anthropologist to become better established in the community.", "ber": "aya da ittadja asnafgan ad yumu yam\u1e93 ad\u0263ar nns ammas n tgrawt." }, { "en": "The majority of participant observation is based on conversation.", "ber": "kigan n usni\u0263s s wumu ibdda xf umrara n wawal." }, { "en": "In some cases", "ber": " ethnographers also turn to structured observation", "null": [ " in which an anthropologist's observations are directed by a specific set of questions he or she is trying to answer.", "idsnt tikkal", " da ttu\u0263uln itnulujiyn s usni\u0263s ilan tu\u1e63kiwt", " g wanaw ad ", " isni\u0263isn n usnafgan da digsn ttnba\u1e0dn kigan n isqsitn i\u1e93lin izdin d uynna mi ira umsnafgan ad asn ifk tamrarut." ] }, { "en": "This helps to standardize the method of study when ethnographic data is being compared across several groups or is needed to fulfill a specific purpose", "ber": " such as research for a governmental policy decision.", "null": [ "da ittaws g usmsasa n tbridt n t\u0263uri adday da ittusmzazal udata n kigan n trubba", " n\u0263d adday \u0263ifs nbdd afad ad nn naw\u1e0d yan uskkin i\u1e93lin ", " zund ig nra ad ng yat tsrtit tanba\u1e0dant i\u1e93lin." ] }, { "en": "Who the ethnographer is has a lot to do with what he or she will eventually write about a culture", "ber": " because each researcher is influenced by his or her own perspective.", "null": [ "i\u0263y is d tamagit n utnugraf \u0263urs kigan n tusurt xf uynna itturu xf tdlsa", " acku ku amrzu da ittu\u1e0di\u1e63 s tannayt nns tanimant." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " these approaches have not generally been successful", "null": [ " and modern ethnographers often choose to include their personal experiences and possible biases in their writing instead.", "macan tibridin ad ur mmurisnt s umata", " itnug\u1e5bafn itrarn da frrn a\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63 ad sk\u02b7cmn irimn inimann nnsn nna ddrn d tnyufutin nnsn g tirra nnsn." ] }, { "en": "An ethnography is a piece of writing about a people", "ber": " at a particular place and time.", "null": [ "tatnugraft d yan warra xf uan umdan g yan wansa d yan uzmz imn\u0263udn." ] }, { "en": "A typical ethnography will also include information about physical geography", "ber": " climate and habitat.", "null": [ "tatnugraft tungimt da digs ttilint tn\u0263misin xf tjyugraft tafizikt d unzwi d uzdu\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Boas' students such as Alfred L. Kroeber", "ber": " Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead drew on his conception of culture and cultural relativism to develop cultural anthropology in the United States.", "null": [ "imzrawn n buz amm alfrid l.k\u1e5bubu", " rut binidikt d margarit mid ugmn sg ungam nns i tdlsa d ( relativisme) adlsan afad ad sbu\u0263lun tasnafgant tadlsant g iwnnakn imann (mirikan)." ] }, { "en": "Today socio-cultural anthropologists attend to all these elements.", "ber": "assa", "null": [ " tasnafgant tasnamudlsant tuwy tt g ifrdisn ad akk\u02b7." ] }, { "en": "American cultural anthropologists focused on the ways people expressed their view of themselves and their world", "ber": " especially in symbolic forms", "null": [ " such as art and myths.", "isnafgann idlsann imirikann sdikkn xf imkinna s sawaln iwdan xf yiman nnsn d xf uma\u1e0dal", " luma\u1e5b s imu\u0263na isimatarann zund ta\u1e93u\u1e5bi", " umiyn d tnfusin." ] }, { "en": "Monogamy", "ber": " for example", "null": [ " is frequently touted as a universal human trait", " yet comparative study shows that it is not.", "tayniwlt s umdya", " aha da ttusnkad amm is tga yat tfrst tafganant ta\u0263zurant", " macan yat t\u0263ri tasmzazalt da tmmal amgal." ] }, { "en": "Through this methodology", "ber": " greater insight can be gained when examining the impact of world-systems on local and global communities.", "null": [ "s tbridt dd\u0263", " n\u0263y ad nlkm yan urmas yufn", " aya s urzu n tusurt nna ttggan igrawn ima\u1e0dlann xf trbi\u025bin tid\u0263aranin d t\u0263zuranin." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " a multi-sited ethnography may follow a thing", "null": [ " such as a particular commodity", " as it is transported through the networks of global capitalism.", "\u201cs umdya", " tatnugraft tamnnawd\u0263arant t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad t\u1e0dfu\u1e5b yat t\u0263awsaamm kra n unnaziz/ uyafu ", " imkinna s ittusmattay g tratsiwin n taggart tama\u1e0dlant\u201d." ] }, { "en": "An example of multi-sited ethnography is Nancy Scheper-Hughes' work on the international black market for the trade of human organs.", "ber": "yan umdya n tetnugraft tamnnawd\u0263arant tga t twuri nna tsskr nansi cibr hyuz xf ugadaz abrrkan ama\u1e0dlan xf us\u0263nzi n isknafn infgann." }, { "en": "Research in kinship studies often crosses over into different anthropological subfields including medical", "ber": " feminist", "null": [ " and public anthropology.", "irzzutn g t\u0263uriwin xf umyissa", " da wala zrrin g kigan n wadawgrann isnafgann", " luma\u1e5b tasnafgant tasnijjyant", " tawtmant d tgdudant." ] }, { "en": "That is the matrix into which human children are born in the great majority of cases", "ber": " and their first words are often kinship terms.", "null": [ "aynna\u0263 ayd ittggan asirw nna g ttlalan im\u1e93\u1e93ann infgann g kigan n waddadn", " d iwaliwn nnsn da tn wala tggant tguriwin izdin d umyassa." ] }, { "en": "There are stark differences between communities in terms of marital practice and value", "ber": " leaving much room for anthropological fieldwork.", "null": [ "llan imzarayn ixatarn gr tgrbazin g uynna i\u1e6d\u1e6dfn s tmskarin d tnditin tiwlanin. aynna\u0263 a xf tx\u1e63\u1e63a tasnafgant ammas n wansa n twuri." ] }, { "en": "The marital practice found in most cultures", "ber": " however", "null": [ " is monogamy", " where one woman is married to one man.", "timskrt tawlant tlla g wa\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63 n tdlsiwin", " tga tayniwlt nna g lla ttawl yat tm\u1e6d\u1e6du\u1e0dt yan urgaz." ] }, { "en": "There are similar foundational differences where the act of procreation is concerned.", "ber": "llan mnnaw n imzirayn im\u0263tasn imya\u0263n g uynna izdin d tmskirt n yirw." }, { "en": "The shift can be traced back to the 1960s", "ber": " with the reassessment of kinship's basic principles offered by Edmund Leach", "null": [ " Rodney Neeham", " David Schneider", " and others.", "asnfl issnty sg isgg\u02b7asn n 1960", " d uztg n imnzayn irsaln n umyassa nna issurm idmund lic", " \u1e5budni niham", " dabid cnaydr d wiya\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "This shift was progressed further by the emergence of second-wave feminism in the early 1970s", "ber": " which introduced ideas of marital oppression", "null": [ " sexual autonomy", " and domestic subordination.", "asnfl ad ibbu\u0263la uggar akd ilwwi wiss sin n umussu awtman tizwuri n isgg\u02b7asn n 1970", " nna d yuwin tiwngimin n udagaz almssan", " tasimant tazfant", " d uwllj agman ( g tgmmi)." ] }, { "en": "At this time", "ber": " there was the arrival of Third World feminism", "null": [ " a movement that argued kinship studies could not examine the gender relations of developing countries in isolation", " and must pay respect to racial and economic nuance as well.", "\u201ctizi ann", " tiw\u1e0d dd \u2018\u2019\u2019\u2019 twtmant n uma\u1e0dal wiss k\u1e5ba\u1e0d\u2019\u2019\u2019\u2019", " yan umussu nna d yuwin mas d ti\u0263uriwin xf umyassa", " ur \u0263iynt ad zrunt tisqqan n wanaw g tmizar illan g ubrid n tgmi d usbu\u0263lu i i\u0263f nsnt", " macan is ix\u1e63\u1e63a ad rarint ta\u0263\u1e0dft s", " zrknt awd imzarayn i\u1e93u\u1e5bann d idmsann nna illan\u2019\u2019" ] }, { "en": "In Jamaica", "ber": " marriage as an institution is often substituted for a series of partners", "null": [ " as poor women cannot rely on regular financial contributions in a climate of economic instability.", "g djamayka", " da wala ttuskarn kigan n imdrawn g ud\u0263ar n tmrslt n yiwl", " acku ur \u0263iynt twtmin tim\u1e93la\u1e0d ad \u025bwwlnt xf ina\u0263uln/ inkcumn i\u1e93\u1e5bfann g yan iswa\u0263 n tarwart tadmsant." ] }, { "en": "With this technology", "ber": " questions of kinship have emerged over the difference between biological and genetic relatedness", "null": [ " as gestational surrogates can provide a biological environment for the embryo while the genetic ties remain with a third party.", "akd tetiknulujit ad", " umann d isqsitn n umyisa", " win umzaray gr umyasa abyulujan d ujinitik", " acku llant id mma tidiskranin (tinna ikrrun adis nnsnt) nna ijujadn yan unmil abyulujan i t\u1e0d\u1e5bant", " mqqar da tt\u0263iman isqqann ijinitikn gr t\u1e0d\u1e5bant d tay\u1e0d tm\u1e6d\u1e6du\u1e0dt." ] }, { "en": "There have also been issues of reproductive tourism and bodily commodification", "ber": " as individuals seek economic security through hormonal stimulation and egg harvesting", "null": [ " which are potentially harmful procedures.", "kkan tt nn awd tmkrisin n tmallayt tamarawt d uzznz afggan", " acku uggidn da rzzun tanfrut tadmsant s wanzal n ihu\u1e5bmunn d usmuttr n tglay", " timhal a", " i\u0263y is cqqant gint tim\u0263zadin." ] }, { "en": "One critique is that", "ber": " as its inception", "null": [ " the framework of kinship studies was far too structured and formulaic", " relying on dense language and stringent rules.", "yan uzawar igat", " lli\u0263 g lulant", " asati n t\u0263uriwin n umyasa ittu\u1e63ka kigan yili tannayin tursilin (istiryutibn)", " ibdd xf yat tutlayt tan\u1e93\u1e93awt d islgnn ud\u0263irn." ] }, { "en": "Much of this development can be attributed to the rise in anthropologists working outside of academia and the increasing importance of globalization in both institutions and the field of anthropology.", "ber": "kigan g usbu\u0263lu ad i\u0263y is t id tuwy tiggidit n isnafgann iswurin b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n wammas asdawan", "null": [ " tuwy t id awd tnfrara tamqrant n tsma\u1e0dlt g tmrsal d yigr n tsnafgant." ] }, { "en": "The two types of institutions defined in the field of anthropology are total institutions and social institutions.", "ber": "sin wanawn n tmrsal ittusnmaln g igr n tsnafgant d timrsal tiktanin d tmrsal tinamunin." }, { "en": "Anthropology of institutions may analyze labor unions", "ber": " businesses ranging from small enterprises to corporations", "null": [ " government", " medical organizations", " education", " prisons", " and financial institutions.", "tasnafgant n tmrsal t\u0263y ad tzru inmulla", " timssntay sg tm\u1e93\u1e93anin ar tixatarin ( timssurin)", " tanba\u1e0dt timddasin tisnijjanin", " asslmd d ussgmi", " ibniqn d tmrsal ti\u1e93\u1e5bfanin." ] }, { "en": "Institutional anthropologists may study the relationship between organizations or between an organization and other parts of society.", "ber": "isnafgann n tmrsal \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn ad \u0263rn tazdayt gr tmaddasin d tifulin a\u1e0dnin n wamun." }, { "en": "More specifically", "ber": " anthropologists may analyze specific events within an institution", "null": [ " perform semiotic investigations", " or analyze the mechanisms by which knowledge and culture are organized and dispersed.", "s wuggar n umn\u0263ud", " isnafgann \u0263in ad sfsin timsar tim\u1e93lanin agnsu n yat g tmrsal", " ad gin isfsayn isimyutikn i imikanizmn nna s ttusudsnt ar iss ttufttasnt tussniwin d tdlsa." ] }, { "en": "This new era would involve many new technological developments", "ber": " such as mechanical recording.", "null": [ "azmz ad amaynu is\u0263aws kigan n isbu\u0263lutn itiknulujann", " amm uzmmem amikanik." ] }, { "en": "Current Anthropology 43(Supplement):S5-17.Schieffelin", "ber": " Bambi B. 2006.", "null": [ "kurnt an\u1e6d\u1e5bubbuluji 43 ( subblimnt): s5-17. cciflin", " bambi b.2006." ] }, { "en": "Woolard", "ber": " in her overview of code switching", "null": [ " or the systematic practice of alternating linguistic varieties within a conversation or even a single utterance", " finds the underlying question anthropologists ask of the practice\u2014Why do they do that?\u2014reflects a dominant linguistic ideology.", "\u201cwula\u1e5bd", " g usni\u0263s nns i \u2018\u2019\u2019\u2019kud switc\u201d\u201d\u201d\u201d n\u0263d timskirt tangrawt n usmlulli n tsmsin tisnilsin ammas n yan umrara n wawal", " n\u0263d ammas n yuwt tinayt", " tufa asqsi intln nna ttikkin isnafgann g tmskirt \u2014 ma\u0263 allig da ttggan aya? tadyulujit tasnilsant tanm\u0263art.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Other linguists have carried out research in the areas of language contact", "ber": " language endangerment", "null": [ " and 'English as a global language'.", "imsnilsn a\u1e0dnin gan irzzutn g igr n umyaggay asnilsan", " d win usmizi n tutlayt", " d win \u201ctanglizt d tutlayt tama\u1e0dlant\u201d." ] }, { "en": "The work of Joel Kuipers develops this theme vis-a-vis the island of Sumba", "ber": " Indonesia.", "null": [ "tawuri n jwil kwibrz da tsbu\u0263lu imrsi ad mnid n tgzirt n sumba", " indunisya." ] }, { "en": "He feels", "ber": " in fact", "null": [ " that the exemplary center idea is one of linguistic anthropology's three most important findings.", "da isyafa", " s tidt", " is d tawngimt n wammas amdyan tamu g k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt twafitin tixatarin n tsnafgant tasnilst." ] }, { "en": "Therefore", "ber": " after a couple generations these languages may no longer be spoken.", "null": [ "altu", " awar n kigan n tswutiwin", " i\u0263y ad yad ur ttusawalnt tutlayin ad." ] }, { "en": "To follow best practices of documentation", "ber": " these records should be clearly annotated and kept safe within an archive of some kind.", "null": [ "afad ad ttwaggnt tmskar timyufin n untam", " ix\u1e63\u1e63a isuras ad twazmmamn mli\u1e25", " ttu\u1e25\u1e0dunn g yan wansa anfru.ammas n kra n warcif." ] }, { "en": "Language revitalization is the practice of bringing a language back into common use.", "ber": "assidr tay\u1e0d tikklt i tutlayt tgat tmskirt m\u0263ur awttas n wad tu\u0263ul tutlayt s asmrs akuyass." }, { "en": "The course aims to educate indigenous and non-indigenous students about the Lenape language and culture.", "ber": "tamsirt ad \u0263urs awttas n ussgmy n imzrawn i\u1e6duktunn d iritik\u1e6dunn xf tutlayt d tdlsa talinabt." }, { "en": "Encouraging those who already know the language to use it", "ber": " increasing the domains of usage", "null": [ " and increasing the overall prestige of the language are all components of reclamation.", "assb\u0263s n winna yad issn tutlayt afad ad tt smrasn", " asgidy n yigran n usmrs nns", " d uftay n ubristij a\u0263zuran n tutlayt ayd igan ifrdisn n ussidr." ] }, { "en": "Social anthropology is the study of patterns of behaviour in human societies and cultures.", "ber": "tasnafgant tanamunt d ti\u0263ri n wanawn n tmgiwin/ tmskar n inamunn infgann d tdlsiwin." }, { "en": "British and American anthropologists including Gillian Tett and Karen Ho who studied Wall Street provided an alternative explanation for the financial crisis of 2007\u20132010 to the technical explanations rooted in economic and political theory.", "ber": "idsn isnafgann n b\u1e5bi\u1e6danya d mirikan", "null": [ " nna g yamu jilyan tit d karn haw nna i\u0263ran wall strit", " fkan yan ussfru anaray (anmully) i tassast ta\u1e93\u1e5bfant n 2007-2010. issfrutn nna", " ur aksuln d isgrutn itiknikn iwtn s i\u1e93u\u1e5ban g tm\u1e93\u1e5bit tadmsant d tsrtant." ] }, { "en": "This development was bolstered by Franz Boas's introduction of cultural relativism arguing that cultures are based on different ideas about the world and can therefore only be properly understood in terms of their own standards and values.", "ber": "abu\u0263lu ad imqqur uggar llig d isk\u02b7cm franz buz arulatibism ( relativisme) admsan", "null": [ " inna ma as d tidlsiwin bddant xf twngimin imzarayn xf uma\u1e0dal", " s manaya", " ur n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad ttnt nrms s tidt \u0263as g wammas n islgnn d tnditin nnsnt." ] }, { "en": "In 1906", "ber": " Congolese pygmy Ota Benga was put by American anthropologist Madison Grant in a cage in the Bronx Zoo", "null": [ " labelled the missing link between an orangutan and the white race \u2014 Grant", " a renowned eugenicist", " was also the author of The Passing of the Great Race (1916).", "\u201c g 1906", " ag\u02b7zzal akunguliy uta binga igr t usnafgan amirikan madisun grant s yat txbu\u1e0dt g turtit n imudar b\u1e5bunks", " issl\u0263 as tacnyalt \u2018\u2019\u2019\u2019 tasrg\u02b7lt izlan \u201c\u201d\u201d\u201d gr uba\u0263us n urangutan d \u201c\u201dufgan amllal\u201d\u201d \u2014 grant", " yan ujinist ittwassn", " iga awd amgay n udlis \u201c The Passing of the Great Race", " azrruy n u\u1e93u\u1e5b anuflay1916\u201d." ] }, { "en": "Anthropology grew increasingly distinct from natural history and by the end of the 19th century the discipline began to crystallize into its modern form - by 1935", "ber": " for example", "null": [ " it was possible for T.K. Penniman to write a history of the discipline entitled A Hundred Years of Anthropology.", "imi\u1e25 s imi\u1e25", " tsty tsnafgant xf umzruy agman", " g tiggira n tswatut tiss 19", " tssnti lla d ttagga s um\u0263nu atarar -sg 1935", " s umdya", " yufa iss t.k binniman ad yuru xf umzruy n tsnafgant g yan udlis igan s uzwl \u201ctimi\u1e0di n isgg\u02b7asn n tsnafgant\u201d." ] }, { "en": "Non-European societies were thus seen as evolutionary living fossils that could be studied in order to understand the European past.", "ber": "s manaya", "null": [ " inamunn ari\u1e5bumin kkan tt nn da ttusuggurn amm \u201ci\u0263izann iddrn\u201d inaflan nna s \u0263yn ad tn \u0263rn afad ad rmsn izry n u\u1e5bubba\u201d." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " as Stocking notes", "null": [ " Tylor mainly concerned himself with describing and mapping the distribution of particular elements of culture", " rather than with the larger function", " and he generally seemed to assume a Victorian idea of progress rather than the idea of non-directional", " multilineal cultural change proposed by later anthropologists.", "macan imkinna inna slukin", " yuwy tt taylu\u1e5b s udslan g tmamkt n usnumml d uska\u1e5b\u1e0da n ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n ifrdisn ilicann n tdlsa", " uggar n ts\u0263nt tanaflayt", " irwas s umata is ibubba tawngimt tabik\u1e6du\u1e5bant n tnflit mgal n twngimt taranilant", " tasnfl adlsan agtazyizan ssurmnt isnafgann im\u1e0df\u1e5bn." ] }, { "en": "His comparative studies", "ber": " most influentially in the numerous editions of The Golden Bough", "null": [ " analyzed similarities in religious belief and symbolism globally.", "ti\u0263uriwin nns tismzazalin", " tinna ilan i\u1e0di\u1e63 axatar sg t\u1e93\u1e5bigin n \u201c guldn buw\u201d fsynt timya\u0263in g t\u0263alin tisgdanin d tmatart (symbolisme) g uma\u1e0dal." ] }, { "en": "The findings of the expedition set new standards for ethnographic description.", "ber": "ifitn n tmuddut ( tufu\u0263t) nna ssbddan islgnn imaynutn n usnumml atnugrafan." }, { "en": "Other intellectual founders include W. H. R. Rivers and A. C. Haddon", "ber": " whose orientation reflected the contemporary Parapsychologies of Wilhelm Wundt and Adolf Bastian", "null": [ " and Sir E. B. Tylor", " who defined anthropology as a positivist science following Auguste Comte.", "idsn im\u1e63kutn iwngimn a\u1e0dnin g illa w.h.r ribrz d a.s.hadun", " nna m\u0263ur tannayin i\u1e6d\u1e6dfn s tbarabsikulujitin n wilhilm wund d adulf bastyn", " d tin sir u.b. taylu\u1e5b", " nna isnmaln tasnafgant amm yat tmassant tumnigt s u\u1e6dfa\u1e5b n ugust kumt." ] }, { "en": "A. R. Radcliffe-Brown also published a seminal work in 1922.", "ber": "a.r. \u1e5badklif b\u1e5buwn ifsr awd ntta yan udlis am\u1e63kay g 1922." }, { "en": "This was particularly the case with Radcliffe-Brown", "ber": " who spread his agenda for Social Anthropology by teaching at universities across the British Empire and Commonwealth.", "null": [ "\u201cs udslan", " imkinna\u0263 awd d \u1e5badklif b\u1e5buwn", " nna isnyuddan a\u0263aws nns n tasnafgant tanamunt s usslmd g tsdawiyin n unakad ab\u1e5bi\u1e6dan\u201d." ] }, { "en": "He believed that indigenous terms used in ethnographic data should be translated into Anglo-American legal terms for the benefit of the reader.", "ber": "yukz ma as d tiguriwin ti\u1e6duktunin ittusmrasn g tsnafgant ix\u1e63\u1e63a ad ttusu\u0263lnt s tguriwin tizrfanin n tnglizt n mirikan g uynna illan g ub\u0263ur n im\u0263ri." }, { "en": "Departments of Social Anthropology at different Universities have tended to focus on disparate aspects of the field.", "ber": "tizuna n tsnafgant tanamunt n mnnaw n tsdawiyin da sdiknnt xf tsgg\u02b7in imzarayn n yigr." }, { "en": "A people is any plurality of persons considered as a whole.", "ber": "amadan d yat tuggt n iwdann akk\u02b7 igan yan." }, { "en": "Four states\u00a0\u2014 Massachusetts", "ber": " Virginia", "null": [ " Pennsylvania", " and Kentucky\u00a0\u2014 refer to themselves as the Commonwealth in case captions and legal process.", "kku\u1e93 n iwankn \u2014 masatcusits", " birjinya", " binslbanya", " d kantuky \u2014 da smulin s iman nnsn d akamnwil\u1e6d g uynna i\u1e93lin s tzzigzt tazrfant." ] }, { "en": "In some parts of the world", "ber": " ethnology has developed along independent paths of investigation and pedagogical doctrine", "null": [ " with cultural anthropology becoming dominant especially in the United States", " and social anthropology in Great Britain.", "g idsnt t\u0263mrin n uma\u1e0dal", " tatnulujit tsbu\u0263la tisurifin tisimanin n yinig d t\u0263arast tabidagujit", " ta\u0263ul tsnafgant tadmsant tuwy awal g iwankn imann (mirikan)", " tsllb awd tsnafgant tadmsant g b\u1e5bi\u1e6danya." ] }, { "en": "The 15th-century exploration of America by European explorers had an important role in formulating new notions of the Occident (the Western world)", "ber": " such as the notion of the Other.", "null": [ "\u201cinig nna gan iminign i amirika g tswatut tiss 15 yurar yat tmlilt tamqrant g u\u1e63ku n tissinin timaynutin n utaram ( ama\u1e0dal ataram)", " zund tissint n wayya\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "The progress of ethnology", "ber": " for example with Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss's structural anthropology", "null": [ " led to the criticism of conceptions of a linear progress", " or the pseudo-opposition between societies with histories and societies without histories", " judged too dependent on a limited view of history as constituted by accumulative growth.", "assfari n tetnulujit", " s umdya akd tsnafgant tu\u1e63kiwt n klud libi straws", " yuwy d az\u0263an n ingamn i\u1e93lin d ubu\u0263lu azyizan", " n\u0263d tagarnmgla illan gr imdann m\u0263ur amzruy d imdann id war amzruy", " nna xf ittwanna is tugl kigan s yat tannayt tagguttant i umzruy idd\u0263 ttusmattar s trsi tasgadyant." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " the claims of such cultural universalism have been criticized by various 19th- and 20th-century social thinkers", "null": [ " including Marx", " Nietzsche", " Foucault", " Derrida", " Althusser", " and Deleuze.", "macan tigarlawin n tilit n t\u0263zurant ad tadmsant z\u0263an tnt kigan n imswingimn inamunn n tswatutin tiss 19 d tiss 20", " winna g yamu ma\u1e5bks", " nitci", " fuku", " dirida", " ultisr", " d diliz." ] }, { "en": "An ethnic group or ethnicity is a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups such as a common set of traditions", "ber": " ancestry", "null": [ " language", " history", " society", " culture", " nation", " religion", " or social treatment within their residing area.", "yat trabbut ta\u1e93u\u1e5bant n\u0263d yan u\u1e93u\u1e5b tga t yat trbi\u025bt n iwdan nna ittmyakazn grasn s kigan n tfiras nna ssarn ar tn sstynt xf trubba a\u1e0dnin zund yat tuggt issarn n tmyurin", " ana\u0263iz", " tutlayt", " amzruy", " anamun", " tadlsa", " tamtti", " asgd", " n\u0263d amskl anamun agnsu n wansa n uzdu\u0263 nnsn." ] }, { "en": "Membership of an ethnic group tends to be defined by a shared cultural heritage", "ber": " ancestry", "null": [ " origin myth", " history", " homeland", " language", " or dialect", " symbolic systems such as religion", " mythology and ritual", " cuisine", " dressing style", " art", " or physical appearance.", "tumut g yat trabbut ta\u1e93u\u1e5bant tnnb\u1e0d digs tusurt n taysi tadlsant", " ana\u0263iz", " umiy n usala", " amzruy", " tamurt", " tutlayt ni\u0263 tantala", " ingrawn asimatarn amm usgd", " tasnumiyt d twrglin", " asmri", " sstil n tmlsit", " ta\u1e93u\u1e5bi", " n\u0263d tifiras n tfgga." ] }, { "en": "By way of language shift", "ber": " acculturation", "null": [ " adoption and religious conversion", " individuals or groups may over time shift from one ethnic group to another.", "s usnfl n tutlayt", " takksdlsant", " assgmi d usnfl asgdan", " uggidn d trubba \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn ad snfln a\u1e93u\u1e5b nnsn sg yat trbi\u025bt s tay\u1e0d d uzrruy n ugur." ] }, { "en": "Whether through division or amalgamation", "ber": " the formation of a separate ethnic identity is referred to as ethnogenesis.", "null": [ "s tu\u1e6d\u1e6dut n\u0263d tusurt", " ilwwi n yat tmagit ta\u1e93u\u1e5bant istyn lla as qqarn tatnujinisist." ] }, { "en": "In Early Modern English and until the mid-19th century", "ber": " ethnic was used to mean heathen or pagan (in the sense of disparate nations which did not yet participate in the Christian oikumene)", "null": [ " as the Septuagint used ta ethne (the nations) to translate the Hebrew goyim the nations", " non-Hebrews", " non-Jews.", "g tnglizt tatrart n zik d ar ammas n tswatut tiss 19", " a\u1e93u\u1e5b ila anamk n: ur yumin s yan g isgdn ayankucn n\u0263d yumn s yan usgd idrusn ( timttin tirawya\u1e0din ta ur yamung g uykmin arumy)", " imkinna tsmrs sibtujinit ta itn (timttin) afad ad tg asu\u0263l i hibru guyim timttain", " taribrutin tarudayin." ] }, { "en": "In the 19th century", "ber": " the term came to be used in the sense of peculiar to a race", "null": [ " people or nation", " in a return to the original Greek meaning.", "g tsawtut tiss 19", " taguri ta\u0263ul da ttusmras s unamk n i\u1e93ly s yan u\u1e93u\u1e5b", " yan umdan", " yat tmtti", " ya\u0263ul s anamk nns a\u1e93\u0263ran agrikan." ] }, { "en": "ethnic", "ber": " a. and n.) Depending on context", "null": [ " the term nationality may be used either synonymously with ethnicity or synonymously with citizenship (in a sovereign state).", "a\u1e93u\u1e5b", " a. d n.) s yigl akd umna\u1e0d", " taguri tanamurt t\u0263y ad ttusmrs s wakniw d tnamurt d awd akd u\u1e93u\u1e5b d tmuri (g uwank ilan tanay)." ] }, { "en": "Whether ethnicity qualifies as a cultural universal is to some extent dependent on the exact definition used.", "ber": "as\u0263l n u\u1e93u\u1e5b d adlsan d a\u0263zuran ibdda xf usnml anican ittusmrsan." }, { "en": "According to Thomas Hylland Eriksen", "ber": " the study of ethnicity was dominated by two distinct debates until recently.", "null": [ "inna \u1e6duma\u1e63 hiland iriksn", " mas d ti\u0263ri n u\u1e93u\u1e5b \u0263mrn tt sin imraratn n wawal ar tiggira dd\u0263." ] }, { "en": "The instrumentalist approach", "ber": " on the other hand", "null": [ " treats ethnicity primarily as an ad hoc element of a political strategy", " used as a resource for interest groups for achieving secondary goals such as", " for instance", " an increase in wealth", " power", " or status.", "tamyadast tamissnt", " g yat tsga a\u1e0dnin da tstal a\u1e93u\u1e5b amm yan ufrdis d yusan g tstratijit tasrtant", " nna smrasnt trubba ti\u0263abirin amm yan usagm afad ad nn aw\u1e0dnt iskkinn d iwttasn nnsnt isinann zund", " s umdya", " assm\u0263ur n taggart", " anba\u1e0d d td\u0263art tanamunt." ] }, { "en": "Constructivists view national and ethnic identities as the product of historical forces", "ber": " often recent", "null": [ " even when the identities are presented as old.", "imskrarn da tti\u1e93i\u1e5bn timagitin tinamurin d t\u1e93u\u1e5banin amm tyafut n wagga\u1e0dn imzruyann", " wala ittggan itrarn", " awd ig ttusnkadnt tmagitin ann amm is gant tiqburin." ] }, { "en": "This is in the context of debates over multiculturalism in countries", "ber": " such as the United States and Canada", "null": [ " which have large immigrant populations from many different cultures", " and post-colonialism in the Caribbean and South Asia.", "aya g umna\u1e0d n umrara n wawal illan xf tgtdlsant g tmizar zund iwnakn imann d kanad", " nna g llan kigan n imzwagn d iddan sg tmizar ilan tidlsiwin i\u1e93lin", " d um\u1e0df\u1e5bsdurri g uka\u1e5baybi d asya n iffus." ] }, { "en": "Third", "ber": " group formation resulted from the drive to monopolize power and status.", "null": [ "wiss k\u1e5ba\u1e0d", " asil\u0263 n trubba da d ittkka tirat n ukwac n unba\u1e0d d td\u0263art tanamunt." ] }, { "en": "Barth went further than Weber in stressing the constructed nature of ethnicity.", "ber": "ba\u1e5bt", "null": [ " isddid xf wiss iga u\u1e93u\u1e5b u\u1e63kiw uggan n wibr." ] }, { "en": "He wanted to part with anthropological notions of cultures as bounded entities", "ber": " and ethnicity as primordialist bonds", "null": [ " replacing it with a focus on the interface between groups. ", "ira ad imziry d tissinin tisnafganin ittinin mas d tidlsiwin d timassin tiwttanin", "d u\u1e93u\u1e5b amm is gan izdayn idslann", " issnfl tt s usmssi xf tmya\u0263in gr trubba" ] }, { "en": "He agrees with Joan Vincent's observation that (in Cohen's paraphrase) Ethnicity... can be narrowed or broadened in boundary terms in relation to the specific needs of political mobilization.", "ber": "imsasa d usni\u0263s n jun bisint ma as d (tarart isskr kuhin)a\u1e93u\u1e5b i\u0263y ad ittusnyama n\u0263 ittusflay g uynna i\u1e93lin s us\u0263aws n usmussu asrtan" }, { "en": "Ethnic groups came to be defined as social rather than biological entities.", "ber": "ttusnmalnt trbi\u025bin ti\u1e93u\u1e5banin g tiggira is gant tinamunin uggar n wiss gant timassin tibyulujin." }, { "en": "Examples of various approaches are primordialism", "ber": " essentialism", "null": [ " perennialism", " constructivism", " modernism", " and instrumentalism.", "imdyatn n kigan n tmyadasin zund tazwurant", " tadslant", " tasulant", " takarasant", " tatrarant", " d timissant." ] }, { "en": "Essentialist primordialism further holds that ethnicity is an a priori fact of human existence", "ber": " that ethnicity precedes any human social interaction and that it is unchanged by it.", "null": [ "tazwurant tadslant da ittatg ma as d a\u1e93u\u1e5b izwar d tilit n ufgan", " is illa ur ta tlli awd yat tmya\u0263t tanamunt tanfgant d is t ur tssnfil." ] }, { "en": "Kinship primordialism holds that ethnic communities are extensions of kinship units", "ber": " basically being derived by kinship or clan ties where the choices of cultural signs (language", "null": [ " religion", " traditions) are made exactly to show this biological affinity.", "tazwurant tamyasant da ttatg ma as d tirubba ti\u1e93u\u1e5banin gant tisbarawin n ifrdisn n umyasa", " sg ma ayd d ff\u0263nt s usilal sg tzdayin n umyasa n\u0263d i\u0263ss nna g ittwagg ustay n tmitar tidlsanin (tutlayt", " asgd", " timyuri) afad ad iml almili abyulujan illan. " ] }, { "en": "Geertz's primordialism", "ber": " notably espoused by anthropologist Clifford Geertz", "null": [ " argues that humans in general attribute an overwhelming power to primordial human givens such as blood ties", " language", " territory", " and cultural differences.", "tazwurant n girtz", " nna d illa usnafgan klifurd gurtz", " da ttini ma as d iwdann s umata da ttikkin yat tzmrt ta\u1e93n\u1e6da\u1e5bt i tmuca tinfganin timzwura zund tizdayin n idammn", " tutlayt", " tamazirt", " d imzarayn idlsann." ] }, { "en": "Smith (1999) distinguishes two variants: continuous perennialism", "ber": " which claims that particular nations have existed for very long periods", "null": [ " and recurrent perennialism", " which focuses on the emergence", " dissolution and reappearance of nations as a recurring aspect of human history.", "smit(1999) da ismziriy gr sin wanawn: tasulant izdin", " nna ittinin kkant tt nn tmtta i\u1e93lin iddrn tiwula i\u0263zzifn", " d tasulant yulsn", " nna isdikkin xf unnuflu d ufsay d unnuflu tay\u1e0d tikklt n tmtta igan yat tmatart ittuyalsn g umzruy anfgan." ] }, { "en": "This view holds that the concept of ethnicity is a tool used by political groups to manipulate resources such as wealth", "ber": " power", "null": [ " territory or status in their particular groups' interests.", "tannayt ad tukz ma as d tissint n u\u1e93u\u1e5b d yan imissi nna smrasnt trubba tisrtanin afad ad nnb\u1e0dnt g isugam zund agla", " anba\u1e0d", " tamazirt d td\u0263art tanamunt g trbi\u025bin tim\u1e93lay nna g \u0263ursn i\u0263abirn." ] }, { "en": "Instrumentalist perennialism", "ber": " while seeing ethnicity primarily as a versatile tool that identified different ethnics groups and limits through time", "null": [ " explains ethnicity as a mechanism of social stratification", " meaning that ethnicity is the basis for a hierarchical arrangement of individuals.", "timssant tasulant", " mqqar da tsksiw a\u1e93u\u1e5b g tizwuri amm is iga yan imisi arisa nna issukzn kigan n trubba ti\u1e93u\u1e5banin d iwtta xf ta\u0263zi n uzmz", " da tssfru is iga u\u1e93u\u1e5b yan umukanizm n usnmala anamun ", " aynna isnumakn ma as d a\u1e93u\u1e5b ayd igan tasila n tnigdawit n wuggi\u1e0dn.." ] }, { "en": "According to Donald Noel", "ber": " ethnic stratification will emerge only when specific ethnic groups are brought into contact with one another", "null": [ " and only when those groups are characterized by a high degree of ethnocentrism", " competition", " and differential power.", "g uynna as yukz dunald nwil", " asnmala a\u1e93u\u1e5ban da d ittagga \u0263as adday tili tmya\u0263t d wawa\u1e0d gr trubba ti\u1e93u\u1e5banin tim\u1e93lay", " macan \u0263as ig digsnt llant tfrisin n tri\u1e93u\u1e5bt d t\u0263nnant d umziray anba\u1e0dan." ] }, { "en": "Continuing with Noel's theory", "ber": " some degree of differential power must be present for the emergence of ethnic stratification.", "null": [ "s ussudu akd t\u1e93\u1e5bit n nwil", " maxccayt ad yili kra n umziray anba\u1e0dan afad ad ibayn usnmala a\u1e93u\u1e5ban." ] }, { "en": "The different ethnic groups must be competing for some common goal", "ber": " such as power or influence", "null": [ " or a material interest", " such as wealth or territory.", "iqqan d ad tili t\u0263nnant gr trubba ti\u1e93u\u1e5banin imzarayn xf yan uskkin issarn", " amm unba\u1e0d n\u0263d tazrirt", " n\u0263d a\u0263abir angaw", " zund agla ni\u0263 tamurt." ] }, { "en": "It holds that ethnic groups are only products of human social interaction", "ber": " maintained only in so far as they are maintained as valid social constructs in societies.", "null": [ "tukz as ma as d tirubba ti\u1e93u\u1e5banin gant \u0263as tayafut n tmya\u0263t tanfgant tanamunt", " ur da ttuyadjant \u0263as ig sufrnt i wamunn." ] }, { "en": "They hold that prior to this ethnic homogeneity was not considered an ideal or necessary factor in the forging of large-scale societies.", "ber": "cbbrn s ma as d dat tmsarit ad ta\u1e93u\u1e5bant ur tt nn tkki da ttuyannay amm is tga yan uktu n\u0263d yat ts\u0263lt tuccilt g tu\u1e63ka n wamunn imqran." }, { "en": "Members of an ethnic group", "ber": " on the whole", "null": [ " claim cultural continuities over time", " although historians and cultural anthropologists have documented that many of the values", " practices", " and norms that imply continuity with the past are of relatively recent invention.", "igmaman n trabbut ta\u1e93u\u1e5bant", " s umata", " da ttettrn tisulin tidlsanin xf ta\u0263zi n uzmz", " mqqar zmmemn inmzruyn d isnafgann ma as d kigan n izaliwn", " timskrin", " d ts\u0263al nna is\u0263awasn yat tzdayt tasulant d izry gant isliwwitn itrarn." ] }, { "en": "It is based on the notion of culture.", "ber": "tbdda xf tissint n tadlsa." }, { "en": "This view arose as a way to justify enslavement of African Americans and genocide of Native Americans in a society that was officially founded on freedom for all.", "ber": "tannayt ad tbayn d afad ad tg yan imissi issn\u1e93ayn akklu n ifriqn imirikann d ussiwn\u0263 n imzda\u0263 imzwura n amirika g yan umun ittu\u1e63kan s wun\u1e63ib xf tlelli i ku yan." }, { "en": "Many of the foremost scientists of the time took up the idea of racial difference and found that white Europeans were superior.", "ber": "wahli n imassann ixatarn n wakud ann llan akd twngimt n umziray a\u1e93u\u1e5ban", "null": [ " ufan nn ma as d imllaln i\u1e5bubban gan inyufn d inuflayn." ] }, { "en": "Instead of attributing the marginalized status of people of color in the United States to their inherent biological inferiority", "ber": " he attributed it to their failure to assimilate into American culture.", "null": [ "g ud\u0263ar n wad irar assitm g td\u0263art tanamunt i iwdan arimllaln g iwankn imann s tnaddawt nnsn tabyulujant takusant", " irura tt s amnkd nnsn ad am\u1e93n umun g tdlsa tamirikant." ] }, { "en": "They argue in Racial Formation in the United States that the ethnicity theory was exclusively based on the immigration patterns of the white population and did take into account the unique experiences of non-whites in the United States.", "ber": "da ttmnza\u0263n g udlis n a\u1e63ku a\u1e93u\u1e5ban g iwankn imann xf t\u1e93\u1e5bit n u\u1e93u\u1e5b ibddan day xf twana\u0263t n uzwag n imzda\u0263 imllaln d is tt tuwy g irimn imyiwann n irimllaln g iwankn imann." }, { "en": "Assimilationshedding the particular qualities of a native culture for the purpose of blending in with a host culturedid not work for some groups as a response to racism and discrimination", "ber": " though it did for others.", "null": [ "tamsrtit n t\u0263ariwin i\u1e93lin s yat tdlsa ta\u1e6duk\u1e6dunt afad ad tfsy ammas n tdlsa tasnubgant ur tsufir i idsnt trubba idd\u0263 tlla tssa\u1e93u\u1e5bant d usnu\u1e25yu", " mqqar tsufr i idsnt a\u1e0dnin." ] }, { "en": "They culminated in the rise of nation-states in which the presumptive boundaries of the nation coincided (or ideally coincided) with state boundaries.", "ber": "uwin d tannayt n iwankn-timtta nna g d usan iwtta n tmtti d win uwank." }, { "en": "Nation-states", "ber": " however", "null": [ " invariably include populations who have been excluded from national life for one reason or another.", "iwankn-timtta", " imil", " da digsn ttilin s umata imzda\u0263 nna ittusitmn g tudrt tanamurt s yat tmntilt n\u0263 tay\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Multi-ethnic states can be the result of two opposite events", "ber": " either the recent creation of state borders at variance with traditional tribal territories", "null": [ " or the recent immigration of ethnic minorities into a former nation-state.", "izmr is gan iwankn igt\u1e93u\u1e5bann tayafut n sin imzzutn inmgaln", " swa kkan d tamttagut tamatrart n iwtta iwankann ur imsasan d iwtta iziwawann izaykutn", " swa azwag atrar n tdrusin tim\u1e93u\u1e5banin \u0263r yan uwank-tamtti." ] }, { "en": "States such as the United Kingdom", "ber": " France and Switzerland comprised distinct ethnic groups from their formation and have likewise experienced substantial immigration", "null": [ " resulting in what has been termed multicultural societies", " especially in large cities.", "iwankn amm tgllidt imann", " fran\u1e63a d swi\u1e63\u1e5ba llant digsn trubba ti\u1e93u\u1e5banin istyn sg ma ayd llan yili \u1e93a\u1e5bsn awd uzwag iggudin", " aynna isyafan alig gan inamunn igtadlsann", " luma\u1e5b g tmdinin tixatarin." ] }, { "en": "Though these categories are usually discussed as belonging to the public", "ber": " political sphere", "null": [ " they are upheld within the private", " family sphere to a great extent.", "mqqar illa umdikar xf tg\u02b7manit n tsmilin ann s igr amatay", " asrtan", " ttuyadjant g yigr am\u1e93lay d walmssan." ] }, { "en": "Before Weber (1864\u20131920)", "ber": " race and ethnicity were primarily seen as two aspects of the same thing.", "null": [ "dat wibr (1864-1920)", " ikka tt nn u\u1e93ur d una\u0263iz s udslan gan sin wudmawn n yuwn uskkin." ] }, { "en": "According to this view", "ber": " the state should not acknowledge ethnic", "null": [ " national or racial identity but rather instead enforce political and legal equality of all individuals.", "amnad ad yukz ma as d", " ix\u1e63\u1e63a awank ad ur issuded awd yat twngimt ta\u1e93u\u1e5bant tanamurt n\u0263 d tana\u0263izant macan ix\u1e63\u1e63a ad izrk iksil asrtan d uzrfan n iwdan nns ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba." ] }, { "en": "The 19th century saw the development of the political ideology of ethnic nationalism", "ber": " when the concept of race was tied to nationalism", "null": [ " first by German theorists including Johann Gottfried von Herder.", "g tswatut tiss 19 tdyulujit n tnamurt ta\u1e93u\u1e5bant", " lli\u0263 g tsl\u0263 tissint n u\u1e93u\u1e5b s tnamurt", " g tizwuri xf ufus n imssi\u1e93i\u1e5bn alimann g illa yuhan gutfrid fun hirdr." ] }, { "en": "Each promoted the pan-ethnic idea that these governments were acquiring only lands that had always been inhabited by ethnic Germans.", "ber": "ku yan digsn ismmctg tawngimt takk\u02b7\u1e93u\u1e5bant ittinin is ix\u1e63\u1e63a tinba\u1e0din ad ur drknt \u0263as ikaln g zd\u0263n walimann s u\u1e93u\u1e5b." }, { "en": "The colonization of Asia was largely ended in the 20th century", "ber": " with national drives for independence and self-determination across the continent.", "null": [ "inflal usdurri n asya s tuggt g tswatut tiss 20", " akd imzmzzln inamurn n uzarug d untasmil g umn\u1e93aw." ] }, { "en": "A number of European countries", "ber": " including France and Switzerland", "null": [ " do not collect information on the ethnicity of their resident population.", "idsnt tmura n u\u1e5bubba", " g tamu f\u1e5ban\u1e63a d swisra", " ur da smutturnt umlan xf una\u0263iz a\u1e93u\u1e5ban n imzda\u0263 nnsnt." ] }, { "en": "During European colonization", "ber": " Europeans arrived in North America.", "null": [ "g iwnnan n usdurri a\u1e5bubban", " iw\u1e0d nn ayt u\u1e5bubba amirika n ugafay." ] }, { "en": "Digital ethnography allows for a lot more opportunities to look at different cultures and societies.", "ber": "tatnug\u1e5baft tamu\u1e6d\u1e6dunt da ttikki uggar n isulfn g uynna i\u1e93lin s isni\u0263sn n tdlsiwin d wamun irimya\u0263n." }, { "en": "Relational Ethnography articulates studying fields rather than places or processes rather than processed people.", "ber": "tatnug\u1e5baft tazdyant da tssfaw igran n t\u0263ri uggar n wansiwn n\u0263d timhal uggar n iwdan d iwrikn." }, { "en": "The goal is to collect data in such a way that the researcher imposes a minimal amount of personal bias in the data.", "ber": "awttas iga t usmuttr n umlan d tn\u0263misin s yat tmamkt ittadjan amrzu ad ig unuf d tudmawin g umlan." }, { "en": "Interviews are often taped and later transcribed", "ber": " allowing the interview to proceed unimpaired of note-taking", "null": [ " but with all information available later for full analysis.", "imsnalatn da wala ttusursn ukan ttuzmmamn awar", " aynna ittadjan amsnala ad issudu mir tirra n izmmimn", " macan da akk\u02b7 tt\u0263iman wumlan wjdn i yan ufsi a\u0263zuran d i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn." ] }, { "en": "Despite these attempts of reflexivity", "ber": " no researcher can be totally unbiased.", "null": [ "waxxa ttwwaggn yirimn ad n uswingm", " awd yan umrzu ur i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad igg arawsan." ] }, { "en": "These informants are typically asked to identify other informants who represent the community", "ber": " often using snowball or chain sampling.", "null": [ "da ittuyattar i inmmaln ad ssikzn inmmaln a\u1e0dnin nna ittgzan tagrbazat", " s usmrs n ussift s tcamma n utfl n\u0263 d s tmzdayt." ] }, { "en": "2010) examine the ontological and epistemological presuppositions underlying ethnography.", "ber": "2010) da izrru turdawin tin\u1e6dulujin d tbbistimulujin igan tirsal n tetnug\u1e5baft." }, { "en": "Critical theory researchers address issues of power within the researcher-researched relationships and the links between knowledge and power.", "ber": "imrzutn n t\u1e93\u1e5bit tanfrant da sawaln xf isqsitn n udwas agnsu n tzdayin umrzu-imrzi d is\u0263unn illan gr tussna d udwas." }, { "en": "An image can be contained within the physical world through a particular individual's perspective", "ber": " primarily based on that individual's past experiences.", "null": [ "t\u0263y ad tili yat twlaft g uma\u1e0dal akmam g umnad n yan wuggi\u1e0d", " nna ittu\u1e63kan s udslan xf yirimn izrin n wuggi\u1e0d ann." ] }, { "en": "The idea of an image relies on the imagination and has been seen to be utilized by children in a very spontaneous and natural manner.", "ber": "da tbdda twngimt n yat twlaft xf twargit nna smrasn icirran s yat tmamkt tand\u0263art d tgmamant." }, { "en": "Cultural and social anthropologists today place a high value on doing ethnographic research.", "ber": "isnafgann idlsan d inamunn da ssitign kigan assa arzzu atnug\u1e5baf." }, { "en": "Ethnographies are also sometimes called case studies.", "ber": "da asn qqarn idsnt tikkal i tetnug\u1e5bafin s ti\u0263uriwin n umdya." }, { "en": "The fieldwork usually involves spending a year or more in another society", "ber": " living with the local people and learning about their ways of life.", "null": [ "tawuri n yigr da ts\u0263awas s umata azzruy n yan usgg\u02b7as n\u0263 d uggar g yan unamun a\u1e0dnin", " d tudrt akd imzda\u0263 nns id\u0263arann d twafit n wammak n tudrt nnsn." ] }, { "en": "Benedict's experiences with the Southwest Zuni pueblo is to be considered the basis of her formative fieldwork.", "ber": "iqqan d ma as d tirimin n binidikt akd \u1e63awtwist zuni bwiblu ad gint tirsal n twuri n yigr i unmmal." }, { "en": "A typical ethnography attempts to be holistic and typically follows an outline to include a brief history of the culture in question", "ber": " an analysis of the physical geography or terrain inhabited by the people under study", "null": [ " including climate", " and often including what biological anthropologists call habitat.", "tatnug\u1e5baft tanawant-tamdyant da ttarm ad tg ta\u0263zurant ar tt\u1e0dfur s umata yan u\u0263awas afad ad tssidf yan umzruy agg\u02b7zzal n tdlsa xf illa usqsi", " yan usfsi n tjyug\u1e5baft tafizikt n\u0263 d i yigr nna g zd\u0263n iwdann xf illa urzzu", " aynna g yamu unzwi", " da digs ittumu s umata uynna mi qqarn isnafgann ibyulujann tazdu\u0263t." ] }, { "en": "Kinship and social structure (including age grading", "ber": " peer groups", "null": [ " gender", " voluntary associations", " clans", " moieties", " and so forth", " if they exist) are typically included.", "amyasa d tu\u1e63kiwin tinamurin (g yamu usttf xf utay", " tirubba yaksuln", " tawsit", " timsmunin timxasin", " i\u0263san", " izgnann dwiyya\u1e0d", " mk llan) da ttumun s umata." ] }, { "en": "Rites", "ber": " rituals", "null": [ " and other evidence of religion have long been an interest and are sometimes central to ethnographies", " especially when conducted in public where visiting anthropologists can see them.", "timyurin d tfugliwin d wan\u1e93atn a\u1e0dnin n usgd uwin tawna sg zik gin idslann i tetnug\u1e5bafin", " luma\u1e5b adday ttuyagnt ammas n ugdud nna g zmr imrzutn itnug\u1e5bafn ad tnt \u1e93\u1e5bin." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " if within a group of people", "null": [ " winking was a communicative gesture", " he sought to first determine what kinds of things a wink might mean (it might mean several things).", "s umdya", " mk iga unxa\u1e63 yat tmuli n umyawa\u1e0d ammas n yat trabbut n iwdan", " da itturza zwar matta wanaw n t\u0263awsiwin s i\u0263y unxa\u1e63 ad tnt isnumk (izmr ad yili kigan n inumak)." ] }, { "en": "Geertz", "ber": " while still following something of a traditional ethnographic outline", "null": [ " moved outside that outline to talk about webs instead of outlines of culture.", "mqqar i\u1e0dfa\u1e5b girtz tawna\u0263t tatnug\u1e5baft taqqburt imi\u1e25", " iff\u0263 tawna\u0263t ad afad ad isiwl xf tratsiwin g ud\u0263ar n tdsla n ik\u1e93i\u1e93n i\u1e93n\u1e6da\u1e5bn." ] }, { "en": "Writing Culture helped bring changes to both anthropology and ethnography often described in terms of being 'postmodern", "ber": "' 'reflexive", "null": [ "' 'literary", "' 'deconstructive", "' or 'poststructural' in nature", " in that the text helped to highlight the various epistemic and political predicaments that many practitioners saw as plaguing ethnographic representations and practices.", "tirra n tdlsa uwsnt g usnfl n tsnafgant d tetnug\u1e5baft", " tamggarut ad da ttusnmal aha is tga 'tawartrart'", " 'taswingmant'", " 'tasklant'", " 'tarakrasant' n\u0263 d 'tawaru\u1e63kiwt' g tmust nns", " aynna\u0263 as yuws u\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63 g wufu\u0263 n im\u0263nutn ibbistimn d tnmmarin tisrtan s asidd", " tinna staln kigan n imsskarn amm is gant yan umuttl i imsdyatn d tmskarin tisnafganin." ] }, { "en": "In regards to this last point", "ber": " Writing Culture became a focal point for looking at how ethnographers could describe different cultures and societies without denying the subjectivity of those individuals and groups being studied while simultaneously doing so without laying claim to absolute knowledge and objective authority.", "null": [ "g uynna i\u1e93lin s tnqqi\u1e0dt ad tamggarut", " tadlsa tamarant ta\u0263ul tga tadslant g yinig n tmamkt nna s zmrn isnafgann ad snummln tidlsiwin d inamunn imzarayn mir ad ssuhun ( nk\u1e5bn) tunmast n iwddan d trubba xf illa urzzu d mir ad s\u1e25njifn is lan tussna d ismdn d tnba\u1e0dt tams\u0263arant." ] }, { "en": "As the purpose of ethnography is to describe and interpret the shared and learned patterns of values", "ber": " behaviors", "null": [ " beliefs", " and language of a culture-sharing group", " Harris", " (1968)", " also Agar (1980) note that ethnography is both a process and an outcome of the research.", "awttas n tetnug\u1e5baft d aglam d ufars n irzzutn n wazal issarn ttulmadn", " tikliwin", " i\u0263aln", " d tutlayt n yat trabbut issarn tadlsa", " harris(1968)", " d agar (1980) izmmem ma as d tatnug\u1e5baft tga azrruy d tyafut n urzzu g yat tikklt." ] }, { "en": "Sociologist Sam Ladner argues in her book", "ber": " that understanding consumers and their desires requires a shift in standpoint", "null": [ " one that only ethnography provides.", "asnamun sam ladnir inna g udlis nns ma as d armas n inssmurn d tuggumin nnsn s\u0263awsnt yan usnfl n umnad amggaru ad ur da t yikki \u0263as tatnug\u1e5baft" ] }, { "en": "By assessing user experience in a natural setting", "ber": " ethnology yields insights into the practical applications of a product or service.", "null": [ "s ustal n tirimin n umsmrs g yan usati agaman", " tatnulujt da tikki yan yinniy n tmskirin tis\u0263nan n yan uyafu n\u0263 d n yat tnafut." ] }, { "en": "The Ethnographic Praxis in Industry (EPIC) conference is evidence of this.", "ber": "tinawt tatnug\u1e5baft ba\u1e5baksis (EPIC) tga an\u1e93a n uya." }, { "en": "Jaber F. Gubrium and James A. Holstein's (1997) monograph", "ber": " The New Language of Qualitative Method", "null": [ " discusses forms of ethnography in terms of their methods talk.", "tamunig\u1e5baft jaybr gubryum d jayms huls\u1e6daynz (1997)", " g ulis nns tutlayt tamaynut n tbridt ta\u0263udant", " da isgdal tal\u0263iwin n tetnug\u1e5baft s tguriwin n timamkin da sawalnt." ] }, { "en": "Essentially", "ber": " Fine maintains that researchers are typically not as ethical as they claim or assume to be \u2014 and that each job includes ways of doing things that would be inappropriate for others to know.", "null": [ "s udslan", " yukz fin ma as d imrzutn ur digsn s umata ti\u0263ariwin imkinna ttinin\u2014 d ma as d ku tawuri \u0263urs tibridin nna s tskar ti\u0263awsiwin s d ur yusi ad tnt issinn wiyya\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "He maintains that illusions are essential to maintain an occupational reputation and avoid potentially more caustic consequences.", "ber": "yukz is d imarurn gan idslann afad ad tqqim tizi tazzulant ttwassan tary idsnt tyafutin \u0263ifs immrn uggar." }, { "en": "The code of ethics notes that anthropologists are part of a wider scholarly and political network", "ber": " as well as human and natural environment", "null": [ " which needs to be reported on respectfully.", "g uslgn n t\u0263ariwin ittwazmmam is ix\u1e63\u1e63a ad sskrn isnafgann yan u\u1e93\u1e6d\u1e6da asdawan d usrtan i\u0263zzifn", " d yan uwnna\u1e0d anfgan d ugaman", " nna s ix\u1e63\u1e63a ad ittubdar s uzrak." ] }, { "en": "Researchers take near-fictions and turn them into claims of fact.", "ber": "da ttasin imrzutn ti\u1e25\u1e0da\u1e5bmarurin ssnfln tnt ar d gint tilawin timdadin." }, { "en": "In reality", "ber": " an ethnographer will always miss some aspect because of lacking omniscience.", "null": [ "s tidt", " atnug\u1e5baf ad ittu kra aha acku ur \u0263urs tlli takk\u02b7massant." ] }, { "en": "Indigenous peoples", "ber": " also referred to as first people", "null": [ " aboriginal people", " native people", " or autochthonous people", " are culturally distinct ethnic groups who are native to a place which has been colonised and settled by another ethnic group.", "imdan indijinn", " nna mi awd qqarn s imdan imzwura", " iburijinn", " i\u1e93\u0263urann", " i\u1e6duk\u1e6dunn", " gan tirubba ti\u1e93u\u1e5banin m\u0263ur tadlsa itsyn gin ilulawn n yan wansa nna g ttwasdurrin tzd\u0263 kra n trabbut ta\u1e93u\u1e5bant a\u1e0dnin g ud\u0263ar nnsn." ] }, { "en": "Peoples are usually described as indigenous when they maintain traditions or other aspects of an early culture that is associated with a given region.", "ber": "imdann s umata da ttusnmaln s i\u1e6duk\u1e6dunn ig \u1e25\u1e0dan timyurin n\u0263 d idsnt tsgg\u02b7in ya\u1e0dnin n yat tdlsa tazaykut izdin d yat tmna\u1e0dt ittwassn." }, { "en": "Indigenous peoples continue to face threats to their sovereignty", "ber": " economic well-being", "null": [ " languages", " ways of knowing", " and access to the resources on which their cultures depend.", "imdann imzwura suln da ttnaln isdiddiyn imqran xf tnigakt nnsn", " a\u1e0d\u1e5b\u1e5b\u1e25 nsn admsan", " tutlayin nnsn", " tibridin n tussna", " d ulkam n isugam nna xf tbdda tdmsa nnsn." ] }, { "en": "Estimates of the total global population of Indigenous peoples usually range from 250 million to 600 million.", "ber": "u\u1e6d\u1e6dunn n imzda\u0263 ima\u1e0dlann n imdan i\u1e6duk\u1e6dunn llan s umata gr 250 mlyun d 600 mlyun." }, { "en": "As a reference to a group of people", "ber": " the term Indigenous first came into use by Europeans who used it to differentiate the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from enslaved Africans.", "null": [ "taguri n i\u1e6duk\u1e6dunn", " nna iskann s yat trbi\u025bt n iwdan", " smrsn tt i\u1e5bubbiyn tikklt tamzwarut afad ad smziryn gr iwdan imirikann imzwura d imirikkann nna ruran d i\u1e25zza\u1e5bn m\u0263ur ana\u0263iz sg afrika." ] }, { "en": "In the 1970s", "ber": " the term was used as a way of linking the experiences", "null": [ " issues", " and struggles of groups of colonized people across international borders.", "g isgg\u02b7asn n 1970", " tkka tt nn lla ttusmras tguri ann afad ad munnt tirimin", " timk\u02b7ras", " d t\u0263nsiwin n trubba n imdann ittwasdurrin gr iwtta igra\u0263lann." ] }, { "en": "This situation can persist even in the case where the Indigenous population outnumbers that of the other inhabitants of the region or state; the defining notion here is one of separation from decision and regulatory processes that have some", "ber": " at least titular", "null": [ " influence over aspects of their community and land rights.", "anitid ad i\u0263y ad izdy awd mk ddan imzda\u0263 i\u1e6duk\u1e6dunn ar d agrn imzda\u0263 imsdurrin n tmna\u1e0dt n\u0263 d awank; aynna igan adslan da d tib\u1e0dit n tmhal ti\u0263tsanin d tslganin nna i\u1e6d\u1e6dafn kra n tzrirt", " mqar d \u0263as s wassa\u0263 xf tsgg\u02b7in n tgrawt d izrfan n wakal." ] }, { "en": "A 2009 United Nations report published by the Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues stated: For centuries", "ber": " since the time of their colonization", "null": [ " conquest or occupation", " Indigenous peoples have documented histories of resistance", " interface or cooperation with states", " thus demonstrating their conviction and determination to survive with their distinct sovereign identities.", "yan unqqis n tmtta imunn ittugan g 2009 lli tfsr tsikritarit n usgraw anzday xf tmntal ti\u1e6duk\u1e6dunin inna ma as d: tiswatutin aya", " sg uzmz n usdurri", " alik n\u0263 d iwy", " zmmemn imdann i\u1e6duk\u1e6dunn tallasin n tnzbayt", " n tmya\u0263t", " n\u0263 d n umyawas akd iwankn", " aynna s mmaln a\u025bwwl nnsn ad ddrn akd tmagitin nnsn istyn." ] }, { "en": "These people were seen by ancient writers either as the ancestors of the Greeks", "ber": " or as an earlier group of people who inhabited Greece before the Greeks.", "null": [ "kkan tt nn imaratn iqburn da ttinin ma as gan imzwura n igrikn ( ayt lyunan n d\u0263i)", " n\u0263 d yat trbi\u025bt izrin n iwdan nna tt nn ikkan zd\u0263n g lyunan dat n iyunann.." ] }, { "en": "The Crusades (1096-1271) were based on this ambition of a holy war against who the church saw as infidels.", "ber": "imn\u0263an (1096-1271) incan issndr tn unaruz n wiss gan ifu\u1e93ar mgal n winna tmmal ligliz amm is gan arisgdann." }, { "en": "However", "ber": " the council upheld that conquests could 'legally' occur if non-Christians refused to comply with Christianization and European natural law.", "null": [ "imil", " asqqim yukz as is i\u0263y ad ttwaggn ilikn s ulgin mk ugin iri\u1e5bumin ad msasan akd tkristyaniyt d uzrf agman n u\u1e5bubba." ] }, { "en": "In the 14th and 15th centuries", "ber": " the Indigenous peoples of what are now referred to as the Canary Islands", "null": [ " known as Guanches (who had lived on the islands since the BCE era) became the subject of colonizers' attention.", "g tswatut tiss 14 d 15", " imdann i\u1e6duk\u1e6dunn n tgzirin tiknariyin mi qqarn igwancn ( zd\u0263n g tgzirt sg uzmz n BCE) uwin tawna d ta\u0263\u1e0dft n imsdurrin." ] }, { "en": "In 1402", "ber": " the Spanish began efforts to invade and colonize the islands.", "null": [ "g 1402", " tssnta \u1e63blyun tuggaz nns afad ad tsdurri tigzirin." ] }, { "en": "The invaders brought destruction and diseases to the Guanche people", "ber": " whose identity and culture disappeared as a result.", "null": [ "imsdurrin uwin d tirdliwin d wa\u1e6d\u1e6dann i umdan agwanc", " s tyafut n maya", " tuccka tmagit d tdlsa nns." ] }, { "en": "As stated by Robert J. Miller", "ber": " Jacinta Ruru", "null": [ " Larissa Behrendt", " and Tracey Lindberg", " the doctrine developed over time to justify the domination of non-Christian", " non-European peoples and the confiscations of their lands and rights.", "imkinna inna \u1e5bubir\u1e5b j. milr", " jasinta ruru", " larissa birindt", " d traysi lindburg", " ttusbu\u0263la tbridt xf uzrruy n wakud afad ad tssn\u1e93i annb\u1e0d g imdann ari\u1e5bumin", " ari\u1e5bubbiyn d usukkf n ikaln d izrfan nsn.\u2019\u2019" ] }, { "en": "Spanish King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella hired Christopher Columbus", "ber": " who was dispatched in 1492", "null": [ " to colonize and bring new lands under the Spanish crown.", "agllid a\u1e63blyan firdinand d tgllidt izabilla sswurin kris\u1e6duf kulumbu\u1e63", " nna yafu\u1e0dn g 1492", " afad ad isuddri yawy d ikaln imaynutn i tgllidt ta\u1e63blyunt." ] }, { "en": "Alexander granted Spain any lands that it discovered as long as they had not been previously possessed by any Christian owner.", "ber": "aliksadr irura d i \u1e63blyun ikaln nna akk\u02b7 yufa s yuwt tfada nna igan ad yad ur ilin g ufus n kra n u\u1e5bumy." }, { "en": "Many conquistadors apparently feared that", "ber": " if given the option", "null": [ " Indigenous peoples would actually accept Christianity", " which would legally not permit invasion of their lands and the theft of their belongings.", "irwas is gg\u02b7dn kigan n imalikn ma as d mk fkan astay i i\u1e6duk\u1e6dunn", " qa ad irin takristyaniyt", " aynna yad ur innin ad tn yaddj ad gin anbaz i ikaln nns akrn tilitin nnsn s ulgn." ] }, { "en": "Being Catholic countries in 1493", "ber": " England as well as France worked to 're-interpret' the Doctrine of Discovery to serve their own colonial interests.", "null": [ "f\u1e5ban\u1e63a d nngliz nna igan tikatulikin g 1493", " urmnt ad ssrmsnt ta\u0263arast n tnazuft s yat tmamkt isufrn i i\u0263aburn nnsnt imsdurrin." ] }, { "en": "Land claims were made through symbolic rituals of discovery that were performed to illustrate the colonizing nation's legal claim to the land.", "ber": "da ttggan tifugliwin n tnazuft adday akrn ikaln imaynutn afad ad tt ssntln fkin as yan wudm ulgin." }, { "en": "In 1774", "ber": " Captain James Cook attempted to invalidate Spanish land claims to Tahiti by removing their marks of possession and then proceeding to set up English marks of possession.", "null": [ "g 1774", " lkabbitan jayms kuk yurm ad ikks a\u1e63adafa d us\u0263\u1e93an i ikaln nna tsdurri \u1e63banya s usukkf n tmnirin nna tsrs tmggarut ad", " ig timnirin tinglizin n tilit g ud\u0263ar nnsnt." ] }, { "en": "This concept formalized the idea that lands which were not being used in a manner that European legal systems approved of were open for European colonization.", "ber": "tissint ad t\u1e63ka tawngimt ma as d ikaln nna ur ittusmrisn ilin ddaw islgn i\u1e5bubban gan win usdurri." }, { "en": "As the 'rules' of colonization became established into legal doctrine agreed upon by between European colonial powers", "ber": " methods of laying claims to Indigenous lands continued to expand rapidly.", "null": [ "sg mad dwln \u2018\u2019ilgamn\u2019\u2019 n usddurry ullzn g t\u0263arast tanzzarfuut xf msasan imadusn u\u1e5bubbiyn gratsn", " gan tbridin n tikki n issuturn n ikaln n imzda\u0263 i\u1e93u\u1e5ban ssntit g tixxitirt s yat tmamkt ittazzlan." ] }, { "en": "Precise estimates for the total population of the world's Indigenous peoples are very difficult to compile", "ber": " given the difficulties in identification and the variances and inadequacies of available census data.", "null": [ "icqqa bahra usmuttr n turdiwin n sdidn n umata n imzda\u0263 n igdudn i\u1e93u\u1e5ban g uma\u1e0dal", " aydd\u0263 llan tbbay\u1e0da\u1e5bin g uswttu n tmagit d isnu\u1e25yutn d wudmawn n tdrsi n isfka n u\u1e25yyl nna illan." ] }, { "en": "This includes at least 5", "ber": "000 distinct peoples in over 72 countries.", "null": [ "ismun man aya ddaw n 5000 n igdudn im\u1e93lay g wuggar n 72 n tmazirt." ] }, { "en": "Some have also been assimilated by other populations or have undergone many other changes.", "ber": "mkinna itturmas kra gitsnt sg dar trubba timzda\u0263in nnni\u1e0dn n\u0263 kcmn ttn kra n isnfiln ya\u1e0dnin." }, { "en": "The highly diverse and numerous ethnic groups that comprise most modern", "ber": " independent African states contain within them various peoples whose situation", "null": [ " cultures and pastoralist or hunter-gatherer lifestyles are generally marginalized and set apart from the dominant political and economic structures of the nation.", "ar nn nttafa ammas n trubba ti\u1e93u\u1e5banin nna bahra imyanawn nna g ttilin kigan n tmizar nna illan g ifriqya tatrart i\u1e93lin cigan n igdudn nna isinifn s umata addadn nns d tdlsa nns d tmamkin n tudrt nns n tyssa n\u0263 ingmarn nna tn ismunn", " ar tb\u1e0d\u1e0du gr atsnt d gr tfggiwin tisrtanin d tdmsatin nna illan g tmurt." ] }, { "en": "The impacts of historical and ongoing European colonization of the Americas on Indigenous communities have been in general quite severe", "ber": " with many authorities estimating ranges of significant population decline primarily due to disease", "null": [ " land theft and violence.", "gan idrizn n usddurry ayu\u1e5bubbiy n umzruy d usddurry amirikaniy xf imunn n igdudn i\u1e93u\u1e5ban cqqan nik bhra s umata", " aydd\u0263 dik\u1e0dnt n tnba\u1e0din mi mqqurn ifu\u0263aln sg tdrsi n imzda\u0263 nna itturrayn s tma\u1e0dunin d tukk\u1e5b\u1e0da n ikaln d tk\u1e5bi\u1e0dt." ] }, { "en": "In the southern states of Oaxaca (65.73%) and Yucat\u00e1n (65.40%)", "ber": " the majority of the population is Indigenous", "null": [ " as reported in 2015.", "g tm\u1e93layt n ukasa tyffust (65.73%) d tm\u1e93layt n yukatan (65.40%)", " llan imzda\u0263 n tmurt ugrn imzda\u0263 nni\u1e0dn", " mkinna illan g unqqis n usgg\u02b7as n 2015." ] }, { "en": "The descriptors Indian and Eskimo have fallen into disuse in Canada.", "ber": "\u2018\u2019isnummaln \u2018\u2019ihindiyn\u2019\u2019 d \u2018\u2019iskimutn\u2019\u2019 ur yad da ttusmrasn di kana\u1e0da\u2019\u2019." }, { "en": "Most notable was the change of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC) to Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC) in 2015", "ber": " which then split into Indigenous Services Canada and Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Development Canada in 2017.", "null": [ "sg isnfiln nna illan asnfl n iskkinn n imzda\u0263 i\u1e93u\u1e5bann d ussgmi n ugafay g kana\u1e0da (AANDC) s iskkin n imzda\u0263 i\u1e93u\u1e5bann g ugafay n kana\u1e0da (INAC) g usgg\u02b7as n 2015", " nna ib\u1e0dan dffir n man aya s tnafutin n imzda\u0263 i\u1e93u\u1e5bann n kana\u1e0da d tzdayin gr isni d imzda\u0263 i\u1e93u\u1e5ban d ussgmi agafay g kana\u1e0da g usgg\u02b7as n 2017." ] }, { "en": "First Nations peoples signed 11 numbered treaties across much of what is now known as Canada between 1871 and 1921", "ber": " except in parts of British Columbia.", "null": [ "sgm\u1e0dn igdudn n tggayin timzwura xf 11 n tetgarin ittu\u1e63i\u1e6dnn xf kigan g ma ittwassan \u0263ila g kana\u1e0da gr usgg\u02b7as n 1871 d 1921", " nna g ur llin igzzumn n kulumbya tab\u1e5bi\u1e6daniyt." ] }, { "en": "The autonomous territory of Greenland within the Kingdom of Denmark is also home to a recognised Indigenous and majority population of Inuit (about 85%) who settled the area in the 13th century", "ber": " displacing the Indigenous Dorset people and Greenlandic Norse.", "null": [ "tga tsga n \u0263rinland yat tsga nna dar illa unnb\u1e0d n unmas ammas n tgldit n ddanma\u1e5bk iga tamurt n imzda\u0263 i\u1e93u\u1e5ban d tuggt nna xf ttussikzn sg linwit (dar 85%) nna izd\u0263n ansa g tsutit tiss 13", " aynna yudjan imzda\u0263 i\u1e93u\u1e5ban ad ttujlan g ddursit d nnurs l\u0263rinlandyyin." ] }, { "en": "In Spanish or Portuguese speaking countries", "ber": " one finds the use of terms such as \u00edndios", "null": [ " pueblos ind\u00edgenas", " amerindios", " povos nativos", " povos ind\u00edgenas", " and", " in Peru", " Comunidades Nativas (Native Communities)", " particularly among Amazonian societies like the Urarina and Mats\u00e9s.", "g tmura nna isawaln s tutlayt ta\u1e63blyuniyt n\u0263 taburtu\u0263aliyt", " ssn iwdan ad issmras armmasn zun: andiyu\u1e63", " bublu\u1e63", " amir\u1e0dyu\u1e63", " b\u1e5bufu natifi\u1e63", " bufu\u1e63 indijinas", " awd g lbi\u1e5bu", " kumini\u1e0da\u1e0du\u1e63 natifa\u1e63 (imunn i\u1e93u\u1e5bann)", " slawann akk\u02b7 imunn n uma\u1e93un zund lu\u1e5banina d matatiss." ] }, { "en": "Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil", "ber": " although the majority of them live in Indian reservations in the North and Center-Western part of the country.", "null": [ "llan igdudn i\u1e93u\u1e5ban g tsga akk\u02b7 n lb\u1e5ba\u1e93il", " mqqar tddr tuggt nnsn xf wuffirn ihindiyn g ugafay n wammas d u\u0263lay n tmazirt." ] }, { "en": "There are currently more Armenians living outside their ancestral homeland because of the Armenian genocide of 1915.", "ber": "\u0263inna llan kigan n la\u1e5bmn nna ittidirn b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n tamurt n imzwura nnsn s tmntilt n usfsi amagraw n la\u1e5bmn g usggas n 1915." }, { "en": "The argument entered the Israeli\u2013Palestinian conflict in the 1990s", "ber": " with Palestinians claiming Indigenous status as a pre-existing population displaced by Jewish settlement", "null": [ " and currently constituting a minority in the State of Israel.", "ikcm ufakal imn\u0263i i\u1e63\u1e5bayiliy g isgg\u02b7asn n 1990", " lli\u0263 g ttrn ifili\u1e63\u1e6diniyn ad srsn imzda\u0263 i\u1e93u\u1e5bann aydd\u0263 ttusnummaln zund imzda\u0263 illan dat n crudu s tmntilt n tzddu\u0263t n wudayn", " gan \u0263ila tadrsi g twunkt n is\u1e5bayil." ] }, { "en": "In Russia", "ber": " definition of indigenous peoples is contested largely referring to a number of population (less than 50\u00a0000 people)", "null": [ " and neglecting self-identification", " origin from indigenous populations who inhabited the country or region upon invasion", " colonization or establishment of state frontiers", " distinctive social", " economic and cultural institutions.", "\u2018\u2019g rusiya", " ar kkatn g usnml n \u2018\u2019igdudn i\u1e93u\u1e5bann\u2019\u2019 nna da immaln bahra u\u1e6d\u1e6dun n imzda\u0263 (ddaw n 50000)", " d ur da tt ittawi g uswttu n tmagit tankkint", " d ntta ad igan asala n imzda\u0263 i\u1e93u\u1e5ban nna izd\u0263n g tmazirt n\u0263 ansa lli\u0263 g wazza\u0263 n\u0263 asddurruy n\u0263 tiggi n iwtta n twunkt", " d tmrsalin tinamunin d tdmsatin d tdlsatin i\u1e93lin\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "The Tibetans are indigenous to Tibet.", "ber": "itubutiyn sg imzda\u0263 i\u1e93u\u1e5bann g ttibt." }, { "en": "In Hong Kong", "ber": " the indigenous inhabitants of the New Territories are defined in the Sino-British Joint Declaration as people descended through the male line from a person who was in 1898", "null": [ " before Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory.", "g hung kung", " ar isnummul unn\u0263ms iccarn a\u1e63iniy - ab\u1e5bi\u1e6daniy imzda\u0263 i\u1e93u\u1e5ban g tsggiwin timaynutin mas d ddan sg uzririg n iwtman sg uwrik illa g usgg\u02b7as 1898", " dat n tmyaqqant n us\u0263zif g tsga n hung kung." ] }, { "en": "The Cham are the indigenous people of the former state of Champa which was conquered by Vietnam in the Cham\u2013Vietnamese wars during Nam ti\u1ebfn.", "ber": "ccam gan imzda\u0263 i\u1e93u\u1e5bann g tm\u1e93layt n ttcamba izrin nna xf izza\u0263 lfitnam g imn\u0263itn n ccam afitnamiy g tinaym." }, { "en": "The Khmer Krom are the indigenous people of the Mekong Delta and Saigon which were acquired by Vietnam from Cambodian King Chey Chettha II in exchange for a Vietnamese princess.", "ber": "lxmir krum gan imzda\u0263 i\u1e93u\u1e5bann g dilta lmikung d say\u0263un nna \u1e6dum\u1e93 lfitnam sg ugllid akambudiy tci tca wiss sin g tugdut n tgllidt tafitnamiyt." }, { "en": "This problem is shared by many other countries in the ASEAN region.", "ber": "amukris ad illa awd g kigan n tmura nni\u1e0dn g wansa izdin tasqqnt n tmttin n uyffus n u\u0263lay g asya." }, { "en": "The indigenous peoples of Mindanao are the Lumad peoples and the Moro (Tausug", "ber": " Maguindanao Maranao and others) who also live in the Sulu archipelago.", "null": [ "imzda\u0263 i\u1e93u\u1e5ban g mindaw gan igdudn n lumand d imzda\u0263n n muru (tawsu\u0263 d ma\u0263indanaw maranaw d wiyya\u1e0d) nna ittidirn awd g arxabil sulu." ] }, { "en": "These groups are often together spoken of as Indigenous Australians.", "ber": "inkr bahra umrara xf trubba ad s snat aydd\u0263 gan tt sg imzda\u0263 i\u1e93u\u1e5bann us\u1e6d\u1e5baliyn." }, { "en": "During the 20th century", "ber": " several of these former colonies gained independence and nation-states formed under local control.", "null": [ "g tsutit tiss 20", " um\u1e93nt kigan n tmsddurruyin izrin xf tsimant ttugant twunak tim\u0263lac ddaw n tkiri\u1e6d\u1e6d tamurant." ] }, { "en": "The remains of at least 25 miniature humans", "ber": " who lived between 1", "null": [ "000 and 3", "000 years ago", " were recently found on the islands of Palau in Micronesia.", "g tgiriwin ad ttuyafa g tgzirin n balaw g mik\u1e5bunizya ifrtutuyn n uynna ikkan ddaw n 25 n ufgan am\u1e93\u1e93yan llan ddrn gr 1000 d 3000 n usgg\u02b7as." ] }, { "en": "According to the 2013 census", "ber": " New Zealand M\u0101ori make up 14.9% of the population of New Zealand", "null": [ " with less than half (46.5%) of all M\u0101ori residents identifying solely as M\u0101ori.", "g uynna d yuckan g ussi\u1e6dn n 2013", " gan lmawri inyuzinaldiny 14.9% sg imzda\u0263 n nyuzilanda", " d ddaw n uzgn (46.5) sg qqa\u1e25 imzda\u0263 imawriyn nna igan day imawriyn." ] }, { "en": "Many M\u0101ori national leaders signed a treaty with the British", "ber": " the Treaty of Waitangi (1840)", "null": [ " seen in some circles as forming the modern geo-political entity that is New Zealand.", "sgm\u1e0dn kigan n imlwayn inamurn imawriyn tamyaqqnt akd ib\u1e5bi\u1e6daniyn", " tamyaqqant n waytangi (1840)", " nna ittu\u1e93\u1e5ban g kra n tsun\u1e0din mas tga wansa aju\u0263\u1e5bafiy asrtan atrar nna i\u1e63kan yuzilan\u1e0da." ] }, { "en": "These issues include cultural and linguistic preservation", "ber": " land rights", "null": [ " ownership and exploitation of natural resources", " political determination and autonomy", " environmental degradation and incursion", " poverty", " health", " and discrimination.", "smunnt tmsarin ad a\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n tdlsa d tutlayin", " d izrfan n wakal", " d uyda n isugam igaman d tsarwa", " d umamk asrtan d tsimant tanixft", " d udhac n twna\u1e0dt d unmuzu", " d \u1e93\u1e93l\u1e0d", " d tdusi", " d usnu\u1e25yu." ] }, { "en": "The situation can be further confused when there is a complicated or contested history of migration and population of a given region", "ber": " which can give rise to disputes about primacy and ownership of the land and resources.", "null": [ "tzmr tmrniwt n urway gr waddad asra g illa umzruy irwin n\u0263 ittwat gis sg uzwag n imzda\u0263 g kra n wansa", " aynna i\u0263in ad issnkr tina\u0263itin xf tizwiri n wakal s isugam d tilit nns." ] }, { "en": "Despite the diversity of indigenous peoples", "ber": " it may be noted that they share common problems and issues in dealing with the prevailing", "null": [ " or invading", " society.", "mqqar myanawn igdudn i\u1e93u\u1e5ban", " tzmrt tannayt mas da tb\u1e0d\u1e0du timukrisin d tmntilin iccarn g umuggu g wamun illan n\u0263 imzza\u0263n.." ] }, { "en": "Notable exceptions are the Sakha and Komi peoples (two northern indigenous peoples of Russia)", "ber": " who now control their own autonomous republics within the Russian state", "null": [ " and the Canadian Inuit", " who form a majority of the territory of Nunavut (created in 1999).", "sg gr wukkisn ittuyannayn timdnanin saxa d kumi (igdudn i\u1e93u\u1e5bann igafayn n rusya)", " nna i\u1e6d\u1e6damzn \u0263ila tagdudant i\u1e93lin ammas n tm\u1e93layt tarusiyt", " d linwit akana\u1e0diy", " nna igan tagudiyt n tsga n nunafut (nna ittugan g usgg\u02b7as 1999)." ] }, { "en": "This rejection ended up recognizing that there was a pre-existing system of law practised by the Meriam people.", "ber": "ismd wagi ad s uqrra n yili n amagaw ulgin ibddan sg dat n ad issmrs agdud n miryam." }, { "en": "Retrieved on 11 October 2011.", "ber": "tturura d g 11 k\u1e6dub\u1e5b 2011." }, { "en": "Hindus and Chams have both experienced religious and ethnic persecution and restrictions on their faith under the current Vietnamese government", "ber": " with the Vietnamese state confiscating Cham property and forbidding Cham from observing their religious beliefs.", "null": [ "ttusrfufn ihindusn d ccam yan usrfufu n usgad d u\u1e93u\u1e5ban d ikrafn ittugan xf us\u0263an nnsn xf us\u0263ad nnsn ddaw tnba\u1e0dt tafitnamiyt n \u0263ila", " aydd\u0263 tskr twunkt tafitnamiyt tukksa n wayda n ayt ccam d ttugdduln ayt ccam ad skarn ifullsn nns n us\u0263an." ] }, { "en": "In 2012", "ber": " Vietnamese police in Chau Giang village stormed into a Cham Mosque", "null": [ " stole the electric generator", " and also raped Cham girls.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 2012", " skleln lbulis ifitnamiyn g i\u0263rm n ttcaw jyang timzgida n ttcam", " akrn amssaru n usidd", " \u0263\u1e63bn tirbatin n tcam." ] }, { "en": "In 2012", "ber": " Indonesia stated that \u2018The Government of Indonesia supports the promotion and protection of indigenous people worldwide\u00a0... Indonesia", "null": [ " however", " does not recognize the application of the indigenous peoples concept\u00a0... in the country\u2019.", "d g usgg\u02b7as n 2012", " tsskty indunisya masd \u2018\u2019tanba\u1e0dt n indunisya da ttaws asdus d u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n imzda\u0263 i\u1e93u\u1e5bann g qqa\u1e25 tisggiwin n uma\u1e0dal... maca indunisya ur da tqrra s uskkir n urmmus n igdudn i\u1e93u\u1e5bann g tmazirt\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "The Vietnamese were originally centered around the Red River Delta but engaged in conquest and seized new lands such as Champa", "ber": " the Mekong Delta (from Cambodia) and the Central Highlands during Nam Tien.", "null": [ "llan ifitnamiyn g umzwar nnsn zd\u0263n ammas n dil\u1e6da asif azgg\u02b7a\u0263 maca kcmn g unzzu\u0263 am\u1e93n ikaln imaynutn zund tcamba d dil\u1e6da mikunj (sg kambudya) d isawnn inamasn g nam tyyin." ] }, { "en": "The tremendous scale of Vietnamese Kinh colonists flooding into the Central Highlands has significantly altered the demographics of the region.", "ber": "iwin ingayn iggutn n imddurruyn ifitnamiyn g isawnn inammasn s usnfl n tsnayt n tzddu\u0263t g ud\u0263ar." }, { "en": "And no elimination of one culture by another.\u201d", "ber": "\u2018\u2019ula tin\u0263i n tdlsa s tdlsa nni\u1e0dn\u2019\u2019." }, { "en": "Indigenous peoples have been denoted primitives", "ber": " savages or uncivilized.", "null": [ "gan igdudn i\u1e93u\u1e5ban ifarann n\u0263 imu\u1e0da\u1e93 n\u0263 winna ur i\u0263\u0263urmi." ] }, { "en": "Some philosophers", "ber": " such as Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)", "null": [ " considered indigenous people to be merely savages.", "\u2018\u2019kra n iflsafn", " zund \u1e6duma\u1e63 hubz (1679-1588)", " satgn imzda\u0263 i\u1e93u\u1e5bun xs \u2018\u2019ixmmag\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Retrieved from Internet Archive 13 December 2013.", "ber": "ttururad sg tm\u1e25\u1e0dit n lantirnit 13 n dujanbir 2013." }, { "en": "The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples", "ber": " adopted by the General Assembly in 2007", "null": [ " established indigenous peoples' right to self-determination", " implying several rights regarding natural resource management.", "iss\u1e5b\u1e63a ul\u0263u n tmttin n tinamunin (lumam lmutta\u1e25ida) i\u1e93lin s izrfan n igdudn i\u1e93u\u1e5ban", " nna ts\u0263zn tmsmunt tamatut g usgg\u02b7as 2007", " azrf n igdudn i\u1e93u\u1e5ban g unqqis n umsdul", " aynna igan g jaj kigan n izrfan nna i\u1e93lin s tnmahla n isugam infgann." ] }, { "en": "Oil drilling could destroy thousands of years of culture for the Gwich'in.", "ber": "ta\u0263uzi n nnf\u1e6d i\u0263y ad i\u1e5b\u1e5b\u1e93 id ig\u02b7\u1e0dn n tdlsa n gwitcin." }, { "en": "Development projects such as dam construction", "ber": " pipelines and resource extraction have displaced large numbers of indigenous peoples", "null": [ " often without providing compensation.", "iwin isnfarn n ussgmi", " zund tu\u1e63\u1e63ka n wuggugn", " d izrirign n usldi", " d ussuf\u0263 n isugam", " s uzzl\u025b n kigan n igdudn i\u1e93u\u1e5ban", " bla asn ittufkaawd \u1e25a\u1e25 n warraz g kigan n tikkal." ] }, { "en": "These women also become economically dependent on men when they lose their livelihoods.", "ber": "ar tggant aydd\u0263 n twtmin gr wu\u0263zin n tdlsiwin ngr mddn adday \u0263ursn la\u1e25 tibridin n tudrt nnsn." }, { "en": "For example the Munduruku people in the Amazon rainforest are opposing the building of Tapaj\u00f3s dam with the help of Greenpeace.", "ber": "s umdya", "null": [ " ar ismgal ugdud n munduruku g taganin n lama\u1e93unun igan un\u1e93a\u1e5b \u1e63kan uggug n tabaxus s twisi n grin bis." ] }, { "en": "Two main scenarios are proposed", "ber": " an early expansion to Central Africa", "null": [ " and a single origin of the dispersal radiating from there", " or an early separation into an eastward and a southward wave of dispersal", " with one wave moving across the Congo basin towards East Africa", " and another moving south along the African coast and the Congo River system towards Angola.", "fkan sin ssinaryuhat ixatarn", " gan tixxitirt n zikk g wammas n afriqya", " d yan u\u0263balu i uzll\u025b ifawn dinna\u0263", " n\u0263 ab\u1e6d\u1e6du n zikk s wa\u1e93y n ugmmu\u1e0d g un\u0263al s wa\u1e93y n iyffus", " akd umutti n yat ta\u1e6d\u1e6dangat g yan umda n lkungu s wa\u1e93y n asnqr n afqriqya", " d wa\u1e93y ya\u1e0dn s iyyffus xf ta\u0263zi n uftas tafriqiyt d ugrra n wasif n lkungu s tsga n angula." ] }, { "en": "Cattle terminology in use amongst the relatively few modern Bantu pastoralist groups suggests that the acquisition of cattle may have been from Central Sudanic", "ber": " Kuliak and Cushitic-speaking neighbors.", "null": [ "da tsskan irimn n wulli ittusmrasn gr trubba n tyssa tatrart idrusn cwiy g lban\u1e6du mas tga tmsuxt n wulli \u025bni\u0263 gan sg wadjarn isudaniyn d imzda\u0263 kulyak d winna isawln s tutlayt takuciyt." ] }, { "en": "Not far from the Mutirikiwi river", "ber": " the Monomatapa kings built the Great Zimbabwe complex", "null": [ " a civilisation ancestral to the Kalanga people.", "g tuggugt n wasif n murtikiwi", " bni mlluk munumataba g imunn zimbabwi taxatart", " iga ta\u0263alt n imizurn i\u0263rmann i ugdud n kalan\u0263a." ] }, { "en": "The Swahili culture that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture", "ber": " as do the many Afro-Arab members of the Bantu Swahili people.", "null": [ "tsskm\u1e0d tdlsa n iftasn nna d i\u0263lin g aydd\u0263 n umrira n kigan n i\u1e0di\u1e63n i\u025brabn d islamiyn nna ur ddjin t\u1e93\u1e5bi tdlsa n lban\u1e6du", " mkinna iga uzmz i kigan n imslayn i\u025brabn sg usala afriqiy g ugdud abantu n iftasn." ] }, { "en": "After World War II", "ber": " the National Party governments adopted that usage officially", "null": [ " while the growing African nationalist movement and its liberal allies turned to the term African instead", " so that Bantu became identified with the policies of apartheid.", "\u2018\u2019dffir n imn\u0263i ama\u1e0dlan wiss sin", " usinnt tnba\u1e6din n wamun anamur assmrs ad un\u1e63ib", " k tizi nna g ttusnfaln imussutn n t\u0263alciwin tafriqiyt ittalin d im\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn nns ilibi\u1e5baliyn s urmmus \u2018\u2019afriqya\u2019\u2019 g wansa n maya", " acku iga \u2018\u2019lba\u1e6du\u2019\u2019 ittuswutta akd tsrtitin n ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n amssa\u1e93u\u1e5b\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Again association with apartheid discredited the term", "ber": " and the South African government shifted to the politically appealing but historically deceptive term ethnic homelands.", "null": [ "\u2018\u2019iga uzday tikklit ya\u1e0dn s ub\u1e6d\u1e6du amssa\u1e93u\u1e5b ijla i yirm ad tiflst nns", " tdwl tnba\u1e0dt n janub afriqya s yirm \u2018\u2019timura ti\u1e93u\u1e5banin\u2019\u2019 i\u1e6dn\u1e93n s tsrtit maca ixxndlls g umzruy." ] }, { "en": "In Swati the stem is -ntfu and the noun is buntfu.", "ber": "g swati acttu\u1e25 iga ntfu d umsmar iga t buntfu." }, { "en": "Not all Basques are Basque-speakers.", "ber": "ur qqa\u1e25 lba\u1e63k gan da akk\u02b7 sawaln taba\u1e0dkiyt." }, { "en": "modern Basque esan) and the suffix -(k)ara (way (of doing something)).", "ber": "\u2018\u2019taba\u1e63kiyt tatrart\u2019\u2019 d \u2018\u2019sufiks -(k) ara (\u2018\u2019tamamkt n uskar n kra\u2019\u2019)." }, { "en": "He records the name of the Basque language as enusquera.", "ber": "ar ittzmmam assa\u0263 n tutlayt n lba\u1e63k zund anuskira." }, { "en": "Although they are genetically distinctive in some ways due to isolation", "ber": " the Basques are still very typically European in terms of their Y-DNA and mtDNA sequences", "null": [ " and in terms of some other genetic loci.", "mqqar tga tam\u1e93layt atari g kra n ibrdan s tmntilt n ustay", " maca iba\u1e63kiyn suln gan u\u1e5bubbiyn s twida i\u0263udan g ifrrtl u\u1e25im\u1e0d anawawiy asib\u0263iy n (Y-DNA d mtDNA)", " d wa\u1e93y n kra n id\u0263arn ijiniyn ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " studies of the Y-DNA haplogroups found that on their direct male lineages", "null": [ " the vast majority of modern Basques have a common ancestry with other Western Europeans", " namely a marked predominance of Indo-European Haplogroup R1b-DF27 (70%).", "maca tizrawin nna ittuskarn xf u\u1e25im\u1e0d anawawiy asib\u0263iy (Y-DNA haplogroups) ufi\u0263 nn masd tuggt taxatart n iba\u1e63kiyn itrarn", " xf uynna tga tdfrt tawtman tusridt", " \u0263ursn yan usala issarn akd wiyya\u1e0d igan u\u1e5bubbiyn udrimn", " slawan akk\u02b7 issk\u1e5b\u1e0dn n tannayt xf (R1b-DF27) n lhablu a\u0263lay n thindiyt tu\u1e5bubbiyt (70%)." ] }, { "en": "In spite of its high frequency in Basques", "ber": " Y-STR internal diversity of R1b-DF27 is lower there", "null": [ " and results in more recent age estimates", " implying it was brought to the region from elsewhere.", "\u2018\u2019mqqar m\u1e63a\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn kigan ammas n isawnn n lba\u1e63k", " iga umyanaw n wag\u02b7ns (R1b-DF27) g tskiwt idrusn dinna\u0263", " ar yakka mkinna\u0263 turdiwin n usmmudn itrar\u2019\u2019", " inna yakkan mas iwin td s ud\u0263ar g wansiwn nni\u1e0dn\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "The collection of mtDNA and Y-DNA haplogroups sampled there differed significantly compared to their modern frequencies.", "ber": "mzarayn trubba n (mtDNA and Y-DNA) igan tigzzumin nna ittwasayn illa gisn yan usnu\u1e25yu mqqurn g usmzazal s igluguln itrarn." }, { "en": "Rather", "ber": " some 4500 years ago almost all Y-DNA heritage from Iberian admixture of Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and Neolithic farmers was replaced by the R1b lineage of Indo-European herders from the steppe", "null": [ " and the Basque genetic distinctiveness is a result of centuries of low population size", " genetic drift", " and endogamy.", "s dar n 4500 n usgg\u02b7as izrin", " isnfl qqa\u1e25 ayda n u\u1e25im\u1e0d anawawiy asib\u0263iy (Y-DNA) sg lqs\u1e6d\u1e5ba tayibiriyt n ingmarn d usmun d imkrazn inyulityyin s n tdfrt (R1b) n imksawn ihindiyn u\u1e5bubbiyn sg imda\u0263n", " d usnu\u1e25yu ajiniy n lba\u1e63k iga tayafut n tsutin n wuguz n uksay n imzda\u0263", " d wucu\u1e0d ajiniy", " d ula\u1e25." ] }, { "en": "Mattias Jakobsson from Uppsala University in Sweden analysed genetic material from eight Stone Age human skeletons found in El Portal\u00f3n Cavern in Atapuerca", "ber": " northern Spain.", "null": [ "iskr matiryas jakubsun sg tsdawit ubsala g sswid s usfsi n tmttiwin atariy sg tam n tfggiwin n ixsan n ifgann g uzmz n u\u1e93\u1e5bu d tlla g tgadirt n ayt burtalun g atabwirka", " g ugafay n \u1e63banya." ] }, { "en": "The findings were published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States.", "ber": "ttusfsarnt tyafutin g wansiwnn n tkadimiyin tanamunt g mirikan." }, { "en": "This admixed group was also found to be ancestral to other modern-day Iberian peoples", "ber": " but while the Basques remained relatively isolated for millennia after this time", "null": [ " later migrations into Iberia led to distinct and additional admixture in all other Iberian groups.", "i\u1e0dh\u1e5b awd mas tga trabbut dd\u0263 i\u1e5b\u1e63an imzwura n igdudn n ibirya nni\u1e0dn g uzmz atrar", " maca g tizi nna g gawrn ayt lba\u1e63k \u1e93lin imik kigan n isgg\u02b7asn dffir n tizi dd\u0263", " yiwi uzwag g tzi nni\u1e0dn g tibiriyt s wumu i\u1e25lan d tmrnawt g qqa\u1e25 tirubba tibiryyin nni\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "There is enough evidence to support the hypothesis that at that time and later they spoke old varieties of the Basque language (see: Aquitanian language).", "ber": "illa awd ma yudan sg anmmal \u1e25ma ad isnal aynna igan mas sawln g tizi nna\u0263 g tizi ya\u1e0dn g wanawn izaykutn g tutlayt n lba\u1e63k (\u1e93\u1e5b: tutlayt takwitanit)." }, { "en": "The Kingdom of Pamplona", "ber": " a central Basque realm", "null": [ " later known as Navarre", " underwent a process of feudalization and was subject to the influence of its much larger Aragonese", " Castilian and French neighbours.", "tmzzn tgldit n bambluna", " tga tgaldiyt tabaskiyt n tinnumsa nna ittwassan dffir n man aya s wassa\u0263 anafar", " n tmggit tiqta\u025biyt d imzzn i i\u1e93uba\u1e93 n waddja\u1e5bn nns ara\u0263uniyn d lkastilin d ifa\u1e5bansiyn imqqurn g uksay." ] }, { "en": "Weakened by the Navarrese civil war", "ber": " the bulk of the realm eventually fell before the onslaught of the Spanish armies (1512\u20131524).", "null": [ "lli\u0263 g idrus imn\u0263i n grasn g nafarsi", " t\u1e0d\u1e5b tzuni tamqqran g tgldit g tgira dat n unzzu\u0263 n udffir ta\u1e63blyunit (1512-1524)." ] }, { "en": "Nevertheless", "ber": " the Basques enjoyed a great deal of self-government until the French Revolution (1790) and the Carlist Wars (1839", "null": [ " 1876)", " when the Basques supported heir apparent Carlos V and his descendants.", "mqqar d mkinna\u0263", " llan ayt lba\u1e63k darsn s yan watig n unnb\u1e0d anmas ar tgrawla tafa\u1e5bansiyt (1790) d imn\u0263itn n lkarya (1839", " 1876)", " lli\u0263 g yiws lba\u1e63k amkkasu n tumant ka\u1e5blus wiss smmus d tarwa nns." ] }, { "en": "The autonomous community (a concept established in the Spanish Constitution of 1978) known as Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa or EAE in Basque and as Comunidad Aut\u00f3noma Vasca or CAV in Spanish (in English: Basque Autonomous Community or BAC)", "ber": " is made up of the three Spanish provinces of \u00c1lava", "null": [ " Biscay and Gipuzkoa.", "iga wamun n unnb\u1e0d n unmas (iga urmmus nna ittugan g udustur a yi\u1e63bbaniy g usgg\u02b7as n 1978) nna ittwassan s wassa\u0263 n iwskal irkidijwa n\u0263 irkidijwa g tsga n\u0263 kumunidad utunuma faska n\u0263 (CAV) s tutlayt ta\u1e63blyuniyt (s tngliziyt; tasga n lbars nna \u0263ur annb\u1e0d ayman)", " nna igan tim\u1e93layin ti\u1e63blyunyyin s k\u1e5ba\u1e0d g tm\u1e93layt n anfa." ] }, { "en": "It is sometimes referred to simply as the Basque Country (or Euskadi) by writers and public agencies only considering those three western provinces", "ber": " but also on occasions merely as a convenient abbreviation when this does not lead to confusion in the context.", "null": [ "\u2018\u2019da ttuskan kra n tikkal s mrxiwyt s wassa\u0263 n \u2018\u2019tamazirt n lba\u1e5bsk\u2019\u2019 (iwiskadi) sg dar imaratn n tsnurayin day g usmuqql g uynna\u0263 n tm\u1e93layin tudrimin s k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt", " maca awd g kra n tikkal mas tga s usgzl adday ur da ittawi man aya g ufrac g umnid\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "In particular in common usage the French term Pays Basque (Basque Country)", "ber": " in the absence of further qualification", "null": [ " refers either to the whole Basque Country (Euskal Herria in Basque)", " or not infrequently to the northern (or French) Basque Country specifically.", "\u2018\u2019slawan akk\u02b7 g ussmrs mqqurn", " da isskan yirm afa\u1e5ban\u1e63iy n utkay n lba\u1e63k (tamurt n lba\u1e63k)", " g ula\u1e25 n kigan n ti\u1e93i\u1e0da\u1e5b", " swa g tmizar n lba\u1e63k qqa\u1e25 (uskal hirya) g lba\u1e63k", " n\u0263 s tmamkt ur igin unzil s ugafay n tmazirt n lba\u1e63k (n\u0263 f\u1e5bansa) s wudm i\u1e93lin\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Note that in historical contexts Navarre may refer to a wider area", "ber": " and that the present-day northern Basque province of Lower Navarre may also be referred to as (part of) Nafarroa", "null": [ " while the term High Navarre (Nafarroa Garaia in Basque", " Alta Navarra in Spanish) is also encountered as a way of referring to the territory of the present-day autonomous community.", "\u2018\u2019ittu\u1e93\u1e5ba mas d g imna\u1e0dn n umzruy i\u0263y ad isskn nafar yan wansa axatar", " d mas tga tsga n ugafay n lba\u1e63k n \u0263ila g nafa\u1e5b amazdar izmr ad ittuskan awd ntta s (agzzum g) nafa\u1e5b", " maca irm n \u2018\u2019nafa\u1e5b amaflla\u2019\u2019 (nafa\u1e5b \u0263arya g lba\u1e63k", " alta naf\u1e5ba s t\u1e63blyuniyt) tmma\u0263 awd akd imiss g tsga n wamun n unnb\u1e0d anmas illan \u0263ila\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Knowledge of Spanish is compulsory under the Spanish constitution (article no.", "ber": "tawsna n tutlayt ta\u1e63blyuniyt iga ucciln illan g udustur a\u1e63blyuniy (la\u1e25 amagrad)." }, { "en": "Knowledge of Basque", "ber": " after declining for many years during Franco's dictatorship owing to official persecution", "null": [ " is again on the rise due to favorable official language policies and popular support.", "tga tussna s tutlayt taba\u1e63kiyt", " dat n ma t\u1e0d\u1e5b kigan n isgg\u02b7asn aya ammas n tdiktaturiyt n f\u1e5banku s tmntilt n umrwi unsib", " nna yaqqlayn tiklt ya\u1e0dn s tmntilt n tsrtitin n tutlayt tun\u1e63ibt d usuds amdnan." ] }, { "en": "Only Spanish is an official language of Navarre", "ber": " and the Basque language is only co-official in the province's northern region", "null": [ " where most Basque-speaking Navarrese are concentrated.", "xs ta\u1e63blyuniyt ad igan tutlayt tunsibt g tutlayin n nafa\u1e5b", " d tutlayt n lba\u1e63k tga day tun\u1e63ibt iccarn g ud\u0263ar n ugafay g tm\u1e93layt", " aydd\u0263 gis munn winna isawaln s tutlayt taba\u1e63kiyt nfars." ] }, { "en": "Much of this population lives in or near the Bayonne-Anglet-Biarritz (BAB) urban belt on the coast (in Basque these are Baiona", "ber": " Angelu and Miarritze).", "null": [ "ar ittidir yan umata g imzda\u0263 ad g n\u0263 tama n uzririg n bayun an\u0263ilt byaritz anr\u0263am xf uftas (g tsga n lba\u1e63k tlla bayuna d anjilu d miyaritz)." ] }, { "en": "Millions of Basque descendants (see Basque American and Basque Canadian) live in North America (the United States; Canada", "ber": " mainly in the provinces of Newfoundland and Quebec)", "null": [ " Latin America (in all 23 countries)", " South Africa", " and Australia.", "ddrn kigan n wayyawn n lba\u1e63k (\u1e93\u1e5b amrika", " amrika", " d kana\u1e0dan lba\u1e63k) g amrika tagafayt (mirikan", " kana\u1e0da", " g wansa amzwaru g tm\u1e93layin n nyufawndland d kibik)", " d amrika talatiniyt (g qqa\u1e25 23 timiza)", " d uyffus n ifriqya", " d us\u1e6d\u1e5balya." ] }, { "en": "Estimates range between 2.5 - 5\u00a0million Basque descendants live in Chile; the Basque have been a major if not the strongest influence in the country's cultural and economic development.", "ber": "llant turdiwin gr 2.5 ar 5 n id mlyum g wayyawn n lba\u1e63k ddrn g cili", "null": [ " ig lba\u1e63k yan u\u1e0di\u1e63 axatar", " mk ur akk\u02b7 igi amadus", " g ussgmi adlsan d udmsan n tmazirt." ] }, { "en": "It consisted mostly of the area which is today the states of Chihuahua and Durango.", "ber": "ittu\u1e63ka kigan gis g ud\u0263ar nna igan assa g tm\u1e93layin n tciwawa d durangu." }, { "en": "In Guatemala", "ber": " most Basques have been concentrated in Sacatepequez Department", "null": [ " Antigua Guatemala", " Jalapa for six generations now", " while some have migrated to Guatemala City.", "d g \u0263witimala", " da ittmun lba\u1e63k g tm\u1e93layt n skatibkz", " d antigwa \u0263watimala", " d jalaba dar \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63 n tsutiwin", " lli\u0263 g zwarn g i\u0263rm n \u0263watimala." ] }, { "en": "Bambuco", "ber": " a Colombian folk music", "null": [ " has Basque roots.", "tga bambuku", " yan u\u1e93awan amdnan akulumbiy", " dars i\u1e93u\u1e5ban n lba\u1e63k." ] }, { "en": "Elko", "ber": " Nevada", "null": [ " sponsors an annual Basque festival that celebrates the dance", " cuisine and cultures of the Basque peoples of Spanish", " French and Mexican nationalities who have arrived in Nevada since the late 19th century.", "iylku", " d nifada", " da \u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6dun anmuqqar asgg\u02b7usan n lba\u1e63k nna isfuglun s urkaz d usnwi d tdlsiwin n igdudn n lba\u1e63k sg twmanitin ti\u1e63blyuniyin d tfa\u1e5ban\u1e63awyin d \u0641miksikiyin nna ilkm nifada sg tgiriwn n tsutit tiss 19." ] }, { "en": "Some of North America's largest ranches", "ber": " which were founded under these colonial land grants", "null": [ " can be found in this region.", "i\u0263y ad ttuyafa yat sg tzla\u0263in timqqranin g mirikan tagafayt", " nna uttuskarn s tikkiwin n ikaln n usddurruy g wansa ad." ] }, { "en": "There is a history of Basque culture in Chino", "ber": " California.", "null": [ "illa umzruy n lba\u1e63k g tcinu g kalifu\u1e5bnya." ] }, { "en": "They are mostly descendants of settlers from Spain and Mexico.", "ber": "d nitnni gan s tuggt ayyawn n imzda\u0263n sg \u1e63banya d lmiksik." }, { "en": "This sense of Basque identity tied to the local language does not only exist in isolation.", "ber": "asyafa ad s tmagit tabaskiyt izdi aks tutlayt tad\u0263rant d ur i\u1e93li i ixf nns." }, { "en": "As with many European states", "ber": " a regional identity", "null": [ " be it linguistically derived or otherwise", " is not mutually exclusive with the broader national one.", "mkinna iga waddad i kigan n twunak tu\u1e5bubbiyyin", " tga tmagit tasgawant", " swa tdda d sg tsga n tutlayt n\u0263 kra ya\u1e0dn", " ur da tmgal akd tmagit tanamurt imqqurn." ] }, { "en": "I have friends who are involved in the political side of things but that is not for me.", "ber": "llan dari kra n imddukkal da ttumun g tsga tasrtant g t\u0263awsiwin maca man aya ur igi fllati." }, { "en": "There are extremely few Basque monolingual speakers: essentially all Basque speakers are bilingual on both sides of the border.", "ber": "llan kra n wid nna idrusn imik sg winna isawaln s tutlayt tabaskiyt igan tutlayt tamyiwnt: qqa\u1e25 inmsawaln s tutlayt taba\u1e63kiyt gan akk\u02b7 zwar is bu snat ttlayin g tamawin n iwtta." }, { "en": "The Basque language is thought to be a genetic language isolate in contrast with other European languages", "ber": " almost all of which belong to the broad Indo-European language family.", "null": [ "da tti\u0263iln is tga tutlayt n lba\u1e63k tga tutlayt i\u1e93lin mgal nna gant tutlayin tu\u1e5bubbiyin nni\u1e0dn", " d qqa\u1e25 nnsnt llant amunt g tawja n tutlayin tihindiyin tu\u1e5bubbiyyin id mm ud\u0263ar mqqurn." ] }, { "en": "Home in this context is synonymous with family roots.", "ber": "d tigmmi g umna\u1e0d ad iga akniw n i\u1e93u\u1e5ban n tawja." }, { "en": "As in other cultures", "ber": " the fate of other family members depended on the assets of a family: wealthy Basque families tended to provide for all children in some way", "null": [ " while less-affluent families may have had only one asset to provide to one child.", "mkinna iga waddad g tdlsiwin nni\u1e0dn", " illa ibdda umsdul n imdan n tawjiwin n wiyya\u1e0d xf isalatn n tawja: tawjiwin tinb\u0263urin g tsga n lba\u1e63k da ttiri ad tajj qqa\u1e25 tarwa s tmamkt nna illan", " g tizi nna g izmr ad yili dar tawjiwin mm tnb\u0263urt idrusn yan usala day \u1e25ma ad ajjin yan urba day." ] }, { "en": "Mostly after the advent of industrialisation", "ber": " this system resulted in the emigration of many rural Basques to Spain", "null": [ " France or the Americas.", "yiwi ungraw ad s uzwag n kigan n imzda\u0263 n ufara iba\u1e63kiyn slawan akk\u02b7 dffir n ma d iff\u0263 ussugr s \u1e63banya n\u0263 f\u1e5ban\u1e63a n\u0263 mirikan." ] }, { "en": "Some scholars and commentators have attempted to reconcile these points by assuming that patrilineal kinship represents an innovation.", "ber": "mma\u0263n kra n imassan d imglaln ad ssnjmn gr tqiffa ad s turda n mas iga tzdayt n imarawn da ttili sg zikk." }, { "en": "They emerged from the Franco regime with a revitalized language and culture.", "ber": "tffu\u0263 d sg jaj n umagaw n franku tutlayt d tdmsa nna ittusmussun." }, { "en": "The region has been a source of missionaries like Francis Xavier and Michel Garico\u00efts.", "ber": "iga ud\u0263ar yan u\u0263balu n imsbriyn zund fransis gzafih d micil \u0263arikutis." }, { "en": "Lasu\u00e9n was the successor to Franciscan Padre Jun\u00edpero Serra and founded 9 of the 21 extant California Missions along the coast.", "ber": "illa la\u1e63yun dffir n lfrinsiskan badri junibir sira isrs tirsal n 9 sg 21 n ukaba\u1e5b akalifu\u1e5bniy nna illan xf ta\u0263zi n uftas." }, { "en": "By the time Henry III of Navarre converted to Catholicism in order to become king of France", "ber": " Protestantism virtually disappeared from the Basque community.", "null": [ "lli\u0263 g tlkm tizi n hinri wiss k\u1e5ba\u1e0d sg nafa\u1e5b ittusnfal s tkatulikiyt \u1e25ma ad ig agllid n f\u1e5ban\u1e63a", " tuccka tb\u1e5bustintaniyt g ubaraz sg trabbut n lba\u1e63k." ] }, { "en": "Nowadays", "ber": " according to one single opinion poll", "null": [ " only slightly more than 50% of Basques profess some kind of belief in God", " while the rest are either agnostic or atheist.", "g wussan ad nn\u0263", " d xf uynna illan g yat tannayt ittugan", " uggar n 50% day sg iba\u1e63kiyn ad ikcmn yan wanaw n tflst s \u1e5bbbi", " g tizi nna g ur gin wiyya\u1e0d icafrn n\u0263 gan icafrn." ] }, { "en": "According to one", "ber": " Christianity arrived in the Basque Country during the 4th and 5th centuries but according to the other", "null": [ " it did not take place until the 12th and 13th centuries.", "sg yan gisn", "tlkm tmasi\u1e25iyt tamazirt n lba\u1e63k ammas n tsutit tiss 4 d tiss 5 maca g tsutit nni\u1e0dn", " ur ij\u1e5bi ar dar tsutit tiss 12 d tsutit 13." ] }, { "en": "In this sense", "ber": " Christianity arrived early.", "null": [ "s unamk ad", " tlkm tmasi\u1e25iyt g yat tizi tam\u1e93\u1e93yant." ] }, { "en": "According to one tradition", "ber": " she travelled every seven years between a cave on Mount Anboto and one on another mountain (the stories vary); the weather would be wet when she was in Anboto", "null": [ " dry when she was in Alo\u00f1a", " or Supelegor", " or Gorbea.", "g idsnt tmyurin", " ar tmuddu ku sa n isgg\u02b7asn ammas n yan ifri g udrar n buntu d yan ifri ya\u1e0dn g (myanawnt tullisin)", " anzwi qad i\u1e25lu asra g tllit g buntu", " izwa asra g tllit g alunya", " g subbiliju\u1e5b", " n\u0263 juribya." ] }, { "en": "It's said that when they gathered in the high caves of the sacred peaks", "ber": " they engendered the storms.", "null": [ "da ittyunna mas lli\u0263 g munn g ifran yattuyn g wanfa yattuyn ifu\u1e93a\u1e5bn", " ttuyarawn d ijawan." ] }, { "en": "Legends also speak of many and abundant genies", "ber": " like jentilak (equivalent to giants)", "null": [ " lamiak (equivalent to nymphs)", " mairuak (builders of the cromlechs or stone circles", " literally Moors)", " iratxoak (imps)", " sorginak (witches", " priestess of Mari)", " and so on.", "ar sawaln awd inqqisn xf kigan n imdun iggutn", " zund jinitilak (nna igan igrzutn)", " d ccirwak (lli igan ig\u1e0da\u1e0d)", " d icirwakn ( lli itt\u1e63\u1e63kun timttayin n k\u1e5bumiliks n\u0263 a\u1e93\u1e5bu", " n\u0263 s unamk n mu\u1e5b)", " d lirakswak (n\u0263 u\u1e0dlibn)", " d ccirujinak (tigzzanin", " d t\u1e25rgit mari)", " d wiyya\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "There is a trickster named San Martin Txiki (St Martin the Lesser).", "ber": "\u2018\u2019illa \u0263inna yan uxndallas ism nns martin tiksiki\u2019\u2019." }, { "en": "The jentilak ('Giants')", "ber": " on the other hand", "null": [ " are a legendary people which explains the disappearance of a people of Stone Age culture that used to live in the high lands and with no knowledge of iron.", "g tsga ya\u1e0dn", " gan \u2018\u2019il\u0263u\u0263n\u2019\u2019 yan ugdud anqqis nna isfsayn iccki n ugdud sg tdlsa n uzmz n u\u1e93\u1e5bu lli imyarn tudrt g ikaln yattuyn lli ur issin akk\u02b7 uzzal." ] }, { "en": "For more than a century", "ber": " scholars have widely discussed the high status of Basque women in law codes", "null": [ " as well as their positions as judges", " inheritors", " and arbitrators through ante-Roman", " medieval", " and modern times.", "g dar wuggar n yat tstut g tizi", " mraran imassan kigan asurs amqqran nna g tlla tm\u0263art taba\u1e63kiyt g ilugan", " ula tafsniwin nns zund inb\u1e0dutn d inmukkas d inbdadn g uzmz a\u1e5bumaniy anammas d utrar." ] }, { "en": "Navarre has a separate statute of autonomy", "ber": " a contentious arrangement designed during Spanish transition to democracy (the Amejoramiento", "null": [ " an 'upgrade' of its previous status during dictatorship).", "illa yan uslgun i\u1e93lin \u0263ur nafa\u1e5b n unnb\u1e0d unmas", " iga yan usnmala isskrn ta\u0263nnant ittuskar g tizi n usnfl a\u1e63blyuniy s tdimuq\u1e5batiyt (amiju\u1e5bamin\u1e6du)", " iga \u2018\u2019asfalki\u2019\u2019 ansa lli\u0263 nns amzwaru g uzmz n tdiktaturiyt)." ] }, { "en": "Questions of political", "ber": " linguistic and cultural allegiance and identity are highly complex in Navarre.", "null": [ "ttusfirsnt tmsarin n tmnilt tasrtant d tin tutlayt d tdlsant d tin tmagit s kigan n urway g nafa\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "The majority of schools under the jurisdiction of the Basque education system use Basque as the primary medium of teaching.", "ber": "ar ssmrasnt kigan n tinmal nna i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn i tm\u1e93layt tanzzarfut i umagaw n usslmd g tsga n lba\u1e63k mas tga tutlayt n lba\u1e63k yan imiss agjdan n usslmd." }, { "en": "In contrast", "ber": " the desire for greater autonomy or independence is particularly common among leftist Basque nationalists.", "null": [ "mgal n man aya", " tga tn\u1e93ezt d tuggt g unnb\u1e0d n unmas n\u0263 anngm\u1e0d nna ittwassan s yat tmamkt i\u1e93lin gr ima\u0263lacn n uyffus g lba\u1e63k." ] }, { "en": "They regard themselves as culturally and especially linguistically distinct from their surrounding neighbours.", "ber": "ar tggan ixf awn nnsn d im\u1e93lay g tdlsa ula tutlayt slawan akk\u02b7 akd wadja\u1e5bn nnsn nna asn ittin." }, { "en": "Miguel de Unamuno was a noted novelist and philosopher of the late 19th and the 20th century.", "ber": "iga migl di mununu yan umara n wungaln d aufaylasuf g tgariwin n tsutit tiss 19 d tsutit tiss 20." }, { "en": "He also founded the Chilean Trade Union Association to promote a union movement based on the social teachings of the Catholic Church.", "ber": "mkinna isrs tirsal n tsqqnt n unmalu aciliy n usdus n umussu n unmalu nna ittggan timlmadin tinamunin n lkanisa takatulikiyt." }, { "en": "The historical presence of the San in Botswana is particularly evident in northern Botswana's Tsodilo Hills region.", "ber": "i\u1e0dh\u1e5b yili n umzruy n yils g bu\u1e6dswana s yat tmamkt i\u1e93lin g ud\u0263ar n twririn n ugafay n bu\u1e6dswana." }, { "en": "From the 1950s through to the 1990s", "ber": " San communities switched to farming because of government-mandated modernisation programs.", "null": [ "sg usgg\u02b7as n 1950 ar 1990", " ttusnfaln kra n imunn n san tkrza s tmntilt n u\u0263awas n ustrar nna d tssuf\u0263 tnba\u1e0dt nnasn." ] }, { "en": "Certain San groups are one of 14 known extant ancestral population clusters; that is", "ber": " groups of populations with common genetic ancestry", "null": [ " who share ethnicity and similarities in both their culture and the properties of their languages.", "\u2018\u2019 kra n trubba ammas n ssan gant 14 n trabbut n imzda\u0263n ittwassan s yili nns\u2019\u2019", " \u2018\u2019tirbba\u025b n imzda\u0263n n imzwura\u2019\u2019 ; gan tt tirubba n imzda\u0263 mm usala ajiniy iccarn", " nna issarn tayitniyn d mmrwasnt g tdlsa nnsn d tm\u1e93lay n tutlayt nnsn." ] }, { "en": "Representatives of San peoples in 2003 stated their preference of the use of such individual group names where possible over the use of the collective term San.", "ber": "bdrn ignsasn n igdudn n san g usgg\u02b7as n 2003 ar ttirin assmrs n wassa\u0263n imdan g trubba aynna ufan ad gis ssmrsn irm amagraw n san." }, { "en": "I continued to use Bushman", "ber": " and I was publicly corrected several times by the righteous.", "null": [ "snntin assmrs n bucman", " mkinna \u0263ifs zzrin fllas ig\u02b7rramn kigan n tikkal s tu\u1e0drart" ] }, { "en": "Instead", "ber": " the San Council's representative was adamant that no hurt or harm was caused to them or the San community with the manner in which (Die Burger) published the word 'boesman'.", "null": [ "\u2018\u2019g wansa n maynna", " iga usgbar n usqqim n san ira nit ad tn issi\u0263 n\u0263 i wamun n ssan s tmamkt nna s ttusfsar tguri n \u2018\u2019uzman\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "San kinship is comparable to Eskimo kinship", "ber": " with the same set of terms as in European cultures", "null": [ " but also uses a name rule and an age rule.", "irwas wallag n ssaniyya allag n liskimu", " akd trabbut n irimn zund aylli illan g tdlsiwin tu\u1e5bubbiyin", " maca da ssmrasn awd ilgan n wassa\u0263 d ulgan n usmmud." ] }, { "en": "Children have no social duties besides playing", "ber": " and leisure is very important to San of all ages.", "null": [ "ur lin wa\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u1e0dn izuccal inamun akd turarin", " d tizi n u\u0263jdim tga yat tizi issawhmman g san i qqa\u1e25 ismmudn illan." ] }, { "en": "They make important family and group decisions and claim ownership of water holes and foraging areas.", "ber": "ar ttasin idsn n t\u0263tasin iwjawan d imagrawn imqqurn ar ttettrn s tilitin d i\u0263isan n waman d wansiwn n usn\u0263l." }, { "en": "Droughts may last many months and waterholes may dry up.", "ber": "qad zdin waddadn n ta\u0263art kigan n wayyurn d \u0263in ad zwun i\u0263isa n waman." }, { "en": "Into this hole is inserted a long hollow grass stem.", "ber": "g t\u1e25buct ad da tt\u0263iman skcmn icttu\u1e25n n tuga izwan lli i\u0263zzifn." }, { "en": "Early spring is the hardest season: a hot dry period following the cool", "ber": " dry winter.", "null": [ "iga imir n tfsut n zikk sg imirn icqqan: tizi n ta\u0263art izwan i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn imir n tgrst iqrfn izwan." ] }, { "en": "Women gather fruit", "ber": " berries", "null": [ " tubers", " bush onions", " and other plant materials for the band's consumption.", "ar smunt tutmin igumma", " a\u0263az", " d u\u1e93alim", " d ba\u1e6da\u1e6da", " d t\u0263awsiwin ya\u1e0dnin n tmtta n im\u0263ayn i tussumra mqqurn." ] }, { "en": "Depending on location", "ber": " the San consume 18 to 104 species", "null": [ " including grasshoppers", " beetles", " caterpillars", " moths", " butterflies", " and termites.", "s ifula n ud\u0263ar", " ar ismur ssan sg 18 ar 104 n wanawn", " aynna g tamu tmur\u0263i", " d la\u1e93\u1e5ba\u1e5b", " d ifsan", " d igurdan", " d if\u1e5b\u1e6de\u1e6d\u1e6dutn", " d ibxcan umlaln." ] }, { "en": "These haplogroups are specific sub-groups of haplogroups A and B", "ber": " the two earliest branches on the human Y-chromosome tree.", "null": [ "tirubba dd\u0263 gant tirubba tayyawin tim\u1e93layin sg trubba (a) d (b)", " gan ayyawn imzwura g taddagt n (y) n lkrumusum n ufgan." ] }, { "en": "The most divergent (oldest) mitochondrial haplogroup", "ber": " L0d", "null": [ " has been identified at its highest frequencies in the southern African San groups.", "ttwassant kigan n trubba n lmitukundriya imzarayn (tizaykutin)", " n (L0d) g ismzazatn nns yattuyn ammas n trubba n san tifriqyin n uyffus." ] }, { "en": "The San have been particularly affected by encroachment by majority peoples and non-indigenous farmers onto land traditionally occupied by San people.", "ber": "ttu\u1e0di\u1e63n imzda\u0263 n san s yat tmamkt i\u1e93lin s udduysr n tuggt n imzda\u0263 d imkrazn nna ur igin imzda\u0263 i\u1e93\u0263\u1e5ban xf ikaln nna um\u1e93n imzda\u0263 n san g uzmz azayku." }, { "en": "Loss of land is a major contributor to the problems facing Botswana's indigenous people", "ber": " including especially the San's eviction from the Central Kalahari Game Reserve.", "null": [ "tiws tnjlalit n ikaln kigan g imukrisn nna illan dar imzda\u0263 i\u1e93u\u1e5bann g butswana", " slawan akk\u02b7 a\u1e6d\u1e6day n imzda\u0263 n san sg tm\u1e25\u1e0dit n klahari tanammast n turart." ] }, { "en": "This would award royalties to the San for the benefits of their indigenous knowledge.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b mayan ad iwc i ssan kra n isfka xf tyafutin n tussniwin ti\u1e93u\u1e5banin." }, { "en": "Van der Post grew up in South Africa", "ber": " and had a respectful lifelong fascination with native African cultures.", "null": [ "ttuga fan dr bbust g uyffus n ifriqya", " tlla as yat tumrt n wabda g tudrt akd tdlsiwin tifriqyin ti\u1e93u\u1e5banin." ] }, { "en": "Driven by a lifelong fascination with this vanished tribe", "ber": " Van der Post published a 1958 book about this expedition", "null": [ " entitled The Lost World of the Kalahari.", "tfsr ts\u0263nt n fan dr bust adlis xf tnyuddut ad g usgg\u02b7as n 1958 s uzwl n \u2018\u2019ama\u1e0dal n kalahari ijlan\u2019\u2019", " ittutkayn s yan i\u1e25rgi izdin abda n tudrt akd aydd\u0263 n \u2018\u2019tawsit ittwaffarn\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "His early film The Hunters", "ber": " released in 1957", "null": [ " shows a giraffe hunt.", "asaru nns n ingmarn lli d iffu\u0263n zik", " g usgg\u02b7as n 1957", " ar immal tagmrt n umd\u0263." ] }, { "en": "His sister Elizabeth Marshall Thomas wrote several books and numerous articles about the San", "ber": " based in part on her experiences living with these people when their culture was still intact.", "null": [ "tura ultmas ili\u1e93abit marcal tumas kigan n idlisn d kigan n imgradn xf ssan", " tugm tn d sg trmitin nns g tudrt akd iwdan nna lli\u0263 g tga tdlsa nnsn tsul t\u0263uda." ] }, { "en": "This was reviewed by Lawrence Van Gelder for the New York Times", "ber": " who said that the film constitutes an act of preservation and a requiem.", "null": [ "\u2018\u2019isfsr lu\u1e5bans fan jilidr man aya g u\u0263mis n nyuyurk \u1e6daymz", " nna innan mas iga usaru \u2018\u2019yan twuri sg twuriwin n u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du d usnflul\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "The BBC's The Life of Mammals (2003) series includes video footage of an indigenous San of the Kalahari desert undertaking a persistence hunt of a kudu through harsh desert conditions.", "ber": "ismun usddi \u2018\u2019tudrt n timssu\u1e0d\u1e6d\u1e6din\u2019\u2019 nna d issuf\u0263 ungam n tnzwit tab\u1e5bi\u1e6daniyt (2003) igzzumn n yan ufidyu n ssan a\u1e93u\u1e5ban sg tniri n kalahari ar isskar yat \u1e6du\u1e93\u1e93la izdin i lkudu sg waddadn inzrufn icqqan." }, { "en": "Because of their similarities", "ber": " the San works may illustrate the reasons for ancient cave paintings.", "null": [ "s tmntilt n ummrws nna illan gratsn", " axf mmalant twuriwin n ssan timntilin n wunu\u0263n n ifran izaykutn." ] }, { "en": "The film was directed by Jamie Uys", "ber": " who returned to the San a decade later with The Gods Must Be Crazy", "null": [ " which proved to be an international hit.", "asru sg ussuf\u0263 n jimi uys", " nna iwcan i ssan di\u0263 dffir n yat tsutit n wakud akd usaru n \u2018\u2019iqqand ad nufln id yucc\u2019\u2019", " nna imlan is iga yan umdya ama\u1e0dlan." ] }, { "en": "James A. Michener's The Covenant (1980)", "ber": " is a work of historical fiction centered on South Africa.", "null": [ "ddjims micn\u1e5b \u2018\u2019amqqun\u2019\u2019 (1980)", " iga yat twuri tan\u0263lant nna illan g uyffus n ifriqya." ] }, { "en": "Norman Rush's 1991 novel Mating features an encampment of Basarwa near the (imaginary) Botswana town where the main action is set.", "ber": "illa g wungal n \u1e5buman \u1e5bac illan g usgg\u02b7as n 1991 s uzwl n \u2018\u2019iwlan\u2019\u2019 yan unmuqqar n lbasaru illan tama n i\u0263rm n butswana (tawargit) aydd\u0263 da swuttun timggit tagjdant." }, { "en": "In 2007", "ber": " David Gilman published The Devil's Breath.", "null": [ "g usgg\u02b7as n 2007", " ifsr dafid n jilman \u2018\u2019iman n butabr\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "The fianc\u00e9 of the protagonist of The No.", "ber": "amsawl d anbraz \u2018\u2019uhuy\u2019\u2019." }, { "en": "The Germanic peoples were a historical group of people living in Central Europe and Scandinavia.", "ber": "kkan ttin gan igdudn ijirmaniyn yat trabbut n iwdan g umzruynna iddrn g u\u1e5bubba tanammast d twnnak iskundunafiyn." }, { "en": "In discussions of the Roman period", "ber": " the Germanic peoples are sometimes referred to as Germani or ancient Germans", "null": [ " although many scholars consider the second term problematic", " since it suggests identity with modern Germans.", "g imraratn n uzmz arumaniy", " ar ttusnummaln igdudn ijirmaniy idsnt twal s wassa\u0263 ajirmaniy n\u0263 ilalmaniyn izaykutn", " mqqar da ttinin kigan n imassan mas iga yirm wiss sin yat tmukrist", " acku da immala tamagit akd ilalmanmaniyn itrarn." ] }, { "en": "In contrast", "ber": " Roman authors first described Germanic peoples near the Rhine at the time the Roman Empire established its dominance in that region.", "null": [ "mgal n man aya", " snummln imaratn g tikklt tamzwarut igdudn ijirmaniy nna illan tama n wasif n rrayn g tili lli\u0263 g ttuskar tmnukda ta\u1e5bumaniyt am\u1e93n ad\u0263ar nna\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Roman efforts to integrate the large area between Rhine and Elbe ended around 16 CE", "ber": " following the major Roman defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 CE.", "null": [ "smdnt trnawin ti\u1e5bumaniyin \u1e25ma ad skcm ad\u0263ar nna axatar nna d yusan gr \u1e5b\u1e5bayn d lbi dar 16 n (CE)", " g tizi lli\u0263 g tturna \u1e5bumanya taxatart g imn\u0263i n tagant n tyutuburg g 9 (CE)." ] }, { "en": "In the 3rd century the Germanic-speaking Goths dominated the Pontic Steppe", "ber": " outside Germania", "null": [ " and launched a series of sea expeditions into the Balkans and Anatolia as far as Cyprus.", "g tsutit tiss k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt (3) n tlalit um\u1e93n lqu\u1e6d nna isawaln s tutlayt talalmanit buntik stib", " b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n ji\u1e5bmanya", " \u1e5b\u1e93mn kigan n tnyuddutin n yill s lblqan d lana\u1e0dul ar qub\u1e5bu\u1e63." ] }, { "en": "Archaeology instead shows a complex society and economy throughout Germania.", "ber": "ar itt\u1e0dha\u1e5b g tussniwin n idrizn g wansa n yan wamun d tdlsa irwin g wansiwin qqa\u1e25 n almanya." }, { "en": "Traditionally", "ber": " the Germanic peoples have been seen as possessing a law dominated by the concepts of feuding and blood compensation.", "null": [ "ar ttusmuqquln igdudn iji\u1e5bmaniyn s yat i\u1e93\u1e5bi azayku mas te\u1e6d\u1e6daf yan uslgun nna igan akk\u02b7 xs irimn n unfajj d warraz xf idammn." ] }, { "en": "The ancient Germanic-speaking peoples probably shared a common poetic tradition", "ber": " alliterative verse", "null": [ " and later Germanic peoples also shared legends originating in the Migration Period.", "\u025bni\u0263 ccarn igdudn nna isawaln s tutlayt taji\u1e5bmaniyt tazaykut g u\u1e0dfu\u1e5b n umark iccurn", " d wawal unzil", " d g yat tizi ya\u1e0dn dran awd igdudn iji\u1e5bmaniyn g umun nna illan g tizi n uzwag." ] }, { "en": "Even the language from which it derives is a subject of dispute", "ber": " with proposals of Germanic", "null": [ " Celtic", " and Latin", " and Illyrian origins.", "awd tutlayt nna d tkka tlla g waddad n tama\u0263t", " akd tannayin sg i\u1e93u\u1e5ban iji\u1e5bmaniyn", " sltik", " d tlatiniyt", " d tlibiriyt." ] }, { "en": "Regardless of its language of origin", "ber": " the name was transmitted to the Romans via Celtic speakers.", "null": [ "s aynna tga tutlayt n ud\u0263ar", " ittusn\u0263al wassa\u0263 s rruman g tbridt n inmsawaln s tutlayt tasiltiyt." ] }, { "en": "By late antiquity", "ber": " only peoples near the Rhine", "null": [ " especially the Franks", " and sometimes the Alemanni", " were called Germani by Latin or Greek writers.", "g tgiriwin n uzmaz izaykutn", " xs igdudn nna ilmalan i wasif n \u1e5b\u1e5bayn", " slawan akk\u02b7 f\u1e5bans", " d idsnt twal alalmaniy", " ar as ttinin jirmani dar imaratn ilatiniyn n\u0263 iyunaniyn." ] }, { "en": "While Roman authors did not consistently exclude Celtic speaking-people", "ber": " or treat the Germanic peoples as the name of a people", "null": [ " this new definition", " by using Germanic language as the main criterion", " understood the Germani as a people or nation with a stable group identity linked to language.", "g tizi nna g gan imaratn i\u1e5bumaniyn ur ssaggugn abda iwdan nna isawaln s tutlayt tasiltiyt", " n\u0263 da ttinin mas gan igdudn iji\u1e5bmaniyn mas gan assa\u0263 n ugdud", " iga usnumml ad amaynu n ussmrs n tutlayt taji\u1e5bmaniyt yan unaway agjdan afad ad ttusrmas tji\u1e5bmaniyt mas tga agdud n\u0263 tmtti mm tmagit n tgrawit i\u1e5bsan i\u1e93lin s tutlayt." ] }, { "en": "Some scholars studying the Early Middle Ages now stress the question of whether the Germanic peoples saw themselves as an ethnic unity", "ber": " while others point to the existence of Germanic languages as a historical fact that can be used to identify Germanic peoples", "null": [ " regardless of whether they saw themselves as Germanic.", "\u2018\u2019ar sslkan \u0263ila kra n imassan nna iss\u0263ran izmaz inammasn n zik xf tmsart nna izlin s igdudn ijirmaniyn nna itti\u0263iln ixf awn nnsn is gan yan wamun a\u1e93u\u1e5ban", " g tizi nna da sskan wiyya\u1e0d s yili n tutlayin tiji\u1e5bmaniyyin zund tidt n umzruy nzmr ad tt nssmrs \u1e25ma ad nswttu igdudn iji\u1e5bmaniyn", " xf u\u1e93lay n mas da smuqquln ixf nnsn is gan \u2018\u2019iji\u1e5bmaniyn\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "For such reasons", "ber": " Goffart argues that the term Germanic should be avoided entirely in favor of barbarian except in the linguistic sense", "null": [ " and historians such as Walter Pohl have also called for the term to be avoided or used with careful explanation.", "\u2018\u2019xf tmntilin", " im\u0263anna \u0263ufart mas iqqand ad ur ittusmras irm n ujirmaniy akk\u02b7 g wansa n \u2018\u2019ubrbriy\u2019\u2019 xs g unamk n tutlayt", " ar qqran id bab n umzruy zund wal\u1e6dr buhl awd ntta ad ur ittusmras irm n\u0263 ad ittusmras s ussfru d yusan\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "In Caesar's account", "ber": " the clearest defining characteristic of the Germani people was that they lived east of the Rhine", "null": [ " opposite Gaul on the west side", " an observation he made with historical digressions in his writing.", "g wungal n qay\u1e63r", " iga yat tfirst ifawn i\u1e93llin ugdud aji\u1e5bmaniy mas iddr g unqar n wasif n rrayn", " mgal n \u0263ul g tsga n u\u0263lay", " tga yat tannayt nna ifa akd t\u0263uziwin n umzruy g idlisn nns." ] }, { "en": "Tacitus was at times unsure whether a people were Germanic or not", "ber": " expressing his uncertainty about the Bastarnae", "null": [ " who he says looked like Sarmatians but spoke like the Germani", " about the Osi and the Cotini", " and about the Aesti", " who were like Suebi but spoke a different language.", "idsnt twal ur issin tasitus is iga agdud sg lalman mid la", " ar isawal xf gar attyaqn nns xf lbas\u1e6darnay", " nna ittinin mas iga zund ssaffar matiyin maca da isawal zund ayt lalman xf ussu d lkutini", " d listi nna isawaln yat tutlayt imzarayn." ] }, { "en": "The Upper Danube served as a southern border.", "ber": "illa wasif n ddanub zund awttu n iyffus." }, { "en": "It is unclear if these Germani spoke a Germanic language", "ber": " and they may have been Celtic speakers instead.", "null": [ "ur ifaw is da sawaln aydd\u0263 n iji\u1e5bmaniyn tutlayt taji\u1e5bmaniynt", " \u025bni\u0263 kkan da sawaln g wansa nns tutlayt ntasiltikiyt." ] }, { "en": "Tacitus continues to mention Germanic tribes on the west bank of the Rhine in the period of the early Empire", "ber": " such as the Tungri", "null": [ " Nemetes", " Ubii", " and the Batavi.", "isul tasitus da d iktti tiwsitin tilalmanyin illan xf ugmma\u1e0d utrim n wasif n \u1e5b\u1e5bayn g tizi n tmnukda n zik", " zund ubi", " nimits", " tungri", " d lbatafi." ] }, { "en": "Inspired by this", "ber": " these three groups are also sometimes used in older modern linguistic terminology", "null": [ " attempting to describe the divisions of later Germanic languages.)", "tdda d sg man aya", " ar ssmrasnt uydd\u0263 n trubba s k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt g kra n tikkal kra n irimn n tutlayt itrarn izaykutn", " \u1e25ma ad snummln ib\u1e6d\u1e6dutn n tutlayin tilalmanyyin d yuckan." ] }, { "en": "Herminones or Hermiones in the interior", "ber": " included the Suevi", "null": [ " the Hermunduri", " the Chatti", " the Cherusci according to Pliny.", "\u0263aylli d yuckan \u0263ur lblini; sg jaj hirminuns n\u0263 hirrmyun", " illa gis sufi krussi", " d catti", " d hermunduri." ] }, { "en": "On the other hand", "ber": " Tacitus wrote in the same passage that some believe that there are other groups which are just as old as these three", "null": [ " including the Marsi", " Gambrivii", " Suevi", " Vandilii.", "\u2018\u2019sg tsga nni\u1e0dn", " yura tasitus g ugzzum nna\u0263 nit mas d kra n idsn da tti\u0263iln is llant tirubba ya\u1e0dn ur ikki usmmud nnsnt ddaw tid s k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt", " g llant \u2018\u2019marsi", " \u0263ambrifi", " dufi", " fandili\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Strabo", "ber": " who focused mainly on Germani between the Elbe and Rhine", "null": [ " and does not mention the sons of Mannus", " also set apart the names of Germani who are not Suevian", " in two other groups", " similarly implying three main divisions: smaller German tribes", " as the Cherusci", " Chatti", " Gamabrivi", " Chattuarii", " and next the ocean the Sicambri", " Chaubi", " Bructeri", " Cimbri", " Cauci", " Caulci", " Campsiani.", "\u2018\u2019strabu", " nna isikln s yat tmamkt mqqurn xf tutlayt talalmaniyt gr albi d \u1e5b\u1e5bayn", " d ur bdirn warraw n manus", " ib\u1e0da awd assa\u0263n n lalman nna ur igin ayt swifyan", " g snat trubba nni\u1e0dn", " nna yakkan yan unamk n k\u1e5ba\u1e0d ib\u1e6d\u1e6dutn igjdann: tiwsitin tilalmnyin im\u1e93\u1e93iyn; zund cruci", " catiti", " \u0263ambrifi", " catitwari", " yili tama n uftas n sikambri", " cubi", " simbri", " kawtci", " kawlci", " kambisyani\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "During the Pre-Germanic linguistic period (2500\u2013500 BCE)", "ber": " the proto-language has almost certainly been influenced by linguistic substrates still noticeable in the Germanic phonology and lexicon.", "null": [ "g tizi n dat n tutlayt talalmanit (2500-500 BCE)", " tssn nit tutlayt tabrutugrafiyt yan u\u1e0di\u1e63 s tayyawin n tutlayin nna isuln da ittuyannay g uma\u1e0dal n tfunulujiyt d umawal alalmaniy." ] }, { "en": "There is also a great deal of influence in vocabulary from the Celtic languages", "ber": " but most of this appears to be much later", "null": [ " with most loanwords occurring either before or during the sound shift described by Grimm's Law.", "illa awd yan u\u1e0di\u1e63 mqqurn sg tguriwin n tutlayin tikiltiyin", " maca i\u1e0dh\u1e5b masd kigan n man aya g yat tizi nni\u1e0dn", " akd t\u0263awsiwin nni\u1e0dn ij\u1e5b\u1e5bun swa dat n\u0263 adday da ittusnfal umslli nna isnumml uslgn n grim." ] }, { "en": "Although Proto-Germanic is reconstructed without dialects via the comparative method", "ber": " it is almost certain that it never was a uniform proto-language.", "null": [ "mqqar ttuyallas tu\u1e63\u1e63ka n lb\u1e5butu-jirman bla tantalayin sg tmamkt n usmzazal", " bla turda ur tmun qqa\u1e25 tutlayt n b\u1e5butu." ] }, { "en": "The earliest attested runic inscriptions (Vimose comb", "ber": " \u00d8vre Stabu spearhead)", "null": [ " initially concentrated in modern Denmark and written with the Elder Futhark system", " are dated to the second half of the 2nd century CE.", "i\u1e5bcamn izaykutn iruniyn ittu\u1e93\u1e5ban (tamc\u1e0dt n fimus", " uf\u1e5b \u1e63tabu ixf agjdan)", " nna illan zwar g ddanmark tatrart d ttuyara g uzmz n fu\u1e6dark axatar", " da itturray usakud nns s uzgn wiss sin sg tsutit tiss snat n(2) tlalit." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " the merging of unstressed Proto-Germanic vowels", "null": [ " attested in runic inscriptions from the 4th and 5th centuries CE", " also suggests that Primitive Norse could not have been a direct predecessor of West Germanic dialects.", "mqqar d man aya", " iga usskcm n t\u0263isa n lbrutu-jirmaniya nna ur ttn akk\u02b7 ikkin", " d tinna g ttuyannayn i\u1e5bcamn iruniyn g tsutit tiss kku\u1e93 (4) d tsutit tiss smmus (5) n tlalit", " ar tsskan awd mas d nnurs izaykutn zmrn ad ur gin imzwura usridn i tntalayin tilalmaniyin titaramin." ] }, { "en": "By the late 3rd century CE", "ber": " linguistic divergences like the West Germanic loss of the final consonant -z had already occurred within the residual Northwest dialect continuum.", "null": [ "\u2018\u2019k ukccum n tgariwin n tsutit tiss k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt (3) g tlalit", " llan isnu\u1e25yutn n tutlayin", " zund tijli nna illan g almanya tataramt i unmcacka amggaru (z) lli nit ijran g tantala n ugafay ataram lli \u2018\u2019i\u0263aman\u2019\u2019 izdin." ] }, { "en": "The inclusion of the Burgundian and Vandalic languages within the East Germanic group", "ber": " while plausible", "null": [ " is still uncertain due to their scarce attestation.", "akccum n tutlayin lb\u1e5bu\u0263indiyya d lfandaliyya ammas n trbi\u025bt talalmaniyt n ugmma\u1e0d", " mqqar iga yat t\u0263wsa i\u0263zan", " maca isul ur ta igi ussid s tmntilt n tdrsi n tnigit nnsn." ] }, { "en": "A society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction", "ber": " or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory", "null": [ " typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.", "iga unamun yat tarabbut n imdan nna idran ammas n yan umrara anamun izdin", " n\u0263 yat tkaba\u1e5bt tanamurt tamqqrant tssar yat tsga g ud\u0263ar n\u0263 tanamunt", " kigan n tikkal da ttili ddaw n yat tnba\u1e0dt tasrtant d turdiwin tidlsanin nna illan." ] }, { "en": "Societies construct patterns of behavior by deeming certain actions or speech as acceptable or unacceptable.", "ber": "ar \u1e63kkun wamunn idsn t\u0263arasin n tmskirin sg uskar n kra n iggitn n\u0263 kra n tguriwin nna izrin n\u0263 ur tzriy." }, { "en": "Insofar as it is collaborative", "ber": " a society can enable its members to benefit in ways that would otherwise be difficult on an individual basis; both individual and social (common) benefits can thus be distinguished", "null": [ " or in many cases found to overlap.", "aynna s da ittmyawas wamun", " da ittiz\u1e0di\u1e5b ad yajj imslyn nns ad ssb\u0263rn s tmamkin nna qad icqqu mr i ku yan gisn; s man aya izmr usnu\u1e25yu gr tyafutin timdnanin d tanamunin (ittuyassan)", " n\u0263 g kigan n waddadn nna g immkcamnt t\u0263awsiwin gr atsnt." ] }, { "en": "This was in turn from the Latin word societas", "ber": " which in turn was derived from the noun socius (comrade", "null": [ " friend", " ally; adjectival form socialis) used to describe a bond or interaction between parties that are friendly", " or at least civil.", "\u2018\u2019yamu wad awd ntta g wamun n tguri talatiniyt", " nna d iffu\u0263n ula ntta ammas n wamun \u2018\u2019amddak\u02b7l", " asmun", " ta\u1e0da\u2019\u2019; ar ittusmras g usnumml n tzdayt n\u0263 umrara gr tsggiwin timxsiwin", " n\u0263 u\u0263rim day\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "In the 1630s it was used in reference to people bound by neighborhood and intercourse aware of living together in an ordered community.", "ber": "g usgg\u02b7as n 1630 g usskan n iwdan nna izdin s tiddjura d wamun xf tudrt n yan wansa ammas n yan wamun\u2019\u2019." }, { "en": "These structures may have varying degrees of political power", "ber": " depending on the cultural", "null": [ " geographical", " and historical environments that these societies must contend with.", "fjjijnt tan\u0263iwin ad s idsnt tskfal imzarayn n tdusi tasrtant", " xf uynna illan g tawna\u1e0dt tadlsant d tj\u0263rafiyt ula tin umzruy nna s d iqqan i wamunn ad tn naln." ] }, { "en": "Tribal societies in which there are some limited instances of social rank and prestige.", "ber": "gan imunn awsitin imunn nna g llan kra n waddagn iswuttan s tsk\u02b7flt tanamunt d wansa anamun." }, { "en": "This cultural evolution has a profound effect on patterns of community.", "ber": "ayad n ubu\u0263llu adlsan illa dars yan i\u1e0di\u1e63 mqqurn xf tmamkin n wamun." }, { "en": "Cities turned into city-states and nation-states.", "ber": "ttusnfaln i\u0263rman s i\u0263rman d iwunkn ima\u0263lacn." }, { "en": "Conversely", "ber": " members of a society may also shun or scapegoat any members of the society who violate its norms.", "null": [ "g mgal n man aya", " izry asn i awd imslayn ad urul sg kra n imdan g wamun nna ur iwqqirn isfarn nns n\u0263 ad ur wqqrn yan sg gisn g tj\u1e5ba." ] }, { "en": "Some societies bestow status on an individual or group of people when that individual or group performs an admired or desired action.", "ber": "ar akkan kra n imunn atig mqqurn i kra n umdan n\u0263 i kra n trabbut n iwdan adday iskr umdan nna\u0263 n\u0263 tarabbut nna\u0263 kra n twuri issusumn n\u0263 i\u1e25lan." }, { "en": "Although humans have established many types of societies throughout history", "ber": " anthropologists tend to classify different societies according to the degree to which different groups within a society have unequal access to advantages such as resources", "null": [ " prestige", " or power.", "mqqar i\u1e63ka ufgan kigan n wanawn n imunn g umzruy", " ar ttirin imassan n lun\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiyya ad b\u1e0dun imunn iggun\u1e93an xf tskfal mas lant trubba iggun\u1e93an ammas n wamun isulfn ur yaksuln \u1e25ma ad am\u1e93n kra n tnafutin zund isugam", " n\u0263 ansa", " n\u0263 tanba\u1e0dt." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " some hunting and gathering societies in areas with abundant resources (such as people of tlingit) lived in larger groups and formed complex hierarchical social structures such as chiefdom.", "null": [ "maca imunn n tgmrt d usmattr n islman g id\u0263arn nna g llan isugam ibu\u0263lan (zund imzda\u0263 n ttlinjit) llan ddrn g trubba nna imqqurn bahra tskr tn\u0263iwin tinamunin tizamugin irwin zund inm\u0263\u0263urn n tawsitin." ] }, { "en": "Statuses within the tribe are relatively equal", "ber": " and decisions are reached through general agreement.", "null": [ "ddant akk\u02b7 ad msasant tm\u1e93layin ammas n tawsit", " ar ttasin ti\u0263tsin ilan s umcacka amatu." ] }, { "en": "There are no political offices containing real power", "ber": " and a chief is merely a person of influence", "null": [ " a sort of adviser; therefore", " tribal consolidations for collective action are not governmental.", "ur llin akk\u02b7 imarisn isrtan nna \u0263ur tanba\u1e0dt n tidt", " s uslway iga day xs yan uwrik \u0263ur asugr", " iga yan wanaw n insfawn; s man aya", " gant tmggitin n ukccum n tawsit g twuri n umagraw ur tgi tunbi\u1e0dt." ] }, { "en": "Because their food supply is far more reliable", "ber": " pastoral societies can support larger populations.", "null": [ "fullsnt tnfkayin n wuttci bahra", " zmrn imunn n tyssa ad awsn kigan n imzda\u0263." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " some people become craftworkers", "null": [ " producing tools", " weapons", " and jewelry", " among other items of value.", "s umdya", " kra n iwdan da tggan i\u1e25ya\u1e0d", " ar ttfrasn imassn d imrign d tzuzaf", " sg t\u0263awsiwin nni\u1e0dn dar mi illa watig." ] }, { "en": "These families often gain power through their increased wealth.", "ber": "kigan n tikkal ad \u1e6d\u1e6dam\u1e93nt tawjiwin ad tanba\u1e0dt sg usadf n ugra nns." }, { "en": "The wild vegetation is cut and burned", "ber": " and ashes are used as fertilizers.", "null": [ "ar ttwabbayn d ar ttus\u0263usn im\u0263ayn n usram", " ar ittusmras yi\u0263d zund amazir." ] }, { "en": "They may return to the original land several years later and begin the process again.", "ber": "zmrn ad dwl \u0263r wakal a\u1e93u\u1e5ban dffir n kigan n isgg\u02b7asn ssntin di\u0263 g tmggit tiklit ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "The size of a village's population depends on the amount of land available for farming; thus villages can range from as few as 30 people to as many as 2000.", "ber": "ar ffulan kigan n imzda\u0263 n i\u0263rm xf tjumma n ikaln n tkrza nna illan", "null": [ " s man aya as nn nttafa kra n wid idrusn ad isuln g i\u0263rman zmrn ad gin dar 30 n uwrik d yan wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun nna imqqu\u1e5bn qad tin ilkm g usgg\u02b7as n 2000." ] }, { "en": "Sociologists use the phrase agricultural revolution to refer to the technological changes that occurred as long as 8", "ber": "500 years ago that led to cultivating crops and raising farm animals.", "null": [ "ar ssmrasn imassan n tsnamunt taguri n tgrawla takrzant \u1e25ma ad sskn isnfiln itiknulujiyn nna ij\u1e5ban sg 8.500 n usgg\u02b7as nna yiwsn k tyrza g unbdu d ussgmi n imudar ikrzann." ] }, { "en": "Greater degrees of social stratification appeared in agrarian societies.", "ber": "ffu\u0263n d tsk\u02b7fal iggutn sg ib\u1e6d\u1e6dutn n in\u0263an inamunn ammas n imunn n tkrza" }, { "en": "However", "ber": " as food stores improved and women took on lesser roles in providing food for the family", "null": [ " they increasingly became subordinate to men.", "mqqar d mynna", " ula a\u0263udu n igudar n wutci d isqu\u1e0de\u1e0d n wuddur n tm\u0263art g ujbar n wutci i tawja", " tdwl tm\u0263art ar bahra t\u1e0dg\u02b7ur i urgaz imik s imik." ] }, { "en": "A system of rulers with high social status also appeared.", "ber": "iffu\u0263 d awd yan wanaw n inbba\u1e0dn id bab n wassas anamun i\u1e93iln." }, { "en": "Europe's exploration of the Americas served as one impetus for the development of capitalism.", "ber": "iga umnik n u\u1e5bubba i imirikaniyn zund yan umnzal i ussgmi n usihri." }, { "en": "This produced further dramatic increases in efficiency.", "ber": "man aya iwca yat tmrniwt mqqu\u1e5bn g tzmrt." }, { "en": "This larger surplus caused all of the changes discussed earlier in the domestication revolution to become even more pronounced.", "ber": "yiwi ug\u02b7r akswat g mrniwt n ufaw n ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba isnfaln nna ittumraran g yat tizi nni\u1e0dn g tgrawla n usidf." }, { "en": "However", "ber": " inequality became even greater than before.", "null": [ "maca idwl imqqur umzaray uggar n uynna ttn ikkan yad lli." ] }, { "en": "Geographically", "ber": " it covers at the very least the countries of Western Europe", "null": [ " North America", " Australia", " and New Zealand.", "sg tsga n tju\u0263rafiyt", " tsmun \u0263ur tmizar n u\u1e5bubba tudrimt d mirikan n ugaday d u\u1e63\u1e6d\u1e5balya d nyuzilanda." ] }, { "en": "One of the European Union's areas of interest is the information society.", "ber": "yat sg tawitin n wamun a yu\u1e5bubbiy iga t wamun n umlan." }, { "en": "Some academic", "ber": " professional", "null": [ " and scientific associations describe themselves as societies (for example", " the American Mathematical Society", " the American Society of Civil Engineers", " or the Royal Society).", "g kra n tmsmunin tikadimiyin d tizzulant d tmassant tsnumml ixf nns is gant timsmunin (s umdya", " tamsmunt n tunnunt tamirikaniyt", " n\u0263 tamsmunt tamirikaniyt n imnzag u\u0263rimn", " n\u0263 tamsmunt tagldant)." ] }, { "en": "A community is a social unit (a group of living things) with commonality such as norms", "ber": " religion", "null": [ " values", " customs", " or identity.", "iga wamun amuran zund yat tamunt tanamunt (kigan n t\u0263awsiwin iddrn) nna \u0263ur tifiras iccan zund isfrn", " n\u0263 as\u0263an", " n\u0263 tinditin", " n\u0263 timyurin", " n\u0263 tamagit." ] }, { "en": "In this sense it is synonymous with the concept of an ancient settlement - whether a hamlet", "ber": " village", "null": [ " town", " or city.", "tga sg tungit ad akniw n urmmus n tzddu\u0263t tazaykut-- swa iga amzdu\u0263 n\u0263 usun n\u0263 i\u0263rm n\u0263 tamdint." ] }, { "en": "Most reconstructions of social communities by archaeologists rely on the principle that social interaction in the past was conditioned by physical distance.", "ber": "kiggan n tmskirin n tu\u1e63\u1e63ka n imunn nna tggan imassan n idrizn xf usnti n umrara anamun g mad izrin iga tafada dar ustum akmam." }, { "en": "No group is exclusively one or the other.", "ber": "d ur awd yat trabbut qqa\u1e25 awd g umdya." }, { "en": "Socialization is influenced primarily by the family", "ber": " through which children first learn community norms.", "null": [ "ar itt\u1e0di\u1e63 ussgmi anamun s tawja g umzwaru", " acku da ttlmadn i\u1e25njar zwar inawayn inamunn." ] }, { "en": "Community development practitioners must understand both how to work with individuals and how to affect communities' positions within the context of larger social institutions.", "ber": "iqqand xf imskirn n ussgmi anamun ad rmsn tamamkt n twuri akd imdan d t\u0263arast n u\u1e0di\u1e63 xf wadadn inamun imuran g ustal n tmrsal tinamunin tixatarin." }, { "en": "At the intersection between community development and community building are a number of programs and organizations with community development tools.", "ber": "adday imgal ussgmi anamur akd tu\u1e63\u1e63ka n wamunn imuran ", "null": [ " llan kigan n i\u0263awasn d tmaddasin nna \u0263ur imassn n ussgmi anamur." ] }, { "en": "Emptiness: Moves beyond the attempts to fix", "ber": " heal and convert of the chaos stage", "null": [ " when all people become capable of acknowledging their own woundedness and brokenness", " common to human beings.", "maca g tilawt", " ar akk\u02b7 ttmussun iwdan qqa\u1e25 s man yaggugn xf irimn ikkatn ad s\u0263udun", " d usujji", " d usnfl n waddad n urway", " adday \u0263in akk\u02b7 mddn ad qrran s wagasn nnsn d t\u1e5bu\u1e93iwin nnsn", " d ntta iga yat t\u0263awsa iccarn gr ufgan." ] }, { "en": "The three basic types of community organizing are grassroots organizing", "ber": " coalition building", "null": [ " and institution-based community organizing", " (also called broad-based community organizing", " an example of which is faith-based community organizing", " or Congregation-based Community Organizing).", "\u2018\u2019anawn isrtan s k\u1e5ba\u1e0d n usnmala n wamun iga tn usnmala n tdasilt tamdnant", " d tu\u1e63\u1e63ka n umsasa", " d \u2018\u2019usnmala n wamun nna ibddan xf tmrsal \u2018\u2019(ar as ttinin awd \u2018\u2019asnmala n wamun g yan wansa mqqu\u1e5bn\u2019\u2019", " iga yan umdya n usnmala n wamun xf tsila tafulsant", " n\u0263 asnmala n wamun xf tsila amgraw)\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Retrieved on: June 22", "ber": " 2008.", "null": [ "tturura d g 22 yunyu 2008." ] }, { "en": "Community organizing can focus on more than just resolving specific issues.", "ber": "izmr i ussuds anamun ad isikl xf wuggar n yan ufssay i tmsarin tim\u1e93lay." }, { "en": "Such groups facilitate and encourage consensus decision-making with a focus on the general health of the community rather than a specific interest group.", "ber": "tirubba ad da ttddu ar tsrqab isy n t\u0263tasin akd umsasa n tannayin d usikl xf tdusi tamatut i wamun amuran g wansa n kigan n t\u0263\u1e0dft i\u1e93lin." }, { "en": "Identity-based Communities: range from the local clique", "ber": " sub-culture", "null": [ " ethnic group", " religious", " multicultural or pluralistic civilisation", " or the global community cultures of today.", "gan imunn nna ibddan xf tmagit: ar ttnyuddu gr ayt ud\u0263ar", " n\u0263 tadlsa tayyawt", " n\u0263 tarabbut ta\u1e93u\u1e5bant", " n\u0263 ta\u0263rma tadnant", " n\u0263 mm tdlsiwin imyanawn n\u0263 iggutn", " n\u0263 tidlsiwin n wamun ama\u1e0dlan ass ad." ] }, { "en": "Relationships among members in a virtual community tend to focus on information exchange about specific topics.", "ber": "ar tddunt tzdayin gr imslayn g wamun amrdu s usikl n umrira n umlan s mad i\u1e93lin s isntal iswuttan." }, { "en": "Scholars in the humanities are humanities scholars or humanists.", "ber": "\u2018\u2019imassan g tmassanin tinfganin gan \u2018\u2019imassan g tmassanin tinamunin \u2018\u2019n\u0263 inafgann\u2019\u2019." }, { "en": "The humanities generally study local traditions", "ber": " through their history", "null": [ " literature", " music", " and arts", " with an emphasis on understanding particular individuals", " events", " or eras.", "ar zrrunt tmassanin tinafganin timyurin timuranin s umata", " sg umzruy nns", " d tskla nns", " d u\u1e93awan", " d t\u1e93u\u1e5bi", " akd ussikl xf urmas n imdan n\u0263 izmuzzutn n\u0263 kra n uzmz i\u1e93lin." ] }, { "en": "Anthropology (like some fields of history) does not easily fit into one of these categories", "ber": " and different branches of anthropology draw on one or more of these domains.", "null": [ "tga tussnafgan (zund kra n igran n umzruy) ur irxi ad yumu g yat sg tgrumma", " ar tss\u0263zan kigan n wayyawn imyanawn sg tussnafgan xf yan sg kigan n uydd\u0263 n igran." ] }, { "en": "The word anthropos (\u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2) is from the Greek word for human being or person.", "ber": "taguri n ant\u1e5bubbulyus tga yat tguri tayunaniyt n tguri \u2018\u2019afgan\u2019\u2019 n\u0263 \u2018\u2019awrik\u2019\u2019." }, { "en": "This means that", "ber": " though anthropologists generally specialize in only one sub-field", "null": [ " they always keep in mind the biological", " linguistic", " historic and cultural aspects of any problem.", "man aya da immala mas mqqar \u1e93lin imassan n lun\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiyya s umata g yan yigr ayyaw day", " ar bahra srusn mnid nnsn asatig n tsggiwin tibyulujiyyin d tutlayin d umzruy d tdlsiwin n matta umukris illan." ] }, { "en": "The quest for holism leads most anthropologists to study a people in detail", "ber": " using biogenetic", "null": [ " archaeological", " and linguistic data alongside direct observation of contemporary customs.", "arzzu xf wudduhdu da ittajja cigan n imassan n lun\u1e6d\u1e5bubbulujiyya ad zrun agdud s ucammu", " s ussmrs n ismmaln ijiniyn aduran n\u0263 n idrizn akd tutlayt ula in\u1e93i usrid g tama n man aya qqa\u1e25 i tmyurin titrarin." ] }, { "en": "Archaeology can be considered both a social science and a branch of the humanities.", "ber": "nzmr ad nskcm tussnadrizn g tmassanin tinafganin d ayyaw sg wayyawn n tmassanin tinamunin." }, { "en": "A good deal of twentieth-century and twenty-first-century philosophy has been devoted to the analysis of language and to the question of whether", "ber": " as Wittgenstein claimed", "null": [ " many of our philosophical confusions derive from the vocabulary we use; literary theory has explored the rhetorical", " associative", " and ordering features of language; and historical linguists have studied the development of languages across time.", "ittufka yan watig mqqurn sg tflsaft n tsutit tiss simraw d tsutit tiss simraw d yan \u1e25ma as sfsin tutlayt d usqsi n mas gan kigan n imcabbarn iflsafn nna \u0263ur\u0263 illan", " mkinna s inna fi\u0263nc\u1e6dayn", " ttuyasay d sg tguriwin nna nssmras", " d umnig n tmagunt tadlsant i tfrisin n tsrqqt d tmaqqant d tmagund n tutlayt", " d zran ayt tutlayt n umzruy tazzigznt n tutlayin g wakud." ] }, { "en": "It has been defined as a system of rules", "ber": " as an interpretive concept to achieve justice", "null": [ " as an authority to mediate people's interests", " and even as the command of a sovereign", " backed by the threat of a sanction.", "\u2018\u2019ittusnmal mas iga \u2018\u2019amagaw n ilugam\u2019\u2019", " d \u2018\u2019urmmus n ussfru\u2018\u2019 i usagg\u02b7 n t\u0263dmt", " d \u2018\u2019tanba\u1e0dt\u2019\u2019 \u1e25ma ad ittk gr tnufa n middn", " ar \u2018\u2019tnara d timmu\u0263ra ittusdusn s isyafatn." ] }, { "en": "Laws are politics", "ber": " because politicians create them.", "null": [ "asa\u1e0duf gan isrtann", " acku imssrtan da tn skarn." ] }, { "en": "As Immanuel Kant noted", "ber": " Ancient Greek philosophy was divided into three sciences: physics", "null": [ " ethics", " and logic.)", "\u2018\u2019mkinna da ismuqqul imanwil kan\u1e6d \u2018\u2019tb\u1e0da tflsaft tayunaniyt tazaykut xf k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt tmassanin: afizik", " d t\u0263ariwin", " d tm\u1e93la\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Shinto", "ber": " Daoism", "null": [ " and other folk or natural religions do not have ethical codes.", "ccantu d ddawiyya", " ula ijjadn nnidn imdnan n\u0263 iwnna\u1e0dn ur darsn llin ilugan n t\u0263ariwin." ] }, { "en": "Belief systems imply a logical model that religions do not display because of their internal contradictions", "ber": " lack of evidence", "null": [ " and falsehoods. .", "munn imagawn n ta\u0263alin xf yan umdya usnis nna ur da tn snflulun is\u0263ann aydd\u0263 mgaln sg jaj nnsn", " d tadrsi n inmmaln", " d ixrriqn." ] }, { "en": "They are necessary for understanding the human predicament.", "ber": "tga tanbzazt \u1e25ma i urmas n tbbay\u1e0d\u1e5bin n ufgan." }, { "en": "The non-founder religions are Hinduism", "ber": " Shinto", "null": [ " and native or folk religions.", "is\u0263adn ur ign timrsal gisnt tahindusiyt", " ccuntu", " d is\u0263ann i\u1e93u\u1e5bann n\u0263 imdnan." ] }, { "en": "When traditional religions fail to address new concerns", "ber": " then new religions will emerge.", "null": [ "adday gifn is\u0263ann izaykutn g usmkl n t\u0263awsiwin timaynutin", " qad ffu\u0263n di\u0263 is\u0263ann imaynutn." ] }, { "en": "Performing arts are also supported by workers in related fields", "ber": " such as songwriting and stagecraft.", "null": [ "ar awd tsdus ti\u1e93u\u1e5biwin n tifri i imwura g yigran lli dar tazdayt", " zund tirra n i\u0263nnijn d t\u1e93u\u1e5bi n u\u1e93awan." ] }, { "en": "This is called Performance art.", "ber": "man aya iga s wassa\u0263 ta\u1e93u\u1e5bi n tifri." }, { "en": "Dance is also used to describe methods of non-verbal communication (see body language) between humans or animals (bee dance", "ber": " mating dance)", "null": [ " and motion in inanimate objects (the leaves danced in the wind).", "ar awd issumras urkaz \u1e25ma ad isnumml ammakn n umyawa\u1e0d ur igin amiwan (\u1e93\u1e5b tutlayn n tfgga) gr ufgan d imudar (arkaz n tzizwa", " d urkaz n yiwlan)", " d umussu g tfggiwin ur ittmussun (mmctgn ifrawn g uzwu)." ] }, { "en": "In Byzantine and Gothic art of the Middle Ages", "ber": " the dominance of the church insisted on the expression of biblical and not material truths.", "null": [ "g t\u1e93u\u1e5bi tabi\u1e93antiyt d tqu\u1e6diyt g izmaz inammasn", " illa ufus n lkanisa yum\u1e93 xf uwnni n tiditin n udlis afu\u1e93a\u1e5b ur d akmam." ] }, { "en": "A characteristic of this style is that the local colour is often defined by an outline (a contemporary equivalent is the cartoon).", "ber": "sg tfrisin tim\u1e93layin i wanaw", "null": [ " ar bahra ittusnummal uk\u02b7lu s yat twn\u0263a (agdazal atrar iga t ukarikatur\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool", "ber": " or moving a tool across a surface.", "null": [ "s umata da ittmun xf usrrus n tmatarin g tduli s tmskrt n usiwr xf imiss", " n\u0263 asn\u0263l n imiss sg tduli." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " when used in an artistic sense it means the use of this activity in combination with drawing", "null": [ " composition and other aesthetic considerations in order to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner.", "mqqar d man aya", " asra g ttusmras g unamk n t\u1e93u\u1e5bi", " m\u025bna assmrs n tilal ad akd wunu\u0263 d usmuttg n\u0263 s isatign n wafulki \u1e25ma ad snfleln nniyt n uwnni n isnaramn n umssujji amskar." ] }, { "en": "Black is associated with mourning in the West", "ber": " but elsewhere white may be.", "null": [ "asggan i\u1e93li s ufcad g utram", " maca g wansiwn nni\u1e0dn izmr ad ig umlil." ] }, { "en": "The word red", "ber": " for example", "null": [ " can cover a wide range of variations on the pure red of the spectrum.", "\u2018\u2019s umdya", " taguri \u2018\u2019azgg\u02b7a\u0263\u2019\u2019 tzmr ad tdl kigan n ismzarayn sg uzgg\u02b7a\u0263 azddag d uwlaf\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "This began with cubism and is not painting in strict sense.", "ber": "issnti man aya akd tkubiyt d ur d asfirs s unamk amn\u0263ud." }, { "en": "Consequently", "ber": " many spend the first few years after graduation deciding what to do next", "null": [ " resulting in lower incomes at the start of their career; meanwhile", " graduates from career-oriented programs experience more rapid entry into the labour market.", "s man aya", " ar tkkan kigan gisn isgg\u02b7asn imzwura idrusn dffir n usuf\u0263 g unqqis nna s d iqqan ad t skrn dffir n man aya", " ta\u0263awsa nna ittawin s wuguz n ukccum g tizwuri n tudrt nnsn tazzulant", " d g tizi nna\u0263 nit", " ssn imssufa\u0263 n i\u0263awasn imawayn s tudrt tta\u0263lfant akccum nnsn s tazzla g ugadaz n ugadaz." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " the empirical evidence also shows that humanities graduates still earn notably higher incomes than workers with no postsecondary education", "null": [ " and have job satisfaction levels comparable to their peers from other fields.", "maca", " inmmaln inaramn ss\u1e0dhrn mas suln imafa\u0263n n tmassanin tinfganin da \u1e6d\u1e6dmazn ti\u0263\u1e5bad yattuyn uggar s yat tan\u0263a ifawn xf t\u0263\u1e5ba ad n imwura nna ur akk\u02b7 i\u0263rin dffir tfrkt n usinan", " d iswirn n udgi xf twuri da ttusmzazal s iswirn n udgi n tzuyi nnsn g twuri g yigran nni\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "As a percentage of the type of degrees awarded", "ber": " however", "null": [ " the humanities seem to be declining.", "maca ssntin tmassanin tinafganin g tdrsi g tgmi\u1e0di g mad i\u1e93lin s tsk\u02b7fal ittufkan." ] }, { "en": "Federal funding represents a much smaller fraction of funding for humanities than other fields such as STEM or medicine.", "ber": "iga usi\u1e93\u1e5bf n wamun yan ugzzum idrusn bahra sg u\u1e63i\u1e93\u1e5bf n tmassanin tinafganin g yigran nni\u1e0dn zund (STEM) n\u0263 assasfr." }, { "en": "This understanding", "ber": " they claimed", "null": [ " ties like-minded people from similar cultural backgrounds together and provides a sense of cultural continuity with the philosophical past.", "ar ttinin wid mas iga urmmus ad gr iwrikn immrwasn g uwngm da ttmun g t\u0263rdin tidlsanin immrwasn ar yakka yan usyafa n tzzigzant tadlsant akd aynna izrin g tflsaft." ] }, { "en": "Apart from its societal application", "ber": " narrative imagination is an important tool in the (re)production of understood meaning in history", "null": [ " culture and literature.", "g tsga n usnis nns anamun", " iga uwwngm amallas yan imiss issawhmman g ufars n unamk n urmmus g umzruy d tdlsa d tskla." ] }, { "en": "Poststructuralism has problematized an approach to the humanistic study based on questions of meaning", "ber": " intentionality", "null": [ " and authorship.", "tmmntl tfrkt n dffir n tu\u1e63\u1e63ka g ussi\u0263 n imukrisng g umuggu akd tzrawin tinafganin g uynna illan g tmsarin n unamk", " d nniyt", " d tn\u0263ruft." ] }, { "en": "Furthermore", "ber": " critical thinking", "null": [ " while arguably a result of humanistic training", " can be acquired in other contexts.", "uggar n mayan", " iga uwwngm anfrar", " mqqar iga tayafut n wannan anfgan", " nzmr ad ittbrqas g imna\u1e0dn nni\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "Such pleasure contrasts with the increasing privatization of leisure and instant gratification characteristic of Western culture; it thus meets J\u00fcrgen Habermas' requirements for the disregard of social status and rational problematization of previously unquestioned areas necessary for an endeavor which takes place in the bourgeois public sphere.", "ber": "imgal ufjjij ad akd u\u1e93lay yaqqlayn i uqjdim d uswunfu ad\u0263yan nna s tsfiris tdlsa tudrimt; d nttat da ttasy s t\u0263\u1e0dft i\u1e25tajjatn n yurgn habrmas g uynna i\u1e93lin s unxxl n usurs anamun d tiggidit n imukrisn imnllitn g wansiwn nna ur illin g ud\u0263ar nturda g mad izrin ittirin kigan n twuri ittazlan g yigr amatu abu\u1e5bjwaziy." }, { "en": "Despite many humanities based arguments against the humanities some within the exact sciences have called for their return.", "ber": "mqqar llan kigan n ifakuln ibddan xf tmassanin tinfganin mgal tmassanin tinfganin n kra d imik n tmassanin isdidn i\u0263ra s t\u0263uri nnsn." }, { "en": "It\u2019s good to know the history of philosophy.\u201d", "ber": "tuf tussna n umzruy n tflsaft." }, { "en": "Communication (from Latin communicare", "ber": " meaning to shareor to be in relation with) is an apparent answer to the painful divisions between self and other", "null": [ " private and public", " and inner thought and outer word.", "\u2018\u2019amyawa\u1e0d (sg umyawa\u1e0d alatiniy", " iga \u2018\u2019ad ndru\u2019\u2019 n\u0263 \u2018\u2019ad tilit g tzdayt akd\u2019\u2019) ntta d \u2018\u2019tamrarut ifawn xf ib\u1e6d\u1e6dutn i\u1e25\u1e5b\u1e5ban gr tixsi d wiyya\u1e0d", " i\u1e93lin n\u0263 amatay", " d uwwngm n wagns d tguri n b\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Message composition (further internal or technical elaboration on what exactly to express).", "ber": "tga tu\u1e63\u1e63ka n tbrat (kigan n ucammu n jaj n\u0263 atiqniy s uynna i\u1e93lin s uynna izmr ad gis iwnni akk\u02b7)." }, { "en": "Noise sources such as natural forces and in some cases human activity (both intentional and accidental) begin influencing the quality of signals propagating from the sender to one or more receivers.", "ber": "ar ssntayn i\u0263bula n uzziwz sg idusn igamann d g kra n waddadn n tilal n ufgan (s ta\u0263zi n\u0263 s tflit) d g u\u1e0di\u1e63 xf wanaw n tmatarin nna ittufkan dar umazan s yan ungmam n usnbgi n\u0263 uggar." }, { "en": "Interpretation and making sense of the presumed original message.", "ber": "asfsi n tbrat ta\u1e93u\u1e5bant nna i\u0263in ad yili tdwl tturmas." }, { "en": "Examples of intent are voluntary", "ber": " intentional movements like shaking a hand or winking", "null": [ " as well as involuntary", " such as sweating.", "sg imdyatn n tnmilalin imussutn imxasn ittwaskarn zund isy n ufus n\u0263 asnya n ti\u1e6d\u1e6d", " ilin awd winna ur igin imxasn", " zund assidy." ] }, { "en": "Likewise", "ber": " written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style", "null": [ " the spatial arrangement of words and the use of emoticons to convey emotion.", "s umdya", " ar ttilin kra n ifrdisn g i\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63n ittyaran ur gin imiwan zund ammak n tirra n ufus", " d usnmala n ud\u0263ar n tguriwin", " d ussmrs n usn\u0263l n tufrayin." ] }, { "en": "Some of the functions of nonverbal communication in humans are to complement and illustrate", "ber": " to reinforce and emphasize", "null": [ " to replace and substitute", " to control and regulate", " and to contradict the denotative message.", "kra n ts\u0263anin n umyawa\u1e0d gar awsnan gr ufgan iga asmad n\u0263 assfru", " d usdus d usuttuy", " d usmikl", " d tki\u1e5bi\u1e6d\u1e6d d urras", " d umgal akd tbrat iffrn." ] }, { "en": "To have total communication", "ber": " all non-verbal channels such as the body", "null": [ " face", " voice", " appearance", " touch", " distance", " timing", " and other environmental forces must be engaged during face-to-face interaction.", "\u1e25ma ad yili yan umyawa\u1e0d ismdn", " iqqan d ad nssdru qqa\u1e25 tadabutin ur igin timslay zund tafgga d wudm d wawal d tmu\u0263li d wugur d zaru d wakud d kra n tdusiwin nni\u1e0dn n twna\u1e0dt ammas n imggi yan mnid n wayya." ] }, { "en": "Non-verbal behaviours may form a universal language system.", "ber": "\u2018\u2019tzmr tikli gar tamiwant ad t\u1e63ku yan umagaw n tutlayt tama\u1e0dlant\u2019\u2019" }, { "en": "Language learning normally occurs most intensively during human childhood.", "ber": "kigan n tikkal ad ittili ulmmud n tutlayt s yat tmamkt iggutn g tizi n tam\u1e93it" }, { "en": "Constructed languages such as Esperanto", "ber": " programming languages", "null": [ " and various mathematical formalisms are not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages.", "tutlayin i\u1e0dh\u1e5bn zund lisrantu", " d tutlayin n usihl", " d twidawin timyinawin n tunnunt ur gint akk\u02b7 xs tim\u1e93layin s tfrdisin iccarn gr tutlayin tinfganin." ] }, { "en": "The properties of language are governed by rules.", "ber": "ar ttllynt tfirasin n tutlayt i ilugam." }, { "en": "Contrary to popular belief", "ber": " signed languages of the world (e.g.", "null": [ " American Sign Language) are considered to be verbal communication because their sign vocabulary", " grammar", " and other linguistic structures abide by all the necessary classifications as spoken languages.", "mgal n uwwngm illan dar kigan", " gant tutlayin illan g uma\u1e0dal (s umdya", " tutlayt tamatart tamirikaniyt) tga zund yan umyawa\u1e0d amiwan acku gan irimn n tmatart d i\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63n n tutlayt", " ula tan\u0263iwin n tutlayt nni\u1e0dn nna yusin s ib\u1e6d\u1e6dutn s d iqqan ad ilin aydd\u0263 gant tutlayin ittusawaln." ] }, { "en": "Communication is thus a process by which meaning is assigned and conveyed in an attempt to create shared understanding.", "ber": "s man aya", "null": [ " iga umyawa\u1e0d yat tmggit xf ttugan inumak ar ttus\u0263aln g yan yirim \u1e25ma ad gin yan urmas iccarn." ] }, { "en": "A channel", "ber": " to which signals are adapted for transmission.", "null": [ "tadabut d ta\u0263arast nna g ttusmsasant tmatarin n ussif\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "A destination", "ber": " where the message arrives.", "null": [ "tanila d tasga nna nn tlkm tbrat." ] }, { "en": "No allowance for differing purposes.", "ber": "ur llin tm\u1e93layin n kra n t\u0263awsiwin imyanawn." }, { "en": "No allowance for situational contexts.", "ber": "ur illi usnfal i imna\u1e0dn n isursn." }, { "en": "These acts may take many forms", "ber": " in one of the various manners of communication.", "null": [ "zmrn twuriwin ad \u1e6d\u1e6dafnt kigan n wunu\u0263n", " g yan sg wammakn n imyawa\u1e0d imyanawn." ] }, { "en": "Syntactic (formal properties of signs and symbols).", "ber": "tajrrumt (tim\u1e93layin n wunu\u0263n n tmatarin d isdkumn)." }, { "en": "In light of these weaknesses", "ber": " Barnlund (2008) proposed a transactional model of communication.", "null": [ "ammas n tqiffitin gar tadusi ad", " ifka barnund g (2008)yan umdya n umyawa\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "This second attitude of communication", "ber": " referred to as the constitutive model or constructionist view", "null": [ " focuses on how an individual communicates as the determining factor of the way the message will be interpreted.", "ar sikil waddad n umyawa\u1e0d wiss sin dd\u0263", " bu tmatart n umdya ammsrsal n\u0263 tnnayt mm amsnulfu", " s tmammkt n umdan aydd\u0263 iga imggi al\u0263tas g tmamkt nna s rad ttusfru tbrat." ] }, { "en": "The sender's personal filters and the receiver's personal filters may vary depending upon different regional traditions", "ber": " cultures", "null": [ " or gender; which may alter the intended meaning of message contents.", "qad mzarayn imnkad udmawan n umazan d tmnkadin tidmawanin n yimal s tmyurin tisgawanin imyanawn", " n\u0263 tidlsanin", " n\u0263 anaw nna i\u0263in ad isnfl anamk ittwannan g imagisn n tbrat." ] }, { "en": "Although something like code books is implied by the model", "ber": " they are nowhere represented in the model", "null": [ " which creates many conceptual difficulties.", "mqqar llant kra n t\u0263awsiwin zund idlisn n\u0263 timatarin illa s g dat umdya", " nttat ur tlli g matta wansa g umdya", " aynna yakkan kigan tbbay\u1e0da\u1e5bin n irmmusn." ] }, { "en": "Companies with limited resources may choose to engage in only a few of these activities", "ber": " while larger organizations may employ a full spectrum of communications.", "null": [ "ilaq i tdrawin mm isugam iswuttan ad stint tadrawt g yan wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun idrusn day ammas n tilal ad", " g tizi nna g ilaq i tmddasin tixatarin ad ssmrsnt yan ugudiy ixatarn sg imyawa\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "The information environment is the aggregate of individuals", "ber": " organizations", "null": [ " and systems that collect", " process", " disseminate", " or act on information.", "tga twna\u1e0dt umlan n tuggt n imdan d tmddasin d imagawn nna ismunn umlan n\u0263 ad tn tswjd n\u0263 asfsr nnsnt asra g ilaq i tmddasin n\u0263 ad tswuri xf tsila nns." ] }, { "en": "In verbal interpersonal communication there are two types of messages being sent: a content message and a relational message.", "ber": "llan sin wanawn n tbratin g umyawa\u1e0d amiwan gr iwdan nna ittuyazann : tabrat n umagis d tbrat n tam\u1e93layt." }, { "en": "This is the study of how individuals explain what causes different events and behaviors.", "ber": "tad tga tazrawt n tmamkt n ussfru n imdan i mad igan tamntilt n uzmuzzutn d tmskarin imyanawn." }, { "en": "Open and honest communication creates an atmosphere that allows family members to express their differences as well as love and admiration for one another.", "ber": "ar is\u0263udu umyawa\u1e0d izddign ifulsn g ujnna ad yajj imdan n tawjiwin ad sawln xf gar amsasatn nnsn akd tayri nna illan ngratsn d ussusm nna illan ngratsn." }, { "en": "Researchers develop theories to understand communication behaviors.", "ber": "ar sbu\u0263llun imrza timagunin \u1e25ma ad rmsn timskirin n umyawa\u1e0d." }, { "en": "This also includes a lack of expressing knowledge-appropriate communication", "ber": " which occurs when a person uses ambiguous or complex legal words", "null": [ " medical jargon", " or descriptions of a situation or environment that is not understood by the recipient.", "\u2018\u2019ismun uynna\u0263 awd gar awnni xf umyawa\u1e0d d \u2018\u2019yusan i tussna\u2019\u2019", " nna da ittj\u1e5bun adday da issmras ufgan tiguriwin n uslgun illasn n\u0263 irwin", " n\u0263 tiguriwin n usggunfu", " n\u0263 tifrasin n waddad n\u0263 n twnna\u1e0dt nna ur ittrmas unrmas\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Likewise", "ber": " poor or outdated equipment", "null": [ " particularly the failure of management to introduce new technology", " may also cause problems.", "zund mcis", " qad awin imassn ur icnin n\u0263 izaykutn", " ula amzri n tnmahla g usidf n tatiknulujiyt tamaynut", " qad yawi s kigan n imukrisn." ] }, { "en": "Examples might include an organizational structure which is unclear and therefore makes it confusing to know whom to communicate with.", "ber": "qad ismun imdyatn yat tan\u0263a n usuds ur ifawn", "null": [ " s man aya da ittgga yan umzziwz sg tussna nna s d iqqan ad ids tmyawa\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "It is better if such words are avoided by using alternatives whenever possible.", "ber": "yuf ad nb\u1e0du akd aydd\u0263 n tguriwin s ussmrs n kra nni\u1e0dn adday as naf." }, { "en": "However", "ber": " research in communication has shown that confusion can lend legitimacy to research when persuasion fails.", "null": [ "mqqar d man aya", " ssuf\u0263n d isnubbucn g yigr n unyalkam mas tzmr tusurt n usa\u1e0dfa xf urzzu adday igif ul\u0263ad." ] }, { "en": "It is when the sender is expressing a thought or a word but the receiver gives it a different meaning.", "ber": "adday yiri umazan ad isawl xf kra n uwngm n\u0263 tguri maca ar as yakka umsflid yan unamk ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "This has", "ber": " in turn", "null": [ " led to a notable change in the way younger generations communicate and perceive their own self-efficacy to communicate and connect with others.", "yiwi man aya ula ntta s usnfl mqqurn g tmamkt nna s tttmyawa\u1e0dnt tsutiwin ti\u025brrimin ar iss tsmuqqul ti\u1e5bwi nns tanixft g umyawa\u1e0d akd umyawa\u1e0d d wiyya." ] }, { "en": "Fear of being criticized \u2013 This is a major factor that prevents good communication.", "ber": "tawda sg ufran", "null": [ " iga yan umggi agjdan nna ur ittajjan amyawa\u1e0d i\u0263udan ad yili." ] }, { "en": "This will not only boost your confidence but also improve your language and vocabulary.", "ber": "man aya ur inni ad isdud tanyimant nnk day maca qad yaws awd g us\u0263udu n tutlayt d umawal nnk." }, { "en": "Certain attitudes can also make communication difficult.", "ber": "\u0263in ca n imnadn ad ccqqun amyawa\u1e0d." }, { "en": "The act of disambiguation regards the attempt of reducing noise and wrong interpretations", "ber": " when the semantic value or meaning of a sign can be subject to noise", "null": [ " or in presence of multiple meanings", " which makes the sense-making difficult.", "t\u1e93li tiggit n tarkrsi n tirmit n ussidrus n udida d ufasr izgln", " kudna t\u0263i tindi tasnamkant n\u0263 anamk n yat tmatart ad tg asntl n udida", " n\u0263 ig llan inumak ggutnin", " aylli ittajan armas n unamk imray." ] }, { "en": "For example: words", "ber": " colours and symbols have different meanings in different cultures.", "null": [ "s umdya: \u1e6d\u1e6dafnt tguriwin", " ik\u02b7lan d inigln inamkn ingaran g tdlsiwin ingaran." ] }, { "en": "Understanding cultural aspects of communication refers to having knowledge of different cultures in order to communicate effectively with cross culture people.", "ber": "armas n iskann n tdlasa n umyawa\u1e0d isnmaka ad tisind cigan n tdlsiwin ya\u1e0dn ingaran s umyawa\u1e0d d bzzaf n middn g tdlsiwin ingaran." }, { "en": "It also includes sounds from throat and all these are greatly influenced by cultural differences across borders.", "ber": "digs altu imsli n ug\u1e5b\u1e0d d kullu aya da itt\u1e0du\u1e63n s cigan s ingaratn n tdlsiwin g iwtta." }, { "en": "This concept differs from culture to culture as the permissible space varies in different countries.", "ber": "armmus ad ingara sg tdlsa \u0263r tay\u1e0d acku asayrar d yusn ingara g cigan n tmizar." }, { "en": "Some issues explaining this concept are pauses", "ber": " silences and response lag during an interaction.", "null": [ "ca sg iskkin nna immaln armmus ad", " addadn n ibddi d ifsti d ttawil g tmrarut kudnna tlla tmya\u0263t." ] }, { "en": "In different countries", "ber": " the same gestures and postures are used to convey different messages.", "null": [ "g tmizar ingaran", " ar ttusmrasnt tumlitin d isbdadn g ussiw\u1e0d n tbratin ingaran." ] }, { "en": "Plant roots communicate with rhizome bacteria", "ber": " fungi", "null": [ " and insects within the soil.", "ar ttmyawa\u1e0dn i\u1e93u\u1e5ban n im\u0263ayn d lbaktiria", " igursln", " d ibuxxa jaj n wakal." ] }, { "en": "In parallel they produce other volatiles to attract parasites which attack these herbivores.", "ber": "s umsada\u0263 ar syufant timasaylin ya\u1e0dn d ittawin i\u1e5bi\u1e93n nna ittakin xf tuga ad." }, { "en": "The biochemicals trigger the fungal organism to react in a specific manner", "ber": " while if the same chemical molecules are not part of biotic messages", "null": [ " they do not trigger the fungal organism to react.", "tnigzumin timaddarin ad tnzz\u0263 amaddar agrsalab ad isdawn s tbridt i\u1e93lin", " macan mala ur gint tngzumin tkiawiyin sg ugzzum n tbratin inmdrn", " han ur da ttawi amddar agrsal ad imya\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Through quorum sensing", "ber": " bacteria can sense the density of cells", "null": [ " and regulate gene expression accordingly.", "s usfrk n usa\u1e0df", " tz\u1e0da\u1e5b tbaktiriyt ad tsyafa s usmkta n tlkak", " d rad tslgn afars ajiniy dids imsasan." ] }, { "en": "Information", "ber": " in a general sense", "null": [ " is processed", " organised and structured data.", "umlitn", " s unamk nnsn amatay", " iga t usmkl", " assuds d u\u1e63ku n ifaylutn." ] }, { "en": "Information is associated with data.", "ber": "umltin gan azday akd ifaylutn." }, { "en": "Information can be transmitted in time", "ber": " via data storage", "null": [ " and space", " via communication and telecommunication.", "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad yili usmutti n wumli g wakud", " s u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n ifaylutn", " d urg\u02b7ay", " s imsawa\u1e0dn d umyawa\u1e0d afilan d war afilan." ] }, { "en": "Information can be encoded into various forms for transmission and interpretation (for example", "ber": " information may be encoded into a sequence of signs", "null": [ " or transmitted via a signal).", "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad ttusmattaynt tumlitin s ug\u1e0dl \u0263r cigan n tal\u0263iwin ingarn i yizn d ussfru (s umdya", " tumlit i\u0263y ad ttug\u1e0dl d isdditn n imlan", " n\u0263 ttyazan d tamatart)." ] }, { "en": "Uncertainty is inversely proportional to the probability of occurrence.", "ber": "war aslkn imsasa s unmgal d urnittili." }, { "en": "Furthermore", "ber": " Latin itself already contained the word \u012bnf\u014drm\u0101ti\u014d meaning concept or idea", "null": [ " but the extent to which this may have influenced the development of the word information in English is not clear.", "d wuggar", " talatiniyt s i\u0263f nns tla taguri \u012bnf\u014drm\u0101ti\u014d isnamkan armmus n\u0263 tawngimt", " macan aynna igan u\u1e0du\u1e63 n tgmi n tguri tunmilt g tnglizt ur ittyakz." ] }, { "en": "In modern Greek the word \u03a0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 is still in daily use and has the same meaning as the word information in English.", "ber": "g tyunaniyt tatrart tsul tguri \u03a0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 g usmrsa akuyass d t\u1e6d\u1e6daf anamk nnik n tguri tunmilt illan g tngliziyt." }, { "en": "The field was fundamentally established by the works of Harry Nyquist and Ralph Hartley in the 1920s", "ber": " and Claude Shannon in the 1940s.", "null": [ "ittwaskr yigr s tl\u0263a tadslant s twurwin n hari nyikist d ralf hartli g 1920 n tlalit", " d klud canun g 1940 n tlalit." ] }, { "en": "Entropy quantifies the amount of uncertainty involved in the value of a random variable or the outcome of a random process.", "ber": "ar tswuttu intrubiya tasmkta n war aslkn g tindi n umsnfl anmsamma n\u0263 tayafut tamassant tanmsammant." }, { "en": "Important sub-fields of information theory include source coding", "ber": " algorithmic complexity theory", "null": [ " algorithmic information theory", " and information-theoretic security.", "g uman yigran inayyawn istawhmman n ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n in\u0263misn asntl n usagm", " ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n ismmrks n lxawarizmi", " ti\u1e93irt n in\u0263misn n lxawarizmi", " d tflst n in\u0263misn imi\u1e93i\u1e5bn." ] }, { "en": "In his book Sensory Ecology biophysicist David B. Dusenbery called these causal inputs.", "ber": "g udlis nns ittusmman ikululjiya tanfrakt tabyufizikt ifka dafid duznbiri i tmntal ad ism n timsudaf." }, { "en": "In practice", "ber": " information is usually carried by weak stimuli that must be detected by specialized sensory systems and amplified by energy inputs before they can be functional to the organism or system.", "null": [ "g tmskrt tamassant", " iggut mag ttusmattaynt wumlitn s ims\u1e25u\u1e5bcn imudrusn iqqn d ad ttwafn s inagrawn infrakn im\u1e93layn ar ttusm\u0263arn s isadufn n trna dat ma \u0263a gn im\u1e5bwan i imaddarn iddrn n\u0263 anagraw." ] }, { "en": "The sequence of nucleotides is a pattern that influences the formation and development of an organism without any need for a conscious mind.", "ber": "asddiy n nnikliyutidat iga anaw itt\u1e0du\u1e63n xf uskar d tngmi n umaddar iddrn bla is\u0263awsa annli amsfrk." }, { "en": "In other words", "ber": " it can be said that information in this sense is something potentially perceived as representation", "null": [ " though not created or presented for that purpose.", "s way\u1e0d wawal", " n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nini mas n\u0263y ad nsksiw s in\u0263misn g unamk ad is gan asmdya", " waxxa ur gin ula ttuskrn i uskkin ad." ] }, { "en": "Whether the answer provides knowledge depends on the informed person.", "ber": "mk da takka tmrarut tussniwin yugl s wudm ittusqsan." }, { "en": "This is the informational equivalent of almost 61 CD-ROM per person in 2007.", "ber": "d agdazal an\u0263msan n wattay n 61 n tqa\u1e5bi\u1e0dt tuddist i wudm g 2007." }, { "en": "Sound records management ensures that the integrity of records is preserved for as long as they are required.", "ber": "ar tt\u1e0dman tmssugurt tamadust n uklas afrag i tnfrut n isdawn kudnna ttusutrn." }, { "en": "Beynon-Davies explains the multi-faceted concept of information in terms of signs and signal-sign systems.", "ber": "ar tssfru biynun daybis armmus n in\u0263misn mi ggutnt tsgg\u02b7in g uswir n tmitar d inagrawn n uskan." }, { "en": "Pragmatics is concerned with the purpose of communication.", "ber": "da ittngzam ub\u1e5bgmatiy s iwttasn n umyawa\u1e0d." }, { "en": "In other words", "ber": " pragmatics link language to action.", "null": [ "s way\u1e0d wawal", " da ttsmad tb\u1e5bagmatiyt tutlayt i tigawt." ] }, { "en": "Semantics is the study of the meaning of signs - the association between signs and behaviour.", "ber": "tga tsnamkt yat tzrawt n usnamk n isillfn - azday ngr issilfn d tmskirin." }, { "en": "Syntax as an area studies the form of communication in terms of the logic and grammar of sign systems.", "ber": "tasnayt igan igr da tzrru tal\u0263a n umyawa\u1e0d g uswir am\u1e93lan d n tj\u1e5b\u1e5bumt n inagrawn n tmitar." }, { "en": "He introduces the concept of lexicographic information costs and refers to the effort a user of a dictionary must make to first find", "ber": " and then understand data so that they can generate information.", "null": [ "da iskcam armmus n itagg\u02b7n n un\u0263mis amsknawal ar ittu\u0263ul s tuggwt lli d iaann amsmrs n yan msmun awal ad tt isskr \u1e25ma ad yaf", " d ad irms isfka \u1e25ma ad d arun an\u0263mis." ] }, { "en": "In a communicative situation intentions are expressed through messages that comprise collections of inter-related signs taken from a language mutually understood by the agents involved in the communication.", "ber": "g yan usurs n umyawa\u1e0d", "null": [ " da ttuyinnint tnmilal s tbratin lli yuman igrawn n itmitar imyaman ttuldint d sg tutlayt ittyarmasn \u0263ur imggayn lli ittumun g umyawa\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Information visualization (shortened as InfoVis) depends on the computation and digital representation of data", "ber": " and assists users in pattern recognition and anomaly detection.", "null": [ "asugn n usn\u0263ms (asanf nns s infubis) yugl s usi\u1e0dn d usmdya tamu\u1e6d\u1e6dunt n isfka d yiws n umssrmasn ad isinn izurat ittafan ifrru\u0263n." ] }, { "en": "The term is generally employed in sociology and the other social sciences as well as in philosophy and bioethics.", "ber": "ar ittusmras yirm s umata g tasnamunt d tmassanin tinamunin ya\u1e0dn d awd g tflsaft d t\u0263ariwin n tussna n imaddarn." }, { "en": "In developing societies it may be mainly based on kinship and shared values while more developed societies accumulate various theories as to what contributes to a sense of solidarity", "ber": " or rather", "null": [ " social cohesion.", "g wamunn imggura", " i\u0263y ad ibdd ungraw ad sg umzwar xf umyisa d tinditin ittwaccu\u1e5bn", " macan sgudin wamunn bahra infalin ti\u1e93\u1e5bitin ingaran g mad izdin s uynna ittawsn g usyafa s twizi", " n\u0263d akk\u02b7", " amyaqqan anamun." ] }, { "en": "Durkheim introduced the terms mechanical and organic solidarity as part of his theory of the development of societies in The Division of Labour in Society (1893).", "ber": "isnkd durkayim irm n tiwizi tamikanikit d tgmawant d agzzum n tu\u1e93\u1e5bit nns xf tngmi n wamunn g ab\u1e6d\u1e6du n twuri g wamun (1893)." }, { "en": "Collins Dictionary of Sociology", "ber": " p405-6.", "null": [ "amawa n kulinz i tusnamunt", " tasna 405-6." ] }, { "en": "Definition: it is social cohesion based upon the dependence which individuals have on each other in more advanced societies.", "ber": "asnml: iga amyaqqan anamun ibddan xf ts\u0263znt nna isskar wudmawn xf ca sg nratsn g wamunn bahra infalin." }, { "en": "Early ancient philosophers such as Socrates and Aristotle discuss solidarity as a virtue ethics framework because in order to live a good life one must perform actions and behave in a way that is in solidarity with the community.", "ber": "iflsafn izaykutn imzwura zun d \u1e63uqra\u1e6d d a\u1e5bi\u1e63\u1e6du da sawaln xf twizi d asati a\u0263iran anafu acku ttaf ad iddr umdan tudrt i\u1e25lan iqqan d ad isskr tiwuriwin i\u1e93iln issudu s tbridt iswizin d wamun." }, { "en": "The modern practice of bioethics is significantly influenced by Immanuel Kant's concept of the Categorical Imperative.", "ber": "ar ttu\u1e0du\u1e63nt tmskirin titrarin i t\u0263arawin n tussna n tanmddart s tl\u0263a iggutn s urmmus n imanwil kan\u1e6d i wanaw ana\u1e0dan." }, { "en": "Foreign-area studies were virtually nonexistent.", "ber": "timna\u1e0din timzzitin ikka tt ur llint dur\u0263 dd." }, { "en": "The former became area-studies advocates", "ber": " the latter proponents of modernization theory.", "null": [ "imzwara a\u0263ul d inmza\u0263n n tizrawin n tinmna\u1e0din", " imggura im\u1e93\u1e5bitn n tstrart." ] }, { "en": "From 1953 to 1966 it contributed $270 million to 34 universities for area and language studies.", "ber": "g uzmz n gr 1953 ar 1966 tuws s watig n 270 mlyun dula\u1e5b g 34 n tsdawit \u1e25ma ad ttuzrawnt tmna\u1e0din d tutlayin." }, { "en": "Other large and important programs followed Ford's.", "ber": "i\u0263awasn ya\u1e0dn imqqurn d istawhmman \u1e0dfa\u1e5bn i\u0263awasn n furds." }, { "en": "Others insisted", "ber": " however", "null": [ " that once they were established on university campuses", " area studies began to encompass a much broader and deeper intellectual agenda than the one foreseen by government agencies", " thus not American centric.", "ndedn wiyya\u1e0d xf", " waxxa d aynna", " \u0263as ad ttwagnt g tsdawitin", " ssntant tzrawin n tmna\u1e0din g llan tflwin n twuriwin n uswingm ibarwn idru cigan xf i\u0263awasn lli n rant tsnurayin tinba\u1e0din", " ur igi ammasan amirkaniy." ] }, { "en": "Other interdisciplinary research fields such as women's studies", "ber": " gender studies", "null": [ " disability studies", " LGBT studies and ethnic studies (including African American studies", " Asian American studies", " Latino studies", " Chicano studies and Native American studies) are not part of area studies but are sometimes included in discussion along with it.", "wiyya\u1e0d yigran n urzzu agrtilal amm tzrawin \u0263f tm\u0263arin", " tizrawin \u0263f wanawn", " tizrawin \u0263f u\u025b\u1e0d\u1e0d\u1e5b", " tizrawin \u0263f il dji bi ti d tzrawi \u0263f i\u1e93u\u1e5ban (g amunt tzrawin tifriqanin-timarikanin", " tizrawin n asya d marikan", " tizrawin tilatinin-timarikanin", " tizrawin n tcik d tzrawin n ihindiyn izgg\u02b7a\u0263n) ur gint xs tafult g tizrawin tinmna\u1e0din", " maca kra n tikkal kcmt g umsawal akids." ] }, { "en": "Demography (from prefix demo- from Ancient Greek \u03b4\u1fc6\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 (d\u0113mos) meaning 'the people'", "ber": " and -graphy from \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9 (graph\u014d) meaning 'writing", "null": [ " description or measurement') is the statistical study of populations", " especially human beings.", "tadimugrafit (sg wuzwir dimu- n tgrikt tazaykut \u03b4\u1fc6\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 (dimus) isnamk a\u0263rf", " d -grafi n \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9 (grafu) isnamk tirra", " asnuml d us\u0263al) d tazrawt tastatistikt n igdudn", " s u\u1e93lay ifgann." ] }, { "en": "Patient demographics form the core of the data for any medical institution", "ber": "such as patient and emergency contact information and patient medical record data.", "null": [ "isfka idimugrafiyn \u0263f ima\u1e0dunn gan tasila n isfka n ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba timrsal n ujujji", " amm tansiwin n ima\u1e0dunn d i\u0263awaln d isdawn n ijujji n ima\u1e0dunn." ] }, { "en": "The term Demography refers to the overall study of population.", "ber": "taguri tadimugrafit at tmmal tazrawt ta\u0263zurant n ugdud." }, { "en": "In the Middle ages", "ber": " Christian thinkers devoted much time in refuting the Classical ideas on demography.", "null": [ "g uzmz anammas", " fkan imswingmn imasi\u1e25iyn kigan n wakud ad agin tiwngimin tizaykutin \u0263f tdimugrafit." ] }, { "en": "One of the earliest demographic studies in the modern period was Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality (1662) by John Graunt", "ber": " which contains a primitive form of life table.", "null": [ "yat sg tzrawin timzwura n tdimugrafit tatrart tga tt isni\u0263isn igamann d isrtann ittugan \u0263f yiggitn n t\u0263ariwin (1662) s\u0263ur djun gruwant", " lli yuman yat tal\u0263a tamnzut n tflwit n tudrt." ] }, { "en": "His work influenced Thomas Robert Malthus", "ber": " who", "null": [ " writing at the end of the 18th century", " feared that", " if unchecked", " population growth would tend to outstrip growth in food production", " leading to ever-increasing famine and poverty (see Malthusian catastrophe).", "lant twuriwin nns tasurt \u0263f \u1e6dumas rubirt maltus", " lli", " ittarin g tigira n tsut tiss 18", " igg\u02b7d", " mk ur nsskir amya", " tamrniwt tadimugrafit rad trnu tamrnut n usyafu amsadur", " aylli iran ad yawi s buhyyuf d u\u1e93la\u1e0d ur ittbbin (\u1e93\u1e5b tawa\u0263it tawmaltust)." ] }, { "en": "A census is the other common direct method of collecting demographic data.", "ber": "iga usi\u1e0dn yat t\u0263arast a\u1e0dnin tusridt ittyassann n usmattr n isfka idimigrafin." }, { "en": "Analyses are conducted after a census to estimate how much over or undercounting took place.", "ber": "ttugan isfsayn dffir n usu\u1e0dn \u1e25ma ad ittuqddr wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun n mddn lli mi ittuga usi\u1e0dn amk\u1e5ba\u1e93 n\u0263 ddrust." }, { "en": "Other indirect methods in contemporary demography include asking people about siblings", "ber": " parents", "null": [ " and children.", "gr t\u0263arasin tarusridin n tdimugrafit tatrart", " illa usqsi n watmatn d istmatn", " n ibabatn d warraw." ] }, { "en": "They include models of mortality (including the life table", "ber": " Gompertz models", "null": [ " hazards models", " Cox proportional hazards models", " multiple decrement life tables", " Brass relational logits)", " fertility (Hernes model", " Coale-Trussell models", " parity progression ratios)", " marriage (Singulate Mean at Marriage", " Page model)", " disability (Sullivan's method", " multistate life tables)", " population projections (Lee-Carter model", " the Leslie Matrix)", " and population momentum (Keyfitz).", "uman izurat n tmttant (g tlla tflwit n ussidr", " izurat n gumbirtz", " izurat n imizitn", " izurat n imizitn d yusan n kuks", " tiflwin n ufna\u1e93 iggutn", " ilugitis inassa\u0263n n bras)", " ablulls (izurat n hirni", " izurat n kuwal trussl", " imyassatn n tzzigzt n tsngaddayt)", " agg\u02b7al (singulayt n min g wagg\u02b7al", " azurt n baydj)", " tarsugrt (azurt n li kartr", " matriks lizli) d tdinamit tadimugrafit (kayfitz)." ] }, { "en": "The age-specific fertility rates", "ber": " the annual number of live births per 1", "null": [ "000 women in particular age groups (usually age 15\u201319", " 20-24 etc.)", "as\u0263l n ublulls i uwatay", " u\u1e6d\u1e6dun asg\u02b7san n tlalitin iddrn i 1", "000 n tm\u1e6d\u1e6du\u1e0dt g trubba n uwatay i\u1e93lin (g tmyurt sg 15 ar 19", " 20 ar 24 n usgg\u02b7as", " itsitira.)" ] }, { "en": "The expectation of life (or life expectancy)", "ber": " the number of years that an individual at a given age could expect to live at present mortality levels.", "null": [ "anaruz n tidrt ( n\u0263 asirm n tudrt)", " u\u1e6d\u1e6dun n isgg\u02b7asn lli s ittqql kra n yan g yan uwatay ittufkan ad tn iddr g uswir n imttant tamirant." ] }, { "en": "A stationary population", "ber": " one that is both stable and unchanging in size (the difference between crude birth rate and crude death rate is zero).", "null": [ "yan ugdud ur ittmussun", " g ur ttnfal tilld tqqim tg timntit (amzaray gr us\u0263l amsari tlalitin d us\u0263l amsari n tmttant iga amya)." ] }, { "en": "Note that the crude death rate as defined above and applied to a whole population can give a misleading impression.", "ber": "ilaq ad nzmmem is d as\u0263l amsari n tmttant imkinna ittusnml d ittuskr i ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba yan ugdud i\u0263iy ad izgl." }, { "en": "Individuals who change their ethnic self-labels or whose ethnic classification in government statistics changes over time may be thought of as migrating or moving from one population subcategory to another.", "ber": "mddn lli isnfaln tacnyalt nnsn n itniya n\u0263 lli g ttnfal usmyanaw itniy g usi\u1e0d anbba\u1e0d akd wakud \u0263iyn ad ittuqqddrn amm mddn izugn n\u0263 izrin sg yat trabbut n ugdud \u0263r tayya\u1e0d." }, { "en": "The figure in this section shows the latest (2004) UN projections of world population out to the year 2150 (red = high", "ber": " orange = medium", "null": [ " green = low).", "unug n wayyaw a da immal iskkitn ima\u1e0dlann n ugdud (2004) n tmaddast n wamunn imunn ar asgg\u02b7as n 2150 (azgg\u02b7a\u0263 = yuli", " alccini = anammas", " azgzaw = amudrus)." ] }, { "en": "Mortality is the study of the causes", "ber": " consequences", "null": [ " and measurement of processes affecting death to members of the population.", "tamttnt d tazrawt n tmntilin", " n tlkamin d us\u0263l n tziggzt lli itt\u1e6d\u1e6dasn lmut n igmamn n ugdud." ] }, { "en": "Migration researchers do not designate movements 'migrations' unless they are somewhat permanent.", "ber": "imrza \u0263f uzwag ur da snumuln imussutn amm izwagn xs mk gan ima\u0263laln." }, { "en": "Demography is today widely taught in many universities across the world", "ber": " attracting students with initial training in social sciences", "null": [ " statistics or health studies.", "ttuttuslm tdimugrafit ass a bahra g kigan n tsdawitin n uma\u1e0dal imda", " ar tlldi inlmadn lli isskrn asmuttg amnzu g tussniwin tinamunin", " g usu\u1e0dn n\u0263 g tussniwin n tdusi." ] }, { "en": "In this respect", "ber": " one can see information science as a response to technological determinism", "null": [ " the belief that technology develops by its own laws", " that it realizes its own potential", " limited only by the material resources available and the creativity of its developers.", "g usatal a", " n\u0263iy ad nini is tga tussna n un\u0263mis amm tmrarut i ditirminizm atiknuluji", " tawant is d tatiknulujit da tssgma islgnn nns", " ar tsllwu tazmrt nns", " ittuswttan \u0263as n isugan inmttitn lli illan d usnulfu n imsbu\u0263lutn nns." ] }, { "en": "It is concerned with that body of knowledge relating to the origination", "ber": " collection", "null": [ " organization", " storage", " retrieval", " interpretation", " transmission", " transformation", " and utilization of information.", "ar tt ittawi g tuggt n tussniwin iqqn \u0263r tskrawt n tumlitin", " s ussuds nnsnt", " asmuttr nnsnt", " a\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du nnsnt", " asdwl nnsnt", " asmatty nnsnt", " asnfl nnsnt d usmrs nnsnt." ] }, { "en": "This is especially true when related to the concept developed by A. I. Mikhailov and other Soviet authors in the mid-1960s.", "ber": "i\u1e63\u1e25a uynna s tfrist i\u1e93lin ig ya\u0263ul wawal xf urmmus nna isrs mass mixayluf d imskarn wiyya\u1e0d isufyatiyn g uzgn 1960 n tlalit." }, { "en": "Definitions reliant on the nature of the tools used for deriving meaningful information from data are emerging in Informatics academic programs.", "ber": "ar d ittuman g i\u0263awasn igadimiyin n tasnmalayt isnmln ibddan xf twnna\u1e0dt n imissn ittuswurin ttaf ad taw\u1e0dt \u0263r tumlitin \u0263r tlla t\u0263ara n tsummal." }, { "en": "It can be used to reason about the entities within that domain and may be used to describe the domain.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad ittusmras g ussn\u1e93i n imiltin illan yigr ad d i\u0263y ad ittusmras awd g usnml n yigr." }, { "en": "Traditionally", "ber": " their work has been with print materials", "null": [ " but these skills are being increasingly used with electronic", " visual", " audio", " and digital materials.", "g umyiran", " tkka tt inn twuri nnsn iqqn \u0263r tmttiwin ittusn\u0263aln", " macan tifakkas ad da ttusmrasnt cigan d tmttiwin tilk\u1e6d\u1e5buniyin", " im\u1e93\u1e5bi", " amsli", " d tmttiwin tma\u1e6d\u1e6dunin." ] }, { "en": "Institutionally", "ber": " information science emerged in the 19th century along with many other social science disciplines.", "null": [ "g uswir n tmrsal", " tuman d tussna n tsnmslit g tsuta tiss 19 idis n cigan n wayyawn n tmassanin tinamunin ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "In 1731", "ber": " Benjamin Franklin established the Library Company of Philadelphia", "null": [ " the first library owned by a group of public citizens", " which quickly expanded beyond the realm of books and became a center of scientific experiment", " and which hosted public exhibitions of scientific experiments.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1731", " isskr bnyamin f\u1e5banklin tamsusrt n tinidlisn filadilfiya", " tga tasdlist tamzwarut llan tuggt n inamurn igdudann", " nna iqqurn fsa\u025b \u0263r iwrinni yigr n idlisn t\u0263ul d ammas n tirmitin timassanin", " nna isnmalan isfsrn igdudann n trmitin timassanin." ] }, { "en": "In 1801", "ber": " Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a punched card system to control operations of the cloth weaving loom in France.", "null": [ "g 1801", " juzif mari jakward isnulfa d yan unagraw n tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin ig\u02b7ban \u1e25ma ad \u1e0dufnt timskrin n tazzult n u\u1e93\u1e6d\u1e6da g fransa." ] }, { "en": "By 1843 Richard Hoe developed the rotary press", "ber": " and in 1844 Samuel Morse sent the first public telegraph message.", "null": [ "g 1843", " isbu\u0263la rutcar hu ta\u0263msa ittn\u1e0dn", " d g 1844", " yuzn samwil murs tabrat tatiligrafit tamzwarut tagdudant." ] }, { "en": "In 1860 a congress was held at Karlsruhe Technische Hochschule to discuss the feasibility of establishing a systematic and rational nomenclature for chemistry.", "ber": "g 1860", "null": [ " ittuga yan ugraw g tinml tamatayt n karls\u0263u \u1e25ma ad yili wawal \u0263f is iml ad ittug yan umawal asistimatik d umnlli i tkimikt." ] }, { "en": "The following year the Royal Society began publication of its Catalogue of Papers in London.", "ber": "g usgg\u02b7as am\u1e0dfa\u1e5b", "null": [ " tssuf\u0263 tmdrawt tagldant talgamt n twriqin g lundun." ] }, { "en": "Many information science historians cite Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine as the fathers of information science with the founding of the International Institute of Bibliography (IIB) in 1895.", "ber": "kigan n aimzarayn n tussniwin n in\u0263misn da bddrn bul utlit d hunri lafuntin is gan ibabatn n tussna n in\u0263misn akd tmaddast n tmrslt tagra\u0263lant n tbiblyugrafit (iib) g 1895." }, { "en": "Documentalists emphasized the utilitarian integration of technology and technique toward specific social goals.", "ber": "ssidedn imssntamn \u0263f usidf ub\u0263ir n tiknulujit d tiknikt \u0263r iwttasn inamunn i\u1e93lin." }, { "en": "Otlet and Lafontaine established numerous organizations dedicated to standardization", "ber": " bibliography", "null": [ " international associations", " and consequently", " international cooperation.", "isnulfa utli d lafuntin kigan n tmaddasin ittugan i usmsasa", " i tbiblyugrafit", " i tmsmunin tigra\u0263lanin d", " s tlkamt", " i umyawas agra\u0263lan." ] }, { "en": "This collection involved standardized paper sheets and cards filed in custom-designed cabinets according to a hierarchical index (which culled information worldwide from diverse sources) and a commercial information retrieval service (which answered written requests by copying relevant information from index cards).", "ber": "tuma trbi\u025bt a tiwriqin d tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin n lki\u0263\u1e0d imsasan ttusrsnt g iklassurn ittugan \u0263f us\u0263l g u\u1e0dfa\u1e5b n uskin taratubi (lli ismattrn in\u0263misn d iddan sg isugam imyanawn g uma\u1e0dal imda) d tnufa n urzzu n un\u0263mis n tsbbabt (lli iruran \u0263f isuturn ittyaran s usn\u0263l n in\u0263misn umsisn n tifrt)." }, { "en": "Additionally", "ber": " traditional boundaries among disciplines began to fade and many information science scholars joined with other programs.", "null": [ "uggar", " iwtta imyurann gr i\u1e93lan ssntan da nttln d kigan n imrza g tmassanin n un\u0263mis ddan s wiyya\u1e0d i\u0263awasn." ] }, { "en": "The 1980s also saw the emergence of numerous special interest groups to respond to the changes.", "ber": "awd g isgg\u02b7asn n 1980 ulint d kigan n trubba ilan tanafut tanamunt \u1e25ma ad rarn n isnfln." }, { "en": "Zhang", "ber": " B.", "null": [ " Semenov", " A.", " Vos", " M. and Veijlainen", " J. (2014).", "zhang", " b.", " siminuf", " a.", " bus", " m", " d bijlaynen", " j. (2014)" ] }, { "en": "Sharing through social media has become so influential that publishers must play nice if they desire to succeed.", "ber": "b\u1e6d\u1e6du n isn\u0263msn inamun ya\u0263ul ila tasurt allig d iqqn im\u1e93\u1e5bagn ad urarn n tytti mk ran ad mursn." }, { "en": "It is for this reason that these networks have been realized for the potential they provide. ", "ber": "\u201cs tmntilt a s ttusllwan i\u1e93\u1e0dwan a i tzmrt lli yakkan.\u201d\u201d\u201d" }, { "en": "What about assigning privileges and restricting access to unauthorized users?", "ber": "g uynna i\u1e93lin s tikki n limtiyazat n usfn\u1e93 n ukccum i imssmrsn lli ur ilin turagt." }, { "en": "It is an emerging discipline and community of practice focused on bringing together principles of design and architecture to the digital landscape.", "ber": "iga yan i\u1e93li d ittalin d yat tgrbazt n tmskrin isgumn \u0263f umyadas n imnzayn n us\u0263iws n tmsagda n usanay amu\u1e6d\u1e6dun." }, { "en": "Automated information retrieval systems are used to reduce what has been called information overload.", "ber": "inagrawn utumatikn n urzzu n usn\u0263ms ttusmrsn g ufna\u1e93 n uynna mi nttini abrtkkur n usn\u0263ms." }, { "en": "An information retrieval process begins when a user enters a query into the system.", "ber": "taziggzt n usgnfi n usn\u0263ms da issntay kudnna iskcm umssrms yan urzzu g unagraw" }, { "en": "Instead", "ber": " several objects may match the query", "null": [ " perhaps with different degrees of relevancy.", "g ud\u0263ar n uya", " kigan n iskkinn \u0263iyn ad msagarn akd urzzu", " \u025bni\u0263 akd tsk\u02b7fal imyanawn n tumsist." ] }, { "en": "Depending on the application the data objects may be", "ber": " for example", "null": [ " text documents", " images", " audio", " mind maps or videos.", "imkinna illan g tsnsi", " iskkin n isfka \u0263iyn", " s umdya", " arratn igan i\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63n", " iwlafn", " ifaylutn imslitn", " tika\u1e5b\u1e0diwin tiwngimin n\u0263 ifidyutn." ] }, { "en": "Information seeking is related to", "ber": " but different from", "null": [ " information retrieval (IR).", "arzzu \u0263f usn\u0263ms iqqn n urzzu n usn\u0263ms (di)", " maca imzaray d wa." ] }, { "en": "Logic is used to supply formal semantics of how reasoning functions should be applied to the symbols in the KR system.", "ber": "tettusmrs tm\u1e93la \u1e25ma ad tfk anamk al\u0263an i tbridt lli s d iqqn tis\u0263wan n usnlli ad sis ttuskrn i ikbabn g unagraw ka ir." }, { "en": "It was also a common belief that natural disasters such as famine and flood were divine retributions bearing signs of Heaven's displeasure with the ruler", "ber": " so there would often be revolts following major disasters as the people saw these calamities as signs that the Mandate of Heaven had been withdrawn.", "null": [ "iga awd a\u0263al iccarn is d tiwa\u0263itin tigamanin amm buhyyuf d ingayn gan izmaz inakucn yusin timatardain n u\u0263iluf n yignna akd ugllid", " ihi rad aha ilint tgrawliwin \u1e0da\u1e5bt twa\u0263itin tixatarin acku da ttannyn mddn g twa\u0263itin a timatarin s wukus n tmlla n ignwan." ] }, { "en": "The concept is in some ways similar to the European concept of the divine right of kings; however", "ber": " unlike the European concept", "null": [ " it does not confer an unconditional right to rule.", "irwas ak\u02b7 s imik urmmus armmus n u\u1e5bubba n uzrf akucan n igllidn; maca", " g tnmgla n urmmus n u\u1e5bubba", " ur da yakka yan uzrf war tifadiwin n unnb\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "The Mandate of Heaven was often invoked by philosophers and scholars in China as a way to curtail the abuse of power by the ruler", "ber": " in a system that had few other checks.", "null": [ "tanba\u1e0dt n ignwan ar tettubdar kigan \u0263ur ifilusufn d imusnawn n ccinwa amm wallal n uswuttu n gar adabu s\u0263ur ugllidn g unagraw lli ilan tiyya\u1e0d ti\u1e0daf." ] }, { "en": "Notably", "ber": " the dynasty lasted for a considerable time during which 31 kings ruled over an extended period of 17 generations.", "null": [ "s lawan ak\u02b7", " taglda tkka yan uzmz axatar lli g innb\u1e0d 31 n ugllid s ta\u0263zi n 17 n tsuta." ] }, { "en": "As time went on", "ber": " however", "null": [ " the rulers' abuse of the other social classes led to social unrest and instability.", "g ta\u0263zi n wakud", " maca", " id gar n imssugurn s wiyya\u1e0d iklasn inamunn iwin s imrwayn inamamunn d tararggig." ] }, { "en": "They created the Mandate of Heaven to explain their right to assume rule and presumed that the only way to hold the mandate was to rule well in the eyes of Heaven.", "ber": "snulfan d tanba\u1e0dt n ignwan \u1e25ma ad ssfrun azrf nnsn g wamma\u1e93 n uslgn iwa \u0263aln is d ta\u0263arast tawlawalt n wu\u1e6duf n tnba\u1e0dt iga tt annb\u1e0d s ti\u1e6d\u1e6dawin n yignna." }, { "en": "However", "ber": " in order to appease some of the citizens", "null": [ " they allowed some Shang beneficiaries to continue governing their small kingdoms in compliance with Zhou rules and regulations.", "maca", " \u1e25ma ad hddnn kra n inmuran", " ujjan idsn imnafutn n cang ad ndhn tigldawin nnsn m\u1e93\u1e93iynin s uwqqr n islgnn d isu\u1e0daf n zhu." ] }, { "en": "They also excelled in shipbuilding", "ber": " which", "null": [ " coupled with their discovery of celestial navigation", " made them excellent mariners.", "\u0263udan awd g u\u1e63ku a\u0263rban", " lli", " imunn d twafitin nnsn i tb\u1e25riyt tagnwant", " ayylli tn yujjan ad gn ib\u1e25riyn imufayn." ] }, { "en": "Most of these works are commentaries on the progress and political movement of the dynasty.", "ber": "amata g twuriwin gan i\u0263fawaln g usbu\u0263lu n umussu asrtan n tgldit." }, { "en": "Their works primarily stressed the importance of the ruling class", "ber": " respect", "null": [ " and their relationship with the lower class.", "zrirignt twuriwin nnsn tixxitrt n uklas amssugur", " awqqr", " d tsqqan akd uklas amazdar." ] }, { "en": "Within these districts were administrators who were appointed by the government", "ber": " in return", "null": [ " they had to maintain their allegiance to the main internal government.", "g wammas n tsgg\u02b7in a", " llan imssugurn igan inbba\u1e0dn", " lli d iqqn", " g tu\u0263alin", " ad bay\u025bn tanba\u1e0dt ta!gnsant tadslant." ] }, { "en": "Finally", "ber": " when the Zhou dynasty's power decreased", "null": [ " it was wiped out by the State of Qin", " which believed that the Zhou had become weak and their rule unjust.", "g tigira", " kudnna ifn\u1e93 udabu n tgldit n zhu", " ittusn\u0263uba s\u0263ur uwank n kin", " lli iflsn is d ayt zhu auln gan imudrusn d tnba\u1e0dt nnsn taru\u0263dimt." ] }, { "en": "During this reformation", "ber": " administrative changes were made and a system of legalism was developed which stated that the law is supreme over every individual", "null": [ " including the rulers.", "g tizi n tknnawt ad", " tturnin isnfln imssugurn d ungraw n u\u1e63a\u1e0duf lli izmmemn mas d a\u1e63a\u1e0duf yuti kra iga tt umdan", " g yamu awd unbba\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "The establishment of the Han dynasty marked a great period in China\u2019s history marked by significant changes in the political structure of the country.", "ber": ".tga tizi n usbd n tawja n han yat tizi takswat g umruy n ccinwa ttu\u1e5bcam s isnfln ixatarn g tl\u0263a tasrtant n tmazirt." }, { "en": "A major purpose was to establish justification for the transference of the Mandate of Heaven through these five dynasties and thus to the Song dynasty.", "ber": "iga uskkin adslan asrrus n in\u1e93atn n ummatty n tm\u1e93layt n yignna sg smmust n tawjiwin ad d \u0263r tdfrt n sung." }, { "en": "They also held considerably more territory than any of the other Chinese states that had existed conterminously in the south.", "ber": "mcinna kkan lla \u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6dun ikaln cigan sg kra iga tt tam\u1e93layt tacinwit ya\u1e0dn lli tt inn ikkan tlla g iffus." }, { "en": "The brutal behavior of Zhu Wen and the Later Liang was a source of considerable embarrassment", "ber": " and thus there was pressure to exclude them from the Mandate.", "null": [ "tkka tt inn tmskirt taramyart sg zhu win d la\u1e6d\u1e5b liyang tga a\u0263balu n udaga\u1e93 axatar", " aynna\u0263 allig tlla yat tassast n wukus nnsn g tma\u1e93layt." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " Kublai Khan was the only indifferent ruler when he claimed the Mandate of Heaven over the Yuan Dynasty since he had a sizable military and was part of the Khitan people", "null": [ " as with many others from the same background since they did not have the same traditions and culture as their Chinese adversaries.", "waxxa d aynna", " ikka tt inn gublay xan iga anbba\u1e0d ka lli tt ur ywin kudna issutr tam\u1e93layt n yignna xf tawja n yuwan sg llig tt inn ikka \u0263urs udfrir axatar ig awd agzzum sg u\u0263rf n lxitan", " mcinna iga waddad d cigan n wiyya\u1e0d sg umkkus icku ur \u0263arsn timyurin immrwasn wla yat n tdlsa zun d imnza\u0263n nnsn icinwiyn." ] }, { "en": "It was solely politics from beginning to end and an attempt from the emperor to maintain a favorable act towards Heaven.", "ber": "tu\u0263a tt day d tasrtit sg tizwuri ar tigira d yat tirmit n umnkad ad i\u1e6d\u1e6df tiggi tumnigt mnidas d yignna." }, { "en": "The Right of Rebellion is not coded into any official law.", "ber": "azrf n t\u0263wwa\u0263t ur ittyara g awdyan uslgn un\u1e63ib." }, { "en": "Since the winner is the one who determines who has obtained the Mandate of Heaven and who has lost it", "ber": " some Chinese scholars consider it to be a sort of Victor's justice", "null": [ " best characterized in the popular Chinese saying The winner becomes king", " the loser becomes outlaw (Chinese: \u201c\u6210\u8005\u7232\u738b\uff0c\u6557\u8005\u7232\u5bc7\u201d).", "sg ma d iga umrnaw walli iswuttan walli yum\u1e93n tanba\u1e0dt n yignna d walli mi tdda", " idsn imusnawn icinwiyn da t tt\u1e25asabn is iga yan wanaw n tzrft n fiktur", " ittu\u1e93layn uggar n wanzi amdnan acnwiy amrnaw itttu\u0263al d agllid", " am\u1e5b\u1e5b\u1e93u ittu\u0263al d amuff\u0263 \u0263f uzrf ( tacinwit: \u201c\u6210\u8005\u7232\u738b\uff0c\u6557\u8005\u7232\u5bc7\u201d)." ] }, { "en": "The kingdom of Silla is also said to be adopted the Mandate of Heaven", "ber": " but the earliest records are from Joseon Dynasty", "null": [ " which made the Mandate of Heaven an enduring state ideology.", "tagldit n sila ittyanna is awd tra ad tasi s tnba\u1e0dt n yignna", " maca arratn imzwura ddan d sg tgldit n djuzyun", " lli isskrn g tnba\u1e0dt n yignna tadyulujit tam\u0263lalt n uwank." ] }, { "en": "The later and more centralized Vietnamese dynasties adopted Confucianism as the state ideology", "ber": " which led to the creation of a Vietnamese tributary system in Southeast Asia that was modeled after the Chinese Sinocentric system in East Asia.", "null": [ "tigldirin n fitnam timggura d tilli bahra isnammsn usint s tkanfucit ad tg tadyulujit n uwank", " aylli yiwin s usnulfu n yan unagraw n isaffn ifitaminiyn g asta nd un\u1e93ul ugmi\u1e0d", " ittuskan \u0263f unagraw anammas acinwiy g asya n ugmu." ] }, { "en": "In later times", "ber": " this need was obviated because the Imperial House of Japan claimed to be descended in an unbroken line from the Japanese sun goddess", "null": [ " Amaterasu.", "g wakudn i\u025b\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e5bn", " ittyakkas wassar a acku tnna taddart tambiryalt n lyaban is d tggz sg yan izririg ur ittbbin n takuct tayabaniyt n tafukt", " amatirasu." ] }, { "en": "Even after the Meiji Restoration in 1868", "ber": " when the emperor was placed back in the center of the political bureaucracy", "null": [ " the throne itself had very little power vis-\u00e0-vis the Meiji oligarchy.", "awd dffir n usmaynu n mayji g 1868", " kudnna ittuga umnkad g wammas n tbirukratit tasrtant", " adabu s i\u0263f nns ila drust n udabu mnid n uligarcya n mayji." ] }, { "en": "Media studies is a discipline and field of study that deals with the content", "ber": " history", "null": [ " and effects of various media; in particular", " the mass media.", "tga tzrawt n usn\u0263ms yan i\u1e93li d yan yigr n tzrawt lli ittmskaln tumayt", " n umzruy d tasurt n isn\u0263msn imyanawn", " s u\u1e93lay isn\u0263msn n igdudn." ] }, { "en": "Media studies in Australia was first developed as an area of study in Victorian universities in the early 1960s", "ber": " and in secondary schools in the mid 1960s.", "null": [ "tizrawin \u0263f isn\u0263msn g ustralya ttusbu\u0263lan zwar amm igran n tzrawin g tsdawitin n fikturya g tizwuri n igg\u02b7asn 1960", " d g tinmal tisinanin ammas n isgg\u02b7asn n 1960." ] }, { "en": "In secondary schools", "ber": " an early film studies course first began being taught as part of the Victorian junior secondary curriculum during the mid 1960s.", "null": [ "g tinmal tisinanin", " tssnata yat tmsirt tamzwarut n tsinimatugrafit ad ttuslmd g usati n i\u0263awasn n tzrawin tisinanin n imir amzwaru ammas n isgg\u02b7asn n 1960." ] }, { "en": "It has since become", "ber": " and continues to be", "null": [ " a strong component of the VCE.", "ya\u0263ul iga", " d isul da ittgga", " yan ufrdis adslan n fi si i." ] }, { "en": "Media studies does not appear to be taught in the state of New South Wales at a secondary level.", "ber": "tizrawin n isn\u0263msn ur irwas is da ttuslmadnt g uswir asinan g uwank n gal tamaynut n un\u1e93ul." }, { "en": "Harold Innis and Marshall McLuhan are famous Canadian scholars for their contributions to the fields of media ecology and political economy in the 20th century.", "ber": "iga haruld inis d marcal makluhan inlmadn isdawann ikanadiyn ittyassnn s umyawas nnsn g ikulijya n usn\u0263ms d g tdamsa tasrtant g tasut tiss 20." }, { "en": "Carleton University and the University of Western Ontario", "ber": " 1945 and 1946 prospectively", "null": [ " created Journalism specific programs or schools.", "tsnulfa tsdawit n karltun d tsdawit n wistirn untaryu", " ku yat g 1945 d 1946", " i\u0263awasn n\u0263 tinmal n usn\u0263ms." ] }, { "en": "Today", "ber": " most universities offer undergraduate degrees in Media and Communication Studies", "null": [ " and many Canadian scholars actively contribute to the field", " among which: Brian Massumi (philosophy", " cultural studies)", " Kim Sawchuk (cultural studies", " feminist", " ageing studies)", " Carrie Rentschler (feminist theory)", " and Fran\u00e7ois Cooren (organizational communication).", "ass a", " amata n tsdawitin da yakkant islkinn n imir amzwaru g tzrawin n usn\u0263ms d umyawa\u1e0d", " d kigan n tsdawitin n kanada da ttumunt g yigr a", " ingrasn: brayan masumi (afilusuf", " tizrawin tidlsanin)", " kim sawcuk (tizrawin tidlsanin", " tizrawin tuntitin", " tizrawin \u0263f tawsr)", " kari rintcr (ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt tuntit) d frunswa kurin (amyawa\u1e0d asdusan)." ] }, { "en": "A medium is anything that mediates our interaction with the world or other humans.", "ber": "anammas d aynna ak\u02b7 isslmadn tamya\u0263t nn\u0263 akd uma\u1e0dal d wiyya\u1e0d ifgann." }, { "en": "McLuhan says that the \u201ctechnique of fragmentation that is the essence of machine technology\u201d shaped the restructuring of human work and association and \u201cthe essence of automation technology is the opposite\u201d.", "ber": "issided mkluhan tatiknulujit n usfrz n tumast n tiknulujit n tmacinin tsil\u0263 allas n usku n twuri tanfgant d tin tmsmunt d is tga tumast n tiknulujit n u\u1e6dumatik tanmgalt." }, { "en": "The characteristic of all media means the \u201ccontent\u201d of any medium is always another medium.", "ber": "tam\u1e93layt n ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba isn\u0263msn tsnamk is d tumayt n kra akk\u02b7 n takkalt tga aha tayya\u1e0d takkalt." }, { "en": "If the electric light is used for Friday night football or to light up your desk you could argue that the content of the electric light is these activities.", "ber": "mg iga usid am\u1e93\u1e93a\u1e5bu\u1e5b da ittusmras i twjja n u\u1e0da\u1e5b g yi\u1e0d n usimwas n\u0263 i ussid n usira nnk t\u0263id ad tinid han tumayt n usidd n um\u1e93\u1e93a\u1e5bu\u1e5b gan tt tilal ad." }, { "en": "It is not until the electric light is used to spell a brand name that it is recognized as medium.", "ber": "ur d ar d ittusmras usid am\u1e93\u1e93a\u1e5bu\u1e5b i ugmmay n yism n tmatart n tsbbabt lli ra ittwassn mas tga tanammast." }, { "en": "The effect of the medium is made strong because it is given another media \u201ccontent\u201d.", "ber": "ar ittu\u0263ul u\u1e0du\u1e63 n imiss idus acku ar yakka amana\u1e0d ya\u1e0dn iimzdayn n usn\u0263ms." }, { "en": "Hot media are low in participation and cool media are high in participation.", "ber": "imassn n usn\u0263ms ir\u0263an agguzn g udraw d ingran n usn\u0263ms i\u0263udan yutin g tdrawt." }, { "en": "Communication University of China", "ber": " formerly known as the Beijing Broadcasting Institute", "null": [ " that dates back to 1954.", "tasdawit n usawa\u1e0d g ccinw", " ittwassn g mad izrin s yism n usinag n uzuzzr g bbikin", " nna mi ittu\u0263ul umzruy nnsn \u0263r usgg\u02b7as n 1954." ] }, { "en": "Bourdieu's analysis is that television provides far less autonomy", "ber": " or freedom", "null": [ " than we think.", "a\u1e63la\u1e0d n burdyu iga t mas d tlifizyun da yakka tasimant ", " n\u0263 tilelli", " uggar n uynna n tti\u0263il." ] }, { "en": "Within the field of Film Studies", "ber": " again", "null": [ " both Frankfurt and Berlin were dominant in the development of new perspectives on moving image media.", "g yigr n tzrawin n ssinima", " tikklt ya\u1e0dn", " tkka tt inn g frankfurt d brlin akk\u02b7 ayd issutln xf tngmi tamaynut n ungrann n usn\u0263ms n twlaft ittmussun." ] }, { "en": "One of the early publications in this new direction is a volume edited by Helmut Kreuzer", "ber": " Literature Studies - Media Studies (Literaturwissenschaft \u2013 Medienwissenschaft)", "null": [ " which summarizes the presentations given at the D\u00fcsseldorfer Germanistentag 1976.", "yat sg t\u1e93\u1e5bigin timzwura ittwanfln g tnila ad tamaynut iga t uksay nna yura hilmut kryuzr", " tizrawin n tskla - tizrawin n usn\u0263ms (Literaturwissenschaft \u2013 Medienwissenschaft)", " nns izzgzln ismnidn g ts\u0263nt D\u00fcsseldorfer Germanistentag g usgg\u02b7as n 1976." ] }, { "en": "The German Institute for Media and Communication Policy", "ber": " founded in 2005 by media scholar Lutz Hachmeister", "null": [ " is one of the few independent research institutions that is dedicated to issues surrounding media and communications policies.", "asinag alalmaniy i tsrtit n usn\u0263ms d umsawa\u1e0d", " nna isskarn g 2005 umusnaw n usn\u0263ms lutrz hacmistr", " iga yan sg tmrsalin n irzzutn tisimaninidrusn illan \u0263as iskkin issutln i imassn n usn\u0263ms d tsrtitin n usawa\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Medienwissenschaften is currently one of the most popular courses of study at universities in Germany", "ber": " with many applicants mistakenly assuming that studying it will automatically lead to a career in TV or other media.", "null": [ "tag Medienwissenschaften d\u0263i yat sg cigan n tsutal tizrawanin tigdudanin g tsdawtin g lalman", " acku issurdan cgan n imsnakdn tazglt n mas tazrawt nns rad tawi nnican \u0263r tazzult g ttilifzyun n\u0263 imassn n usn\u0263ms ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "It offers a five-year integrated programme and a two-year programme in Electronic Media.", "ber": "ar d ttawi asmnid n i\u0263awasn ismdn s tizin smmus n isgg\u02b7asn d yan uhil n sin isgg\u02b7asn g yigr n ingran n usn\u0263ms ilik\u1e6d\u1e5buniyn." }, { "en": "Whereas communication sciences focuses on the way people communicate", "ber": " be it mediated or unmediated", "null": [ " media studies tends to narrow the communication down to just mediated communication.", "macan timassanin n umsawa\u1e0d tbdda xf trna nna s ttmyawa\u1e0dn middn ", " swa tga tangarnt n\u0263 ur tt akk\u02b7 tgi", " tizrawin n usn\u0263ms ar tettawi \u0263r asnyumu n umsawa\u1e0d ar d ig amsawa angar day." ] }, { "en": "Communication sciences (or a derivative thereof) can be studied at Erasmus University Rotterdam", "ber": " Radboud University", "null": [ " Tilburg University", " University of Amsterdam", " University of Groningen", " University of Twente", " Roosevelt Academy", " University of Utrecht", " VU University Amsterdam and Wageningen University and Research Centre.", "i\u0263i ad ttug tzrawt i tmassanin n umsawa\u1e0d (n\u0263 inafu\u0263n sg digs) g tsdawit n irasmus g \u1e5butrdam", " tasdwit n radbud", " tasdawit n tilburg", " tasdawit n amstirdam", " tasdawit n gruningn", " tasdawit n twinti", " tagadimit n \u1e5buzflt", " tasdawit n urtixt", " tasdawut n fuw g amstirdam d tsadawit n wagningn d wammas n irzzutn." ] }, { "en": "University of the Punjab Lahore is the oldest department.", "ber": "tga tsdawit n bunjab lahur t\u1e93uni tazaykut." }, { "en": "Media Studies is now taught all over the UK.", "ber": "tazrawt n usn\u0263ms la ttu\u0263ra d\u0263i dg cigan n id\u0263arn g tgldit imunn" }, { "en": "However", "ber": " the focus of such programs sometimes excludes certain media\u2014film", "null": [ " book publishing", " video games", " etc.", "waxxa d aynna", " han ibddi n i\u0263awasn ad da issuggug ca n tikkal kra n imassn n usn\u0263ms - ifilmn", " t\u1e93\u1e5bigt n idlisn", " trurain n ifidyutn", " d wuggar." ] }, { "en": "This is partly thanks to the acquisition of Professor Siva Vaidhyanathan", "ber": " a cultural historian and media scholar", "null": [ " as well as the Inaugural Verklin Media Policy and Ethics Conference", " endowed by the CEO of Canoe Ventures and UVA alumnus David Verklin.", "ar ittu\u0263ul lf\u1e0dl n uynna yan cwi \u0263r um\u025ban n uslamd sifa faydyanatan", " igan anmzruy adlsan d umusnaw n usn\u0263ms", " awd sg unmuggar firklin n u\u1e5b\u1e93\u1e93um n i tsrtitin d t\u0263ariwin g yigr n usn\u0263ms", " nna yuwca unssixf amzzgir n tmsusrt kanu finturis d unafu\u0263 n tsdawit n kalifurniyadafid firklin." ] }, { "en": "A media studies major at Radford still means someone concentrating on journalism", "ber": " broadcasting", "null": [ " advertising or Web production.)", "tugt n tzrawin tinm\u0263asi timqqranin g radfurd tsnamk aha kra n yan lli isnammasn \u0263f t\u0263msa ", " awuwwr n unwzay", " asussn n\u0263 asyafu wib.)" ] }, { "en": "Bergson contrasted an open society with what he called a closed society", "ber": " a closed system of law", "null": [ " morality or religion.", "da ismnagal birgsun aun i\u1e5b\u1e93mn akd uynna mi ittini amun iqqnn", " yan unagraw iqqn n uzrf", " n t\u0263ara n\u0263 n usgd." ] }, { "en": "Soros", "ber": " George", "null": [ " The Age of Fallibility", " Public Affairs (2006).", "surus", " jurj'''' azmz n izggaln", "'''' ti\u0263awsiwin tizayzin (2006)." ] }, { "en": "Totalitarianism forced knowledge to become political which made critical thinking impossible and led to the destruction of knowledge in totalitarian countries.", "ber": "tbzzez t\u1e6du\u1e6dalitarit tussna ad tu\u0263al d tasrtit; aylli iruran tawngimt tasrtant d awz\u0263i yawi s uxllu n tussna g tmizar n \u1e6du\u1e6dali\u1e6darya." }, { "en": "In the closed society", "ber": " claims to certain knowledge and ultimate truth lead to the attempted imposition of one version of reality.", "null": [ "n wa", "un iqqnn", " ifukkal n idsnt tussniwin d i tidt tamatut ittawi s tirmit n ubzzez n yat tamzarayt n tilawt." ] }, { "en": "Because the electorate's perception of reality can easily be manipulated", "ber": " democratic political discourse does not necessarily lead to a better understanding of reality.", "null": [ "acku tawalit n tilawt n willi sttinin t\u0263iy ad ttuqddc s tlm\u1e0di; inaw asrtan adimukrati ur da ittawi s i\u0263nan s urmas amufay n tilawt." ] }, { "en": "Popper however", "ber": " did not identify the open society either with democracy or with capitalism or a laissez-faire economy", "null": [ " but rather with a critical frame of mind on the part of the individual", " in the face of communal group think of whatever kind.", "maca", " ur ismun bubr amun i\u1e5b\u1e93mn akd tdimukratit nf akd tadgart n\u0263 yat tdamsa n ajj-sskr", " maca akd yan waddad n unlli anz\u0263an n umur n wuggid; mnid n uswngm n trbi\u025bt tanamunt s kra n tbridt." ] }, { "en": "Regulatory colleges are legal entities charged with serving the public interest by regulating the practice of a profession.", "ber": "tana\u1e0din n uslgn gant iskkinn uzrifn ittukllfn s uswuri n tnafut tazayzt s uslgn n tmskrt n kra n tazzult." }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " no worker in Ontario may work in a compulsory trade without membership in the Ontario College of Trades.", "null": [ "s umdya", " awdyan umswuri g untaryu ur i\u0263iy ad isskr tazzult n i\u0263nan bla ad ig agmam g unmala n tazzulin n untaryu." ] }, { "en": "For Weber", "ber": " sociology is the study of society and behavior and must therefore look at the heart of interaction.", "null": [ "\u0263ur wibr", " tga tsusyulugit tazrawt n wamun d u\u1e63ni\u025b iwa iqqn tt nn ad tknu s wul n tmya\u0263t." ] }, { "en": "The term is more practical and encompassing than Florian Znaniecki's social phenomena", "ber": " since the individual performing social action is not passive", "null": [ " but rather active and reactive.", "''taguri tga tusnist uggar ar tsmun ''tumanin tinamunin''", " sg ma d ur igi wuggid lli izzgirn tigawt tanamunt uwdir", " aca umnig d wallas umnig.''" ] }, { "en": "This is also considered alternative means when secondary consequences have ended.", "ber": "ittu\u1e25asb awd uya amm kra n wallal n usnfl kudnna smdnt tlkamin tisinanin." }, { "en": "If the student chooses not to do well in college", "ber": " they know that it will be difficult to get into law school and ultimately achieve the goal of being a lawyer.", "null": [ "mk ifrn unlmad ad ur imurs g usunan n usmutttg", " issn is as imray ad ikcm n tsdawit n izrfan; ad yaw\u1e0d awttas n ad ig amstan." ] }, { "en": "Value Relation is divided into the subgroups commands and demands.", "ber": "amyassa n tindi ittub\u1e0da \u0263f ddaw-trubba n usutr d n tutriwin." }, { "en": "These demands have posed several problems even legal formalism has been put to the test.", "ber": "tutriwin a srsnt kigan n imukrisn", "null": [ " awd a\u1e93\u1e5basil\u0263 uzrif ikka afus." ] }, { "en": "To the extent that there are many religious firms competing against each other", "ber": " they will tend to specialize and cater to the particular needs of some segments of religious consumers.", "null": [ "g waddad mani tt\u1e25izwarnt kigan n tmssntay tisgdanin", " da ttu\u0263alnt d tim\u1e93lay ad rarnt \u0263f isqsitn i\u1e93lin n idsn icttuyn n insmurn isgdan." ] }, { "en": "It is well known that strict churches are strong and growing in the contemporary United States", "ber": " whereas liberal ones are declining.", "null": [ "ittyassn mli\u1e25 is dusnt tfacgiwin tid\u0263riyin ar ttgidiynt g iwunak imunn itrarn", " kudnna ttggwn ilelliyn." ] }, { "en": "Affectual action (also known as emotional actions): actions which are taken due to 'one's emotions", "ber": " to express personal feelings.", "null": [ "tigawt tanfrakt (ittwassn altu s yism n twuriwin tufrayi): iga tawuri nna ittwasayn s umntil tufrayin n bnadm", " ttaf ad isiwl xf isyafatn nns udmawann." ] }, { "en": "In uncontrolled reaction there is no restraint and there is lack of discretion.", "ber": "g trarit n tigawt ur imsasan ur illi kra n wu\u0263un wla kra n ussitg." }, { "en": "When aspirations are not fulfilled there is internal unrest.", "ber": "kudnna ur ttyaw\u1e0dnt tmxsa ar ttilin kra n irwayn ignsann." }, { "en": "A common example is behavioral and rational choice assumptions.", "ber": "sg imdyatn ittyassan tudriwin n ustay u\u1e63in\u025b d inlli." }, { "en": "These six concepts were identified by Aristotle and are still the topic of several talks.", "ber": "i\u1e93ly a\u1e5bis\u1e6du ayad n \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63 n irmmusn nna isuln gan asntl n cigan ismsawaln." }, { "en": "Micrological theories of economy consider acts of a group of individuals.", "ber": "ar ttannaynt tu\u1e93\u1e5bitin timik\u1e5bulujyin n tdamsa g imyagn n tuggt n wudmawn." }, { "en": "By doing this it causes providers to be competitive and therefore creates order in the economy.", "ber": "d s uynna ar d ttawi ad gn imsnkdn n tnafudtin im\u1e93i\u1e0d\u1e5bn i t\u0263nnant d ar tskar assuds g tdamsa." }, { "en": "Rational choice theory although increasingly colonized by economist", "ber": " it does differ from microeconomic conceptions.", "null": [ "tu\u1e93\u1e5bit n ustay anlliy waxxa ttusdurry s tl\u0263a ittrnayn sg imsdmsan", " macan tngara xf irmmusn n tdamsa tagzmant." ] }, { "en": "Traditional actions: actions which are carried out due to tradition", "ber": " because they are always carried out in a particular manner for certain situations.", "null": [ "tiggitin tiqqburin: gant tiggitin nna ittuzzgirn s tmyurin", " acku gant bdda ttuzzgirnt s kra n tbdit akk\u02b7 matta nttat d kra n waddadn mtta nttni." ] }, { "en": "A custom is a practice that rests among familiarity.", "ber": "azrf iga tiggitin ibddan xf takatin." }, { "en": "A habit is a series of steps learned gradually and sometimes without conscious awareness.", "ber": "tga tmyurt yan usddi n tsurifin ittumsb\u0263rn yu\u1e93e\u1e93n d kra n tikkal bla asfrk n ufrak." }, { "en": "The idea of Cooley's looking glass self is that our sense of self develops as we observe and reflect upon others and what they may think of our actions.", "ber": "tawngimt n ntta s iman nns g jjaj n kluni tga is da ittbu\u0263lu ufrak nn\u0263 kudnna da nsni\u0263is ar nswingim \u0263f wiyya\u1e0d d uylli s \u0263iyn ad t swingmn \u0263f tigawin nn\u0263." }, { "en": "Social capital is the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society", "ber": " enabling that society to function effectively.", "null": [ "aytli anamun iga a\u1e93\u1e6d\u1e6da n tuqqniwin ngr middn nna iddrn ar swurin g yan wamun", " nna as yakkan i wamun nna ad iswuri s ti\u1e5bwi." ] }, { "en": "In the first half of the 19th century", "ber": " de Tocqueville had observations about American life that seemed to outline and define social capital.", "null": [ "g uzgn amzwaru n tusuta tiss19", " ikka tt inn \u0263ur \u1e6dukfil kra n tannayin xf tudrt tamirikaniyt nna yuman is da tswuttu takz aytli anamun." ] }, { "en": "The community as a whole will benefit by the cooperation of all its parts", "ber": " while the individual will find in his associations the advantages of the help", "null": [ " the sympathy", " and the fellowship of his neighbours.", "ar issbas waum kullut g umyawas n ikaba\u1e5bn nns kullu", " macan ar nn ittafa bnadm g tzl\u0263iwin nns tib\u0263urin n twisi", " ta\u0263usi", " d tiddukla sg waddja\u1e5bn nns." ] }, { "en": "In the words of Stein (1960:1): The price for maintaining a society that encourages cultural differentiation and experimentation is unquestionably the acceptance of a certain amount of disorganization on both the individual and social level.", "ber": "g wawal n stayn (1960:1): iga watig n u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n yan wamun da ssb\u0263asn ab\u1e6d\u1e6du d undal adlsan iga blan turda anct n war assuds xf sin iswirn amyiwn d wamun." }, { "en": "All of these reflections contributed remarkably to the development of the social capital concept in the following decades.", "ber": "uwsn kullu iswingimn ad yan yiws ittu\u1e5bcamn g tngmi n udgar anamun g isgg\u02b7asn ad imggura." }, { "en": "Robert D. Putnam (1993) suggested that social capital would facilitate co-operation and mutually supportive relations in communities and nations and would therefore be a valuable means of combating many of the social disorders inherent in modern societies", "ber": " for example crime.", "null": [ "i\u0263ts \u1e5bubirt di butnam (1993) is d adgar anamun i\u0263y ad issuhn g umyawas d tuqqniwin ittusmkln g wamunn d tmttiwin d rad ig yat tbridt i\u0263udan g usbddi n cigan n imrwayn inamunn iwtn s i\u1e93uran g wamunn itrarn", " zun d abkka\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Nan Lin's concept of social capital has a more individualistic approach: Investment in social relations with expected returns in the marketplace.", "ber": "iga urmmus n nan lin i udgar anamun ittyasn s tmyadast tayant cigan:tasarwa g tuqqniwin tinamunin ittudman g usgdz." }, { "en": "The term capital is used by analogy with other forms of economic capital", "ber": " as social capital is argued to have similar (although less measurable) benefits.", "null": [ "ar ittusmras yirm n udgar s tulut d tal\u0263iwin ya\u1e0dn n idgarn idmsasnn", " acku ar ittwa\u0263al mas dadgar anamun \u0263ars tiyafutin immrwasn (waxxa ur uw\u1e0dn aswir n us\u0263al)." ] }, { "en": "Robison", "ber": " Schmid", "null": [ " and Siles (2002) reviewed various definitions of social capital and concluded that many did not satisfy the formal requirement of a definition.", "\u1e5bubisu", " scmid", " d silis (2002) a\u0263uln isnmln ingaran n udgar anamun ff\u0263n s blli cigan nnsnt ur digsnt smdn tfadiwin tun\u1e63ibin n usnml." ] }, { "en": "They propose that social capital be defined as sympathy: the object of another's sympathy has social capital; those who have sympathy for others provide social capital.", "ber": "\u0263tsn asnml n udgar anamun mas iga ta\u0263usi: asntl n t\u0263usi n wiyya\u1e0d ila adgar anamun; ar yakka i willi is\u0263usin d wiyya\u1e0d adgar anamun." }, { "en": "Social capital is also distinguished from the economic theory social capitalism.", "ber": "ingra altu udgar anamun xf usihri anamun ti\u1e93\u1e5bit tadmsant." }, { "en": "It creates value for the people who are connected", "ber": " and for bystanders as well.", "null": [ "ar takka uddur i middn nna inmzdayn", " d imssikln altu." ] }, { "en": "According to Robert D. Putnam", "ber": " social capital refers to connections among individuals \u2013 social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them.", "null": [ "g uynna inna \u1e5bubirt di. butnam", " ar iskan udgar anamun \u0263r izdayn ngr wudmawn - i\u1e93\u1e6dwan inamunn d ilgamn n umuggu s umdya d umrar s tflst nna dgsn ittf\u0263n." ] }, { "en": "This is seen in lower levels of trust in government and lower levels of civic participation.", "ber": "ar ittuman uya g wuguz n iswirn n tflst g tnba\u1e0din g wuguz n iswirn n tdrawt ta\u0263rmant." }, { "en": "Putnam also suggests that a root cause of the decline in social capital is women's entry the workforce", "ber": " which could correlate with time restraints that inhibit civic organizational involvement like parent-teacher associations.", "null": [ "ar ittini bu\u1e6dnam altu mas d yan sg imntiln i\u1e93u\u1e5bann n wuguz n udgar anamun iga t ukccum n tm\u1e6d\u1e6du\u1e0dt \u0263r twuri taqqurart", " nna i\u0263in ad iqqn \u0263r iskrafn ikudann nna isgdaln tadrawt tamssudst ta\u0263mant g llant tmsmunin n id baba d islmadn." ] }, { "en": "Fukuyama suggests that while social capital is beneficial for development", "ber": " it also imposes cost on non-group members with unintended consequences for general welfare.", "null": [ "i\u0263ts fukayama blli wxxa ib\u0263r udgar anamun i tnflit", " macan han ar isbzzez altu i\u1e93a\u1e93utn xf wid ur igin igmamn g tgrawin nna d ittawin imuttln ur ittudmin i tnuflayt tamatut." ] }, { "en": "This dimension focuses on the advantages derived from the configuration of an actor's", "ber": " either individual or collective", "null": [ " network.", "ibdda umnid ad xf tb\u0263urin g d ttusl\u0263a ifrdisn imswutin", " ya tudmawant n\u0263 tamgrawt", " lantirnit." ] }, { "en": "This is best characterized through trust of others and their cooperation and the identification an individual has within a network.", "ber": "tafris akk\u02b7 i\u0263udan i winna tga t tflst n wiyya\u1e0d d umyawas nnsn d uswuttu n tmagit n wudm agnsu n lantirnit." }, { "en": "Research by Sheri Berman and Dylan Riley", "ber": " as well as economists Shanker Satyanath", "null": [ " Nico Voigtl\u00e4nder", " and Hans-Joachim Voth", " have linked civic associations to the rise of fascist movements.", "izdi urzzut iga cri birman d dylan riliy", " d awd win imuzzayn n tdamsa cankr satyant", " niku fwijlandr", " d hans -juwkaym futh", " timsmunin ti\u0263rmanin s yily n imussutn ifaciyn." ] }, { "en": "The negative consequences of social capital are more often associated with bonding vis-\u00e0-vis bridging.", "ber": "iggut mag izddin imuttln ibawn n udgar anamun \u0263r izddayn g ma d iqqnn \u0263r uzdduy." }, { "en": "Bonding and bridging social capital can work together productively if in balance", "ber": " or they may work against each other.", "null": [ "azday n\u0263 tuqqna n udgar anamun d i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn ad swurin s sin fkn tayafut ig myasn", " n\u0263 iswuri yan tama n way\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "The strengthening of insular ties can lead to a variety of effects such as ethnic marginalization or social isolation.", "ber": "i\u0263y ad yawi usdus n izdayn indffrn \u0263r idrizn imnawayn am us\u1e0du\u1e5b\u1e5bf a\u1e93u\u1e5ban n\u0263 awliwl anamun." }, { "en": "Germans threw themselves into their clubs", "ber": " voluntary associations", "null": [ " and professional organizations out of frustration with the failures of the national government and political parties", " thereby helping to undermine the Weimar Republic and facilitate Hitler's rise to power.", "grn ilalmaniyn i\u0263fawn nnsn g isgrawn nnsn", " timsmunin timxasin", " d tmagrawin tazzulin s wammak asbnnun s isn\u1e0d\u1e5bn n tnba\u1e0dt tanamurt d ikaba\u1e5bn isrtann", " aynna ad yuwsn g usdli n tgduda n fayama\u1e5b tssuhn i hittlir ad yali \u0263r tnba\u1e0dt." ] }, { "en": "They were very introverted in the Weimar Republic.", "ber": "kkan tt inn sbnabkan bzzaf g tgduda n fayma\u1e5b." }, { "en": "Robert Putnam", "ber": " in his later work", "null": [ " also suggests that social capital", " and the associated growth of public trust are inhibited by immigration and rising racial diversity in communities.", "\u1e5bubirt butnam", " g twuri nns tamggarut", " altu i\u0263ts blli adgar anamun", " d uya izdin s tgmi n tflst tamatut da tt isb\u1e5bikki\u1e0d uzwag d tggidit n umnaway a\u1e93u\u1e5ban g wamun id\u0263aran." ] }, { "en": "Lack of homogeneity led to people withdrawing from even their closest groups and relationships", "ber": " creating an atomized society as opposed to a cohesive community.", "null": [ "yuwi d war tamsarit iky n middn awd sg tgrawin yudsn d tuqqniwin grasn", " ittwanfal yan wmun imyaqqan g ud\u0263ar n wmun imsarin." ] }, { "en": "Human capital", "ber": " a private resource", "null": [ " could be accessed through what the previous generation accumulated through social capital.", "i\u1e93a\u1e0d\u1e5b ad ittyaw\u1e0d udgar anafgan", " igan asagm uslig", " sg uynna tsmun tsuta izrin sg udgar anamun." ] }, { "en": "Even though Coleman never truly addresses Pierre Bourdieu in his discussion", "ber": " this coincides with Bourdieu's argument set forth in Reproduction in Education", "null": [ " Society and Culture.", "waxxa d gluman ur isawl s byirburdyu g umsgdal nns", " imyakud uya akd tun\u1e93it n burdyu illan g yils n usyafa g usslmd", " wamun d tdlsa." ] }, { "en": "Thus", "ber": " it is the social platform", "null": [ " itself", " that equips one with the social reality they become accustomed to.", "iwa", " han tabridt tanamunt s i\u0263f nns ayd yakkan i bnadm tilawt nns tanamunt nna xf myarn." ] }, { "en": "To illustrate this", "ber": " we assume that an individual wishes to better his place in society.", "null": [ "afad ad nssfru aynna\u0263", " ad nssurdu blli udm ira ad is\u0263udu ansa nns g wamun." ] }, { "en": "Is Civil Society an Adequate Theory?", "ber": "is iga wamun a\u0263arim ti\u1e93\u1e5bit yudan?" }, { "en": "Typical examples are that criminal gangs create bonding social capital", "ber": " while choirs and bowling clubs (hence the title", "null": [ " as Putnam lamented their decline) create bridging social capital.", "sg imdyatn inmdyatn n uynna xf da swurint tfryanin n tbkk\u1e0di xf tskriwt n udgar anamun", " macan da swurin t\u1e93ugayt d isagrawn n lbuling (sya ayd d yusa wassa\u0263", " ts\u0263ilf t\u1e0du\u1e5bi nnsn butnam) snulfan adrag anamun n ummaty." ] }, { "en": "Aldrich also applies the ideas of social capital to the fundamental principles of disaster recovery", "ber": " and discusses factors that either aid or impede recovery", "null": [ " such as extent of damage", " population density", " quality of government and aid.", "da issuru\u1e25 aldric awd tiwgimin n udgar anamun \u0263f imnzayn idslann n usdwl dffir n imsf\u1e0d", " ar isawal \u0263f isbdadn lli ittawsn n\u0263 da gddln asdwl", " amm tiriwt n imaladn", " ti\u1e0dli n mddn", " ta\u0263ara n tnba\u1e0dt d tin twizi." ] }, { "en": "People who live their life this way feel that these are norms of society and are able to live their lives free of worry for their credit", "ber": " children", "null": [ " and receive charity if needed.", "mddn lli ittidirn tudrt nnsn s t\u0263arast a da ttqddarn is dislgnn n wamun d \u0263iyn ad ddrn tudrt nnsn bla ad gg\u02b7dn sg imrwasn nns", " tarwa", " ar ttettrn mk t gan i\u0263nan." ] }, { "en": "All forms of capital were", "ber": " for Marx", "null": [ " possessed only by capitalists and he emphasized the basis of labour in capitalist society", " as a class constituted by individuals obliged to sell their labour power", " because they lacked sufficient capital", " in any sense of the word", " to do otherwise.", "ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba tal\u0263iin n ''udgar''''", " \u0263ur marks", " ur tnt lin imsdgran ad izririg tasila n twuri g wamun amdgar", " amm uklas ittugan sg wuggid f\u0263 ittubzzez ad zznzn agga\u1e0d n twuri nnsn", " acku ur lin adgar ikfan", " g ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba inumak n tguri", " ad sskrn kra ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "Portes mentions the donation of a scholarship to a member of the same ethnic group as an example of this.", "ber": "s umdya", "null": [ " da ibddr butis tikki n idrimn i yan ugmam n trabbut titnit nit." ] }, { "en": "Bonding and bridging sub-scales are proposed", "ber": " which have been adopted by over 300 scholarly articles.", "null": [ "ddaw tsk\u02b7fal n tuqqna n tin usmyadas ttusumrnt", " lli ittyasayn s\u0263ur wuggar n 300 n umagrad amassan." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " there is no one quantitative way of determining the level of cohesiveness", "null": [ " but rather a collection of social network models that researchers have used over the decades to operationalize social capital.", "maca", " ur tlli kra n tbridt ta\u0263arant lli iswuttun aswir n tmyama\u1e93t", " maca yan usmattr n izurat n u\u1e93\u1e6d\u1e6da inamaunn lli ssmrasn imrza g tmrawin n sgg\u02b7asn \u1e25ma ad ittusmhl udgar anamun." ] }, { "en": "Groups with higher membership (such as political parties) contribute more to the amount of capital than groups with lower membership", "ber": " although many groups with low membership (such as communities) still add up to be significant.", "null": [ "tirubba lli ggudin igmamn uggar (amm ikabarn isrtan) da ttumun uggar g udgar uggar n trubba lli mi drusn igmamn", " mqqar d kigan n trubba lli mi drusn igmamn (amm tgrawin) da tturnun di\u0263 \u1e25ma ad gn idslann." ] }, { "en": "How a group relates to the rest of society also affects social capital", "ber": " but in a different manner.", "null": [ "amyassa n yat trabbut akt usagur n wamun ila tasurt awd \u0263f udgar anamun", " maca s tbridt imzarayn." ] }, { "en": "Recognizing that one may not be able to influence the sympathy of others", "ber": " persons seeking to belong may act to increase their own sympathy for others and the organizations or institutions they represent.", "null": [ "s yikiz nwis ur n\u0263iy ad ur nili tasurt \u0263f amsmalla n wiyya\u1e0d; mddn lli isggiln ad umun \u0263iyn ad sgidin amsmalla nnsn i tiyya\u1e0d tmaddasin n\u0263 timrsal lli ttgnsasn." ] }, { "en": "According to such authors as Walzer (1992)", "ber": " Alessandrini (2002)", "null": [ " Newtown", " Stolle & Rochon", " Foley & Edwards (1997)", " and Walters", " it is through civil society", " or more accurately", " the third sector", " that individuals are able to establish and maintain relational networks.", "\u0263ur imyura amm walzr (1992); alissandrini (2002)", " nyutun", " stul d rucun", " fuliy d idwardz (1997)", " d wultra", " ammas n wamun u\u0263rim", " n\u0263 s u\u1e93lay ugr wss k\u1e5ba\u1e0d; ag \u0263iyn wuggidn ad gn inzmarn ad srsn \u1e0dufn i\u1e93\u1e0dwan n umyassa." ] }, { "en": "Not only has civil society been documented to produce sources of social capital", "ber": " according to Lyons' Third Sector (2001)", "null": [ " social capital does not appear in any guise under either the factors that enable or those that stimulate the growth of the third sector.", "ur d \u0263as is la wamun u\u0263rim arratn i isyafu n isugam n udgar anamun", " g uynna illan gyigr wiss k\u1e5ba\u1e0d n lyun (2001); adgar anamun ur da ittbayag kra n tal\u0263a ddaw isbdadn lli ittajjan n\u0263 willi ittffrn asgmi n yigr wiss k\u1e5ba\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "The goal is to reintegrate those marginalised from the rewards of the economic system into the community.", "ber": "''awttas iga t awwas n usudf n mddn ittusimn sg warrazn n unagraw admsan g ''''tgrawt''''" }, { "en": "Alessandrini agrees", "ber": " saying that", "null": [ " in Australia in particular", " neo-liberalism has been recast as economic rationalism and identified by several theorists and commentators as a danger to society at large because of the use to which they are putting social capital to work.", "''imsasa alissandri", " ar ittini", " '''' g ustralya s u\u1e93lay", " anyulibirali ittusil\u0263 di\u0263 allig iga amsnlli admsan ar t swuttun kigan n imi\u1e93i\u1e5bn d imxfawaln is iga imizi \u0263f wamun kull s tmntilt n usswuri nns i udgar anamun g twuri'''''." ] }, { "en": "In international development", "ber": " Ben Fine (2001) and John Harriss (2001) have been heavily critical of the inappropriate adoption of social capital as a supposed panacea (promoting civil society organisations and NGOs", "null": [ " for example", " as agents of development) for the inequalities generated by neoliberal economic development.", "g yigr n tnfalit tagra\u0263lant", " iz\u0263n bin fayn (2001) d djun haris (2001) tanamit ur d yusin n udgar anamun llig t gan d asafr ijjujuyn (asili n tmaddasin n wamun u\u0263rim d lizu in jji", " s umdya", " amm imggayn n tnfalit) i tarugutin lli d ittaru usbu\u0263lu admsan anyulibiral." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " higher levels of social capital led to higher support for democracy.", "null": [ "maca", " iswirn ak\u02b7 yulin n udgar anamun iwn w twizi yattun n tdimukratit." ] }, { "en": "Careful evaluation of these fundamental factors often suggests that women do not vote at similar levels as men.", "ber": "assitg ilan ta\u0263\u1e0dft n isbdadb idslann da ssumurn kigan is da sttint tm\u0263arin ur d g amm uswir n irgazn." }, { "en": "Social capital offers a wealth of resources and networks that facilitate political engagement.", "ber": "da yakka udgar anamun ab\u0263ur n isugam d n i\u1e93\u1e0dwan lli issla\u1e0dn assu\u0263n asrtan." }, { "en": "Women are more likely to organize themselves in less hierarchical ways and to focus on creating consensus.", "ber": "gant tm\u0263arin tinzmar uggar ad sudsnt iman nnsnt tbridt ur bahra igin taratubiya d ad snammsnt \u0263f usnulfu n umsasa." }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " a person who is sick with cancer may receive information", "null": [ " money", " or moral support he or she needs to endure treatment and recover.", "s umdya", " yan wuggid ya\u0263 ufurray i\u0263iy ad yam\u1e93 an\u0263mis", " idrimn n\u0263 tanalit ta\u0263arant lli yusr bac ad izzri icc asafar nns ijji." ] }, { "en": "Furthermore", "ber": " neighbourhood social capital may also aid in buffering health inequities amongst children and adolescents.", "null": [ "uggar", " adgar anamun n wasun i\u0263iy ad yumu g isuggz n tarugdudin g uswir n tdusi \u0263ur im\u1e93\u1e93yann d imtrugn." ] }, { "en": "The relationships and networks that are maintained by an ethnic minority population in a geographical area where a high percentage of residents belong to the same ethnic group may lead to better health outcomes than would be expected based on other individual and neighbourhood characteristics.", "ber": "imyassatn d i\u1e93\u1e0dwan lli illan ingr mddn n yat tadrsi titnit g yat tsga yajyugrafit mani g yulu us\u0263l ai\u1e0dan n imzda\u0263 lli yugln s trabbut titnit \u0263iyn ad awin s tyafutin timufayin g uswir n tdusi uggar n willi i\u0263iyn ad yili \u0263ur mddn ya\u1e0dn g wiyya\u1e0d isunn g tbddi \u0263f tm\u1e93lay tifridin d tinnurga ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " results from a survey given to 13- to 18-year-old students in Sweden showed that low social capital and low social trust are associated with higher rates of psychosomatic symptoms", "null": [ " musculoskeletal pain", " and depression.", "s umdya", " sbaynent d tyafutin n tzrawin ittugan \u0263f inlmadn sg 13 ar 18 n usgg\u02b7as g swid is d adgar amudrus d tflst tamudrust da ttmunn d is\u0263ln bahra yattutn d tmitar tibsikusumatik; anga\u1e93 n tbujjutin d lkaaba." ] }, { "en": "In one study", "ber": " informational uses of the Internet correlated positively with an individual's production of social capital", "null": [ " and social-recreational uses were negatively correlated (higher levels of these uses correlated with lower levels of social capital).", ".g yat tzrawt", " imssrmsn imn\u0263misn n antirnit ttusmdn s wumnig akd usyafa n adgar anamun n wuggid", " d ismrsn inamunn imsnulfuutn ugln s wuzdir (iswirn lli yattutn n ismrsn a ugln n iswirn bahra iggzn n udgar anamun)." ] }, { "en": "This means that individuals can selectively connect with others based on ascertained interests", "ber": " and backgrounds.", "null": [ "isnamk uya is \u0263iyn wuggidn ad sskrn amyassatn istin akd wiyya\u1e0d s ts\u0263unt n tnafutin nnsn d tmzwura nnsn." ] }, { "en": "This argument continues", "ber": " although the preponderance of evidence shows a positive association between social capital and the Internet.", "null": [ "isul issada wan\u1e93a a; mqqar da tmmal trnnawt n wan\u1e93a yat tmsmunt tumnigt gr udgar anamun d antirnit." ] }, { "en": "Recent research", "ber": " conducted in 2006", "null": [ " also shows that Internet users often have wider networks than those who access the Internet irregularly or not at all.", "irzzutn imggura", " ittugan g 2006", " da mmaln is d lan imantirnitn kigan i\u1e93\u1e0dwan yiriwn uggar s tbridt tulgint n\u0263 ur akk\u02b7." ] }, { "en": "Other research shows that younger people use the Internet as a supplemental medium for communication", "ber": " rather than letting the Internet communication replace face-to-face contact.", "null": [ "wiyyad irzzutn da mmaln is da ssmrasn i\u025brrimn antirnit g umyawa\u1e0d amsnrni", " uggar n ad ajjn amyawa\u1e0d ad yili g ud\u0263ar n wawa\u1e0d s i\u0263f nns." ] }, { "en": "They criticise Coleman", "ber": " who used only the number of parents present in the family", "null": [ " neglected the unseen effect of more discrete dimensions such as stepparents' and different types of single-parent families.", "da ttz\u0263ann kulman", " lli issrmasn am\u1e0dan n imarawn illan g twacunin", " issitm tasurt ibynn n t\u0263awsiwin lli iffrn amm i\u1e0dulan d wanawn imzarayn n twacunin mi \u0263ur ur illi xs yan ubabat." ] }, { "en": "Morgan and Sorensen (1999) directly challenge Coleman for his lacking of an explicit mechanism to explain why Catholic schools students perform better than public school students on standardised tests of achievement.", "ber": "yugi murgan d surinsn (1999) usrid kulman g war tawmrt nns tamikanikt ibaynn ad issfru ma\u0263 ag da ttmurusn inlmadn n tinmal tikatulikin uggar n inlmadn n tinmal tizayzin g yirimn inawayn n tarurt." }, { "en": "It is found that while social capital can bring about positive effect of maintaining an encompassing functional community in norm-enforcing schools", "ber": " it also brings about the negative consequence of excessive monitoring.", "null": [ "da nttannay is d mk i\u0263iy udgar anamun ad yili tasurt tumnigt \u0263f wu\u1e0duf n yat tgrawt tas\u0263want ismunn g tinmal lli izzgirn iilugann", " da d ittawi awd talkawt tuzdirt n u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du iwfan." ] }, { "en": "These schools explore a different type of social capital", "ber": " such as information about opportunities in the extended social networks of parents and other adults.", "null": [ "da ttafant tinmal ad yan wanaw ya\u1e0dn n udgar anamun", " amm un\u0263mis \u0263f tzmrt g i\u1e93\u1e0dwan inamunn yiriwn n imarawn d wiyya\u1e0d imtrugn." ] }, { "en": "The similarity of these states is that parents were more associated with their children's education.", "ber": "amyarwas gr iwunak a iga t is da ttumun imarawn uggar g usgmi n tarwa nnsn." }, { "en": "Without social capital in the area of education", "ber": " teachers and parents who play a responsibility in a students learning", "null": [ " the significant impacts on their child's academic learning can rely on these factors.", "bla adgar anamun g yigr n usgmi", " islmadn lli ilan tamasayt g usslmd n inlmadn", " tasurt tadslant \u0263f usslmd anmlan n tarwa nnsn \u0263iyn ad agln n isbdadn a." ] }, { "en": "As Tedin and Weiher (2010) state", "ber": " one of the most important factors in promoting student success is the active involvement of parents in a child's education.", "null": [ "''imkinna t nnan tidn d wayhr (2010); yan g isbdadn idslann lli ittajjan amurs n inlmadn iga t wumu n imarawn g usgmi n warraw.''''" ] }, { "en": "Supportive networks", "ber": " as a form of social capital", "null": [ " is necessary for activating the cultural capital the newly arrived students possessed.", "i\u1e93\u1e0dwan n tnalit", " igan yan wanaw n udgar anmun", " gan i\u0263nan \u1e25ma ad yili udgar adlsan lli illan \u0263ur inlmadn lli m\u1e25ra d ilkmn." ] }, { "en": "Ethnic solidarity is especially important in the context where immigrants just arrive in the host society.", "ber": "tasbdadt titnit tga s u\u1e93lay tadslant g uma\u1e0d nna g d ttgulun imzwag g wamun amsnubg." }, { "en": "Ethnic support provides impetus to academic success.", "ber": "da ts\u1e25uruc tsbdadt titnit amurs akadimiy." }, { "en": "His main argument for classifying social capital as a geographical concept is that the relationships of people is shaped and molded by the areas in which they live.", "ber": "an\u1e93a nns adslan g uklassi n udgar anamun igan armmus ajyugrafi ig a t is d amyassatn n mddn ttugan s tmna\u1e0din lli ttidirn." }, { "en": "In his studies", "ber": " he does not look at the individual participants of these structures", "null": [ " but how the structures and the social connections that stem from them are diffused over space.", "g tzrawin nns", " ur da isksiw imdrawn uggidn n tuskiwin a", " maca mamk ttuzuzzurnt tuskiwin d i\u1e93\u1e0dwan lli dgsnt ittff\u0263n g usayrar." ] }, { "en": "Another area where social capital can be seen as an area of study in geography is through the analysis of participation in volunteerism and its support of different governments.", "ber": "yan yigr ya\u1e0dn g i\u0263iy idgar anamun ad ittu\u1e25asb is iga igr n tzrawt g tjyugrafit iga t asfsi n udraw g tmxast d wallal nns i tnba\u1e0din imyanawn." }, { "en": "There is a significant connection between leisure and democratic social capital.", "ber": "illa yan umyassa adsla gr tramsutin d udgar anamun adimukrti." }, { "en": "In a later study", "ber": " Kislev (2020) shows the relation between romantic relationships desire and singleness.", "null": [ "g yat tzrawt tu\u1e0dfi\u1e5btn imla kislif (2020) amyassa gr u\u1e25ugz n wassa\u0263n n tayri d ta\u1e93\u1e5bfrdanit." ] }, { "en": "Similar results were revealed in a cross-sectional study run by Sarker in Bangladesh.", "ber": "tiyawutin immrwasn ttyafant g yat tzrawt talgdist isskr tt sarkr g bangladic." }, { "en": "Epo did this by comparing the welfare outcomes of the entrepreneurs who both had access and no access.", "ber": "isskr ibu aya ismzazal gr tyafutin n u\u1e6d\u1e5b\u1e5b\u1e25 n imssntayn lli ilan s sin asidf d awdyan usudf." }, { "en": "Group cohesiveness (also called group cohesion and social cohesion) arises when bonds link members of a social group to one another and to the group as a whole.", "ber": "tamyama\u1e93t n trabbut (tettyassn s tmyama\u1e93t n trabbut d tmyama\u1e93t tanamunt) da ttili kudnna da smunn imyassatn igmamn n yat trabbut tanamutn gratsn d akd trabbut kullu tt." }, { "en": "Cohesion can be more specifically defined as the tendency for a group to be in unity while working towards a goal or to satisfy the emotional needs of its members.", "ber": "t\u0263iy ymyama\u1e93t ad ttusnmt s u\u1e93lay is tga iri n yat trabbut ad tmun tswuri \u0263f uwttas n\u0263 \u0263f usyiwn n wassarn infrak n igmamn nns." }, { "en": "Its dynamic nature refers to how it gradually changes over time in its strength and form from the time a group is formed to when a group is disbanded.", "ber": "tagama nns tadinamikt da ttu\u0263ul s tbridt lli s ttnfal imik s imik akd wakud g tzmrt nns d tal\u0263a nns sg imir lli g tlla trabbut ar ur tili trabbut." }, { "en": "This definition can be generalized to most groups characterized by the group definition discussed above.", "ber": "asnml a i\u0263iy ad ittusmata i tugt n trubba lli i\u1e93li usnml n trabbut lli \u0263f illa wawal nnigas." }, { "en": "In a study", "ber": " they asked the group members to identify all their good friends and calculated the ratio of ingroup choices to outgroup choices.", "null": [ "g yat tzrawt", " ssutrn g igmamn n trabbut ad ini ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba imddukkal nnsn i\u0263udan iwa si\u1e6d\u1e6dnen imyassatn gr istayn n trubba n ugnsu d istayn n trubba n b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." ] }, { "en": "Group cohesion is similar to a type of group-level attraction which", "ber": " according to Hogg", "null": [ " is known as social attraction.", "tamyama\u1e93t n trabbut trwas yan wanaw n ulday g uswir n trabbut lli", " \u0263ur hug", " ittyassann s yism n ulday anamun." ] }, { "en": "Lott and Lott (1965) who refer to interpersonal attraction as group cohesiveness conducted an extensive review on the literature and found that individuals' similarities in background (e.g.", "ber": " race", "null": [ " ethnicity", " occupation", " age)", " attitudes", " values and personality traits have generally positive association with group cohesiveness.", "lut d lut (1965)", " lli isnumln alday ingrwudmawann n tmyama\u1e93t n trabbut", " sskrn yan yirim i\u0263uban \u0263f warratn afn nn is d uggidn lli issnkadn tirwasin g uswir n tmzwura (s umdya", " a\u1e93\u0263\u1e5b", " asala itni", " tazzult", " awatay)", " addadn", " tinditin d tfras n tiwwurka da ttilin g umata yat tmsmunt tumnigt akd tmyama\u1e93t n trabbut." ] }, { "en": "In addition", "ber": " similar background makes it more likely that members share similar views on various issues", "null": [ " including group objectives", " communication methods and the type of desired leadership.", "uggar", " timzwura immrwasn da sskart ad imil uggar ad ccurn igmamn n tinqqa\u1e0d immrwasn \u0263f kigan n t\u0263awsiwin", " g amun iwttasn n trabbut", " ti\u0263arasin n umyawa\u1e0d d wanaw n tnssixft lli ran." ] }, { "en": "This is often caused by social loafing", "ber": " a theory that says individual members of a group will actually put in less effort", "null": [ " because they believe other members will make up for the slack.", "ittusrg uya bahra s u\u1e5bum anamun", " yat ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt ittinin is rad sskrn igmamn n trabbut drust n tzmmar", " acku da tt\u0263alt is rad ttkurn wiyya\u1e0d igmamn n trabbut tugawt a." ] }, { "en": "Most meta-analyses (studies that have summarized the results of many studies) have shown that there is a relationship between cohesion and performance.", "ber": "amata n ddfir ifsayn (tizrawin lli izgziln n kigan n tzrawin) ar mmalnt is illa umyassa gr tmyama\u1e93t d tiggi." }, { "en": "When it is defined as task commitment", "ber": " it is also correlated with performance", "null": [ " though to a lesser degree than cohesion as attraction.", "kudnna ittusml s tuqqna i tmskrt", " da awd ittagl s tiggi", " maca s tadrsi \u0263f tmayama\u1e93t igan alday." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " some groups may have a stronger cohesion-performance relationship than others.", "null": [ "maca", " idsnt trubba \u0263iynt ad ilint imyassatn n tmyaa\u1e93t-tiggi idusn uggar n tiyya\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "There is some evidence that cohesion may be more strongly related to performance for groups that have highly interdependent roles than for groups in which members are independent.", "ber": "llan wan\u1e93atn is t\u0263iy tmyama\u1e93t ad tagl s tiggi \u0263ur trubba lli ilan timlalin myagalnin bahra \u0263ur trubba lli mi ugln igmamn nns." }, { "en": "Furthermore", "ber": " groups with high performance goals were extremely productive.", "null": [ "uggar", " tirubba ilan iwttasn yattuyn n tiggi gan bahra imsyafutn." ] }, { "en": "Members in cohesive groups also are more optimistic and suffer less from social problems than those in non-cohesive groups.", "ber": "igmamn t rubba imyama\u1e93n gan awd mutafayilin ar ttnukman drust sg imukrisn inamun uggar n trubba ur igin timyama\u1e93in." }, { "en": "It was found that the masons and carpenters were more satisfied when they worked in cohesive groups.", "ber": "ittusna\u0263s is d ibnnayn d insramn iwnen uggar kudnna da swurin g trabbut tanmyama\u1e93t." }, { "en": "One study showed that cohesion as task commitment can improve group decision making when the group is under stress", "ber": " more than when it is not under stress.", "null": [ "tmla yat tzrawt is t\u0263iy tmyama\u1e93t igan tuzzna g tmskrt ad ts\u0263udu isitty n t\u0263tst g trabbut kudnna tmmrwi trabbut", " uggar n ig ur tmmrwi." ] }, { "en": "The study found that teams with low cohesion and high urgency performed worse than teams with high cohesion and high urgency.", "ber": "tssf\u0263 d tzrawt is lant trubba lli mi tdrus tmyama\u1e93t ilint g u\u0263awl tiyafutin timudrusin \u0263f trubba lli ilan tamyama\u1e93t yattuyn d u\u0263awl yattuyn." }, { "en": "The theory of groupthink suggests that the pressures hinder the group from critically thinking about the decisions it is making.", "ber": "ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n uswngm n trabbut da tsumur is da igddl u\u1e93mmi tarabbut ad tswingm s tbridt tanz\u0263ant g t\u0263tas lli tettasi." }, { "en": "Another reason is because people value the group and are thus", "ber": " more willing to give into conformity pressures to maintain or enhance their relationships.", "null": [ "yat tmntilt ya\u1e0dn iga t is da ttaddarn mddn tarabbut d \u1e25yyln ad ruln i i\u1e93mmitn n tulut \u1e25ma ad s\u0263udun imyassatn nnsn." ] }, { "en": "The degree of member liking was presumed to indicate group cohesiveness.", "ber": "task\u02b7flt n uaddr n igmamn ikka i\u0263iy ad iml tamyama\u1e93t n trabbut." }, { "en": "According to the government-commissioned", "ber": " State of the English Cities thematic reports", "null": [ " there are five different dimensions of social cohesion: material conditions", " passive relationships", " active relationships", " solidarity", " inclusion and equality.", "g uynna illan g inqqisn imsntln n tnba\u1e0dt", " addaad n tmdinin n ingliz", " llan smmus n izarutn imyanawn n tmyama\u1e93t tanamunt: tifadiwin tuzdirin", " imyassatn umnign", " tiwizi", " asidf d tsngaddayt." ] }, { "en": "These basic necessities of life are the foundations of a strong social fabric and important indicators of social progress.", "ber": "assarn a idslann n tudrt gan tirsal n u\u1e93\u1e6d\u1e6da anamun d inmmaln idslann n tgmi tanamunt." }, { "en": "The third dimension refers to the positive interactions", "ber": " exchanges and networks between individuals and communities", "null": [ " or active social relationships.", "azaru wiss k\u1e5ba\u1e0d n tmya\u0263in tumnigin", " i isnfln d i\u1e93\u1e0dwan gr wuggidn d igrawn", " imyassatn inamun umnign''''.''" ] }, { "en": "It also includes people's sense of belonging to a city and the strength of shared experiences", "ber": " identities and values between those from different backgrounds.", "null": [ "ikc g uya awd usyafa s wumu n mddn s yat tmdint d tzrt n twuri", " timagitin d tinditin iccarn akd willi n imnidn imyanawn." ] }, { "en": "On a societal level Albrekt Larsen defines social cohesion 'as the belief\u2014held by citizens in a given nation state\u2014that they share a moral community", "ber": " which enables them to trust each other'.", "null": [ "g uswuwir anamun", " da isumul albir larsn tamyama\u1e93t tanamunt ''amm u\u0263al - illan \u0263ur inmura n yan uwank-agraw - lli iccarn agraw n tinditin", " aylli tn ittajjan ad mmsflasn grasn." ] }, { "en": "Social formation is a Marxist concept (synonymous with 'society') referring to the concrete", "ber": " historical articulation between the capitalist mode of production", "null": [ " maintaining pre-capitalist modes of production", " and the institutional context of the economy (disambiguation).", "asuttg anamun iga armmus amarksi (akniw n ''amun) lli ittu\u0263uln s twrmt takmamt g tnmzruyt gr uzurt amdgar", " lli ittam\u1e93n izurat n usyafu imadgarn", " d umna\u1e0d arslan n tdamsa (tinmm\u0263rit)." ] }, { "en": "In the social sciences", "ber": " social structure is the patterned social arrangements in society that are both emergent from and determinant of the actions of individuals.", "null": [ "g tmassanin tinamunin", " tuskiwt tanamunt tga asuds anamun ittuskan g wamn lli ugan g yat tikklt talli ittalin d talli iswuttun tigawin n wuggidn." ] }, { "en": "It contrasts with social system", "ber": " which refers to the parent structure in which these various structures are embedded.", "null": [ "''inmgal uya akd unagraw anamun''; lli ittu\u0263uln s tuskiwt taymmat lli g udfnt tuskiwin ad imyanawn.''" ] }, { "en": "It determines the norms and patterns of relations between the various institutions of the society.", "ber": "da isumul ilign d izurat n imyassatn gr tmrsal imyanawn n wamun." }, { "en": "It is also important in the modern study of organizations", "ber": " as an organization's structure may determine its flexibility", "null": [ " capacity to change", " etc.", "iga awd adslan g tzrawt tatrart n tmaddasin", " acku tuskiwt n yat tmaddast t\u0263iy ad tswuttu tiwri ns", " tazmrt nns ad tnfl", " itcitira." ] }, { "en": "On the meso scale", "ber": " it concerns the structure of social networks between individuals or organizations.", "null": [ "g tsk\u02b7flt mizi", " t\u1e93li tuskiwt n i\u1e93\u1e0dwan inamunn gr wuggidn n\u0263 timaddasin." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " John Levi Martin has theorized that certain macro-scale structures are the emergent properties of micro-scale cultural institutions (i.e.", "null": [ " structure resembles that used by anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss).", "s umdya; isrs djun lifi martan turda n idsnt tuskiwin id mm tsk\u02b7fal mqqurnin is gant ayda ittalin n tmrsal tidlsanin s tsk\u02b7flt m\u1e93\u1e93iyn (s wayya\u1e0d wawal ''tuskiwt'' trws talli ittusmrsn g tantrubulujit n lifi-straws)''." ] }, { "en": "Alexis de Tocqueville was supposedly the first to use the term social structure.", "ber": "''iga aliksis du tukfil amzwaru lli issmrsn taguri '' tuskiwt tanamunt''''." }, { "en": "One of the earliest and most comprehensive accounts of social structure was provided by Karl Marx", "ber": " who related political", "null": [ " cultural", " and religious life to the mode of production (an underlying economic structure).", "yan sg inqqisn ak\u02b7imdan \u0263f tuskiwt tanamunt iga t win karl marks", " lli izdin tudrt tasrtant", " tadlsant d tsgdant s uzurt n usyafu (yat tuskiwt tadmsant tanaddayt)." ] }, { "en": "\u00c9mile Durkheim", "ber": " drawing on the analogies between biological and social systems popularized by Herbert Spencer and others", "null": [ " introduced the idea that diverse social institutions and practices played a role in assuring the functional integration of society through assimilation of diverse parts into a unified and self-reproducing whole.", "imil durkayim", " d uskutt nns \u0263f ismzazaln gr inagrawn ibyulijiyn d inamun lli isyassn hirbirt sbinsr d wiyya\u1e0d", " iskcm tawngimt n is da tturant kigan n tmrsal imyanawn d tusnisin tinamunin yat tmlalt g u\u1e0dman n usidf ans\u0263n n wamun s usmrwas n kigan n tfulin g yan ugraw imunn d umanamsyafu." ] }, { "en": "Others follow L\u00e9vi-Strauss in seeking logical order in cultural structures.", "ber": "\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn wiyya\u1e0d lifi straws g urzzu n yan unmala am\u1e93lan g tuskiwin tidlsanin." }, { "en": "The most influential attempts to combine the concept of social structure with agency are Anthony Giddens' theory of structuration and Pierre Bourdieu's practice theory.", "ber": "tirmitin lli ak\u02b7 i\u1e0di\u1e63n g uzday n urmmus n tuskiwt tanamunt akd tsnurayt gant tnt ti\u1e93i\u1e5bin n usskiw n antuni giddns d ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n tusnist n byir burdyu." }, { "en": "Giddens's analysis", "ber": " in this respect", "null": [ " closely parallels Jacques Derrida's deconstruction of the binaries that underlie classic sociological and anthropological reasoning (notably the universalizing tendencies of L\u00e9vi-Strauss's structuralism).", "asfsi n giddns", " g tsga a", " inmala kigan i usfrz n jak dirida n tayugin lli ittinin amsnlli asusyulujiy d untrubuluji azayku (s lawana ak\u02b7 lmuyulat tima\u1e0dlanin n tuskiwt n lifi straws)." ] }, { "en": "This was studied by Jacob L. Moreno.", "ber": "irza l. jakub murinu aya." }, { "en": "Sociobiology is a field of biology that aims to examine and explain social behavior in terms of evolution.", "ber": "tga tsusyubyulujit yan yigr n tmassanin n tudrt lli ittwatasn ad ifli ifasr a\u1e63ni\u025b anamun g tsga n ubu\u0263lu nns." }, { "en": "Sociobiology investigates social behaviors such as mating patterns", "ber": " territorial fights", "null": [ " pack hunting", " and the hive society of social insects.", "da trzzu tsusyubyulujit g u\u1e63ni\u025b anamun amm wanawn n yiwl", " imn\u0263an inmna\u1e0dn", " tagmrt s twrutin d wamun ag\u02b7lf n ibuxxa inamunn." ] }, { "en": "It predicts that animals will act in ways that have proven to be evolutionarily successful over time.", "ber": "da ittini is rad gn imudar s tbridt lli intmn is tga amurs isbu\u0263lun akd wakud." }, { "en": "Behavior is therefore seen as an effort to preserve one's genes in the population.", "ber": "a\u1e63ni\u025b ihi ittu\u1e93\u1e5ba amm taggzt i ufrag n ljinat g u\u0263rf." }, { "en": "Altmann developed his own brand of sociobiology to study the social behavior of rhesus macaques", "ber": " using statistics", "null": [ " and was hired as a sociobiologist at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center in 1965.", "isbu\u0263la altman tasusuyublyulujit lli ss i\u1e93lin \u1e25ma ad izru a\u1e63ni\u025b anamun ibu\u0263as makak risus; s usxdm n u\u1e63i\u1e0dn", " ittusmma ''amusnaw n tmassant tabyulujit''''' g wammas anmna\u1e0d n irzzutn \u0263f brimat n yirks g usgg\u02b7as n 1965." ] }, { "en": "Once a specialist term", "ber": " sociobiology became widely known in 1975 when Wilson published his book Sociobiology: The New Synthesis", "null": [ " which sparked an intense controversy.", "''tu\u0263a ism \u1e93lin", " ''''tasusyubyulijit'''' ya\u0263ul iga ism ityassann g 1975 kudnna issuf\u0263 wilsun adlis nns asusyubyuluji: aswlf amaynu", " lli issnkrn kigan n waqqur." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " the influence of evolution on behavior has been of interest to biologists and philosophers since soon after the discovery of evolution itself.", "null": [ "maca", " i\u1e0di\u1e93 n usbu\u0263lu n u\u1e63ni\u025b iszgm awd ibyulujiyn d iflsufn imik \u1e0da\u1e5bt twafit n usb\u0263lu s iman nns." ] }, { "en": "Edward H. Hagen writes in The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology that sociobiology is", "ber": " despite the public controversy regarding the applications to humans", "null": [ " one of the scientific triumphs of the twentieth century. ", "''yaru idward higinz g udlis n usbu\u0263lu absikuluji is tga tsusyulujit", " waxxa illa waqqur agdudan lli i\u1e93lin s tusnist nns i ifgann;'''' yan sg imuras imassann n tsut tiss simraw.'''' ''''''" ] }, { "en": "Therefore", "ber": " these traits were probably adaptive in the environment in which the species evolved.", "null": [ "''s tlkamt", " tifras a gant \u025bni\u0263 ''''tisnamatin'''' i twanna\u1e0dt lli ttbu\u0263lun wanawn.''" ] }, { "en": "Thus", "ber": " they are often interested in instinctive", "null": [ " or intuitive behavior", " and in explaining the similarities", " rather than the differences", " between cultures.", "s imki", " da sngzamn kigan s u\u1e63ni\u025b lli s ittlala yan n\u0263 awngim d s ussfru n uymmi immrwasn", " uggar sn imzarayn", " gr idlsn." ] }, { "en": "This parental protection would increase in frequency in the population.", "ber": "afrag a amarawan da issiliy g usnagar n u\u0263rf." }, { "en": "E.O. Wilson argued that evolution may also act upon groups.", "ber": "i.u. wilsun isnal is d asbu\u0263lu i\u0263iy ad yili tasurt \u0263f trubba." }, { "en": "If altruism is genetically determined", "ber": " then altruistic individuals must reproduce their own altruistic genetic traits for altruism to survive", "null": [ " but when altruists lavish their resources on non-altruists at the expense of their own kind", " the altruists tend to die out and the others tend to increase.", "mk ittuswutta ussuf g uswir ajiniti", " iwa iaan nn uggidn imssufn ad syafun tifras nnsn tijinitin timssufin \u1e25ma ad iddr ussuf", " aca kudnna da akkan imssufn isugan nnsn i imssufn imaynutn \u0263f u\u1e63i\u1e6d\u1e6dn n wanawn nnsn", " imssufn da ttddun g un\u0263ubu d wiyya\u1e0d da ttddun g uggudi." ] }, { "en": "Within sociobiology", "ber": " a social behavior is first explained as a sociobiological hypothesis by finding an evolutionarily stable strategy that matches the observed behavior.", "null": [ "g wammas n tsusyubyulujit", " yan u\u1e63ni\u025b anamun ittufasr zwar is iga turda tasusyubyulujit ar ittafa tastratijit n usbu\u0263lu imnti lla imsagarn d u\u1e63niy ittusna\u0263sn." ] }, { "en": "Altruism between social insects and littermates has been explained in such a way.", "ber": "ittufasr ussuf gr ibuxxa inamunn d ismunn n warras s t\u0263arast a." }, { "en": "In general", "ber": " females with more bearing opportunities may value offspring less", "null": [ " and may also arrange bearing opportunities to maximize the food and protection from mates.", "s umata", " tuntitin lli ila uggar n tsulf ad arunt \u0263iynt ad fknt drust n tixxitrt i tarwa nnsnt d \u0263iynt ad snmalant isulfn n ussirw \u1e25ma ad sgidint s uyna s ufant ucci d ufrag mgal imdrawn." ] }, { "en": "Studies of human behavior genetics have generally found behavioral traits such as creativity", "ber": " extroversion", "null": [ " aggressiveness", " and IQ have high heritability.", "tizrawn \u0263f jinitik n u\u1e63ni\u025b anfgan ufant s umata tifras n u\u1e63ni\u025b amm usnulfu", " ti\u1e5bwi", " ticcunga d us\u0263l n tytti i\u0263iy kigan ad ittukkusa." ] }, { "en": "Thus", "ber": " when FEV is genetically deleted from the mouse genome", "null": [ " male mice will instantly attack other males", " whereas their wild-type counterparts take significantly longer to initiate violent behaviour.", "s imki", " kudnna ittyakks ffi i bbi g ujinum n u\u0263rday", " i\u0263rdayn iwtman da ttsugn kra n tikkal wiyya\u1e0d iwtman", " kudnna ttasrn ikniwn nnsn kigan n wakud dat ad sgmn a\u1e63ni\u025b uk\u1e5bi\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "During a 1976 meeting of the Sociobiology Study Group", "ber": " as reported by Ullica Segerstr\u00e5le", "null": [ " Chomsky argued for the importance of a sociobiologically informed notion of human nature.", "g yan ugraw n trabbt n tzrawin n tsusyubyulujit g 1976", " imkinna t id yiwi ulika sigirstral", " in\u025b\u1e5b tcumski \u0263f tixxitrt n yirim asusyubyuluji n tgama tanfgant." ] }, { "en": "Wilson has claimed that he had never meant to imply what ought to be", "ber": " only what is the case.", "null": [ "issntm wilsn is ur jjun ira ad iskcm aylli s d iqqan ad yili", " maca \u0263as aylli igan amdya." ] }, { "en": "Business is the activity of making one's living or making money by producing or buying and selling products (such as goods and services).", "ber": "tga tmssntayt tawuri lli iwatsn ad trb\u1e25 tudrt nns n\u0263 ad trb\u1e25 idrimn s usyafu n\u0263 s ms\u0263iwt d mnziwt n isyafutn (amm sli\u025bt n\u0263 tinufa)." }, { "en": "If the business acquires debts", "ber": " the creditors can go after the owner's personal possessions.", "null": [ "mk tbubba tmssntit imrwasn", " im\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn \u0263iyn ad am\u1e93n g wagla umdawann n bab n tmssntit." ] }, { "en": "The term is also often used colloquially (but not by lawyers or by public officials) to refer to a company.", "ber": "ittusmrs awd urmmus kigan \u0263ur mddn ifrarn (ur d \u0263ur imstan d imggayn izayzn) g usmmi n tmssntit." }, { "en": "A privately owned", "ber": " for-profit corporation is owned by its shareholders", "null": [ " who elect a board of directors to direct the corporation and hire its managerial staff.", "yat tmdrawt tusligt mm uwttas n idrimn t\u1e93li s icrikn", " lli isttin asqqim n tmssugurt \u1e25ma ad iswudu tamdraxwt ar iskcam agaluf n tmhla nns." ] }, { "en": "A cooperative differs from a corporation in that it has members", "ber": " not shareholders", "null": [ " and they share decision-making authority.", "tmzaray tmyawast d tmdrawt g tsga llig tla igmamn", " ur d icrikn", " ar b\u1e0d\u1e0dun tazmrt n t\u0263tst." ] }, { "en": "Limited liability companies (LLC)", "ber": " limited liability partnerships", "null": [ " and other specific types of business organization protect their owners or shareholders from business failure by doing business under a separate legal entity with certain legal protections.", "tamssurt mm tmasayt iwttan (LLC)", " timssurin mm tmasayt iwttan d wiyya\u1e0d wanawn i\u1e93lin n tmaddasin n tsbbabt da frrgnt n id bab nnsnt n\u0263 icrikn mgal i\u1e5b\u1e93an n tsbbabt s tiggi n t\u0263awsiwin s tbridt tuzrift imyallan d kra n ifragn uzrifn." ] }, { "en": "The members guarantee the payment of certain (usually nominal) amounts if the company goes into insolvent liquidation", "ber": " but otherwise", "null": [ " they have no economic rights in relation to the company.", "da tt\u1e0dmann igmamn afrru n idsn itagg\u02b7n (s umata ismawann) g umdya n um\u1e25raray ur ilin afssay n tmssurt", " maca g umdya anmgal", " ur lin awdyan urzf admsan \u0263f tmssurt." ] }, { "en": "This type of company may no longer be formed in the UK", "ber": " although provisions still exist in law for them to exist.", "null": [ "anaw a n tmssurin ur i\u0263iy ad yili g tgldit imunn", " waxxa llant tumayin g uzrf \u1e25ma ad ilint." ] }, { "en": "Note that Ltd after the company's name signifies limited company", "ber": " and PLC (public limited company) indicates that its shares are widely held.", "null": [ "''zmmemat is d ''''il ti di dffir yism n tmssurt isnamk tamssurt ilan tamasayt iwttan", " d bi il si (tamssurt ilan tamasayt iwttan) ar tmmal is ttyama\u1e93nt tmgga nns s tiriwt." ] }, { "en": "In a company limited by guarantee", "ber": " this will be the guarantors.", "null": [ "g yat tmssurt tarism s u\u1e0dman", " har im\u1e0dmann a rad ig waddad." ] }, { "en": "Private companies do not have publicly traded shares", "ber": " and often contain restrictions on transfers of shares.", "null": [ "timssntay tusligin ur lin timgga g tsga n laburs ar ssudunt kigan g ifna\u1e93n \u0263g usmatti n tmgga." ] }, { "en": "Entertainment companies and mass media agencies generate profits primarily from the sale of intellectual property.", "ber": "timssurin n usurar d tsnurayin n usn\u0263ms n igdudn isskarn tinufa s umata sg mnziwt n wagla awngim." }, { "en": "They include tangible goods such as cars", "ber": " buses", "null": [ " medical devices", " glass", " or aircraft.", "umant aglatn ikmamn amm thiritin", " isnmaddutn", " allaln n usujji", " n jjaj n\u0263 taylalin." ] }, { "en": "Most stores and catalog companies are distributors or retailers.", "ber": "amata g t\u1e25una d tmssurin s uka\u1e6dalug gant imsb\u1e0dutn n imsfruritn." }, { "en": "They make their profits by selling goods and services that are sports related.", "ber": "ar ttawin arrazn nnsn s uzznz n ulzaz d tnafutin izdin d tunnunt." }, { "en": "The modern field was established by the Italian mathematician Luca Pacioli in 1494.", "ber": "g usgg\u02b7as n 1494 isskr umusnaw n tusnakt a\u1e6dalyniy luka basilyu igr atrar." }, { "en": "Finance can also be defined as the science of money management.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b altu ad ttusnml t\u1e93\u1e5bft mas d tga tussna n tmssugurt n idrimn." }, { "en": "Owners may manage their businesses themselves", "ber": " or employ managers to do so for them.", "null": [ "ayt uyda izry asn ad swuddun tiwuriwin nnsn s i\u0263fawn nnsn", " n\u0263 swurin kra n inmhaln ttaf ad asn gn tawuri g ud\u0263ar nnsn." ] }, { "en": "Business process management (BPM) is a holistic management approach focused on aligning all aspects of an organization with the wants and needs of clients.", "ber": "tga tmssugra n tirmitin n tsbbabt yat tbridt ta\u0263zurant ibddan xf usmsasa n kra igat tanila n tmagrawt akd isaturn d is\u0263awsatn." }, { "en": "Many businesses are operated through a separate entity such as a corporation or a partnership (either formed with or without limited liability).", "ber": "ar ittili uswuri n cigan n tmsusrin s yat tal\u0263a ibdan am tmyawast n\u0263 tamsusrt (swa ttu\u1e63ka s tmasayt i\u1e93lin n\u0263 bla n tmasayt i\u1e93lin)." }, { "en": "Generally speaking", "ber": " shareholders in a corporation", "null": [ " limited partners in a limited partnership", " and members in a limited liability company are shielded from personal liability for the debts and obligations of the entity", " which is legally treated as a separate person.", "s umata", " han imawsann g tmsusrt", " imdrawn i\u1e93lin g tmsusrt i\u1e93lin", " d igmamn g tmsusrt \u0263r tlla tmasayt i\u1e93lin da ttugdaln sg tmasayt tudmawant sg i\u1e5b\u1e6d\u1e6daln n tiggit d isu\u0263nn", " nna iswurin i\u1e63a\u1e0dufn immaln mas d iga udm anb\u1e0day." ] }, { "en": "The terms of a partnership are partly governed by a partnership agreement if one is created", "ber": " and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located.", "null": [ "da ttnba\u1e0dnt tfidiwin n tmdrawt s tfult n umsasa n tmdrawt ig ittuga", " ad digs ittnba\u1e0d uslgn n tzrft lli g tettuga tmssurt n wuggidn." ] }, { "en": "In some tax systems", "ber": " this can give rise to so-called double taxation", "null": [ " because first the corporation pays tax on the profit", " and then when the corporation distributes its profits to its owners", " individuals have to include dividends in their income when they complete their personal tax returns", " at which point a second layer of income tax is imposed.", "g kra n issudsn irgayn", " i\u0263y ad yawi uynna \u0263r mad ittusmman s argay ayugan", " acku ar takka tmsusrt d amzwaru argay xf warraz", " d kudna tb\u1e0da tmsusrt arrazn nns xf id babin nnsn", " illa xf wudmawn ad ssidfn arrazn n tfulin g jaj nnsn kudnna smdn i\u0263tasn nnsn n irgayn nnsn", " lu\u0263ddin ar tubzzez taggayt tiss snat sg irgayn n isadafn." ] }, { "en": "Going public through a process known as an initial public offering (IPO) means that part of the business will be owned by members of the public.", "ber": "tsnamka tguri n uman i ugdud s tirmit n usmnl s yism asfsr amatu azmwaru iga ugzzum n usnfar n tsbbabt tilit n wudmawn sg ugdud." }, { "en": "The Code of Hammurabi dates back to about 1772 BC for example and contains provisions that relate", "ber": " among other matters", "null": [ " to shipping costs and dealings between merchants and brokers.", "tugriwt n \u1e25mmu\u1e5babi itt\u025bayadn \u0263r usgg\u02b7as n 1772 dat n tlalit", " s umdya d llan digs inba\u1e0dn iqqn \u0263r uynna", " d sg iskkin ya\u1e0dn", " ismagln n ussktur d inmugga ngr isbbabn d ismsa\u1e5bn." ] }, { "en": "Local jurisdictions may also require special licenses and taxes just to operate a business.", "ber": "i\u0263y ad ts\u0263awsa tma\u1e93layt n tzzurfa tad\u0263arant altu tugain d irgayn i\u1e93lin \u0263as ma illa can uswuri n ca n usnfa\u1e5b n tsbbabt." }, { "en": "Most countries with capital markets have at least one.", "ber": "cigan n tmizar lli \u0263r llan igadazn isihritn \u0263rasn ab\u025bda yan." }, { "en": "Other western nations have comparable regulatory bodies.", "ber": "llan \u0263ur tmizar n u\u0263lluy ya\u1e0dn tinugmam timssudsin imya\u0263n." }, { "en": "The proliferation and increasing complexity of the laws governing business have forced increasing specialization in corporate law.", "ber": "yuwi d ufsar n i\u1e63a\u1e0dufn nna inb\u1e0dn g tsbbabt uggar n umkrs g irnay n i\u1e93layn g i\u1e63a\u1e0dufn n tmsusrin." }, { "en": "Most businesses have names", "ber": " logos", "null": [ " and similar branding techniques that could benefit from trademarking.", "cigan n tmsusrin n tsbbabt \u1e6d\u1e6dafnt ismawn", " timatarin", " d ttqniyin imya\u0263n i tmatarin n tsbbabt nna i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn ad sb\u0263rnt sg tmatarin n tsbbabt." ] }, { "en": "Economics is the social science that studies how people interact with value; in particular", "ber": " the production", "null": [ " distribution", " and consumption of goods and services.", "tga tdamsa tussna tanamunt nna izrrun mamc ttmrarn middn d tindi; slawan akk\u02b7 asyafu ilazazn d tnafutin d ub\u1e6d\u1e6du nnsnt d tsadurt nnsnt." ] }, { "en": "He affirmed that previous economists have usually centred their studies on the analysis of wealth: how wealth is created (production)", "ber": " distributed", "null": [ " and consumed; and how wealth can grow.", "iss\u0263zn blli imuzzayn izrin n tdamsa ar bahara tbddadn g tzrawin nnsn d u\u1e63la\u1e0d n ugra: mamk ittuskar ugra (asnflul) d ub\u1e6d\u1e6du nns d tsdurt nns", " d mamk i\u0263i ugra ad igmi." ] }, { "en": "If the war is not winnable or if the expected costs outweigh the benefits", "ber": " the deciding actors (assuming they are rational) may never go to war (a decision) but rather explore other alternatives.", "null": [ "ig ur igi imn\u0263i i trnawt n\u0263 utin ismagln ittudman tib\u0263urin", " han tinaliwin timggitin ad ya\u0263ul u\u0263tas (s ussrdu gant imsmrsn n unli) is ur akk\u02b7 ttddunt \u0263r imn\u0263i (a\u0263tas) macan rad taf isnfaln ya\u1e0dnin." ] }, { "en": "Economic precepts occur throughout the writings of the Boeotian poet Hesiod and several economic historians have described Hesiod himself as the first economist.", "ber": "imnzayn n tdamsa ttubdarn g ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba idlisn n umdyaz butyan hisud d cigan n inmzruyn idamsan snummln hisud s i\u0263f nns is igaamadasan amzwaru." }, { "en": "Two groups", "ber": " who later were called mercantilists and physiocrats", "null": [ " more directly influenced the subsequent development of the subject.", "snat n tgrawin", " axf nnan g tizi d iggran mirkantilist d fizyukrat", " t\u1e0du\u1e63 s yat tl\u0263a tusridt yutin xf uzzigz n usntl ad g tizi d iggran." ] }, { "en": "It held that a nation's wealth depended on its accumulation of gold and silver.", "ber": "tannay blli ayda n uwnk ibdda xf usgudi n wur\u0263 d u\u1e93\u1e5bf." }, { "en": "Physiocrats", "ber": " a group of 18th-century French thinkers and writers", "null": [ " developed the idea of the economy as a circular flow of income and output.", "fisyukrats", " gan yat trabbut n imswingmn d imaratn if\u1e5bansisn g tsuta tiss 18", " zzigzn tawngimt n tdamsa d an\u0263al awrerray i usaduf d ufars." ] }, { "en": "Physiocrats advocated replacing administratively costly tax collections with a single tax on income of land owners.", "ber": "fisyukratn ssutrn ad ttusnfal waggasn n irgayn in\u0263lfn tamssugurt \u0263r yan urgay xf imli n wakaln." }, { "en": "Smith discusses potential benefits of specialization by division of labour", "ber": " including increased labour productivity and gains from trade", "null": [ " whether between town and country or across countries.", "ad isawal smit g ib\u0263urn i\u0263in ad yili i u\u1e93lay s ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n twuri", " g tamu zziyada n ufars n twuri d im\u025bann sg tsbbabt", " swa ngr t\u0263rmin d ngr tmizar n\u0263 xf tmizar." ] }, { "en": "The force of a rapidly growing population against a limited amount of land meant diminishing returns to labour.", "ber": "taggalt n imzda\u0263n nna mi ittzayad wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun nnsn s tazzla mgal yat tsmkta iswttan n wakalan tsnamka aguz n idwaln \u0263r imswuritn." }, { "en": "While Adam Smith emphasized the production of income", "ber": " David Ricardo (1817) focused on the distribution of income among landowners", "null": [ " workers", " and capitalists.", "macan iss\u0263zan adam smit xf ufars amsadaf", " da\u0263id \u1e5bikardu (1817) ntta ibdda xf ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n usadf ngr imilan n wakaln d imswuriyn d imsihritn." ] }, { "en": "Ricardo was the first to state and prove the principle of comparative advantage", "ber": " according to which each country should specialize in producing and exporting goods in that it has a lower relative cost of production", "null": [ " rather relying only on its own production.", "\u1e5bikardu ayd igan amzwaru indrn yakz amnzay tab\u0263urt n tmasa\u0263t", " nna ittinin blli ku tamazirt ad t\u1e93li g ufars d ussif\u1e0d n ilazazn acku atig nns amasa\u0263 n ufars imdrus", " d wansa n ibddi \u0263as xf ufars nns." ] }, { "en": "Mill pointed to a distinct difference between the market's two roles: allocation of resources and distribution of income.", "ber": "mill inna mas dangara yuman ngr tilal n ugadaz: a\u1e93lay n tngaw d ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n usadf." }, { "en": "Smith wrote that the real price of every thing\u00a0... is the toil and trouble of acquiring it.", "ber": "yura smit mas d atig idttan n kra iga tt t\u0263awsa... iga t uxnus d tkrrayin n tili nns." }, { "en": "Say's definition has prevailed up to our time", "ber": " saved by substituting the word wealth for goods and services meaning that wealth may include non-material objects as well.", "null": [ "ini ila asnml illan ar akud ad nn\u0263", " d yuwid asnfl n tguri n tab\u0263urt s alzaz d tnafutin isnamkan blli tab\u0263urt t\u0263y altu ad te\u1e6d\u1e6df awd iskkin ur igin ikmamn." ] }, { "en": "For Robbins", "ber": " the insufficiency was solved", "null": [ " and his definition allows us to proclaim", " with an easy conscience", " education economics", " safety and security economics", " health economics", " war economics", " and of course", " production", " distribution and consumption economics as valid subjects of the economic science.", "\u1e5bubinz anttan", " yufa afssay n war asmad", " d usnml nns ar an\u0263 ittawi ad nini", " s unugga iwhn", " tidmsatin n usslmd", " tadamsa n ufra d tflst", " tadamsa n tdusi", " tadamsa n imn\u0263i", " d awd ", " tadamsa n ufars d ub\u1e6d\u1e6du d tsadurt d isntln i\u0263idan i tumssanin n tdamsa." ] }, { "en": "Although far from unanimous", "ber": " most mainstream economists would accept some version of Robbins' definition", "null": [ " even though many have raised serious objections to the scope and method of economics", " emanating from that definition.", "waxxa d cigan sg imuzayn n tdamsa g umzaz isugrn ur msasan xf yat tanayt", " ar ttqbaln s tun\u0263ilt n usnml n \u1e5bubirz", " waxxa d cigan sg digsn issukz iyyumn imizin xf umna\u1e0d d tbridt n tdamsa", " nna d iddan sg usnml ad." ] }, { "en": "The term economics was popularized by such neoclassical economists as Alfred Marshall as a concise synonym for economic science and a substitute for the earlier political economy.", "ber": "iksi yirm n tadamsa yat tgdudant sg imuzayn n tdamsa taklasikiyt imaynutn zun d alfrid marcal d amnad izgzln itmassanin n tdamsa d imkkisi n tdamsa tasratant izrin." }, { "en": "It dispensed with the labour theory of value inherited from classical economics in favour of a marginal utility theory of value on the demand side and a more general theory of costs on the supply side.", "ber": "tzgr xf t\u1e93\u1e5bit n waddur ama\u1e0dlan ikkusn sg tdmsa taklasikiyt i tz\u1e5bit n lfayt tam\u1e0d\u1e5bft i tindi xf u\u0263zdis n usutr d t\u1e93\u1e5bit tagdudant cigan i i\u1e93azatn xf u\u0263zdis n ufsar." }, { "en": "An immediate example of this is the consumer theory of individual demand", "ber": " which isolates how prices (as costs) and income affect quantity demanded.", "null": [ "sg imdyatn usridn xf uyna ti\u1e93\u1e5bit n tmsidrt i usatur ayiman", " nna i\u1e93llin tamamkt s tt\u1e0du\u1e63n xf watign (ar awd t\u1e0du\u1e63 i\u1e93a\u1e93atn) d usadf xf tsmkta ittwasutrn." ] }, { "en": "Modern mainstream economics builds on neoclassical economics but with many refinements that either supplement or generalize earlier analysis", "ber": " such as econometrics", "null": [ " game theory", " analysis of market failure and imperfect competition", " and the neoclassical model of economic growth for analysing long-run variables affecting national income.", "tbdda tdamsa isugrn tatrart xf tdamsa taklasikiyt tamayut macan d cigan n isyifn nna ismadn n\u0263 smatant a\u1e63lad izrin", " zun d tadamsa tas\u0263lant", " ti\u1e93\u1e5bit n turart", " a\u1e63la\u1e0d n uguf n igadazn d t\u0263nnant ur ismdn", " d umdya aklasikiy amaynu n tgmi tadmsant i u\u1e63la\u1e0d n infaln id bu tizi i\u0263zzifn nna itt\u1e0du\u1e63n xf usadf a\u1e93u\u1e5ban." ] }, { "en": "There exists an economic problem", "ber": " subject to study by economic science", "null": [ " when a decision (choice) is made by one or more resource-controlling players to attain the best possible outcome under bounded rational conditions.", "tlla dinna yat tmkrist tadmsant", " iqqn \u0263r tzrawt nna tsskar tmassant n tdamsa", " milmi ittyasay u\u0263tas (astay) sg yat tnila n\u0263 uggar n imurarn na iba\u1e0dn g tmttiwin ttaf ad aw\u1e0dn tayfut i\u0263udan g wadadn inlliy i\u1e93lin." ] }, { "en": "The book focused on determinants of national income in the short run when prices are relatively inflexible.", "ber": "ibdda udlis xf cigan n wammakn i\u1e93lin i usadf a\u1e93u\u1e5ban g yat tizi idrusn milmi ttilin watign ur ttu\u1e93layn dru\u0263 dd." }, { "en": "Keynesian economics has two successors.", "ber": "tla tdamsa n kaynizyan sin isugamn." }, { "en": "It is generally associated with the University of Cambridge and the work of Joan Robinson.", "ber": "tqqn s umata \u0263r tsdawit n kambridj d twuri n jun \u1e5bubin\u1e63un." }, { "en": "Ben Bernanke", "ber": " former Chairman of the Federal Reserve", "null": [ " is among the economists today generally accepting Friedman's analysis of the causes of the Great Depression.", "iws n brnak", " axatar izrin n ubank n u\u0263\u1e0daf afidi\u1e5baliy", " iga sg imuzay n tdamsa assa s umata nna ittqbaln a\u1e63la\u1e0d n fridman s imntiln n unubr imqqurn." ] }, { "en": "When creating theories", "ber": " the objective is to find ones which are at least as simple in information requirements", "null": [ " more precise in predictions", " and more fruitful in generating additional research than prior theories.", "llig ttu\u1e63kant t\u1e93\u1e5bitin", " ar ittg uwttas tifit n t\u1e93\u1e5bitin nna igan tifrarin g isaturn n tumlitin", " d ux\u1e5b\u1e5bs g isnimaln", " d tyafutin yutin g ussirw n irzzutn ya\u1e0dn sg tu\u1e93\u1e5bitin izrin." ] }, { "en": "Early macroeconomic models focused on modelling the relationships between aggregate variables", "ber": " but as the relationships appeared to change over time macroeconomists", "null": [ " including new Keynesians", " reformulated their models in microfoundations.", "bddant imdyatn n tdamsa imatutn inzin xf usmdya n tuqqniwin ngr isnfln imsmunn", " macan akd usnfl n tuqqniwin d wakud", " s\u025baydn d imuzayn n tdamsa amatu ", " g amun kinzyun imaynutn", " sskrn anawn g i\u0263awasn im\u1e93\u1e93iyn." ] }, { "en": "Sometimes an economic hypothesis is only qualitative", "ber": " not quantitative.", "null": [ "can tikkal ar tgga turdawt tadmsant \u0263as tamnawayt", " ur d tasmkta" ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " the field of experimental economics is growing", "null": [ " and increasing use is being made of natural experiments.", "walaynni han iygr n tdamsa tanaramt issuda g tngmi", " d illa urnay n usmrs n tirmitin tigamanin." ] }, { "en": "By such means", "ber": " a hypothesis may gain acceptance", "null": [ " although in a probabilistic", " rather than certain", " sense.", "s imassn ad", " i\u0263y ad ttuqbal ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt ad", " waxxa iga uya \u0263as admu", " ur d s unamk amddad." ] }, { "en": "Criticisms based on professional standards and non-replicability of results serve as further checks against bias", "ber": " errors", "null": [ " and over-generalization", " although much economic research has been accused of being non-replicable", " and prestigious journals have been accused of not facilitating replication through the provision of the code and data.", "ar ssmrasnt ifrann illan xf isbdadn izzulann d warnili n yils tyafutin d irnay n udtta mgal as\u1e6du\u1e5bf", " tizgal", " s ussugt n usmata", " waxxa d warnirdi n cigan n irzzutn idmsan mas ur sar ttylasn", " d warnirdi n i\u0263misn ittwassn s war assuhn n yils sg uswjd n tugriwt d ismmaln." ] }, { "en": "In applied economics", "ber": " input\u2013output models employing linear programming methods are quite common.", "null": [ "g tdamsa tusnist", " han imdyatn n tkccumin d isafu\u0263n nna issmrasn ammakn n ushil azririg ittwassn nnican." ] }, { "en": "This has reduced the long-noted distinction of economics from natural sciences because it allows direct tests of what were previously taken as axioms.", "ber": "isdrus uya g taranawt ittwa\u1e93\u1e5ban yat tizi i\u0263zzifn ngr tdamsa d tmussniwin tigamanin acku da issuruf ad ttugn yirimn usridn i winna tt inn ikkan iga aw\u1e6d\u1e25a\u1e25 g mad izrin." }, { "en": "Similar empirical testing occurs in neuroeconomics.", "ber": "ar ittj\u1e5bu yirim anaram yaksuln g tdamsa ta\u1e0dant." }, { "en": "In perfectly competitive markets", "ber": " no participants are large enough to have the market power to set the price of a homogeneous product.", "null": [ "g igadazn iimzi\u0263n", " ur llin mdrawn imqqurn s uynna ilaqn g tilit n tggalt n ugadaz g uswttu n watug n tyafut imsisrn." ] }, { "en": "Microeconomics studies individual markets by simplifying the economic system by assuming that activity in the market being analysed does not affect other markets.", "ber": "ar tzrru tdamsa tagzmant igadazn infradn s t\u0263arast n usfrar n ussuds admsan s usurdu blli tilalt g ugadaz nna g issnti u\u1e63la\u1e0d ur da itt\u1e0du\u1e63 xf igadazn ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "General-equilibrium theory studies various markets and their behaviour.", "ber": "ar tzrru t\u1e93\u1e5bit n umyas amatu cigan n igadazn d tuskirin nnsn." }, { "en": "Choices must be made between desirable yet mutually exclusive actions.", "ber": "iqqan d ad yili ustay ngr tiggitin ilaqn lli isuggugn kra digsn xf kra." }, { "en": "Part of the cost of making pretzels is that neither the flour nor the morning are available any longer", "ber": " for use in some other way.", "null": [ "yan ugzzum sg tskrawt n irktutn iga mas d han la aggrn wla tifawn rad ilin s dat", " i ussmrs s t\u0263arast ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "Inputs used in the production process include such primary factors of production as labour services", "ber": " capital (durable produced goods used in production", "null": [ " such as an existing factory)", " and land (including natural resources).", "yamu g tmsadafin ittusmrasn g tirmit n ufars imggitin imzwura i ufars zun d tnafutin n imswuryn", " adgar (ilazazn ittufarsn ittusmrasn g ufars", " zun dasugar illan)", " d wakal (g amun isugam igamann)." ] }, { "en": "Efficiency is improved if more output is generated without changing inputs", "ber": " or in other words", "null": [ " the amount of waste is reduced.", "da tt\u0263udu tzmmrt ig llan cigan n tyufa bla asnfl n tmsadafin", " n\u0263 s way\u1e0d wawal", " ta\u1e93it n tsmkta if\u1e5ba\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "In the simplest case an economy can produce just two goods (say guns and butter).", "ber": "g waddadn ifrarn t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b tdamsa ad tfars \u0263as sin ilzazn (am tibawbawd tmudit)." }, { "en": "Scarcity is represented in the figure by people being willing but unable in the aggregate to consume beyond the PPF (such as at X) and by the negative slope of the curve.", "ber": "tettugnses tadrsi g wunu\u0263 s imj\u1e5bi lli ittinin is da ssmurn mddn nig PPF (amm g iks) maca ur zmirn ad t skrn g tgrawt d tksart tanabawt n us\u1e25udr." }, { "en": "The slope of the curve at a point on it gives the trade-off between the two goods.", "ber": "aksar n umksar g tnqi\u1e0dt \u0263ifs ar yakka asyafa ngr sin ilazazn." }, { "en": "Along the PPF", "ber": " scarcity implies that choosing more of one good in the aggregate entails doing with less of the other good.", "null": [ "g ta\u0263zi n PPF", " tadrsi da ttini is d astay n wuggar n yat t\u0263awsa g tgrawt da ittawi s ustay s drus g tayya\u1e0d t\u0263awsa." ] }, { "en": "A point inside the curve (as at A)", "ber": " is feasible but represents production inefficiency (wasteful use of inputs)", "null": [ " in that output of one or both goods could increase by moving in a northeast direction to a point on the curve.", "yat tnqqi\u1e0dt agnus n us\u1e25udr ( amm g a) tb=\u0263it ad tettug", " maca tgnses tari\u1e5bwi n usyafu (aq\u1e5ba\u1e0d n tnkcumin)", " g uswir n is i\u0263iy usyafu n yat n\u0263 snat is sli\u025bt ad yali s ummatti s ugafa ugmi\u1e0d ar tanqqi\u1e0dt n us\u1e25udr." ] }, { "en": "It has been observed that a high volume of trade occurs among regions even with access to a similar technology and mix of factor inputs", "ber": " including high-income countries.", "null": [ "ittwakz mas d aksay axatar sg tsbbabt d aij\u1e5b\u1e5bu ngr tmna\u1e0din d awd tazmrt n yili n tetknilujiyt imya\u0263n d umrks sg imgga n ufars", " g llant tmizar \u0263r yuli usadf." ] }, { "en": "Among each of these production systems", "ber": " there may be a corresponding division of labour with different work groups specializing", "null": [ " or correspondingly different types of capital equipment and differentiated land uses.", "gr ku yan g inagran a n usyafu", " i\u0263iy ad yili ub\u1e6d\u1e6du imsagarn n twuri akd trubba imzarayn n tsuwi i\u1e93lin", " n\u0263 g talkamt anawn imzarayn n wimattiwn d ismrsn imzaray n ikaln." ] }, { "en": "Theory and observation set out the conditions such that market prices of outputs and productive inputs select an allocation of factor inputs by comparative advantage", "ber": " so that (relatively) low-cost inputs go to producing low-cost outputs.", "null": [ "da sras ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt d usni\u0263s tifadiwin amm itagg\u02b7n n ugadaz n tsuf\u0263in d tnkcumin n usyafu isttin yat tikki n tnkcumin n isbdadn s ub\u0263ur ansmzazal", " s tbridt n (nisbiyan) i\u0263lan imik ixddmn asyafu n tnkcumin irxsn." ] }, { "en": "In microeconomics", "ber": " it applies to price and output determination for a market with perfect competition", "null": [ " which includes the condition of no buyers or sellers large enough to have price-setting power.", "g tdamsa tamikrut", " da ttusnis i uswuttu n watig i yan ugadaz g imda umzizwr", " aylli yuman tafada n awdyan umsa\u0263 n\u0263 imzznzi ixatrn \u1e25ma ad yili adabu n ad iswuttu itagg\u02b7n." ] }, { "en": "Demand theory describes individual consumers as rationally choosing the most preferred quantity of each good", "ber": " given income", "null": [ " prices", " tastes", " etc.", "ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n usutr ittusnmln n insmurn uggidn amm ustay asnmlli n tsmkta lli ak\u02b7 yufn n ku asyafu", " s istti n t\u0263rad", " n itagg\u02b7n", " n im\u1e0dayn", " itsitira." ] }, { "en": "The law of demand states that", "ber": " in general", "null": [ " price and quantity demanded in a given market are inversely related.", "da i\u1e63i\u1e0d\u1e5bas uslgn n usutr s umata", " atig d t\u0263ara ittyattarn g kra n ugadaz da ttmzdayn s tnmgla." ] }, { "en": "In addition", "ber": " purchasing power from the price decline increases ability to buy (the income effect).", "null": [ "g tsga n uya", " adabu n tmsu\u0263t lli d ittkkan uguz n itagg\u02b7n da issili tazmrt n tmsu\u0263t (tasurt n t\u0263ra)." ] }, { "en": "Supply is the relation between the price of a good and the quantity available for sale at that price.", "ber": "tga tasitit amyassa gr watig n yat t\u0263awsa d t\u0263ara illan g mnziwt n watig a." }, { "en": "Supply is typically represented as a function relating price and quantity", "ber": " if other factors are unchanged.", "null": [ "ittugnses uskan g umata s ts\u0263nt n watig d t\u0263ara", " mk wwiman isbdadn ya\u1e0dn ur nfiln." ] }, { "en": "Just as on the demand side", "ber": " the position of the supply can shift", "null": [ " say from a change in the price of a productive input or a technical improvement.", "amm ak\u02b7 g tsga n usutr", " asd\u0263r n uskan i\u0263iy ad infl", " ad nini sg yat tmzarayt n watig n yat tnkcumt n usyafu n\u0263 n us\u0263udu atikiniy." ] }, { "en": "Market equilibrium occurs where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded", "ber": " the intersection of the supply and demand curves in the figure above.", "null": [ "da ittili umyas n ugadaz kudnna taksul t\u0263ara ittufkan akd t\u0263ara ittyattarn", " angrayyaw n is\u1e25udurn n uskan d tutra g unu\u0263 a snnj." ] }, { "en": "At a price above equilibrium", "ber": " there is a surplus of quantity supplied compared to quantity demanded.", "null": [ "s yan watig ikkan nnig umyas", " illa lufa g t\u0263ara ittufkan g usmzazal akd t\u0263ara ittyattarn." ] }, { "en": "The most obvious kinds of firms are corporations", "ber": " partnerships and trusts.", "null": [ "timssntay lli ak\u02b7 ibaynn gan tnt tmssurin", " timssurin n wuggidn d ifniqn n tflst." ] }, { "en": "In perfectly competitive markets studied in the theory of supply and demand", "ber": " there are many producers", "null": [ " none of which significantly influence price.", "g igadazn g yattuy umzizwr lli ittuzran g ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt uskan d usutr", " llan kigan n imsyafutn", " lli g ur ili awdyan digsn kra n tasurt isnamkn \u0263f itagg\u02b7n." ] }, { "en": "Common market structures studied besides perfect competition include monopolistic competition", "ber": " various forms of oligopoly", "null": [ " and monopoly.", "g tama n umzizwr yattuyn", " tiskiwin iccarn n ugadaz ittuzran da ttuman amzizwr a\u1e93\u1e5bkwac", " tal\u0263iwin imyanawn n uligubul d munubul." ] }, { "en": "Given its different forms", "ber": " there are various ways of representing uncertainty and modelling economic agents' responses to it.", "null": [ "s isitti n tal\u0263iwin nns imzarayn", " llant tbridin imyanawn n usmdya isurdutn d uzzurt n trarit n tigawt n imggayn idmsann mnid n ti." ] }, { "en": "In behavioural economics", "ber": " it has been used to model the strategies agents choose when interacting with others whose interests are at least partially adverse to their own.", "null": [ "g tdamsa ta\u1e63ni\u025bant", " ittusmrs g uqqqurt n tstratijiyin ittyafran s\u0263ur ilggayn akd wiyya\u1e0d suggidn lli mi gant tnfutin nnsn s tfult tinmgalin akd tinnsn." ] }, { "en": "It has significant applications seemingly outside of economics in such diverse subjects as formulation of nuclear strategies", "ber": " ethics", "null": [ " political science", " and evolutionary biology.", "ila tisnswin tinamkanin iwrinn i tdamsa g isntln bahra imyanawn amm usil\u0263 n tstratijit tanukliyirt", " ti\u0263ariwin", " tamassant tasrtant d tbyulujit tasbu\u0263lant." ] }, { "en": "It also analyses the pricing of financial instruments", "ber": " the financial structure of companies", "null": [ " the efficiency and fragility of financial markets", " financial crises", " and related government policy or regulation.", "da awd isfsay assitg n wallaln in\u1e93\u1e5baf n tmssntay", " ti\u1e5bwi d tlu\u0263i n igadazn in\u1e93\u1e5baf", " tassasin tin\u1e93\u1e5baf d tsrtitin n\u0263 izzrafn inba\u1e0dn lli \u1e93a\u1e5bs illan." ] }, { "en": "Customers without knowledge of whether a car is a lemon depress its price below what a quality second-hand car would be.", "ber": "imsa\u0263n lli ur ssinnin mk tga thirit yan ''''limun'''' da sugguzn atig nns ddaw uylli s rad rg thirit tazaykut ibudan." }, { "en": "Both problems may raise insurance costs and reduce efficiency by driving otherwise willing transactors from the market (incomplete markets).", "ber": "\u0263iyn imukrisn s sin idsn ad ssilin g watig n tnfrut ssuggzn ti\u1e5bwi s ih\u1e5ba\u1e0d sg ugadaz n imwuriyn lli illan (''''igadazn ur imdin'''').''" }, { "en": "Information asymmetries and incomplete markets may result in economic inefficiency but also a possibility of improving efficiency through market", "ber": " legal", "null": [ " and regulatory remedies", " as discussed above.", "tar tarwast n usn\u0263ms d igadazn ur imdin \u0263iyn ad awin s tarti\u1e5bwi tadmsant", " maca awd yat tzmrt n us\u0263udu n ti\u1e5bwi s tmntilt n tsu\u0263al tinsbabin", " tuzrifin d tluganin", " imkinna t n\u1e93\u1e5ba nnigas." ] }, { "en": "Public goods are goods which are under-supplied in a typical market.", "ber": "ilzazn igdudann gan ilzazn mi drusn inzdadn g igadazn imdyatn." }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " air pollution may generate a negative externality", "null": [ " and education may generate a positive externality (less crime", " etc.).", "s umdyan", " i\u0263y ad d yawi wuluf n uzwu a\u1e0du\u1e63 ibawn sg b\u1e5b\u1e5ba", " d i\u0263y ad d yawi usslmd a\u1e0du\u1e63 ab\u1e5b\u1e5bani a\u0263aran (abkka\u1e0d idrusn", " d wuggar.)." ] }, { "en": "In many areas", "ber": " some form of price stickiness is postulated to account for quantities", "null": [ " rather than prices", " adjusting in the short run to changes on the demand side or the supply side.", "g cigan n yigran", " ilaq ad tili yat tl\u0263a sg tal\u0263iwin n ucbbr g watign g ussi\u1e6dn n tsmktiwin g ud\u0263ar n watign ", " d umsasa tizi idrusn akd isnfln g u\u0263zdis n isaturn n\u0263 win ufsar." ] }, { "en": "Examples of such price stickiness in particular markets include wage rates in labour markets and posted prices in markets deviating from perfect competition.", "ber": "sg imdyatn \u0263f uss\u1e5b\u1e63u n itagg\u02b7n n igadazn i\u1e93lin as\u0263l n t\u0263rad g igadazn n twuri d itagg\u02b7an ittunnan g igadazn lli iff\u0263n \u0263f umzizwr imdan." }, { "en": "Such aggregates include national income and output", "ber": " the unemployment rate", "null": [ " and price inflation and subaggregates like total consumption and investment spending and their components.", "uman imgrawn a ti\u0263rad tinamurin n usyafu", " as\u0263l n warwuri d ta\u1e0dxxum n itagg\u02b7n d ddu imgrawn amm asmuri ta\u0263zurant d tmq\u1e5ba\u1e0d n ussirw d tfrdisin nnsn." ] }, { "en": "This has addressed a long-standing concern about inconsistent developments of the same subject.", "ber": "da ittrara uya \u0263f yan unzgum i\u0263zzifn g wakud nns i\u1e93lin s usbu\u0263lu ur imyama\u1e93n g usntl ad nit." }, { "en": "Keynes contended that aggregate demand for goods might be insufficient during economic downturns", "ber": " leading to unnecessarily high unemployment and losses of potential output.", "null": [ "isnal kiyns is i\u0263iy usutr a\u0263zuran n t\u0263awsiwin ad ur ikfu g tfrkt n ta\u1e93it tadmsany", " aylli ittawin s yan us\u0263l n tarwuri tar tanafut yulin d t\u1e5b\u1e93iwin n usyafu illan." ] }, { "en": "New classical macroeconomics", "ber": " as distinct from the Keynesian view of the business cycle", "null": [ " posits market clearing with imperfect information.", "tadmsa tamikrut taklasilt tamayut", " imzarayn \u0263f usksu n kiyns g tsutlt tadmsant", " da tsras amyaraz n ugadaz akd in\u0263misn ur imdin." ] }, { "en": "The labour force only includes workers actively looking for jobs.", "ber": "ur yamu g tggalt n twuri \u0263as imswuriy nna irzzun xf twuri s yat tilalt xf twuri." }, { "en": "Classical models of unemployment occurs when wages are too high for employers to be willing to hire more workers.", "ber": "imdyatn iqqburn n warwuri da ttj\u1e5bu kudna ulint t\u0263\u1e5ba\u1e0d xf wad ilin id bab n twuri gan xf wad sswurin uggarn n imswuriyn." }, { "en": "Large amounts of structural unemployment can occur when an economy is transitioning industries and workers find their previous set of skills are no longer in demand.", "ber": "i\u0263y ad tili cigan n tarwuri tan\u0263ant kudnna tettu\u0263ul tdamsa \u0263r tmurwiwin afn nn iimswuritn blli cigan sg tfukkas nnsn izrin ur sulnt da ttusutrnt." }, { "en": "Money has general acceptability", "ber": " relative consistency in value", "null": [ " divisibility", " durability", " portability", " elasticity in supply", " and longevity with mass public confidence.", "lan idrimn tadugi s umata", " atig ur ittnfaln", " tib\u1e0din", " tasulant", " tamyazant", " tamlmama\u1e0dt n uskan d ta\u0263zi lli issumuln taflst tazayzt." ] }, { "en": "In the words of Francis Amasa Walker", "ber": " a well-known 19th-century economist", "null": [ " Money is what money does (Money is that money does in the original).", "''s wawal n fransis amasa wulkr", " yan undmas bahra ittyassnn n tsut tiss 19", " ''''gan idrimn aylli sskarn idrimn'''' (Money is that money does g usalan)''." ] }, { "en": "Its economic function can be contrasted with barter (non-monetary exchange).", "ber": "tas\u0263nt nnas tadmsant t\u0263iy ad ttusmzazal akd usnfl ( asnfl s wr idrimn)." }, { "en": "When aggregate demand falls below the potential output of the economy", "ber": " there is an output gap where some productive capacity is left unemployed.", "null": [ "kudnna iggz usutr a\u0263zuran \u0263f usyafu illan n tdamsa", " da ittili yan usinf n usyafu lli g ttqima yan usyafu g tarwuri." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " unemployed home builders can be hired to expand highways.", "null": [ "s umdya", " n\u0263iy ad nssxdm ibnnayn n taddrwin id warwuri g usxitr n ibrdan." ] }, { "en": "The effects of fiscal policy can be limited by crowding out.", "ber": "\u0263iynt tsurin n tsrtit tanmsastlt ad ttuwttant s tbridt n wufu\u0263." }, { "en": "Some economists think that crowding out is always an issue while others do not think it is a major issue when output is depressed.", "ber": "ar tt\u0263aln kra n indmasn is aha iga wufu\u0263 amukris kudnna ttinniyn wiyyad ir ur igi amukris axatar kudnna i\u0263ilf usyafu." }, { "en": "The latter", "ber": " an aspect of public choice theory", "null": [ " models public-sector behaviour analogously to microeconomics", " involving interactions of self-interested voters", " politicians", " and bureaucrats.", "g tsga a tamggarut", " d iga yat tsga g tsgg\u02b7in n ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n ustay agdudan", " da izzurut a\u1e63ni\u025b n yigr agdudan s tbridt irwasn tadmsa tamikrut", " aylli ittawin s tmya\u0263t n imstayn", " n isrtann d ibirikratiyn inngzmn." ] }, { "en": "It also concerns the size and distribution of gains from trade.", "ber": "t\u1e93li awd s tiddi d ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n wamma\u1e93n n tsbbabt." }, { "en": "It is often stated that Carlyle gave economics the nickname the dismal science as a response to the late 18th century writings of The Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus", "ber": " who grimly predicted that starvation would result", "null": [ " as projected population growth exceeded the rate of increase in the food supply.", "''ar aha ittyunna is ifka karlayl i tdamsa ism n ''tamassant i\u0263ilfn'''' d tamrarut n tirra n tigira n tsut tiss 18 n lqiss tumas rubirt maltus", " lli innan is rad yili buhyyuf", " s tmntilt n tmrniwt tadimugrafit ittusnimln izrin as\u0263l n tmrniwt n lmunt tamsadurt." ] }, { "en": "The close relation of economic theory and practice with politics is a focus of contention that may shade or distort the most unpretentious original tenets of economics", "ber": " and is often confused with specific social agendas and value systems.", "null": [ "tasqqnt inyaman gr ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt d tmskrt tadmsant d tsrtit tga asntl issnkarn adida lli i\u0263iyn ad isslis n\u0263 issfr\u0263 imnzayn ak\u02b7 imanuzn n tdamsa d lli ittmrwayn kigan akd i\u0263awasn inamunn d inagrawn n tnditin i\u1e93lin." ] }, { "en": "Some academic economic journals have increased their efforts to gauge the consensus of economists regarding certain policy issues in hopes of effecting a more informed political environment.", "ber": "idsnt tn\u0263an timdsanin tinsdawin b\u1e6d\u1e6dnn tiggaz \u1e25ma ad staln amsasa s indmasn \u0263f idsn isqsitn istratijiyn g usirm n usnulfu n yat twanna\u1e0dt tasrtant ifan uggar." }, { "en": "Issues like central bank independence", "ber": " central bank policies and rhetoric in central bank governors discourse or the premises of macroeconomic policies (monetary and fiscal policy) of the state", "null": [ " are focus of contention and criticism.", "isqsitn amm tsimant n id lbanka tinammasin", " tisrtatin n id lbanka tinammasin d lbala\u0263a g yinawn n inbba\u1e0dn n id lbanka tinammasin n\u0263 timzwura n tsrtitin tidmsanin timikrutin (tasrtit tan\u1e93\u1e5baft d tnmsastlt) n umank llan g wammas n imdiwiln d iz\u0263ann." ] }, { "en": "The field of information economics includes both mathematical-economical research and also behavioural economics", "ber": " akin to studies in behavioural psychology", "null": [ " and confounding factors to the neoclassical assumptions are the subject of substantial study in many areas of economics.", "igr n tdamsa n in\u0263misn yuma g yat tikklt arzzu n tusnakt d tdamsa d awd tadamsa n ta\u1e63ni\u025bant", " lli itt\u1e6d\u1e6dfn s tzrawin n tbsikulujit n u\u1e63ni\u025b", " d isbdadb n umrway n turdiwin tinyuklasiyin lli igan isntln n tzrawin i\u0263uban g kigan n yigran n tdamsa." ] }, { "en": "Joskow had a strong feeling that the important work in oligopoly was done through informal observations while formal models were trotted out ex post.", "ber": "'' ila jusku asyafa idusn is tettuga twuri tadslant g li\u025btikar s isni\u0263isn aral\u0263ann kudnna gan izurat il\u0263ann trotted out ex post." }, { "en": "Another major theme is evolution", "ber": " which explains the unity and diversity of life.", "null": [ "yan usntl ya\u1e0dn ixatrn iga t usbu\u0263lu", " lli issfrun tamya\u0263t d tmyanawt n tudrt." ] }, { "en": "His works such as History of Animals were especially important because they revealed his naturalist leanings", "ber": " and later more empirical works that focused on biological causation and the diversity of life.", "null": [ "tiwuruwin nns amm umzruy n imudar gan s u\u1e93lay idslann acku sbaynen t is iga angama", " d dffit tiwuriwin igan uggar tinrmin lli d yiwin \u0263f tmntilt tabyulujit d tmyanawt n tudrt." ] }, { "en": "Medicine was especially well studied by Islamic scholars working in Greek philosopher traditions", "ber": " while natural history drew heavily on Aristotelian thought", "null": [ " especially in upholding a fixed hierarchy of life.", "tettyazra tsnijjit s u\u1e93lay \u0263ur imusnawn inslmn lli ixdmn \u0263f tmyurin tifilusufin tigrikin", " kudnna yugm umzruy agaman n uswngm n aristu", " s u\u1e93lay g ufrag i taratubya iwrn g tudrt." ] }, { "en": "Investigations by Jan Swammerdam led to new interest in entomology and helped to develop the basic techniques of microscopic dissection and staining.", "ber": "irzzutn n jan swammrdam ldin d yat tnafut tamaynut i untumuluji ajjin anbu\u0263lu n tikniyin n tsila n usmmili amikruskubik d win usklu." }, { "en": "Then", "ber": " in 1838", "null": [ " Schleiden and Schwann began promoting the now universal ideas that (1) the basic unit of organisms is the cell and (2) that individual cells have all the characteristics of life", " although they opposed the idea that (3) all cells come from the division of other cells.", "imik", " g 1838", " issnta cladn d cwann asiliy n twngimin idan d\u0263i tigra\u0263lanin is d (1) tayant tasilant n ungmam tga t t\u0263rast d (2) is lant t\u0263rasin tufridin ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba tim\u1e93lay n tudrt", " waxxa gan mgal tawngimt ittinin (3) is da d ttddunt ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba t\u0263rasin sg ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n tiyya\u1e0d t\u0263rasin." ] }, { "en": "Carl Linnaeus published a basic taxonomy for the natural world in 1735 (variations of which have been in use ever since)", "ber": " and in the 1750s introduced scientific names for all his species.", "null": [ "issuf\u0263 d karl linayus yan u\u1e63nnf asilan n ama\u1e0dal agaman g 1735 (lli g ttusmrsnt tmzarayin sg wakud ann)", " g isgg\u02b7asn n 1750 iskcm iswamn imassann i ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba anawn a." ] }, { "en": "Lamarck believed that these acquired traits could then be passed on to the animal's offspring", "ber": " who would further develop and perfect them.", "null": [ "i\u0263al lamark is \u0263iynt tfras a ittyma\u1e93n ad ttufknt dffir i tara n umudrn", " lli rad tnt isbu\u0263lu ismd tnt." ] }, { "en": "The basis for modern genetics began with the work of Gregor Mendel", "ber": " who presented his paper", "null": [ " Versuche \u00fcber Pflanzenhybriden (Experiments on Plant Hybridization)", " in 1865", " which outlined the principles of biological inheritance", " serving as the basis for modern genetics.", "''tasila n tjinitikt tatrart tssnta akd twuri n grigur mindil", " lli issnkdn arra nns", " ''''Versuche \u00fcber Pflanzenhybriden (tirmitin \u0263f uhjjn n im\u0263ayn''\u2019\u2019)", " g 1865", " lli isnmln imnzay n tukksa tabyulujit", " ig tasila n tjinitiyt tatrart.\u2019\u2019" ] }, { "en": "A focus on new kinds of model organisms such as viruses and bacteria", "ber": " along with the discovery of the double-helical structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953", "null": [ " marked the transition to the era of molecular genetics.", "asnamms \u0263f wanawn imayuntn n ingmamn izurat amm ifirusn d tbaktirin", " ula awd tawafit n tauskiwt tayugant n hilikwayd n a di in s\u0263ur djims watsun d fransis krik g 1953", " \u1e5bcmn ammatti s azmz n tjinitikt tamulikulirt." ] }, { "en": "Finally", "ber": " the Human Genome Project was launched in 1990 with the goal of mapping the general human genome.", "null": [ "g tigira", " as\u0263nu \u0263f ujinum anfgan ittugr g 1990 g uwttas n uska\u1e5b\u1e0da n ujinum anfgan s umata." ] }, { "en": "Life on Earth began from water and remained there for about three billions years prior to migrating onto land.", "ber": "tudrt \u0263f wakal tssnta sg waman tqqim digsn attay n k\u1e5ba\u1e0d id mlya\u1e5b n isgg\u02b7asn dat ad tzug \u0263r akal." }, { "en": "The nucleus is made of one or more protons and a number of neutrons.", "ber": "ittuga u\u0263rmi sg yan n\u0263 kigan n ibrutunn d idsn inutrunn." }, { "en": "The atom of each specific element contains a unique number of protons", "ber": " which is known as its atomic number", "null": [ " and the sum of its protons and neutrons is an atom's mass number.", "afnuz n ku afrdis i\u1e93lin yuma yan um\u1e0dan amyiwn n ibrutunn", " lli ittyassnn s um\u1e0dan nns anfnuz", " d taggart n ibrutunn nns d inutrunn gan am\u1e0dan n ugdud n ufnuz." ] }, { "en": "Carbon", "ber": " for example", "null": [ " can exist as a stable isotope (carbon-12 or carbon-13) or as a radioactive isotope (carbon-14)", " the latter of which can be used in radiometric dating (specifically radiocarbon dating) to determine the age of organic materials.", "akarbun", " s umdyan i\u0263iy ad yili iga izutub iwrn (akarbun 12 n\u0263 akarbun 13) n\u0263 iga izutub radyuaktif (akarbun 14)", " amggaru a i\u0263iy ad ittusmrs g tsnakudt radyumitrik (s uzlay tasnakudt radyukarbun) g uswuttu n uwatay n ymttiwin tingmamin." ] }, { "en": "Ionic bonding involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions", "ber": " or between two atoms with sharply different electronegativities", "null": [ " and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds.", "amyassa ayunik ittawi alday iliktrustatik gr iyunn ittkarn s tbridt tanmgalt", " n\u0263 sin ifnuzn akd tldayt taliktrikt bahra imzarayn", " d tga tamya\u0263t tamnzut lli ittilin g wuddisn iyuniyn." ] }, { "en": "Unlike ionic bonds", "ber": " a covalent bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.", "null": [ "g tmgla n imyassatn iyuniyn", " da ittu\u0263ul umyassa atakafuli \u0263f ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n tyugiwin n iliktrunn gr ifnuzn." ] }, { "en": "A ubiquitous example of a hydrogen bond is found between water molecules.", "ber": "illa yan umdya g matta ud\u0263ar n umyassa ahidrujini ittyafa gr imulikuln n waman." }, { "en": "Water is important to life because it is an effective solvent", "ber": " capable of dissolving solutes such as sodium and chloride ions or other small molecules to form an aqueous solution.", "null": [ "gan waman idslann i tudrt acku gan isfsayn i\u1e5bwan", " \u0263iyn ad sfsin isfsayn amm iyunn n usudyum d uklurid n\u0263 wiyyad imulikuln im\u1e93\u1e93ann \u1e25ma ad skrn am\u1e25lul n waman." ] }, { "en": "Because the O\u2013H bonds are polar", "ber": " the oxygen atom has a slight negative charge and the two hydrogen atoms have a slight positive charge.", "null": [ "acku gan imzdayn nns O\u2013Hiqu\u1e6dbiyn", " d ila ufnuz n uksijin taktturt tuzdirt s tafssi d sin ifnuzn n uhidrujin lan takturt timnigt s tafssi." ] }, { "en": "Water is also adhesive as it is able to adhere to the surface of any polar or charged non-water molecules.", "ber": "awd aman da sll\u0263n acku i\u1e93da\u1e5b ad yili g uzaru n kra iga tt tgzzumin tasfaylutin n\u0263 tkarnt s uynna ur igin aman." }, { "en": "The lower density of ice compared to liquid water is due to the lower number of water molecules that form the crystal lattice structure of ice", "ber": " which leaves a large amount of space between water molecules.", "null": [ "ar itt\u025bayad udrus n tsmkta n ugris s uznnmzal d waman \u0263r tadrsi n cigan n ttgzmin n waman nn iskarn yat tu\u1e63ka udlsis abilaw\u1e5bi n ugris", " nna iffal yan urgay axatar ngr tgzmin n waman." ] }, { "en": "Thus", "ber": " a large amount of energy is needed to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules to convert liquid water into gas (or water vapor).", "null": [ "d xf uya issutr waddad yat tzmrt yutin n trna ttaf ad \u1e5b\u1e93n izdayn ihid\u1e5bulujiyn ngr tgzmin n waman i usnfl n waman iblulun \u0263r unbbaz (n\u0263 irgg\u02b7a n waman)." ] }, { "en": "With the exception of water", "ber": " nearly all the molecules that make up each organism contain carbon.", "null": [ "s uslag n waman", " dru\u0263 dd kullu tizgmin nna g ttuskarn ku imli amddar digs ak\u1e5bbun." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " a single carbon atom can form four single covalent bonds such as in methane", "null": [ " two double covalent bonds such as in carbon dioxide", " or a triple covalent bond such as in carbon monoxide (CO).", "s umdya", " t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b t\u0263yayt n yan uk\u1e5bbun ad iskr kku\u1e93 n tnmal tmzmmrin day am tumlin n lmi\u1e6dan", " n\u0263 tumlin tmzmrin tyuganin am wiss sin nuksid lka\u1e5bbun", " n\u0263 tumlin timzmmrin tik\u1e5ba\u1e0din am tumlin ayan uksid lka\u1e5bbun (CO)." ] }, { "en": "A hydrocarbon backbone can be substituted by other elements such as oxygen (O)", "ber": " hydrogen (H)", "null": [ " phosphorus (P)", " and sulfur (S)", " which can change the chemical behavior of that compound.", "i\u1e93da\u1e5b ad ittusnfl buz\u025bruru n uhidruka\u1e5bbunik s ifrdisn ya\u1e0dn am luksijin(O)", " lhid\u1e5bujin (H)", " lfu\u1e63fu\u1e5b (P)", " d lkbriyt (S)", " nna i\u0263in ad isnfl timskirt takimyayit n wuddis ad." ] }, { "en": "When two monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose are linked together", "ber": " they can form a disaccharide such as sucrose.", "null": [ "ig ttuzdaaynt sin sg uyansakrid am lgliku\u1e93 d lfrk\u1e6duz s sin", " han \u0263in ad skrn tcukarid zun d ssuk\u1e5bus." ] }, { "en": "These lipids are organic compounds that are largely nonpolar and hydrophobic.", "ber": "ayad n i\u1e0dr\u1e93n gan uddisn igmamn ur isfaylun d gan aman ar azyinn." }, { "en": "The glycerol and phosphate group together constitute the polar and hydrophilic (or head) region of the molecule whereas the fatty acids make up the nonpolar and hydrophobic (or tail) region.", "ber": "ar t\u1e63ku tgrawt n lglisirul d lfu\u1e63fafa\u1e6d tamna\u1e0dt n tasfaylut d n waman (n\u0263 i\u0263f) sg ugzzum walayni ar ttu\u1e63ka tasmmi tu\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e93t taman\u1e0dt ur isfaylun d waman (n\u0263 acwal)." }, { "en": "Proteins are the most diverse of the macromolecules", "ber": " which include enzymes", "null": [ " transport proteins", " large signaling molecules", " antibodies", " and structural proteins.", "gant lb\u1e5butinat timnawayin uggar n tbaktiriyt", " nna g amunt lanzimat", " lb\u1e5butinat n usmatty", " tigzzumin n tumlin tixatarin", " tifkkiwin tinmgal", " d lb\u1e5butinat tu\u1e63kitin." ] }, { "en": "The polarity and charge of the side chains affect the solubility of amino acids.", "ber": "ar t\u1e0du\u1e63 tsfaylut d uktur n izddayn isgawan ittawin n tasmmiwin aminiy i ufsay." }, { "en": "The primary structure consists of a unique sequence of amino acids that are covalently linked together by peptide bonds.", "ber": "ar ttili tu\u1e63ka tamnzzut n usddi anfrad n tamsswin timinitin nna izddin s tl\u0263a ta\u0263zurant akk\u02b7 s tbridt wattay ababtidi." }, { "en": "The folding of alpha helices and beta sheets gives a protein its three-dimensional or tertiary structure.", "ber": "asmun\u1e0d n lalfa d tflin n bayta ar yakka i lb\u1e5butin yat tu\u1e63kiwt tamk\u1e5ba\u1e0dt n imnadn n\u0263 tiss k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt." }, { "en": "The purines include guanine (G) and adenine (A) whereas the pyrimidines consist of cytosine (T)", "ber": " uracil (U)", "null": [ " and thymine (T).", "uman iburinn igawaninn (g) d adnin (a) kudnna yuma birimidin asitusisn (t)", " d urasil (u)", " d utaymin (t)." ] }, { "en": "A cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer", "ber": " including cholesterols that sit between phospholipids to maintain their fluidity at various temperatures.", "null": [ "tuma tfrkit t t\u0263rast yan ulibid abilayr", " g yamu ukulistirul lli ittilin gr ufusfulibud \u1e25ma ad i\u1e0duf ta\u1e25rarayt nnsn g tz\u0263al imyanawn." ] }, { "en": "Cell membranes are involved in various cellular processes such as cell adhesion", "ber": " storing electrical energy", "null": [ " and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures such as a cell wall", " glycocalyx", " and cytoskeleton.", "da kccmnt tfrka n t\u0263rast g tziggzin imyanan n t\u0263rast amm ulta\u0263 n t\u0263rast", " asatim n uzmar iliktrik d tsuslit n t\u0263rast ar ttggant taduli isl\u0263n i kigan n ingmamn iwrinn n t\u0263rasin amm ugadirn t\u0263rast", " glikukaliks d situskilitun." ] }, { "en": "The Alberts text discusses how the cellular building blocks move to shape developing embryos.", "ber": "''ar isawal u\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63 n albirts \u0263f mak ttmussunt ''tuskiwin n t\u0263rast ''\u1e25ma ad sil\u0263nt arraw igmman." }, { "en": "Plant cells have additional organelles that distinguish them from animal cells such as a cell wall that provides support for the plant cell", "ber": " chloroplasts that harvest sunlight energy to produce sugar", "null": [ " and vacuoles that provide storage and structural support as well as being involved in reproduction and breakdown of plant seeds.", "ti\u0263rasin n im\u0263ayn lant igmamn imrna lli tnt i\u1e93llin \u0263f t\u0263rasin n imudar amm ugadir n t\u0263rasin lli yakkan tanalit i t\u0263rast n im\u0263ayn", " d uklurublast lli i\u1e93\u1e93a\u1e0dn azmar n usidd n tafukt g usyafu n ssk\u02b7ar", " d tugawin lli yakkan tanalit n usatim d ungmam ula umu g usgidi n\u0263 ta\u1e0du\u1e5bi n wamud n im\u0263ayn." ] }, { "en": "According to the first law of thermodynamics", "ber": " energy is conserved", "null": [ " i.e.", " cannot be created or destroyed.", "g uynna illan g uzrf amzwaru n tdinamikt n tz\u0263lt", " da ttusitim t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bt", " s wawal ya\u1e0dn ur t\u0263iy ad ttuskr ula ttuxla." ] }, { "en": "As a result", "ber": " an organism requires continuous input of energy to maintain a low state of entropy.", "null": [ "g tyafut", " yusr yan ugmam yat tnalit issadan n uzmar \u1e25ma ad yam\u1e93 yan us\u0263l amudrus n intrubya." ] }, { "en": "Usually", "ber": " catabolism releases energy", "null": [ " and anabolism consumes energy.", "g tmyurt", " da yakkan ikatabuln azmar", " d anabul da ssmur azmar." ] }, { "en": "The overall reaction occurs in a series of biochemical steps", "ber": " some of which are redox reactions.", "null": [ "tararit ta\u0263zurant tettili g yan usddi n tfrkiwin tibyucimin", " lli gant idsnt tararit n tigawt tima\u0263ulin." ] }, { "en": "Acetyl-Coa enters the citric acid cycle", "ber": " which takes places inside the mitochondrial matrix.", "null": [ "da ikccm asitil-kuwa tasutlt n usmam asitrik", " lli ittam\u1e93n id\u0263arn agnsu n usirw amitikundral." ] }, { "en": "Oxidative phosphorylation comprises the electron transport chain", "ber": " which is a series of four protein complexes that transfer electrons from one complex to another", "null": [ " thereby releasing energy from NADH and FADH2 that is coupled to the pumping of protons (hydrogen ions) across the inner mitochondrial membrane (chemiosmosis)", " which generates a proton motive force.", "yuma ufusfuril amaksad asaru n wassay n iliktrun", " lli igan yan usddi n kku\u1e93 n ibrutin uddisn lli ittain iliktrunn sg yan wuddis \u0263r wayya\u1e0d", " ar slelliyn azmar n nadh d win fadh2 lli igan tayuga akd ubumbaj n ibrutinn (ayun n uhudrujin) g tfrkit tamikundrit tag\u02b7nsant (kimyusmuzis)", " lli ittarun azmar amdkay n ibrutinn." ] }, { "en": "If oxygen were not present", "ber": " pyruvate would not be metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation.", "null": [ "mk ur illi uksijin", " ur rad nngdmn ibirufat s tbridt n wunfus n t\u0263rast maca da \u0263ifs ttuga tmskrt n umtan." ] }, { "en": "Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+ so it can be re-used in glycolysis.", "ber": "amtan da ittaksad nadh s nad+ ard yi\u0263iy ad ittusmrs g ufsay ajikuluzis." }, { "en": "In skeletal muscles", "ber": " the waste product is lactic acid.", "null": [ "g tbujja n t\u0263ssa", " amsyafu n warrasn iga t usmmamalaktik." ] }, { "en": "During anaerobic glycolysis", "ber": " NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate.", "null": [ "g wakud n ufsay aglukuli war azwu", " da ittusmaynu nad+ kudnna da ttmunnt tayugin n uhidrujin akd ubirufit h\u1e25a ad sil\u0263nt laktat." ] }, { "en": "During recovery", "ber": " when oxygen becomes available", "null": [ " NAD+ attaches to hydrogen from lactate to form ATP.", "g ussidr", " kudnna illa uksijin", " da ittagl nad+ s uhidrujin sg laktat \u1e25ma ad isil\u0263 atb." ] }, { "en": "In most cases", "ber": " oxygen is also released as a waste product.", "null": [ "g umata i imdyatn", " da awd ittugar uksijin am is iga arras." ] }, { "en": "This is analogous to the proton-motive force generated across the inner mitochondrial membrane in aerobic respiration.", "ber": "imnaway uya akd taggzt idkkin n ubrutun ittarun g tfrkit tamikundrit tag\u02b7nsant g usunfus n uzwu." }, { "en": "In autocrine signaling", "ber": " the ligand affects the same cell that releases it.", "null": [ "g iskann n utukrin", " da ttili tzl\u0263a tasurt \u0263f t\u0263rast lli nit mi t\u1e5b\u1e93\u1e93m." ] }, { "en": "In eukaryotes (i.e.", "ber": " animal", "null": [ " plant", " fungal", " and protist cells)", " there are two distinct types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.", "g t\u0263rasin n ukaritus ( ti\u0263rasin n imudar", " tin im\u0263ayn", " ig\u02b7rsaln)", " llan sin wanawn n ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n t\u0263rasin: tamituzt d tmiyuzt." ] }, { "en": "After cell division", "ber": " each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle.", "null": [ "dffir n ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n t\u0263rast", " ku yan g t\u0263rasin tirbatin da ssntaynt g tfrkt n gr g tsutlt tamaynut." ] }, { "en": "Both of these cell division cycles are used in the process of sexual reproduction at some point in their life cycle.", "ber": "da ttusmrasnt snat tsutal n ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n t\u0263rasin g tmskrt n usgidi n wanaw g kra n tfrkt g tsutlt n tudrt." }, { "en": "Unlike the processes of mitosis and meiosis in eukaryotes", "ber": " binary fission takes in prokaryotes takes place without the formation of a spindle apparatus on the cell.", "null": [ "g umzaray n tmskrin n tmituzt d tmyuzist n ukaryut", " ab\u1e6d\u1e6du ayugan ittasi g ubrukaryus g ud\u0263ar n usil\u0263 n yan wallal n tmdrt n t\u0263rast." ] }, { "en": "Mendelian inheritance", "ber": " specifically", "null": [ " is the process by which genes and traits are passed on from parents to offspring.", "tuksa n madilyan", " s u\u1e93lay uggar", " tga taziggzt lli ttmattayn ijinn d tfras n imarawn \u0263f tarwa." ] }, { "en": "The first is that genetic characteristics", "ber": " which are now called alleles", "null": [ " are discrete and have alternate forms (e.g.", " purple vs. white or tall vs. dwarf)", " each inherited from one of two parents.", "tamzwarut iga tt is d tim\u1e93laytttijinitin", " lli ittusmman d\u0263i alil", " gant tuffirin ilint tiyya\u1e0d tal\u0263iin", " (s udya", " ajnja\u1e5bi gal allal n\u0263 axatar mgal ag\u02b7zzal)", " ku yan ikkusa sg yan g sin imaran." ] }, { "en": "Mendel noted that during gamete formation", "ber": " the alleles for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene", "null": [ " which is stated by his law of segregation.", "izmmem mindil is d g usil\u0263 n ugamit", " da ttmsb\u1e0dunt id alil n ku ujin grasn ard ur yasi ku agamit xs yan alil i ku ajin", " aylli ittu\u1e5bcmn s uslgn nns n usnu\u1e25yu." ] }, { "en": "The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next", "ber": " resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone.", "null": [ "da ttuwdayn inuklyutidn grasn g usaru n imyisatn gr ssk\u02b7ar n yan unuklyutid d ufusfat n wayya\u1e0d", " ar d ittff\u0263 s yat twala n ssk\u02b7ar-afusfat g uz\u025brur." ] }, { "en": "The bases are divided into two groups: pyrimidines and purines.", "ber": "b\u1e0dant tsila xf snat trubba : ibirimidinn d ibyurinn." }, { "en": "DNA is replicated once the two strands separate.", "ber": "da itgaday adiin adday b\u1e0dun sin ifilan nns." }, { "en": "A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones.", "ber": "iga ukrumu\u1e93um yat tu\u1e63kiwt ittuslgnn g illa adiin d ihistunn." }, { "en": "In prokaryotes", "ber": " the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid.", "null": [ "\u0263r ibrukaryutn", " da ittu\u1e25\u1e0du adiin g yat tizzit m wunu\u0263 ur ittusudsn ism nns aniklyud." ] }, { "en": "The genetic information stored in DNA represents the genotype", "ber": " whereas the phenotype results from the synthesis of proteins that control an organism's structure and development", "null": [ " or that act as enzymes catalyzing specific metabolic pathways.", "in\u0263misn n tukksa ittu\u1e25\u1e0dan g adiin ayd igan anaw n tukksa", " maka anaw udmawan da t akkan ibrutinn iba\u1e0dn g tu\u1e63kiwt n umudr d us\u0263uws nns", " n\u0263 da swurin d wan\u1e93imn ittakmn ti\u0263arasin n usnfl." ] }, { "en": "Under the genetic code", "ber": " these mRNA strands specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins in a process called translation", "null": [ " which occurs in ribosomes.", "s tmatart n tukksi", " da tstay tsddi ad n ayrin amazan asnsl n wassid aminu ag\u02b7ns n ibrutinn g yat tsi\u0263t ism nns tasu\u0263lt", " nna ittj\u1e5bun ag\u02b7ns n i\u1e5bibu\u1e93umn." ] }, { "en": "Sequencing and analysis of genomes can be done using high throughput DNA sequencing and bioinformatics to assemble and analyze the function and structure of entire genomes.", "ber": "n\u0263y ad nskr asnsl n ujinum s usmrs n usnsl n wadiin isfarasn kigan d in\u0263misn imaddarn afad munn fsin tawwuri d tu\u1e63kiwt n ujinum kullu." }, { "en": "The genomes of prokaryotes are small", "ber": " compact", "null": [ " and diverse.", "gan ijinumn n ibrukaryutn im\u1e93\u1e93yann", " uddizn", " gin anawn." ] }, { "en": "There are four key processes that underlie development: Determination", "ber": " differentiation", "null": [ " morphogenesis", " and growth.", "llant kku\u1e93 n tmhlin tidslanin dffir n usbu\u0263lu : a\u1e93lay", " d umzaray", " d usnay", " d tmrniwt." ] }, { "en": "Stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can differentiate into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell.", "ber": "ti\u0263rasin tifggaganin ur mzaraynt n\u0263 mzaraynt imikk \u0263int ad b\u1e0dunt xf kigan n wanawn n t\u0263rasin ar tgidiynt abda afad farsnt uggar n t\u0263rast tafggagant." }, { "en": "Apoptosis", "ber": " or programmed cell death", "null": [ " also occurs during morphogenesis", " such as the death of cells between digits in human embryonic development", " which frees up individual fingers and toes.", "da ittj\u1e5bu ubub\u1e6du\u1e93", " n\u0263 d tamttant ta\u0263rasant ittu\u0263awsn", " g tizi n usnay", " zund tamttant n t\u0263rasin ingr i\u1e0du\u1e0dan g ubu\u0263lu n tslmya", " nna islellin i\u1e0du\u1e0dan n ifassn d tfdnin n i\u1e0da\u1e5bn." ] }, { "en": "These toolkit genes are highly conserved among phyla", "ber": " meaning that they are ancient and very similar in widely separated groups of animals.", "null": [ "da ttu\u1e25\u1e0dun imassn n ijinumn ad kigan ingr tzuniwin", " s man aya gan izaykutn d mmrwasn kigan g trubba ib\u1e0dan n imudar." ] }, { "en": "Hox genes determine where repeating parts", "ber": " such as the many vertebrae of snakes", "null": [ " will grow in a developing embryo or larva.", "da sttin ijinumn n huks ad\u0263ar n tmrniwt n tfulin timallasin", " zund kigan n ig\u1e6d\u1e6dumn n ifa\u0263riwn", " g tslmya n\u0263d tawkka." ] }, { "en": "A toolkit gene can be expressed in a different pattern", "ber": " as when the beak of Darwin's large ground-finch was enlarged by the BMP gene", "null": [ " or when snakes lost their legs as Distal-less (Dlx) genes became under-expressed or not expressed at all in the places where other reptiles continued to form their limbs.", "n\u0263y ad nsawl xf imasn n ujinum s tmamkt imzarayn", " zund lli g ittusm\u0263r u\u0263nbu n ubaxxu n wakal taxatart n darwin s ujinum BMP", " n\u0263d lli g zlan ifa\u0263riwn i\u1e0da\u1e5bn nnsn acku a\u0263uln ijinumn distal-lis (Dlx) ur wala gin imssinitn n\u0263d ur gin imssinitn xf kull g id\u0263arn g ssudan im\u1e25rurdn ya\u1e0dn g usnay n igmamn nnsn." ] }, { "en": "This perspective holds that evolution occurs when there are changes in the allele frequencies within a population of interbreeding organisms.", "ber": "da ittinniy usmuqql ad mas d abu\u0263lu da ittj\u1e5bu adday ilin isnfln g isnagarn n i\u1e25aliln ag\u02b7ns n yat trabbut n imudar ittmyawaln." }, { "en": "When selective forces are absent or relatively weak", "ber": " allele frequencies are equally likely to drift upward or downward at each successive generation because the alleles are subject to sampling error.", "null": [ "adday ur ilint taggalin ittustayn n\u0263 u\u1e25lnt imikk", " \u0263in ad fr\u0263n isnagarn n u\u1e25alil s aflla n\u0263d izdar s tngaddayt g ku tasuta im\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn acku i\u1e25aliln da asn ittj\u1e5bu uzggal g ustay n tussifin." ] }, { "en": "Reproductive isolation also tends to increase with genetic divergence.", "ber": "da itt\u1e25a\u1e5bas u\u1e93lay amarwan s tmrniwt ig illa umziray ajiniy." }, { "en": "When a lineage divides into two", "ber": " it is represented as a node (or split) on the phylogenetic tree.", "null": [ "adday ib\u1e0du u\u1e93u\u1e5b xf sin", " da ittusmdya am tsrrift (n\u0263d ab\u1e6d\u1e6du) xf tsklut n tukksa." ] }, { "en": "Within a tree", "ber": " any group of species designated by a name is a taxon (e.g.", "null": [ " humans", " primates", " mammals", " or vertebrates) and a taxon that consists of all its evolutionary descendants is a clade", " otherwise known as a monophyletic taxon.", "ag\u02b7ns n tsklut", " ku tarabbut n wanawn ittustayn s yism tga tasnawayt (s umdya", " afgan", " tidslanin", " tim\u1e93\u1e93agin", " n\u0263d id m usnsul) d wanaw nna ittusnayn sg kullu ayyawn nns ibu\u0263lan igat klayd", " ittwassn awd s yism n wanawn imyiwnn." ] }, { "en": "A species or group that is closely related to the ingroup but is phylogenetically outside of it is called the outgroup", "ber": " which serves a reference point in the tree.", "null": [ "da as nttini i wanaw n\u0263 tarabbut izdin azday idusn s trabbut maca g tsga n ubu\u0263lu b\u1e5b\u1e5ba nns ism nns tarabbut n b\u1e5b\u1e5ba", " nna isnufun yat tnqqi\u1e0dt tasa\u0263ult g tsklut." ] }, { "en": "Based on the principle of Parsimony (or Occam's razor)", "ber": " the tree that is favored is the one with the fewest evolutionary changes needed to be assumed over all traits in all groups.", "null": [ "ig na\u0263ul s amnzay abarsimuniy (n\u0263d tafrut n ukams)", " tasklut tufut tga tt tsklut g llan isnfln ibu\u0263lutn idrusn ixssa ad tturdan xf ifrisn kullu g trubba kullu." ] }, { "en": "Based on this system", "ber": " each species is given two names", "null": [ " one for its genus and another for its species.", "ig ndda xf unagraw ad", " da ttufkan sin wassa\u0263n i ku anaw", " yan digsn i tawsit nns d way\u1e0d i wanaw nns." ] }, { "en": "Biologists regard the ubiquity of the genetic code as evidence of universal common descent for all bacteria", "ber": " archaea", "null": [ " and eukaryotes.", "da ttinin ibyulujiyn mas d ab\u1e93\u1e93\u025b n unugl ajinitik g wansiwn kullu iga an\u1e93a amlta\u0263 ama\u1e0dlan i kull ibaktiritn", " id tar a\u0263yay", " d id m u\u0263yay adttan." ] }, { "en": "Later", "ber": " around 1.7 billion years ago", "null": [ " multicellular organisms began to appear", " with differentiated cells performing specialised functions.", "\u1e0da\u1e5bt uynna\u0263", " sg wattayn n 1.7 blyun n usgg\u02b7as", " ssntin imudar ayt kigan n t\u0263rasin ufu\u0263 s t\u0263rasin imzarayn isskarn tis\u0263an tim\u1e93lay." ] }, { "en": "Land plants were so successful that they are thought to have contributed to the Late Devonian extinction event.", "ber": "mursn im\u0263ayn n wakal kigan allig ittwana is amun g una\u0263iz izlan i uzmz adifuniy amggaru." }, { "en": "During the recovery from this catastrophe", "ber": " archosaurs became the most abundant land vertebrates; one archosaur group", "null": [ " the dinosaurs", " dominated the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.", "g tizi n tujit sg u\u025bdriq ad", " a\u0263uln wa\u1e5bku\u1e63u\u1e5bn sg ayt igg\u025bbubn iggutn ; yat trabbut n wa\u1e5bku\u1e63u\u1e5bn", " nna igan idayna\u1e63u\u1e5bn", " tnnb\u1e0d azmz n aju\u1e5basik d uk\u1e5bi\u1e6da\u1e63i." ] }, { "en": "Bacteria inhabit soil", "ber": " water", "null": [ " acidic hot springs", " radioactive waste", " and the deep biosphere of the earth's crust.", "tddr lbaktirya b wakal", " waman", " ti\u1e6d\u1e6dawin tismmamin ir\u0263an", " afra\u1e0d asflallay d unmila amaddur g wabu\u1e0d n wakal." ] }, { "en": "Archaea constitute the other domain of prokaryotic cells and were initially classified as bacteria", "ber": " receiving the name archaebacteria (in the Archaebacteria kingdom)", "null": [ " a term that has fallen out of use.", "amun warkitn g yigr ya\u1e0dn n t\u0263rasin tar a\u0263yay d ttustaynt tizwuri \u0263ur lbaktirya", " tusy isn n lbaktirya tazaykut ( g tgldit n lbaktirya tazaykut)", " iga yat tguri yad ur ittusmrasn." ] }, { "en": "Archaea and bacteria are generally similar in size and shape", "ber": " although a few archaea have very different shapes", "null": [ " such as the flat and square cells of Haloquadratum walsbyi.", "aksuln warkitn d ibaktiryn g tiddi d tal\u0263a", " mqqar lan kra n warkitn tal\u0263atin imzarayn kigan", " zund ta\u0263rasin inmn d tmkku\u1e93in n halukadratum walsbyi." ] }, { "en": "Archaea use more energy sources than eukaryotes: these range from organic compounds", "ber": " such as sugars", "null": [ " to ammonia", " metal ions or even hydrogen gas.", "da smrasn warkitn isugam n uzmar uggar n id m u\u0263yay adttan : isugam ad gan uddisn isknafn", " zund askk\u02b7ar", " s wamunya", " s wayyunn n iqdda\u1e25 n\u0263d akk\u02b7 agaz n uhidrujin." ] }, { "en": "The first observed archaea were extremophiles", "ber": " living in extreme environments", "null": [ " such as hot springs and salt lakes with no other organisms.", "arkitn imzwura nna ittun\u1e93an gan tn imudar im\u1e6d\u1e6du\u1e5bfa", " nna iddrn g twnna\u1e0din icqqan", " zund i\u0263bula ir\u0263an d iglmamn n tisnt bla kan imudar yadn." ] }, { "en": "Archaea are a major part of Earth's life.", "ber": "iga warkit yat tu\u1e6d\u1e6dut tamqqrant g tudrt n wakal." }, { "en": "Five of these clades are also collectively known as protists", "ber": " which are mostly microscopic eukaryotic organisms that are not plants", "null": [ " fungi", " or animals.", "tettwassn smmus g trubba ad s yism n ibrutistn", " da tgga m u\u0263yay adttan ur ittyannayn s walln d ur gin im\u0263ayn", " ig\u02b7rsln n\u0263d imudar." ] }, { "en": "Most protists are unicellular", "ber": " which are also known as microbial eukaryotes.", "null": [ "amata g ibrutistn gan id bu yat t\u0263rast", " tettwassn awd s id m u\u0263yay adttan ur ittyannayn s walln." ] }, { "en": "Dinoflagellates are photosynthetic and can be found in the ocean where they play a role as primary producers of organic matter.", "ber": "gan idinuflajiln yat tsi\u0263t n u\u1e63ku asiddan d n\u0263y ad tn naf g ill g tggan yat twuri tamqqrant g ufars n tmtta tasknaft." }, { "en": "Ciliates are alveolates that possess numerous hair-like structure called cilia.", "ber": "tga m i\u1e25birran kra n i\u1e25aglutn ilan kigan n i\u1e93\u1e0dwan am wazzar ism nnsn i\u1e25birran." }, { "en": "The excavates are groups of protists that began to diversify approximately 1.5 billion years ago shortly after the origin of the eukaryotes.", "ber": "gan im\u0263az kra n trubba n ibrutistn nna issntin amziray nnsn sg wattayn n 1.5 blyun n usgg\u02b7as izrin imikk n tizi \u1e0da\u1e5bt u\u1e93u\u1e5b n id m u\u0263yay adttan." }, { "en": "Stramenopiles", "ber": " most of which can be characterized by the presence of tubular hairs on the longer of their two flagella", "null": [ " include diatoms and brown algae.", "ist\u1e5baminubils", " nna g n\u0263i ad nsnumml amata s yuli n wazzar igan aj\u025bbu g twjjimin nns s snat i\u0263zzafn", " idyatumn d wadaln idmmann." ] }, { "en": "The rhizarians comprise three main groups: cercozoans", "ber": " foraminiferans", "null": [ " and radiolarians.", "ittusnay u\u1e5bay\u1e93a\u1e5byun sg k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt trubba timqqranin : asi\u1e5bkuzwan", " afu\u1e5baminif\u1e5ban", " d u\u1e5badyula\u1e5byan." ] }, { "en": "Algae comprise several distinct clades such as glaucophytes", "ber": " which are microscopic freshwater algae that may have resembled in form to the early unicellular ancestor of Plantae.", "null": [ "ttusnayn wadaln sg kigan n izduzn i\u1e93lin zund iglukufitn", " d adaln imik\u1e5buskubiyn n waman izddagn i\u0263y ad trwis g tal\u0263a nns timzwura n blanta id yan u\u0263yay n zikk." ] }, { "en": "Land plants (embryophytes) first appeared in terrestrial environments approximately 450 to 500 million years ago.", "ber": "ff\u0263n d im\u0263ayn n lxla (i\u1e25clafn) tikklt izwarn g twnna\u1e0din tinakalin sg wattayn n 450 ar 500 mlyun n usgg\u02b7as." }, { "en": "In contrast", "ber": " the other three clades are nonvascular plants as they do not have tracheids.", "null": [ "mgal n uynna\u0263", " tirubba s k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt gant im\u0263ayn id war i\u1e93u\u1e5ban acku ur \u0263ursn i\u1e25ursitn." ] }, { "en": "They tend to be found in areas where water is readily available.", "ber": "nitnti da ttyafant g wansiwn g uhnen ad ilin waman." }, { "en": "Most nonvascular plants are terrestrial", "ber": " with a few living in freshwater environments and none living in the oceans.", "null": [ "amata g im\u0263ayn id war i\u1e93u\u1e5ban gan inakaln", " iddr imikk digsn g waman izddign d ur da ittidir g ill." ] }, { "en": "Gymnosperms includes conifers", "ber": " cycads", "null": [ " Ginkgo", " and gnetophytes.", "id m wamud ur i\u0263misn digs ti\u1e25drin", " isikadaln", " ajinku", " d im\u0263ayn initrujiyn." ] }, { "en": "They do so through a process called absorptive heterotrophy whereby they would first secrete digestive enzymes that break down large food molecules before absorbing them through their cell membranes.", "ber": "da tggan ayann g s tmhlt ism nns amzaray amssumman g r\u1e93\u1e93mn i wan\u1e93imn isfsayn nna itt\u1e5b\u1e93an iqcrann wutci imqqrann urta ttusamumn s tbridt n tslixt ta\u0263rasant." }, { "en": "Fungi", "ber": " along with two other lineages", "null": [ " choanoflagellates and animals", " can be grouped as opisthokonts.", "i\u0263y ad nsmyanaw ig\u02b7rsln", " \u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e5bf n sin i\u0263san ya\u1e0dn", " ikwanuflajiln d imudar", " mas gan ubistukunts." ] }, { "en": "Multicellular fungi", "ber": " on the other hand", "null": [ " have a body called mycelium", " which is composed of a mass of individual tubular filaments called hyphae that allows for nutrient absorption to occur.", "g tsga ya\u1e0dn", " ig\u02b7rsln mi \u025bddant t\u0263rasin", " \u0263ursn yat tfgga ism nns amisilyum", " g llan kigan n ifilan igan tij\u025bba ifridn da asn nttini ifilan issumumn uttci." ] }, { "en": "With few exceptions", "ber": " animals consume organic material", "null": [ " breathe oxygen", " are able to move", " can reproduce sexually", " and grow from a hollow sphere of cells", " the blastula", " during embryonic development.", "d islidn idrusn", " da ssmurn imudar amttu asknfan", " unfus n uksijin", " tzmr ad tmmussu", " tzmr ad ttarw", " tgmu sg yan wansa ixwan n t\u0263rasin", " arima", " iwnan n ubu\u0263lu arawan." ] }, { "en": "Animals can be distinguished into two groups based on their developmental characteristics.", "ber": "n\u0263y ad nsti imudar s snat trubba ig nsnnd xf tfrisin nns tisbu\u0263lanin." }, { "en": "In protostomes", "ber": " the blastopore gives rise to the mouth", "null": [ " which is then followed by the formation of the anus.", "g ibrutustumn", " iblastuburn da sskarn talalit n imi", " nna yakkan s dat asmuttg n ub\u0263dan." ] }, { "en": "The bodies of most animals are symmetrical", "ber": " with symmetry being either radial or bilateral.", "null": [ "da ttiksilnt tfggiwin n imudar", " ar itgga yiksin afggagan n\u0263d asinran." ] }, { "en": "Finally", "ber": " animals can be distinguished based on the type and location of their appendages such as antennae for sensing the environment or claws for capturing prey.", "null": [ "tigira", " n\u0263y ad nsti imudar nil wanawn d ud\u0263ar n isi\u1e0d\u1e5bn nnsn zund imzgitn xf usyafa n twnna\u1e0dt d waxbacn i wama\u1e93 n usgmr." ] }, { "en": "The majority (~97%) of animal species are invertebrates", "ber": " which are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a backbone or spine)", "null": [ " derived from the notochord.", "amata g wanawn n imudar (~97%) n war asnsul", " nna igan imudar \u0263r ur illi usnsul ula dat tsbu\u0263lu (nna ittwassn s wassa\u0263 n tannalt n tadawt n\u0263d tannalt n tadawt)", " nna igan anafu\u0263 n tgatut n tadawt." ] }, { "en": "Many invertebrate taxa have a greater number and variety of species than the entire subphylum of Vertebrata.", "ber": "lan kigan n wanawn arasnsul am\u1e0dan d umyanaw uggar n wanawn sg trabbut tayyawt ismdn n id m usnsul." }, { "en": "More than 6", "ber": "000 virus species have been described in detail.", "null": [ "ittusnumml uggar n 6", "000 n wanaw n ufirus s ufruri." ] }, { "en": "When not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell", "ber": " viruses exist in the form of independent particles", "null": [ " or virions", " consisting of the genetic material (DNA or RNA)", " a protein coat called capsid", " and in some cases an outside envelope of lipids.", "adday ur ilin ifirusn ag\u02b7ns n ta\u0263rst yu\u1e0dnn n\u0263d g titi n tasi\u0263t", " da ttilin ifirusn g tal\u0263a n tfggiwin i\u1e93lin", " n\u0263d ifiryunn", " ittusnayn sg tmtta n tukksi (DNA n\u0263d RNA)", " igan tissi tab\u1e5butiniyt ism nns akabsid", " d g kra n waddadn tisi n b\u1e5b\u1e5ba ittu\u0263rafn s u\u1e0d\u1e5b\u1e93." ] }, { "en": "The origins of viruses in the evolutionary history of life are unclear: some may have evolved from plasmids\u2014pieces of DNA that can move between cells\u2014while others may have evolved from bacteria.", "ber": "ntln i\u1e93u\u1e5ban n ifirusn g umzruy n ubu\u0263lu n tudrt : i\u0263y kra digs ad ibu\u0263ulu sg iblasmidn -- iqcran sg wadiyin i\u0263iyn ad immutty ingr t\u0263rasin -- maca qad yili kra yadn ibu\u0263lan sg tbaktirt." }, { "en": "Viruses can spread in many ways.", "ber": "\u0263iyn ifirusn ad a\u0263n s kigan n tmamkin." }, { "en": "Norovirus and rotavirus", "ber": " common causes of viral gastroenteritis", "null": [ " are transmitted by the faecal\u2013oral route", " passed by hand-to-mouth contact or in food or water.", "da ittmuttuy nu\u1e5bufirus d ufirus n \u1e5buta", " nna igan sg tmntilin n uwzwz n uxdil d i\u1e63\u1e5bman", " s tbridt n imi", " ar izrri s wuguy n imi n\u0263d uttci n\u0263d aman." ] }, { "en": "The shoot system is composed of stem", "ber": " leaves", "null": [ " and flowers.", "ittusnay ungraw n cu\u1e6d sg u\u0263amu d ifrawn d ijddign." ] }, { "en": "The direction of water movement across a semipermeable membrane is determined by the water potential across that membrane.", "ber": "da ittwassan umnid n umussu n waman s tbridt n ti\u1e93\u1e93i\u1e0d\u1e5ba n waman sg yan ub\u1e6d\u1e6dan izzruyn cwiy." }, { "en": "Most plant seeds are usually dormant", "ber": " a condition in which the seed's normal activity is suspended.", "null": [ "amata g ifsan n im\u0263ayn da iggan", " d waddad nna g ittusn\u1e0daw umussu awn\u1e0dan n ifsan." ] }, { "en": "Imbibition is the first step in germination", "ber": " whereby water is absorbed by the seed.", "null": [ "isswi ayd igan tasurift tamzwarut g ussm\u0263i", " nna g ssumumn ifsan aman." ] }, { "en": "These monomers are obtained from the hydrolysis of starch", "ber": " proteins", "null": [ " and lipids that are stored in either the cotyledons or endosperm.", "dad ttufkan imunumrn sg ufsay g waman n uggg\u02b7rn d ibrutinn d lidam nna ittu\u1e25\u1e0dan g ikutildunn n\u0263d g wan\u1e0dusbirm." ] }, { "en": "Their flowers are organs that facilitate reproduction", "ber": " usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs.", "null": [ "ijddign nnsn da ssuhann tarwa", " s umata s tamunt n ibl\u0263iwn d tglay." ] }, { "en": "Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on a different individual of the same species.", "ber": "iga umsgzay asmutty n ttkk\u02b7a\u1e5b sg ujddig s way\u1e0d xf yan ufrdiy uxulfn g yuwn wanaw." }, { "en": "These changes may be affected by genetic", "ber": " chemical", "null": [ " and physical factors.", "isnfln ad \u0263in ad ttu\u1e0da\u1e63n s tsbbuba timkkusa d tkimyatin d tfizikin." ] }, { "en": "The photoreceptor proteins relay information such as whether it is day or night", "ber": " duration of the day", "null": [ " intensity of light available", " and the source of light.", "da tggan ibrutinn n isa\u1e0dufn n usidd asmutty n in\u0263misn s wass n\u0263d i\u1e0d", " tizi n wass", " d tu\u1e93\u1e93i\u1e5bt n usidd illan", " d usagm n usidd." ] }, { "en": "Many flowering plants bloom at the appropriate time because of light-sensitive compounds that respond to the length of the night", "ber": " a phenomenon known as photoperiodism.", "null": [ "da \u1e5b\u1e93\u1e93mn kigan n ijddign n im\u0263ayn g tizi d yusan s tmntilt n ifrdisn ur i\u0263iyn i usidd ar ttiri ta\u0263zi n yi\u1e0d", " tumant ad ttwassn s ti\u1e5bwi tasiddant." ] }, { "en": "Animals can be classified as either regulators or conformers.", "ber": "n\u0263y ad nsti imudar s imssudsn d winna issrwasn." }, { "en": "In contrast", "ber": " animals such as fishes and frogs are conformers as they adapt their internal environment (e.g.", "null": [ " body temperature) to match their external environments.", "g tsga ya\u1e0dn", " imudar zund islman d ig\u02b7ra mmrwasn acku da d ccickin ag\u02b7ns nnsn ( s umdya", " task\u02b7flt n unr\u0263i n tfgga) bac add yas d b\u1e5b\u1e5ba nns." ] }, { "en": "Mice", "ber": " for example", "null": [ " are able to consume three times more food than rabbits in proportion to their weights as the basal metabolic rate per unit weight in mice is greater than in rabbits.", "i\u0263r\u1e0dayn", " s umdya", " \u0263in ad ttcn uggar n iwtal k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt tikkal s uynna d yusan d istaln nnsn", " acku amitabulizm n ku afrdis n ustal \u0263ur u\u0263r\u1e0da yugr win uwtul." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " the relationship is non-linear in animals that swim or fly.", "null": [ "imil", " amyassa ur igi awn\u0263an g imudar nna itt\u025bumn n\u0263 da taylal." ] }, { "en": "At low flight speeds", "ber": " a bird must maintain a high metabolic rates to remain airborne.", "null": [ "g issdrifn n uylal yagguzn", " ixssa ad i\u1e25\u1e0du ug\u1e0di\u1e0d xf is\u0263aln n tzmmaryattuyn afad ay\u0263ama aytyasay." ] }, { "en": "Finally", "ber": " freshwater animals have body fluids that are hyperosmotic to fresh water.", "null": [ "tigira", " imudar n waman izddagn \u0263ursn tafgga i\u1e25rurin i\u0263in ad iddu mgal n waman izddagn." ] }, { "en": "If an animal were to consume food that contains an excess amount of chemical energy", "ber": " it will store most of that energy in the form of lipids for future use and some of that energy as glycogen for more immediate use (e.g.", "null": [ " meeting the brain's energy needs).", "ig da ismur umudr uttci g tlla tsmkta iggutn n tzmrt tacimiyt", " hat qad i\u1e25\u1e0du amata g tzmrt ad s tal\u0263a n u\u1e0d\u1e5b\u1e93 afad tt issmrs \u0263r dat", " d kra g tzmrt ad glikujin i usmrs ad\u0263yan (s umdya", " adiwajb i issuturn izmmarn n walla\u0263)." ] }, { "en": "In addition to their digestive tracts", "ber": " vertebrate animals have accessory glands such as a liver and pancreas as part of their digestive systems.", "null": [ "bla asaru n wagam", " lant id m usnsul tiwlsisin tiyyawin zund tasa d ibank\u1e5byas igan tufalt sg wallaln n wagam." ] }, { "en": "Upon leaving the stomach", "ber": " food enters into the midgut", "null": [ " which is the first part of the intestine (or small intestine in mammals) and is the principal site of digestion and absorption.", "g wufu\u0263 n uxdil", " da ikccm wutci s i\u1e63\u1e5bman inammasn", " nna igan tafult tamzwarut sg i\u1e63\u1e5bman", " (n\u0263d i\u1e63\u1e5bman usdidn g tm\u1e93\u1e93agin) ntta ayd igan ansa adslan n wagam d ussumm." ] }, { "en": "Gas exchange in the lungs occurs in millions of small air sacs; in mammals and reptiles these are called alveoli", "ber": " and in birds they are known as atria.", "null": [ "da ittili umrara n igazn g turin g imlyan n tkcculin n uzwu tim\u1e93\u1e93yanin; g tm\u1e93\u1e93agin d im\u1e25rurdn ism nnsnt icnbitn n uzwu", " d g ig\u1e0da\u1e0d ttwassn s yism n tmzgin." ] }, { "en": "These enter the lungs where they branch into progressively narrower secondary and tertiary bronchi that branch into numerous smaller tubes", "ber": " the bronchioles.", "null": [ "da tkccm turinad g tb\u1e6d\u1e6du xf t\u1e25ursitin tisinanin d tmk\u1e5ba\u1e0din inyaman imik s imik ar b\u1e6d\u1e6dunt xf kigan n ij\u025bba im\u1e93\u1e93yan", " ti\u1e25rsitin." ] }, { "en": "There are two types of circulatory systems: open and closed.", "ber": "llan sin wanwn n ingrawn n unyuddu n idammn: tam\u1e5b\u1e93umt d tmaqqunt." }, { "en": "Circulation in animals occur between two types of tissues: systemic tissues and breathing (or pulmonary) organs.", "ber": "da ittjru unyuddu \u0263ur imudar ingr sin wanawn n tu\u1e93\u1e0diwin: ti\u1e93\u1e0diwin tingrawanin d igmamn n wunfus n\u0263d (n\u0263d turin)." }, { "en": "In birds and mammals", "ber": " the systemic and pulmonary systems are connected in series.", "null": [ "g ig\u1e0da\u1e0d d tm\u1e93\u1e93agin", " da nn ssiwi\u1e0dn ingrawn ingrawann d win turin g yan usnsl." ] }, { "en": "Skeletal muscle contractions are neurogenic as they require synaptic input from motor neurons.", "ber": "ikrarramn n tksumin ti\u0263ssatin gant tinzlumin acku da ttirint ikccumn immurksn n t\u0263rasin tinzlumin timassitin." }, { "en": "The contraction produced can be described as a twitch", "ber": " summation", "null": [ " or tetanus", " depending on the frequency of action potentials.", "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nsnumml tayafut n ukrarram mas iga targagayt", " asmun", " n\u0263d bukrus", " ig nsnnd xf um\u1e63\u1e0df\u1e5b n t\u1e93i\u1e0d\u1e5ba n uskar." ] }, { "en": "The mechanisms of contraction are similar in all three muscle tissues.", "ber": "aksuln wammakn n ukrarram g kullu tu\u1e93\u1e0diwin n tksumin s k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt." }, { "en": "Other animals such as mollusks", "ber": " and nematodes", "null": [ " possess obliquely striated muscles", " which contain bands of thick and thin filaments that are arranged helically rather than transversely", " like in vertebrate skeletal or cardiac muscles.", "imudar ya\u1e0dn zund i\u0263laln d izrman lan tiksumin tiwn\u0263anin s tal\u0263a tarusridt", " nna ilan asfif n ifilan izurarn yattuyn nna ittusudsn s ummun\u1e0d g ud\u0263ar n taflit", " imkinna tga t\u0263ssa n\u0263d tiksumin n wul." ] }, { "en": "They can transmit or receive information at sites of contacts called synapses.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn ad awin n\u0263 skcmn in\u0263misn g wansatn n tmna\u1e0din n umsawa\u1e0d nna mi nttini amlaqqay anzlum." }, { "en": "Cells such as neurons or muscle cells may be excited or inhibited upon receiving a signal from another neuron.", "ber": "da ttu\u1e25\u1e5b\u1e5bacnt n\u0263 ttusbddant t\u0263rasin tinzlumin n\u0263d ti\u0263rasin tiksmanin ig um\u1e93nt tamuli sg t\u0263rast tanzlumt ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "In vertebrates", "ber": " the nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS)", "null": [ " which includes the brain and spinal cord", " and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)", " which consists of nerves that connect the CNS to every other part of the body.", "g id m usnsul", " ittusnay ungi anzlum sg ungi anzlum n anammas (CNS)", " nna g illa unli d buxddu", " d ungi anzlum aglagal (PNS)", " nna ittusnayn g izllumn nna izdin ingr n ungi anzlum anammas d ku tafult ya\u1e0dn g tfgga." ] }, { "en": "The PNS is divided into three separate subsystems", "ber": " the somatic", "null": [ " autonomic", " and enteric nervous systems.", "ib\u1e0da ungi anzlum aglagal xf k\u1e5ba\u1e0d ingrawn ayyawn ib\u1e0dan", " angi anzlum afggan", " artirat", " angi anzlum n i\u1e63\u1e5bman." ] }, { "en": "The sympathetic nervous system is activated in cases of emergencies to mobilize energy", "ber": " while the parasympathetic nervous system is activated when organisms are in a relaxed state.", "null": [ "da ittusrfu ungi anzlum asambatik ig tussa afad ttutkur tzmrt", " maca ar ittusrfu ungi anzlum aba\u1e5basimbatik g tizi g sgunfun imudar." ] }, { "en": "Nerves that exit directly from the brain are called cranial nerves while those exiting from the spinal cord are called spinal nerves.", "ber": "izllumn nna d iff\u0263n g unli ism nnsn izllumn ixfawann", "null": [ " maca izllumn d iff\u0263n g buxddu ism nnsn izllumn usninn." ] }, { "en": "In humans specifically", "ber": " the major endocrine glands are the thyroid gland and the adrenal glands.", "null": [ "\u0263ur ufgan s u\u1e93lay", " tiwlsisin tif\u1e5b\u1e6de\u1e6d\u1e6dutin tidslanin gan tnt tawlsist talmfat d twlsisin n tg\u1e93lin." ] }, { "en": "Hormones can be amino acid complexes", "ber": " steroids", "null": [ " eicosanoids", " leukotrienes", " or prostaglandins.", "\u0263in ihu\u1e5bmunn ad gin imsmun n ismam aminiyn", " istirwidn", " ikusanwidn", " ilukutriyn", " n\u0263d ib\u1e5bustaglandinn." ] }, { "en": "They produce haploid gametes by meiosis.", "ber": "da tsfaras ibl\u0263iwn ayt yan uk\u1e5bumuzum s tbridt n umiyyu\u1e93." }, { "en": "In most cases", "ber": " a third germ layer", "null": [ " the mesoderm", " also develops between them.", "g kigan n waddadn", " da ttbu\u0263lun awd yan usmil abaktiri wis k\u1e5ba\u1e0d", " asmil anammas", " ingrasn." ] }, { "en": "Gastrulation occurs", "ber": " whereby morphogenetic movements convert the cell mass into a three germ layers that comprise the ectoderm", "null": [ " mesoderm and endoderm.", "da ittili ugast\u1e5bulasyun", " nna g snfaln imussutn imu\u1e5bfulujitn agudi n t\u0263rast s k\u1e5ba\u1e0d ismiln ibaktiriyn ittusnayn g iktudi\u1e5bmn", " amisudirm d undudirm." ] }, { "en": "Cellular differentiation is influenced by extracellular signals such as growth factors that are exchanged to adjacent cells", "ber": " which is called juxtracrine signaling", "null": [ " or to neighboring cells over short distances", " which is called paracrine signaling.", "da ittu\u1e0da\u1e63 umzaray a\u0263rasan s tmmalin b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n t\u0263rast zund imskarn n tgmi nna ittumraran d t\u0263rasin n \u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e5bf nns", " nna mi nttini tamuli tajukstrakrint", " n\u0263d s t\u0263rasin yudsn xf uzaru igzzuln", " nna mi nttini tamuli n barakrin." ] }, { "en": "The adaptive immune system provides a tailored response to each stimulus by learning to recognize molecules it has previously encountered.", "ber": "da isskar ungraw n tagga\u1e93t takssuyt tamrarut i\u1e93lin s ku astimilus s ubrid n tussna n ifruruyn nna igan mgal nns zwar." }, { "en": "Bacteria have a rudimentary immune system in the form of enzymes that protect against virus infections.", "ber": "tabaktirt \u0263urs yan ungraw amqqil azayku igan g tal\u0263a n wan\u1e93imn ifrrgn sg ifirusn." }, { "en": "Jawed vertebrates", "ber": " including humans", "null": [ " have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms", " including the ability to adapt to recognize pathogens more efficiently.", "id mm usnsul d i\u1e25iwac", " zund afgan", " timamkin n tagga\u1e93t immurksn kigan", " zund ti\u1e93i\u1e0d\u1e5ba n tkssuyt afad ad tisin timntilin n tma\u1e0dunin s tmamkt izmrn uggar." ] }, { "en": "Fixed action patterns", "ber": " for instance", "null": [ " are genetically determined and stereotyped behaviors that occur without learning.", "anawn n twuri izgan", " s umdya", " gant timskrin timnawayin istin g tukksi ittj\u1e5bun bla almud." ] }, { "en": "The community of living (biotic) organisms in conjunction with the nonliving (abiotic) components (e.g.", "ber": " water", "null": [ " light", " radiation", " temperature", " humidity", " atmosphere", " acidity", " and soil) of their environment is called an ecosystem.", "da as ttinin i umun n imudar (imssrfutn) s ts\u0263unt d ifrdisn ur iddirn (ar idirn) (zund aman", " asidd", " iznz\u1e5b", " task\u02b7flt n unr\u0263i", " talu\u0263i", " a\u1e6dmusfi\u1e5b", " asmem", " d wakal) g twnna\u1e0dt nns angraw awn\u1e0dan." ] }, { "en": "By feeding on plants and on one another", "ber": " animals play an important role in the movement of matter and energy through the system.", "null": [ "sg wutci n im\u0263ayn d wutci n ingr asn", " da skarn imudar yat tilalt istawhmman g umussu n tmtta d tzmrt sg ungraw." ] }, { "en": "The Earth's physical environment is shaped by solar energy and topography.", "ber": "ttusnay twnna\u1e0dt tamattut n wakal sg tzmrt n tafukt d udmkal." }, { "en": "Weather is the day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity", "ber": " whereas climate is the long-term average of weather", "null": [ " typically averaged over a period of 30 years.", "anzwi iga task\u02b7flt n unr\u0263u akuyass d ussrfu n titi n una\u1e5b", " maca anzway iga tizi nna itgga unzwi", " d ittumyur ad itkka 30 n usgg\u02b7as." ] }, { "en": "As a result", "ber": " wet environments allow for lush vegetation to grow.", "null": [ "s tyafut n uya", " da ttadjant twnna\u1e0din ilgga\u0263n im\u0263ayn ayt wafriwn ad gmin." ] }, { "en": "Population growth during short-term intervals can be determined using the population growth rate equation", "ber": " which takes into consideration birth", "null": [ " death", " and immigration rates.", "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad ttustay tmrniwt n imzda\u0263 iwnan n tizi igzzuln s ussmrs n tgdazalt n as\u0263l n tmrniwt n imzda\u0263", " nna issmrasn is\u0263aln n tarwa d tmttant d umuddu." ] }, { "en": "A biological interaction is the effect that a pair of organisms living together in a community have on each other.", "ber": "tasqqnt tabyulujit tga i\u1e0di\u1e63 nna sskarn sin imudar ingr asn g yan umun." }, { "en": "A long-term interaction is called a symbiosis.", "ber": "tasqqnt mi t\u0263zzif tizi ism nns amyawas." }, { "en": "There are different trophic levels within any food web", "ber": " with the lowest level being the primary producers (or autotrophs) such as plants and algae that convert energy and inorganic material into organic compounds", "null": [ " which can then be used by the rest of the community.", "llan iswirn n wutci imzarayn ag\u02b7ns n tradsa n wutci", " acku da itgga uswir amazdar imsfarsn idslann (utci animan) zund im\u0263ayn d wadaln nna isnfaln tazmrt s d tmttitin tiragmamin s tmsnayin tigmamin", " nna ittusmrasn dffir n uya g umun." ] }, { "en": "And those that eat secondary consumers are tertiary consumers and so on.", "ber": "d winna\u0263 itettan imsmurn isinann gan imsmurn sg tsk\u02b7flt tis k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt d kra ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "In some cycles there are reservoirs where a substance remains or is sequestered for a long period of time.", "ber": "g kran twalatin llan tm\u1e25\u1e0ditin g tqqima tmtta n\u0263 ttustay tizi i\u0263zzifn n uzmz." }, { "en": "The largest driver of warming is the emission of greenhouse gases", "ber": " of which more than 90% are carbon dioxide and methane.", "null": [ "tamntilt taxatart n unr\u0263i tga tt ufu\u0263 n igazn n tusurt n l\u0263uft", " nna g ila uka\u1e5bbun bu sin uksijin uggar n 90%." ] }, { "en": "Biodiversity affects the functioning of ecosystems", "ber": " which provide a variety of services upon which people depend.", "null": [ "amyanaw abyuluji da itt\u1e0di\u1e63 tawuri n ingrawn iwn\u1e0dann", " nna iskarn yat trabbut imzarayn n tnafutin xf tsnnadn middn." ] }, { "en": "Traditionally", "ber": " botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively", "null": [ " with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress.", "amamk abldi", " tum\u1e93 tussna n im\u0263ayn awd ta\u0263uri n ig\u02b7rsln d wadaln sg imassan n ig\u02b7rsln d imassan n im\u0263ayn s um\u1e0df\u1e5b", " d t\u0263uri n trubba ad s k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt n imudar d iqqiman g yigr n usmkl n ugraw am\u0263ayan agra\u0263lan." ] }, { "en": "Medieval physic gardens", "ber": " often attached to monasteries", "null": [ " contained plants of medical importance.", "turtitin n ufizik g izmzninammasn", " s umata nna izdin s imunastirn", " digsnt im\u0263ayn istawhmman g usgnf." ] }, { "en": "These gardens facilitated the academic study of plants.", "ber": "ssuhnnt turtitin ad ta\u0263uri takadimiyt n im\u0263ayn." }, { "en": "In the last two decades of the 20th century", "ber": " botanists exploited the techniques of molecular genetic analysis", "null": [ " including genomics and proteomics and DNA sequences to classify plants more accurately.", "g isimrawn imggura sg tasut tis 20", " ssmrsn imassan n im\u0263ayn titiqniyin n ussfsi ajiniy afultan", " sg digsn tamassant n ujinum d ib\u1e5butumyutn d usnsl n usmem a\u0263yayan afad ttustayn im\u0263ayn s tal\u0263a ifrurin uggar." ] }, { "en": "Modern botany traces its roots back to Ancient Greece specifically to Theophrastus (c. 371\u2013287 BCE)", "ber": " a student of Aristotle who invented and described many of its principles and is widely regarded in the scientific community as the Father of Botany.", "null": [ "a\u0263uln i\u1e93u\u1e5ban n tmassant n tatrart n im\u0263ayn s lyunan taqdimt s u\u1e93lay tyufrastus (371-287 dat tlalit)", " nna igan amzraw sg a\u1e5bis\u1e6du isnulfa isnumml kigan n imnzayn nns ig awd g umun amassan babas n tmassant n im\u0263ayn." ] }, { "en": "De Materia Medica was widely read for more than 1", "ber": "500 years.", "null": [ "ttu\u0263ra di matrika midika g kigan n wansiwn uggar n 1", "500 n usgg\u02b7as." ] }, { "en": "In the mid-16th century", "ber": " botanical gardens were founded in a number of Italian universities.", "null": [ "g uzgn n tasut tis 16", " ttuskarnt turtitin n im\u0263ayn g mnnawt n tsdawitin ti\u1e6dalyanin." ] }, { "en": "They supported the growth of botany as an academic subject.", "ber": "uwsn tigmi n tmassant n im\u0263ayn d imrsi akadimiy." }, { "en": "Throughout this period", "ber": " botany remained firmly subordinate to medicine.", "null": [ "g tizi ad kullu", " tzdi tmassant n im\u0263ayn d usgnf." ] }, { "en": "Bock created his own system of plant classification.", "ber": "isskr buk angraw nns i\u1e93lin s usmyanaw n im\u0263ayn." }, { "en": "The choice and sequence of the characters may be artificial in keys designed purely for identification (diagnostic keys) or more closely related to the natural or phyletic order of the taxa in synoptic keys.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad ig ustay n iskkiln d um\u1e0df\u1e5b nnsn iml\u1e93y g tsura ittwaskarn \u0263as i u\u1e93lay n tmagit (tisura nyikz) n\u0263 tzdi yan uzday idusn s ussuds agaman n\u0263d amyanaw i wanawn g tsura tisinubtikyin." }, { "en": "This established a standardised binomial or two-part naming scheme where the first name represented the genus and the second identified the species within the genus.", "ber": "isskr mayad tawna\u0263t n wassa\u0263 n bu sin yirawn n\u0263d sg snat tafulin nna g iga yism amzwaru tawsit d wissin ar i\u1e93lli anawn agns n tawsit." }, { "en": "Increasing knowledge of plant anatomy", "ber": " morphology and life cycles led to the realisation that there were more natural affinities between plants than the artificial sexual system of Linnaeus.", "null": [ "yuwi yily g tussna s uflay n im\u0263ayn d usnay d twaliwin n tudrt s tyafut n is llan imnmalatn igamann ingr im\u0263ayn uggar n ungraw n twsi amskar n linayus." ] }, { "en": "The work of Katherine Esau (1898\u20131997) on plant anatomy is still a major foundation of modern botany.", "ber": "tsul twuri n katrin \u025bisu (1898\u20131997) g uflay n im\u0263ayn tasila tadslant n tmassant n im\u0263ayn tatrart." }, { "en": "The concept that the composition of plant communities such as temperate broadleaf forest changes by a process of ecological succession was developed by Henry Chandler Cowles", "ber": " Arthur Tansley and Frederic Clements.", "null": [ "armmus mas d asnay n imunn n im\u0263ayn zund taganin mi iflayn wafriwn da ittunfal s tmamkt n tsi\u0263t n umm\u1e0df\u1e5b awn\u1e0dan nna ittusbu\u0263lan sg \u0263ur hinri tcandl\u1e5b kawl\u1e93 d a\u1e5btr tansili d fridirik klimnts." ] }, { "en": "The discovery and identification of the auxin plant hormones by Kenneth V. Thimann in 1948 enabled regulation of plant growth by externally applied chemicals.", "ber": "tfka tifit d ustay n ihu\u1e5bmunn n um\u0263ay n uksijin s tbridt n kinnitt V. timan g 1948 assuds n tgmi n im\u0263ayn s tbridt n tmttitin ticimiyin tusnisin b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "20th century developments in plant biochemistry have been driven by modern techniques of organic chemical analysis", "ber": " such as spectroscopy", "null": [ " chromatography and electrophoresis.", "da ttu\u1e25rayn ibu\u0263lutn g tcimiyt tamssrfut n im\u0263ayn g tasut tis 20 da ttu\u1e25rayn s ttiqniyin tirarin n ussfsi acimiy agmaman", " zund asbikt\u1e5buskubi", " akrumatugrafi d ilikt\u1e5bufurisis." ] }, { "en": "These technologies enable the biotechnological use of whole plants or plant cell cultures grown in bioreactors to synthesise pesticides", "ber": " antibiotics or other pharmaceuticals", "null": [ " as well as the practical application of genetically modified crops designed for traits such as improved yield.", "da akkant ttiqniyin ad asmrs aatiknuluji n im\u0263ayn ismdn n\u0263d as\u1e93\u1e93u n t\u0263rasin n im\u0263ayn ittwa\u1e93\u1e93un g ibyuryakturn afad ttusnayn ibistisidn", " antibyutikn n\u0263d iyafutn ya\u1e0dn imsasfrn", " d awd tsnsi tasmhalt n trarutin ittusnfaln s tukksi ittuskarn i ifrisn zund tararut i\u0263udan." ] }, { "en": "Modern systematics aims to reflect and discover phylogenetic relationships between plants.", "ber": "tra tmassant n ta\u0263alit tatrart ad yaf izdayn isbu\u0263lutn ingr im\u0263ayn." }, { "en": "As a by-product of photosynthesis", "ber": " plants release oxygen into the atmosphere", "null": [ " a gas that is required by nearly all living things to carry out cellular respiration.", "d amsyafu asinan i tsi\u0263t n usmdya asiddan", " da \u1e5b\u1e93\u1e93mn im\u0263ayn i uksijin g watmusfi\u1e5b", " nna igan agaz nna ran imudar kullu afad sskarn unfus a\u0263rsan." ] }, { "en": "Historically", "ber": " all living things were classified as either animals or plants and botany covered the study of all organisms not considered animals.", "null": [ "g umzruy", " ttustayn imaddarn kullu mas gan imudar n\u0263d im\u0263ayn d tssntl tmassant n im\u0263ayn ta\u0263uri n imaddarn kullu nna ur igin imudar." ] }, { "en": "The strictest definition of plant includes only the land plants or embryophytes", "ber": " which include seed plants (gymnosperms", "null": [ " including the pines", " and flowering plants) and the free-sporing cryptogams including ferns", " clubmosses", " liverworts", " hornworts and mosses.", "usnkd ifrurin n um\u0263ay yum\u1e93 im\u0263ayn inakaln day n\u0263d im\u0263ayn n warraw", " nna yum\u1e93n im\u0263ayn n ifsan (ijimnusbirmn", " g llan iskla n idgl d im\u0263ayn ijddigann) d ikribtugamn id war sbburin g llan ifirnsn", " adaln", " tuga n tasa", " ihu\u1e5bnwu\u1e5btn d imussn." ] }, { "en": "The sexual haploid phase of embryophytes", "ber": " known as the gametophyte", "null": [ " nurtures the developing diploid embryo sporophyte within its tissues for at least part of its life", " even in the seed plants", " where the gametophyte itself is nurtured by its parent sporophyte.", "tifrkt m yan uk\u1e5bumuzum n urba", " ittwassn s gamtufit", " da tcttca tfrkt tabu\u0263it bu sin ik\u1e5bumu\u1e93umn igmman ag\u02b7ns n t\u1e93\u1e0dwin nns \u0263as i yat tafult g tudrt nns b\u025bda", " awd g im\u0263ayn n ifsan", " g cttcan tifrkt n gaitufit ixf nns s tbridt n tfrkt tabu\u0263it ta\u1e93u\u1e5bant." ] }, { "en": "Palaeobotanists study ancient plants in the fossil record to provide information about the evolutionary history of plants.", "ber": "da qqran imassan n im\u0263ayn izaykutn im\u0263ayn izaykutn g warra am\u0263uzan afad smunn in\u0263misn xf umzruy abu\u0263lan n im\u0263ayn." }, { "en": "This is what ecologists call the first trophic level.", "ber": "ayad ami ttinin imassan n twnna\u1e0dt aswir n wutci amzwaru." }, { "en": "Botanists also study weeds", "ber": " which are a considerable problem in agriculture", "null": [ " and the biology and control of plant pathogens in agriculture and natural ecosystems.", "da qqran imassan n im\u0263ayn awd tuga", " nna igan tamukrist tamqqrant g tkrza", " d g tbyulujit d u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n tmntilin n tma\u1e0dunin n im\u0263ayn g tkrza d ingrawn iwnna\u1e0dn igamann." ] }, { "en": "The light energy captured by chlorophyll a is initially in the form of electrons (and later a proton gradient) that's used to make molecules of ATP and NADPH which temporarily store and transport energy.", "ber": "tga tzmrt nna ittam\u1e93 uklu\u1e5bufil zwar g tal\u0263a n ilikt\u1e5bunn (\u0263r dat s usk\u02b7fl ib\u1e5butunn) da ttusmras ad ttuskarnt tqcrin n ATP d NADPH nna i\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6dun ar tsnyuddu tazmrt." }, { "en": "Some of the glucose is converted to starch which is stored in the chloroplast.", "ber": "da ittusnfal imikk n ugliku\u1e93 s ag\u02b7rn nna ittu\u1e25\u1e0dun g iblastidn izgzawn." }, { "en": "Unlike in animals (which lack chloroplasts)", "ber": " plants and their eukaryote relatives have delegated many biochemical roles to their chloroplasts", "null": [ " including synthesising all their fatty acids", " and most amino acids.", "gtugdut n imudar (tar iblastidn izgzawn)", " fkan im\u0263ayn d wayyawn nnsn id m u\u0263yay adttan kigan n tilal tibyucimiyin i iblastidn izgzawn", " g illa usnay n kullu ismamn i\u1e0d\u1e5b\u1e93n d idsn ismamn aminiyn." ] }, { "en": "Vascular land plants make lignin", "ber": " a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a plant sucks water through them under water stress.", "null": [ "im\u0263ayn ikalann ayt u\u1e25aglu da sskarn", " nna igan abulim\u1e5b nna ittusmrasn ad isdus igidar n t\u0263rasin tisinanin sg tj\u025bba n wunfus d i\u1e25aglutn afad ad ur rdlnt g tizi g issumum um\u0263ay aman sg digsnt s uslld n waman." ] }, { "en": "Others", "ber": " such as the essential oils peppermint oil and lemon oil are useful for their aroma", "null": [ " as flavourings and spices (e.g.", " capsaicin)", " and in medicine as pharmaceuticals as in opium from opium poppies.", "kra ya\u1e0dn", " zund izatimn idslann azatim n nn\u025bna\u025b d uzatim n usmmam i\u0263udan i wa\u1e0du nns", " zund imsi\u1e0dftn d isufar (am lkabsisin)", " d g isafarn zund afyun sg uxcxac n wafyun." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " the pain killer aspirin is the acetyl ester of salicylic acid", "null": [ " originally isolated from the bark of willow trees", " and a wide range of opiate painkillers like heroin are obtained by chemical modification of morphine obtained from the opium poppy.", "s umdya", " asbirin isfstan am\u1e25\u1e25a\u1e0d iga istir asitil n usmem n salisilik", " nna ittustayn sg iskla n u\u1e63f\u1e63af", " ar nn ttaw\u1e0dn tugt n imsfstn n um\u1e25\u1e25a\u1e0d afyuniyn zund lhirwin s tbridt n usnfl acimiy n umurfin nna ittuskarn sg uxcxac n wafyun." ] }, { "en": "Native Americans have used various plants as ways of treating illness or disease for thousands of years.", "ber": "smrsn imirikaniyn in\u1e63liyn im\u0263ayn imzarayn g tbridin n ussgnf n tma\u1e0dunt sg tmi\u1e0diwin n isgg\u02b7asn." }, { "en": "Sugar", "ber": " starch", "null": [ " cotton", " linen", " hemp", " some types of rope", " wood and particle boards", " papyrus and paper", " vegetable oils", " wax", " and natural rubber are examples of commercially important materials made from plant tissues or their secondary products.", "sskr", " ag\u02b7rn", " lq\u1e0dn", " lkttan", " lqnnb", " d kra n wnawn n tguta d ukccu\u1e0d d tflwitin n tzl\u0263iwin", " abrdi d twriqin", " d izatimn n im\u0263ayn", " ccm\u025b", " d lkawatcu agaman nna igan imdyatn n tmttitin istawhmman gtsbbabt ittwaskarn sg t\u1e93\u1e0diwin n im\u0263ayn n\u0263d imyafutn nns isinann." ] }, { "en": "Products made from cellulose include rayon and cellophane", "ber": " wallpaper paste", "null": [ " biobutanol and gun cotton.", "iyafutn ittwaskarn sg usililuz gan a\u1e5bayun d usilufan", " asl\u0263a\u0263 n twriqin", " abyubitanul d lq\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "Some ecologists even rely on empirical data from indigenous people that is gathered by ethnobotanists.", "ber": "da tsnnadn kra nimassan n itwnna\u1e0dt xf warratn inaramn sg imzda\u0263 in\u1e63liyn nna smann imassan i\u1e93u\u1e5ban n im\u0263ayn." }, { "en": "Plants depend on certain edaphic (soil) and climatic factors in their environment but can modify these factors too.", "ber": "da tsnnadn im\u0263ayn xf imwuritn isgmann d inzwayn istin g twnna\u1e0dt nns maca i\u0263y ad ttusnfln imwuritn ad awd nitni." }, { "en": "They interact with their neighbours at a variety of spatial scales in groups", "ber": " populations and communities that collectively constitute vegetation.", "null": [ "da ttmya\u0263n d wadja\u1e5bn nsn g trubba timyanawin n yigran id\u0263arann g trubba d imzda\u0263 d imunn nna isskarn asrgl am\u0263ayan." ] }, { "en": "Gregor Mendel discovered the genetic laws of inheritance by studying inherited traits such as shape in Pisum sativum (peas).", "ber": "yufa grigur mandil izrfan n tukksi nna issukusn s tbridt n t\u0263uri n tfrisin ittukkusn zund tal\u0263a g bisum satifum (jlbana)." }, { "en": "Nevertheless", "ber": " there are some distinctive genetic differences between plants and other organisms.", "null": [ "mqqar", " llan kra imzarayn ijiniyn i\u1e93llin ingr im\u0263ayn d imudar ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "The many cultivated varieties of wheat are the result of multiple inter- and intra-specific crosses between wild species and their hybrids.", "ber": "kigan n wanawn n imndi ittukrazn gan tayafut n ilqqimn iggutn d ug\u02b7ns ingr wanawn ikalann d wanawn nns ittulqqmn." }, { "en": "In many land plants the male and female gametes are produced by separate individuals.", "ber": "g kigan n im\u0263ayn ikalann", "null": [ " da ttufarsn ibl\u0263iwn sg iwtmann d twtmanin sg ifridn ib\u1e0dan." ] }, { "en": "The formation of stem tubers in potato is one example.", "ber": "amdya xf uya igat asnay n tiyyawin g ba\u1e6da\u1e6da." }, { "en": "Apomixis can also happen in a seed", "ber": " producing a seed that contains an embryo genetically identical to the parent.", "null": [ "i\u0263y ad ij\u1e5bu ubumiksi awd g wamud", " man aya da yakka amud g tlla tarwa yaksuln d umaraw g tukksi." ] }, { "en": "An allopolyploid plant may result from a hybridisation event between two different species.", "ber": "i\u0263y ad ittufars um\u0263ay bu mnnaw n ik\u1e5bumu\u1e93umn sg umzzu n ulqqm ingr sin wanawn imzarayn." }, { "en": "Some otherwise sterile plant polyploids can still reproduce vegetatively or by seed apomixis", "ber": " forming clonal populations of identical individuals.", "null": [ "suln kra n ibuliblwidn n im\u0263ayn ittuszdagn ad myarawn s um\u0263ayan n\u0263d s umamk n ifsan n ubuksimis", " tssul\u0263 tirubba tiklunalin n ifridn yaksuln." ] }, { "en": "Common dandelion is a triploid that produces viable seeds by apomictic seed.", "ber": "iga abisunli bu k\u1e5ba\u1e0d ik\u1e5bumu\u1e93umn ar isyafa ifsan i\u0263in ad iddr s tbridt n ifsan n abumitik." }, { "en": "The sequencing of some other relatively small genomes", "ber": " of rice (Oryza sativa) and Brachypodium distachyon", "null": [ " has made them important model species for understanding the genetics", " cellular and molecular biology of cereals", " grasses and monocots generally.", "asnsl n kra n ijinumn im\u1e93\u1e93iyn cwiy", " sg \u1e5b\u1e5buz (u\u1e5biza satifa) d ub\u1e5bacibudyum distacyun", " iga tn d wanawn izurt istawhmman g urmas n tmassant n tukksi", " tbyulujit ta\u0263rsant tafrurayt n ifsan", " d tuga d imunukustn s umata." ] }, { "en": "Spinach", "ber": " peas", "null": [ " soybeans and a moss Physcomitrella patens are commonly used to study plant cell biology.", "ittwassn usmrs n usbinac", " tajlbant", " ibawn d wadaln i t\u0263uri tabyulujit n t\u0263rasin n im\u0263ayn." ] }, { "en": "Gene expression can also be controlled by repressor proteins that attach to silencer regions of the DNA and prevent that region of the DNA code from being expressed.", "ber": "i\u0263y awd ad nbd g uwnni ajiniy s tbridt n ibrutin imalkaln nna izdin s wansatn ifstan g usmem a\u0263yayan ar tgddl awnni xf wansa nna\u0263 sg inigl n usmem a\u0263yayan." }, { "en": "Some epigenetic changes have been shown to be heritable", "ber": " while others are reset in the germ cells.", "null": [ "ittun\u1e93ay mas d kra n isnfln arajiniyn da ttukksun", " maca da ittusnam kra ya\u1e0dn g t\u0263rasin tibaktirin." ] }, { "en": "Unlike animals", "ber": " many plant cells", "null": [ " particularly those of the parenchyma", " do not terminally differentiate", " remaining totipotent with the ability to give rise to a new individual plant.", "ur id am imudar", " kigan n t\u0263rasin n im\u0263ayn", " s u\u1e93lay tinna illan g ubaruncima", " ur da ttmzaraynt akk\u02b7", " qqimnt \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bnt d zmrnt ad sfarsnt am\u0263ay ufrid amaynu." ] }, { "en": "The algae are a polyphyletic group and are placed in various divisions", "ber": " some more closely related to plants than others.", "null": [ "gan wadaln yat trabbut id mm kigan n i\u0263yayn ar ttusrasn g tzuniwin imzarayn", " amata diksn imzday d im\u0263ayn uggar n wiyya\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "The Charophyte class Charophyceae and the land plant sub-kingdom Embryophyta together form the monophyletic group or clade Streptophytina.", "ber": "gan usmil n ca\u1e5bufyt asmil n ca\u1e5bufisa d tgldit tayyawt n im\u0263ayn ikalann umb\u1e5byufita kullu tarabbut m yan umyanaw n\u0263d stri\u1e25tufitina klad." }, { "en": "Pteridophytic vascular plants with true xylem and phloem that reproduced by spores germinating into free-living gametophytes evolved during the Silurian period and diversified into several lineages during the late Silurian and early Devonian.", "ber": "bu\u0263lan im\u0263ayn ayt ihaglutn n idammn btiridufitik ntta d yan wanaw n ukccu\u1e0d adttan d ufluwin nna ittgadayn sg tbaktirin ittm\u0263ayn s im\u0263ayn igan timattin ittidirn s tlelli iwnan n tizi tasilu\u1e5biyt nna imyanawn s kigan n i\u0263san g tgiran n uzmz asiluriy d tizwuri n uzmz adifuniy." }, { "en": "Their reduced gametophytes developed from megaspores retained within the spore-producing organs (megasporangia) of the sporophyte", "ber": " a condition known as endospory.", "null": [ "ttusbu\u0263la tfrkt nnsn ta\u0263l\u0263iwt tamsgzlt sg isayrarn imqqran ittya\u1e93n agns n igmamn imsfarsn n tbaktirin (migasbu\u1e5banjya) n um\u0263ay abu\u0263i", " nna igan addad ittwassn s undusburi." ] }, { "en": "The earliest known seed plants date from the latest Devonian Famennian stage.", "ber": "da ittu\u0263ul umzruy n im\u0263ayn n ifsan ittwassn ar tifrkiwin n uzmz adifuniy titrarin." }, { "en": "Chemicals obtained from the air", "ber": " soil and water form the basis of all plant metabolism.", "null": [ "iyafutn icimiyn d ittff\u0263n sg uzwu", " akal d waman gan tasila n umitabuliz n im\u0263ayn." ] }, { "en": "Heterotrophs including all animals", "ber": " all fungi", "null": [ " all completely parasitic plants", " and non-photosynthetic bacteria take in organic molecules produced by photoautotrophs and respire them or use them in the construction of cells and tissues.", "imaddarn itettan g wiyya\u1e0d nna g llan kullu imudar", " kullu ig\u02b7rsln", " kullu im\u0263ayn ibara\u1e93i\u1e6dn", " d tbaktirin n tillas da tettan g tgmamin tisiddanin nna sfarasnt tsiddanin ar tnt sunfusnt n\u0263 da tnt smrasn g u\u1e63ku n t\u0263rasin d ta\u1e93\u1e0diwin." ] }, { "en": "Subcellular transport of ions", "ber": " electrons and molecules such as water and enzymes occurs across cell membranes.", "null": [ "da ittj\u1e5bu anyuddu a\u0263rsan i wayyunn", " ilikt\u1e5bunn d tgmamin zund aman d wan\u1e93imn sg t\u0263arifin n t\u0263rasin." ] }, { "en": "Examples of elements that plants need to transport are nitrogen", "ber": " phosphorus", "null": [ " potassium", " calcium", " magnesium", " and sulfur.", "imdyatn n igmamn nna ttirin im\u0263ayn ad tn snyuddun gan tn anit\u1e5bujin", " afusfu\u1e5b", " abutasyum", " akalsyum", " aman\u0263anizyum", " d usulfu\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "This compound mediates the tropic responses of shoots and roots towards light and gravity.", "ber": "ammas n wuddis ad llant tmrarutin tit\u1e5bubikin n tbwitin d i\u1e93u\u1e5ban g umnid n usidd d tinniz\u0263a." }, { "en": "The natural cytokinin zeatin was discovered in corn", "ber": " Zea mays", "null": [ " and is a derivative of the purine adenine.", "ittyafa usitukinin agaman g uku\u1e5bn", " zya mays", " ntta d anafu\u0263 n ubyurin adinin." ] }, { "en": "They are involved in the promotion of germination and dormancy-breaking in seeds", "ber": " in regulation of plant height by controlling stem elongation and the control of flowering.", "null": [ "da ttamun g usdus n usm\u0263y d t\u1e5bu\u1e93i n i\u0263imi g ifsan", " d ussuds n walay n im\u0263ayn s tbridt n unbb\u1e0d g us\u0263zif n u\u0263amu d unbb\u1e0d g ubu\u0263lu." ] }, { "en": "It was so named because it was originally thought to control abscission.", "ber": "ittuga as yism ad acku ikka ttin \u0263aln is inbb\u1e0d g i\u025bayd." }, { "en": "Another class of phytohormones is the jasmonates", "ber": " first isolated from the oil of Jasminum grandiflorum which regulates wound responses in plants by unblocking the expression of genes required in the systemic acquired resistance response to pathogen attack.", "null": [ "yan usmil ya\u1e0dn n ihu\u1e5bmunn n im\u0263ayn nna igan ijasmunatn", " nna ittustayn zwar sg uzatim n jasminum gradiflu\u1e5bim nna issudusn timrarutin n i\u025b\u1e6d\u1e6dibn g im\u0263ayn s umamkn n u\u1e5b\u1e93\u1e93um n uwnni xf ijinumn ittuyattrn g tmrarut n tnzbayt tum\u025bint tangrawt i usugi n umsgnf." ] }, { "en": "Non-vascular plants", "ber": " the liverworts", "null": [ " hornworts and mosses do not produce ground-penetrating vascular roots and most of the plant participates in photosynthesis.", "ur da syafun im\u0263ayn ari\u1e25aglutn", " tuga n tasa", " im\u0263ayn izhqa\u1e5bniyn", " d wadaln i\u1e93u\u1e5ban ihaglutn nna ikccmn g wakal ar itssur d im\u0263ayn ya\u1e0dn g tasi\u0263t n usmdya asiddan." ] }, { "en": "Cells in each system are capable of creating cells of the other and producing adventitious shoots or roots.", "ber": "ti\u0263rasin g ku angraw \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bnt ad smuttgnt ti\u0263rasin sg wayya\u1e0d d ufars n i\u0263ddiwn n\u0263d i\u1e93u\u1e5ban." }, { "en": "In the event that one of the systems is lost", "ber": " the other can often regrow it.", "null": [ "ig idda yan g ingrawn", " izmr way\u1e0d ad tid issgm." ] }, { "en": "In vascular plants", "ber": " the xylem and phloem are the conductive tissues that transport resources between shoots and roots.", "null": [ "g im\u0263ayn ayt i\u1e25aglutn", " a\u1e93\u1e6d\u1e6da n ukccu\u1e0d d ufluwim gan i\u1e93\u1e6d\u1e6datn issiwi\u1e0dn isugam ingr i\u0263ddiwn d i\u1e93u\u1e5ban." ] }, { "en": "Leaves gather sunlight and carry out photosynthesis.", "ber": "da smunn wafriwn asidd ar sskarn tasi\u0263t n usmdya asiddan." }, { "en": "Angiosperms are seed-producing plants that produce flowers and have enclosed seeds.", "ber": "tim\u0263mas n ifsan gant im\u0263ayn isfarasn ifsan isfarasn ijddign ilin \u0263urs ifsan iqqn." }, { "en": "Some plants reproduce sexually", "ber": " some asexually", "null": [ " and some via both means.", "da ttgadayn kra n im\u0263ayn s tbridt n tuqqut", " d kra ya\u1e0dn bla tuqqut", " d kra ya\u1e0dn s tbridin s snat." ] }, { "en": "Biological classification is a form of scientific taxonomy.", "ber": "amsyanaw abyuluji iga tal\u0263a sg tal\u0263atin n umsyanaw amassan." }, { "en": "While scientists do not always agree on how to classify organisms", "ber": " molecular phylogenetics", "null": [ " which uses DNA sequences as data", " has driven many recent revisions along evolutionary lines and is likely to continue to do so.", "g tizi g ur ttmsasan imassan abda xf tmamkt n umsyanaw n imaddarn", " tamassant n tukksi tafulant", " nna ismrasn asnsl n usmem a\u0263yayan d arratn nns", " isrs kigan n izrayn itrarn g ibrdan n ubu\u0263lu d i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad issudu g uynna\u0263." ] }, { "en": "The nomenclature of botanical organisms is codified in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae", "ber": " fungi", "null": [ " and plants (ICN) and administered by the International Botanical Congress.", "ittuzmmem yism n imaddarn im\u0263ayan g tlgamt tagra\u0263lant i wassa\u0263n n wadaln", " ig\u02b7rsln d im\u0263ayn (ICN) ar tt iswuddu ugraw agra\u0263lan n im\u0263ayn." ] }, { "en": "The scientific name of a plant represents its genus and its species within the genus", "ber": " resulting in a single worldwide name for each organism.", "null": [ "da ismdya yism amassan n um\u0263ay tawsit nns d wanawn nns ag\u02b7ns n twsit", " aya ayd yakkan yan ism ama\u1e0dlan i ku amaudr." ] }, { "en": "The combination is the name of the species.", "ber": "amun ayd igan ism n wanawn." }, { "en": "The evolutionary relationships and heredity of a group of organisms is called its phylogeny.", "ber": "da ittili yism n imzdayn ibu\u0263lann d tukksi n trabbut n imaddarn s ubu\u0263lu nns." }, { "en": "As an example", "ber": " species of Pereskia are trees or bushes with prominent leaves.", "null": [ "s umdya", " anawn biriskiya gan isk\u02b7la n\u0263d tisklutin id m wafriwn d iff\u0263n." ] }, { "en": "Judging relationships based on shared characters requires care", "ber": " since plants may resemble one another through convergent evolution in which characters have arisen independently.", "null": [ "da ittiri ib\u1e0di xf imzdayn a\u1e63ku xf iwrikn nna mi iman ufrad", " acku i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad mya\u0263n im\u0263ayn ingr asn sg ubu\u0263lu imnmalan nna g gman iwrikn s tal\u0263a istin." ] }, { "en": "Only derived characters", "ber": " such as the spine-producing areoles of cacti", "null": [ " provide evidence for descent from a common ancestor.", "tifras tinafu\u0263in day", " zund arizul n ukfil isyafun asnsul n tadawt", " da yakka an\u1e93a xf u\u1e93u\u1e5b amazar." ] }, { "en": "The difference is that the genetic code itself is used to decide evolutionary relationships", "ber": " instead of being used indirectly via the characters it gives rise to.", "null": [ "amzaray igat mas d inigl n ajiniy s ixf nns da ittusmras g izdayn ibu\u0263lutn", " g ud\u0263ar n usmrs nns s umamk arusrid sg tfrisin nna d digs ittuskarn." ] }, { "en": "Genetic evidence suggests that the true evolutionary relationship of multicelled organisms is as shown in the cladogram below \u2013 fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.", "ber": "da ttinin wan\u1e93iwn ijiniyn mas d azday abu\u0263lan adttan n imaddarn ayt kigan n t\u0263rast imki nna ittusfra g twna\u0263t kladugram izdar \u2013 ig\u02b7rsln zdin yan uzday idusn s imudar uggar n uzday nnsn s im\u0263ayn." }, { "en": "Investigating how plant species are related to each other allows botanists to better understand the process of evolution in plants.", "ber": "arzzu g umamk n umzday n wanawn n im\u0263ayn ingr asn da ittadja imassan n im\u0263ayn ad rmsn tasi\u0263t n ubu\u0263lu g im\u0263ayn s umamk yufn." }, { "en": "Although humans have always been interested in the natural history of the animals they saw around them", "ber": " and made use of this knowledge to domesticate certain species", "null": [ " the formal study of zoology can be said to have originated with Aristotle.", "mqqar ifrar ufgan s umzruy agaman n imudar nna asn ittin", " smrsn tussna ad afad lqqmn kra n wanawn", " i\u0263y ad nini mas d ta\u0263uri tamaddudt n tmassant n imudr tgma d sg a\u1e5bi\u1e63\u1e6du." ] }, { "en": "Modern zoology has its origins during the Renaissance and early modern period", "ber": " with Carl Linnaeus", "null": [ " Antonie van Leeuwenhoek", " Robert Hooke", " Charles Darwin", " Gregor Mendel and many others.", "da ttu\u0263uln i\u1e93u\u1e5ban n tmassant n umudr tatrart s uzmz n tgmi d tizwuri n uzmz atrar", " d ka\u1e5bl linyus", " antuni fan lyuwinhuk", " \u1e5bubirt huk", " ca\u1e5bls darwin", " ju\u1e5bj mandil d kigan ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "There are cave paintings", "ber": " engravings and sculptures in France dating back 15", "null": [ "000 years showing bison", " horses and deer in carefully rendered detail.", "llant tfilin n ifran d tgzzayin d tuddisin g f\u1e5bansa nna mi ya\u0263ul umzruy nns s 15", "000 n usgg\u02b7as ar tsnkad ibisunn d iysan d tmlalin s tfrisin ifrurin." ] }, { "en": "Ancient knowledge of wildlife is illustrated by the realistic depictions of wild and domestic animals in the Near East", "ber": " Mesopotamia and Egypt", "null": [ " including husbandry practices and techniques", " hunting and fishing.", "ttusumn tussna tazaykut s tudrt tanakalt s tbridt n twlafin tinilawin i imudar inakaln d inmyarn g unqqar", " tmurt n gr sin isaffn d mi\u1e63\u1e5b", " g llant tmskarin d ttiqniyin n ussgmi", " d tgmrt d tgmrt n islman." ] }, { "en": "Aristotle", "ber": " in the fourth century BC", "null": [ " looked at animals as living organisms", " studying their structure", " development and vital phenomena.", "da isksiw a\u1e5bi\u1e63\u1e6du g tasut tis kku\u1e93 dat tlalit", " imudar is gan imaddarn", " i\u0263r tu\u1e63kiwt nnsn d ubu\u0263lu nns d tumanin nns timssrfutin." ] }, { "en": "Four hundred years later", "ber": " Roman physician Galen dissected animals to study their anatomy and the function of the different parts", "null": [ " because the dissection of human cadavers was prohibited at the time.", "dffir n kku\u1e93 n timma\u1e0d n isgg\u02b7asn", " ifli umsgnf a\u1e5bumaniy galinus imudar afad i\u0263r iflayn nnsn d tazzult n igmamn imzarayn", " acku aflay n imttin n ufgan ur yamu g tizi nna." ] }, { "en": "In Europe", "ber": " Galen's work on anatomy remained largely unsurpassed and unchallenged up until the 16th century.", "null": [ "g u\u1e5bubba", " tqqima twuri n galinus g tmassant n uflay ur illi am ntta d mayd tt izwarn ar tasut tis 16." ] }, { "en": "Having previously been the realm of gentlemen naturalists", "ber": " over the 18th", "null": [ " 19th and 20th centuries", " zoology became an increasingly professional scientific discipline.", "dffir g iga igr n id mass imassann n tgama", " tizi n tasutin 18", " 19 d 20", " tga tmassant n umudr ta\u1e93layt tamassant tazzulant s tal\u0263a yulin." ] }, { "en": "These developments", "ber": " as well as the results from embryology and paleontology", "null": [ " were synthesized in the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection; in this Darwin placed the theory of organic evolution on a new footing", " by explaining the processes by which it can occur", " and providing observational evidence that it had done so.", "ttusmunn ibu\u0263lutn ad", " d tyafutin n tmassant n warraw d t\u0263uziwin", " g umagra\u1e0d 1859 n ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n ubu\u0263lu s tbridt n ustay agaman n tcarlz darwin; g manaya isrd darwin ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n ubu\u0263lu agmaman xf tsila tamaynut", " s umamk n ussfru n tasi\u0263in nna i\u0263in ad ij\u1e5bu", " d usnkd n wan\u1e93atn n uj\u1e5b\u1e5bu nnsn." ] }, { "en": "Darwin gave a new direction to morphology and physiology", "ber": " by uniting them in a common biological theory: the theory of organic evolution.", "null": [ "ifka darwin yan umnad amaynu i usnay d tmassant n tazzulin n igmamn", " s tbridt n usmun nnsnt g yat ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt tabyulujit issarn: ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n ubu\u0263lu agmaman." ] }, { "en": "An early necessity was to identify the organisms and group them according to their characteristics", "ber": " differences and relationships", "null": [ " and this is the field of the taxonomist.", "iga usu\u0263n amzwaru astay n imaddarn d usmun nnsn nil tm\u1e93layin nnsn d imzarayn nnsn d izdayn nnsn", " wad ayd igan igr n im\u1e93layn n umyanaw." ] }, { "en": "His ideas were centered on the morphology of animals.", "ber": "uddant twngimin nns xf tmurfulujit n imudar." }, { "en": "These groupings have since been revised to improve consistency with the Darwinian principle of common descent.", "ber": "ittuzray xf trubba ad sg tizi nna\u0263 afad is\u0263udu amsasa ingr umnzay n darwin n u\u1e93u\u1e5b amssur." }, { "en": "Homo is the genus", "ber": " and sapiens the specific epithet", "null": [ " both of them combined make up the species name.", "afgan ayd igan tawsit", " asabyan d afris i\u1e93lin", " s sin nnsn ig mann da tggan ism n wanaw." ] }, { "en": "The dominant classification system is called the Linnaean taxonomy.", "ber": "angraw amsyanaw irnan ism nns amsyanaw n liniyn." }, { "en": "Understanding the structure and function of cells is fundamental to all of the biological sciences.", "ber": "armas n tuskiwt n t\u0263rasin d tazzulin nnsnt iga yat t\u0263awsa tadslant i kullu timassanin tibyulujin." }, { "en": "It focuses on how organs and organ systems work together in the bodies of humans and animals", "ber": " in addition to how they work independently.", "null": [ "da ittadd xf tmamkt n uswuri n igmamn d ingrawn n igmamn akk\u02b7 g tfggiwin n ufgan d imudar", " d tmamkt n uswuri nnsn s tal\u0263a istin." ] }, { "en": "Physiological studies have traditionally been divided into plant physiology and animal physiology", "ber": " but some principles of physiology are universal", "null": [ " no matter what particular organism is being studied.", "ttub\u1e0dant t\u0263uriwin tifizyulujin s tmamkt tabldit s tfizyulujit n im\u0263ayn d tmassant n tazzulin n igmamn n imudar", " maca kra n imnzayn n tmassant n tazzulin n igmamn gan ima\u1e0dlann", " bla amaddar nna xf ttuga t\u0263uri." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " it generally involves scientists who have special training in particular organisms such as mammalogy", "null": [ " ornithology", " herpetology", " or entomology", " but use those organisms as systems to answer general questions about evolution.", "s umdya", " yum\u1e93 imassann ittusmuttgn i\u1e93lin s kra n imaddarn zund tamassant n tm\u1e93\u1e93agin n\u0263d tamassant n ig\u1e0da\u1e0d n\u0263d tamassant n im\u1e25rurdn n\u0263d tamassant n ibuxxa", " maca da smrasn imaddarn nna zund ingrawn i tmrarut xf isqqsitn imatuyn xf ubu\u0263lu." ] }, { "en": "Ethologists have been particularly concerned with the evolution of behavior and the understanding of behavior in terms of the theory of natural selection.", "ber": "da ttntayn imassann n tkli s u\u1e93lay s ubu\u0263lu n tkli d urmas n tkli sg ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n ustay agaman." }, { "en": "While researchers practice techniques specific to molecular biology", "ber": " it is common to combine these with methods from genetics and biochemistry.", "null": [ "g tizi g sskarn imrza titiqniyin i\u1e93lin s tbyulujit tafulant", " ittwassn is da ttusmunnt d tbridin sg tmassant n tukksi d tcimiyt tamssrfut." ] }, { "en": "Biological systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms", "ber": " both past and present", "null": [ " and the relationships among living things through time.", "tangrawant tabyulujit tga ta\u0263uri n umyanaw n tal\u0263atin n tudrt", " g umzruy d d\u0263i", " d izdayn ingr imaddarn xf wakud." ] }, { "en": "Phylogenetic trees of species and higher taxa are used to study the evolution of traits (e.g.", "ber": " anatomical or molecular characteristics) and the distribution of organisms (biogeography).", "null": [ "da ttusmrasnt tsk\u02b7la n i\u0263san sg wanawn d imyanawn yattuyn g t\u0263uri n ubu\u0263lu n tfrisin (s umdya", " ti\u1e93layin tinflayin n\u0263d tifulanin) d ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n imaddarn (taju\u0263rafiyt tassrfunt)." ] }, { "en": "Biological systematics classifies species by using three specific branches.", "ber": "da smyanawnt tngrawanin tibyulujin anawn s usmrs n k\u1e5ba\u1e0d wayyawn i\u1e93lin." }, { "en": "Experimental systematics identifies and classifies animals based on the evolutionary units that comprise a species", "ber": " as well as their importance in evolution itself.", "null": [ "da tstti tmngrawt tanaramt ar tsmyanaw imudar s tu\u1e63kiwt xf tgzzumin n ubu\u0263lu nna g ttusnayn wanawn", " d ustawhmma nns g ubu\u0263lu." ] }, { "en": "Explaining the biodiversity of the planet and its organisms.", "ber": "issfra amyanaw abyuluji n wakal d imaddarn digs illan." }, { "en": "Taxonomy is that part of Systematics concerned with topics (a) to (d) above.", "ber": "iga usmyanaw yat tafult sg tnagrawt igan win imrsitn ad n uflla (a) ar (d)." }, { "en": "However", "ber": " in modern usage", "null": [ " they can all be considered synonyms of each other.", "mqqar", " g usmrs atrar", " i\u0263y ad tn ng kullu d ikniwn n ingr asn." ] }, { "en": "Some claim systematics alone deals specifically with relationships through time", "ber": " and that it can be synonymous with phylogenetics", "null": [ " broadly dealing with the inferred hierarchy of organisms.", "da ttinin idsn mas d tamassant n t\u0263alin da ttsmkal s tal\u0263a i\u1e93lin d izdayn g tizi", " d i\u0263y ad ig akniw n tmassant n tukksi", " ar ttmskal g wansa abaraw d usnsl azamug amsyafu i imaddarn." ] }, { "en": "Scientific classifications are aids in recording and reporting information to other scientists and to laymen.", "ber": "da ttawsn imsyanawn imassa", "null": [ " g uzmmem n in\u0263misn d ussiw\u1e0d nnsn i imassan ya\u1e0dn d inamurn unziln." ] }, { "en": "In biology", "ber": " a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism", "null": [ " as well as a unit of biodiversity.", "g tmassant n imaddarn", " anaw iga tagzzumt tadslant n usmyanaw d tsk\u02b7flt n tamsyanawt n umaddar", " d tgzzumt n wanaw abyuluji." ] }, { "en": "In addition", "ber": " paleontologists use the concept of the chronospecies since fossil reproduction cannot be examined.", "null": [ "bla ayann", " da smrasn imassan n t\u0263uziwin armmus n k\u1e5bunusbis g ur illi uzzray xf uggady ama\u0263az." ] }, { "en": "All species (except viruses) are given a two-part name", "ber": " a binomial.", "null": [ "da ttugun ismawn i wanawn kullu (bla ifirusn) s yism sg snat tafulin", " m sin yirawn." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " Boa constrictor is one of four species of the genus Boa", "null": [ " with constrictor being the species's epithet.", "s umdya", " bwa kunstriktur iga yan sg kku\u1e93 n wanawn n tawsit n bwa", " d umsbuttl igat wassa\u0263 n anaw." ] }, { "en": "Also", "ber": " among organisms that reproduce only asexually", "null": [ " the concept of a reproductive species breaks down", " and each clone is potentially a microspecies.", "awd", " ingr imaddarn ittgadayn bla tawsit", " da i\u1e6d\u1e6dar urmmus n wanaw amaqqu", " d i\u0263y ad ig ku amn\u0263al anaw amikruskubbiy." ] }, { "en": "Species were seen from the time of Aristotle until the 18th century as fixed categories that could be arranged in a hierarchy", "ber": " the great chain of being.", "null": [ "da ttu\u1e93\u1e5ban wanawn sg uzmz n a\u1e5bi\u1e63\u1e6du ar tasut tis 18 is gan ismiln izzgan i\u0263in ad ittusuds g usnsl azamu asnsl n yili amqqran." ] }, { "en": "That understanding was greatly extended in the 20th century through genetics and population ecology.", "ber": "ittufsar urmas ad s al\u0263a tamqqrant g tasut tis 20 s tbridt n tmassant n tukksi d twnna\u1e0dt n imzda\u0263." }, { "en": "Ernst Mayr emphasised reproductive isolation", "ber": " but this", "null": [ " like other species concepts", " is hard or even impossible to test.", "i\u1e5bnist may\u1e5b yudda xf u\u1e93lay n tarwa", " zund irmmusn n wanawn ya\u1e0dn", " icqqa n\u0263d ur sar ittyaram." ] }, { "en": "This method was used as a classical method of determining species", "ber": " such as with Linnaeus early in evolutionary theory.", "null": [ "ttusmras tmamkt ad zund tamamkt taklasikiyt i u\u1e93lay n wanawn", " am \u0263ur linaws g yat tizi zikk g ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n ubulu." ] }, { "en": "As a rule of thumb", "ber": " microbiologists have assumed that kinds of Bacteria or Archaea with 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences more similar than 97% to each other need to be checked by DNA-DNA hybridisation to decide if they belong to the same species or not.", "null": [ "d alugn amatuy", " \u0263aln imassan n imaddarn usdidn is d anawn n tbaktirt n tarcyatt g illa usnsl ajini RNA a\u1e5bibuzumi 16S mya\u0263n uggar n 97% d ingratsn da ttirin ad \u0263isn zzrin s tbridt n ulqqm n DNA-DNA afad ittustay is gant sg yan wanaw mad uhu." ] }, { "en": "Modern approaches compare sequence similarity using computational methods.", "ber": "da smzazzalnt t\u0263arasin titrarin amya\u0263 n usnsl s usmrs n tbridin tima\u1e6d\u1e6dunin." }, { "en": "A database", "ber": " Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD)", "null": [ " contains DNA barcode sequences from over 190", "000 species.", "g tsila n isfka", " ba\u1e5bkud uf layf data sistim (BOLD)", " llan isnsln n ba\u1e5bkud n DNA i uggar n 190", "000 n wnaw." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " in a study done on fungi", "null": [ " studying the nucleotide characters using cladistic species produced the most accurate results in recognising the numerous fungi species of all the concepts studied.", "s umdya", " g yat t\u0263uri ittuskarn xf ig\u02b7rsln", " tuwi t\u0263uri n t\u1e93layin n iniklyutidn s usmrs n wanawn ikladistikn s tyafutin timn\u0263udin g tussna n wanawn n igrsln iggutn i kullu irmmusn nna xf ttuga t\u0263uri." ] }, { "en": "Yet others defend this approach", "ber": " considering taxonomic inflation pejorative and labelling the opposing view as taxonomic conservatism; claiming it is politically expedient to split species and recognise smaller populations at the species level", "null": [ " because this means they can more easily be included as endangered in the IUCN red list and can attract conservation legislation and funding.", "mqqar", " da ttraran wiyya\u1e0d xf t\u0263arast ad", " ar ttinin mas d abzzug amsyanaw ur i\u1e25li ar snummuln tannayt igan mgal nnsn is tga tas\u1e25\u1e0dawt tamsyanawt; s tmsntilt n is d yusa g tsrtit ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n wanawn d tussna n trubba ya\u1e0dn tim\u1e93\u1e93yanin g wanawn", " acku \u0263aln is \u0263in ad tn skcmn g winna i\u1e25\u1e0da\u1e5bn ad yacck g talgamt tazgg\u02b7a\u0263t n umun agra\u0263lan n u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n twnna\u1e0dt d i\u0263y ad tldi izrfan n u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du d uss\u1e93\u1e5bf." ] }, { "en": "If scientists mean that something applies to all species within a genus", "ber": " they use the genus name without the specific name or epithet.", "null": [ "ig nnan imassan mas d kra da d ittasa d kullu anawn ag\u02b7ns n twsit", " hat da smrasn tawsit bla ism n\u0263d tanqqubt istin." ] }, { "en": "As further information comes to hand", "ber": " the hypothesis may be corroborated or refuted.", "null": [ "s yili n kigan n in\u0263misn", " i\u0263y ad ttuyaws turda n\u0263d ad ttyagi." ] }, { "en": "Dividing a taxon into multiple", "ber": " often new", "null": [ " taxa is called splitting.", "ab\u1e6d\u1e6du n umyanaw s tmyanawin iggudn", " nna itggan timaynutin s umata", " ism nns ab\u1e6d\u1e6du." ] }, { "en": "The term quasispecies is sometimes used for rapidly mutating entities like viruses.", "ber": "kra n tikkal da ittusmras urmmus n kazisbbis afad isn\u025bat s imaddarn ittusnfaln fisa\u025b zund ifirusn." }, { "en": "In ring species", "ber": " when members of adjacent populations in a widely continuous distribution range interbreed successfully but members of more distant populations do not.", "null": [ "g wanawn ix\u1e5b\u1e63ann", " ig da ttmyawaln ifridn n trubba n \u1e6d\u1e6drf g wansa n ub\u1e6d\u1e6du izdin g wansa abaraw s umurs maca igmamn n trubba i\u025brqqn ur da ttmyawaln." ] }, { "en": "Ring species thus present a difficulty for any species concept that relies on reproductive isolation.", "ber": "s manaya anawn ix\u1e5b\u1e63ann tcqqa xf ku armmus isnndn xf u\u1e93lay n tarwa." }, { "en": "Speciation depends on a measure of reproductive isolation", "ber": " a reduced gene flow.", "null": [ "yugl umyanaw xf tms\u0263alt n u\u1e93lay n tarwa", " d wuguz n wufu\u0263 n ijinumn." ] }, { "en": "Bacteria can exchange plasmids with bacteria of other species", "ber": " including some apparently distantly related ones in different phylogenetic domains", "null": [ " making analysis of their relationships difficult", " and weakening the concept of a bacterial species.", "t\u0263i tbaktirt ad tmrara ablasmid nttat d tbaktirt sg wanawn ya\u1e0dn", " nna g llan wanawn izdin igran imzarayn n tgmi d ubu\u0263lu", " aya da ittadja asfsi n izdayn nnsnt icqqa", " ar ittdrus urmmus n wanawn ibaktiriyn." ] }, { "en": "Mass extinctions had a variety of causes including volcanic activity", "ber": " climate change", "null": [ " and changes in oceanic and atmospheric chemistry", " and they in turn had major effects on Earth's ecology", " atmosphere", " land surface and waters.", "iga yiccki amgru kigan n tmntilin imzarayn g yamu ussrfu abu\u1e5bkaniy d usnfl g unzwi d isnfln g tcimiyt n illn d ta\u0263rift n wa\u1e6dmusfi\u1e5b", " nna mu \u0263ur illa yi\u1e0di\u1e63n iggudn xf twnna\u1e0dt n wakal d t\u0263arift n wa\u1e6dmusfi\u1e5b d uzur n wakal d waman." ] }, { "en": "Some observers claim that there is an inherent conflict between the desire to understand the processes of speciation and the need to identify and to categorise.", "ber": "da ttinin kra n imi\u1e93\u1e5bitn mas illa yan umlaqay a\u1e93u\u1e5ban yiri n urmmus n tsi\u0263in n umyanaw d wassar n ustay d usmyanaw." }, { "en": "One of the classic cases in North America is that of the protected northern spotted owl which hybridises with the unprotected California spotted owl and the barred owl; this has led to legal debates.", "ber": "yan g waddadn iklasikiyn g mirikan n i\u1e93lm\u1e0d igat waddad n tanu\u1e25t tam\u1e5bqq\u1e6d n i\u1e93lm\u1e0d ittu\u1e25\u1e0dan nna ittulqqmn d tanu\u1e25t tam\u1e5bqq\u1e6d n kalifu\u1e5bnya ur ittu\u1e25\u1e0dan d tanu\u1e25t ta\u1e93\u1e5ba\u1e5bt; aya iskr uyad imraratn n wawal g uzrf." }, { "en": "A form was distinguished by being shared by all its members", "ber": " the young inheriting any variations they might have from their parents.", "null": [ "ittu\u1e93lay uzurt s wumu nns sg kullu igmamn nns", " kkusn i\u025brrimn imzarayn nna rad ak\u02b7 yili \u0263ursn sg imarawn nnsn." ] }, { "en": "He established the idea of a taxonomic hierarchy of classification based upon observable characteristics and intended to reflect natural relationships.", "ber": "isskr tawngimt n usnsl azamug amsyanaw xf tsila n t\u1e93layin nna i\u0263in ad ittu\u1e93\u1e5ba d uwttas nns mgal n izdayn igamann." }, { "en": "Jean-Baptiste Lamarck", "ber": " in his 1809 Zoological Philosophy", "null": [ " described the transmutation of species", " proposing that a species could change over time", " in a radical departure from Aristotelian thinking.", "isnumml jan babtist lama\u1e5bk", " g tflsuft nns g tmassant n umudr asgg\u02b7as n 1809", " asnfl n wanawn", " isumr mas d kra n wanaw i\u0263y ad ittusnfl d tizi", " g wufu\u0263 a\u1e93u\u1e5ban xf uswingm n a\u1e5bi\u1e63\u1e6du." ] }, { "en": "Genus (plural genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses.", "ber": "tawsit (amagut tawsitin) iga tas!kflt tamsyanawt ittusmrasn g usmyanaw abyuluji n imaddarn d imu\u0263az d awd ifirusn." }, { "en": "E.g. Panthera leo (lion) and Panthera onca (jaguar) are two species within the genus Panthera.", "ber": "s umdya banti\u1e5ba lyu (izm) d banti\u1e5ba unka (aksil) gan sin wanawn ag\u02b7ns n wanaw n banti\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus", "ber": " a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii.", "null": [ "sg imdyatn n im\u0263ayn hibiskus a\u1e5bnutyanus", " nna igan yan wanaw n twsit n buyisk mi tga tamurt nns haway." ] }, { "en": "Available names are those published in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and not otherwise suppressed by subsequent decisions of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN); the earliest such name for any taxon (for example", "ber": " a genus) should then be selected as the valid (i.e.", "null": [ " current or accepted) name for the taxon in question.", "ismawn illan gan tn winna ittufsarn nil tlgamt tagra\u0263lant n irmmusn n tmassant n umudr nna ur ittyakksn s kra n tal\u0263a ya\u1e0dn s tbridt n t\u0263tasin d iddan sg tsqqamut tagra\u0263lant i yism n umudr (ICZN); d yism amzwaru n ku amsnaway (s umdya", " tawsit) ixssa ad ittustay d ism is\u0263znn (n\u0263d", " win d\u0263i n\u0263d ittura) i umyanaw nna." ] }, { "en": "In botany", "ber": " similar concepts exist but with different labels.", "null": [ "g tmassant n im\u0263ayn", " llan irmmusn yaksuln maca s ismawn imzarayn." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera.", "null": [ "mqqar", " ttu\u1e93layn kigan n yismawn (kra n tikkal bla amxas) s snat twisin imzarayn n\u0263d uggar." ] }, { "en": "A name that means two different things is a homonym.", "ber": "ism nna mi iga unamk snat t\u0263awsiwin imzarayn iga akniw." }, { "en": "However", "ber": " a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code.", "null": [ "mqqar", " da ttadjan tawsit g kra n tgldit ad tasi ism amassan ittusmrasn d ism amatay (n\u0263d ism amsyanaw g tsk\u02b7flt ya\u1e0dn) g tgldit g innb\u1e0d inigl n yism imzarayn." ] }, { "en": "For instance", "ber": " among (non-avian) reptiles", "null": [ " which have about 1180 genera", " the most (>300) have only 1 species", " ~360 have between 2 and 4 species", " 260 have 5\u201310 species", " ~200 have 11\u201350 species", " and only 27 genera have more than 50 species.", "s umdya", " sg im\u1e25rurdn (ur igi ig\u1e0da\u1e0d)", " nna g llan wattayn n 1180 n twsit", " kigan digsn (>300) digs 1 wanaw day", " ~360 digs ingr n 2 d 4 n wanawn", " 260 digs 5\u201310 n wanawn", " ~200 digsn 11\u201350 n wanawn", " d 27 n twsit digs uggar n 50 n wanaw." ] }, { "en": "Which species are assigned to a genus is somewhat arbitrary.", "ber": "matta wanawn nna ittu\u1e93layn i tawsit iga cwiy yat t\u0263awsa n uhttf." }, { "en": "What belongs to a family\u2014or if a described family should be recognized at all\u2014are proposed and determined by practicing taxonomists.", "ber": "aynna illan g yat tawja\u2014n\u0263d txssa tussna n yat tawja ittusnummln \u0263ur kullu\u2014ad ittusumr ittustay sg imuzan n umsyanaw imskarn." }, { "en": "Often there is no exact agreement", "ber": " with different taxonomists each taking a different position.", "null": [ "g kigan n tikkal ur illi umsasa amn\u0263ud", " mqqar llan imuzayn imzarayn n umsyanaw da ittamz ku yan digsn ansa ixulfn." ] }, { "en": "Michael Novacek (1986) inserted them at the same position.", "ber": "iskcmtn maykl nufask (1986) g yan wansa." }, { "en": "There are no objective rules for describing a class", "ber": " but for well-known animals there is likely to be consensus.", "null": [ "ur llin kra n ilugnn ims\u0263arutn i usnumml n usmil", " maca g tsga n imaddarn ittwassn", " i\u0263y ad yili umsasa." ] }, { "en": "In botany", "ber": " classes are now rarely discussed.", "null": [ "g tmassant n im\u0263ayn", " idrus umrara n wawal xf iswirn inmlann." ] }, { "en": "Informally", "ber": " phyla can be thought of as groupings of organisms based on general specialization of body plan.", "null": [ "s tal\u0263a tar tamaddudt", " i\u0263y ad tg tzuni tirubba n imaddarn s tu\u1e63kiwt n t\u1e93layt tamatayt n twna\u0263t n tfgga." ] }, { "en": "So phyla can be merged or split if it becomes apparent that they are related to one another or not.", "ber": "s manaya n\u0263y ad nskcm tazuni n\u0263 tt tb\u1e0da ig nsfaw is zdint ingr asnt n\u0263d uhu." }, { "en": "By Budd and Jensen's definition", "ber": " a phylum is defined by a set of characters shared by all its living representatives.", "null": [ "sg usnkd n bud d junsns", " da ttusnkad tzuni sg trabbut n iwrikn nna ssarn kullu ismdyatn nns imaddarn." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " as it is character based", "null": [ " it is easy to apply to the fossil record.", "mqqar", " idd\u0263 da itsnnad xf uwrik", " iwhn usnis nns xf warra ama\u0263uz." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " proving that a fossil belongs to the crown group of a phylum is difficult", "null": [ " as it must display a character unique to a sub-set of the crown group.", "mqqar", " tcqqa tilawt n is tga tma\u0263uzt sg trabbut n ufilum", " g iqqan ad ittufsar uwrik istawhmman n trabbut tayyawt sg trabbut n ufilum." ] }, { "en": "The table below follows the influential (though contentious) Cavalier-Smith system in equating Plantae with Archaeplastida", "ber": " a group containing Viridiplantae and the algal Rhodophyta and Glaucophyta divisions.", "null": [ "a\u0263awas n yizdar i\u1e0dfa\u1e5b anagraw ama\u1e0du\u1e63 (mqqar digs mayd ittwanan) n kafalyi-smit g ussiksl n blanta d arcablastida", " nna igan tarabbut g illa firidiblanta d snat tu\u1e6d\u1e6dutin n ru\u1e0dufita d glukufita." ] }, { "en": "The division Pinophyta may be used for all gymnosperms (i.e. including cycads", "ber": " ginkgos and gnetophytes)", "null": [ " or for conifers alone as below.", "i\u0263y ad nsmrs ab\u1e6d\u1e6du n binufita i kullu m ifsan aruntiln (n\u0263d tinna g alun isikadsn", " ginkgus d gnitufits)", " n\u0263d i t\u1e25drin \u0263as nitnti s umamk ad." ] }, { "en": "Protista is a polyphyletic taxon", "ber": " which is less acceptable to present-day biologists than in the past.", "null": [ "iga b\u1e5butista yan umsyanaw mi ggusin inbba\u1e0dn", " ur dat ttirin imassan n tmaddart g tizi ad am lli zwar." ] }, { "en": "Carl Linnaeus (1707\u20131778) laid the foundations for modern biological nomenclature", "ber": " now regulated by the Nomenclature Codes", "null": [ " in 1735.", "isrs ka\u1e5bl linyus (1707\u20131778) tasilin n wassa\u0263 abyuluji atrar", " nna ssudusn d\u0263i izrfan n wassa\u0263", " asgg\u02b7as n 1735." ] }, { "en": "In 1937 \u00c9douard Chatton introduced the terms prokaryote and eukaryote to differentiate these organisms.", "ber": "g usgg\u02b7as n 1937", "null": [ " isnkd idward tcatun sin irmmusn m i\u0263yayn iqburn d m i\u0263yayn idttan g usmzaray ingr imaddarn ad." ] }, { "en": "Robert Whittaker recognized an additional kingdom for the Fungi.", "ber": "iqrra \u1e5bubirt witak\u1e5b s tgldit ya\u1e0dn n ig\u02b7rsln." }, { "en": "The remaining two kingdoms", "ber": " Protista and Monera", "null": [ " included unicellular and simple cellular colonies.", "tiglditin s snat nna d iqqiman", " b\u1e5butista d muni\u1e5ba", " digsnt insdurruyn i\u0263rasann id m yat t\u0263rast tafrart." ] }, { "en": "In other systems", "ber": " such as Lynn Margulis's system of five kingdoms", "null": [ " the plants included just the land plants (Embryophyta)", " and Protoctista has a broader definition.", "g ingrawn ya\u1e0dn", " zund angraw n lyn ma\u1e5bgulis g llant smmus n tglditin", " illa g im\u0263ayn \u0263as im\u0263ayn ikalann (umb\u1e5byufita)", " d b\u1e5butuktista \u0263urs asnkd abaraw." ] }, { "en": "Technological advances in electron microscopy allowed the separation of the Chromista from the Plantae kingdom.", "ber": "udjan ibu\u0263lutn itiknulujiyn g umssm\u0263ur ilikt\u1e5buniy s watig n uk\u1e5bumista sg tgldit n blantay." }, { "en": "Finally", "ber": " some protists lacking mitochondria were discovered.", "null": [ "g tgira", " ttyafan kran i ib\u1e5butistn id war amitukundri." ] }, { "en": "This superkingdom was opposed to the Metakaryota superkingdom", "ber": " grouping together the five other eukaryotic kingdoms (Animalia", "null": [ " Protozoa", " Fungi", " Plantae and Chromista).", "tagldit ad tga mgal n tgldit n mitaka\u1e5byuta", " idd\u0263 tsmun tiglidin ya\u1e0dn d dmmus m u\u0263yay adttan (animalya", " b\u1e5butuzwa", " fungi", " blanta d kcrumista)." ] }, { "en": "Cavalier-Smith no longer accepted the importance of the fundamental Eubacteria\u2013Archaebacteria divide put forward by Woese and others and supported by recent research.", "ber": "ur da yad ittiri kafalyir-smit astawhmma n ub\u1e6d\u1e6du adslan n tbaktirt ubactirya\u2013arcaybaktirya nna isrs wuyzi d witta\u1e0d s tiwsi n irzzutn itrarn." }, { "en": "Cavalier-Smith does not accept the requirement for taxa to be monophyletic (holophyletic in his terminology) to be valid.", "ber": "ur da ittiri kafalyir-smitt acra\u1e0d ad ig umsyanaw bu yan wanaw (hulufiltik g irmmusn nns) afad ittus\u0263zn." }, { "en": "The advances of phylogenetic studies allowed Cavalier-Smith to realize that all the phyla thought to be archezoans (i.e. primitively amitochondriate eukaryotes) had in fact secondarily lost their mitochondria", "ber": " typically by transforming them into new organelles: Hydrogenosomes.", "null": [ "udjan ibu\u0263lutn g t\u0263uriwin n tmassant n tukksi n kafalyir-smitt ad ttwassnt kullu tzunin nna s n\u0263al is gant sg imaddarn imn\u0263udn (n\u0263d m i\u0263yayn idttan imitukundritn) tdda as tmitukundrit g tilawt s tal\u0263a tasinant", " s umyur s usnfl nns s tgmamin timaynutin: hid\u1e5bujinusums." ] }, { "en": "Based on such RNA studies", "ber": " Carl Woese thought life could be divided into three large divisions and referred to them as the three primary kingdom model or urkingdom model.", "null": [ "s tu\u1e63kiwt xf t\u0263uriwin n usmem aribiy RNA", " i\u0263al ka\u1e5bl wu\u1e93 is n\u0263y ad nb\u1e0du tudrt xf k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt tzuniwin timqqranin nna iga d azurt", " k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt tglditin tidslanin n\u0263d azurt tagldit n t\u0263rma." ] }, { "en": "Woese divided the prokaryotes (previously classified as the Kingdom Monera) into two groups", "ber": " called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria", "null": [ " stressing that there was as much genetic difference between these two groups as between either of them and all eukaryotes.", "ib\u1e0da wu\u1e93 id m u\u0263yay aqqbur (nna ittusmyanawn zwar s yism n tgldit n muni\u1e5ba) xf snat trubba", " ism awn nnsnt ubaktirya d arcaybaktirya", " isddid is illa umziray g tukksi ingr snat trubba ad mkinna iga waddad ingr asnt d kullu id m u\u0263yay adttan." ] }, { "en": "They held that only monophyletic groups should be accepted as formal ranks in a classification and that \u2013 while this approach had been impractical previously (necessitating literally dozens of eukaryotic 'kingdoms) \u2013 it had now become possible to divide the eukaryotes into just a few major groups that are probably all monophyletic.", "ber": "\u1e93\u1e5ban mas ixssa uzzurg n trubba id m yat t\u0263rast day ad gnt tisk\u02b7fal timaddadin g umsyanaw d\u2013 g ubrid ad ur igi amskar zwar (issu\u0263n id mraw n tglditin id m i\u0263yayn idttan) \u2013 i\u0263y d\u0263i ad ttub\u1e0du id m i\u0263yayn idttan s yan um\u1e0dan idrusn n trubba tidslanin nna i\u0263in ad ig kullu m yan uklu." }, { "en": "It divided the eukaryotes into the same six supergroups.", "ber": "ttub\u1e0dant id m u\u0263yay adttan s zund \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63 n trubba timqqranin." }, { "en": "Plants are thought to be more distantly related to animals and fungi.", "ber": "\u0263aln id im\u0263ayn ayd izdin uggar s imaddarn d ig\u02b7rsln." }, { "en": "The ten arguments against include the fact that they are obligate intracellular parasites that lack metabolism and are not capable of replication outside of a host cell.", "ber": "lan wan\u1e93atn s mraw mgal nns tidtt n wis tga tin iba\u1e5ba\u1e93itn ag\u02b7ns n t\u0263rasin nna \u0263ur assar s usmdya amatcan d ur t\u0263iy ad ttgidiy ag\u02b7ns n t\u0263rast isnbgin." }, { "en": "The first two are all prokaryotic microorganisms", "ber": " or mostly single-celled organisms whose cells have a distorted or non-membrane bound nucleus.", "null": [ "amzwaru d wis sin gan imaddarn usdidn ayt u\u0263yay aqqbur", " n\u0263d s umata imaddarn ayt yat t\u0263rast miifr\u0263 u\u0263yay n t\u0263rasin nns n\u0263d ur zdiynt d t\u0263arift." ] }, { "en": "Halophiles", "ber": " organisms that thrive in highly salty environments", "null": [ " and hyperthermophiles", " organisms that thrive in extremely hot environments", " are examples of Archaea.", "im\u0263ayn n uhalufil", " d imaddarn nna ittbu\u0263lun g twnna\u1e0din imar\u0263n kigan", " d imaddar ir\u0263an kigan", " d imaddarn nna ittbu\u0263lun g twnna\u1e0din ir\u0263an kigan", " gan imdyatn n arcya." ] }, { "en": "Cyanobacteria and mycoplasmas are two examples of bacteria.", "ber": "tga tbaktirt tajnjaliyt d umikublazma sin imdyatn n tbaktirt." }, { "en": "Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.", "ber": "abu\u0263lu iga asnfl g t\u1e93layin ittukkusn i trubba tibyulujin g tsutiwin imm\u1e0dfarn." }, { "en": "Evolution occurs when evolutionary processes such as natural selection (including sexual selection) and genetic drift act on this variation", "ber": " resulting in certain characteristics becoming more common or rare within a population.", "null": [ "da ittj\u1e5bu ubu\u0263lu g tizi g swurint tsi\u0263in tibu\u0263lanin zund astay agaman (g illa ustay n twsit) d ufrru\u0263 ajiniy xf umzaray ad", " aya ayd ittawin ad ttwassannt kra n t\u1e93layin n\u0263d drusnt ag\u02b7ns n imzda\u0263." ] }, { "en": "The scientific theory of evolution by natural selection was conceived independently by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in the mid-19th century and was set out in detail in Darwin's book On the Origin of Species.", "ber": "ttusras ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt tamassant n ubu\u0263lu s tbridt n ustay agaman s tal\u0263a tasimant sg \u0263ur tca\u1e5blz darwin d alfrid \u1e5basl d ala\u1e63 g uzgn n tasut tis 19 d ttusfrunt s ufruri g udlis n darwin n u\u1e93u\u1e5b n wanawn." }, { "en": "Thus", "ber": " in successive generations members of a population are more likely to be replaced by the progenies of parents with favourable characteristics that have enabled them to survive and reproduce in their respective environments.", "null": [ "s manaya", " g tsutiwin im\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn", " i\u0263y ad ttusmraran ifridn sg umun s imzwura n imarawn s t\u1e93layin d yusan nna tn yudjan ad qqimn ggadin g twnna\u1e0din nnasn." ] }, { "en": "The fossil record includes a progression from early biogenic graphite", "ber": " to microbial mat fossils", "null": [ " to fossilised multicellular organisms.", "arra ama\u0263uz digs abu\u0263lu sg ugrafit amssrfu n zikk", " s t\u0263uziwin n umssu amikrubiy", " s imaddarn ima\u0263uzn id bu kigan n t\u0263rasin." ] }, { "en": "It sought explanations of natural phenomena in terms of physical laws that were the same for all visible things and that did not require the existence of any fixed natural categories or divine cosmic order.", "ber": "irza issfrutn n tumanin tigamanin sg tsga n izrfan ifizikn nna yad illan i kullu ti\u0263awsiwin ittu\u1e93\u1e5ban nna ur ittirin ili n awd yan usmyanaw agaman izgan n\u0263d angraw a\u1e5bbbaniy." }, { "en": "The biological classification introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1735 explicitly recognised the hierarchical nature of species relationships", "ber": " but still viewed species as fixed according to a divine plan.", "null": [ "iqrra usmyanaw abyuluji nna isnkd ka\u1e5bl linyus g usgg\u02b7as n 1735 s ugama n azamug n izdayn n wanawn", " maca suln wanawn da ttu\u1e93\u1e5ban is zgan s yiri n \u1e5bbbi." ] }, { "en": "These ideas were condemned by established naturalists as speculation lacking empirical support.", "ber": "ttunka\u1e0dn iwngimn ad sg \u0263ur imassan n ugama idd\u0263 ur lin tanalit tanaramt." }, { "en": "Partly influenced by An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) by Thomas Robert Malthus", "ber": " Darwin noted that population growth would lead to a struggle for existence in which favourable variations prevailed as others perished.", "null": [ "ittu\u1e0da\u1e63 cwiyy s umagra\u1e0d xf umn\u1e93ay n imzda\u0263 (1798) n tumas \u1e5bubirt maltus", " isn\u025bt darwin mas d tamrniwt n imzda\u0263 qad yawi s imn\u0263i xf yili g rnan imzarayn umnign g tizi g mmutn wiyya\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Darwin developed his theory of natural selection from 1838 onwards and was writing up his big book on the subject when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him a version of virtually the same theory in 1858.", "ber": "isbu\u0263la darwin ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt nns xf ustay agaman sg usgg\u02b7as n 1838 s aflla d ar itturu adlis nns amqqran xf usgum ad llig as yuzn alfrid \u1e5basl walas yat tun\u0263ilt ya\u0263n g ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt nna asgg\u02b7as n 1858." }, { "en": "Towards this end", "ber": " Darwin developed his provisional theory of pangenesis.", "null": [ "bac ann yaw\u1e0d awttas ad", " isbu\u0263la darwin ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt nns ur ima\u1e6dln xf usnay a\u0263zuran." ] }, { "en": "To explain how new variants originate", "ber": " de Vries developed a mutation theory that led to a temporary rift between those who accepted Darwinian evolution and biometricians who allied with de Vries.", "null": [ "afad ttusfru tmamkt n yili n isnfln imaynutn", " isbu\u0263la difris ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n usnfl nna yuwin \u0263r yan umxalaf ur ima\u1e6dln ingr winna iran abu\u0263lu adarwiniy d imassan n is\u0263aln imssrfutn nna imann d difris." ] }, { "en": "The publication of the structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick with contribution of Rosalind Franklin in 1953 demonstrated a physical mechanism for inheritance.", "ber": "afsar n tu\u1e63kiwt n usmem n a\u0263yayan issuf\u0263d s tbridt n jims watsun d f\u1e5bansis krik d ufrru n \u1e5buzalind f\u1e5banklin g usgg\u02b7as n 1953 yan wammak afizikiy n tukksi." }, { "en": "In 1973", "ber": " evolutionary biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky penned that nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution", "null": [ " because it has brought to light the relations of what first seemed disjointed facts in natural history into a coherent explanatory body of knowledge that describes and predicts many observable facts about life on this planet.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1973", " yura umassan n imaddarn abu\u0263lan tyudusyus dubzanski mas d awd \u1e25a\u1e25 g tmassant n imaddarn ur igi am\u1e93lan \u0263as g usidd n ubu\u0263lu", " acku issudda xf uynna n\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba tikklt izwarn is iga tidtt ifrurin g umzruy agaman g yat tal\u0263a tamssfrut imyama\u1e93n n tussna ar isnummul ar issfal s kigan n tidttin nna n\u0263y ad n\u1e93\u1e5b tssutli tudrt xf wakal." ] }, { "en": "The complete set of observable traits that make up the structure and behaviour of an organism is called its phenotype.", "ber": "tarabbut ismdn n tfras nna n\u0263iy ad n\u1e93\u1e5b d tinna isnayn tu\u1e63kiwt d tkli n umaddar ism nns afinutib." }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " suntanned skin comes from the interaction between a person's genotype and sunlight; thus", "null": [ " suntans are not passed on to people's children.", "sumdya", " da d itddu yilm amzunzl sg umya\u0263 ingr usnay n tukksi n uwrik d usidd n tafukt; s manaya", " ur da ittmuttuy uznzl s warraw n middn." ] }, { "en": "DNA is a long biopolymer composed of four types of bases.", "ber": "asmem a\u0263yayan iga yan ubyubulimr a\u0263zzaf ittusnayn sg kku\u1e93 n wanawn n tsilin." }, { "en": "Portions of a DNA molecule that specify a single functional unit are called genes; different genes have different sequences of bases.", "ber": "ism n tifulin n sin iqcran n DNA nna istayn yat tagzzumt tazzulant n ijinumn; ijinumn imzarayn \u0263ursn isnsln imzarayn n tsilin." }, { "en": "If the DNA sequence at a locus varies between individuals", "ber": " the different forms of this sequence are called alleles.", "null": [ "ig imzaray usnsl n usmem a\u0263yayan g kra n wansa ingr ifridn", " hat tal\u0263atin imzrayn n usnsl ad ism nnsnt i\u1e25aliln." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " while this simple correspondence between an allele and a trait works in some cases", "null": [ " most traits are more complex and are controlled by quantitative trait loci (multiple interacting genes).", "mqqar", " mk da iswuri umsasa ad afrar ingr u\u1e25alil d tfrst g kra n waddadn", " hat kigan n tfras mmurksnt kigan ar diksnt ittuba\u1e0d s tbridt n wansatn n tfras tismktayin (ijinumn iggutn imya\u0263n)." ] }, { "en": "DNA methylation marking chromatin", "ber": " self-sustaining metabolic loops", "null": [ " gene silencing by RNA interference and the three-dimensional conformation of proteins (such as prions) are areas where epigenetic inheritance systems have been discovered at the organismic level.", "tamitilt n DNA nna s ittwassn uk\u1e5bumatin", " tixrsin n umitabulizm n unhlla animan", " asfst n ijunumn s tbridt n RNA d usnay n umnad amk\u1e5ba\u1e0d n ib\u1e5butinn (zund ibryunn) gan ansatn nna g ttyafan ingrawn n tukksi tarajiniyt g ugmam." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " ecological inheritance through the process of niche construction is defined by the regular and repeated activities of organisms in their environment.", "null": [ "s umdya", " da ittustay ukkus awnna\u1e0d s tbridt n tu\u1e63kiwt n wansa s tbridt n tilal ittusudsn ittyalsn n imaddarn g twnna\u1e0dt nns." ] }, { "en": "Despite the constant introduction of new variation through mutation and gene flow", "ber": " most of the genome of a species is identical in all individuals of that species.", "null": [ "mqqar illa uskcm izdin n umyanaw amaynu s tbridt n isnfln d un\u0263al n ijinumn", " hat amata g ujinum n wanaw yaksul g ifridn kullu n wanaw ad." ] }, { "en": "A substantial part of the phenotypic variation in a population is caused by genotypic variation.", "ber": "tafult taxatart sg umzaray anafaw g imzda\u0263 iga tayafut n umzaray n tukksi." }, { "en": "Variation disappears when a new allele reaches the point of fixation\u2014when it either disappears from the population or replaces the ancestral allele entirely.", "ber": "amzaray da ittacka i\u0263 nn ilkm u\u1e25alil amaynu s tnqqi\u1e0dt n uszzgu\u2014ig yucka sg umun n\u0263 i\u1e0d\u1e5b g wansa kullu n u\u1e25alil n imzwura." }, { "en": "When mutations occur", "ber": " they may alter the product of a gene", "null": [ " or prevent the gene from functioning", " or have no effect.", "ig j\u1e5ban isnfln", " \u0263int ad snflnt tayafut n ujinum", " n\u0263 tsbdda ajinum xf twuri", " n\u0263 as ur illi yi\u1e0di\u1e63." ] }, { "en": "Extra copies of genes are a major source of the raw material needed for new genes to evolve.", "ber": "gant tn\u0263alin ya\u1e0dn n ijinumn asagm adslan n tmtta tamsarit tamsu\u0263nt i ubu\u0263lu n ijinumn imaynutn." }, { "en": "New genes can be generated from an ancestral gene when a duplicate copy mutates and acquires a new function.", "ber": "n\u0263y ad nssirw ijinumn imaynutn sg ujinum n imzwura ig ttusnfl tun\u0263ilt ittuyalsn tasi tazzult tamaynut." }, { "en": "The generation of new genes can also involve small parts of several genes being duplicated", "ber": " with these fragments then recombining to form new combinations with new functions.", "null": [ "i\u0263y ad yam\u1e93 awd ussirw n ijinumn imaynutn allas n tfulin tim\u1e93\u1e93yanin n kra n ijinumn", " d wallas n usmun n tafulin ad afad ttusnaynt tal\u0263atin timaynutin s tazzulin timaynutin." ] }, { "en": "Recombination and reassortment do not alter allele frequencies", "ber": " but instead change which alleles are associated with each other", "null": [ " producing offspring with new combinations of alleles.", "allas n usnay d wallas n usmyanaw ur da snfaln isnagarn n i\u1e25aliln", " maca da snfaln g wansa nns i\u1e25aliln immzdayn ing asn", " aya ayd yakkan tasuta s trubba timaynutin n i\u1e25aliln." ] }, { "en": "The first cost is that in sexually dimorphic species only one of the two sexes can bear young.", "ber": "atig amzwaru igat mas d anawn ayt snat tal\u0263atin tawsitin", "null": [ " t\u0263y yat day sg twsitin ad yasy im\u1e93\u1e93ann." ] }, { "en": "Yet sexual reproduction is the more common means of reproduction among eukaryotes and multicellular organisms.", "ber": "mqqar", "null": [ " hat tarwa ayd igan tamamkt ittwassn kigan i tgaditt ingr id m u\u0263yay adttan d imaddarn ayt kigan n t\u0263rast." ] }, { "en": "Gene transfer between species includes the formation of hybrid organisms and horizontal gene transfer.", "ber": "yum\u1e93 usmutty n ijinumn ingr wanawn asnay n imaddarn imlqqmn d usmutti ajiniy s taflit." }, { "en": "Horizontal transfer of genes from bacteria to eukaryotes such as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the adzuki bean weevil Callosobruchus chinensis has occurred.", "ber": "ij\u1e5ba usmutti n ijinumn s taflit sg tbaktirt s id m u\u0263yay adttan zund tamtunt n saca\u1e5bumisiz sirifisay d tfga n ibawn adzuki kalusub\u1e5bucus cininsis." }, { "en": "Different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness).", "ber": "da akkant tfrisin imzarayn is\u0263aln imzarayn xf iqqimi d tgadit (assrfu amzaray)." }, { "en": "Consequently", "ber": " organisms with traits that give them an advantage over their competitors are more likely to pass on their traits to the next generation than those with traits that do not confer an advantage.", "null": [ "s manaya", " imaddarn ayt tfras nna tn i\u1e93llin xf imaddaln nnsn i\u0263y ad smuttin tifras nnsn \u0263r tsuta d iddan uggar n winna \u0263r ur llint tfras nna tn i\u1e93llin." ] }, { "en": "The central concept of natural selection is the evolutionary fitness of an organism.", "ber": "armmus anammas n ustay agaman igat usmsasa abu\u0263lan n umaddar." }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " if an organism could survive well and reproduce rapidly", "null": [ " but its offspring were all too small and weak to survive", " this organism would make little genetic contribution to future generations and would thus have low fitness.", "s umdya", " ig \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b umaddar ad iddr s tmamkt ihyyan ar ittarw fisa\u025b", " maca tarwa nns im\u1e93\u1e93iy ig amudrus afad iqqim iddr", " hat amaddar ad qad ifk af\u1e5b\u1e5bu n tukksi idrusn i tsutiwin d iddan", " s manaya qad yili ussrfu afggan iggzn." ] }, { "en": "Examples of traits that can increase fitness are enhanced survival and increased fecundity.", "ber": "imdyatn n tfras i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn ad isdus assrfu afggan d usdus n yili g tudrt d ussili n tarwa." }, { "en": "However", "ber": " even if the direction of selection does reverse in this way", "null": [ " traits that were lost in the past may not re-evolve in an identical form (see Dollo's law).", "mqqar ittugda umnid n ustay s tmamkt ad", " hat tifras nna yuckan g uynna izrin i\u0263y ad yad ur bu\u0263lunt tikklt ya\u1e0dn g tal\u0263a timiwit (\u1e93\u1e5b azrf n dulu)." ] }, { "en": "The first is directional selection", "ber": " which is a shift in the average value of a trait over time\u2014for example", "null": [ " organisms slowly getting taller.", "amzwaru d astay amnidan", " nna igan anfal g unammas n watig n tfrst s uzray n tizi\u2014s umdya", " imaddarn da ttalint g tiddi s imik." ] }, { "en": "Finally", "ber": " in stabilising selection there is selection against extreme trait values on both ends", "null": [ " which causes a decrease in variance around the average value and less diversity.", "tigira", " g uzzgu n ustay", " illa ustay g wansa n watig n tfras tim\u1e6d\u1e6du\u1e5bfa xf yirawn ssin", " aya ayd ittawin s wuguz n umzaray xf watig anammas d umyanaw idrusn." ] }, { "en": "This broad understanding of nature enables scientists to delineate specific forces which", "ber": " together", "null": [ " comprise natural selection.", "armas ad abaraw i tgama da ittadja imassan ad stin kra n taggalin iskarn astay agaman." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " the rate of recombination is low (approximately two events per chromosome per generation).", "null": [ "mqqar", " hat iggz us\u0263l n wallas n usnay (attayn n snat tmsarin i ku ak\u1e5bumuzum i ku tasuta)." ] }, { "en": "A set of alleles that is usually inherited in a group is called a haplotype.", "ber": "tarabbut n i\u1e25aliln nna ittumyurn ittukkusn g trabbut ism nns anaw ufrid." }, { "en": "This drift halts when an allele eventually becomes fixed", "ber": " either by disappearing from the population or replacing the other alleles entirely.", "null": [ "da itbdda unnxtm ad ig izga u\u1e25alil g tgira", " s tbridt n yicki sg trabbut n\u0263d asmrara n i\u1e25aliln ya\u1e0dn kullu." ] }, { "en": "The neutral theory of molecular evolution proposed that most evolutionary changes are the result of the fixation of neutral mutations by genetic drift.", "ber": "tssumr ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt tarawsant n ubu\u0263lu agmaman mas d amata g isnfln ibu\u0263lutn gan tayafit n uzzgu n isnfln arawsann s tbridt n unnxtm ajiniy." }, { "en": "However", "ber": " a more recent and better-supported version of this model is the nearly neutral theory", "null": [ " where a mutation that would be effectively neutral in a small population is not necessarily neutral in a large population.", "mqqar", " tun\u0263ilt tatrart nna ittusnaln sg uzurt ad tgat ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt tarawsant", " g ur ittili usnfl nna \u0263in ad ig arawsan s t\u1e5bwi g yat trabbut tam\u1e93\u1e93ant tarawant n imzda\u0263 g yan um\u1e0dan axatar n imzda\u0263." ] }, { "en": "The number of individuals in a population is not critical", "ber": " but instead a measure known as the effective population size.", "null": [ "am\u1e0dan n imzda\u0263 g kra n umun ur igi az\u0263an", " maca iga tams\u0263alt ittwassn s yism n aksay i\u1e5bwan n imzda\u0263." ] }, { "en": "The presence or absence of gene flow fundamentally changes the course of evolution.", "ber": "ili n\u0263d arili n un\u0263al n ijinumn da isnfal s tal\u0263a tadslant abrid n ubu\u0263lu." }, { "en": "This opposing-pressures argument was long used to dismiss the possibility of internal tendencies in evolution", "ber": " until the molecular era prompted renewed interest in neutral evolution.", "null": [ "ittusmrs wan\u1e93a n isllidn imsnaln sg yat tizi i\u0263zzifn xf wagi n yili n yinf agnsan g ubu\u0263lu", " allig d issuki uzmz agmaman anfru aslaynu s ubu\u0263lu arawsan." ] }, { "en": "For instance", "ber": " mutation biases are frequently invoked in models of codon usage.", "null": [ "s umdya", " iggut mag d ttu\u0263ran imzzutn id\u0263rann n isnfln g izurtn n usmrs n ukudun." ] }, { "en": "Different insertion vs. deletion biases in different taxa can lead to the evolution of different genome sizes.", "ber": "imzzutn id\u0263rann imzarayn n uskcm g tugdud n wukus g wanawn imzarayn \u0263in ad awin \u0263r ubu\u0263lu n iksayn imzarayn n ujinum." }, { "en": "Contemporary thinking about the role of mutation biases reflects a different theory from that of Haldane and Fisher.", "ber": "da issfru uswingm atrar xf tilalt n umzzu ad\u0263ran n isnfln yat ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt imzarayn xf ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n haldan d ficir." }, { "en": "Organisms can also respond to selection by cooperating with each other", "ber": " usually by aiding their relatives or engaging in mutually beneficial symbiosis.", "null": [ "\u0263in imaddarn ad sadmrn awd i ustay s tbridt n umyawas ingr asn", " g tmyurt s tbridt n tawsi n wayyawn nns n\u0263d akccum g umyidir n umrara n ub\u0263ur." ] }, { "en": "Macroevolution refers to evolution that occurs at or above the level of species", "ber": " in particular speciation and extinction; whereas microevolution refers to smaller evolutionary changes within a species or population", "null": [ " in particular shifts in allele frequency and adaptation.", "da isn\u025bat ubu\u0263lu ismdn s abu\u0263lu nna ittj\u1e5bun g uswin n wanawn n\u0263d nnig as", " luma\u1e5b asmyanaw d yiccki; maca da isn\u025bat ubu\u0263lu agmaman s isnfln ibu\u0263lutn im\u1e93\u1e93iyn ag\u02b7ns n wanawn n\u0263d imzda\u0263", " luma\u1e5b isnfln g umm\u1e0df\u1e5b n i\u1e25aliln d tkssuyt." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " in macroevolution", "null": [ " the traits of the entire species may be important.", "mqqar", " g ubu\u0263lu axatar", " \u0263int tfras n wanawn kullu ad stawhmmant." ] }, { "en": "A common misconception is that evolution has goals", "ber": " long-term plans", "null": [ " or an innate tendency for progress", " as expressed in beliefs such as orthogenesis and evolutionism; realistically however", " evolution has no long-term goal and does not necessarily produce greater complexity.", "armmus izgln ittwassn iga t mas llan iwttasn i ibu\u0263lu", " n\u0263d is\u0263iwsn i\u0263zzifn s dat", " n\u0263d iri n walay", " imkinna \u0263ifs illa wawal g idmutn zund asnay d ubu\u0263lu; maca g tsga tanilawt", " ur illi \u0263ur ubu\u0263lu yan uwttas i\u0263zzifn d ur igi asu\u0263n ad iyafu amurks ixatrn." ] }, { "en": "Also", "ber": " the term adaptation may refer to a trait that is important for an organism's survival.", "null": [ "awd", " i\u0263y ad isn\u025bt urmmus n tkssuyt s tfrst istawhmman i tudrt n umaddar." ] }, { "en": "An adaptive trait is an aspect of the developmental pattern of the organism which enables or enhances the probability of that organism surviving and reproducing.", "ber": "tga tfrist takssuyant yat tsga sg tsggin n wanaw n tmrniwt n umaddar nna isnilin ta\u1e93\u1e0d\u1e5bt n umaddar ad g tudrt d tgadit." }, { "en": "Other striking examples are the bacteria Escherichia coli evolving the ability to use citric acid as a nutrient in a long-term laboratory experiment", "ber": " Flavobacterium evolving a novel enzyme that allows these bacteria to grow on the by-products of nylon manufacturing", "null": [ " and the soil bacterium Sphingobium evolving an entirely new metabolic pathway that degrades the synthetic pesticide pentachlorophenol.", "sg imdyatn ya\u1e0dn yuwin ta\u0263\u1e0dft", " tabaktirt n iciricya kuli nna isbu\u0263lun tazmrt n usmrs n usmem asitrik d amtcu g irim asak\u02b7an mi t\u0263zzif tizi", " d isbu\u0263la uflafubaktiryum yan wan\u1e93im amaynu nna ittadjan tabaktirt ad tgmu xf tyafutin tisinanin n umgru n unaylun", " d ubaktiryum sfingubyum nna isbu\u0263lun yan ubrid amitabulikiy amaynu nna iswurin xf ussfsi n ubuntaklurufinul nna igan abistisid n tn\u0263ruft." ] }, { "en": "Consequently", "ber": " structures with similar internal organisation may have different functions in related organisms.", "null": [ "s manaya", " tu\u1e63kiwin id m ussuds ag\u02b7nsan ids yaksuln i\u0263y ad \u0263ursnt ilint tazzulin imzarayn g imaddarn \u1e93a\u1e5bs izdin." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " since all living organisms are related to some extent", "null": [ " even organs that appear to have little or no structural similarity", " such as arthropod", " squid and vertebrate eyes", " or the limbs and wings of arthropods and vertebrates", " can depend on a common set of homologous genes that control their assembly and function; this is called deep homology.", "mqqar", " idd\u0263 mmzdayn imaddarn kullu", " awd igmamn nna imya\u0263n cwiy n\u0263d ur mya\u0263n g tu\u1e63kiwin nnsn", " zund i\u1e5bt\u1e5bubudn", " iskidn d id m usnsul", " n\u0263d tifulin n\u0263d afriwn n irt\u1e5bubudn d id m usnsul", " \u0263int ad snndnt xf yat trabbut issarn n ijinumn yaksuln nna iba\u1e0dn g usmun nns d tazzult nns; aya ism nns ammemgal i\u025bubn." ] }, { "en": "Examples include pseudogenes", "ber": " the non-functional remains of eyes in blind cave-dwelling fish", "null": [ " wings in flightless birds", " the presence of hip bones in whales and snakes", " and sexual traits in organisms that reproduce via asexual reproduction.", "imdyatn digsn ibsudujinn", " d kra n walln ur iswurin g islman iddrn g ifran i\u025bman", " d wafriwn g ig\u1e0da\u1e0d ur ittaylaln", " d yili n i\u0263san n uzuk g tzmkin n ifa\u0263riwn", " d tfras tiwssitin g imaddarn nna ittgadayn bla tuqqut." ] }, { "en": "One example is the African lizard Holaspis guentheri", "ber": " which developed an extremely flat head for hiding in crevices", "null": [ " as can be seen by looking at its near relatives.", "sg imdyatn xf uya tlla tqqlit tifriqiyt hulasbis ginturi", " nna isbu\u0263lan yan ixf amzur afad ttffr g ibxsan", " d i\u0263y ad t ni\u1e93ir sg usksw \u0263r wayyawn nns inmalan." ] }, { "en": "Another example is the recruitment of enzymes from glycolysis and xenobiotic metabolism to serve as structural proteins called crystallins within the lenses of organisms' eyes.", "ber": "amdya yadn igat usrds n wan\u1e93imn sg usfsi n ssk\u02b7\u1e5b d usmdya n wutci ar amssrfu afad swurin d ab\u1e5butinn tu\u1e63kawanin ism nnsn ik\u1e5bi\u1e63\u1e6daln ag\u02b7ns n tlintiyin n walln n imaddarn." }, { "en": "These studies have shown that evolution can alter development to produce new structures", "ber": " such as embryonic bone structures that develop into the jaw in other animals instead forming part of the middle ear in mammals.", "null": [ "ssuf\u0263nt d t\u0263uriwin ad mas d alay i\u0263y ad isnfl asbu\u0263lu ard ifars tu\u1e63kiwin timaynutin", " zund ti\u0263ssatin n warraw nna ittusbu\u0263lun s wagja g imudar ya\u1e0dn g wansa n usnay n tafult sg um\u1e93\u1e93u\u0263 tanammast g tm\u1e93\u1e93agin." ] }, { "en": "These changes in the second species then", "ber": " in turn", "null": [ " cause new adaptations in the first species.", "isnfln ad g wanaw wis sin", " awd nttat", " da sskarn tikssuyin timaynutin g wanaw amzwaru." ] }, { "en": "For instance", "ber": " an extreme cooperation exists between plants and the mycorrhizal fungi that grow on their roots and aid the plant in absorbing nutrients from the soil.", "null": [ "s umdya", " illa umyawas axatar ingr im\u0263ayn d ig\u02b7rsln i\u1e93u\u1e5bann nna igmmun g i\u1e93u\u1e5ban nns ar ttaws im\u0263ayn g ussum n igmamn n wutci sg wakal." ] }, { "en": "Coalitions between organisms of the same species have also evolved.", "ber": "bu\u0263lan awd imullitn ingr imaddarn n yan wanaw." }, { "en": "Here", "ber": " somatic cells respond to specific signals that instruct them whether to grow", "null": [ " remain as they are", " or die.", "\u0263id", " da sadmarnt t\u0263rasin tifgganin i tmulitin istin nna tt ittawin \u0263r tmrniwt", " n\u0263 tqqima imkinna tga", " n\u0263 tmmut." ] }, { "en": "There are multiple ways to define the concept of species.", "ber": "llant kigan n tbridin afad nskd armmus n anawn." }, { "en": "Despite the diversity of various species concepts", "ber": " these various concepts can be placed into one of three broad philosophical approaches: interbreeding", "null": [ " ecological and phylogenetic.", "mqqar ggudin irmmusn n wanawn imzarayn", " i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad ttusrasn irmmusn ad imzarayn g yan sg k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt t\u0263arasin tiflsufin tibarawin: tuqqut", " aykuluji d usbu\u0263lu." ] }, { "en": "Despite its wide and long-term use", "ber": " the BSC like others is not without controversy", "null": [ " for example because these concepts cannot be applied to prokaryotes", " and this is called the species problem.", "mqqar d asmrs abaraw d u\u0263zzaf g tizi", " iga BSC zund wiyya\u1e0d illa digs umrara n wawal", " s umdya acku ur n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nssnsi irmmusn ad xf id m u\u0263yay aqbur", " aya ami nttini tamukrist n wanawn." ] }, { "en": "Gene flow may slow this process by spreading the new genetic variants also to the other populations.", "ber": "i\u0263y ad yawi un\u0263al n ijinumn \u0263r ussi\u1e93y n tsi\u0263t ad s tbridt n ufsar n imskiln ijiniyn imaynutn awd nitni s trubba n imzda\u0263 ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "In this case", "ber": " closely related species may regularly interbreed", "null": [ " but hybrids will be selected against and the species will remain distinct.", "g waddad ad", " \u0263in ad myaqqun wanawn imyasatn s tal\u0263a ittusudsn", " maca qad ttustayn wanawn ittulqqmn mgal nns d qad qqimn wanawn stin." ] }, { "en": "Speciation has been observed multiple times under both controlled laboratory conditions (see laboratory experiments of speciation) and in nature.", "ber": "itwakz umyanaw kigan n tikkal g imsutal n usarm ittu\u1e25\u1e0dan (\u1e93\u1e5b irimn isak\u02b7nann n umyanaw) d g tgama." }, { "en": "The most common in animals is allopatric speciation", "ber": " which occurs in populations initially isolated geographically", "null": [ " such as by habitat fragmentation or migration.", "wanna ittwassn kigan g imudar igat umyanaw alubatrik", " nna ittj\u1e5bun g trubba i\u1e93lin g tju\u0263\u1e5bafit g tizwuri", " zund ab\u1e6d\u1e6du n izdu\u0263n n\u0263d amuddu." ] }, { "en": "The second mode of speciation is peripatric speciation", "ber": " which occurs when small populations of organisms become isolated in a new environment.", "null": [ "anaw wis sin n umyanaw igat umyanaw ittnyuddun", " nna ittj\u1e5bun adday ttustaynt trubba tim\u1e93\u1e93anin n imaddarn g yat twnna\u1e0dt tamaynut." ] }, { "en": "The third mode is parapatric speciation.", "ber": "anaw wis k\u1e5ba\u1e0d igat umyanaw amrwis." }, { "en": "Generally this occurs when there has been a drastic change in the environment within the parental species' habitat.", "ber": "da ittj\u1e5bu uya s umata adday yili usnfl a\u1e93u\u1e5ban g twnna\u1e0dt ag\u02b7ns n tmurt n wanawn imarawn." }, { "en": "Selection against interbreeding with the metal-sensitive parental population produced a gradual change in the flowering time of the metal-resistant plants", "ber": " which eventually produced complete reproductive isolation.", "null": [ "astay mgal n ulqqm d imzda\u0263 imarawn ur i\u0263iyn i iqdda\u1e25 yuwi \u0263r usnfl imik s imik g tizi n walay i im\u0263ayn inzbayn i iqdda\u1e25", " aya yuwi \u0263r u\u1e93lay arawan usmid." ] }, { "en": "This form is rare since even a small amount of gene flow may remove genetic differences between parts of a population.", "ber": "tal\u0263a ad tdrus acku \u0263as tasmkta tam\u1e93\u1e93ant n un\u0263al n ijinumn t\u0263i ad tkks imzarayn ijiniyn ingr tafulin n imzda\u0263." }, { "en": "This is not common in animals as animal hybrids are usually sterile.", "ber": "ur ittwassn uya g imudar acku imudar ittulqqmn ittumyar ad gn iburiyn." }, { "en": "This allows the chromosomes from each parental species to form matching pairs during meiosis", "ber": " since each parent's chromosomes are represented by a pair already.", "null": [ "da ittadja uyad i ik\u1e5bumuzumn n ku anaw amaraw ad isni anatn yaksuln g tizi n umyuz", " nna g ttusmdyan ik\u1e5bumuzumn n ku amaraw s yan wana." ] }, { "en": "Indeed", "ber": " chromosome doubling within a species may be a common cause of reproductive isolation", "null": [ " as half the doubled chromosomes will be unmatched when breeding with undoubled organisms.", "g tilawt", " i\u0263y ad ig unu\u1e0du n ukrumuzum ag\u02b7ns n kra wanaw tamntilt n u\u1e93lay arawan", " acku azgn g ik\u1e5bumuzumn inu\u1e0dutn ur inni ad \u0263ursn yili umya\u0263 g tarwa d imaddarn arunu\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "Nearly all animal and plant species that have lived on Earth are now extinct", "ber": " and extinction appears to be the ultimate fate of all species.", "null": [ "\u02b7\u1e0da\u1e5bn ad acckn d\u0263i kullu wanawn n imudar d im\u0263ayn nna iddrn xf wakal", " \u025bni\u0263 iccki ayd illan s tgira i kullu anawn." ] }, { "en": "Despite the estimated extinction of more than 99 percent of all species that ever lived on Earth", "ber": " about 1\u00a0trillion species are estimated to be on Earth currently with only one-thousandth of one percent described.", "null": [ "mqqar illa yiccki s wuggar n 99 g tmi\u1e0di sg wanawn kullu nna iddrn aflla n wakal", " attayn n 1 trilyun n wanaw ayd illan xf wakal d\u0263i d yan usnumml day sg yif\u1e0d sg yan sg tmi\u1e0di." ] }, { "en": "The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates from at least 3.5\u00a0billion years ago", "ber": " during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon.", "null": [ "da ittu\u0263ul wan\u1e93a azayku xf yili n tudrt aflla n wakal s mayd ur iggizn i 3.5 mlya\u1e5b n usgg\u02b7as izrin", " g uzmz n iya\u1e5bcayn i\u1e5ba \u1e0da\u1e5bt ussnti n tfrkit tajyulujit g umyama\u1e93 \u1e0da\u1e5bt hadyan iyun ifsin zwar." ] }, { "en": "Commenting on the Australian findings", "ber": " Stephen Blair Hedges wrote", "null": [ " If life arose relatively quickly on Earth", " then it could be common in the universe.", "d axfawal xf tyafutin n ust\u1e5balya", " yura stifn bli\u1e5b hidgs", " ig tgma tudrt xf wakal fis\u025b", " hat t\u0263y ad ak\u02b7 ta\u0263 i\u0263zr." ] }, { "en": "Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10\u00a0million to 14\u00a0million", "ber": " of which about 1.9\u00a0million are estimated to have been named and 1.6\u00a0million documented in a central database to date", "null": [ " leaving at least 80 percent not yet described.", "isutugn i\u1e93lin s wanawn illan d\u0263i xf wakal sg 10 n imlyan ar 14 mlyun", " sg digsn attayn n 1.9 ittug as yism d 1.6 mlyun ttuzmmem g tsila n isfka tanammast s d\u0263i", " tqqim 80 sg tmi\u1e0di ur ta ttusnumml." ] }, { "en": "The common descent of organisms was first deduced from four simple facts about organisms: First", "ber": " they have geographic distributions that cannot be explained by local adaptation.", "null": [ "ittusyafa mas d a\u1e93u\u1e5b amssur n imaddarn zwar sg kku\u1e93 n tidttin tifrarin xf imaddarn: tamzwarut", " \u0263urs ib\u1e6d\u1e6dutn iju\u0263rafiyn nna ur i\u0263iyn ad ittusfru s tkssuyt tad\u0263rant." ] }, { "en": "Fourth", "ber": " organisms can be classified using these similarities into a hierarchy of nested groups", "null": [ " similar to a family tree.", "tis kku\u1e93", " n\u0263y ad nsmyanaw imaddarn s usmrs n wudmawn ad imya\u0263n g usnsl azamug n trubba immkcamn", " \u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e5bf n tsklut n tawja." ] }, { "en": "This view dates back to an idea briefly mentioned by Darwin but later abandoned.", "ber": "da ttu\u0263ul tannayt ad s yat twngimt innat darwin s uzzgzl maca udjan tt s dat." }, { "en": "By comparing the anatomies of both modern and extinct species", "ber": " palaeontologists can infer the lineages of those species.", "null": [ "sg usmzazal ingr uflay n wanawn itrarn d winna yucckan", " \u0263in imassan n t\u0263uziwin ad ssuf\u0263n imyasatn n wanawn ad." ] }, { "en": "More recently", "ber": " evidence for common descent has come from the study of biochemical similarities between organisms.", "null": [ "g tgiriwin ad", " iddad wan\u1e93a xf u\u1e93u\u1e5b amssur sg t\u0263uri n wudmawn n umya\u0263 ibyucimiyn ingr imaddarn." ] }, { "en": "The eukaryotic cells emerged between 1.6 and 2.7\u00a0billion years ago.", "ber": "ff\u0263nt d t\u0263rasin id m u\u0263yay adttan ingr 1.6 d 2.7 mlya\u1e5b n usgg\u02b7as." }, { "en": "Another engulfment of cyanobacterial-like organisms led to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants.", "ber": "yuwy u\u1e63\u1e5ba\u1e0d ya\u1e0dn n imaddarn igan zund tabaktirt tanilit \u0263r usnay n iblastidn izgzawn g wadaln d im\u0263ayn." }, { "en": "In January 2016", "ber": " scientists reported that", "null": [ " about 800\u00a0million years ago", " a minor genetic change in a single molecule called GK-PID may have allowed organisms to go from a single cell organism to one of many cells.", "g innayr 2016", " nnan imassan mas d sg wattayn n 800 mlyun n usgg\u02b7as izrin", " qad yili usnfl ajiniy afssas g yat tfult ism nns GK-PID nna yudjan imaddarn ad mmuttin sg bu yat t\u0263rast \u0263r bu kigan n t\u0263rasin." ] }, { "en": "Various triggers for the Cambrian explosion have been proposed", "ber": " including the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere from photosynthesis.", "null": [ "ttufkant tmntilin n u\u1e6d\u1e6diqs akambariy", " g illa usgudi n uksijin g wa\u1e6dmusfi\u1e5b sg tsi\u0263t n usmdya asiddan." ] }, { "en": "Artificial selection is the intentional selection of traits in a population of organisms.", "ber": "astay amguran iga yan ustay amxas n tfras g yat trabbut n imaddarn." }, { "en": "Proteins with valuable properties have evolved by repeated rounds of mutation and selection (for example modified enzymes and new antibodies) in a process called directed evolution.", "ber": "bu\u0263lan ibrutin ayt t\u1e93layin tazalin s tbridt n tsutal timallasin n isnfln d ustay (s umdya an\u1e93imn ittusnfln d igmamn inmgaln imaynutn) g yat tasi\u0263t ism nns abu\u0263lu amswads." }, { "en": "Breeding together different populations of this blind fish produced some offspring with functional eyes", "ber": " since different mutations had occurred in the isolated populations that had evolved in different caves.", "null": [ "ifka usgudi n trubba imzarayn n islman ad ibuka\u1e0d kra n warraw ayt walln tizzulanin", " idd\u0263 j\u1e5ban isnfln imzarayn g trubba ittustayn nna ibu\u0263lan g ifran imzarayn." ] }, { "en": "Many human diseases are not static phenomena", "ber": " but capable of evolution.", "null": [ "kigan n tmu\u1e0dan tinafganin ur gint tumanin izgan", " maca zmrnt ad bu\u0263lunt." ] }, { "en": "It is possible that we are facing the end of the effective life of most of available antibiotics and predicting the evolution and evolvability of our pathogens and devising strategies to slow or circumvent it is requiring deeper knowledge of the complex forces driving evolution at the molecular level.", "ber": "i\u0263y is nlla mgal tgira n tudrt tim\u1e5bwit n umata g wantibyutikn illan d i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad bu\u0263lunt tmntilin n tma\u1e0dunin \u0263urn\u0263 d tzmrt nnsnt ad bu\u0263lunt d usras n tst\u1e5batijin i ussi\u1e93y nnsn nna txssa tussna i\u025bubn n taggalin immurksn nna ittawin abu\u0263lu g uswir agmaman." }, { "en": "He used evolution strategies to solve complex engineering problems.", "ber": "ismrs tist\u1e5batijin n ubu\u0263lu ad ifsi timukrisin titwalin immurksn." }, { "en": "In some countries", "ber": " notably the United States", "null": [ " these tensions between science and religion have fuelled the current creation\u2013evolution controversy", " a religious conflict focusing on politics and public education.", "g kra n tmura", " luma\u1e5b iwunak imunn", " uwin igrurusn ad illan ingr tmassant d us\u0263an s ussi\u0263 n umrara n wawal n d\u0263i xf usnfl d ubu\u0263lu", " iga imn\u0263i yuddan xf tsrtit d usslmd amatay." ] }, { "en": "The Scopes Trial decision of 1925 caused the subject to become very rare in American secondary biology textbooks for a generation", "ber": " but it was gradually re-introduced later and became legally protected with the 1968 Epperson v. Arkansas decision.", "null": [ "tsmntl t\u0263tst n um\u1e63iri\u1e0d n skubs asgg\u02b7as n 1925 g ad idris imrsi g idlisn n tbyulujit tasinant tamirikanit n yat tsuta kullu", " maka ittyals as ussnkd imik s imik g yat tizi d iddan yu\u0263ul ittu\u1e25\u1e0du s uzrf s t\u0263tast n iybrsun v. a\u1e5bkansas asgg\u02b7as n 1968." ] }, { "en": "Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.", "ber": "astay agaman iga i\u0263imi amzaray d tarwa n ifridn s tmntilt n imzarayn g ufinutib." }, { "en": "Variation exists within all populations of organisms.", "ber": "illa umzaray ag\u02b7ns n kullu tirubba n imaddarn." }, { "en": "The environment of a genome includes the molecular biology in the cell", "ber": " other cells", "null": [ " other individuals", " populations", " species", " as well as the abiotic environment.", "tum\u1e93 twnna\u1e0dt n ujinum tabyulujit tagmamant g t\u0263rast", " d t\u0263rasin ya\u1e0dn", " d trubba n imzda\u0263", " d wanawn", " awd tawnna\u1e0dt taridirt." ] }, { "en": "Natural selection is a cornerstone of modern biology.", "ber": "astay agaman ayd igan a\u1e93\u1e5bu n t\u0263mrt n tmassant n imaddarn tatrart." }, { "en": "The concept of natural selection originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity; at the time of Darwin's writing", "ber": " science had yet to develop modern theories of genetics.", "null": [ "ibu\u0263la urmmus n ustay agaman tizwuri g walu ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n tukksi i\u1e63\u1e25an", " g tizi n tirra n darwin", " ur ta tsbu\u0263li tmassant ti\u1e93i\u1e5bin titrarin g tmassant n tukksi." ] }, { "en": "The classical arguments were reintroduced in the 18th century by Pierre Louis Maupertuis and others", "ber": " including Darwin's grandfather", "null": [ " Erasmus Darwin.", "ittyals usnkd n wan\u1e93atn iklasikin g tasut tis 18 sg \u0263ur byir lwis mubirtwis d wiyya\u1e0d", " g illa bba\u1e25llu n darwin", " i\u1e5basmus darwin." ] }, { "en": "The success of this theory raised awareness of the vast scale of geological time and made plausible the idea that tiny", "ber": " virtually imperceptible changes in successive generations could produce consequences on the scale of differences between species.", "null": [ "amurs n ti\u1e93irt ad yuwi \u0263r ufrak s wansa abaraw n tizi tajyulujit yadj tawngimn n isnfln im\u1e93\u1e93yann i\u1e25\u1e0darn ad ur ittufrayn g tsutiwin imm\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn i\u0263y ad awint s imukrisn g tsga n imzarayn ingr wanawn." ] }, { "en": "He was in the process of writing his big book to present his research when the naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace independently conceived of the principle and described it in an essay he sent to Darwin to forward to Charles Lyell.", "ber": "ikka ar ittara adlis axatar nns ad issnkd arzzu nns llig iswingm umassan n ugama alfrid \u1e5basl walas amnzay ad s tlelli isnumml t g yan umagra\u1e0d nna yuzn i darwin afad t yazn i carlz lil." }, { "en": "In the 3rd edition of 1861 Darwin acknowledged that others\u2014like William Charles Wells in 1813", "ber": " and Patrick Matthew in 1831\u2014had proposed similar ideas", "null": [ " but had neither developed them nor presented them in notable scientific publications.", "g tun\u0263ilt tis 3 g usgg\u02b7as n 1861 inna darwin mas d wiyyad\u2014zund wilyam carlz will g 1813", " d \u1e25atrik matyu g 1831\u2014ssumrn tiwngimin yaksuln", " maca ur tnt sbu\u0263lin d ur tnt ssnkidn g imagra\u1e0dn imassan ittwassn." ] }, { "en": "In a letter to Charles Lyell in September 1860", "ber": " Darwin regretted the use of the term Natural Selection", "null": [ " preferring the term Natural Preservation.", "g yat tbrat i carlz lil g cunatbir 1860", " isawl darwin xf ussurf nns xf usmrs n urmmus n astay agaman", " yaf \u0263urs urmmus a\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du agaman." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " natural selection remained controversial as a mechanism", "null": [ " partly because it was perceived to be too weak to explain the range of observed characteristics of living organisms", " and partly because even supporters of evolution balked at its unguided and non-progressive nature", " a response that has been characterised as the single most significant impediment to the idea's acceptance.", "mqqar", " iqqima ustay agaman da issnkar amrara n wawal d ammak", " ar ittu\u0263ul uynna\u0263 cwiy \u0263r imkinna s ityannay is iga amudrus xf wad issfru ansa n t\u1e93layin ittu\u1e25san i imaddarn", " d afulan acku ayt ubu\u0263lu ugin digs arasmnid d ugama wa azzigz", " nttat d tmrarut ittusnummln mas tga yat tifikkct istawhmman mnid n yiri n twngimt." ] }, { "en": "With the early 20th century integration of evolution with Mendel's laws of inheritance", "ber": " the so-called modern synthesis", "null": [ " scientists generally came to accept natural selection.", "s usmad n ubu\u0263lu g tizwuri n tasut tis 20 d izrfan n mandil n tukksi", " aynna mi nttini tusurt tatrart", " a\u0263uln imassann s umata da ttirin astay agaman." ] }, { "en": "J. B. S. Haldane introduced the concept of the cost of natural selection.", "ber": "isnkd J. B. S. haldan armmus n atig n ustay agaman." }, { "en": "However", "ber": " natural selection is blind in the sense that changes in phenotype can give a reproductive advantage regardless of whether or not the trait is heritable.", "null": [ "mqqar", " astay agaman hat i\u025bma acku isnfln g ufinutib \u0263in ad fkn tifrst n tgadit bla is tga tfrst tin tukksi mid uhu." ] }, { "en": "If the traits that give these individuals a reproductive advantage are also heritable", "ber": " that is", "null": [ " passed from parent to offspring", " then there will be differential reproduction", " that is", " a slightly higher proportion of fast rabbits or efficient algae in the next generation.", "i\u0263 gant tfras nna yakkan i wid tifrist n uggadi tga awd nttat tin tukksi", " n\u0263d da tmuttuy sg umaraw s tarwa", " hat qad yili uggadi amzaray", " n\u0263d as\u0263l yugrn imik win iwtal udrifn n\u0263d adaln im\u1e5bwitn g tsuta d iddan." ] }, { "en": "This gives the appearance of purpose", "ber": " but in natural selection there is no intentional choice.", "null": [ "ayad ar yakka tifrist tawttast", " maca g ustay agaman ur illi ustay amxas." ] }, { "en": "This gave dark-coloured moths a better chance of surviving to produce dark-coloured offspring", "ber": " and in just fifty years from the first dark moth being caught", "null": [ " nearly all of the moths in industrial Manchester were dark.", "ifka uyad i if\u1e5b\u1e6de\u1e6d\u1e6dutn ayt ik\u02b7lan i\u0263man azmz yufn afad qqimin ddrn fkind arraw mi \u0263man ik\u02b7lan", " g tizi n smmusmraw n isgg\u02b7asn day g ittugmr uf\u1e5b\u1e6de\u1e6d\u1e6du amzwaru", " dru\u0263 kullu \u0263man if\u1e5b\u1e6de\u1e6d\u1e6dutn n mancistr tamgurant." ] }, { "en": "If an organism lives half as long as others of its species", "ber": " but has twice as many offspring surviving to adulthood", "null": [ " its genes become more common in the adult population of the next generation.", "i\u0263 da ittidir umaddar azgn n uynna ttidirn wiyya\u1e0d sg wanaw nns", " maca idrus \u0263urs um\u1e0dan n winna ittidirn ar tifrkt n utrag", " hat da ttwassan ijinumn nns g imzda\u0263 itragn g tsuta d iddan." ] }, { "en": "A distinction must be made between the concept of survival of the fittest and improvement in fitness. ", "ber": "ixss usmziry ingr urmmus i\u0263imi i unna i\u1e63l\u1e25n d us\u0263udu n tfssi." }, { "en": "Haldane called this process substitution or more commonly in biology", "ber": " this is called fixation.", "null": [ "iga as haldan s yism i tsi\u0263t ad amsbaddal n\u0263d imki nna s ittwassn kigan g tussnmudar", " aya ism nns asttmr." ] }, { "en": "The probability of a beneficial mutation occurring on some member of a population depends on the total number of replications of that variant.", "ber": "tazmrt n wad yili usnfl g i\u0263udan ittj\u1e5bun xf kran ifridn n umun da itsnnad xf um\u1e0dan assmun n inu\u1e0dutn n umskil ad." }, { "en": "In this experiment", "ber": " improvement in fitness depends on the number of replications of the particular variant for a new variant to appear that is capable of growing in the next higher drug concentration region.", "null": [ "g irim ad", " as\u0263udu n tal\u0263a tafggant da itsnnad xf um\u1e0dan n tikkal ayd yuls kra n umskil afad iff\u0263 umskil amaynu izmrn ad g wansa d iddan g iggud usafar." ] }, { "en": "Richard Lenski's classic E. coli long-term evolution experiment is an example of adaptation in a competitive environment", "ber": " (improvement in fitness during survival of the fittest).", "null": [ "iga yirim n ubu\u0263lu n E. kuli mi t\u0263zzif tizi n \u1e5bica\u1e5bd linski yan umdya xf tnamit g twnna\u1e0dt g illa um\u1e25izwar", " (as\u0263udu n tal\u0263a tafggant iwnan n tudrt i wanna izmrn)." ] }, { "en": "The uncommon disruptive selection also acts during transition periods when the current mode is sub-optimal", "ber": " but alters the trait in more than one direction.", "null": [ "da iswuri u\u1e93lay amrway ur ittudman awd g iwnan n tizi n ummuty adday ig waddad n d\u0263i ddaw uswir", " maca da isnfal tifirst g kigan n imnidn." ] }, { "en": "Some biologists recognise just two types: viability (or survival) selection", "ber": " which acts to increase an organism's probability of survival", "null": [ " and fecundity (or fertility or reproductive) selection", " which acts to increase the rate of reproduction", " given survival.", "da ttisin kra n imassann n imaddarn sin wanawn day: astay n tzmrt n tudrt (iqimi g tudrt)", " nna iswurin xf ussily n as\u0263l n tudrt n umaddar", " astay n tblsi (tiblsi n\u0263d tarwa)", " nna iswurin xf ussily n us\u0263l n tarwa", " s usksw n iqimi g tudrt." ] }, { "en": "In kin selection and intragenomic conflict", "ber": " gene-level selection provides a more apt explanation of the underlying process.", "null": [ "g ustay n wayyawn d imn\u0263i ag\u02b7ns n ujinum", " da yakka ustay g uswir n ujinum assfru nna d yusan uggar i tsi\u0263t tadslant." ] }, { "en": "Ecological selection is natural selection via any means other than sexual selection", "ber": " such as kin selection", "null": [ " competition", " and infanticide.", "astay awn\u1e0dan iga astay agaman s magan tamamkt yadn bla astay amanaw", " zund astay n imnmalatn", " d um\u1e25izwar n mn\u0263iwt n ifrax." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " in some species", "null": [ " mate choice is primarily by males", " as in some fishes of the family Syngnathidae.", "imil", " \u0263r kra n wanawn", " iwtman ayd isttin imdrawn nnsn d imzwura", " zund \u0263ur tawja n islman isangnadidatn." ] }, { "en": "Since the discovery of penicillin in 1928", "ber": " antibiotics have been used to fight bacterial diseases.", "null": [ "sg twafit n ubinisilin g usgg\u02b7as n 1928", " ttusmrasn wantibyutikn mgal tima\u1e0dunin tibaktirin." ] }, { "en": "Genetic variation is the result of mutations", "ber": " genetic recombinations and alterations in the karyotype (the number", "null": [ " shape", " size and internal arrangement of the chromosomes).", "iga amziray ajinitik tawafit n isnfln", " asnay ajiniy n isnfaln g wanaw a\u0263yayan (am\u1e0dan n ik\u1e5bumuzumn d uma\u0263nu nns d uksay nns d unmala nns n ug\u02b7ns)." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " many mutations in non-coding DNA have deleterious effects.", "null": [ "imil", " kigan n isnfln g wadiyin arinagliwn \u0263urs tusurt ur i\u1e25lin." ] }, { "en": "Changes in these often have large effects on the phenotype of the individual because they regulate the function of many other genes.", "ber": "iggut mag ittili i isnfln ad kigan n yi\u1e0di\u1e63n g ufinutib n ufrid acku da ssudusn tazzult n kigan n ijinumn ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "When such mutations result in a higher fitness", "ber": " natural selection favours these phenotypes and the novel trait spreads in the population.", "null": [ "tizi g ttawin isnfln ad \u0263r tal\u0263a tafggant yulin", " da ittiri ustay agaman ifinutibn ad ar ttufsar tfrist tamaynut g umun." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " it is intrinsic to the concept of a species that hybrids are selected against", "null": [ " opposing the evolution of reproductive isolation", " a problem that was recognised by Darwin.", "mqqar", " ixssa urmmus n wanaw nna mi ittustay ulqqm mgal nns", " ad tagi abu\u0263lu n u\u1e93lay n tarwa", " nna igan tamukrist iq\u1e5b\u1e5ba is darwin." ] }, { "en": "Phenotype is determined by an organism's genetic make-up (genotype) and the environment in which the organism lives.", "ber": "da ittu\u1e93lay wanaw ufinutib s tbridt n usnay n umudr (anaw ajiniy) d twnna\u1e0dt nna g ittidir umudr." }, { "en": "An example is the ABO blood type antigens in humans", "ber": " where three alleles govern the phenotype.", "null": [ "amdya xf uya igan wanaw n idammn ABO g ufgan", " nna g nnb\u1e0dn k\u1e5ba\u1e0d i\u1e25aliln g ufinutib." ] }, { "en": "This process can continue until the allele is fixed and the entire population shares the fitter phenotype.", "ber": "t\u0263y ad tzdi tsi\u0263t ad ard ilukn u\u1e25alil afad munn imzda\u0263 kullu g ufinutib d yusan." }, { "en": "Stabilizing selection conserves functional genetic features", "ber": " such as protein-coding genes or regulatory sequences", "null": [ " over time by selective pressure against deleterious variants.", "astay n usttmr da ittqqil xf tfras tijiniyin tiswuritin", " zund ijinumn imnagaln n ubrutin n\u0263d im\u1e0df\u1e5bn ittusudsn", " g uzray n tizi s tbridt n uslld mgal isnfln ur i\u1e25lin." ] }, { "en": "Some forms of balancing selection do not result in fixation", "ber": " but maintain an allele at intermediate frequencies in a population.", "null": [ "ur da ttawin kra n wanawn n ustay amyas \u0263r asttmr", " maca da t\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du a\u1e25alil \u0263r isnagarn inammasn g umun." ] }, { "en": "Maintenance of allelic variation can also occur through disruptive or diversifying selection", "ber": " which favours genotypes that depart from the average in either direction (that is", "null": [ " the opposite of over-dominance)", " and can result in a bimodal distribution of trait values.", "i\u0263y ad yili awd la g umzaray a\u1e25aliliy s tbridt n ustay amrwi n\u0263d amyanaw", " nna ittirin anawn ijiniyn nna it\u1e25yyadn i unammas g imnidn s sin (n\u0263d mgal n t\u0263llabit iggutn)", " i\u0263y ad yawi \u0263r un\u0263al bu sin ingrawn i watig n tfrisin." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " after a period with no new mutations", "null": [ " the genetic variation at these sites is eliminated due to genetic drift.", "imil", " \u1e0da\u1e5bt yat tizi g ur llin isnfln imaynutn", " da ttackan imzarayn ijiniyn g wansatn ad s tmntilt n u\u1e25ray ajiniy." ] }, { "en": "The exact outcome of the two processes depends both on the rate at which new mutations occur and on the strength of the natural selection", "ber": " which is a function of how unfavourable the mutation proves to be.", "null": [ "da tsnnad tyafut tamn\u0263udt n tsi\u0263in s snat xf us\u0263l nna s ttj\u1e5bun isnfln imaynutn d xf taggalt n ustay agaman", " nna igan an\u1e93a xf war amsasa n usnfl." ] }, { "en": "The chance that such a reshuffle occurs between two alleles is inversely related to the distance between them.", "ber": "azmzzu n yili n zund asnfl ad ingr sin i\u1e25aliln isl\u0263 s uzaru n ingr asn s umxalaf." }, { "en": "A strong selective sweep results in a region of the genome where the positively selected haplotype (the allele and its neighbours) are in essence the only ones that exist in the population.", "ber": "da yakka uzray amstay idusn g yan wansa n ujinum nna g ittili wanaw ufrid ittustayn s wumnig (a\u1e25alil d wadja\u1e5bn nns) ntta iwa\u1e0du nns ayd illan g imzda\u0263." }, { "en": "Background selection is the opposite of a selective sweep.", "ber": "astay n ubak\u1e5buwnd iga nil tsi\u0263t n uzray asmstay." }, { "en": "In the words of the philosopher Daniel Dennett", "ber": " Darwin's dangerous idea of evolution by natural selection is a universal acid", "null": [ " which cannot be kept restricted to any vessel or container", " as it soon leaks out", " working its way into ever-wider surroundings.", "nil wawal n ufilusuf danyil dinitt", " tawngimt timizit n darwin xf ubu\u0263lu s tbridt n ustay agaman tga asmem ama\u1e0dlan", " ur i\u0263iy ad isnnd xf yan u\u1e25aglu n\u0263d a\u1e25aglu", " acku fisa\u025b inn\u0263l", " isskr abrid s ansa abaraw uggar n tizi izrin." ] }, { "en": "These conditions are: heritability", "ber": " variation of type", "null": [ " and competition for limited resources.", "tifidiwin ad gant: asukks", " amyanaw n wanaw", " d um\u1e25izwar xf isugam idrusn." ] }, { "en": "Herbert Spencer and the eugenics advocate Francis Galton's interpretation of natural selection as necessarily progressive", "ber": " leading to supposed advances in intelligence and civilisation", "null": [ " became a justification for colonialism", " eugenics", " and social Darwinism.", "imz\u0263 hi\u1e5bbrt s\u1e25ansr d ujinizm xf ussfru n f\u1e5bansis galtuns n ustay agaman nna igan amalay", " s manaya da itali ufulls d t\u0263rma", " yu\u0263ul ig tas\u025bdirt n usddurry", " ajiniks", " tdarwiniyt tanamunt." ] }, { "en": "The racial idea as the basis of our state has already accomplished much in this respect.", "ber": "tawngimt ta\u1e93u\u1e5bant d tasila i tmurt nn\u0263 tsskr nnik kigan g umnid ad." }, { "en": "The most prominent example of evolutionary psychology", "ber": " notably advanced in the early work of Noam Chomsky and later by Steven Pinker", "null": [ " is the hypothesis that the human brain has adapted to acquire the grammatical rules of natural language.", "amdya ittwassn xf tmassant tanimant tabu\u0263lant", " nna izzigzn g twuri n zikk n na\u025bum cumski d \u1e0da\u1e5bas stifn binkr", " tga t turda ittinin mas d alla\u0263 n ufgan innum ad yagm taj\u1e5b\u1e5bumt n tutlayt n ugama." ] }, { "en": "He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete units of inheritance.", "ber": "yukz mas d imaddarn (tajlbant) da ttkus tifras s tbridt n tgzzumin n tukksi." }, { "en": "Gene structure and function", "ber": " variation", "null": [ " and distribution are studied within the context of the cell", " the organism (e.g. dominance)", " and within the context of a population.", "da ttu\u0263ra tu\u1e63kiwt n ijinumn d tazzulin nnsn", " amyanaw nnsn", " d un\u0263al nnsn g umna\u1e0d n t\u0263rast d umaddar (zund anb\u1e0d) d g umna\u1e0d n imzda\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Genetic processes work in combination with an organism's environment and experiences to influence development and behavior", "ber": " often referred to as nature versus nurture.", "null": [ "da swurint tsi\u0263in tijiniyin \u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e5bf n twnna\u1e0dt n umaddar d tzmmar nns g yi\u1e0di\u1e63 n ubu\u0263lu d tikli", " da ttusn\u025bat kigan s ugama mgal n tmrniwt." ] }, { "en": "The modern science of genetics", "ber": " seeking to understand this process", "null": [ " began with the work of the Augustinian friar Gregor Mendel in the mid-19th century.", "tssnti tmassant n tukksi tatrart", " nna iran ad irmn tasi\u0263t ad", " s twuri n ukhhan ugu\u1e63\u1e6diniy g\u1e5bigu\u1e5b mandil g uzgn n tasut tis 19." ] }, { "en": "His second law is the same as what Mendel published.", "ber": "azrf nns wis sin igan uynna d ifsr mandil." }, { "en": "A popular theory during the 19th century", "ber": " and implied by Charles Darwin's 1859 On the Origin of Species", "null": [ " was blending inheritance: the idea that individuals inherit a smooth blend of traits from their parents.", "ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt nna ittwassn g tasut tis 19", " nna s isn\u025bt tca\u1e5blz darwin asggas n 1859 g u\u1e93ur n wanwan", " tga arway n tukksi: tawngimt n mas d ifridn da ttkkusn yan urway iwhnn n tfrisin sg imarawn nnsn." ] }, { "en": "In his paper Versuche \u00fcber Pflanzenhybriden (Experiments on Plant Hybridization)", "ber": " presented in 1865 to the Naturforschender Verein (Society for Research in Nature) in Br\u00fcnn", "null": [ " Mendel traced the inheritance patterns of certain traits in pea plants and described them mathematically.", "g tanfult nns n urzzu Versuche \u00fcber Pflanzenhybriden (irimn xf ilqqmn n im\u0263ayn)", " nna ittusmrsn asgg\u02b7as n 1865 i naturfu\u1e5bcundr firyin (tamsmunt n urzzu g ugama) g b\u1e5bun", " i\u1e0dfa\u1e5b mandil anawn n tukksi n kran tfrisin g um\u0263ay n tjlbant isnumml t g tusnakt." ] }, { "en": "William Bateson", "ber": " a proponent of Mendel's work", "null": [ " coined the word genetics in 1905 (the adjective genetic", " derived from the Greek word genesis\u2014\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2", " origin", " predates the noun and was first used in a biological sense in 1860).", "wilyam batsun", " yan sg im\u0263ra s twuri n mandil", " isnfl taguri n tmassant n tukksi asgg\u02b7as n 1905 (tafrist n tukksi", " tanafu\u0263t n tguri tayinaniyt\u2014\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2", " a\u1e93u\u1e5b", " tzwar ism ttusmrs tikklt izwarn s unamk abyuluji g usgg\u02b7as n 1860)." ] }, { "en": "Over the next 11 years", "ber": " she discovered that females only had the X chromosome and males had both X and Y chromosomes.", "null": [ "iwnan n 11 n usgg\u02b7as d iddan", " tufa mas d tiwtmin ur \u0263ursnt illi \u0263as ak\u1e5bumuzum X d iwtman \u0263ursn ikrumuzumn s sin X d Y." ] }, { "en": "James Watson and Francis Crick determined the structure of DNA in 1953", "ber": " using the X-ray crystallography work of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins that indicated DNA has a helical structure (i.e.", "null": [ " shaped like a corkscrew).", "isti jims watsun d f\u1e5bankis krik tu\u1e63kiwt n DNA g 1953", " s usmrs n tmassant n kristalugrafi n i\u1e93n\u1e93a\u1e5bn isiniyn n \u1e5buzalinda f\u1e5banklin d muris wilkins nna isn\u025btn mas d DNA \u0263urs u\u1e63kiwt ta\u0263lalt (n\u0263d tal\u0263a n tsarut)." ] }, { "en": "The structure also suggested a simple method for replication: if the strands are separated", "ber": " new partner strands can be reconstructed for each based on the sequence of the old strand.", "null": [ "tfka tu\u1e63kiwt awd tamamkt tafrart i usn\u0263l yaksuln: ig ttub\u1e0dan ifilan", " i\u0263y ad tals tu\u1e63ka n ifilan imssurn imaynutn i ku yan digsn s tu\u1e63ka n usnsl n ifilu azayku." ] }, { "en": "In the following years", "ber": " scientists tried to understand how DNA controls the process of protein production.", "null": [ "g isgg\u02b7asn d iddan", " ran imassan ad rmsn mamk ittba\u1e0d DNA g tsi\u0263t n ufars n ub\u1e5butin." ] }, { "en": "With the newfound molecular understanding of inheritance came an explosion of research.", "ber": "ij\u1e5ba yan u\u1e6d\u1e6diqs g urzzu", "null": [ " s urmas afulan amaynu n tukksi." ] }, { "en": "One important development was chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger.", "ber": "yan g ibu\u0263lutn istawhmman iga t usnsl nDNA allig ittusmd usnsl asgg\u02b7as n 1977 s ufus n fridirik sanjir." }, { "en": "In his experiments studying the trait for flower color", "ber": " Mendel observed that the flowers of each pea plant were either purple or white\u2014but never an intermediate between the two colors.", "null": [ "yukz mandil g yirimn nns nna g iqqra tafrist n uklu n ujddig mas d ijddign kullu n um\u0263ay n tjlbant gan imk\u1e93ayn n\u0263d imllaln\u2014maca ur ssarnt ingr sin ik\u02b7lan ad." ] }, { "en": "Many species", "ber": " including humans", "null": [ " have this pattern of inheritance.", "kigan n wanawn", " g illa ufgan", " \u0263ursn anaw ad n tukksi." ] }, { "en": "When organisms are heterozygous at a gene", "ber": " often one allele is called dominant as its qualities dominate the phenotype of the organism", "null": [ " while the other allele is called recessive as its qualities recede and are not observed.", "ig ur gin imaddarn imsaritn g kan ujinum", " da ittgga yan u\u1e25alil amnbd acku tifrisin nns nb\u1e0dnt xf ufinutib n umaddar", " ar ittwana i u\u1e25alil ya\u1e0dn amakkas acku tturgalnt tfrisin nns ur da ttu\u1e93\u1e5bant." ] }, { "en": "Often a + symbol is used to mark the usual", "ber": " non-mutant allele for a gene.", "null": [ "da ttusmras kigan tmatart + afad ittyakz u\u1e25alil ittunumn ur infiln g ujinum " ] }, { "en": "One of the common diagrams used to predict the result of cross-breeding is the Punnett square.", "ber": "yat g twna\u0263in ittusmrasn i usnimal s tyafut n usmlaqay d amkku\u1e93 n bun\u1e6d." }, { "en": "Some genes do not assort independently", "ber": " demonstrating genetic linkage", "null": [ " a topic discussed later in this article.)", "kra n ijinumn ur da ttusmiln s tal\u0263at tilellit", " ayd ar immal taluft tajinit", " yan umggay xf illa umrara n wawal g umgra\u1e0d ad.)" ] }, { "en": "Another gene", "ber": " however", "null": [ " controls whether the flowers have color at all or are white.", "imil", " yan ujinum ya\u1e0dn", " inb\u1e0d g ijddign id ad klun mid ad gn imllaln." ] }, { "en": "Many traits are not discrete features (e.g. purple or white flowers) but are instead continuous features (e.g. human height and skin color).", "ber": "amata g tfras ur gint tifras ib\u1e0dan (zund ijddign ijnja\u1e5biyn n\u0263d imllaln) maca gant tifras izdin (zund tiddi n ufgan d uklu n ub\u1e6d\u1e6dan.)" }, { "en": "The degree to which an organism's genes contribute to a complex trait is called heritability.", "ber": "task\u02b7flt nna s ttumun ijinumn n umudr g tfirst immurksn ism nns tikksa." }, { "en": "DNA is composed of a chain of nucleotides", "ber": " of which there are four types: adenine (A)", "null": [ " cytosine (C)", " guanine (G)", " and thymine (T).", "ittuskar wadiin g usddi n iniklyutidn", " nna g llan kku\u1e93 n wanawn : adinin (A)", " situzin (C)", " gwanin (G)", " d tiymin (T)." ] }, { "en": "Viruses cannot reproduce without a host and are unaffected by many genetic processes", "ber": " so tend not to be considered living organisms.", "null": [ "ur nnin ifirusn ad ttarwn bla asnbgi d ur da ttu\u1e0da\u1e63n s kigan n tmhalin tijiniyin", " s man aya ur n\u0263iy ad tn ng d imudar." ] }, { "en": "This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand.", "ber": "a\u1e93\u1e6d\u1e6da ad n wadiin ayd igan tasila tamattant n tukksa : allas n wadiin da ittals in\u0263misn ijiniyn s ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n ifilan d usmrs n ku ifilu d tirslt i usnay n ifilu amaynu asmun." }, { "en": "These DNA strands are often extremely long; the largest human chromosome", "ber": " for example", "null": [ " is about 247 million base pairs in length.", "amata g ifilan n wadiin gan \u0263zzifn kigan", " axatar g ik\u1e5bumu\u1e93umn infgann", " s umdya", " tiddi nns digs 247 nid mlyun n sinisilann." ] }, { "en": "DNA is most often found in the nucleus of cells", "ber": " but Ruth Sager helped in the discovery of nonchromosomal genes found outside of the nucleus.", "null": [ "da ittili wadiin kigan g u\u0263yay n t\u0263rasin", " maca \u1e5bu\u1e6d \u1e63aji\u1e5b tuws g tnazuft n ijinumn id war ik\u1e5bumu\u1e93umn nna illan b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n u\u0263yay." ] }, { "en": "While haploid organisms have only one copy of each chromosome", "ber": " most animals and many plants are diploid", "null": [ " containing two of each chromosome and thus two copies of every gene.", "tizi nna g llan imudar ayt yan uk\u1e5bumu\u1e93um \u0263ursn yan uslkn g ku ak\u1e5bumu\u1e93um", " hat amata g imudar d kigan n im\u0263ayn gan id bu sin ik\u1e5bumu\u1e93umn", " \u0263ursn sin g ku ak\u1e5bumu\u1e93um nna igan sin islkinn g ku ajinum." ] }, { "en": "In humans and many other animals", "ber": " the Y chromosome contains the gene that triggers the development of the specifically male characteristics.", "null": [ "\u0263ur ufgan d kigan n imudar ya\u1e0dn", " ak\u1e5bumu\u1e93um Y ag illa ujimum tifras n uwtm s u\u1e93lay." ] }, { "en": "This process", "ber": " called mitosis", "null": [ " is the simplest form of reproduction and is the basis for asexual reproduction.", "tasi\u0263t ad", " mi ttinin ab\u1e6d\u1e6du", " ayd igan tal\u0263atin n tarwa ifrarn tg tasila n tarwa tarawsyant." ] }, { "en": "Eukaryotic organisms often use sexual reproduction to generate offspring that contain a mixture of genetic material inherited from two different parents.", "ber": "kigan n imudar id bu u\u0263yay adttan da smrasn tarwa tawsyant afad arun tarwa g illa wurkis n tmtta takssant ittukksan sg imarawn imzarayn." }, { "en": "Some bacteria can undergo conjugation", "ber": " transferring a small circular piece of DNA to another bacterium.", "null": [ "t\u0263y kra n lbaktirya ad tettulqqam", " ttyasy as yat tqcu\u1e5bt tawrrayt tam\u1e93\u1e93ant n wadiin s kra n lbaktirya ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "In this way new combinations of genes can occur in the offspring of a mating pair.", "ber": "s tmamkt ad", "null": [ " \u0263int ad munent trubba timaynutin n ijinumn g warraw n imarawn." ] }, { "en": "During crossover", "ber": " chromosomes exchange stretches of DNA", "null": [ " effectively shuffling the gene alleles between the chromosomes.", "g tizi n umlaqay", " da ttmfkan ik\u1e5bumu\u1e93umn igzzumn n wadiin", " ayann ad ittawin arway n i\u1e25aliln n ijinumn ingr ik\u1e5bumu\u1e93umn." ] }, { "en": "The first cytological demonstration of crossing over was performed by Harriet Creighton and Barbara McClintock in 1931.", "ber": "ittuskar ufsar a\u0263rasan amzwaru n umlaqay s tbridt n ha\u1e5byit k\u1e5bitun d ba\u1e5bba\u1e5ba mklin\u1e6duk asgg\u02b7as n 1931." }, { "en": "For an arbitrarily long distance", "ber": " the probability of crossover is high enough that the inheritance of the genes is effectively uncorrelated.", "null": [ "adday yili uzaru i\u0263zzifn", " ilan n umlaqay attuyn g ur itgga tukksi n ijinumn tugilt s umamk imqwi." ] }, { "en": "The specific sequence of amino acids results in a unique three-dimensional structure for that protein", "ber": " and the three-dimensional structures of proteins are related to their functions.", "null": [ "da yakka usnsl ad am\u1e93lay n ismamn aminiyn yat tu\u1e63kiwt istin m k\u1e5ba\u1e0d izarutn i ub\u1e5butin ad", " ar ttuzdaynt tu\u1e63kiwin id m k\u1e5ba\u1e0d izarutn d tazzulin nnsnt." ] }, { "en": "Protein structure is dynamic; the protein hemoglobin bends into slightly different forms as it facilitates the capture", "ber": " transport", "null": [ " and release of oxygen molecules within mammalian blood.", "a\u1e93\u1e6d\u1e6da n ibrutinn iga adinamiki; da iknnu ubrutin ahimuglubin s tal\u0263atin imzarayn cwiy acku da issuhan im\u1e93 d wassay d ur\u1e93\u1e93um n tqc\u1e5bin n uksijin g idammn n id m yiffan." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " sickle-cell anemia is a human genetic disease that results from a single base difference within the coding region for the \u03b2-globin section of hemoglobin", "null": [ " causing a single amino acid change that changes hemoglobin's physical properties.", "s umdya", " laneme tga yan wattan igan asiwan igan ugul n yan wabud imzrin amas n ugnsu n ud\u2d34ar inigar yakkan la byta glubin g udgar n limuglubin", " asuf\u0263 ns igat yan laminu asid imzrin d arda\u0263 isnfal ama\u0263nu n limuglubin." ] }, { "en": "Some DNA sequences are transcribed into RNA but are not translated into protein products\u2014such RNA molecules are called non-coding RNA.", "ber": "kran n tig\u02b7zmin n ladiin ar akkant l airin imil urakkant tayafut n lbrutiyin", "null": [ " tusnifin n lariin ganin \u0263mkad ttsmmant nun kudin iriniy." ] }, { "en": "An interesting example is the coat coloration of the Siamese cat.", "ber": "yan umaday igan anfrar attigan d uklu n wazaf imucca n syamwa." }, { "en": "But these dark hair-producing proteins are sensitive to temperature (i.e. have a mutation causing temperature-sensitivity) and denature in higher-temperature environments", "ber": " failing to produce dark-hair pigment in areas where the cat has a higher body temperature.", "null": [ "maka ibrutinn ad yakkan azzar a\u1e25bcan ur \u0263iyn i l\u1e25ma ( \u0263urs yan usnfl ur i\u0263iyn i l\u1e25ma ) ar tsnfal g twnna\u1e0dt g illa l\u1e25ma", " ur \u0263iyn ad farsn i\u0263man i\u1e25bcann g wansiwn g tu\u1e25mmu tfgga n umucc." ] }, { "en": "After the fall of the Western Roman Empire", "ber": " knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages", "null": [ " but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age.", "dffir n \u1e6d\u1e0du\u1e5bi n tmnukda ta\u1e5bumaniyya tudrimt", " tettk\u02b7ar tussna s kigan n irmmusn iyunayiyn n uma\u1e0dal g u\u1e5bubba tudrimt g tsutitin timzwura (400 ar 1000 dat n tlalit) g izmaz inammasn", " maca ttu\u1e25\u1e0da g uma\u1e0dal a yislm g uzmz n wur\u0263 a yislm." ] }, { "en": "Modern science is typically divided into three major branches that consist of the natural sciences (e.g.", "ber": " biology", "null": [ " chemistry", " and physics)", " which study nature in the broadest sense; the social sciences (e.g.", " economics", " psychology", " and sociology)", " which study individuals and societies; and the formal sciences (e.g.", " logic", " mathematics", " and theoretical computer science)", " which deal with symbols governed by rules.", "ar ttub\u1e0dunt timassanin titrarin bahra s k\u1e5ba\u1e0d wayyawn ixatarn nna ittu\u1e63kan sg tmassanin tigamanin (zund tawssntudrt", " lkimya", " d ufisi)", " nna izrrun agama s unamk nns mqqurn; d tmassanin tinamunin (zund tadmsa d tiklisnt d tsnamunt) nna izrrun imdan d imunn; d tmassanin tun\u1e63ibin (zund tungint d tusnakt d tussniwin n umssuds imi\u1e93i\u1e5b", " nna ittnawaln timatarin nna g ttnba\u1e0dtn ilugunn." ] }, { "en": "New knowledge in science is advanced by research from scientists who are motivated by curiosity about the world and a desire to solve problems.", "ber": "tussna tamaynut g tmassanin da zzigzn irzzutn n imassan nna inzal ufatal xf uma\u1e0dal d tn\u1e93e\u1e93dt g ufssay n imukrisn." }, { "en": "In particular", "ber": " it was the type of knowledge that people can communicate to each other and share.", "null": [ "slawan akk\u02b7", " iga wanaw n tussna nna zmrn iwdan ad \u1e93a\u1e5bs myawa\u1e0dn ingr atsn ar tt tccurn." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " no consistent conscious distinction was made between knowledge of such things", "null": [ " which are true in every community", " and other types of communal knowledge", " such as mythologies and legal systems.", "mqqar d mayan", " ur illi u\u1e93layn izdin gr tussna n t\u0263awsiwin ad", " nna i\u0263zann g wamun ad", " d wanawn nni\u1e0dn akd tussna tanamunt", " zund umin d imagawn izrfann." ] }, { "en": "They even developed an official calendar that contained twelve months", "ber": " thirty days each", "null": [ " and five days at the end of the year.", "allig srsn yan ustal un\u1e63ib nna g illa mraw d sin n wayyur", " d k\u1e5bamraw n wass g ku yan gisn", " d smmus n wussan g tgira n usgg\u02b7as." ] }, { "en": "For this reason", "ber": " it is claimed these men were the first philosophers in the strict sense", "null": [ " and also the first people to clearly distinguish nature and convention.", "\u2018\u2019xf tmntilt ad", " ar ttinin irgazn ad mas gan ifaylasufn imzwura s unamk amn\u0263ud", " ula iwdan imzwura nna isnu\u1e25yun s ufaw \u2018\u2019agama\u2019\u2019 d \u2018\u2019tmqqant\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "In contrast", "ber": " trying to use knowledge of nature to imitate nature (artifice or technology", "null": [ " Greek techn\u0113) was seen by classical scientists as a more appropriate interest for artisans of lower social class.", "mgal n man aya", " kkan ar \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ban ifaylasufn itrarn s irm n ussmrs n tussna n ugama s t\u1e0dfu\u1e5bt n ugama (tisnni\u0263in n\u0263 tatiknulujiyt", " tatiqniyt tayunant) aydd\u0263 tga tanafut n nna bahra d yusan i inadn lli illan sg taggayt tanamunt tamazdart." ] }, { "en": "The theory of atoms was developed by the Greek philosopher Leucippus and his student Democritus.", "ber": "ttuzzigz tmagunt n ifnuzn sg dar ufaylasuf ayunaniy lyusibbus d unlmad nns dimukritus." }, { "en": "The Socratic method as documented by Plato's dialogues is a dialectic method of hypothesis elimination: better hypotheses are found by steadily identifying and eliminating those that lead to contradictions.", "ber": "tga t\u0263arast n su\u2d48\u1e5ba\u1e6d mkinna s tt zmmemn imsawln n afla\u1e6dun t\u1e63ka yat tmamkt igan um\u0263nna n \u1e25ma ad ff\u0263n xf turda: acku da ttafan turdiwin ifulkin uggar g swuttun n\u0263 g wugus n turdiwin nna\u0263 nna ittawin s imgaln." }, { "en": "Socrates criticized the older type of study of physics as too purely speculative and lacking in self-criticism.", "ber": "ifrn su\u2d48ra\u1e6d anaw azayku sg tzrawt tafizikt aydd\u0263 tga yan uswingm izddign kigan d ur gis illi ufran n unmas." }, { "en": "Aristotle later created a systematic programme of teleological philosophy: Motion and change is described as the actualization of potentials already in things", "ber": " according to what types of things they are.", "null": [ "g yat tizi izrin isskr ari\u1e63\u1e6du yan u\u0263awas anbrid n tflsaft tafrrzant: ar ittusnummal umussu akd usnfl is da sugg\u02b7n nit g t\u0263awsiwin", " s wanawn nna illan lli xf tlla." ] }, { "en": "The Socratics also insisted that philosophy should be used to consider the practical question of the best way to live for a human being (a study Aristotle divided into ethics and political philosophy).", "ber": "mkinna gan i\u1e63uq\u1e5ba\u1e6diyn tamssumant \u1e25ma ad tssmrs tflsaft \u1e25ma ad tsmuqql g tmsart tamassant n illan g t\u0263arast ifulkin n tudrt xf kra n ufgan (tazrwt n a\u1e5bi\u1e63\u1e6du tb\u1e0da xf t\u0263ariwin d tflsaft tasrtant)." }, { "en": "Aristarchus's model was widely rejected because it was believed to violate the laws of physics.", "ber": "ittuyagi umdya n aristarkus kigan acku ikka ttin i\u0263al is da i\u1e5b\u1e93\u1e93a izrfan n ufizik." }, { "en": "John Philoponus", "ber": " a Byzantine scholar in the 500s", "null": [ " questioned Aristotle's teaching of physics", " noting its flaws.", "iga jun filubnus afaylasuf abizan\u1e6diy g tsutin n 500 dat n tlalit turda g usslmd n a\u1e5bi\u1e63\u1e6du i ufizik", " isskn imaladn nns." ] }, { "en": "Aristotle's four causes prescribed that the question why should be answered in four ways in order to explain things scientifically.", "ber": "\u2018\u2019timntilin s kku\u1e93 n a\u1e5bi\u1e63\u1e6du ar ttirin tt asdsi ad \u2018\u2019max\u2019\u2019 iqqand ad fllas itturar xf kku\u1e93 n t\u0263arasin afad ad ttusfrunt t\u0263awsiwin s yat tmamkt igan tamassant\u2019\u2019." }, { "en": "However", "ber": " Aristotle's original texts were eventually lost in Western Europe", "null": [ " and only one text by Plato was widely known", " the Timaeus", " which was the only Platonic dialogue", " and one of the few original works of classical natural philosophy", " available to Latin readers in the early Middle Ages.", "mqqar", " uccan i\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63n n a\u1e5bi\u1e63\u1e6du s tgira g u\u1e5bubba tudrimt", " d yan u\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63 n afla\u1e6dun nna ittawassan bahra", " tatimuriyt", " nna igan amsawal amyiwn n afla\u1e6dun. d yat sg twuriwin ti\u1e93u\u1e5bin idrusn n tflsaft tagamant taklasikiyt", " nna illan \u0263ur im\u0263ra ilatiniyn g izmaz inammasn n zikk." ] }, { "en": "Many Syriac translations were done by groups such as the Nestorians and Monophysites.", "ber": "kigan n tsu\u0263ulin tisuryalyyin sskrn ttn trubba zund inusturiyn d imunufiziyn." }, { "en": "p. 465: only when the influence of ibn al-Haytam and others on the mainstream of later medieval physical writings has been seriously investigated can Schramm's claim that ibn al-Haytam was the true founder of modern physics be evaluated.", "ber": "\u2018\u2019tasna 465: \u2018\u2019ur inni ad ittusitg ifukaln n ca\u1e5bam masd memmis n lhaytm ntta ad isrsn tirsal s tidt n ufizik atrar xs adday da ittazla usaggu s nniyt g u\u1e0di\u1e63 n memmis d wiyya\u1e0d g umzaz axatar n tirra tifizikiyin d yuckan g izmaz inammasn\u2019\u2019." }, { "en": "Avicenna's canon is considered to be one of the most important publications in medicine and they both contributed significantly to the practice of experimental medicine", "ber": " using clinical trials and experiments to back their claims.", "null": [ "tga t\u0263ruct n afisna yat sg tfif\u0263in n usujji issawhmman", " qqa\u1e25 nnsn iwsn kigan g tmskrt n usujji n anaram", " s ussmrs n trmitin n tisitanin d tirmitin n usdus n tfakultin nnsn." ] }, { "en": "In addition", "ber": " classical Greek texts started to be translated from Arabic and Greek into Latin", "null": [ " giving a higher level of scientific discussion in Western Europe.", "uggar n man aya", " issnti usu\u0263l n i\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63n iklasikiyn sg t\u025brabt tayunaniyt s tlatiniyt", " aynna ifkan yan uswir yattuyn n umrara amassan g u\u1e5bubba udrim." ] }, { "en": "Manuscript copies of Alhazen's Book of Optics also propagated across Europe before 1240", "ber": " as evidenced by its incorporation into Vitello's Perspectiva.", "null": [ "mkinna ittusn\u0263aln yan warra sg udlis \u2018\u2019l ahzan\u2019\u2019 n tsmaqqalin g id\u0263arn n u\u1e5bubba dat n usgg\u02b7as n 1240", " mkinna ifaw sg tuccurt g bir\u1e6du fitillu." ] }, { "en": "The influx of ancient texts caused the Renaissance of the 12th century and the flourishing of a synthesis of Catholicism and Aristotelianism known as Scholasticism in western Europe", "ber": " which became a new geographic center of science.", "null": [ "yiwi ubu\u0263lu n i\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63n izaykutn g uzmz n tnkra g tsutit tiss 12 d ubu\u0263lu n trabbut sg tkatulikiyt d tin a\u1e5bi\u1e63\u1e6du nna ittwassan s wassa\u0263 n taculastikiyt g u\u1e5bubba tudrimt", " nna idwln iga yan wammas aju\u0263rafiy amynu n tmassanin." ] }, { "en": "A model of vision later known as perspectivism was exploited and studied by the artists of the Renaissance.", "ber": "ttusmras tzrawt amdya n tannayt nna ittwassan s wassa\u0263 n umnad \u0263ur ina\u1e93u\u1e5bn n uzmz n tnkra." }, { "en": "This was based on a theorem that the orbital periods of the planets are longer as their orbs are farther from the centre of motion", "ber": " which he found not to agree with Ptolemy's model.", "null": [ "ibdda wad dar tmagunt lli ittinin masd tasutin n i\u1e25butn n itritn i\u0263zzifn masd assutl nns yaggug uggar n wammas n umussu", " nna yufan masd ur imsasa akd umdya n bu\u1e6dulmi." ] }, { "en": "He found that all the light from a single point of the scene was imaged at a single point at the back of the glass sphere.", "ber": "yufa masd asidd n tqiffit n yan sg imu\u0263la nna ittwa\u1e0da\u1e5bn g yat tqiffit g ugzzum n \u1e0da\u1e5bt sg twjja n jjaj." }, { "en": "Kepler did not reject Aristotelian metaphysics and described his work as a search for the Harmony of the Spheres.", "ber": "ur yugi kiblu\u1e5b tamitafiziqiyt ta\u1e5bis\u1e6duqratiyt isnumml tawuri nns mas iga arzzu xf tmsasit n yigran." }, { "en": "Galileo had used arguments from the Pope and put them in the voice of the simpleton in the work Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems", "ber": " which greatly offended Urban VIII.", "null": [ "\u2018\u2019issmrs galilu an\u1e93atn sg lbaba isrs tn g umslli n wunziln g twuri \u2019\u2019amsawal nna i\u1e93lin s imagawn ima\u1e0dlann ixatarn\u2019\u2019", " nna ur i\u1e25lin akd l\u1e25a\u1e0d\u1e5b wiss tam\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Descartes emphasized individual thought and argued that mathematics rather than geometry should be used in order to study nature.", "ber": "iduz dikart kigan xf uwwngm n umdan d im\u0263anna mas iqqan ad ttusmras tusnakt g tzrawt n ugama g wansa n tnzgit." }, { "en": "This new science began to see itself as describing laws of nature.", "ber": "\u2018\u2019tssnti tmassant ad tamaynut ar t\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba ixf nns mas da isnummal \u2018\u2019ilugan n ugama\u2019\u2019." }, { "en": "In the style of Francis Bacon", "ber": " Leibniz assumed that different types of things all work according to the same general laws of nature", "null": [ " with no special formal or final causes for each type of thing.", "g wammak n f\u1e5bansis bikun", " ifa labbinz turda n masd anawn imyanawn sg t\u0263awsiwin ar ssudunt qqa\u1e25 nnsn s mad illan g ilugan imatutn n ugama", " akd ala\u1e25 n yili n tmntilin tun\u1e63ibin n\u0263 timggura i\u1e93lin s ku anaw n t\u0263awsiwin." ] }, { "en": "In Bacon's words", "ber": " the real and legitimate goal of sciences is the endowment of human life with new inventions and riches", "null": [ " and he discouraged scientists from pursuing intangible philosophical or spiritual ideas", " which he believed contributed little to human happiness beyond the fume of subtle", " sublime", " or pleasing speculation.", "\u2018\u2019mkinna s as inna bikun", " \u2018\u2019awttas n ti\u1e0dt d us\u0263nun n tmassanin iga tfki n tudrt n ufgan akd imiggitn d tgrawlitin timaynutin\u2019\u2019", " swrn imassan xf u\u1e0dfu\u1e5b n twngimin n tflsaft n\u0263 n yiman tar akmam", " nna i\u0263aln is ur tfki \u0263as imik g tumrt n ufgan s wuggar n \u2018\u2019wunu\u0263 n txnddallast", " n\u0263 aswingm amsunfu\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Another important development was the popularization of science among an increasingly literate population.", "ber": "illa yan uzmz nni\u1e0dn issawhmman g usmata n tmassant gr imzda\u0263 nna ittlmadn ti\u0263ri d tirra s yat tmamkt iggudin." }, { "en": "Enlightenment philosophers chose a short history of scientific predecessors\u00a0\u2013 Galileo", "ber": " Boyle", "null": [ " and Newton principally\u00a0\u2013 as the guides and guarantors of their applications of the singular concept of nature and natural law to every physical and social field of the day.", "\u1e93lin ifaylasufn n usfaw g umzruy ag\u02b7zzal sg imzwura imassan-- galilu", " bwil", " d nyunutn g ixf n imzwura-- aydd\u0263 gan imnirn im\u1e0dagaln n uskkir n urmmus amdnan n ugama d ilugan n ugama g matta yigr ikmamn d inamunn g tizi ad." ] }, { "en": "Hume and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed a science of man", "ber": " which was expressed historically in works by authors including James Burnett", "null": [ " Adam Ferguson", " John Millar and William Robertson", " all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behaved in ancient and primitive cultures with a strong awareness of the determining forces of modernity.", "\u2018\u2019isbu\u0263la hyum d imswingmn wiyya\u1e0d d wiyya\u1e0d sg umsfaw iskutlandiyn \u2018\u2019tussna n ufgan\u2019\u2019", " nna isiwln fllas g umzruy g twuriwin \u0263ur imaratn g yamu jims burnit", " adam fir\u0263sun", " jun mila\u1e5b d wilyam rbrutsun", " d qqa\u1e25 nnsn skcmn tazrawt tamassant xf tmamkin n tmskrt n ufgan g tdlsiwin tizaykutin d afrak idusn g tmddasin iswuttan tamtrart\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Both John Herschel and William Whewell systematized methodology: the latter coined the term scientist.", "ber": "isskr jun hircl d wilyam wiwil d yat t\u0263arast tanagmant: issuf\u0263 umggaru ad irm n umassan." }, { "en": "Separately", "ber": " Gregor Mendel presented his paper", "null": [ " Versuche \u00fcber Pflanzenhybriden (Experiments on Plant Hybridization)", " in 1865", " which outlined the principles of biological inheritance", " serving as the basis for modern genetics.", "\u2018\u2019s yat tmamkt i\u1e93lin", " ifka jrijur mindl tifrt nns", " \u2018\u2019frisuc ubr biflanzinhibridin \u2018\u2019(\u2018\u2019tirmitin xf itthiyyan im\u0263ayn\u2019\u2019)", " g usgg\u02b7as n 1865", " nna izzrin imnzayn n uratiy abyulujiy", " nna iswurin zund tsila i tussniwin n takkusnt tatrart." ] }, { "en": "The phenomena that would allow the deconstruction of the atom were discovered in the last decade of the 19th century: the discovery of X-rays inspired the discovery of radioactivity.", "ber": "tumanin nna ittajjan ti\u1e5b\u1e5b\u1e93i n ifnuzn ufan g tifilit ad amggaru g tsutit n 19: tga twafit izn\u1e93a\u1e5bn isiniyn n u\u0263balu n twngimt n twafitin n tilal n im\u1e93n\u1e93ar." }, { "en": "In addition", "ber": " the extensive use of technological innovation stimulated by the wars of this century led to revolutions in transportation (automobiles and aircraft)", "null": [ " the development of ICBMs", " a space race", " and a nuclear arms race.", "uggar n man aya", " yiwi ussmrs iggutn n usnflul atiknulujiy nna akamn imn\u0263an n tsutit ad ndrnt tgrawliyin g yigran n usn\u0263l (tihirritin d taylalin)", " d usbu\u0263llu n (ICBM)", " d am\u1e25izwar n ujnna", " d um\u1e25izwar n usalf anawawiy." ] }, { "en": "The discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1964 led to a rejection of the Steady State theory of the universe in favor of the Big Bang theory of Georges Lema\u00eetre.", "ber": "tiwi twafit n i\u1e93n\u1e93a\u1e5bn n t\u0263r\u1e0din n ta\u1e6d\u1e6dangiwin tun\u0263idin tu\u0263zuranin g usgg\u02b7as n 1964 s wagi n ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n waddad i\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e63an n um\u0263rad i ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n ubb\u1e0day amqqran n jurj limatr." }, { "en": "Widespread use of integrated circuits in the last quarter of the 20th century combined with communications satellites led to a revolution in information technology and the rise of the global internet and mobile computing", "ber": " including smartphones.", "null": [ "yiwi ussmrs n t\u1e93iyya\u1e5bin ismdn g yan ud\u0263ar mqqurn g wiss kku\u1e93 amggaru g tsutit tiss 20 tama n imyawa\u1e0dn n tgrawla tatiknulujiyt n umlan d u\u0263lay ama\u1e0dlan n lantirnit d tmssudst ittmussun", " aynna g llan ttilifunat icwan." ] }, { "en": "Both natural and social sciences are empirical sciences", "ber": " as their knowledge is based on empirical observations and is capable of being tested for its validity by other researchers working under the same conditions.", "null": [ "timassanin tigamanin d tnamunin qqa\u1e25 gant akk\u02b7 yat amm yat d tmassanin tigamanin", " acku da ttnal s tannayin tinaramin d izmr ad ttu\u1e93layn s u\u0263zan nnsn \u0263ur imrza nni\u1e0dn iswurin g amm tmamkin." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " physical science can be subdivided into physics", "null": [ " chemistry", " astronomy", " and earth science.", "s umdya", " n\u0263y ad nb\u1e0du ifizikn s ifizikn d lkimya d tawssnitran d tusnakal." ] }, { "en": "Still", "ber": " philosophical perspectives", "null": [ " conjectures", " and presuppositions", " often overlooked", " remain necessary in natural science.", "mqqar", " gan imnadn iflsafiyn", " d isnummal", " d turdiwin nna bahra ittwattan", " tga anbraz g tmassanin tigamanin." ] }, { "en": "It includes mathematics", "ber": " systems theory", "null": [ " and theoretical computer science.", "tsmun tusnakt", " d tmaggit n imagawn", " d tussniwin n imssudas imi\u1e93i\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "The formal sciences are therefore a priori disciplines and because of this", "ber": " there is disagreement on whether they actually constitute a science.", "null": [ "mqqar d aynna\u0263 gant tmassanin tun\u1e63ibin d tm\u1e93layin izrin", " s tmntilt n maynna", " illa yan umzaray xf mas tga nit tmassant." ] }, { "en": "Engineering itself encompasses a range of more specialized fields of engineering", "ber": " each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of applied mathematics", "null": [ " science", " and types of application.", "tsmun tnzgit s ixf nns kigan n igran n tnzgit igan tim\u1e93lit uggar. qul nnsn akd usikl uggar slawan akk\u02b7 g yigran im\u1e93lay n tusnakt tusnikt d tmassanin d wanawn n isnisn." ] }, { "en": "he responded: Sir", "ber": " what is the use of a new-born child?.", "null": [ "irar: \u2018\u2019mass inu", " mad igan assmrs n urba d ilulan tigira ad?\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "This new explanation is used to make falsifiable predictions that are testable by experiment or observation.", "ber": "ar ittusmras aydd\u0263 n ussfru amaynu i tmggitin n isnimaln ilaqn n urjan izmr ad as ittug ustal s tirmit n\u0263 tannayt." }, { "en": "This is done partly through observation of natural phenomena", "ber": " but also through experimentation that tries to simulate natural events under controlled conditions as appropriate to the discipline (in the observational sciences", "null": [ " such as astronomy or geology", " a predicted observation might take the place of a controlled experiment).", "ar ittili man aya imik s imik sg tn\u1e0daft n tumanin tigamanin", " yili awd sg trimin nna ikkatn ad s\u0263lulun n izmuzzutn igamanin ddaw tmssutlin illan ddaw tn\u1e0daft s yat tmamkt d yusan (g tmassanin n imdi", " zund tawssnitran n\u0263 ljyulujiyya", " tzmr ad tasy tannayt i\u0263in ad yili g wansa n tirmit illan ddaw tnba\u1e0dt)." ] }, { "en": "If the hypothesis survived testing", "ber": " it may become adopted into the framework of a scientific theory", "null": [ " a logically reasoned", " self-consistent model or framework for describing the behavior of certain natural phenomena.", "mk tnjm turda sg ustal", " t\u0263y ad ttwa\u0263zan g uganza n tmagunt timassanin", " amdya ng aganza umgin d yusan n unmas \u1e25ma ad snumml timskrt n kra n tumanin tigamanin." ] }, { "en": "In that vein", "ber": " theories are formulated according to most of the same scientific principles as hypotheses.", "null": [ "g umnid ad", " da ttu\u1e63kant ti\u1e93i\u1e5bin s kigan n imnzayn n tussniwin s ixf nnsn zund turdiwin." ] }, { "en": "This can be achieved by careful experimental design", "ber": " transparency", "null": [ " and a thorough peer review process of the experimental results as well as any conclusions.", "izmr ad yili mkinna\u0263 sg umamk anaram amn\u0263ud", " d tmafawt", " d tamhlt d usmnid a\u0263zuran dar iqqrin n tyafutin tinaramin xf matta usflutn." ] }, { "en": "Statistics", "ber": " a branch of mathematics", "null": [ " is used to summarize and analyze data", " which allow scientists to assess the reliability and variability of their experimental results.", "ar ttusmrasnt tiddanin", " tga yan wanaw sg wanawn n tusnakt", " i usgzl d usfsi n ismmaln", " nna ittajjan n imassan n usitg inflsn d isnfaln n tyafutin tinarimin." ] }, { "en": "It can be contrasted with anti-realism", "ber": " the view that the success of science does not depend on it being accurate about unobservable entities such as electrons.", "null": [ "i\u0263y ad ttusmzazal s unmgal n tnlwit", " amurs n tussniwin ur ibddi xf ad id amn\u0263ud xf t\u0263awsiwin ur in\u025bddaln i ussmrs zund ayiliktruniyn." ] }, { "en": "There are different schools of thought in the philosophy of science.", "ber": "llant \u0263inna tinmal timyanawin g tflsaft n tussniwin." }, { "en": "This is necessary because the number of predictions those theories make is infinite", "ber": " which means that they cannot be known from the finite amount of evidence using deductive logic only.", "null": [ "man aya iqqan d xf wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun n turdiwin ur igin amggaru nna akkant tmagunin", " mad immalan mas d ur inni ad ittwassan sg wanct n inmmaln iswuttan s ussmrs n tungint n usflu day." ] }, { "en": "Critical rationalism is a contrasting 20th-century approach to science", "ber": " first defined by Austrian-British philosopher Karl Popper.", "null": [ "tlla tm\u0263zant ur i\u1e25lin yat t\u0263arast imgaln akd g tsutit tiss 20", " ittusnumml tikklt izwarn dar ufaylasuf anamsawiy ab\u1e5bi\u1e6daniy ka\u1e5bl bubr." ] }, { "en": "Popper proposed replacing verifiability with falsifiability as the landmark of scientific theories and replacing induction with falsification as the empirical method.", "ber": "ifka hubr tinmmalin xf tasult n uzrray xf tasult urjan zund aslmad sg idrizn n ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt timassanin akd d tmssumant xf urjan zund yat imiss anaram." }, { "en": "Another approach", "ber": " instrumentalism", "null": [ " emphasizes the utility of theories as instruments for explaining and predicting phenomena.", "illa yan wanaw nni\u1e0dn", " nna t igan d imiss", " ar ittduz xf tyafut n tmi\u1e93i\u1e5bin zund imassn n tumant d usnimal nns." ] }, { "en": "Close to instrumentalism is constructive empiricism", "ber": " according to which the main criterion for the success of a scientific theory is whether what it says about observable entities is true.", "null": [ "g tama n tnaramt idusn", " iga usfrn agjdan n umurs n tmagunt tamassant aynna kkan da ttinin xf im\u0263nawn d uynna i\u0263un ad ittuyannay s u\u0263zan." ] }, { "en": "Each paradigm has its own distinct questions", "ber": " aims", "null": [ " and interpretations.", "ku amdya dars isqsitn nns d iwttasn nns d issfrutn nna \u1e93a\u1e5b\u1e63 i\u1e93lin." ] }, { "en": "That is", "ber": " the choice of a new paradigm is based on observations", "null": [ " even though those observations are made against the background of the old paradigm.", "ku astay n kra n umdya amynu dars kigan n tannayin lli f ittu\u1e63ka", " mqqar gant tannayin nna ttufkan tt xf dffir n umdya azayku." ] }, { "en": "Its main point is that a difference between natural and supernatural explanations should be made and that science should be restricted methodologically to natural explanations.", "ber": "tlla tqiffit nns tagjdant g ulazm n usnu\u1e25yu gr issfrutn igaman d issfrutn nna izrin agama", "null": [ " d mas ix\u1e63\u1e63a ad tbidd tmassant g tarrayt nns xf issfrutn n ugama." ] }, { "en": "That is", "ber": " no theory is ever considered strictly certain as science accepts the concept of fallibilism.", "null": [ "ur inni ad ttusatg matta tmagunt illan d tasuttuyt acku tamassant da gis ittili urmmus n tzglt." ] }, { "en": "New scientific knowledge rarely results in vast changes in our understanding.", "ber": "ar bahra ttusfrunt tussniwin timassanin timaynutin s isnfiln imqqurn n urmmus nn\u0263." }, { "en": "Knowledge in science is gained by a gradual synthesis of information from different experiments by various researchers across different branches of science; it is more like a climb than a leap.", "ber": "ar ttuyama\u1e93 tussna g yigr n tussniwin sg yan umyar n imik s imik i tsnsilkimt sg trmitin imyanawn dar imrza imyanawn illan sg wayyawn n tmassanin", "null": [ " n\u0263 irwas ily sg yan waylal." ] }, { "en": "Philosopher Barry Stroud adds that", "ber": " although the best definition for knowledge is contested", "null": [ " being skeptical and entertaining the possibility that one is incorrect is compatible with being correct.", "isadf \u2018\u2019afaylasuf bari strud mqqar ittumgal usnml amufay n \u2018\u2019tussna\u2019\u2019", " tga issurdu d mrxiwt g tzmrt n ad ur i\u0263zin ufgan yusa d uynna g i\u0263zan\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "This is especially the case in the more macroscopic fields of science (e.g. psychology", "ber": " physical cosmology).", "null": [ "mkad ad iga waddad slawan akk\u02b7 g yigran n tmassanin nna bahra immrwasn (zund tiklisnt", " d tussniwin n umgrad", " d tussniwin n umgrad afizikiy)." ] }, { "en": "Since that time the total number of active periodicals has steadily increased.", "ber": "sg tizi nna\u0263", "null": [ " i\u0263li wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun amsmun n izmzan iswurin s tillugna." ] }, { "en": "Although the journals are in 39 languages", "ber": " 91 percent of the indexed articles are published in English.", "null": [ "mqqar da tffu\u0263n ts\u0263unin s 39 n tutlayt", " tlla gisn 91% sg imgradn ittuskturn da ttffu\u0263n s tutlayt tangliziyt." ] }, { "en": "Science magazines such as New Scientist", "ber": " Science & Vie", "null": [ " and Scientific American cater to the needs of a much wider readership and provide a non-technical summary of popular areas of research", " including notable discoveries and advances in certain fields of research.", "tis\u0263anin timassanin zund tussniwin timaynutinn", " d tudrt", " d tussniwin n mirikan ar tqqn bahra aynna ix\u1e63\u1e63an willi yaqqran ar takka yan usgzl ur igin atiqniy i yigran n urzzu imdnan", " aynna g amunt tnazufin isskm\u1e0dn g uzzigz g kra yigran n irzzutn." ] }, { "en": "Various types of commercial advertising", "ber": " ranging from hype to fraud", "null": [ " may fall into these categories.", "izmr ad kcmn kigan n wanawn imzarayn g tgrumma ad n il\u0263utn n insbabn", " illan gr umaggu d txndallast." ] }, { "en": "Many scientists pursue careers in various sectors of the economy such as academia", "ber": " industry", "null": [ " government", " and nonprofit organizations.", "kigan n imassan ar skarn tizzulanin g igran imyanawn n tdmsa zund immasn ikadimiyn d tmguri d tnba\u1e0dt d tmddast ur igin tin warraz." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " Christine Ladd (1847\u20131930) was able to enter a Ph.D. program as C. Ladd; Christine Kitty Ladd completed the requirements in 1882", "null": [ " but was awarded her degree only in 1926", " after a career which spanned the algebra of logic (see truth table)", " color vision", " and psychology.", "s umdya", " t\u0263y kristin lad (1930-1847) ad tkcm s u\u0263awas n dduktura s usntl n \u2018C. Ladd; tsmd kristin \u2018\u2019kiyti\u2019\u2019 lad aynna ix\u1e63\u1e63an g usgg\u02b7as n 1882", " maca ur \u1e6dumi\u1e93 tugga nns ar 1926", " dat n yat tazzult nna igan ajba\u1e5b n tungint (annay taratsa n ti\u1e0dt)", " d tannayt n ik\u02b7lan", " d taklilsnt\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "In the late 20th century", "ber": " active recruitment of women and elimination of institutional discrimination on the basis of sex greatly increased the number of women scientists", "null": [ " but large gender disparities remain in some fields; in the early 21st century over half of the new biologists were female", " while 80% of PhDs in physics are given to men.", "g igiriwin n tsutit tiss 20", " yiwi uswuri n tm\u0263art iggutn n d wala\u1e25 n usnu\u1e25yu n wanaw g usadf n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun n tm\u0263arin nna iswurin", " maca suln kigan n imzarayn iggutn gr wanawn g kra n yigran; g tzwuri n tstut tiss 21 iga wuggar n uzgn n imassan n tawssntudrt imynutn sg twtmin", " g tizi nna g da ttufka 80% n ddukturat g ufizik i irgazn." ] }, { "en": "Membership may be open to all", "ber": " may require possession of some scientific credentials", "null": [ " or may be an honor conferred by election.", "tzmr ad t\u1e5b\u1e93m tmslayt g wudm n umata", " n\u0263 t\u0263y ad tssutur ili n kra n warratn n uzzray n tmggit", " n\u0263 t\u0263y ad tg uddur nna akkant tfrnin." ] }, { "en": "Science policy thus deals with the entire domain of issues that involve the natural sciences.", "ber": "s man aya", "null": [ " ar \u1e6d\u1e6dam\u1e93 tsrtit tamssant tuggt n yigran d tmsarin nna i\u1e93lin s tmassanin tigamanin." ] }, { "en": "Prominent historical examples include the Great Wall of China", "ber": " completed over the course of two millennia through the state support of several dynasties", "null": [ " and the Grand Canal of the Yangtze River", " an immense feat of hydraulic engineering begun by Sunshu Ao (\u5b6b\u53d4\u6556 7th cent.", "sg imdyatn g umzruy illan g man aya agadir n \u1e63\u1e63in anm\u0263ur", " nna ismdn \u0263ur sin nd yif\u1e0dn n isgg\u02b7asn sg usdus n twunkt sg kigan n tawjiwin", " d u\u0263lal amqqran n wasif n yan\u0263itsi", " nna igan yat tqiffit ixatrn sg tnzgit tahidruliiyt nna isnti suncu a (7%)." ] }, { "en": "Such processes", "ber": " which are run by government", "null": [ " corporations", " or foundations", " allocate scarce funds.", "timggitin ad", " nna ttdblan tnba\u1e0dt n\u0263 timssurin n\u0263 timrsal", " nna as i\u1e93llin imik n idrimn idrusn." ] }, { "en": "The government funding proportion in certain industries is higher", "ber": " and it dominates research in social science and humanities.", "null": [ "as\u0263al n uss\u1e93\u1e5bf n tnba\u1e0dt g kra n tmggitin yattuyyn", " ar nit \u1e6d\u1e6dam\u1e93 irzzutn g tmassanin tinamunin d tmassanin tinfganin." ] }, { "en": "Many factors can act as facets of the politicization of science such as populist anti-intellectualism", "ber": " perceived threats to religious beliefs", "null": [ " postmodernist subjectivism", " and fear for business interests.", "zmrn kigan n imggit ad swurin zund tisggiwin \u1e25ma ad ssadfn tasrtit ammas n tussniwin zund tamdnant nna ur irin awngm", " d isdiddiyn iswlafn i\u0263aln", " d tfrikt n dat n tmtrart", " d tawda d tnafutin n tsbbabt." ] }, { "en": "An experiment is a procedure carried out to support or refute a hypothesis.", "ber": "tga tirmit yat tmggit nna ittuskarn g udus n\u0263 ti\u1e5b\u1e93i n kra n turda." }, { "en": "Experiments can raise test scores and help a student become more engaged and interested in the material they are learning", "ber": " especially when used over time.", "null": [ "zmrnt trmitin ad asint iswirn n istaln awsn am\u1e25da\u1e5b \u1e25ma ad idru uggar yasi anzgum n tmttin nna da ittlmad", " slawan akk\u02b7 adday da ttusmras akd uzrruy n tizi." ] }, { "en": "Experiments typically include controls", "ber": " which are designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the single independent variable.", "null": [ "ar bahra smunnt trmitin imuzurn nna ittugan afad ad sdrisn idrizn n imsnfaln n gar amsnfl i\u1e93lin iwa\u1e0du nns." ] }, { "en": "Researchers also use experimentation to test existing theories or new hypotheses to support or disprove them.", "ber": "mkinna da ssmrasn imrza tirmitin \u1e25ma ad armn ti\u1e93i\u1e5bin illan n\u0263 turdiwin timaynutin i isdusn nnsnt n\u0263 ti\u1e5b\u1e5b\u1e93i nnsnt." }, { "en": "If an experiment is carefully conducted", "ber": " the results usually either support or disprove the hypothesis.", "null": [ "mk tsskrt kra n tirmit s t\u0263\u1e0dft", " ar bahra tsdus tiyafutin n turda n\u0263 da tt t\u1e5b\u1e93\u1e93a." ] }, { "en": "In medicine and the social sciences", "ber": " the prevalence of experimental research varies widely across disciplines.", "null": [ "g usujji d tmassanin tinamunin", " tmzaray tiggidit n irzzutn inaramn yan umzaray mqqurn gr tm\u1e93layin." ] }, { "en": "A single study typically does not involve replications of the experiment", "ber": " but separate studies may be aggregated through systematic review and meta-analysis.", "null": [ "ur bahra da ikcim g tzrawt allas n tirmit", " maca i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad munnt tzrawin ib\u1e0dan sg usfsr anbrid d usfsi anaflla." ] }, { "en": "We may in this way eventually come to the truth that gratifies the heart and gradually and carefully reach the end at which certainty appears; while through criticism and caution we may seize the truth that dispels disagreement and resolves doubtful matters.", "ber": "illa ya\u0263 s uydd\u0263 n tmamkt ad nn nlkm g tgira tidt nna izziwizn ul ar nn tlkkm imik s imik s yat twlaft i\u1e5b\u1e63an ar tigira nna g la\u1e25 akk\u02b7 turda", "null": [ " g tizi nna g nzmr ad nenziz sg ufran d usmza\u0263 n tidt nna da isskarn asnu\u1e25yu ar tfssi timsarin nna g llant turdiwin." ] }, { "en": "In this process of critical consideration", "ber": " the man himself should not forget that he tends to subjective opinions\u2014through prejudices and leniency\u2014and thus has to be critical about his own way of building hypotheses.", "null": [ "\u2018\u2019g tmggit n tannayt tanfrant ad", " iqqan d f urgaz s ixf nns ad ur ittu is da ittddu xf tannayin n ixf nns - ammas n \u2018\u2019tudmawin\u2019\u2019 d \u2018\u2019mrxiwt\u2019\u2019- s man aya iqqn d ad ig anfran n tmamkt nns i\u1e93lin g tu\u1e63\u1e63ka n turdiwin\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Bacon wanted a method that relied on repeatable observations", "ber": " or experiments.", "null": [ "ira bikun yat tmamkt nna ibddan xf tannayin ittuyalasn", " n\u0263 tirmitin." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " Galileo Galilei (1564\u20131642) accurately measured time and experimented to make accurate measurements and conclusions about the speed of a falling body.", "null": [ "s umdya", " is\u0263al galilu galili (1564-1642) tizi s yat tmamkt tamn\u0263udt d ittuyaram \u1e25ma ad iskr is\u0263aln d usflutn imn\u0263udn s mad i\u1e93lin s t\u1e0du\u1e5bi n tazzit." ] }, { "en": "In some disciplines (e.g.", "ber": " psychology or political science)", "null": [ " a 'true experiment' is a method of social research in which there are two kinds of variables.", "g kra n tm\u1e93layin (zund tiklisnt n\u0263 tussniwin tisrtiwin)", " \u2018\u2019tirimt n tidt\u2019\u2019 ad igan ta\u0263arast n urzzu anamun nna g llan sin wanawn n imsnfaln." ] }, { "en": "A good example would be a drug trial.", "ber": "yan umdya ifulkin iga t tirimt n isduhdutn." }, { "en": "The results from replicate samples can often be averaged", "ber": " or if one of the replicates is obviously inconsistent with the results from the other samples", "null": [ " it can be discarded as being the result of an experimental error (some step of the test procedure may have been mistakenly omitted for that sample).", "g kigan n waddadn i\u1e93\u1e0dar unammas n tyafutin lli ittilin g tussifin nna ittuyalasn", " n\u0263 mk tga kra n yat sg tussifin ittuyalasn ur d tusu s ufaw akd tyafutin nna d ittusuf\u0263n sg tnssifin nni\u1e0dn", " izmr ad ttufln tt aydd\u0263 gan tt tiyafutin n tzglt tanaramt (\u025bni\u0263 qad gin kra n tsurifin n tmggit n ustal tkks yat tzglt i uynna\u0263 n tussift)." ] }, { "en": "A negative control is known to give a negative result.", "ber": "ar yakka wu\u1e6d\u1e6duf uzdir mkinna nssn yat tyafut tuzdirt." }, { "en": "Most often the value of the negative control is treated as a background value to subtract from the test sample results.", "ber": "\u2018\u2019ar bahra ittgga umuggu yat tindit n tiki\u1e5bi\u1e6d\u1e6d tuzdirt mas tga tindi\u2019\u2019 ti\u0263rdin\u2019\u2019 aydd\u0263 da takka tiyafutin n tussift n ustal\u2019\u2019." }, { "en": "Students might be given a fluid sample containing an unknown (to the student) amount of protein.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad ttufka yat tussift i im\u1e25\u1e0da\u1e5bn n im\u1e6d\u1e6di nna g tlla kra n tmakta ur ittwassan n lb\u1e5butin (im\u1e25\u1e0da\u1e5bn)." }, { "en": "Students could make several positive control samples containing various dilutions of the protein standard.", "ber": "zmrn im\u1e25\u1e0da\u1e5bn ad zzrin kigan n tussifin n wu\u1e6d\u1e6duf amalaw nna g llan kra n isdrisn imyanawn n isfrn n lb\u1e5butin." }, { "en": "The assay is a colorimetric assay in which a spectrophotometer can measure the amount of protein in samples by detecting a colored complex formed by the interaction of protein molecules and molecules of an added dye.", "ber": "tga tsnawayt yan umuggu n us\u0263al ablu\u1e5bi acku i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b i usbdad n i\u1e93\u1e5bi ad is\u0263l anct n lb\u1e5butin g tussifin s tbridt n azzray xf msmun n uk\u02b7lu nna ittu\u1e63kan sg umrara n tgzzumin n lb\u1e5bu\u1e6din d tgzzumin n wanaw ittusadfn." }, { "en": "In this case", "ber": " the experiment begins by creating two or more sample groups that are probabilistically equivalent", "null": [ " which means that measurements of traits should be similar among the groups and that the groups should respond in the same manner if given the same treatment.", "g waddad dd\u0263", " ag tssnti tirmit g t\u0263arast n usskar n snat n\u0263 uggar n trubba n tussifin nna igan tasm\u0263urt g tsga tamdut", " aynna immaln mas gan is\u0263aln n tfrdisin iqqn d ad ilin tt mmrwasn tt gr trubba d iqqnd ad ilint trubba da ttrarant s yat tmamkt mk darsnt yan umugg\u02b7u." ] }, { "en": "Once equivalent groups have been formed", "ber": " the experimenter tries to treat them identically except for the one variable that he or she wishes to isolate.", "null": [ "xs sg mad ttuskarnt trubba imsasan", " da ikkat umyurm ad fllasn tt izry s yat tmamkt nna g ur yamu yan umsnfal nna ittirin ad i\u1e93li." ] }, { "en": "This ensures that any effects on the volunteer are due to the treatment itself and are not a response to the knowledge that he is being treated.", "ber": "man aya da issgar masd isrizn nna illan xf umxas da ttdwal s ujijji s ixf nns d ur d arar xf tussna nna s da ittmuggu." }, { "en": "These hypotheses suggest reasons to explain a phenomenon", "ber": " or predict the results of an action.", "null": [ "ar a\u0263 akkant turdiwin timntilin n ussfru n kra n tumant", " n\u0263 asnimal n tyafutin n kra n tmggit." ] }, { "en": "The null hypothesis is that there is no explanation or predictive power of the phenomenon through the reasoning that is being investigated.", "ber": "d turda nna izgln tga tt mas ur illi awd yan ussfru n\u0263 tadusi n usnimal i tmggit ad sg tungint nna g da izrri usaggu." }, { "en": "To the degree possible", "ber": " they attempt to collect data for the system in such a way that contribution from all variables can be determined", "null": [ " and where the effects of variation in certain variables remain approximately constant so that the effects of other variables can be discerned.", "tmma\u0263", " ar awttu izmrn", " asmun n ismmaln n umagaw s yat tmamkt izmr ad iss tswuttut af\u1e5b\u1e5bu sg qqa\u1e25 n imsnfiln", " g tizi lli\u0263 g gan idrizn n kra n imsnfiln i\u1e93lin i\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e63an acku i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nsnu\u1e25yu gr idrizn n imsnfiln nni\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "Usually", "ber": " however", "null": [ " there is some correlation between these variables", " which reduces the reliability of natural experiments relative to what could be concluded if a controlled experiment were performed.", "maca ar bahra ittili yan uzday gr uydd\u0263 n imsnfiln", " aynna isdrisn sg tflst n tirimin tigamanin i uynna i usflu mk ttuskar tirmit ittuba\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " in astronomy it is clearly impossible", "null": [ " when testing the hypothesis Stars are collapsed clouds of hydrogen", " to start out with a giant cloud of hydrogen", " and then perform the experiment of waiting a few billion years for it to form a star.", "\u2018\u2019 s umdya", " g tmassanin n tu\u1e63\u1e0d\u1e5bunumt i\u1e0dhrn is yagum", " adday daittarm kra n turda \u2018\u2019itran gan isignw d i\u1e0d\u1e5bn sg uhid\u1e5bujin\u2019\u2019", " ad tssnti sg yat tsignut tamqqrant n uhidrujin", " \u025bad ad tmggit n tirmit n uggany kra n lbalayin n isgg\u02b7asn \u1e25ma ad i\u1e63ku itri\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "For this reason", "ber": " field experiments are sometimes seen as having higher external validity than laboratory experiments.", "null": [ "s tmntilt ad", " ar \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ban kra n tikkal tirimin n ubaraz mas tga mm twuri n b\u1e5b\u1e5ba tkka nnig tirimin n uramas." ] }, { "en": "In these situations", "ber": " observational studies have value because they often suggest hypotheses that can be tested with randomized experiments or by collecting fresh data.", "null": [ "g waddadn ad", " illa yan wuddur mqqurn \u0263ur tzrawin n umdi acku ar bahra takka turdiwin nna i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn ad ttuyaramnt akd tirimin irwin n\u0263 s tbridt n usmun ismmaln imaynutn." ] }, { "en": "In addition", "ber": " observational studies (e.g.", "null": [ " in biological or social systems) often involve variables that are difficult to quantify or control.", "uggar n man aya gant tzrawin n imdi (s umdya g imagaw ibyulujiyn n\u0263 tinamunin) ar tsmun kigan xf imsnfiln nna icqqa us\u0263al n wanc nns n\u0263 annb\u1e0d gis." ] }, { "en": "Without a statistical model that reflects an objective randomization", "ber": " the statistical analysis relies on a subjective model.", "null": [ "bla awd yan umdya taddadanit ittraran arway d usntl", " ibdda usfsi n tddadanit xf yan umdya n unmas." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " epidemiological studies of colon cancer consistently show beneficial correlations with broccoli consumption", "null": [ " while experiments find no benefit.", "s umdya", " ar ss\u1e0dharnt tizrawin tima\u1e0dunin n ufurray n lqulun abda tazdayt i\u0263udan akd tsmurt n uqulis", " g tizi nna g ur lint tirmin awd yat tyafut." ] }, { "en": "For any randomized trial", "ber": " some variation from the mean is expected", "null": [ " of course", " but the randomization ensures that the experimental groups have mean values that are close", " due to the central limit theorem and Markov's inequality.", "s mad i\u1e93lin s irwin", " \u0263in ad ilin \u0263inna kra n isnimaln n imzarayn sg wammas", " s u\u0263zan", " maca ab\u1e6d\u1e6du n mxamma da isggr mas llant \u0263ur trubba tinditin ilmalan", " d man aya iga tmntilt n ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n uwttu anammas d gar umsasa gr markuf." ] }, { "en": "To avoid conditions that render an experiment far less useful", "ber": " physicians conducting medical trials\u2014say for U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval\u2014quantify and randomize the covariates that can be identified.", "null": [ "\u1e25ma ad ttili tuggugt xf waddadn nna ittajjan tayafut n tirmit tdrus uggar", " ar swuttun imssgnaf nna isskarn tirimin n usujji -afad ad sn\u0263ln turagt n tnmahla n wuttci d usafar g mirikan- anct ar skarn mkinn\u0263 tifrisin nna i\u0263in ad tn iswuttun." ] }, { "en": "It is also generally unethical (and often illegal) to conduct randomized experiments on the effects of substandard or harmful treatments", "ber": " such as the effects of ingesting arsenic on human health.", "null": [ "mkinna ur igi sg t\u0263ariwin s umata (d gar azrfan g kigan n tikkal) timggit n tirimin irwin xf i\u1e0di\u1e63n nusujji nna g ur llin inawayn n\u0263 ixcn", " zund i\u1e0di\u1e0dn n wutci n uzirnij xf tdusi n ufgan." ] }, { "en": "A physics laboratory might contain a particle accelerator or vacuum chamber", "ber": " while a metallurgy laboratory could have apparatus for casting or refining metals or for testing their strength.", "null": [ "i\u0263y ad yili g usarm n ufizik xf tazzitin tim\u1e93\u1e93yanin bahra n\u0263 tam\u1e63\u1e5biyt n uqjdim", " g izi nna g i\u0263y ad yili g usarm n izu\u0263ar yan ungmam n yuyz n izu\u0263ar n\u0263 akaru nns n\u0263 irm n tdusi nns." ] }, { "en": "Scientists in other fields will use still other types of laboratories.", "ber": "qad smrsn imassan g yigran nni\u1e0dn sg usarmn." }, { "en": "Despite the underlying notion of the lab as a confined space for experts", "ber": " the term laboratory is also increasingly applied to workshop spaces such as Living Labs", "null": [ " Fab Labs", " or Hackerspaces", " in which people meet to work on societal problems or make prototypes", " working collaboratively or sharing resources.", "\u2018\u2019mqqar tlla twngimt tagjdant i usarm zund yan wansa ittufragn i imassan", " iga urmmus n \u2018\u2019asarm\u2019\u2019 da isskar s yat tmamkt ittzayasn g wansiwn n usawr n twuri zund isarmn n tudrt", " n\u0263 isarmn n fab", " n\u0263 isarmn n hakrsbs", " nna g ismun iwdan s twuri \u1e25ma ad ifsi imukrisn inamunn n\u0263 tiggi n imdyatn imzwura", " n\u0263 aswuri s tmamkt n umyawas n\u0263 amsb\u1e0du n isugam." ] }, { "en": "This laboratory was created when Pythagoras conducted an experiment about tones of sound and vibration of string.", "ber": "ittuskar uydd\u0263 n usarm lli\u0263 g iskr fita\u0263u\u1e5bs yat tirmit xf i\u0263nnijn n umslli d imussutn n ifili." }, { "en": "A 16th century underground alchemical laboratory was accidentally discovered in the year 2002.", "ber": "ittuyafa yan usarm akimawiy ddaw n wakal g tstutt tiss 16 s tzglt g usgg\u02b7as n 2002." }, { "en": "Laboratory hazards might include poisons; infectious agents; flammable", "ber": " explosive", "null": [ " or radioactive materials; moving machinery; extreme temperatures; lasers", " strong magnetic fields or high voltage.", "qad smunn isaramn n id hiddj", " d imggirtn n uzara", " d t\u0263awsiwin nna ilaqn i u\u0263us n\u0263 ab\u1e0day n\u0263 tinna issuddan", " d imassn ittmussun", " d tsk\u02b7dal n unr\u0263i yattuyn", " d llizr", " d igran n umi\u0263na\u1e6dis idusn n\u0263 iful\u1e6duriyn yattuyn." ] }, { "en": "The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States", "ber": " recognizing the unique characteristics of the laboratory workplace", "null": [ " has tailored a standard for occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in laboratories.", "tskr tnmhalt n tnfrut g mirikan", " s ugra nns s tm\u1e93layin i\u1e93lin g id\u0263arn n twuri tasarmant", " s usrrus n yan usfran n usmgal azzulan n tangiwin tikimawin icqqan g iramasn." ] }, { "en": "In determining the proper Chemical Hygiene Plan for a particular business or laboratory", "ber": " it is necessary to understand the requirements of the standard", "null": [ " evaluation of the current safety", " health and environmental practices and assessment of the hazards.", "adday ittusras us\u0263iws n tdusi takimawiyt d yusan i kra n twuri n\u0263 kra n urams", " iqqnd urmas n issuturn n usfrn d usatik n tmskirin nna illan \u0263ila n tnfrut d tdusi d twna\u1e0dt d usatig n imizitn." ] }, { "en": "Additionally", "ber": " third party review is also used to provide an objective outside view which provides a fresh look at areas and problems that may be taken for granted or overlooked due to habit.", "null": [ "\u2018\u2019uggar n man aya", " ar ittusmras n isfsarn n tsggiwin s k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt n ujba\u1e5b \u2018\u2019tannayt n b\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u2019\u2019 ams\u0263aru ar yakka yat tannayt tamaynut xf igran d imukrisn nna izmrn ad gint yat t\u0263awsa ifawn n\u0263 yan umcum s tmyurt\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Training is critical to the ongoing safe operation of the laboratory facility.", "ber": "illa yan wuddur mqqurn dar usanum aydd\u0263 izdi usswuri iflsn i tnafut n usarm." }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " one research group has a schedule where they conduct research on their own topic of interest for one day of the week", "null": [ " but for the rest they work on a given group project.", "s umdya", " dar kra n trubba timrza yat trtsa n wakud na g zzrayn kra n irzzutn xf isntal nna i\u1e93lin s yan wass g imalass", " maca i wiyya\u1e0d ar swurin g tmssntit n trabbut nni\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "A Locator is an employee of a Laboratory who is in charge of knowing where each member of the laboratory currently is", "ber": " based on a unique signal emitted from the badge of each staff member.", "null": [ "yan usmras n usarm i\u1e93lin xf tussna n wansa n ku agmam g usarm \u0263ila", " s uynna as tsskn tmuli tawlawalt nna d ittddun sg tmuli n ku asmras." ] }, { "en": "Through ethnographic studies", "ber": " one finding is that", "null": [ " among the personnel", " each class (researchers", " administrators...) has a different degree of entitlement", " which varies per laboratory.", "sg tzrawin tilitnugrafyin", " ar ttusgzalnt kra n tyafutin mas d ku tagrumma (imrza d inmhaln) da \u0263ursn ttilin s kra n tsk\u02b7fal imzarayn n tklalit", " nna da ittmzarayn s umzaray n usarm." ] }, { "en": "By looking at the various interactions among staff members", "ber": " we can determine their social position in the organization.", "null": [ "g ura\u025ba n kra n imggitn gr ims\u0263ann", " nzmr ad nswuttu ansa nnsn anamur g ungmam." ] }, { "en": "So a consequence of this social hierarchy is that the Locator discloses various degrees of information", "ber": " based on the staff member and their rights.", "null": [ "sg tyafutin n uzday n uzamug inamurn ad izzry wansa sg tskfal imzarayn n umlan", " g unna illan dar umswuri d izrfan nns." ] }, { "en": "Social hierarchy is also related to attitudes towards technologies.", "ber": "ar nn ilkkm uzday aazamugan anamun awd addadn sg wa\u1e93y n tatiknulujiyt." }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " a receptionist would view the badge as useful", "null": [ " as it would help them locate members of staff during the day.", "s umdya", " qad ira\u025ba usmras n usnbgi s tmatart is t\u0263uda", " acku qad tn taws g uswuttu n wansiwin n imswura g wass." ] }, { "en": "Staff members feel ill at ease when changing patterns of entitlement", "ber": " obligation", "null": [ " respect", " informal and formal hierarchy", " and more.", "ar syafan imswura s uzziwz asra g ttusnfaln tmamkin n wuklal", " d ibddi", " d uwqqr", " d uzday n uzamug ur igin un\u1e63ib d wun\u1e63ib", " d wiyya\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Nature", "ber": " in the broadest sense", "null": [ " is the natural", " physical", " material world or universe. ", "\u2018\u2019tagama", " s unamk nns mqqurn", " tga ama\u1e0dlan agaman", " akmam", " n\u0263 am\u0263rad." ] }, { "en": "Although humans are part of nature", "ber": " human activity is often understood as a separate category from other natural phenomena.", "null": [ "mqqar iga ufgan yan ug\u1e93\u1e93um sg ugama", " da tturmasnt tilal n ufgan g kigan n tikkal mas gan tigrumma i\u1e93lin xf tumanin tigamanin nni\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "The concept of nature as a whole", "ber": " the physical universe", "null": [ " is one of several expansions of the original notion; it began with certain core applications of the word \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 by pre-Socratic philosophers (though this word had a dynamic dimension then", " especially for Heraclitus)", " and has steadily gained currency ever since.", "iga urmmus n ugama qqa\u1e25", " am\u0263rad akmam", " yat sg kigan n isxitirn n urmmus a\u1e93u\u1e5ban", " tssnti s iskkirn ixatarn i\u1e93lin s tguri nna igan (\u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2) ifaylasufn dat n suq\u1e5ba\u1e6d (mqqar tga tguri dd\u0263 mm yat tindi tadinamikiyt g tizi nna\u0263", " slawan akk\u02b7 dar hiraklitus)", " d tum\u1e93 adrim nns tillugna sg uzmz nna." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " a vitalist vision of nature", "null": [ " closer to the presocratic one", " got reborn at the same time", " especially after Charles Darwin.", "mqqar d man aya", " tlmala tannayt n tudrt n ugama s tannayt tafilawt", " ttuyaraw d sg di\u0263 g yat tizi", " slawan akk\u02b7 dat n tcarlz darwin." ] }, { "en": "It is often taken to mean the natural environment or wilderness\u2014wild animals", "ber": " rocks", "null": [ " forest", " and in general those things that have not been substantially altered by human intervention", " or which persist despite human intervention.", "\u2018\u2019ar bahra ittgga unamk n \u2018\u2019tawna\u1e0dt tagamant\u2019\u2019 n\u0263 tasramant-imudar isnaramn", " i\u1e93\u1e5ban", " d taganin", " slawan akk\u02b7 ti\u0263awsiwin nna\u0263 nna ur ddji ittusnfaln kigan sg ukccum n ufgan", " n\u0263 tanna izdin mqqar fllas ikcm ufgan." ] }, { "en": "Its most prominent climatic features are its two large polar regions", "ber": " two relatively narrow temperate zones", "null": [ " and a wide equatorial tropical to subtropical region.", "sg idrizn nnns n unzwi sin wansiwn n isfaylutn mqqurnin", " d sin wansiwn i\u1e25lan inyaman imik", " d yan ud\u0263ar yastwan ixatrn ar d dru\u0263 istawa." ] }, { "en": "The remainder consists of continents and islands", "ber": " with most of the inhabited land in the Northern Hemisphere.", "null": [ "willi d i\u0263aman sg imn\u1e93awn d tgzirin", " d kigan n ikaln illan g uzgn n twjja ntagafayt." ] }, { "en": "The interior remains active", "ber": " with a thick layer of plastic mantle and an iron-filled core that generates a magnetic field.", "null": [ "ar bahra ittmussu wagns", " akd yan ubla\u1e0d izurn n lblastik d t\u0263yayt itk\u02b7arn s wuzzal nna ittarun yan yigr n ulday." ] }, { "en": "Rock units are first emplaced either by deposition onto the surface or intrude into the overlying rock.", "ber": "ar zwar zrrint zwar tfrdisin n i\u1e93\u1e5ban swa s t\u0263arast n usqullz xf yiggi n\u0263 akccum g i\u1e93\u1e5ban imunn." }, { "en": "Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere.", "ber": "iwint tilal n b\u1e5b\u1e5ba d ukswar s tu\u1e63\u1e63ka n tgniwt n ujnna agjdan." }, { "en": "Continents formed", "ber": " then broke up and reformed as the surface of Earth reshaped over hundreds of millions of years", "null": [ " occasionally combining to make a supercontinent.", "ttu\u1e63kan imn\u1e93awnn b\u1e0dunt ttus\u0263udunt akd wallas n tu\u1e63\u1e63ka n yiggi n wakal g kigan n timma\u1e0d n isgg\u02b7asn", " da ttmun kra n tikkal \u1e25ma ad tg amn\u1e93w imqqurn." ] }, { "en": "During the Neoproterozoic era", "ber": " freezing temperatures covered much of the Earth in glaciers and ice sheets.", "null": [ "g uzmz anyubrutruzumi", " dln t tsk\u02b7fal n unr\u0263i n ugris kigan g wakal g isaffn n ugris d iqcma\u1e25 n ugris." ] }, { "en": "The last mass extinction occurred some 66 million years ago", "ber": " when a meteorite collision probably triggered the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles", "null": [ " but spared small animals such as mammals.", "yili yan uzmuzzu nni\u1e0dn", " lli\u0263 g illa wuntal amgru dar dat n 66 n mlyun n usgg\u02b7as", " lli\u0263 g yiwi ungas n unayzak ad la\u1e25 i\u1e0dinu\u1e93u\u1e5bn akd ig\u1e0da\u1e0d d in\u2d41ma\u1e0d imqqrann nni\u1e0dn", " maca njmn imudar nni\u1e0dn nna da itte\u1e6d\u1e6ddn." ] }, { "en": "The subsequent advent of human life", "ber": " and the development of agriculture and further civilization allowed humans to affect the Earth more rapidly than any previous life form", "null": [ " affecting both the nature and quantity of other organisms as well as global climate.", "yujja yili n tudrt n ufgan g yat tizi nni\u1e0dn d ubu\u0263llu n tkrza d t\u0263rma nni\u1e0dn n ufgan ad i\u1e0di\u1e63 xf wakal s yat tazzla mqqurn uggar n tmamkin n tudrt nna izrin", " aynna i\u1e0di\u1e63n xf ugama d wanct n imidirn nni\u1e0dn iddrn ula anzwi ama\u1e0dlan." ] }, { "en": "The thin layer of gases that envelops the Earth is held in place by gravity.", "ber": "taggayt tusdidt n inbbazn nna da iddaln akla ttuyama\u1e93 s tinnuz\u0263a." }, { "en": "The ozone layer plays an important role in depleting the amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation that reaches the surface.", "ber": "ar tturar taggayt n luzun yan tilal mqqurn g ussmur n iznza\u1e5bn n nnig inibi nna da nn ittlkamn ijnna." }, { "en": "Terrestrial weather occurs almost exclusively in the lower part of the atmosphere", "ber": " and serves as a convective system for redistributing heat.", "null": [ "ar ittili unzwi n wakal s u\u1e93lay s udas g ugzzum amazdar g tgniwt n ujnna", " ar iswuri xf umagaw imunn akd ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n unr\u0263i." ] }, { "en": "Also", "ber": " without the redistributions of heat energy by the ocean currents and atmosphere", "null": [ " the tropics would be much hotter", " and the polar regions much colder.", "mkinna ur dars allas n ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bt n unr\u0263i s imzazn nna as issitgn d tgniwt", " maca gan wansiwn n i\u1e25bunn qad ilin r\u0263an uggar", " d id\u0263arn n isfaylutn r\u0263an uggar." ] }, { "en": "Surface vegetation has evolved a dependence on the seasonal variation of the weather", "ber": " and sudden changes lasting only a few years can have a dramatic effect", "null": [ " both on the vegetation and on the animals which depend on its growth for their food.", "tbu\u0263lla tduli n im\u0263ayn n yiggi aydd\u0263 illa usnu\u1e25yu n tsm\u1e93\u1e93uyt n unzwi", " d zmrn isnfiln im\u1e93uyn nna ittkkan kra n isgg\u02b7asn day ad dars yili yan u\u1e0di\u1e63 mqqurn", " swa xf tduli n im\u0263ayn n\u0263 xf imudar nna ibddan xf txitrt nnsn g umaddur nns." ] }, { "en": "Based on historical records", "ber": " the Earth is known to have undergone drastic climate changes in the past", "null": [ " including ice ages.", "g mad illan g izmmimn n umzruy", " ittawassan mas issn wakal kigan n isnfiln n unzwi sg i\u1e93u\u1e5ban g mad izrin", " amun awd izmz n ugris g man aya." ] }, { "en": "There are a number of such regions", "ber": " ranging from the tropical climate at the equator to the polar climate in the northern and southern extremes.", "null": [ "llan kigan n wansiwn", " ar ttnyuddu gr unzwi amadriy g tama n uzririg yastwan d unzwi n usfaylu g tfulin igafayn d iyffusn." ] }, { "en": "This exposure alternates as the Earth revolves in its orbit.", "ber": "ar ittmxalaf umgal ad akd wanna\u1e0d n wakal g wnsa n ub\u1e5b\u1e5bm nns." }, { "en": "Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface.", "ber": "dln waman sg 71% nnig wakal." }, { "en": "Smaller regions of the oceans are called seas", "ber": " gulfs", "null": [ " bays and other names.", "gan id\u0263arn m\u1e93\u1e93iyn g wassa\u0263 ammas n iftasn d yilln d talatin d ixlijn d wassa\u0263n nni\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "It is not known if Titan's lakes are fed by rivers", "ber": " though Titan's surface is carved by numerous river beds.", "null": [ "g mad ur ittwassan mas gan iylmamn n titan da tctta sg isaffn", " mqqa iga yiggi n titan nna ittunqacn s kigan n wusutn n wasif." ] }, { "en": "A wide variety of man-made bodies of water are classified as ponds", "ber": " including water gardens designed for aesthetic ornamentation", "null": [ " fish ponds designed for commercial fish breeding", " and solar ponds designed to store thermal energy.", "ar ittusmaln kigan n islfisn n waman nna i\u1e63ka ufgan mas gan imdwan", " nna g amunt awd turtitin n waman nn ittuskarn i us\u0263udu n wafulki", " d imdwan n islman ittugan i ussgmi n islman n tsbbabt", " d imdwan n tafugt i\u1e93lin s tuffra n ta\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bt n unr\u0263i." ] }, { "en": "Small rivers may also be called by several other names", "ber": " including stream", "null": [ " creek", " brook", " rivulet", " and rill; there is no general rule that defines what can be called a river.", "ar ttinin i isaffn m\u1e93\u1e93iynin kigan n wassa\u0263n nni\u1e0dn", " nna g llan awd trgg\u02b7in", " lxu\u1e5b", " d lb\u1e5buk", " d rrifulit", " d rril", " d ur tlli awd yan ulgam amataw nna da iswuttun aynna mi n\u0263y as nssl\u0263 asif." ] }, { "en": "The structure and composition is determined by various environmental factors that are interrelated.", "ber": "ar iswuttu wunu\u0263 d usmuttg iggitn n twna\u1e0dt imyanawn izdin." }, { "en": "Central to the ecosystem concept is the idea that living organisms interact with every other element in their local environment.", "ber": "sg t\u0263awsiwin tigjdanin i urmmus n umagaw a ikulujiy yat twngimt n mas da ttmyuggun im\u0263nawn iddrn akd ku afrdis nni\u1e0dn g twna\u1e0dt nns ad\u0263ran." }, { "en": "Life may also be said to be simply the characteristic state of organisms.", "ber": "mkinna nzmr ad nini mas tga tudrt s mrxiwt n waddad i\u1e93lin s im\u0263nawn n tudrt." }, { "en": "However", "ber": " not every definition of life considers all of these properties to be essential.", "null": [ "mqqar d maynna", " ur igi ku usnumml n tudrt aydd\u0263 n ifrdisn igjdann." ] }, { "en": "From the broadest geophysiological point of view", "ber": " the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships", "null": [ " including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere (rocks)", " hydrosphere (water)", " and atmosphere (air).", "sg tannayt n ljyufizikiy na im\u0263arn", "tga t\u0263arift tadurant yan umagaw anwna\u1e0d ama\u1e0dlan nna da issadafn qqa\u1e25 im\u0263nawn iddrn d tzdayin nnsn", " aynna g yamu umuggu nnsn akd ifrdisn n t\u0263arift n i\u1e93\u1e5ban", " d t\u0263ara n waman", " d tgniwt." ] }, { "en": "More than 2 million species of plant and animal life have been identified to date", "ber": " and estimates of the actual number of existing species range from several million to well over 50\u00a0million.", "null": [ "ittuswutta wuggar n 2 n id mlyun g wanawn n tudrt n im\u0263ayn d imudar ar \u0263ila", " ar nn ttlkamn turdiwin n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun amyagan n wanawn nna illan sg kigan n id mlyun ar uggar n 50 n id mlyun." ] }, { "en": "Species that were unable to adapt to the changing environment and competition from other life forms became extinct.", "ber": "ttwabbayn kigan n wanawn nna ur i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn ad simkn akd twna\u1e0dt tamsnfalt illan mgal n wunu\u0263n n tudrt nni\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "When basic forms of plant life developed the process of photosynthesis the sun's energy could be harvested to create conditions which allowed for more complex life forms.", "ber": "lli\u0263 g bu\u0263lan wunu\u0263n igjdann n tudrt n im\u0263ayn tirimt n usmdya n usidd", "null": [ " izmr ad nkks ta\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bt n tafugt \u1e25ma ad nsskr imrnutn nna ittajjan i wunu\u0263n n tudrt ad rwint uggar." ] }, { "en": "Microorganisms are single-celled organisms that are generally microscopic", "ber": " and smaller than the human eye can see.", "null": [ "gan im\u0263nawn usdidn isdn im\u0263nawn imyinawn n usib\u0263iy nna bahra igan asitaniy", " d um\u1e93\u1e93an akk\u02b7 nna mi t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ti\u1e6d\u1e6d n ufgan ad t t\u1e93\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "Their reproduction is both rapid and profuse.", "ber": "d tlisariyt isrban i\u0263adan g yat tiklit." }, { "en": "Since then", "ber": " it has become clear that the Plantae as originally defined included several unrelated groups", "null": [ " and the fungi and several groups of algae were removed to new kingdoms.", "sg tizi nna\u0263", " ifaw mas tga blan\u1e6da mkinna tt snummln g u\u1e93u\u1e5b mas tsmun akk\u02b7 kigan n trubba mi la\u1e25 azday", " twakkasn ig\u02b7rsaln d tuggt n idaln s iglditin timaynutin." ] }, { "en": "Among the many ways of classifying plants are by regional floras", "ber": " which", "null": [ " depending on the purpose of study", " can also include fossil flora", " remnants of plant life from a previous era.", "sg t\u0263arasin iggutn n usnmala n im\u0263ayn iga ttnt xf im\u0263ayn id\u0263rann", " nna da itbddan xf uwttas n tzrawt", " \u0263int awd ad gis ilin im\u0263aryn ittwa\u0263zan", " g ifrtuttuyn n tudrt n im\u0263ayn g uzmz nna izrin." ] }, { "en": "Some types of native flora actually have been introduced centuries ago by people migrating from one region or continent to another", "ber": " and become an integral part of the native", "null": [ " or natural flora of the place to which they were introduced.", "''kra n wanawn ''im\u0263ayn i\u1e93u\u1e5bann ''ttusadfn d sg dat n tisutin dar iwdan nna da ittmuddun sg wansa s wayya n\u0263 sg umn\u1e93aw s wayya\u1e0d", " ar tggan yan ugzzum sg igzzumn n im\u0263ayn i\u1e93u\u1e5bann", " n\u0263 im\u0263ayn igamann n wansa nna g d kcmn''." ] }, { "en": "Animals as a category have several characteristics that generally set them apart from other living things.", "ber": "lan kigan n tm\u1e93layin dar imudar i\u1e93iln nna tn ib\u1e6d\u1e6dutn s umata xf t\u0263awsiwin nni\u1e0dn iddrn." }, { "en": "They are also distinguished from plants", "ber": " algae", "null": [ " and fungi by lacking cell walls.", "mkinna da ttusnu\u1e25yu xf im\u0263ayn d idaln d ig\u02b7rsiln nni\u1e0dn sg ala\u1e25 n i\u0263rban n tlmiktin." ] }, { "en": "There is also typically an internal digestive chamber.", "ber": "ar bahra awd ttili yat tm\u1e63\u1e5biyt tumgant n wagns." }, { "en": "A 2020 study published in Nature found that anthropogenic mass (human-made materials) outweighs all living biomass on earth", "ber": " with plastic alone exceeding the mass of all land and marine animals combined.", "null": [ "tlkm tzrawt nna ittugan g usgg\u02b7as n 2020 g ts\u0263nt tagamant mas tga agudi n mddn ittuskarn g (tangiwin nna issk\u02b7n ufgan) tugr qqa\u1e25 agudi iwran iddrn xf wakal", " acku izri lblastik iwa\u1e0du nns tagudiyt n qqa\u1e25 imudar isramn d imudar n yill." ] }, { "en": "In spite of this progress", "ber": " however", "null": [ " the fate of human civilization remains closely linked to changes in the environment.", "mqqar illa uzzigz ad", " i\u0263ama umsdul n t\u0263rma tanfgant izdi yan uzday mqqurn s isnfiln g twna\u1e0dt." ] }, { "en": "Humans have contributed to the extinction of many plants and animals", "ber": " with roughly 1 million species threatened with extinction within decades.", "null": [ "yiws ufgan g wubuy n kigan n im\u0263ayn d imudar", " dar 1 mlyun n wanaw ad ittusdaddayn s wubuy g kra n tasirin." ] }, { "en": "This distorts market pricing of natural resources and at the same time leads to underinvestment in our natural assets.", "ber": "man aya da itt\u025bdam agadaz n isugam igaman ar awd ittawi g yat tizi s tdrsi n tsarwa g i\u1e93u\u1e5ban nn\u0263 inagamn." }, { "en": "Governments have not prevented these economic externalities.", "ber": "ur sbddin t tnba\u1e0din aydd\u0263 n imggitn idmsan n b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." }, { "en": "Some activities", "ber": " such as hunting and fishing", "null": [ " are used for both sustenance and leisure", " often by different people.", "d kra n tilal", " zund tagmrt d tgmrt n islman", " ar tn ssmrasn kra n mddn imyallan g kigan n tikkal \u1e25ma ad jb\u1e5bn d ufjjij." ] }, { "en": "That nature has been depicted and celebrated by so much art", "ber": " photography", "null": [ " poetry", " and other literature shows the strength with which many people associate nature and beauty.", "ittuswlaf uydd\u0263 n ugama d ussm\u0263r iss g kigan n t\u1e93u\u1e5biwin", " akd uswlf afutu\u0263rafiy", " d tmdyazt", " d kigan n t\u0263awsiwin nni\u1e0dn n tskliwin nna da is\u1e0dha\u1e5bn adwas nna izdin kigan n mddn akd wafulki." ] }, { "en": "Nature and wildness have been important subjects in various eras of world history.", "ber": "tga tgama ula tamkrra sin isntal issawhmman g yat tizi imyanawn g umzruy n uma\u1e0dal." }, { "en": "Although natural wonders are celebrated in the Psalms and the Book of Job", "ber": " wilderness portrayals in art became more prevalent in the 1800s", "null": [ " especially in the works of the Romantic movement.", "mqqar gan imkunn igamann nna s isfuglutn g bsalm d udlis n twuri", " dwlnt twlafin timslitin nna bahra ittwassan g 1800", " slawan akk\u02b7 g imassan n trumansiyt." ] }, { "en": "For this reason the most fundamental science is generally understood to be physics\u2014the name for which is still recognizable as meaning that it is the study of nature.", "ber": "''s tmntilt ad", "null": [ " ar tturmasnt nna igan adaslan uggar slawan akk\u02b7 is iga ''afizik''- d ntta iga assa\u0263 nna i\u0263in ad iqrra mas iga yat ''tzrawt tagamant''." ] }, { "en": "The visible components of the universe are now believed to compose only 4.9 percent of the total mass.", "ber": "ar tti\u0263il \u0263ila mas gan itmssukt ittuyannayn i i\u0263zwr dar 9.4% sg ugudiy n umata." }, { "en": "The behaviour of matter and energy throughout the observable universe appears to follow well-defined physical laws.", "ber": "i\u1e0dh\u1e5b is gan tmskrin n tangi d tazmrt g matta wansa illan g um\u0263rad nna izmrn ad ittuyannay da i\u1e0dffu\u1e5b izrfan ifizikn ittuswuttan kigan." }, { "en": "There is no discrete boundary between Earth's atmosphere and space", "ber": " as the atmosphere gradually attenuates with increasing altitude.", "null": [ "d ur llin iwtta nna i\u1e93lin gr tgniwt d wakal d ujnna", " acku da tsfsis tgniwt akd titit n ugnar." ] }, { "en": "There is also some gas", "ber": " plasma and dust", "null": [ " and small meteors.", "llan awd kra n unbbaz d lblazma d ug\u1e0d\u1e5bu\u1e5b", " d u\u1e0du am\u1e93\u1e93yan." ] }, { "en": "Although Earth is the only body within the solar system known to support life", "ber": " evidence suggests that in the distant past the planet Mars possessed bodies of liquid water on the surface.", "null": [ "mqqar iga wakal tazzit tamyiwnt illan ammas n umagaw n afugan nna ittwassan s usdus n tudrt", " maca ar mmaln inmmaln mas ikka ttin g mad izrin mcta aya", " masd llan nnig n watri n lmrrix tazzitin n waman." ] }, { "en": "If life exists at all on Mars", "ber": " it is most likely to be located underground where liquid water can still exist.", "null": [ "mk nit tlla tudrt nnig lmrrix", " tzwar d tilit nns ad tili g ddaw n wakal acku suln gis waman imsstan." ] }, { "en": "Observation is the active acquisition of information from a primary source.", "ber": "tannayt", "null": [ " iga tt ulkam ikrudn xf umlan g yan usag\u02b7m agjdan." ] }, { "en": "The use of measurement developed to allow recording and comparison of observations made at different times and places", "ber": " by different people.", "null": [ "assmrs n us\u0263al amtrar ad yajj s ikalas d uzmzazal n tannayin nna da ittilin idsnt tikkal d wansiwn imyanawn \u0263ur kra n iwdan imyanawn." ] }, { "en": "In measurement the number of standard units which is equal to the observation is counted.", "ber": "g us\u0263al", "null": [ " da ttu\u1e63\u1e63i\u1e6dnt u\u1e6d\u1e6dun n tfrdisin n us\u0263al nna d yusan akd tannayt." ] }, { "en": "Scientific instruments were developed to aid human abilities of observation", "ber": " such as weighing scales", "null": [ " clocks", " telescopes", " microscopes", " thermometers", " cameras", " and tape recorders", " and also translate into perceptible form events that are unobservable by the senses", " such as indicator dyes", " voltmeters", " spectrometers", " infrared cameras", " oscilloscopes", " interferometers", " geiger counters", " and radio receivers.", "ttustrarn imassn n tmassanin \u1e25ma ad awsn tizmmar tinfganin g yigr n tn\u1e0daft", " zund imssatln n ta\u1e93iyt", " d tsragin", " d ttiliskubbat", " d tisit", " d imssatln n unr\u0263i", " d lkami\u1e5bat", " d imzmmemn n tsfifin", " mkinna ttusa\u0263ln s izmuzzutn n utam nna ur innin ad ttusmras s isyafatn", " zund tun\u0263a n tfucay", " d imassn n us\u0263al n ufultmitr." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " it is not normally possible to check the air pressure in an automobile tire without letting out some of the air", "null": [ " thereby changing the pressure.", "s umdya", " ur ilaq uzzray n tmyurt n usiwr n uzwu g tlakat n thrrit mk ur nuri kra n uzwu", " \u1e25ma ad nsnfl asiwr." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " in the twin paradox one twin goes on a trip near the speed of light and comes home younger than the twin who stayed at home.", "null": [ "s umdya", " g usmzazal n ukniw da ittddu yan ukniw g yat tnyuddut g tama n tazzla n usidd ar d ittdwal im\u1e93\u1e93iy \u0263r taddart uggar n ukniw nna igawrn g taddart." ] }, { "en": "Quantum mechanics: In quantum mechanics", "ber": " which deals with the behavior of very small objects", "null": [ " it is not possible to observe a system without changing the system", " and the observer must be considered part of the system being observed.", "''kantum tamikanikiyt: g kantum tamikanikiyt nna da ittmraran akd tmskrt n tzzitin nna bahra im\u1e93\u1e93iyn", " ur inni ad nanny amagaw mk ur nsnfil amagaw", " d iqqan d ad ig ''un\u1e0daf'' yan ugzzum sg umagaw nna ittuyannayn\u2019\u2019" ] }, { "en": "Human perception occurs by a complex", "ber": " unconscious process of abstraction", "null": [ " in which certain details of the incoming sense data are noticed and remembered", " and the rest forgotten.", "da ittili utam n ufgan g tmggit n wukus irwin d ur igin tafrakt", " acku da tt\u0263ima ar ittuyannay ar d iktti kra n ifruruyn n isnummaln n tufrayin nna illan", " ar ittwattu uynna\u0263 nni\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "Later when events are remembered", "ber": " memory gaps may even be filled by plausible data the mind makes up to fit the model; this is called reconstructive memory.", "null": [ "''g yan uzmz nni\u1e0dn", " asra g d nkty izmuzzutn", " qad ttufkan warratn n tmktit ''i\u0263zan'' nna da itgga unlli \u1e25ma ad yas d umdya", " man aya da ittusmma timktit n wallas n tu\u1e63\u1e63ka''." ] }, { "en": "In psychology", "ber": " this is called confirmation bias.", "null": [ "man aya illa s wassa\u0263 tudmawit d usuttuy g tklisnt." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " let us suppose that an observer sees a parent beat their child; and consequently may observe that such an action is either good or bad.", "null": [ "s umdya", " adj at a\u0263 ad nini masd yan sg in\u1e0dafn da i\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba yan sg imarawn da ikkat arba nnsn", " s man aya izmr ad yannay aydd\u0263 nna iga is i\u0263uda n\u0263 ur i\u1e25li." ] }, { "en": "Research is creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge.", "ber": "''iga ''urzzu'' yat twuri n usnflul anbrid nna ittuskarn \u1e25ma ad ssilin anct n tussna''" }, { "en": "To test the validity of instruments", "ber": " procedures", "null": [ " or experiments", " research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole.", "\u1e25ma ad n\u1e93liy tadusi n imassn n\u0263 timggitin n\u0263 tiramin", " \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn irzzutn ad alsn i ifrdisn izrin n\u0263 asnfar ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba." ] }, { "en": "This material is of a primary-source character.", "ber": "gant tmttiwin ad mm yan u\u0263balu amzwaru." }, { "en": "In experimental work", "ber": " it typically involves direct or indirect observation of the researched subject(s)", "null": [ " e.g.", " in the laboratory or in the field", " documents the methodology", " results", " and conclusions of an experiment or set of experiments", " or offers a novel interpretation of previous results.", "g twuri tanarm", " ismun kigan n tannayin tusridin n\u0263 tinna ur igin tusridin n kra n usntl nna g urzzu nns", " s umdya", " g usarm n\u0263 abaraz", " d untam n tbridt d tyafutin akd isfluyn n tirimin n\u0263 kigan n tirimin", " n\u0263 tikki n ussffru amaynu n tyafutin izrin." ] }, { "en": "The degree of originality of the research is among major criteria for articles to be published in academic journals and usually established by means of peer review.", "ber": "task\u02b7flt n tzdgi n urzzu ad igan sg isfrn ixatarn i imgradn nna da ittusfsarn g yigran ikadimiyn ar ttuskar kigan n tikkal xf ussfsr n iqqrinn." }, { "en": "This research provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of the nature and the properties of the world.", "ber": "ar yakka urzzu ad kigan n in\u0263misn d tm\u1e93\u1e5bitin timssnawin nna issfrun anaw n uma\u1e0dal d tm\u1e93lay nns." }, { "en": "Scientific research can be subdivided into different classifications according to their academic and application disciplines.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad ittwab\u1e0du urzzu amassan xf wanawn imyanawn xf tm\u1e93lay nnstikadimiyin d usnis." }, { "en": "Humanities scholars usually do not search for the ultimate correct answer to a question", "ber": " but instead", "null": [ " explore the issues and details that surround it.", "ar bahra siggiln imassan n tmassanin tinfganin xf kra tmrarut ur izgiln tamggarut xf kra usqsi", " n\u0263 ar snflulun kra g wansa n tmntilin d ifrdisn nna as ittin." ] }, { "en": "Historians use primary sources and other evidence to systematically investigate a topic", "ber": " and then to write histories in the form of accounts of the past.", "null": [ "ar ssmrasn imzzezruyn i\u0263bula imzwura d kra nni\u1e0dn n in\u1e93atn \u1e25ma ad ilkm s yat tmamkt tanbridt g kra n usntl", " ilmma tirra n umzruy zund imimi\u1e0dan izrin." ] }, { "en": "The research will have to be justified by linking its importance to already existing knowledge about the topic.", "ber": "iqqand ad i\u1e93li urzzu s uzday n watig nns s tussniwin nna illa nit g usntl." }, { "en": "Generally", "ber": " a hypothesis is used to make predictions that can be tested by observing the outcome of an experiment.", "null": [ "s umata", " da ttusmras turda afad ad gin isnmaln nna izmrn ad ttustaln g adday da ttu\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du tyafut n tirimt." ] }, { "en": "This careful language is used because researchers recognize that alternative hypotheses may also be consistent with the observations.", "ber": "ar ttusmras tutlayt ad tun\u0263idt acku ssn imrza mas d zmrn turdiwin \u0263int ad zdint akd tannayin awd." }, { "en": "As the accuracy of observation improves with time", "ber": " the hypothesis may no longer provide an accurate prediction.", "null": [ "akd u\u0263udu n tnnayt s dat n tizi", " tzmr ar ur iqqim usnimal amn\u0263ud \u0263ur turda." ] }, { "en": "Artistic research has been defined by the School of Dance and Circus (Dans och Cirkush\u00f6gskolan", "ber": " DOCH)", "null": [ " Stockholm in the following manner \u2013 Artistic research is to investigate and test with the purpose of gaining knowledge within and for our artistic disciplines.", "\u2018\u2019ttunmaln irzzutn n t\u1e93u\u1e5bi sg dar tinml n urkaz d usirk g stukhulm s tmamkt ad: \u2018\u2019arzzu n t\u1e93u\u1e5bi iga uzzray d ustal \u1e25ma ad amzn tussna ammas n tm\u1e93layin n t\u1e93u\u1e5bi d xf uynna\u0263\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Artistic research aims to enhance knowledge and understanding with presentation of the arts.", "ber": "da kkatnt irzzutn n t\u1e93u\u1e5bi ad sdusn tussna d urmmus akd usfsr n t\u1e93u\u1e5bi." }, { "en": "According to artist Hakan Topal", "ber": " in artistic research", "null": [ " perhaps more so than other disciplines", " intuition is utilized as a method to identify a wide range of new and unexpected productive modalities.", "dar una\u1e93u\u1e5b han tubal", " g irzzutn n t\u1e93u\u1e5bi", " \u2018\u2019\u025bni\u0263 uggar nns g tm\u1e93layin", " ar ttusmras twngimt zund yat t\u0263arst n uswttu n kigan n tbridin timaynutin n usnflul nna ur ittudmin\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Background research could include", "ber": " for example", "null": [ " geographical or procedural research.", "\u0263in ad smunn irzzutn ixatarn s umdya", " irzzutn ij\u0263rafiyn n\u0263 amaxfan." ] }, { "en": "The literature review identifies flaws or holes in previous research which provides justification for the study.", "ber": "ar iswuttu usfsr n tsklanin udmawn n uqu\u1e0de\u1e0d n\u0263 n tbbaydarin n irzzutn izrin nna yakkatn timcucca\u1e0d n tzrawt." }, { "en": "The research question may be parallel to the hypothesis.", "ber": "tzmr ad tmsasa tmsart n urzzu akd turda." }, { "en": "The researcher(s) then analyzes and interprets the data via a variety of statistical methods", "ber": " engaging in what is known as empirical research.", "null": [ "ilmma ar isfsay umrzu d ar issfru isfka s kigan n tbridin imyanawn n tsnmtayin", " d udru g uynna mi ttinin irzzuntn inaramn." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " some researchers advocate for the reverse approach: starting with articulating findings and discussion of them", "null": [ " moving up to identification of a research problem that emerges in the findings and literature review.", "''mqqar d mayan", " ar ttraran kra n imrza xf ubrid amgal: g umzwaru ar ittili usfaw n tyafutin d umrara nnsnt", " d ummuty s ''uswttu n tmukrist n urzzu nna da ittbayan g us\u1e0dhr n tyafutin n tskla''." ] }, { "en": "Qualitative research is often used as a method of exploratory research as a basis for later quantitative research hypotheses.", "ber": "ar bahra ittusmras urzzu amanaw zund yat t\u0263arast n urzzu n usnubbc zund tirslt n turdiwin n urzzu anctan d yuckan." }, { "en": "Quantitative research is linked with the philosophical and theoretical stance of positivism.", "ber": "arzzu anctan izdi s waddad aflsaf d umi\u1e93i\u1e5b n ud\u0263a." }, { "en": "Quantitative research is concerned with testing hypotheses derived from theory or being able to estimate the size of a phenomenon of interest.", "ber": "ar tt ittawi urzzu anctan g ustal n turdiwin nna d iddan sg tmi\u1e93i\u1e5bt n\u0263 tazmrt n imil\u0263 n uksay n tumant." }, { "en": "If the intent is to generalize from the research participants to a larger population", "ber": " the researcher will employ probability sampling to select participants.", "null": [ "mk iga uwttas asmata sg imdrawn g urzzu xf wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun iggutn n imzda\u0263", " qad issmras urzzu tussifin ti\u1e0dakadin \u1e25ma ad stin imadrawn." ] }, { "en": "Secondary data is data that already exists", "ber": " such as census data", "null": [ " which can be re-used for the research.", "ismmaln isinann gan tn ismmal nna nik illan", " zund ismmaln n uswjd", " nna i\u0263in ad ttusmras tikklt ya\u1e0dn g urzzu." ] }, { "en": "This method has benefits that using one method alone cannot offer.", "ber": "s aydd\u0263 n t\u0263arast kigan n tyafutin ur inni ad tn ifk ussmrs n yat t\u0263arast iwa\u1e0du nns." }, { "en": "Non-empirical research is not an absolute alternative to empirical research because they may be used together to strengthen a research approach.", "ber": "irzzutn ur igin inaramn ur gin imkkisi n irzzut inaramn acku izmr ad ttusmrasn qqa\u1e25 s sin \u1e25ma ad uttusdus tbridt n urzzu." }, { "en": "The management of research ethics is inconsistent across countries and there is no universally accepted approach to how it should be addressed.", "ber": "tamhla n t\u0263ariwin n urzzu ur t\u1e93\u1e0di gr tmizar d ur tlli awd yat t\u0263arast i\u0263zann g uma\u1e0dal xf tmamkt n us\u0263udu nns." }, { "en": "Regardless of approach", "ber": " the application of ethical theory to specific controversial topics is known as applied ethics and research ethics can be viewed as a form of applied ethics because ethical theory is applied in real-world research scenarios.", "null": [ "s mkinna tra tgt t\u0263arast n u\u1e0dfu\u1e5b", " illa uskkir n tirmit ta\u0263arnt g isntal i\u1e93lin g umrara d m\u0263nna imqqurn", " ittwassan s t\u0263ariwin tusnisinin d t\u0263ariwin n urzzu izmr ad ig yan wunu\u0263 sg wunu\u0263n n t\u0263ariwin tusnisinin acku da ttili tm\u1e93\u1e5bit ta\u0263arant g jaj n isinaryutn n irzzutn g uma\u1e0dal n tidt." ] }, { "en": "Research ethics is most developed as a concept in medical research", "ber": " the most notable Code being the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki.", "null": [ "t\u0263ariwin n urzzu ar bahra ittbu\u0263llun zund armmus g irzzutn n usggnaf", " d tgriwt tamqqrant tga tt ul\u0263u n hilinski g usgg\u02b7as n 1964." ] }, { "en": "Meta-research concerns itself with the detection of bias", "ber": " methodological flaws", "null": [ " and other errors and inefficiencies.", "\u1e93lin irzzutn n uflla s uzzray n tudmawin", " d imladn n tarrayt", " ula kra nni\u1e0dn sg tzggal ula asqu\u1e0de\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Periphery scholars face the challenges of exclusion and linguicism in research and academic publication.", "ber": "ar ttnaln imrza kigan n tbbay\u1e0da\u1e5bin d tuggugt d tutlayant g urzzu d usfsr akadimiy." }, { "en": "For comparative politics", "ber": " Western countries are over-represented in single-country studies", "null": [ " with heavy emphasis on Western Europe", " Canada", " Australia", " and New Zealand.", "s mad i\u1e93lin s tsrtitin n usmzazal", " ttusmdaynt tmura tudrimin yan usmdya iggutn g tzrawin n yat tmazirt", " akd ussikl yattuyn g u\u1e5bubba tudrimt d kana\u1e0da ula ustralya d nyuzilanda." ] }, { "en": "Studies with a narrow scope can result in a lack of generalizability", "ber": " meaning that the results may not be applicable to other populations or regions.", "null": [ "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bnt tzrawin nna mi inyaman wansa s ula\u1e25 n tnmrawt n usmata", " aynna yakkan tiyafutin nna ur innin ad d tas xf imzda\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Usually", "ber": " the peer review process involves experts in the same field who are consulted by editors to give a review of the scholarly works produced by a colleague of theirs from an unbiased and impartial point of view", "null": [ " and this is usually done free of charge.", "kigan n tikkal ad tsmun tmggit n usmnid n imassan n yan yigr ar tn ttcawa\u1e5bn imaratn \u1e25ma ad sskrn yan usmnid i twuriwin timassanin nna d issuf\u0263 yan umddak\u02b7l nnsn sg yat tsga ur igin tudmawant i\u1e93lin", " ar bahra ittili mynna s ubnnan." ] }, { "en": "For instance", "ber": " most indigenous communities consider that access to certain information proper to the group should be determined by relationships.", "null": [ "s umdya", " gan kigan n imunn n imzda\u0263n i\u1e93u\u1e5bann masd alkam n ismman i\u1e93lin d yusan akd trabbut iqqand ad tt swuttunt tzdayin." ] }, { "en": "The system varies widely by field and is also always changing", "ber": " if often slowly.", "null": [ "imyalla imagawn yan umyalla imqqurn g unna illan g ubaraz", " mkinna da ittusnfal abda", " mk ya\u0263 sl\u1e25il g kigan n tikkal." ] }, { "en": "These forms of research can be found in databases explicitly for theses and dissertations.", "ber": "izmr ad yaf kigan aydd\u0263 n wunu\u0263n g irzzutn g tsila n ismmaln s tidt n irzzutn n dduktura." }, { "en": "The kinds of publications that are accepted as contributions of knowledge or research vary greatly between fields", "ber": " from the print to the electronic format.", "null": [ "ar ttmziriyn wanawn n tfif\u0263in izrin zund af\u1e5b\u1e5bu g tussniwin n\u0263 irzzutn yan umziray mqqurn gr igran", " sg usigz s wunu\u0263 aliktruniy." ] }, { "en": "Business models are different in the electronic environment.", "ber": "d imdyatn n twuriwin n tsbbabt myanawnt g twnna\u1e0dt tlilktruniyt." }, { "en": "Many senior researchers (such as group leaders) spend a significant amount of their time applying for grants for research funds.", "ber": "ar akkan kigan n imrza ixatarn (zund indadn n trubba) yan wanct mqqurn g tizi nnsn g tutra n tikkitin \u1e25ma ad am\u1e93n idrimn n isnubbucn." }, { "en": "The scientific method is an empirical method of acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century (with notable practitioners in previous centuries).", "ber": "tamamkt tamassant tga yat tmamkt tanaramt g yim\u1e93 n tussna nna i\u1e93lin abu\u0263lu n tussniwin sg dar tsutit tiss 17 (akd imskirn ixatarn g tsutitin izrin)." }, { "en": "These are principles of the scientific method", "ber": " as distinguished from a definitive series of steps applicable to all scientific enterprises.", "null": [ "wid ad gan isntitn n t\u0263arast tamassant", " nna i\u1e93llin xf yat trabbut tamggarut sg tsurifin nna ittwasskarn xf kigan n tmrsal timassanin." ] }, { "en": "A hypothesis is a conjecture", "ber": " based on knowledge obtained while seeking answers to the question.", "null": [ "tga turda yan uswingm nna ittu\u1e63kan xf tussna nna ittuyama\u1e93n g tizi n urzzu xf tmrarutin xf usqsi." ] }, { "en": "There are difficulties in a formulaic statement of method", "ber": " however.", "null": [ "maca llant cigan n tbbay\u1e0da\u1e5bin g usrrus n usmmal n tl\u0263iwin i tmamkt." ] }, { "en": "The term scientific method emerged in the 19th century", "ber": " when a significant institutional development of science was taking place and terminologies establishing clear boundaries between science and non-science", "null": [ " such as scientist and pseudoscience", " appeared.", "''iff\u0263 d urmmus n ''ta\u0263arast tamassant'' g tsutit tiss 19", " dda g da ittili yan ubu\u0263llu g mrsal tixatarin g tmassanin", " ffu\u0263n d kra n irmmusn nna da iswuttun yan uswuttu anafaw gr tusniwiwin d gar tussniwin", " zund ''amassan'' d ''tusniwinur tt igin''." ] }, { "en": "Gauch 2003", "ber": " and Tow 2010 disagree with Feyerabend's claim; problem solvers", "null": [ " and researchers are to be prudent with their resources during their inquiry.", "ar ittmziriy jutc 2003 d tu 2010 akd uxatar n fayrabnd", " ar ttraran imrza ta\u0263\u1e0dft adday da zzrayn xf isugam nnsn." ] }, { "en": "Philosophers Robert Nola and Howard Sankey", "ber": " in their 2007 book Theories of Scientific Method", "null": [ " said that debates over scientific method continue", " and argued that Feyerabend", " despite the title of Against Method", " accepted certain rules of method and attempted to justify those rules with a meta methodology.", "inna ufaylasuf rubrt nula d haward sanki", " ammas n udlis nnsn g usgg\u02b7as n 2007 tim\u1e93\u1e5bitin n tbridt tamassant", " zdin imraratn xf ubrid amassan izdin", " m\u0263annan mas d fayrabnd mqqar illa uzwl nns mgal n t\u0263arast", " ira kra sg ilugan i\u1e93lin sg tbridt yarm ad ifk imcaccu\u1e0dn xf ilugan nna s t\u0263arast tanafllat." ] }, { "en": "The ubiquitous element in the scientific method is empiricism.", "ber": "tga tirmit yan ufrdis axatar g tmamkt tamassant." }, { "en": "The scientific method counters claims that revelation", "ber": " political or religious dogma", "null": [ " appeals to tradition", " commonly held beliefs", " common sense", " or currently held theories pose the only possible means of demonstrating truth.", "ar ittini wammak amassan mas iga wazzray yan imiss amyiwn i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn ad iwc tidt n is\u0263ann n tsrtit", " n\u0263 a\u0263uri xf tmyurin", " n\u0263 i\u0263aln iggutn", " n\u0263 afikas idusn", " n\u0263 tim\u1e93\u1e5bitin nna illan d\u0263i." ] }, { "en": "From the 16th century onwards", "ber": " experiments were advocated by Francis Bacon", "null": [ " and performed by Giambattista della Porta", " Johannes Kepler", " and Galileo Galilei.", "sg tsutit tiss 16 s uflla", " tlla t\u0263uri s tirimin nna iskr fransis bikun", " isskr tt jyambatsika dila burta", " yuhans kiblr", " d galilu galili." ] }, { "en": "As in other areas of inquiry", "ber": " science (through the scientific method) can build on previous knowledge and develop a more sophisticated understanding of its topics of study over time.", "null": [ "mkinna iga waddad g yigran nni\u1e0dn sg yigran n uzzray", " tzmr tmassant (sg t\u0263arast tamassant) ad t\u1e63ku xf tussna nna izrin d usbu\u0263llu n urmas nna bahra irwin i isntal n tzrawt s uzrruy n tizi." ] }, { "en": "This model can be seen to underlie the scientific revolution.: ", "ber": "\u2018\u2019izmr ad ittuyannay umdya ad mas d iga tirsal n tgrawla tamassant''." }, { "en": "One conjecture might be that a new drug will cure the disease in some of the people in that population", "ber": " as in a clinical trial of the drug.", "null": [ "i\u0263y ad yan sg iswingmn mas iga yan usafar amaynu na ijjujuyn a\u1e6d\u1e6dan g kra n iwdan g imzda\u0263 nna", " mkinna iga waddad g tirimt n wusu n usafar." ] }, { "en": "These predictions are expectations for the results of testing.", "ber": "isnamaln ad gan isnimaln n tyafutin n ustal." }, { "en": "The difference between expected versus actual indicates which hypothesis better explains the resulting data from the experiment.", "ber": "asnu\u1e25yu gr usnimal mgal n umyagan ar immal matta turda nna da issfrun ismmaln nna d iff\u0263n g tirmit s yat tmamkt ifulkin." }, { "en": "Depending on the complexity of the experiment", "ber": " iteration of the process may be required to gather sufficient evidence to answer the question with confidence", "null": [ " or to build up other answers to highly specific questions", " to answer a single broader question.", "aydd\u0263 tcqqa tirmit ad bahra", " iqqan d ad ttuyalas n tmskrt \u1e25ma ad munn inmmaln yudan xf tmrarut n usqsi s tflst", " n\u0263 ad ttu\u1e63kunt tmrarutin nni\u1e0dn xf isqsitn iswuttan bahra", " afad ad tili tmrarut n yan usqsi g ud\u0263ar mqqurn." ] }, { "en": "X-ray diffraction patterns of DNA by Florence Bell in her Ph.D. thesis (1939) were similar to (although not as good as) photo 51", "ber": " but this research was interrupted by the events of World War II.", "null": [ "llan ''wanawn n iznzarn isiniyn ifr\u0263n n ismmim anawawiy dar flurns bil g urzzu n dduktura nns (1939) tmsasa akd ''twlaft 51'' (mqqar ur t\u1e25li)", " maca arzzu dd\u0263ibdda xf tmntilt n ugari ma\u1e0dlan wiss sin''." ] }, { "en": "June 1952 \u2014 Watson had succeeded in getting X-ray pictures of TMV showing a diffraction pattern consistent with the transform of a helix.: ", "ber": "''g yunyu 1952", "null": [ " imurs wa\u1e6d\u1e63un g ad yam\u1e93 yat twlaft s izn\u1e93a\u1e5bn isiniyn i tratsa n (TMV) \u1e25ma ad issuf\u0263 yan wanaw n ussfsr akd usnfal n lhiliks''." ] }, { "en": "This prediction was a mathematical construct", "ber": " completely independent from the biological problem at hand.", "null": [ "iga usnimal ad yat tu\u1e63\u1e63ka n tusnakt", " i\u1e93li qqa\u1e25 xf tmukrist tabyulujiyt nna illan." ] }, { "en": "DNA is not a helix.", "ber": "''a\u1e25im\u1e0d anawawiy ur igi hiliks''." }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " the number of strands in the backbone of the helix (Crick suspected 2 strands", "null": [ " but cautioned Watson to examine that more critically)", " the location of the base pairs (inside the backbone or outside the backbone)", " etc.", "s umdya", " iga wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun n ifalan g i\u1e93dy n hiliks (irwas krik g 2 ifalan", " maca ismzza\u0263 wa\u1e6dsun g uzzray xf maynna s yat tmamkt igan bhra timzrit)", " d wansa n imsdditn n tsila (g jaj n u\u1e93dy n\u0263 b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n u\u1e93dy)", " d kra nni\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "But Wilkins agrees to do so only after Franklin's departure.: ", "ber": "maca wilknz ur da ittiri ad isskr aynna\u0263 xs adday iddu frank lin''." }, { "en": "He and Crick then produced their model", "ber": " using this information along with the previously known information about DNA's composition", "null": [ " especially Chargaff's rules of base pairing.:", "ilmma isnflul d ntta akd krik amdya nnsn", " s ussmrs n inmmaln ula inmmaln nna ittwassan g mad izrin xf usmuttg n u\u1e25im\u1e0d anawawiy", " slawan akk\u02b7 ilugan n tca\u1e5bjaf n uzzray agjdan." ] }, { "en": "For significant or surprising results", "ber": " other scientists may also attempt to replicate the results for themselves", "null": [ " especially if those results would be important to their own work.", "\u1e25ma ad tlkmt tiyafutin issawhmman n\u0263 timzway", " qad armn imassan nni\u1e0dn ad alsn awd tiyafutin nna\u0263 s ixfawn nnsn", " slawan akk\u02b7 mk mqqurnt tyafutin n twuri nnsn." ] }, { "en": "Peer review does not certify the correctness of the results", "ber": " only that", "null": [ " in the opinion of the reviewer", " the experiments themselves were sound (based on the description supplied by the experimenter).", "ur issin usfsr n inggutn s u\u0263zan n tyafutin", " maca ar ittannay mas zddignt tyafutin nna\u0263 s ixfawn nnsnt (xf uynna illan g usnumml nna ifka bab n tirmit)." ] }, { "en": "These methodological elements and organization of procedures tend to be more characteristic of experimental sciences than social sciences.", "ber": "da frr\u0263n idrdisn ad n tbridt d usnmala n tmggitin ad sfirsn uggar s tmassanin tinaramin g tmassanin tinfganin." }, { "en": "The elements above are often taught in the educational system as the scientific method.", "ber": "ar bahra zzrayn ifrdisn nna ittubdarn aflla g umagaw n usslmd mas tga ''tamamkt tamassant''." }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " when Einstein developed the Special and General Theories of Relativity", "null": [ " he did not in any way refute or discount Newton's Principia.", "s umdya", " lli\u0263 g isrs inc\u1e6dayn tim\u1e93\u1e5bitin ti\u1e93lay d tmatutin n ts\u0263lant", " ur iwit ula isnaqs g brinsya nyutun s awd yan wunu\u0263 g wunu\u0263n." ] }, { "en": "The systematic", "ber": " careful collection of measurements or counts of relevant quantities is often the critical difference between pseudo-sciences", "null": [ " such as alchemy", " and science", " such as chemistry or biology.", "ar bhra ittgga ugraw imunn ittusudsn in\u0263dn i is\u0263aln n\u0263 assi\u1e6dn n id wanct nna \u0263ur tazdayt akd usnu\u1e25yu illan gr tmassanin irjan", " zund lkimya", " d tmassanin zund lkimya n\u0263 tusnatudrt." ] }, { "en": "Uncertainties may also be calculated by consideration of the uncertainties of the individual underlying quantities used.", "ber": "nzmr ad nssi\u1e6dn udmawn n gar a\u0263\u1e93an s usmuqql s udmawn n gar a\u0263\u1e93an sg iwliwln n wanctn igjdann ittusmrasn." }, { "en": "The operational definition of a thing often relies on comparisons with standards: the operational definition of mass ultimately relies on the use of an artifact", "ber": " such as a particular kilogram of platinum-iridium kept in a laboratory in France.", "null": [ "''ar itbdda usnml awuran n kra n t\u0263awsa g kigan n tikkal xf idmzazaln akd anisman: asnml aswuran n ''agudi'' da itbdda g tgira xf ussmrs n tgzzumt tadrizant", " zund kilugram n kra n lblatin-iridyum am\u1e25fu\u1e0d g usarm g f\u1e5ban\u1e63a." ] }, { "en": "Scientific quantities are often characterized by their units of measure which can later be described in terms of conventional physical units when communicating the work.", "ber": "ar bahra sfirisnt tmaktatin timssanin s tfrdisin n is\u0263aln nnsnt nna i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn ad tn isnmal dffir n maynna s mad i\u1e93lin s tfrdasin tikmamin tizaykutin adday ilkm tawuri." }, { "en": "It took thousands of years of measurements", "ber": " from the Chaldean", "null": [ " Indian", " Persian", " Greek", " Arabic", " and European astronomers", " to fully record the motion of planet Earth.", "tiwi t\u0263awsa ad kigan n isgg\u02b7asn n is\u0263aln", " sg itritn ikildaniyn d lhnud d ifarisiyn d iyuaniyn d u\u1e5bubbiyn udrimn", " \u1e25ma ad zmmemn amussu n tzwinnit n wakal qqa\u1e25." ] }, { "en": "The observed difference for Mercury's precession between Newtonian theory and observation was one of the things that occurred to Albert Einstein as a possible early test of his theory of General relativity.", "ber": "iga umzaray ittunnayn g usnti n mirkuri gr tm\u1e93\u1e5bit d tannayt tga yat t\u0263awsa nna ij\u1e5ban i albr\u1e6d anc\u1e6dayn zund yan ustal amnzu i tam\u1e93\u1e5bit nns i timass\u0263t tamatut." }, { "en": "Scientists are free to use whatever resources they have \u2013 their own creativity", "ber": " ideas from other fields", "null": [ " inductive reasoning", " Bayesian inference", " and so on \u2013 to imagine possible explanations for a phenomenon under study.", "ar tfjjijn imassan s tlelli g ussmrs n matta isugam \u0263ursn illan-isnfluln nnsn i\u1e93lin", " d twngimin nnsn g yigran nni\u1e0dn", " d ussfru n afazan", " d inmmaln n lbayzi", " d wiyya\u1e0d- \u1e25ma ad swwlfn isffrutn nna qad yili i tumant nna illan g tzrawt." ] }, { "en": "Scientists often use these terms to refer to a theory that is following the known facts but is nevertheless relatively simple and easy to handle.", "ber": "ar bahra ssmrasn aydd\u0263 n yirimn ad sskn s ti\u1e93\u1e5bit n t\u1e0dfu\u1e5bt n tiditin ittwassan maca mqqar d mkinna\u0263 trxa imik d twhn g umggi nns." }, { "en": "It is essential that the outcome of testing such a prediction be currently unknown.", "ber": "iqqan d ad tili tyafut n ustal zund aydd\u0263 n usnimal ur ta akk\u02b7 ttwassan ar \u0263ila." }, { "en": "If the predictions are not accessible by observation or experience", "ber": " the hypothesis is not yet testable and so will remain to that extent unscientific in a strict sense.", "null": [ "mk ur llin isnimaln s tannayt n\u0263 tirimt", " ur tnni turda ad tg tin ustal d\u0263i", " s man aya qad tqqim xf mki ur tgi tamassant s unamk umn\u0263ud." ] }, { "en": "This implied that DNA's X-ray diffraction pattern would be 'x shaped'.", "ber": "man ya dars anamk n mas iga wanaw n un\u0263al n u\u1e25im\u1e0d anawawiy s izn\u1e93a\u1e5bn isiniyn qad yili zund ''unu\u0263 n (x)." }, { "en": "Sometimes the experiments are conducted incorrectly or are not very well designed when compared to a crucial experiment.", "ber": "kra n tikkal da ttuskarnt tirimin s yat tmamkt izgln n\u0263 ur ttusskar s mkinna s ix\u1e63\u1e63a mk ttusmzazal s tirmit igan tam\u0263tast g tndi." }, { "en": "This technique uses the contrast between multiple samples", "ber": " or observations", "null": [ " or populations", " under differing conditions", " to see what varies or what remains the same.", "ar ttusmras tetiqniyt dd\u0263 asnu\u1e25yu gr tnssifin imyanawn", " n\u0263 tannayin", " n\u0263 tirbba\u025b n tzddu\u0263in", " g idsn imdyatn imzarayn", " \u1e25ma ad yisin aynna imzarayn n\u0263 aynna zund ntta." ] }, { "en": "Factor analysis is one technique for discovering the important factor in an effect.", "ber": "assfru n imggutn iga yat tetqniyt n twafit n umggu axatar g u\u1e0di\u1e63." }, { "en": "Even taking a plane from New York to Paris is an experiment that tests the aerodynamical hypotheses used for constructing the plane.", "ber": "allig yusi yat taylalt g nyuyurk s bariz tga yat tirmit nna ittarmn turdiwin n uzwu ittusmrasn n tu\u1e63\u1e63ka n taylalt." }, { "en": "Franklin immediately spotted the flaws which concerned the water content.", "ber": "i\u1e93\u1e5ba franklin g wansa imladn nna i\u1e93llin s wassay n waman." }, { "en": "Failure to develop an interesting hypothesis may lead a scientist to re-define the subject under consideration.", "ber": "i\u0263y ad ifk gar ursrrus n turda nna bahra issawhmman kra g imassan ad alsn asnml n usntl nna da ittu\u1e93\u1e5ban." }, { "en": "Other scientists may start their own research and enter the process at any stage.", "ber": "\u0263in ad ssntin imassan nnidn irzzutn nnsn i\u1e93lin ar kccmn s tmskrt g matta tfrkt illan." }, { "en": "Crucially", "ber": " experimental and theoretical results must be reproduced by others within the scientific community.", "null": [ "tga t\u0263awsa tam\u0263tast masd iqqan d i tnafutin tinaramin d tm\u1e93\u1e5bitin ad ttusuf\u0263n wiyya\u1e0d g jaj n wammasn timassanin." ] }, { "en": "The better an explanation is at making predictions", "ber": " the more useful it frequently can be", "null": [ " and the more likely it will continue to explain a body of evidence better than its alternatives.", "aynna s iga ussfru yuf asrrus n isnimaln", " aynna s ika uynna\u0263 tayafut uggar", " aynna s issnti nit g ussfru n kigan n isnummaln tn yufn i imkkisi." ] }, { "en": "Scientific models vary in the extent to which they have been experimentally tested and for how long", "ber": " and in their acceptance in the scientific community.", "null": [ "ar ttmziriyn imdyatn imassan g wanct n isntaln inaramn ar matta wttu", " d sg uzray nns g wammasn imassan." ] }, { "en": "If such evidence is found", "ber": " a new theory may be proposed", "null": [ " or (more commonly) it is found that modifications to the previous theory are sufficient to explain the new evidence.", "i\u0263 mi ttwafa zun d inmmal ad t\u0263i a ttssumr itsnt n t\u1e93\u1e5bitin timaynutin", " ni\u0263 yat tal\u0263a ittwasn uggar", " ar a\u0263 itmala in\u1e93i ishyyutn nna ittuskcmn xf ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt tga yan in\u1e93itn issudan afad ad ax ssfrun tamzwarut." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " Newton's laws explained thousands of years of scientific observations of the planets almost perfectly.", "null": [ "s umdya", " uggar n if\u1e0d n isgg\u02b7asn ayd ssfran izrfan n nyutn tannayin timassanin n itran s akk\u02b7." ] }, { "en": "Since new theories might be more comprehensive than what preceded them", "ber": " and thus be able to explain more than previous ones", "null": [ " successor theories might be able to meet a higher standard by explaining a larger body of observations than their predecessors.", "s mayd \u0263int t\u1e93\u1e5bitin timaynutin ad ilin kiggan n usutl sg tilli zwarnin", " a titli t\u0263i ad tssfru uggar n t\u1e93\u1e5bitin timzwura", " mala ti\u1e93\u1e5bitin ra d ilint \u0263int xf usufu s usnfrnuggar sg ussfrun a\u1e6d\u1e6das n tannayi uggar n t\u1e93\u1e5bitin timzwura." ] }, { "en": "Once a structurally complete and closed system of opinions consisting of many details and relations has been formed", "ber": " it offers enduring resistance to anything that contradicts it.", "null": [ "xs s tiggawt n ungraw ismdn tan\u0263a iqqn i imnidn isn\u0263ruf sg kigan n ifrurun d tzdayin", " yakka yat n tmnskart idumn i akk\u02b7 ma as imgalan." ] }, { "en": "Its successes can shine but tend to be transitory.", "ber": "amurs n nns i\u0263i ad tzayd s dat", "null": [ " maca t\u0263i a tdzri." ] }, { "en": "The method of the a priori \u2013 which promotes conformity less brutally but fosters opinions as something like tastes", "ber": " arising in conversation and comparisons of perspectives in terms of what is agreeable to reason.", "null": [ "tinnawt izwarn lli isdusn amsasa s yat tal\u0263a idrusn", " maca ar isdus imnidn d iluln g tsmnawalt d usmzazzal n imnidn sg mayd izzri wanli", " s usatig nns zun d kra n t\u0263awsa zun d ism\u1e0ditn." ] }, { "en": "That is a destination as far", "ber": " or near", "null": [ " as the truth itself to you or me or the given finite community.", "\u0263ttan tga tannayt yaggugn ni\u0263 tnmala", " am tidit s ixf nns i kunni ula nnk ni\u0263 awd i wmun mi idrus usfki." ] }, { "en": "From abduction", "ber": " Peirce distinguishes induction as inferring", "null": [ " based on tests", " the proportion of truth in the hypothesis.", "ar ifrrz biris akam is iga a\u1e6d\u1e6day", " yum\u1e93n s irimn", " as\u0263l n tidi g turda." ] }, { "en": "Oftenest", "ber": " even a well-prepared mind guesses wrong.", "null": [ "kigan n tikkal ar yakka unlli icwan kra n iswingm izgln." ] }, { "en": "Peirce", "ber": " Charles S. (1902)", "null": [ " Carnegie application", " see MS L75.329330", " from Draft D of Memoir 27: Consequently", " to discover is simply to expedite an event that would occur sooner or later", " if we had not troubled ourselves to make the discovery.", "''birs", " carls (1902)", " tisnsi takrnijiyt (MS L75.329330) nna illan g tmssntit n urzzu 27: s man aya", " tga twafit n uya s mrxiwt tazzla s kra n uzmuzzu nna qad yili assa n\u0263 askka", " mk ur nenni ad nzziwz ixfawn nnx g uskar n twafit.\u2019\u2019" ] }, { "en": "Consequently", "ber": " the conduct of abduction", "null": [ " which is chiefly a question of heuretic and is the first question of heuretic", " is to be governed by economical considerations.", "''g man aya", " tga tmskrt n tiksi", " nna igan zwar yat tmsart tam\u1e63\u1e63\u1e0d\u1e63ayt", " nna bhra igan tin \u1e6d\u1e6dn\u1e93", " mi ttugan isatign idmsan." ] }, { "en": "The hypothesis", "ber": " being insecure", "null": [ " needs to have practical implications leading at least to mental tests and", " in science", " lending themselves to scientific tests.", "aydd\u0263 ur tgi turda tafilst", " ar t\u1e25tajja i kra n idrizn imskirn ar ttawi s imik s irimn inllitn", " g tmassanin", " ar takka ixf nns i isntaln imassan." ] }, { "en": "Einstein", "ber": " Albert (1936", "null": [ " 1956) One may say the eternal mystery of the world is its comprehensibility.", "''inc\u1e6dayn albi\u1e5b\u1e6d (1936-1956) i\u0263y ad yini ufgan masd uffir n uma\u1e0dal n wabda iga t anct n urmas nns." ] }, { "en": "These assumptions from methodological naturalism form a basis on which science may be grounded.", "ber": "gant uydd\u0263 n turdiwin sg tgama tanbridt yat trslt nna i\u0263in ad fllas tbidd tussna." }, { "en": "His observations of science practice are essentially sociological and do not speak to how science is or can be practiced in other times and other cultures.", "ber": "tannyin nns xf tmskirt n tamassanin gant akk\u02b7 tasnamunt d ur da tsawal xf tmamkt n uskar g izmaz nni\u1e0dn d tdlsiwin nni\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "He opens Chapter 1 with a discussion of the Golgi bodies and their initial rejection as an artefact of staining technique", "ber": " and a discussion of Brahe and Kepler observing the dawn and seeing a different sunrise despite the same physiological phenomenon.", "null": [ "ar issntay ugzzum amzwaru 1 s umrara nns xf tfggiwin n \u0263ulji d wagi nns sg zwar zund yat tanuft n tetiqniyt n wunu\u0263", " d umrara n brahi d kiblr d un\u1e0daf nnsn i tifawt ar \u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ban ''amyinawn'' n inqarn n tafugt mqqar tga xf yat tumant tafisyulujiyt." ] }, { "en": "In essence", "ber": " he says that for any specific method or norm of science", "null": [ " one can find a historic episode where violating it has contributed to the progress of science.", "ar ittini g jaj nns masd iga i matta tmamkt n\u0263 tasila i\u1e93lin sg tusniwin", " izmr ufgan ad yaf taxrst n umzruy nns acku yiws ti\u1e5b\u1e5b\u1e93i nns g uubu\u0263lu n tussniwin." ] }, { "en": "The postmodernist critiques of science have themselves been the subject of intense controversy.", "ber": "gan ifrran n dat n tmtrart n tussniwin s ixf nnsn ansa n um\u0263nna amaynu." }, { "en": "Models", "ber": " in both science and mathematics", "null": [ " need to be internally consistent and also ought to be falsifiable (capable of disproof).", "iqqan d xf imdyatn dd\u0263", " g qqa\u1e25 n tmassanin d tusnakt", " ad tmsasa g jaj d ad tg tin urjan (t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b i t\u1e5bu\u1e93i)." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " the technical concept of time arose in science", "null": [ " and timelessness was a hallmark of a mathematical topic.", "s umdya", " ittuskar urmmus atiqqni n tizi \u0263 tmassanin", " iga cc\u1e25a\u1e25t n uzmz yat t\u0263awsa ifulkin i usntl n tusnakt." ] }, { "en": "Eugene Wigner's paper", "ber": " The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences", "null": [ " is a very well-known account of the issue from a Nobel Prize-winning physicist.", "tanfult n yujin fijn\u1e5b", " ti\u1e5bwi ar\u0263w\u1e93an itusnakt \u0263 tmassant n ugama", " tga yat tallast itussann bahra \u0263 t\u0263awsa yad dar ugamassnan lli dar tasm\u0263urt n nubl." ] }, { "en": "In Proofs and Refutations", "ber": " Lakatos gave several basic rules for finding proofs and counterexamples to conjectures.", "null": [ "g ifrrzn d ismaynutn", " ifka lakatus tugt n ilgamn idslann bac ad afn ifrrzn d tmitar mgal n wammaz" ] }, { "en": "This may explain why scientists so often express that they were lucky.", "ber": "mayad ar issfru maxx lli\u0263a tinin imassan \u0263 tukt n tkal mas dan il\u1e25yann" }, { "en": "Mahwah", "ber": " NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.", "null": [ "mahwah nj: lurans irlbaum imccrkn." ] }, { "en": "This is what Nassim Nicholas Taleb calls Anti-fragility; while some systems of investigation are fragile in the face of human error", "ber": " human bias", "null": [ " and randomness", " the scientific method is more than resistant or tough \u2013 it actually benefits from such randomness in many ways (it is anti-fragile).", "\u00ab mayad amu issa\u0263 nasim nikulas \u1e6dalb kalls \u00bb \u00abasnkr n ukuk\u1e0d\u201d llan kra n ingrawn n usaggu kuk\u1e0dn mnid urmidi n ufgan", " d us\u0263lla n ufgan", " d umrway", " mac ta\u0263arast tamassant amu illa \u1e63a\u1e25a \u0263 umrwi yad s tuktt n t\u0263arasin." ] }, { "en": "These unexpected results lead researchers to try to fix what they think is an error in their method.", "ber": "tyafutin lli nn ur ntam ad ittajan imrzutn ad ttalsn imad nnan iga urmidi s t\u0263arst nns." }, { "en": "A scientific theory is an explanation of an aspect of the natural world and universe that has been repeatedly tested and verified in accordance with the scientific method", "ber": " using accepted protocols of observation", "null": [ " measurement", " and evaluation of results.", "ti\u1e93i\u1e5bi tamassant nttat ad isfrun yat tsga \u0263 uma\u1e0dal agaman d u\u0263zuran lli \u1e93lin tugt ntikkal agiz rzzun s t\u0263arast tamassant", " ad swurin s ubrutukul lli s n\u1e93\u1e0dar ad nstl n\u1e93\u1e5b tyafutin nns." ] }, { "en": "Established scientific theories have withstood rigorous scrutiny and embody scientific knowledge.", "ber": "mzazalnt t\u1e93i\u1e5bin timassanin iskkutan i yan urzzu icqqan tsmrs tussna tamssant." }, { "en": "Stephen Jay Gould wrote that ...facts and theories are different things", "ber": " not rungs in a hierarchy of increasing certainty.", "null": [ "yura stifn jay guld mas \u00ab tidt d t\u1e93i\u1e5bin mas ngarant", " ur d \u0263 tsk\u02b7flin n usddi ad tmrniwt tidt." ] }, { "en": "The meaning of the term scientific theory (often contracted to theory for brevity) as used in the disciplines of science is significantly different from the common vernacular usage of theory.", "ber": "anamk n urmmus n ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt timassanin ( lli nn i\u1e25can \u0263 ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt n usidrus) mk lli itawsmras \u0263 t\u1e93layin n tmassanin imzaray yan umzaray igutn \u0263 usmrs n tutlayt n ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt." }, { "en": "In everyday speech", "ber": " theory can imply an explanation that represents an unsubstantiated and speculative guess", "null": [ " whereas in science it describes an explanation that has been tested and is widely accepted as valid.", "g tinawt takuyast", " t\u1e93\u1e0dar ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt ad \u1e6d\u1e6df yan ussfru lli ka nqqdr ur i\u1e6d\u1e6daf inagan", " macc \u0263 tmassant ar itili yan ussfru nskr as yan irim n\u1e63\u1e63\u1e25ut nzluzut acku iga amdad." ] }, { "en": "Some theories are so well-established that they are unlikely ever to be fundamentally changed (for example", "ber": " scientific theories such as evolution", "null": [ " heliocentric theory", " cell theory", " theory of plate tectonics", " germ theory of disease", " etc.).", "kra n tmagunin ttuyama\u1e93nt ar an uswir nna ur innin ad ttnt yajj ad ttusnfalt isnfiln i\u1e93u\u1e5bann akk\u02b7 (s mdya", " timgunin timassanin zund abu\u0263lu", " d timguri taggawant", " d tmguri n t\u0263rasin", " d timguri n tfilin titaktunyyin", " d tmguri n tbxcin n tma\u1e0dunt", " d wiyya\u1e0d)." ] }, { "en": "Scientific theories are testable and make falsifiable predictions.", "ber": "ti\u1e93i\u1e5bin timassanin laqn tt i yirim ar tskar isnimaln izgln." }, { "en": "The defining characteristic of all scientific knowledge", "ber": " including theories", "null": [ " is the ability to make falsifiable or testable predictions.", "d tfirist nna da isnu\u1e25yun gr qqa\u1e25 tussniwin timassanin", " nna g amuunt tm\u1e93\u1e5bitin", " iga tt tazmrt xf tmggit n isnimaln nna i\u0263in ad izgl n\u0263 irim." ] }, { "en": "It is well-supported by many independent strands of evidence", "ber": " rather than a single foundation.", "null": [ "ar ttusdus s yat tmamkt i\u0263udan s kigan n inmmaln i\u1e93lin", " g wansa n ad tg yat tirslt." ] }, { "en": "The theory of biological evolution is more than just a theory.", "ber": "\u2018\u2019tim\u1e93\u1e5bit n ubu\u0263lu abyulujiy iga uggar n ''uwngim n ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt''." }, { "en": "This provides evidence either for or against the hypothesis.", "ber": "\u0263id ar yakka in\u1e93atnswa akd aydd\u0263 n turda n\u0263 mgal n turda ad." }, { "en": "This can take many years", "ber": " as it can be difficult or complicated to gather sufficient evidence.", "null": [ "izmr ad ikk uynna\u0263 kigan n isgg\u02b7asn", " acku i\u0263y ad icqqu n\u0263 ad irwi usmun n in\u1e93atn yudan." ] }, { "en": "The strength of the evidence is evaluated by the scientific community", "ber": " and the most important experiments will have been replicated by multiple independent groups.", "null": [ "ar skarn wammasn imassan asitg i tdusi n inmmaln", " qad yili ulsnt trubba i\u1e93lin imyanawn i kigan n tirimin." ] }, { "en": "In chemistry", "ber": " there are many acid-base theories providing highly divergent explanations of the underlying nature of acidic and basic compounds", "null": [ " but they are very useful for predicting their chemical behavior.", "g ukimi", " llant kigan n ti\u1e93i\u1e5bin n tsila ta\u1e25im\u1e0diyt nna yakkan issfrutn imzarayn kigan g ugama nna illan dffir n wuddisn i\u1e25im\u1e0diyn d igjdann", " maca tfulki bahra i usnimal s tikli takimit." ] }, { "en": "Acceptance of a theory does not require that all of its major predictions be tested", "ber": " if it is already supported by sufficiently strong evidence.", "null": [ "ur da tt\u1e25tajja uzray n ti\u1e93\u1e5bit irim n qqa\u1e25 isnimaln ixatarn", " mk ttusdus nit s inmmal idusn nna g tlla tissugra." ] }, { "en": "Solutions may require minor or major changes to the theory", "ber": " or none at all if a satisfactory explanation is found within the theory's existing framework.", "null": [ "qad irint ifssayn kra n isnfaln idrusn n\u0263 imqqurn g tmagunt", " n\u0263 awd imil akk\u02b7 mk idda ussfru n tma\u1e0dunt g ugnza n \u0263ila i tmagunt." ] }, { "en": "If modifications to the theory or other explanations seem to be insufficient to account for the new results", "ber": " then a new theory may be required.", "null": [ "mk gan is\u0263udutn n tmguri n\u0263 kra nni\u1e0dn n issfrutn ur yudin ad isbidd tiyafutin timaynutin", " g tizi nna\u0263 qad yili u\u1e25taj n tmagunt tamaynut." ] }, { "en": "This is because it is still the best available explanation for many other phenomena", "ber": " as verified by its predictive power in other contexts.", "null": [ "man aya isul ussfru i\u0263udan ittufka i kigan n tumanin nni\u1e0dn", " mkinna ittwazray sg tdusi nnsn n isnmaln g imna\u1e0dn ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "After the changes", "ber": " the accepted theory will explain more phenomena and have greater predictive power (if it did not", "null": [ " the changes would not be adopted); this new explanation will then be open to further replacement or modification.", "d kra n isnfiln", " qad ssfrun tim\u1e93\u1e5bit izrin kigan n tumanin s yan watig mqqurn n tdusi n isnmaln (mk ur tsskirt aynna\u0263 ur inni ad ittwasay s inmmaln); d qad i\u1e25tajja ussfru ad amaynu dfir n uynna\u0263 i kigan n inmmaln n\u0263 is\u0263udutn." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " electricity and magnetism are now known to be two aspects of the same phenomenon", "null": [ " referred to as electromagnetism.", "s umdya", " ittwassan \u0263ila mas iga wasidd d uma\u0263na\u1e6dis sin wudmawn n yat tumant", " ar ttusskan s wassa\u0263 n lkh\u1e5bumi\u0263na\u1e6disi." ] }, { "en": "This was resolved by the discovery of nuclear fusion", "ber": " the main energy source of the Sun.", "null": [ "ittusfsay man aya s tbridt n ukccum anawawiy", " a\u0263balu n tzmrt agjdant n tafugt." ] }, { "en": "By omitting from special relativity the luminiferous aether", "ber": " Einstein stated that time dilation and length contraction measured in an object in relative motion is inertial\u2014that is", "null": [ " the object exhibits constant velocity", " which is speed with direction", " when measured by its observer.", "sg tettut n tus\u0263ant tam\u1e93layt", " ibdr inc\u1e6dayn mas tixxitrt n wakud d tbddi n ta\u0263zi nna ittus\u0263aln g kra n tfgga g kra n umussu us\u0263an iga t uqu\u1e0de\u1e0d unmas- s unamk nni\u1e0dn ar d tssufu\u0263 tfgga yan ussrirri armsikl", " iga ussrirri akd tnila", " asra g ittus\u0263al s tnmatart." ] }, { "en": "Einstein sought to generalize the invariance principle to all reference frames", "ber": " whether inertial or accelerating.", "null": [ "idda inc\u1e6dayn s usmata n umnzay armskil xf mad igan asati asa\u0263ul", " mqqar iga armskil n\u0263 yuzzlan." ] }, { "en": "Even massless energy exerts gravitational motion on local objects by curving the geometrical surface of 4D space-time.", "ber": "awd tazmart nna ur itsmadn ar tskar amussu amlday xf tfkkiwin tid\u0263ranin s t\u0263arast ''i\u1e25udrn'' ''azur'' atwal 4d azmz." }, { "en": "However", "ber": " scientific laws are descriptive accounts of how nature will behave under certain conditions.", "null": [ "maca azrf/aslgn n tussna iga asi\u1e6d\u1e6dn anammal n tmamkt n uswuri n tgama g yidsn imrnutn n t\u0263ara." ] }, { "en": "A common misconception is that scientific theories are rudimentary ideas that will eventually graduate into scientific laws when enough data and evidence have been accumulated.", "ber": "sg izggaln n irmmusn mas d timagunin n timassnin igan tannayin tizaykutin rad tff\u0263 g tgira \u0263r islgann imassann tizi g munt tsmmalin d imskann igumn." }, { "en": "Both theories and laws could potentially be falsified by countervailing evidence.", "ber": "d i\u0263y ad tturjanent tmagunin d izrfans tnila n imskann irrazn." }, { "en": "First-order logic is an example of a formal language.", "ber": "d um\u1e93lan n ussuds amzwaru d amdya xf tutlayt tun\u1e63ibt." }, { "en": "The phenomena explained by the theories", "ber": " if they could not be directly observed by the senses (for example", "null": [ " atoms and radio waves)", " were treated as theoretical concepts.", "s tidt mas d tumanin nna ssfrunt tmagunin", " mk ur n\u0263iy ad tnt nsni\u0263s g wusrid s usmrs n isyafatn (zund/s umdya", " afnuztasswit d ta\u1e0d\u1e0dangiwin n unzway)", " tu\u0263a tnt (tumanin) tturmasnt d irmmusn imagunn." ] }, { "en": "The phrase the received view of theories is used to describe this approach.", "ber": "\u201cda nssmras taguri \u201c tannayt n unlkam n tmagunin \u201c i usnuml n ummak ad\u2019\u2019." }, { "en": "One can use language to describe a model; however", "ber": " the theory is the model (or a collection of similar models)", "null": [ " and not the description of the model.", "izmr ufgan ad issmrs tutlayt afad isnumml amdya", " sul d", " mas d tamgunt ad igan amdya (ni\u0263 kigan n imdyatn immrwasn) d ur d asnumml n umdya s ixf nns." ] }, { "en": "The model parameters", "ber": " e.g.", "null": [ " Newton's Law of Gravitation", " determine how the positions and velocities change with time.", "ttyassannt lba\u1e5bamitrat izurtn", " amm uslgn nyutun n tnnuz\u0263a", " d mamk ttmziriyin isursn d tazzliwin akd wakud." ] }, { "en": "The word semantic refers to the way that a model represents the real world.", "ber": "\u2018\u2019taguri n ''anamk'' ar tsskan tabridt nna s da ittuga umdya n uma\u1e0dal n tidt''." }, { "en": "Engineering practice makes a distinction between mathematical models and physical models; the cost of fabricating a physical model can be minimized by first creating a mathematical model using a computer software package", "ber": " such as a computer aided design tool.", "null": [ "da \u201c tb\u1e0d\u1e0du tmskrt n tmsdagt gr \u201c izurtn n tunnunt \u201c d \u201c izurtn n tfiziqt \u201c", " d i\u0263y ad nssidrus bahra sg tmq\u1e5ba\u1e0d n ufrur n azurt akmam s ufars n yan uzurt amanun g umzwaru s usmrs n yat trabbut n i\u0263awasn islkinn", " zund imis amamk s twisi n uslkin." ] }, { "en": "Certain assumptions are necessary for all empirical claims (e.g. the assumption that reality exists).", "ber": "ilin idman inbzazn i kullu isutrn inaramn (s umdya amdan n yili n tilawt)." }, { "en": "This may be as simple as observing that the theory makes accurate predictions", "ber": " which is evidence that any assumptions made at the outset are correct or approximately correct under the conditions tested.", "null": [ "i\u1e93\ue008a\u1e5b mayad ad iwhn amm inniy n mas d tamagunt da tikki isnimaln imn\u0263udn", " wa d an\u1e93a xf mas d kullu idman ttugan g tizwuri d imddadn ni\u0263 lmalan imddadn", " g idsn imstuln lli mi ttugan irimn." ] }, { "en": "The theory makes accurate predictions when the assumption is valid", "ber": " and does not make accurate predictions when the assumption is not valid.", "null": [ "da tikki t\u1e93i\u1e5bt isnimaln imn\u0263udn ig iga umrdu amddad", " d ur da takka isnimaln imddadn ig ur igi umrdu amddad." ] }, { "en": "The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) and online Wiktionary indicate its Latin source as assumere (accept", "ber": " to take to oneself", "null": [ " adopt", " usurp)", " which is a conjunction of ad- (to", " towards", " at) and sumere (to take).", "da issmtar umawal angliz uksfurd d umawal wik xf (OED) lantirnit \u0263r asag\u02b7m alatini s usatig nns d amrdu (\u201cizmr ad\u201d)", " afad tfk i ixf nns", " tssgmi", " ntta d asmzazal gr (\u201c\u0263r\u201d", " \u201cs\u201d d (sumiri)." ] }, { "en": "The term was originally employed in religious contexts as in to receive up into heaven", "ber": " especially the reception of the Virgin Mary into heaven", "null": [ " with body preserved from corruption", " (1297 CE) but it was also simply used to refer to receive into association or adopt into partnership.", "ittusmrs irm g u\u1e93u\u1e5b nns g isursn is\u0263ann awd g \u00ab asnbgi nns g ignna \u00bb", " slawan akk\u02b7 \u00ab asnubg n mryam l\u025badra g ignna", " akd u\u1e25\u1e0du n tfkka sg ugufsu \u00bb", " (1297) maca ittusmrs awd i tmuli n \u00ab asnbgi g tamunt \u00bb ni\u0263 \u00ab asgmi g tmdrawt \u00bb." ] }, { "en": "Confirmations should count only if they are the result of risky predictions; that is to say", "ber": " if", "null": [ " unenlightened by the theory in question", " we should have expected an event which was incompatible with the theory\u2014an event which would have refuted the theory.", "ilaq ad yili usi\u1e6d\u1e6dn n isddidn xs mk llan macku rad ig tayfut n isnimmaln imizitn", " d ur fllas tssn\u1e93i tmagunt", " tu\u0263a ilaq ad ndmu yat tmsart izzln d tmagunt - tamsart i\u0263in ad irnu tamgunt." ] }, { "en": "A theory which is not refutable by any conceivable event is non-scientific.", "ber": "tamagunt nna s ur n\u0263iy ad nini ur tgi tamddadt s kra igat tamsart tawalit", "null": [ " tamgunt ad ur tgi tammasnt." ] }, { "en": "Some genuinely testable theories", "ber": " when found to be false", "null": [ " might still be upheld by their admirers\u2014for example by introducing post hoc (after the fact) some auxiliary hypothesis or assumption", " or by reinterpreting the theory post hoc in such a way that it escapes refutation.", "kra n tmagunin mi ittuskar yirim", " ig tnt nufa is gant tizggalin", " \u0263int ad afnt mad \u0263ifsnt ittmza\u0263n sg winna ssusmnt- s umdya ig nssnkd kra n idman imawasn (\u1e0da\u1e5bt n tidt)", " ni\u0263 ig nuls assfru n tmagunt tanaktamt s yat twila g ur tnni ad tg asntl i ufran." ] }, { "en": "Popper summarized these statements by saying that the central criterion of the scientific status of a theory is its falsifiability", "ber": " or refutability", "null": [ " or testability.", "izgzl bubr ismmaln ad s uya inna \u00abasbdad amqqran n usurs amassan n yat tmagunt iga t \u00abmi n\u0263i ad nsskr arjan", " ni\u0263 tiggi ni\u0263 irim." ] }, { "en": "Several philosophers and historians of science have", "ber": " however", "null": [ " argued that Popper's definition of theory as a set of falsifiable statements is wrong because", " as Philip Kitcher has pointed out", " if one took a strictly Popperian view of theory", " observations of Uranus when first discovered in 1781 would have falsified Newton's celestial mechanics.", "tugt n iflsafn d inmzrayn n tussniwin", " nnan mas d asnml n bubr i tmagunt iga xs a\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63 n tsgurin mi i\u0263i ad ittug urjan wa d azggal", " imkinna inna filib kitcir", " mk da i\u1e93\u1e5b\u1e5ba ufgan tamagunt s ti\u1e6d\u1e6d d tannayt n bubr", " han isni\u0263sn n uranus llig yufa tikklt tamzwarut g usgg\u02b7as n 1781 qqad ig assntl i \u00ab mikanika n ignwan n nyutun\u2019\u2019." ] }, { "en": "Fecundity: A great scientific theory", "ber": " like Newton's", "null": [ " opens up new areas of research\u2026.", "tga tmagunt tamassant tamqqrant", " zund tin nyutun", " tannu\u1e5b\u1e93mt xf igran imaynutn n urzzu." ] }, { "en": "At any time", "ber": " it raises more questions than it can currently answer.", "null": [ "d kra iga tt tizi", " da yakka unqqis ad cigan n isqqsitn izrin aynna mi i\u0263i ad ifk tamrarut nns d\u0263i." ] }, { "en": "Like other definitions of theories", "ber": " including Popper's", "null": [ " Kitcher makes it clear that a theory must include statements that have observational consequences.", "amm isisnn ya\u1e0dnin n tmagunin", " g illa awd win bubr", " da issfru kitcir mas d tamagunt ilaq ad gis ilin ismmaln lli dar tunanin n umdi." ] }, { "en": "It may be set out on paper as a system of rules", "ber": " and it is the more truly a theory the more completely it can be put down in such terms.", "null": [ "t\u0263i ad ttusras xf tfrtin amm umagraw n ilgamn", " d kudnna tga tmagunt tin tidt uggar kudnna i\u0263y ad ttusras kullut g zund irmn ad." ] }, { "en": "The specific mathematical aspects of classical electromagnetic theory are termed laws of electromagnetism", "ber": " reflecting the level of consistent and reproducible evidence that supports them.", "null": [ "da nqqar i \u00ab idisn imannutn n tmagunt n trisinti-ami\u0263na\u1e6di\u1e63i azayku \u00bb izrfan n trisnti-ami\u0263na\u1e6di\u1e63i", " da tmmal aswir n inmmaln izmrn ad alsn tawila nna tt isdusn." ] }, { "en": "An example of the latter might be the radiation reaction force.", "ber": "sg imdyatn xf tmggarut ad tadusi n umrara am\u1e93n\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "A scientist is a person who conducts scientific research to advance knowledge in an area of interest.", "ber": "amassan d afgan isskarn irzzutn imassann afad tbu\u0263lu tussna g yan igr sg igran n tawit." }, { "en": "Scientists of different eras (and before them", "ber": " natural philosophers", "null": [ " mathematicians", " natural historians", " natural theologians", " engineers", " and others who contributed to the development of science) have had widely different places in society", " and the social norms", " ethical values", " and epistemic virtues associated with scientists\u2014and expected of them\u2014have changed over time as well.", "lan imassan n izmaz imyanawn (win dat asn", " ifaylasufn igamann", " d imassan n tusnakt", " d imassan n umzruy igamann", " d imanzagn", " ula wiyyad sg winna isbu\u0263lan tussna) ansiwn imyanawn g yan ud\u0263ar mqqurn mkinna ttusnfaln inawayn inamunn", " d tnditin ti\u0263ariwin", " d wafalkitn n imnfrayn nna izdin s imassan-nna g ttudma sg disn- s dat n tizi." ] }, { "en": "Many proto-scientists from the Islamic Golden Age are considered polymaths", "ber": " in part because of the lack of anything corresponding to modern scientific disciplines.", "null": [ "kigan n imassan g uzmz n wur\u0263 ayislm gan sg lbilumtrat", " ar ittdwal man aya imik s yili n kra nna illan dat tm\u1e93layin timassanin titrarin." ] }, { "en": "Propositions arrived at by purely logical means are completely empty as regards reality.", "ber": "isumar nna n lkkmn s imassn nit igan im\u1e93lan uran akk\u02b7 sg uynna illan g ilawt." }, { "en": "Descartes was not only a pioneer of analytic geometry but formulated a theory of mechanics and advanced ideas about the origins of animal movement and perception.", "ber": "ur ifki dika\u1e5bt \u0263as g utwal asfsay day", "null": [ " maca issuf\u0263 d tim\u1e93\u1e5bit n lmikanik d twngimin izwarn xf i\u1e93u\u1e5ban n umussu n umudr d twngimt nns." ] }, { "en": "He provided a comprehensive formulation of classical mechanics and investigated light and optics.", "ber": "ifk yat tannayt mqqurn i umikanik atrar izzri xf usidd d tsmaqqalin." }, { "en": "He discovered that a charge applied to the spinal cord of a frog could generate muscular spasms throughout its body.", "ber": "yufa nn mass d yan uktar ittuyass s ifili a\u0263tran n ugru izmr ad yaru tamu\u0263ult n wabbajn g matta wansiwn n tfgga." }, { "en": "Lazzaro Spallanzani is one of the most influential figures in experimental physiology and the natural sciences.", "ber": "lazaru sblanzani iga yan sg kigan n iwrikn i\u1e0di\u1e63n g tfisulujiyt tanaramt d tmassanin tinagamin." }, { "en": "However", "ber": " there is no formal process to determine who is a scientist and who is not a scientist.", "null": [ "mqqar d man aya", " ur tlli awd yat tmskirt allig iswtta mad igan amassan d unna ur t iggin." ] }, { "en": "A little over half of the respondents wanted to pursue a career in academia", "ber": " with smaller proportions hoping to work in industry", "null": [ " government", " and nonprofit environments.", "uggar n uzgn n inmarutn ran ad \u1e0dfu\u1e5bn tazzult g wammasn ikadimiyn", " akd ammas idrusn g usni\u0263s g twuri timuknanin n tnba\u1e6d\u1e6d d twna\u1e6din ur igin tin urza." ] }, { "en": "They exhibit a strong curiosity about reality.", "ber": "ar d ssufu\u0263n idusn xf tilawt." }, { "en": "Some scientists have a desire to apply scientific knowledge for the benefit of people's health", "ber": " the nations", "null": [ " the world", " nature", " or industries (academic scientist and industrial scientist).", "kra n imassan ran g tsnsi n tussna tamassant i tdusi n iwdan", " n\u0263 ama\u1e0dal", " n\u0263 agama", " n\u0263 tamguri (ama\u1e0dal akadimiy d uma\u1e0dal amguran)." ] }, { "en": "These include cosmology and biology", "ber": " especially molecular biology and the human genome project.", "null": [ "ar tsmun tusnad\u0263rant d twssuntudrt n igzzant zund tamssntit n ujinyum n ufgan." ] }, { "en": "The figure included twice as many men as women.", "ber": "ismun uya n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun ugrn tim\u0263arin snat n tikal." }, { "en": "Relevant phenomena include supernova explosions", "ber": " gamma ray bursts", "null": [ " quasars", " blazars", " pulsars", " and cosmic microwave background radiation.", "smunt tumanin na izdin d ib\u1e0dayn n ssubir nu\u0263a", " d ib\u1e0dayn n izn\u1e93rn gama d umqqs d unkay", " d uzn\u1e93\u1e5b n t\u0263\u1e5bdin n ta\u1e0d\u1e0dangiwin tusdidin i\u0263zran." ] }, { "en": "Astronomy is one of the oldest natural sciences.", "ber": "tas\u1e6drunumit tga sg tusna tagamant tazaykut." }, { "en": "In the past", "ber": " astronomy included disciplines as diverse as astrometry", "null": [ " celestial navigation", " observational astronomy", " and the making of calendars.", "g mad izrin ikkatin us\u1e6d\u1e5bunumi ismun tim\u1e93lay isnu\u1e25yay zund asqqul n tiriwt d tmsafga g igna d us\u1e6drunumi amdday", " d umgar n usmisi." ] }, { "en": "Observational astronomy is focused on acquiring data from observations of astronomical objects.", "ber": "tamddayt tas\u1e6d\u1e5bunumit ar issmsi xf yim\u1e93 n ufaylu sg tmhal n umday n tfkkiwin tist\u1e5bunumin" }, { "en": "These two fields complement each other.", "ber": "d im\u1e93lay dd\u0263 ar itsmad yan way\u1e0d ." }, { "en": "Based on strict dictionary definitions", "ber": " astronomy refers to the study of objects and matter outside the Earth's atmosphere and of their physical and chemical properties", "null": [ " while astrophysics refers to the branch of astronomy dealing with the behavior", " physical properties", " and dynamic processes of celestial objects and phenomena.", "\u2018\u2019xf unna illan g isnmln n umawal uqjir'' ar isskan yirm ''ast\u1e5bunumi'' s yat tmsirt n tfkkiwin d tmtta b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n tignut n wakal d u\u1e93lay nns afizikiy d ukimawi", " isskn usnml ''afizik atran s wayyaw g tawsnitran nna igan timkli n tfkkiwin d tumanin n ignna d u\u1e93lay nnsnt afizik d tmhliwin tadinamit." ] }, { "en": "Some fields", "ber": " such as astrometry", "null": [ " are purely astronomy rather than also astrophysics.", "kra n igran", " zund asqqul n tiriwt", " tga tast\u1e5bunimiyt g ud\u0263ar n tafizikit n itran." ] }, { "en": "From these observations", "ber": " early ideas about the motions of the planets were formed", "null": [ " and the nature of the Sun", " Moon and the Earth in the Universe were explored philosophically.", "sg tin\u1e93itin ad", " ag d uckant twngimin izwarnin xf umussu n itran", " d tufayt n t\u0263ara n tafugt d wayyur d wakal g i\u0263zwr s t\u0263arast taflsaft." ] }, { "en": "A particularly important early development was the beginning of mathematical and scientific astronomy", "ber": " which began among the Babylonians", "null": [ " who laid the foundations for the later astronomical traditions that developed in many other civilizations.", "sg tmaynutin timnza tixatarin s tal\u0263a i\u1e93lin igat tizwiri n tawsnitran tusnikt d umassan", " nna issntin gr ibabiliyn", " nna isrsn tirsal g tmyurin titranin nna izzigzn g mnnaw n t\u0263rmiwin ya\u1e0din." ] }, { "en": "Greek astronomy is characterized from the start by seeking a rational", "ber": " physical explanation for celestial phenomena.", "null": [ "t\u1e93li tawssnitran tayunaniyt sg tizwiri s ussfru amnlli d ufizik i tumanin n ignna." ] }, { "en": "Hipparchus also created a comprehensive catalog of 1020 stars", "ber": " and most of the constellations of the northern hemisphere derive from Greek astronomy.", "null": [ "d isskr hiba\u1e5bcus yan usktur ismun 1020 n itri", " d tugt n ismuttgn g uzgnkal n i\u1e93lm\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Georg von Peuerbach (1423\u20131461) and Regiomontanus (1436\u20131476) helped make astronomical progress instrumental to Copernicus's development of the heliocentric model decades later.", "ber": "d yiws ju\u1e5bj fun bi\u1e5bubax (1423-1461) d \u1e5bijyu mun\u1e6danus(1436-1476) ad tlkm tawssnitran awttas yattuyn g usbu\u0263lu n kubrniku\u1e63 i umdya anammas \u1e0da\u1e5bt tisira n uzmz." }, { "en": "In 964", "ber": " the Andromeda Galaxy", "null": [ " the largest galaxy in the Local Group", " was described by the Persian Muslim astronomer Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi in his Book of Fixed Stars.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 964", " isnuml utrinan afarisiy amunslm \u025babd \u1e5b\u1e5ba\u1e25man \u1e63\u1e63ufi g udlis nns itran armskiln asif n ignwan and\u1e5bumida", " d amqran g trabbut tad\u0263rant." ] }, { "en": "Astronomers during that time introduced many Arabic names now used for individual stars.", "ber": "fkan itrinan g uzmz ann mnnaw n ismawn i\u025b\u1e5babn ittusmrasn g tizi ad itran if\u1e5bdiyn." }, { "en": "Songhai historian Mahmud Kati documented a meteor shower in August 1583.", "ber": "isskr unmzray sun\u0263ay ma\u1e25mud kati yan untam i unayzak g \u0263uct 1583." }, { "en": "Kepler was the first to devise a system that correctly described the details of the motion of the planets around the Sun.", "ber": "ikkatin kibl\u1e5b iga amzwaru nna isnflulan yan unagraw isnumln afruri n umussu n utri xf tafugt s tal\u0263a tamddadt." }, { "en": "The English astronomer John Flamsteed catalogued over 3000 stars", "ber": " More extensive star catalogues were produced by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille.", "null": [ "iskr utrinan anjlizi djun flamstid yan usktur i wuggar n 3000 n itri", " isnfl iskturn i itran nna bahra isutln nna isnfl nikula\u1e63 lwis du lakay." ] }, { "en": "This work was further refined by Joseph-Louis Lagrange and Pierre Simon Laplace", "ber": " allowing the masses of the planets and moons to be estimated from their perturbations.", "null": [ "ismaynu dju\u1e93if lwis lagranj d byi\u1e5b simun labla\u1e63 tawuri ad nna ikan atig i itran d iyyurn sg umrwi nnsn." ] }, { "en": "Stars were proven to be similar to the Earth's own Sun", "ber": " but with a wide range of temperatures", "null": [ " masses", " and sizes.", "d isnal masd itran iwind g tafugt n wakal", " mac d trabbut tabarawt g tlla tz\u0263lt", " anddur", " aksay." ] }, { "en": "Theoretical astronomy led to speculations on the existence of objects such as black holes and neutron stars", "ber": " which have been used to explain such observed phenomena as quasars", "null": [ " pulsars", " blazars", " and radio galaxies.", "tiwy t\u1e63\u1e6d\u1e5bunumt tami\u1e93i\u1e5bt s yiks is llan tazzitin amm igbayn isggan d itran initruyn", " nna ittusmrasn g ussfru n tumanin ittumdayn am itran imrjun", " d itran ittnkaln", " d iblaza\u1e5bsn d um\u1e93law a\u1e5badyu." ] }, { "en": "Observational astronomy may be categorized according to the corresponding region of the electromagnetic spectrum on which the observations are made.", "ber": "i\u0263y ad ittuskr yan usnaway i tussnitran tumdiyt sg tsga itmnidn d uwlaf aliktrumajnitik nnq xf ttuskar tmhlt n umday." }, { "en": "Although some radio waves are emitted directly by astronomical objects", "ber": " a product of thermal emission", "null": [ " most of the radio emission that is observed is the result of synchrotron radiation", " which is produced when electrons orbit magnetic fields.", "mqqar llant kra n tsilel n u\u1e5badyu ar tsilel s usrid sg tfkkiwin tatiranin", " nttat tga tayafut n usilel a\u1e5badyu nnan ittu\u1e93\u1e5ban tga tayafut n uzn\u1e93\u1e5b n usinuk\u1e5but\u1e5bun nna igan tayafut n ulikt\u1e5bun g usan\u1e0d ami\u0263na\u1e6disi." ] }, { "en": "Observations from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) have been particularly effective at unveiling numerous galactic protostars and their host star clusters.", "ber": "ikkatin in\u1e93itn sg umnig n wamas n uzn\u1e93\u1e5b ddaw tazu\u0263i in\u0263ln imrwin s tal\u0263a i\u1e93lin g uzzray xf tugt n isafn ignwan d un\u1e5bb\u1e93n n itran isnbgin." }, { "en": "Images of observations were originally drawn by hand.", "ber": "ssun\u0263 g u\u1e93u\u1e5b tawlaft n in\u1e93itn s ufus." }, { "en": "Ultraviolet astronomy is best suited to the study of thermal radiation and spectral emission lines from hot blue stars (OB stars) that are very bright in this wave band.", "ber": "iga ust\u1e5bunumi nnig umk\u1e93ay ntta d tumsist uggar g t\u0263uri n uzn\u1e93\u1e5b inr\u0263i d izrirign d ittalin s uwlaf g itran i\u1e93\u1e5bwaln ir\u0263an inqqrn bahra g ud\u0263ar n ta\u1e0d\u1e0danga." }, { "en": "Gamma rays may be observed directly by satellites such as the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory or by specialized telescopes called atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes.", "ber": "i\u0263y ad ttumdayn izn\u1e93\u1e5bn n gama s usrid s usatil zund asa\u1e0daf kumbtun i izn\u1e93\u1e5b gama ni\u0263 n\u0263 i\u0263\u1e5b\u1e5buba n tci\u1e5bunkuf g tignut." }, { "en": "Gravitational-wave astronomy is an emerging field of astronomy that employs gravitational-wave detectors to collect observational data about distant massive objects.", "ber": "tawsnitran n ta\u1e0d\u1e0dangiwin tilddayin iga ad\u0263ar igman g tawsnitran ar issmras allaln n uzzray n ta\u1e0d\u1e0dangiwin tilddayin i usmun ifaylutn n umday xf tfkkiwin tizurarin yaggugn." }, { "en": "Historically", "ber": " accurate knowledge of the positions of the Sun", "null": [ " Moon", " planets and stars has been essential in celestial navigation (the use of celestial objects to guide navigation) and in the making of calendars.", "g umzruy", " tga tussna n waddad n tafugt d utri d itran d tirsal g tmsafga g ignna ( asmrs n tsrri\u1e6d g uswala n tmsfka) d tlguri tassakudt." ] }, { "en": "The measurement of stellar parallax of nearby stars provides a fundamental baseline in the cosmic distance ladder that is used to measure the scale of the Universe.", "ber": "ar ijbb\u1e5b usqqul amgafay atiri i itran inmalan i uzririg adasil g tskala n uzaru a\u0263zuran nna ittusmrasn g usqqul n uksay." }, { "en": "Analytical models of a process are better for giving broader insight into the heart of what is going on.", "ber": "ufn imdya isfsayn n kra n tmggit i tikki n usksw airiw xf mummu n ma ay d itt\u1e63\u1e5bun." }, { "en": "The observation of a phenomenon predicted by a model allows astronomers to select between several alternate or conflicting models as the one best able to describe the phenomena.", "ber": "da ttajja ta\u1e0duft n tumayt dman imdyatn n imassan n tsnitrit astay ingr imdyatn imsnfal ggutnin n\u0263 mmrksnin idd\u0263 tga amdya amyif n usnuml n tumayt." }, { "en": "In some cases", "ber": " a large amount of inconsistent data over time may lead to the total abandonment of a model.", "null": [ "g kra n waddadn", " i\u0263y ad d yawi ifaylu axatar ur idusn g wakud ijj ismdn n umdya." ] }, { "en": "Because astrophysics is a very broad subject", "ber": " astrophysicists typically apply many disciplines of physics", "null": [ " including mechanics", " electromagnetism", " statistical mechanics", " thermodynamics", " quantum mechanics", " relativity", " nuclear and particle physics", " and atomic and molecular physics.", "acku tga tfiziqt n tsnitrit asntl amiwriw kigan", " aynna\u0263 as da smrasn imassann n tfiziqt tasnitrit kigan n tm\u1e93layin tifiziqin", " g tamu tmikanikt d tkah\u1e5bumi\u0263na\u1e6dist d tmikanikt n ussi\u1e0dn" ] }, { "en": "The word astrochemistry may be applied to both the Solar System and the interstellar medium.", "ber": "\u201cittuzmr usnsi n tguri \u201c\u201ctakimit n tsnitrit\u201d\u201d xf ku agrra n tafukt d wammas n yitran.\u201d" }, { "en": "The term exobiology is similar.", "ber": "ya\u0263 digs yirm tabyulujit n inb\u1e5b\u1e5ba (exobiology)." }, { "en": "Observations of the large-scale structure of the Universe", "ber": " a branch known as physical cosmology", "null": [ " have provided a deep understanding of the formation and evolution of the cosmos.", "ttufkan isni\u0263isn n tiski n u\u0263zwr tamiriwt", " igan yan wanaw ittwassnn s wassa\u0263 n tussna n tfiziqt n t\u0263zwrin", " armas an\u0263ub i usmuttg n u\u0263zwr d tigmi nns." ] }, { "en": "A hierarchical structure of matter began to form from minute variations in the mass density of space.", "ber": "issnta usqqul awlullu n tgmamt da ittili sg isnfaln gtn\u1e93\u1e93i n tstli g usayrar." }, { "en": "Gravitational aggregations clustered into filaments", "ber": " leaving voids in the gaps.", "null": [ "da ttmutturnt tsmutturin n tinnuz\u0263a g ifilan", " zrint tiritin g txbyin." ] }, { "en": "Various fields of physics are crucial to studying the universe.", "ber": "ciln yigran n tfiziqt imyanawn i tzrawt n u\u0263zwr." }, { "en": "Finally", "ber": " the latter is important for the understanding of the large-scale structure of the cosmos.", "null": [ "g tgira", " ila atig unggaru ad i urmas n tiski tamiriwt n u\u0263zwr." ] }, { "en": "As the name suggests", "ber": " an elliptical galaxy has the cross-sectional shape of an ellipse.", "null": [ "ikinna yakka wassa\u0263 tidmi", " ila wasif n ignwan aglalay tal\u0263a tanabbayt n tgzzumin nngzanin." ] }, { "en": "Elliptical galaxies are more commonly found at the core of galactic clusters", "ber": " and may have been formed through mergers of large galaxies.", "null": [ "llant s tiggidit isaffn n ignwan iglalayn g wul n trabbutin n wasif n ignwan", " i\u0263y ad ilint ttuskant s usmun n isaffn n ignwan ixatarn." ] }, { "en": "Spiral galaxies are typically surrounded by a halo of older stars.", "ber": "da ttettin i isaffn n ignwan in\u0263laln tahalat n yitran iwssarn." }, { "en": "About a quarter of all galaxies are irregular", "ber": " and the peculiar shapes of such galaxies may be the result of gravitational interaction.", "null": [ "attay n yan g kku\u1e93 n isaffn n ignwan ur issudsn", " d tal\u0263iwin tawrssin i isaffn ad n ignwan \u0263in ad gin tayafut n umrara n tinnuz\u0263a." ] }, { "en": "A radio galaxy is an active galaxy that is very luminous in the radio portion of the spectrum", "ber": " and is emitting immense plumes or lobes of gas.", "null": [ "iga wasig n ignwan a\u1e5badyawi ansmussu issuddan kigan g ugzzum a\u1e5badyawi n uwlaf", " ar d ttff\u0263nt digs trsal n\u0263 isrrarutn n ugaz." ] }, { "en": "The large-scale structure of the cosmos is represented by groups and clusters of galaxies.", "ber": "da ittuga ugnses n tiski tamiriwt n u\u0263zwr sg trabbutin n tgrumma n isaffn n ignwan." }, { "en": "In the center of the Milky Way is the core", "ber": " a bar-shaped bulge with what is believed to be a supermassive black hole at its center.", "null": [ "illa wul g wammas n wasif n ignwan n ubrid ankffay", " igan abzag n tal\u0263a n u\u0263ruy d uynna mi i\u0263al is iga a\u0263bu axatar g wammas nns." ] }, { "en": "The disk is surrounded by a spheroid halo of older", "ber": " population II stars", "null": [ " as well as relatively dense concentrations of stars known as globular clusters.", "tetty i uqari\u1e0d thalat tamkurart n yitran n ugraw wis sin awssar", " d ummattr n tn\u1e93\u1e93a n itran ittwassnn s wassa\u0263 n tqssulin timkurarin." ] }, { "en": "These begin as a compact pre-stellar core or dark nebulae", "ber": " which concentrate and collapse (in volumes determined by the Jeans length) to form compact protostars.", "null": [ "tssnta tad zun d annwi n dat ittu\u1e25mm\u1e93n n\u0263 tllus", " ar ttmattar ar ttrdal ( s iksayn tettafa ta\u0263zi n jinz) i tiski n yitran imzwura ittu\u1e25mm\u1e93n." ] }, { "en": "These clusters gradually disperse", "ber": " and the stars join the population of the Milky Way.", "null": [ "da ttfzza\u025bnt tgrawin ad imik s imik", " ar ttumun itran \u0263r imzda\u0263 n wasif n ignwan n ubrid akffay." ] }, { "en": "7\u201318 Star formation occurs in dense regions of dust and gas", "ber": " known as giant molecular clouds.", "null": [ "7\u201318 da ittuga usmuttg n itran g wansiwn n tn\u1e93\u1e93it n ibn\u0263r d ugaz", " ittwassnn s wassa\u0263 n isigniw inu\u1e6d\u1e6dutn ig\u1e5bu\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "Almost all elements heavier than hydrogen and helium were created inside the cores of stars.", "ber": "ttuskan if\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63n imastaln ak\u02b7 sg uhid\u1e5bujin d uhilyum agnsu n wul n itran." }, { "en": "Over time", "ber": " this hydrogen fuel is completely converted into helium", "null": [ " and the star begins to evolve.", "s uzray n wakud", " da ittu\u0263ul umssi\u0263 ahi\u1e5bujin kullut \u0263r ahilyum", " issntu itri g tigmi." ] }, { "en": "The ejection of the outer layers forms a planetary nebula.", "ber": "da ittgga yi\u1e93\u1e93l n tfrka tib\u1e5b\u1e5baniyin isignw n itran." }, { "en": "This is an 11-year oscillation in sunspot number.", "ber": "wad a igan azuz n 11 n usgg\u02b7as g um\u1e0dan n ib\u1e6d\u1e6di\u025bn n tafukt." }, { "en": "The Sun has also undergone periodic changes in luminosity that can have a significant impact on the Earth.", "ber": "kkan xf tafuyt altu isnfaln imtattyn g usfakki nns i\u0263in is tzri tyafut nnsn \u0263r akal." }, { "en": "Above this layer is a thin region known as the chromosphere.", "ber": "aflla n tfrkt ad illa yan wansa ittwassnn s uku\u1e5bumusfir." }, { "en": "Above the core is the radiation zone", "ber": " where the plasma conveys the energy flux by means of radiation.", "null": [ "illa aflla n wul wansa n uslat", " ar tsmuttuy tblazma an\u0263al n tdusi s t\u0263arast n uslat." ] }, { "en": "A solar wind of plasma particles constantly streams outward from the Sun until", "ber": " at the outermost limit of the Solar System", "null": [ " it reaches the heliopause.", "da ittsu\u1e0d uzwu n tafuyt s tnu\u1e6d\u1e6dutin n tblazma aha s b\u1e5b\u1e5ba sg tafuyt ard taw\u1e0d", "\u0263ur uwttu amggaru i ugrra n tafukt", " ar ansa n tigniwt n tafuyt." ] }, { "en": "The planets were formed 4.6 billion years ago in the protoplanetary disk that surrounded the early Sun.", "ber": "skan itran dat n 4.6 mlya\u1e5b n usgg\u02b7as g uqari\u1e0d n itran amzwaru ittin i tafuyt taqburt." }, { "en": "The planets continued to sweep up", "ber": " or eject", "null": [ " the remaining matter during a period of intense bombardment", " evidenced by the many impact craters on the Moon.", "zdin itran g yisy n\u0263 asuf\u0263 n tgmamt isuln g tizi n titi tan\u1e93\u1e93it", " s imkinna s ittyannay g kigan n t\u0263ba xf wayyur." ] }, { "en": "This process can form a stony or metallic core", "ber": " surrounded by a mantle and an outer crust.", "null": [ "t\u0263y ad tsku tmggit ad ammas n islliwn n\u0263 d n izaratn", " mi itty u\u0263mis d tafrkit tab\u1e5b\u1e5bant." ] }, { "en": "Some planets and moons accumulate enough heat to drive geologic processes such as volcanism and tectonics.", "ber": "da smuttrn yids n itran d wayyurn anr\u0263i i tigawt n kra n tmggitin tijyujulitin zun d tazuzt d ttiktunit." }, { "en": "Astrostatistics is the application of statistics to astrophysics to the analysis of a vast amount of observational astrophysical data.", "ber": "tasnitrit tga tisnsi n ussi\u1e0dn xf tfiziqt n tsnitrit i usfsi amkta axatar n ufaylu n tfiziqt n tsnitrit i umatr." }, { "en": "Cosmochemistry is the study of the chemicals found within the Solar System", "ber": " including the origins of the elements and variations in the isotope ratios.", "null": [ "takimit ta\u0263zurant tga tazrawt n tmttiwin tikimin llanin agnsu n ugrra n tafukt", " g amun if\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63n d umyalla n is\u0263aln." ] }, { "en": "Astronomy clubs are located throughout the world and many have programs to help their members set up and complete observational programs including those to observe all the objects in the Messier (110 objects) or Herschel 400 catalogues of points of interest in the night sky.", "ber": "mfzza\u025bn isrirn n tsnitrit g tsgg\u02b7in n uma\u1e0dal", "null": [ " amata digsn \u0263urs a\u0263awas n yiws n igmamn nns xf usmrs d usmd n i\u0263awasn n u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du g amun awd winna i\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6dun awd imilitn n misyi (110 n imili) n\u0263 hircl 400 n ikatalugn i tnqqa\u1e0d ittraran ta\u0263\u1e0dft g yignna n yi\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Most amateurs work at visible wavelengths", "ber": " but a small minority experiment with wavelengths outside the visible spectrum.", "null": [ "da iswuri uma n iramsutn s ta\u0263zi n ta\u1e6d\u1e6dangiwin ittyannayn", " maca ka idrusn ay d ittarmn ta\u0263zi n ta\u1e6d\u1e6dangiwin b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n uwlaf ittyinniyn." ] }, { "en": "A number of amateur astronomers use either homemade telescopes or use radio telescopes which were originally built for astronomy research but which are now available to amateurs (e.g. the One-Mile Telescope).", "ber": "da ittuswuri yan um\u1e0dan n imassann n tsnitrit iramsutn ya itiliskubn n tmguri tad\u0263rant n\u0263 da swurin itiliskubn i\u1e5badyawitn ittuskan i irzzutn n tsnitrit maca a\u0263ul d\u0263i llan awd \u0263ur iramsutn (am utiliskub n yan mil)." }, { "en": "Answers to these may require the construction of new ground- and space-based instruments", "ber": " and possibly new developments in theoretical and experimental physics.", "null": [ "i\u0263y ad irint tmrarutin xf isqsitn ad tiski n wallaln n wakal d win usayrar imaynutn", " i\u0263y awd isbu\u0263lutn imaynutn g tfiziqt tmi\u1e93i\u1e5bt d tnirimt." ] }, { "en": "A deeper understanding of the formation of stars and planets is needed.", "ber": "illa unurz n urmas axatar i tuskiwin n itran d tzwinnitin." }, { "en": "If so", "ber": " what is the explanation for the Fermi paradox?", "null": [ "mk d imk nna", " ma ay igan asfsr n tu\u1e6d\u1e6dut n firmi?" ] }, { "en": "What is the nature of dark matter and dark energy?", "ber": "ma ay d igan tagama n tmtta illusn d tz\u1e0da\u1e5bt illusn?" }, { "en": "How did the first galaxies form?", "ber": "ma imk ttuskan isaffn n ignwan imzwura?" }, { "en": "Astrobiology", "ber": " formerly known as exobiology", "null": [ " is an interdisciplinary scientific field that studies the origins", " early evolution", " distribution", " and future of life in the universe.", "tabyulujit n tsnitrit", " ittwassnn altu s tbyulujit n inb\u1e5b\u1e5batn", " iga igr amassan agr\u1e93lay isslmadn i\u1e93\u0263\u1e5ban d tigmi n zikk d ub\u1e6d\u1e6du d imal n tudrt g u\u0263zwr." ] }, { "en": "The origin and early evolution of life is an inseparable part of the discipline of astrobiology.", "ber": "iga u\u1e93\u0263\u1e5b n tudrt d tigmi nns n zikk agzzum sg tbyulujit n tsnitrit." }, { "en": "Biochemistry may have begun shortly after the Big Bang", "ber": " 13.8 billion years ago", "null": [ " during a habitable epoch when the Universe was only 10\u201317 million years old.", "i\u0263y is tssnta tbyukimit ffir imik n wakud \u1e0da\u1e5bt u\u1e0diqqs amqran", " dat n 13.8 mlyar n usgg\u02b7as", " g yat n tizi i\u1e5bwan i uzdu\u0263 g uwtay n u\u0263zwr n 10-17 mlyun n usgg\u02b7as dayy." ] }, { "en": "Nonetheless", "ber": " Earth is the only place in the universe humans know to harbor life.", "null": [ "m\u0263ar", " iga wakal ansa abaylal g u\u0263zwr g issn ufgan is digs tudrt." ] }, { "en": "The term exobiology was coined by molecular biologist and Nobel Prize winner Joshua Lederberg.", "ber": "irm n tabyulujit n inb\u1e5b\u1e5batn (exobiology) isskr t umassan n tbyulujit n tnu\u1e6d\u1e6dut yuwin tasm\u0263urt n nubl jucwa lidrbirg." }, { "en": "The term xenobiology is now used in a more specialized sense", "ber": " to mean biology based on foreign chemistry", "null": [ " whether of extraterrestrial or terrestrial (possibly synthetic) origin.", "\u201cda ittuswuri yirm n tbyulujit n inb\u1e5b\u1e5batn d\u0263i s unamk am\u1e93lay ugar", " i unamk n \u201c\u201ctbyulujit iskattin xf tkimit tanb\u1e5b\u1e5bat\u201d\u201d", " sw ill b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n wakal n\u0263 ila a\u1e93\u0263\u1e5b n wakal (i\u0263y ad ig amguran).\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Though once considered outside the mainstream of scientific inquiry", "ber": " astrobiology has become a formalized field of study.", "null": [ "waxxa tkka tlla tbyulujit n tsnitrit b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n urzzu amassan", " ya\u0263ul iga igr un\u1e63ib n tzrawt." ] }, { "en": "In 1959", "ber": " NASA funded its first exobiology project", "null": [ " and in 1960", " NASA founded an Exobiology Program", " which is now one of four main elements of NASA's current Astrobiology Program.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1959", " tlla naza (NASA) d us\u0263nu nns amzwaru g tbyulujit tanb\u1e5b\u1e5bant", " g usgg\u02b7as n 1960", " tska naza a\u0263awas n tbyulujit tnb\u1e5b\u1e5bant", " igan yan sg kku\u1e93 n if\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63n idslann i u\u0263awas n tbyulujit n tsnitrit i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn i naza." ] }, { "en": "Advancements in the fields of astrobiology", "ber": " observational astronomy and discovery of large varieties of extremophiles with extraordinary capability to thrive in the harshest environments on Earth", "null": [ " have led to speculation that life may possibly be thriving on many of the extraterrestrial bodies in the universe.", "yuwi d ubu\u0263lu g yigran n tbyulujit n tsnitrit d tsnitrit n wu\u1e0duf d tifi n wanawn ggudinin n imilitn imrarn s tzmmar tuddisin tigmi n tgama wf wakal", " ar turdawin is tzmr tudrt ad tili b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n wakal g u\u0263zwr." ] }, { "en": "Missions specifically designed to search for current life on Mars were the Viking program and Beagle 2 probes.", "ber": "kkant tgrawin timazanin xf urzzu n tudrt xf itri n ma\u1e5b\u1e63 iga a\u0263awas n fayking d bigl 2." }, { "en": "In late 2008", "ber": " the Phoenix lander probed the environment for past and present planetary habitability of microbial life on Mars", "null": [ " and researched the history of water there.", "g tgira n usgg\u02b7as n 2008", " irza finiks tagama i tussna n temrt n itran xf uzdu\u0263 g izri d umha i tudrt n umikrub xf ma\u1e5b\u1e63", " treu altu xf waman d umzruy nns digs." ] }, { "en": "In November 2011", "ber": " NASA launched the Mars Science Laboratory mission carrying the Curiosity rover", "null": [ " which landed on Mars at Gale Crater in August 2012.", "g nuwanbir 2011", " t\u1e5b\u1e93m tsnurayt na\u1e93a asarm n tmassanin n ma\u1e5b\u1e63 yusin tamssudut kuryusiti (Curiosity)", " iggzn aflla n ma\u1e5b\u1e63 g gil kritr (Gale Crater) g \u0263uct 2012." ] }, { "en": "One is the informed assumption that the vast majority of life forms in our galaxy are based on carbon chemistries", "ber": " as are all life forms on Earth.", "null": [ "yan digsn iga asurd amssiddi is iskutt umata n tal\u0263iwin n tudrt g wasif n ignwan nn\u0263 xf tkimit n uka\u1e5bbun", " am ntta am tal\u0263iwin n tudrt xf wakal." ] }, { "en": "The fact that carbon atoms bond readily to other carbon atoms allows for the building of extremely long and complex molecules.", "ber": "da takka tazmrt tidt n uzday n tasswitin n uk\u1e5bbun d tasswitin n uk\u1e5bbun ya\u1e0dn s tiski n tnu\u1e6d\u1e6dutin ti\u0263zzafin tuddisin cigan." }, { "en": "A third assumption is to focus on planets orbiting Sun-like stars for increased probabilities of planetary habitability.", "ber": "asurd wis k\u1e5ba\u1e0d iga tawna xf tzwinnit ittettin xf itran ya\u0263n g tafukt i urnu n ti\u0263iyin n uzdu\u0263 xf tzwinnitin." }, { "en": "To that end", "ber": " a number of instruments designed to detect Earth-sized exoplanets have been considered", "null": [ " most notably NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) and ESA's Darwin programs", " both of which have been cancelled.", "i tifi n usu\u0263r ad", " ittusksw g kigan n wallaln ittuskrn i tifi n tzwinnitin n b\u1e5b\u1e5ba s uksay n wakal", " sg ixatarn n i\u0263awasn ad imifi n imzda\u0263 n wakal (Terrestrial Planet Finder) (TPF) d i\u0263awasn n da\u1e5bwin ESA", " maca s sin idsn ttyakksn." ] }, { "en": "Drake originally formulated the equation merely as an agenda for discussion at the Green Bank conference", "ber": " but some applications of the formula had been taken literally and related to simplistic or pseudoscientific arguments.", "null": [ "iska drik tagdazalt g yat n tratsa n twuriwin i umrara n wawal g unmuggar n ubank azgzaw (Green Bank)", " maca yids n tsnsitin n tgdazalt zdint s an\u1e93atn ifrarn n\u0263 d imassann izgln." ] }, { "en": "The discovery of extremophiles", "ber": " organisms able to survive in extreme environments", "null": [ " became a core research element for astrobiologists", " as they are important to understand four areas in the limits of life in planetary context: the potential for panspermia", " forward contamination due to human exploration ventures", " planetary colonization by humans", " and the exploration of extinct and extant extraterrestrial life.", "ta\u0263ul tifi n imidrn izmrn ad qqimin g tgamatin mrarnin yan g if\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63n n irzzutn idslann n imassann n tbyulujit n tsnitrit", " acku lan atig g urmas n kku\u1e93 n yigran g iwtta n tudrt g wakal: i\u0263y ad tili tbansbirmya", " d waluf s umntil n is\u0263unn n urzzu infgann", " d usdurri n ufgan i tzwnnitin", " tifi n tudrt izlan d tanna isuln b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n wakal." ] }, { "en": "Even life in the ocean depths", "ber": " where sunlight cannot reach", "null": [ " was thought to obtain its nourishment either from consuming organic detritus rained down from the surface waters or from eating animals that did.", "awd tudrt g ugnsu n urunu\u1e0d", " acku ur i\u0263iy u\u1e93in\u1e93\u1e5b n tafuyt ad nn yaw\u1e0d s \u0263urs", " ikka tt nn da ittyini is da ttili ucci nns s wucci n izrayn i\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e5bn sg waman n waflla n\u0263 ucci n imudar ittggan aya." ] }, { "en": "This chemosynthesis revolutionized the study of biology and astrobiology by revealing that life need not be sun-dependent; it only requires water and an energy gradient in order to exist.", "ber": "tsskr tsnayt takimit ad tagrawla g tzrawt n tbyulujit d tbyulujit n tsnitrit sg tifi n is ixssa ad tskutt tudrt xf tafukt; ur tssatr \u0263as aman d t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bt i tzmrt n tilawt." }, { "en": "Ten hardy organisms selected for the LIFE project", "ber": " by Amir Alexander Deinococcus radiodurans", "null": [ " Bacillus subtilis", " yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae", " seeds from Arabidopsis thaliana ('mouse-ear cress')", " as well as the invertebrate animal Tardigrade.", "isty amir aliksandr dinukukus mraw n imidrn i\u0263urarn i us\u0263nu layf (LIFE)", " ti\u0263ruyin tisdadayin", " d tmtunt (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)", " d ifsan n im\u0263ayn arabidubsis talyana", " d umudar warbuxddu tardigrad (Tardigrade)." ] }, { "en": "Jupiter's moon", "ber": " Europa", "null": [ " and Saturn's moon", " Enceladus", " are now considered the most likely locations for extant extraterrestrial life in the Solar System due to their subsurface water oceans where radiogenic and tidal heating enables liquid water to exist.", "iga wayyur n twznnit n lmuctari", " uruba", " d wayyur n zu\u1e25al ", " ansiladus", " id\u0263arng tlla tzmrt taxatart n tudrt brra n wakal g ugrra n tafukt s umntil n irunu\u1e0dn n waman digsn aynna d yakkan assr\u0263 n i\u1e93n\u1e93a\u1e5b yili ummlday d wu\u0263ul yakkan tilawt n waman inm\u1e6d\u1e6ditn." ] }, { "en": "The cosmic dust permeating the universe contains complex organic compounds (amorphous organic solids with a mixed aromatic-aliphatic structure) that could be created naturally", "ber": " and rapidly", "null": [ " by stars.", "\u201cllant g ibn\u0263r a\u0263zuran illan g u\u0263zwr tsudutin tingmayin mrarnin (\u201c\u201ctimtta ti\u0263urarin tigmayin mm tiski immrksn\u201d\u201d) \u0263in ad tnt sskunt itran s tal\u0263a tangamat d zikk.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "PAHs seem to have been formed shortly after the Big Bang", "ber": " are widespread throughout the universe", "null": [ " and are associated with new stars and exoplanets.", "gan thidruka\u1e5bbunin tigdxrsin ittuskan ffir tizi n u\u1e0diqqs amqran", " mzlla\u025bnt g u\u0263zwr", " tzdy s itran imaynutn d twznnitin tinb\u1e5b\u1e5batin." ] }, { "en": "Experimental astroecology investigates resources in planetary soils", "ber": " using actual space materials in meteorites.", "null": [ "da trzzu tmassant tikulujit n tsnitrit anirimt g tmttiwin llanin g wakal n tzwnnitin", " s uswuri n tmttiwin n usayrar g inayzakn." ] }, { "en": "On the largest scale", "ber": " cosmoecology concerns life in the universe over cosmological times.", "null": [ "s umata", " izdi tmassant tgama ta\u0263zurant d tudrt g u\u0263zwr xf wakudn i\u0263zurann." ] }, { "en": "Specializations include cosmochemistry", "ber": " biochemistry and organic geochemistry.", "null": [ "smanent tm\u1e93layin takimit ta\u0263zurant d tbyukimit d tkimit n tjyulujit tagmawant." ] }, { "en": "Some regions on Earth", "ber": " such as the Pilbara in Western Australia and the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica", "null": [ " are also considered to be geological analogs to regions of Mars", " and as such", " might be able to provide clues on how to search for past life on Mars.", "yids n wansiwn g wakal", " zun d bilba\u1e5ba g u\u0263lluy n ust\u1e5balya d mkmurdu dray falliz n antarktika", " gant am wansiwn ijyulujitn n ma\u1e5b\u1e63", " xf uya", " i\u0263y ad gin an\u1e93atn xf t\u0263arast n urzzu n tudrt n izri n itri n m\u1e5b\u1e63." ] }, { "en": "Indeed", "ber": " it seems likely that the basic building blocks of life anywhere will be similar to those on Earth", "null": [ " in the generality if not in the detail.", "g tilawt", " ittyakz sg usagm is gant tmitar tidslanin n tudrt g ka n wansa am tinna illan g wakal", " s umata mk ur illi g tgzzumin nns." ] }, { "en": "Only two of the natural atoms", "ber": " carbon and silicon", "null": [ " are known to serve as the backbones of molecules sufficiently large to carry biological information.", "ittwassn is d \u0263as snat tasswitin tingamatin", " akrbun d usilkun", " ay igan buxddu n tnu\u1e6d\u1e6dutin tixatarins uynna iba\u1e0dn i usmutty n in\u0263misn ibyulujitn." ] }, { "en": "The four most likely candidates for life in the Solar System are the planet Mars", "ber": " the Jovian moon Europa", "null": [ " and Saturn's moons Titan and Enceladus.", "imnkadn s kku\u1e93 yuwin s tudrt g ugrra n tafuyt gan tazwinnit n ma\u1e5b\u1e63 d wayyur jufyanyuruba", " d ayyurn zi\u1e25al titan d insiladus." ] }, { "en": "At the Martian low temperatures and low pressure", "ber": " liquid water is likely to be highly saline.", "null": [ "g tsk\u02b7fal n unr\u0263i yazdurn d yidr yazdurn xf tzwnnit n ma\u1e5b\u1e63n", " \u0263in waman ad ilin mar\u0263n kigan." ] }, { "en": "On 11 December 2013", "ber": " NASA reported the detection of clay-like minerals (specifically", "null": [ " phyllosilicates)", " often associated with organic materials", " on the icy crust of Europa.", "\u201cg 11 dujanbir 2013", " tssaw\u1e0d tsnurayt naza xf tifi n \u201c\u201cazaratn ya\u0263n g walu\u1e0d\u201d\u201d (numal", " filuzilikats)", " tzdy s tmtta tigmayin kigan", " xf tfrkit nugris n yuruba.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Some scientists think it possible that these liquid hydrocarbons might take the place of water in living cells different from those on Earth.", "ber": "\u0263aln yids n imassann is \u0263int thidruka\u1e5bbunin ad tinm\u1e6d\u1e6ditin ad \u1e0d\u1e5bin ad\u0263ar n waman g t\u0263rasin ddrnin s tal\u0263a ur ya\u0263n g tin wakal." }, { "en": "There are no known abiotic processes on the planet that could cause its presence.", "ber": "ur llin tmggitin ur iddirn ittwassnn xf tzwinnit i\u0263in ad tg amntil n tilawt nns." }, { "en": "Yamato 000593", "ber": " the second largest meteorite from Mars", "null": [ " was found on Earth in 2000.", "ittyafa yamatu 000593", " anayzak wis sin g ixatarn", " xf wakal g usgg\u02b7as n 2000." ] }, { "en": "On 5 March 2011", "ber": " Richard B. Hoover", "null": [ " a scientist with the Marshall Space Flight Center", " speculated on the finding of alleged microfossils similar to cyanobacteria in CI1 carbonaceous meteorites in the fringe Journal of Cosmology", " a story widely reported on by mainstream media.", "g 5 ma\u1e5b\u1e63 2011", " idma ritcard b. hufr", " wad igan amassan g wammas n marcal i imuddurn n usayrar", " i tifi n ka ya\u0263n g tbaktirya tanilit g inayzakn ika\u1e5bbunitn CI1 g ts\u0263unt tantama i tussna ta\u0263zurant", " igan yat tullist ulsn wallaln n usn\u0263ms idslann s umata." ] }, { "en": "Evidence of perchlorates have been found throughout the solar system", "ber": " and specifically on Mars.", "null": [ "tyafan wan\u1e93iwn n brklu\u1e5bat g ungraw n tafuyt ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba", " d s u\u1e93lay g im\u1e93uy\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Improved detection methods and increased observation time will undoubtedly discover more planetary systems", "ber": " and possibly some more like ours.", "null": [ "qad taf tibridin n tufayt i\u0263udan; d wakud n u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du itturnan bla turda", " g inagrawn n itran ya\u1e0dn", " i\u0263y is aksuln itsn d inagrawn nns." ] }, { "en": "The aim is to detect those organisms that are able to survive space travel conditions and to maintain the proliferating capacity.", "ber": "asa\u0263ud n manaya; tifit n imidrn i\u0263in ad iddr g umuddu g ustum", "null": [ " d u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n ti\u0263iyt n tiggidit." ] }, { "en": "These stress responses could also allow them to survive in harsh space conditions", "ber": " although evolution also puts some restrictions on their use as analogues to extraterrestrial life.", "null": [ "\u0263in ad adjint tsdmrin ad n trna; s tilit g waddad astum icqqan", " waxxa iga awd uzzigz itsn ikarifn i ussmrs nns amm imnidn n tudrt b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n wakal." ] }, { "en": "The formation of spores allows for it to survive extreme environments while still being able to restart cellular growth.", "ber": "da tt ittadja usmuttg n lbaktirya ad tddr g twnna\u1e0din icqqan", "null": [ " tsul t\u0263y ad tssgm tilmikt." ] }, { "en": "The two landers were identical", "ber": " so the same tests were carried out at two places on Mars' surface; Viking 1 near the equator and Viking 2 further north.", "null": [ "istittin ssin aksuln", " aya a\u0263f ttugant snat tmggitin g sin wansiwn g waflla n umzuy\u0263n Viking 1 taman n usbgs", " d Viking 2 g yi\u1e93\u1e93lm\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "In astronomy", "ber": " extinction is the absorption and scattering of electromagnetic radiation by dust and gas between an emitting astronomical object and the observer.", "null": [ "g tussitran", " ufu\u1e0d igat ussum d uftts n uzzn\u1e93\u1e5b iliktrumanitik s irugg\u02b7a d lgaz g tazzit dad diks ittff\u0263 d um\u1e25\u1e0du." ] }, { "en": "For stars that lie near the plane of the Milky Way and are within a few thousand parsecs of the Earth", "ber": " extinction in the visual band of frequencies (photometric system) is roughly 1.8\u00a0magnitudes per kiloparsec.", "null": [ "id itran inmalan i uswir n tmjkrirt d ib\u1e0dat d wakal kan yif\u1e0dn n id kilumi\u1e6d\u1e5b", " aya a\u0263f iga wufu\u1e0d ufu\u0263al amyannay n igluguln ( angraw n us\u0263al n usidd)", " diks attayn n 1.8 n usug\u02b7r i ku kulubarsk." ] }, { "en": "Reddening occurs due to the light scattering off dust and other matter in the interstellar medium.", "ber": "da tj\u1e5bu tzu\u0263i ig izll\u025b usidd g irugg\u02b7a d tangiwin nni\u1e0dn g wammas itri." }, { "en": "In most photometric systems filters (passbands) are used from which readings of magnitude of light may take account of latitude and humidity among terrestrial factors.", "ber": "g kigan n ingrawn n usidd d ttussmrasnt tmnkidin ( ifu\u0263aln n uzrruy)", "null": [ " nna i\u0263in ad yasy g usatig ti\u0263uriwin n uksay n usidd diks tawn\u0263a n taflit d tlu\u0263i gr imggitn n wakal." ] }, { "en": "Broadly speaking", "ber": " interstellar extinction is strongest at short wavelengths", "null": [ " generally observed by using techniques from spectroscopy.", "s umata da itqsa\u1e25 untal gr itran \u0263ur ta\u0263ziwin n tmzazin igzzuln", " ar ityannay s umata s ussmrs n tiqnitin n ufars awlaf." ] }, { "en": "The amount of extinction can be significantly higher than this in specific directions.", "ber": "i\u0263y ad yaly usug\u02b7r n wufu\u1e0d kigan \u0263f uya g tniliwin i\u1e93lin." }, { "en": "As a result", "ber": " when computing cosmic distances it can be advantageous to move to star data from the near-infared (of which the filter or passband Ks is quite standard) where the variations and amount of extinction are significantly less", "null": [ " and similar ratios as to R(Ks): 0.49\u00b10.02 and 0.528\u00b10.015 were found respectively by independent groups.", "tayafut n maya", " g ussi\u1e6dn n ustum n i\u0263zwr", " i\u0263y ad yaf ummuty \u0263r inmmaln n itran g wansa n ddaw tafuyt inmalan (nna g itgga umnkad n\u0263d afu\u0263al n uzrruy Ks anaway diks)", " ard diks idris kigan umziray d untal", " is\u0263aln imaksaln n R(Ks): 0.49\u00b10.02 d 0.528\u00b10.015 s um\u1e0dfa\u1e5b n trubba tisimanin." ] }, { "en": "This feature was first observed in the 1960s", "ber": " but its origin is still not well understood.", "null": [ "tyannay tb\u0263urt ad tiklt izwarn g 1960", " maka a\u1e93u\u1e5b nns urta wala itturmas." ] }, { "en": "In the SMC", "ber": " more extreme variation is seen with no 2175 \u00c5 and very strong far-UV extinction in the star forming Bar and fairly normal ultraviolet extinction seen in the more quiescent Wing.", "null": [ "g SMC ittyakz ungar wala illin", " d ur illi 2175 \u00c5", " d untal wala n izn\u1e93a\u1e5b nnig tmusayt", " g yan izririg g llan itran", " d wufu\u1e0d a\u0263aran n izn\u1e93a\u1e5b nnig tmusayt g ifr wala igan asa." ] }, { "en": "Finding extinction curves in both the LMC and SMC which are similar to those found in the Milky Way and finding extinction curves in the Milky Way that look more like those found in the LMC2 supershell of the LMC and in the SMC Bar has given rise to a new interpretation.", "ber": "yuwid yif n imfr\u0263n intln g LMC d SMC nna imya\u0263n d tinna illan g tmjkrirt n wansa n tbana d yif n imfr\u0263n yafudn g tmjkrirt n wansa n tbana nna ya\u0263n g tnna illan LMC2 supershell", "null": [ " i\u1e93lin s LMC d uzririg SMC", " ard ibayn ussfru amaynu." ] }, { "en": "This extinction has three main components: Rayleigh scattering by air molecules", "ber": " scattering by particulates", "null": [ " and molecular absorption.", "ufu\u1e0d ad diks k\u1e5ba\u1e0d if\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63n idslanen: afzz\u025b n rayli s wasisn n uzwu d ufzz\u025b s tazzitin", " d ussum agzzum." ] }, { "en": "The amount of such extinction is lowest at the observer's zenith and highest near the horizon.", "ber": "asug\u02b7r n untal ad iga amazdar \u0263ur um\u1e25du d ila aswir yattuyn g unmila n uflla." }, { "en": "The Drake equation speculates about the existence of sapient life elsewhere in the universe.", "ber": "tuwid tgdazalt n drak tannyt n wis tlla tudrt i\u1e93iln g wansa nni\u1e0dn g i\u0263zwr." }, { "en": "This encompasses a search for current and historic extraterrestrial life", "ber": " and a narrower search for extraterrestrial intelligent life.", "null": [ "arzzu ad yuwid \u0263ila \u0263f tudrt b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n wakal d umzruy", " d urzzu anyimi \u0263f tudrt tami\u0263ist b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n wakal." ] }, { "en": "Over the years", "ber": " science fiction communicated scientific ideas", "null": [ " imagined a wide range of possibilities", " and influenced public interest in and perspectives of extraterrestrial life.", "isgg\u02b7asn aya d ittawy uswingm amassan tiwngimin timassanin", " d iswangm g trabbut tabarawt n yi\u0263iyn", " d tannayin \u0263f tudrt b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n tzwinnit n wakal." ] }, { "en": "According to this argument", "ber": " made by scientists such as Carl Sagan and Stephen Hawking", "null": [ " as well as notable personalities such as Winston Churchill", " it would be improbable for life not to exist somewhere other than Earth.", "sg wan\u1e93a ad", " nna kan imusnawn zund ka\u1e5bl sajan d stifn huking", " d idrizn imq\u1e5ban zund winstun tcrcl", " i\u0263y ad ur tlli tudrt g wansa nni\u1e0dn bla akal." ] }, { "en": "Life may have emerged independently at many places throughout the universe.", "ber": "i\u0263y ad ttuskr tudrt s tal\u0263a tasimant g kigan n id\u0263a\u1e5bn g i\u0263zwr s umata." }, { "en": "At each level of the organism there will be mechanisms in place to eliminate conflict", "ber": " maintain cooperation", "null": [ " and keep the organism functioning.", "g ku aswir g iswirn n imidr", " qad ilin wammakn n wukus n imn\u0263i d u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6dun twizi", " d u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n twuri n imidr ." ] }, { "en": "Life based on ammonia (rather than water) has been suggested as an alternative", "ber": " though this solvent appears less suitable than water.", "null": [ "ttusumr tudrt illan \u0263f amunya ( asnfl i waman)", " d imkissi", " waxxa ila wad amsas idrusn \u0263f waman." ] }, { "en": "About 95% of living matter is built upon only six elements: carbon", "ber": " hydrogen", "null": [ " nitrogen", " oxygen", " phosphorus and sulfur.", "attayn n 95% n tanga iddrn ttuska \u0263f s\u1e0di\u1e63 n if\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63n day: karbu", " hid\u1e5bujin", " ni\u1e6d\u1e5bujin", " uksijin", " fu\u1e63fu\u1e5b d tzfrit." ] }, { "en": "The carbon atom has the unique ability to make four strong chemical bonds with other atoms", "ber": " including other carbon atoms.", "null": [ "illa g ublkam n lka\u1e5bbun yat tzmrt i\u1e93lin \u0263f usmuttg n kku\u1e93n n tzl\u0263iwin icqqan n lkimya akd iblkimn nni\u1e0dn", " g amun awd iblkimn ya\u1e0dn n lka\u1e5bbun." ] }, { "en": "According to NASA's 2015 Astrobiology Strategy", "ber": " Life on other worlds is most likely to include microbes", "null": [ " and any complex living system elsewhere is likely to have arisen from and be founded upon microbial life.", "s tstrajit n tussnudrt g itran n usgg\u02b7as n 2015", " i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn i tsnurayt n naza", " \u201ci\u0263y ad tam\u1e93 tudrt g ima\u1e0daln nni\u1e0dn \u0263f mikrubat", " d i\u0263y ad ig ka igat angraw iddrn ammrwi ya\u1e0dn", " ittuskarn g tudrt tamikrubit d ibdda \u0263ifs." ] }, { "en": "Rick Colwell", "ber": " a member of the Deep Carbon Observatory team from Oregon State University", "null": [ " told the BBC: I think it\u2019s probably reasonable to assume that the subsurface of other planets and their moons are habitable", " especially since we\u2019ve seen here on Earth that organisms can function far away from sunlight using the energy provided directly from the rocks deep underground.", "rik kulwil", " yan sg trbi\u025bt n tifit n lka\u1e5bbun i\u0263ban sg tsdawit n tm\u1e93layt n urigun", " inna i BBC; \u0263al\u0263 id s nniyt d nini masd agnsu n ukfaf n tzwinnitin ya\u1e0dn d wayyurn nns sufrn i uzddu\u0263", " num\u1e5b i imidrn ad tswuri sg u\u025braq n usidd n tafuyt s ussmrs n tzmrt nna yakka s wusrid sg i\u1e93\u1e5ban illan g t\u0263bi n wakal." ] }, { "en": "The panspermia hypothesis proposes that life elsewhere in the Solar System may have a common origin.", "ber": "da tssumur ti\u0263iyt n bansbirmya n wis d tudrt g wansiwn nni\u1e0dn g ungraw n tafuyt i\u0263y ad \u0263ars yili u\u1e93u\u1e5b amssur." }, { "en": "In the 19th century it was again revived in modern form by several scientists", "ber": " including J\u00f6ns Jacob Berzelius (1834)", "null": [ " Kelvin (1871)", " Hermann von Helmholtz (1879) and", " somewhat later", " by Svante Arrhenius (1903).", "g usatu wiss 19", " ttussidr tiklt ya\u1e0dn s tal\u0263a n umrar gr imusnawn", " g illa jun jakub brzlyus (1834)", " kilfin (1871)", " hirman fun hilmhultz (1879) d \u1e0da\u1e5bt uynna\u0263 s wahli sg \u0263ur sfant arhunyus (1903)." ] }, { "en": "One of the early scientific inquires into the topic appeared in an 1878 Scientific American article entitled Is the Moon Inhabited?", "ber": "ibayn yan g issfrutn imassan imzwura \u0263f usntl ad g umgrad tfsrt ts\u0263unt Scientific American g usgg\u02b7as n 1878 s uzwl \u201c is ittus\u0263yt wayyur?\u201d." }, { "en": "Warm and pressurized regions in the Moon's interior might still contain liquid water.", "ber": "i\u0263 ad qimin wansiwn ir\u0263an d tinna ityakln g ugnsu n wayyur diks aman iblullin." }, { "en": "There is evidence that Mars had a warmer and wetter past: dried-up riverbeds", "ber": " polar ice caps", "null": [ " volcanoes", " and minerals that form in the presence of water have all been found.", "llan wan\u1e93iwn n wiss illa umzruy ir\u0263an d ilgga\u0263n wala \u0263ur umzuy\u0263", " ttuyafan isaffn iqqu\u1e5bn d ilqzan n ugris asfaylu", " d ikswarn d izu\u0263ar ittuskarn ig llan waman." ] }, { "en": "The vapor could have been produced by ice volcanoes or by ice near the surface sublimating (transforming from solid to gas).", "ber": "i\u0263y ad ittuskr uraggu sg ikswarn n ugris n\u0263d s tbridt n u\u0263llay n ugris tama n ukfaf (da ittusnfal sg ta\u0263art \u0263r lgaz)." }, { "en": "It is also possible that Europa could support aerobic macrofauna using oxygen created by cosmic rays impacting its surface ice.", "ber": "i\u0263y awd ad taws urubba imudar ixatarn n uzwu s ussmrs n uksijin nna d akkan izn\u1e93a\u1e5b i\u0263zwarn nna isfsayn agris akfaf." }, { "en": "On 11 December 2013", "ber": " NASA reported the detection of clay-like minerals (specifically", "null": [ " phyllosilicates)", " often associated with organic materials", " on the icy crust of Europa.", "g 11 dujanbir 2013", " \u201ctnna tsnurayt n naza masd tufa izu\u0263ar ya\u0263n g walu\u1e0d (s u\u1e93lay phyllosilicates)", " qad wala tsl\u0263 s tangiwin tingmawin \u0263f tqc\u1e5bt n ugris n u\u1e5bubba." ] }, { "en": "Some claim to have identified evidence that microbial life has existed on Mars.", "ber": "da ttinin ids mas d is ufan an\u1e93iwn n is tlla tudrt tamikrubit g umzuy\u0263." }, { "en": "In 1996", "ber": " a controversial report stated that structures resembling nanobacteria were discovered in a meteorite", "null": [ " ALH84001", " formed of rock ejected from Mars.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1996 inna yan unqqis \u0263f illa umrara n wawal masd yufa tan\u0263iwin ya\u0263n g lbaktirya nanawya g nayzak ALH84001", " g llan i\u1e93\u1e5ban d ittugrn sg umzuy\u0263." ] }, { "en": "NASA officials soon distanced NASA from the scientists' claims", "ber": " and Stoker herself backed off from her initial assertions.", "null": [ "inbdadn n naza d tsnurayt n naza; \u025brqnen aynna ttinin imusnawn", " tu\u0263ul stukr awd ntta \u0263f isddidn nns." ] }, { "en": "It is designed to assess the past and present habitability on Mars using a variety of scientific instruments.", "ber": "ittuhyya \u0263f uzzray n uzmr n tudrt g umzuy\u0263 gr wasna\u1e0dt d wassa", "null": [ " s ussmrs n trabbut tanawayt n imassn imassan." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " significant advances in the ability to find and resolve light from smaller rocky worlds near their stars are necessary before such spectroscopic methods can be used to analyze extrasolar planets.", "null": [ "waxxa hakkak", " azzigz im\u0263arn g tzmrt n yif d ufssay n usidd g ima\u1e0daln i\u1e93\u1e5ban im\u1e93\u1e93an taman itran nns", " iqnen dat n ussmrs n wammakn n izn\u1e93a\u1e5b mar ad nfars itran b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n trabbut n tafuyt." ] }, { "en": "In August 2011", "ber": " findings by NASA", "null": [ " based on studies of meteorites found on Earth", " suggest DNA and RNA components (adenine", " guanine and related organic molecules)", " building blocks for life as we know it", " may be formed extraterrestrially in outer space.", "g \u0263uct 2011", " nnant tyafutin nna d igulan tasnurayt n na\u1e93a", " sg tzrawin n naya\u1e93ik illan g wakal", " \u0263r if\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63n n DNA d RNA (adinin", " ganin d igzzumn ilan tazl\u0263a)", " ifggagn idslan n tudrt imk tt nssn", " t\u0263y ad tili b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n wakal g yignna." ] }, { "en": "In August 2012", "ber": " and in a world first", "null": [ " astronomers at Copenhagen University reported the detection of a specific sugar molecule", " glycolaldehyde", " in a distant star system.", "g \u0263uct 2012", " g tiklt tamzwarut g uma\u1e0dal", " nnan imusnawn n tussnitran g kubnhagn masd ufan imik n skkar glikulaldhid g ungraw n itran nn i\u025b\u1e5bqn." ] }, { "en": "The Kepler space telescope has also detected a few thousand candidate planets", "ber": " of which about 11% may be false positives.", "null": [ "yaf awd tiliskub kiblr astum itsn yif\u1e0dn n tzwinnitin timnkadin", " i\u0263in ad tg zund 11% diks umnign izgln." ] }, { "en": "The most massive planet listed on the NASA Exoplanet Archive is DENIS-P J082303.1-491201 b", "ber": " about 29 times the mass of Jupiter", "null": [ " although according to most definitions of a planet", " it is too massive to be a planet and may be a brown dwarf instead.", "tazwinnit mqqu\u1e5bn illan g uydda n na\u1e93a", " b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n trabbut n tafuyt iga t DENIS-P J082303.1-491201 b", " attayn n 29 ayugan n tagudit n tzwinnit n lmuctari", " waxxa llan isissn n tzwinnit", " ntta imqqu\u1e5b kigan ag ur i\u0263iy ad ig tizwinnit d i\u0263y ad ig tizwinnit amniway i manaya." ] }, { "en": "One sign that a planet probably already contains life is the presence of an atmosphere with significant amounts of oxygen", "ber": " since that gas is highly reactive and generally would not last long without constant replenishment.", "null": [ "yat g tmitar nna isn\u025batn \u0263r tzwinnit i\u0263y is diks nnik tudrt; iga t yili n tgniwt g llan igudiyn ixatarn n uksijin", " acku lgaz ad itmrar a\u1e6d\u1e6da\u1e63 d ur inni ad izdi s umata g tizi ta\u0263zzaft bla asmaynu am\u1e0dfa\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "Even if it is assumed that only one out of a billion of these stars has planets supporting life", "ber": " there would be some 6.25 billion life-supporting planetary systems in the observable universe.", "null": [ "mk akk\u02b7 nenna is d yan day g ku if\u1e0digndad n itran \u0263urs tizwinnitin ittawsn tudr", " qad yili wattayn n 6.25 n if\u1e0digndad angraw n tzwinnit amyiwas i tudrt g i\u0263zwr ityannayn." ] }, { "en": "The earliest recorded assertion of extraterrestrial human life is found in ancient scriptures of Jainism.", "ber": "tyafa uzmmez iwrn n tudrt tanafgant b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n izwinni n wakal g idlisn ifuzarn izaykutn n jaynizm." }, { "en": "Medieval Muslim writers like Fakhr al-Din al-Razi and Muhammad al-Baqir supported cosmic pluralism on the basis of the Qur'an.", "ber": "msasan imaratn inslmn g isatutn inammasn zund faxr ddin \u1e5b\u1e5bazi d mu\u1e25mmad lbaq\u1e5b; tiggidit n izwinnitn \u0263f usala n lq\u1e5ban." }, { "en": "Once it became clear that Earth was merely one planet amongst countless bodies in the universe", "ber": " the theory of extraterrestrial life started to become a topic in the scientific community.", "null": [ "sg wadday ityakz is iga wakal \u0263as yan izwinni g kigan n tizzitin g i\u0263zwr", " ttusntay tmagunt n tudrt b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n wakal mar ad tg asntl g u\u0263rf amassan." ] }, { "en": "The possibility of extraterrestrials remained a widespread speculation as scientific discovery accelerated.", "ber": "tqima tzmrt n tilit n im\u0263nawn b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n wakal", "null": [ " tga \u0263as igzzin g ufu\u0263al amiraw akd usrby n yif amassan." ] }, { "en": "The idea of life on Mars led British writer H. G. Wells to write the novel The War of the Worlds in 1897", "ber": " telling of an invasion by aliens from Mars who were fleeing the planet's desiccation.", "null": [ "tawngimt n tudrt g umzuy\u0263 n umara abri\u1e6dani itc ji wilz \u0263r tirra n wungal n imn\u0263i n imusnawn g usgg\u02b7as n 1897", " isawaln \u0263f wazza\u0263 n ib\u1e5b\u1e5baniyn sg umzuy\u0263 nna d iruln i ta\u0263art n tzwinnit ad." ] }, { "en": "Belief in extraterrestrial beings continues to be voiced in pseudoscience", "ber": " conspiracy theories", "null": [ " and popular folklore", " notably Area 51 and legends.", "issada usiwl \u0263f uffuls s im\u0263nawn n b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n wakal g tussna n \u025bnwa", " d tamugunin n unguz", " d lfulklu\u1e5b agdudan", " numar tasga 51", " d umiy." ] }, { "en": "Ward and Brownlee are open to the idea of evolution on other planets that is not based on essential Earth-like characteristics (such as DNA and carbon).", "ber": "ward d bruwnli rzmn \u0263f twngimt n usbu\u0263lu \u0263f tzwinnitin ya\u1e0dn nna ur ibddin \u0263f im\u1e93layn idslan ya\u0263n g wakal (zund DNA d ka\u1e5bbun)." }, { "en": "If aliens visit us", "ber": " the outcome would be much as when Columbus landed in America", "null": [ " which didn't turn out well for the Native Americans", " he said.", "inna \u201cignn \u0263urn\u0263 kkan ib\u1e5b\u1e5baniyn", " qad tg tyafut zund imkilli g nn igz kulumbus g amrika", " d aya ayd ur i\u1e25lin i imirikaniyn a\u1e93\u0263u\u1e5ban." ] }, { "en": "COSPAR also provides guidelines for planetary protection.", "ber": "da tgga awd kusbar isisfiwn n ufrag n tzwinnit." }, { "en": "Also", "ber": " according to the response", "null": [ " there is no credible information to suggest that any evidence is being hidden from the public's eye.", "awd", " g umrara ur llin in\u0263misn izzgan", " isn\u025batn tufurt ka igat an\u1e93a nil waln n ugdud." ] }, { "en": "Top: Light sources of different magnitudes.", "ber": "g uflla", "null": [ " isugam n usidd isg\u02b7r imzarayn." ] }, { "en": "Comet Borrelly", "ber": " the colors show its brightness over the range of three orders of magnitude (right).", "null": [ "kumit burli", " da sbayan ik\u02b7lan asafu nnsn \u0263f kra\u1e0d wana\u1e0dn g uksay (ayffas)." ] }, { "en": "The scale is logarithmic and defined such that each step of one magnitude changes the brightness by a factor of the fifth root of 100", "ber": " or approximately 2.512.", "null": [ "ams\u0263al lugaritm d um\u1e93lay acku issnfal ku tasurift s uksay n yan usafu s umwuri sg u\u1e93u\u1e5b wiss smmus i 100", " n\u0263d attayn n 2.512." ] }, { "en": "Astronomers use two different definitions of magnitude: apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude.", "ber": "da ssmrasn imusnawn n tussitran sin isissn imzarayn g uksay: asg\u02b7r n tumant", "null": [ " d uksay ur ilin akarif." ] }, { "en": "The absolute magnitude describes the intrinsic luminosity emitted by an object and is defined to be equal to the apparent magnitude that the object would have if it were placed at a certain distance from Earth", "ber": " 10 parsecs for stars.", "null": [ "isnummul aksay ilan asflilly n ugns nna d ikkan kan tfkka", " d ar ittusissn is iga zund aksay ityannayn", " nna s i\u0263y ad tt ig ufkka ig ittusrs \u0263f kan ustum g wakal", " 10 frsk n itran." ] }, { "en": "The development of the telescope showed that these large sizes were illusory\u2014stars appeared much smaller through the telescope.", "ber": "isbaynd usbu\u0263lu n tiliskub id iksayn ad ixatarn n tkndawt-agd bayn itran m\u1e93\u1e93iyn sg tiliskub." }, { "en": "The more negative the value", "ber": " the brighter the object.", "null": [ "ku ig itturnu watig uzdir da tturnu ussid n um\u0263naw." ] }, { "en": "Stars that have magnitudes between 1.5 and 2.5 are called second-magnitude; there are some 20 stars brighter than 1.5", "ber": " which are first-magnitude stars (see the list of brightest stars).", "null": [ "itran min tgula tzmrt nnsn gr 1.5 d 2.5 ism nns taskflt tiss snat", " llan wattayn n 20 n itri ikkan nnig 1.5 g usidd", " gan itran sg tskflt tamzwarut ( \u1e93\u1e5b talgamt n itran wala issuddan)." ] }, { "en": "Absolute magnitudes for solar system objects are frequently quoted based on a distance of 1 AU.", "ber": "dad wala tyasayn isg\u02b7arn ur ilin ikarifn i tazzitin n usgraw n tafuyt s uskan \u0263f ustum 1 AU." }, { "en": "The simplest form of technology is the development and use of basic tools.", "ber": "tal\u0263a tafrarit sg tal\u0263iwin n tiknulujit igat usbu\u0263lu d ussmrs n imassn idslan." }, { "en": "It has helped develop more advanced economies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class.", "ber": "yuws g usbu\u0263lu n tdamsanin wala yattuyn ( g tamu tdmsa tama\u1e0dlant assa)", "null": [ " yaws g tilit n taggayt taramsut." ] }, { "en": "Examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity", "ber": " and the challenges of bioethics.", "null": [ "d imdyatn \u0263f mayan", " tilit n tzmrt sg ufars n ufgan d tn\u1e93\u1e5bin n t\u0263ariwin timaddarin." ] }, { "en": "The term's meanings changed in the early 20th century when American social scientists", "ber": " beginning with Thorstein Veblen", "null": [ " translated ideas from the German concept of Technik into technology.", "ttusnfln inamkn n isissn g usatu wiss 20", " dda g skrn imusnawn imassnamun imirikaniyn", " s ussnti turstin fibln", " issu\u0263ln tiwngimin sg usissn almani n tiknik \u0263r tiknulujya." ] }, { "en": "In 1937", "ber": " the American sociologist Read Bain wrote that technology includes all tools", "null": [ " machines", " utensils", " weapons", " instruments", " housing", " clothing", " communicating and transporting devices and the skills by which we produce and use them.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1937", " yaru umussnamun amirikani rid bayn an; tatiknulujit tsman akk\u02b7 isggurn d imassn d iqcucn d imrign d isggurn d uzddu\u0263 d tmlsa d ingmamn n umyawa\u1e0d d usn\u0263l d ifuksn nna nsnflul d ar tt nssmras." ] }, { "en": "More recently", "ber": " scholars have borrowed from European philosophers of technique to extend the meaning of technology to various forms of instrumental reason", "null": [ " as in Foucault's work on technologies of the self (techniques de soi).", "g tyiriwin ad", " um\u1e93nd imusnawn sg \u0263ur iflsafn irubbiyin", " tatiqnit n usirw n unamk n tiknulujit ad yam\u1e93 tal\u0263iwin ya\u1e0dn sg walla\u0263 ankkin", " imk iga waddad g twuri n fuku \u0263f tiqnit n unmas." ] }, { "en": "to invent useful things or to solve problems and a machine", "ber": " piece of equipment", "null": [ " method", " etc.", "", "i usnflul n t\u0263awsiwin ilan tab\u0263urt", " n\u0263d afssay n imukrisn", " d imis", " tagzzumt sg imattiw", " tabridt", " ar tiyira." ] }, { "en": "The term is often used to imply a specific field of technology", "ber": " or to refer to high technology or just consumer electronics", "null": [ " rather than technology as a whole.", "da wala ttusmras tguri mar ad tn\u025bt \u0263r kan yigr n tiknulujit", " n\u0263d tatiknulujit yattuyn", " n\u0263d kan iliktrunat n tissmra", " ad tg imkkisi i tiknulujit s umata." ] }, { "en": "In this usage", "ber": " technology refers to tools and machines that may be used to solve real-world problems.", "null": [ "g ussmrs ad da tsn\u025bat tiknulujit \u0263r isggurn d imassn ign win adtn tssmrsd g ufsay n imukrisn n uma\u1e0dal n tidt." ] }, { "en": "W. Brian Arthur defines technology in a similarly broad way as a means to fulfill a human purpose.", "ber": "d isissin wilyam bryan artur tatiknulujit s tbridt tamiriwt yaksuln", "null": [ " is tga ammak mar ad yaw\u1e0d ufgan asu\u0263d nns." ] }, { "en": "When combined with another term", "ber": " such as medical technology or space technology", "null": [ " it refers to the state of the respective field's knowledge and tools. ", "ig da uttuzmzazl akd tguri nni\u1e0dn zund \u201ctatiknulujit tamsgnaft\u201d", " n\u0263d \u201ctatiknulujit n ustum\u201d", " da\u0263 immal addad n tussna d isggurn ibarazn inna." ] }, { "en": "Additionally", "ber": " technology is the application of mathematics", "null": [ " science", " and the arts for the benefit of life as it is known.", "s tirnut n manaya", " tga tiknulujit assmrs n tusnakt d tmassanin d t\u1e93u\u1e5biwin \u0263f tudrt imk tyassan." ] }, { "en": "Engineering is the goal-oriented process of designing and making tools and systems to exploit natural phenomena for practical human means", "ber": " often (but not always) using results and techniques from science.", "null": [ "atwal tgat tmggit inmn \u0263r usu\u0263d i ummak d usskar n isggurn d igrrayn n imassn inafgan imassanen", " d wala (maka ur id aha) assmrs n tyafutin d tiqnitin n tussna." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " science might study the flow of electrons in electrical conductors by using already-existing tools and knowledge.", "null": [ "s umdya", " t\u0263iy tusnakt an\u0263al n ilik\u1e6d\u1e5bunat g tzddayin tim\u1e93\u1e93a\u1e5bu\u1e5bin s ussmrs n isggurn d tussna illan nnik." ] }, { "en": "The exact relations between science and technology", "ber": " in particular", "null": [ " have been debated by scientists", " historians", " and policymakers in the late 20th century", " in part because the debate can inform the funding of basic and applied science.", "ittuga umrara n wawal \u0263f tzl\u0263iwin tun\u0263idin gr tmassant d tiknulujit", " s u\u1e93lay", " sg \u0263ur imusnawn d inmzrayn d winna isrsn tisrtitin g tyiriwin n usatu wiss 20", " da ittu\u0263ul manaya \u0263r amrara n wawal i\u0263y ad isnm asi\u1e93\u1e5bf n tmassanin tidslanin d tmggitin." ] }, { "en": "Early humans evolved from a species of foraging hominids which were already bipedal", "ber": " with a brain mass approximately one third of modern humans.", "null": [ "asbu\u0263llu n iwdan imzwura igan anaw n mddn itddun \u0263f sin i\u1e0da\u1e5bn", " d unlli ilan anc n wiss k\u1e5ba\u1e0d n iwdan itrarn." ] }, { "en": "The invention of polished stone axes was a major advance that allowed forest clearance on a large scale to create farms.", "ber": "asnflul n icuqqa\u1e5b n i\u1e93\u1e5ban ihyyan", "null": [ " azzigz mqqu\u1e5bn d yuwin ukus n taganin g ufu\u0263al amiraw mar ad tili tgrza." ] }, { "en": "The earliest known use of wind power is the sailing ship; the earliest record of a ship under sail is that of a Nile boat dating to the 8th-millennium BCE.", "ber": "assmrs amzwaru i tzmrt n uzwu tgat \u201ctanawt\u201d", "null": [ " arra aqbu\u1e5b n tanawt igat warra n talflukt n nili g uzmz wiss 8 dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25." ] }, { "en": "According to archaeologists", "ber": " the wheel was invented around 4000 BCE probably independently and nearly simultaneously in Mesopotamia (in present-day Iraq)", "null": [ " the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe.", "nna imusnawn n udriz", " is ttuskar ts\u0263alt attayn n 4000 n usgg\u02b7as dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25", " s tal\u0263a tam\u1e93layt d g zund tizi nna\u0263 nnik g gr isaffn ( l\u025bi\u1e5baq d\u0263i)", " d izzlm\u1e0d n lquqaz ( tussna n maykub)", " d urubba n wammas." ] }, { "en": "More recently", "ber": " the oldest-known wooden wheel in the world was found in the Ljubljana marshes of Slovenia.", "null": [ "g tyiriwin d\u0263", " tyafa ts\u0263alt taqbu\u1e5bt n ukccu\u1e0d akk\u02b7 g uma\u1e0dal", " g inazu\u0263n n lyublyana g slufinya." ] }, { "en": "The ancient Sumerians used the potter's wheel and may have invented it.", "ber": "ssmrsn sumiryyun izaykutn tas\u0263alt n idqqi", "null": [ " d i\u0263y is tt sskrn." ] }, { "en": "The first two-wheeled carts were derived from travois and were first used in Mesopotamia and Iran in around 3000 BCE.", "ber": "ttussuf\u0263nd tulditin timzwura id mm snat ts\u0263alin sg travois", "null": [ " d ttusmrs tiklt izwarn g gr-isaffn d i\u1e5ban attayn n 3000 dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25." ] }, { "en": "A bathtub virtually identical to modern ones was unearthed at the Palace of Knossos.", "ber": "ittyafa ugrru n wucuf imya\u0263n d igrrutn itrarn g t\u0263rmt n knusus." }, { "en": "The primary sewer in Rome was the Cloaca Maxima; construction began on it in the sixth century BCE and it is still in use today.", "ber": "aqqa adslan g \u1e5buma ism nns Cloaca Maxima", "null": [ " ttusnti diks tuska g usatu wiss \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63 dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25", " isal ittuswuri awd assa." ] }, { "en": "Medieval technology saw the use of simple machines (such as the lever", "ber": " the screw", "null": [ " and the pulley) being combined to form more complicated tools", " such as the wheelbarrow", " windmills and clocks", " and a system of universities developed and spread scientific ideas and practices.", "t\u1e93\u1e5b tiqnit n isatutn inammasn assmrs n imassn ifrarin( zund tamyasayt d ukmam d lj\u1e5b\u1e5ba\u1e5bt)", " nna ittusi\u1e0dfn mar ad ttuskarn isggurn wala irwin", " zund tasmattayt d tam\u1e93\u1e0dit n uzwu d tsaragin", " d ungraw n tsdawitin nna ittusbu\u0263llan d ifsr tiwngimin d imggitn imassanen." ] }, { "en": "Starting in the United Kingdom in the 18th century", "ber": " the Industrial Revolution was a period of great technological discovery", "null": [ " particularly in the areas of agriculture", " manufacturing", " mining", " metallurgy", " and transport", " driven by the discovery of steam power and the widespread application of the factory system.", "sg lamirik g usatu wiss 18", " tga tgrawla tamgurant tizi n yif atiknuluji mqqu\u1e5bn", " numa\u1e5b g yigran n tyrza d tmuknant d ugddad d usn\u0263l", " ittutkayn s yikz n tzmrt n irugga d imggitn g ufu\u0263al amiriw ign angraw ityahyyan." ] }, { "en": "The rise in technology has led to skyscrapers and broad urban areas whose inhabitants rely on motors to transport them and their food supplies.", "ber": "yuwy usbu\u0263lu n tiknulujit \u0263r abrzddu\u0263 d wansiwn i\u0263rmanen amiriwn", "null": [ " nna g da ssmrasn imzda\u0263 nns inmassutn mar ad ttmctagn ard ttawin utci nnsn." ] }, { "en": "The 20th century brought a host of innovations.", "ber": "yuwid usatu wiss 20 kigan n isnfluln." }, { "en": "Information technology subsequently led to the birth in the 1980s of the Internet", "ber": " which ushered in the current Information Age.", "null": [ "tuwy tiknulujit tasnmalayt g tizi n dat \u0263r wufu\u0263 n lantirnit g 1980", " nna d brr\u1e25n s asatu asnmallay n wass." ] }, { "en": "Complex manufacturing and construction techniques and organizations are needed to make and maintain some of the newer technologies", "ber": " and entire industries have arisen to support and develop succeeding generations of increasingly more complex tools.", "null": [ "ttura tiqnit d tmaddast n tmgurant d uskan icqqan mar ad nmgura d uhyyu itsnt tiqnitin titrarin", " d tbaynd tmgurant kul mar ad taws asbu\u0263lu n tsutiwin d iddan g isggurn wala icqqan s tal\u0263a tamrnut." ] }, { "en": "Transhumanists generally believe that the point of technology is to overcome barriers", "ber": " and that what we commonly refer to as the human condition is just another barrier to be surpassed.", "null": [ "da tti\u0263iln winna i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn \u201c\u1e0da\u1e5bt tiffugna\u201d s umata id asa\u0263d n tiknulujit ad tn\u1e0dw iwtta", " d uynna s nsn\u025bat s umata iga addad n ufgan; iga yan uwttu ya\u1e0dn s nn iqqn ad tt nen\u1e0dw." ] }, { "en": "They suggest that the inevitable result of such a society is to become evermore technological at the cost of freedom and psychological health.", "ber": "ssumurn id tayafut ur ilin amziray i amm ugdud ad; tgat ad tg uggar n tiqnit \u0263f tadawt n tlelli d tdusi tuklist." }, { "en": "He hopes to reveal the essence of technology in a way that 'in no way confines us to a stultified compulsion to push on blindly with technology or", "ber": " what comes to the same thing", "null": [ " to rebel helplessly against it.'", "da issirim ad ya\u0263 tagnsut n tiknulujit s tbridt ur ak ya\u1e6d\u1e6dun s ak mamnk ad ntky yan umsgufsu ad yakl \u0263f tiknulujya s tiqn-waln", " n\u0263d mayd itddun s t\u0263awsa nna\u0263 nnik", " mar ad \u0263ifs i\u0263ww\u0263 s gar tazmrt." ] }, { "en": "Some of the most poignant criticisms of technology are found in what are now considered to be dystopian literary classics such as Aldous Huxley's Brave New World", "ber": " Anthony Burgess's A Clockwork Orange", "null": [ " and George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four.", "tyafant kan iz\u0263an istawhmman \u0263ur tiknulujit g mayd igan d\u0263i klasikyat n tskla iqn\u1e0dn zund ama\u1e0dal amaynu izmrn n aldus hiksli", " d an\u1e6duni burgis taznbu\u025bt tamist", " d ju\u1e5bj u\u1e5bwil." ] }, { "en": "The late cultural critic Neil Postman distinguished tool-using societies from technological societies and from what he called technopolies", "ber": " societies that are dominated by the ideology of technological and scientific progress to the exclusion or harm of other cultural practices", "null": [ " values", " and world-views.", "ismzaray ufrnan adlsan iddan; nil bustman", " igdudn nna issmrasn isggurn n igdudn atiknulujitn", " i\u0263rifn nna g tnnb\u1e0d tdyulujit n uzzigz n tiknulujit d tmassant \u0263r u\u025bra n\u0263d arnu n twa\u0263it s ussmrs d tinditin tidlsanin ya\u1e0dn", " d tannayin n uma\u1e0dal." ] }, { "en": "Nikolas Kompridis has also written about the dangers of new technology", "ber": " such as genetic engineering", "null": [ " nanotechnology", " synthetic biology", " and robotics.", "yara awd nikulas kumbrids \u0263f imizn n tiknulujit ad tamaynut", " zund atwal atari d tiknulujit n nnanu d tbyulujit n tsddast d id rubu." ] }, { "en": "Another prominent critic of technology is Hubert Dreyfus", "ber": " who has published books such as On the Internet and What Computers Still Can't Do.", "null": [ "afrnan ya\u1e0dn mqqurn n tiknulujit igat hubir drayfuz", " nna ifsrn adlis zund g lantirnit d mayd urta \u0263iyn imssudsn ad tt skrn." ] }, { "en": "In his article", "ber": " Jared Bernstein", "null": [ " a Senior Fellow at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities", " questions the widespread idea that automation", " and more broadly", " technological advances", " have mainly contributed to this growing labor market problem.", "g tmgradt nns", " tlla turda n jarid birnctayn", " amddak\u02b7l amzwaru g usmuttg n tmsastlt d usizwr n tsrtitin", " g twngimt wala ittufsarn \u0263f uswuri amassan g ufu\u0263al amiraw", " azzigz atiknuluji yuws s tla\u0263a tadslan g umukris ad n ubaraz n twuri if\u1e0d\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "He uses two main arguments to defend his point.", "ber": "issmras sin wan\u1e93atn idslan mar ad irar \u0263f tannayt nns." }, { "en": "Indeed", "ber": " automation threatens repetitive jobs but higher-end jobs are still necessary because they complement technology and manual jobs that requires flexibility judgment and common sense remain hard to replace with machines.", "null": [ "g tinawt", " da smigiln n imassn timrsitin ittyalsn", " maka timrsitin yattuyn kigan sulnt lant tawuri acku da tfukkunt tamrst n tiqnit d tin ufus nna ittirin anba\u1e0d n artutm d us\u1e25ssi idusn", " isul icqqa usnflel nns s imassn." ] }, { "en": "Technology is often considered too narrowly; according to Hughes", "ber": " Technology is a creative process involving human ingenuity.", "null": [ "da wala ttili tannayt \u0263r tiknulujit s tal\u0263a inyaman kigan", " imk inna hyuz \u201c tatiknulujit tga timggit tamsnflult itnn\u1e0dn \u0263f ti\u0263ist tafganiyt." ] }, { "en": "They have often supposed that technology is easily controllable and this assumption has to be thoroughly questioned.", "ber": "turda nnsn g kigan n tikkal n wis i\u0263y ad yili unba\u1e0d iwhn xf tiknulujit", "null": [ " iqnen usurdu \u0263f turda ad." ] }, { "en": "Solutionism is the ideology that every social issue can be solved thanks to technology and especially thanks to the internet.", "ber": "afssay tgat idyulujyya innan: ka igat tamukrist tanamunt n\u0263y ad tt nfsi s tullu\u0263t n tiknulujit d s u\u1e93lay lantirnit." }, { "en": "Benjamin R. Cohen and Gwen Ottinger also discussed the multivalent effects of technology.", "ber": "imk imrar bnyamin r.kuhn d gwin utingr i\u1e0di\u1e63n mi ggudin imiksiln n tiknulujit." }, { "en": "The use of basic technology is also a feature of other animal species apart from humans.", "ber": "iga ussmrs awd n tiknulujit tadslant tafrst g tfrsin n wanawn n imudar ya\u1e0dn ur ad amm iwdan." }, { "en": "The ability to make and use tools was once considered a defining characteristic of the genus Homo.", "ber": "tkkat tzmrt n uskar n isggurn d ussmrs nnsn tga yat tfrst s t\u1e93li twsit n ufgan." }, { "en": "In 2005", "ber": " futurist Ray Kurzweil predicted that the future of technology would mainly consist of an overlapping GNR Revolution of genetics", "null": [ " nanotechnology and robotics", " with robotics being the most important of the three.", "\u201cg usgg\u02b7as n 2005", " isnuml unimal ray kulzwil masd imal n tiknulujit qad ittuskr g \u201ctgrawla n GNR\u201d ikcmn g tussnatari d tiknulujit n nnanu d rubu", " imk iga rubu wanna akk\u02b7 istawhmman g k\u1e5ba\u1e0d ad.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Humans have already made some of the first steps toward achieving the GNR revolution.", "ber": "isskr nnik ufgan itsnt tsurifin; tamzwarut \u0263r tilit n \u201ctgrawla GNR\u201d." }, { "en": "Some believe that the future of robotics will involve a 'greater than human non-biological intelligence.'", "ber": "i\u0263al ids id imal n rubu qad yam\u1e93 ccwiyt ikkan nnig tin ufgan ur igin abyuluji." }, { "en": "This future shares many similarities with the concept of planned obsolescence", "ber": " however", "null": [ " planned obsolescence is seen as a sinister business strategy.'", "issar imal ad kigan n tnqqa\u1e0d akd usissn n \u201ctqburt tawna\u0263t\u201d", " waxxa hakkak", " ittusksiw \u0263r \u201ctqburt tawna\u0263t\u201d masd tga tabridt n uswuri ixcn." ] }, { "en": "Genetics have also been explored", "ber": " with humans understanding genetic engineering to a certain degree.", "null": [ "tyafa awd tussnatari s imik n urmmus n ufgan i utwal atari." ] }, { "en": "Others think that genetic engineering will be used to make humans more resistant or completely immune to some diseases.", "ber": "wiy\u1e0d ya\u1e0dn \u0263aln id atwal atari ayd ittusmrasn mar ad tg afgan d bu tzmrt d lan iwtta gr asn d tma\u1e0dunin." }, { "en": "It is believed by futurists that nanobot technology will allow humans to 'manipulate matter at the molecular and atomic scale.'", "ber": "\u0263aln inamaln tatiqnit n nanubut is qad tadj afgan ad itturar s tanga g uswir agzzuman d ublkim." }, { "en": "In this context", "ber": " now obsolete", "null": [ " an engine referred to a military machine", " i.e.", " a mechanical contraption used in war (for example", " a catapult).", "\u201cg usatal ad", " nna in\u1e0du wakud d\u0263i", " da tsn\u025bat tguri anmassu \u201c \u0263r imis asrdas\u201d", " igan \u201ctazl\u0263a tamikanikt ittusmrsn g imn\u0263i ( zund aldi).\u201d" ] }, { "en": "The six classic simple machines were known in the ancient Near East.", "ber": "kkant imassn s s\u1e0di\u1e63 iklasikitn unziln", "null": [ " tyassn g ugmmu\u1e0d amazdar aqbu\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "The lever mechanism first appeared around 5", "ber": "000 years ago in the Near East", "null": [ " where it was used in a simple balance scale", " and to move large objects in ancient Egyptian technology.", "ibaynd imis n yisy tiklt izwarn attayn n 5000 n usgg\u02b7as g agmmu\u1e0d amazdar", " ttussmrs g usbdad n umyas unzil", " d usmctg n t\u0263awsiwin timqranin g mi\u1e63\u1e5b tazaykut." ] }, { "en": "The screw", "ber": " the last of the simple machines to be invented", "null": [ " first appeared in Mesopotamia during the Neo-Assyrian period (911-609) BC.", "ibaynd ukmam igan yan imis amyas nna ittusnfleln tiklt izwarn g tmazirt n gr isaffn g usatu acuri atrar (911-609) dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25." ] }, { "en": "As one of the officials of the Pharaoh", "ber": " Djos\u00e8r", "null": [ " he probably designed and supervised the construction of the Pyramid of Djoser (the Step Pyramid) at Saqqara in Egypt around 2630\u20132611 BC.", "yan sg inbba\u1e0dn n fir\u025bawn", " zusir i\u0263y id ntta ayd ihyyan ibdd \u0263f uskan n uzamug zusr (azamug igan tad\u1e5bjanin)", " g saqa\u1e5ba g mi\u1e63\u1e5b attayn n 2630-2611 dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25." ] }, { "en": "Kushite ancestors built speos during the Bronze Age between 3700 and 3250 BC.Bloomeries and blast furnaces were also created during the 7th centuries BC in Kush.", "ber": "skan ilusn n lkucyyun speos", "null": [ " g uzmz abrunzi gr 3700 d 3250 dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25", " imk ttuskarn wafatn d if\u1e5b\u1e5banen yattuyn g usatu wiss 7 dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25 g kuc." ] }, { "en": "Some of Archimedes' inventions as well as the Antikythera mechanism required sophisticated knowledge of differential gearing or epicyclic gearing", "ber": " two key principles in machine theory that helped design the gear trains of the Industrial Revolution", "null": [ " and are still widely used today in diverse fields such as robotics and automotive engineering.", "ran itsn isnfluln n arxmis akd imis n Antikythera", " tussna ibu\u0263llan s trus tamafllat n\u0263d trus tawrerrayt", " igan sin imnzayn g tmagunt n imis yuwsn g thyyit n ilawayn n trus i tgrawla tamgurant", " tsul ttusmras g ufu\u0263al amiraw awd assa g yigran inawayn zund rubuyat d atwal n thirritin." ] }, { "en": "The spinning wheel was also a precursor to the spinning jenny", "ber": " which was a key development during the early Industrial Revolution in the 18th century.", "null": [ "ikkat awd ugnduz n t\u1e93nkt ittufka i jini n t\u1e93nkt", " nna igan yan usbu\u0263lu adslan g tgrawla tamgurant n zik g usatu wiss 18." ] }, { "en": "He described four automaton musicians", "ber": " including drummers operated by a programmable drum machine", "null": [ " where they could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns.", "d isnumml kku\u1e93 n ina\u1e93u\u1e5bn imassan", " g amun id bu ugnnag nna iswurin s imis tgnngt igan tin us\u0263iws", " acku i\u0263y atn tadjd ad ttirirn s tal\u0263iwin imzarayn d tanixin n tgnngin imzarayn." ] }, { "en": "Aside from these professions", "ber": " universities were not believed to have had much practical significance to technology.", "null": [ "ig nzri tazzulin ad", " ur tlli turda n wiss lant tsdawitin astawhmma amassan mqqu\u1e5bn g tiknulujit." ] }, { "en": "Canal building was an important engineering work during the early phases of the Industrial Revolution.", "ber": "ikkat uskan n tbadut yat twuri tatwalt istawhmman", "null": [ " g tfrkiwin timzwura n tgrawla tamgurant." ] }, { "en": "He was also a capable mechanical engineer and an eminent physicist.", "ber": "iga awd amtwal amikanik i\u1e0dufn d umassan afizik icqqan." }, { "en": "Smeaton also made mechanical improvements to the Newcomen steam engine.", "ber": "iskr awd smitun as\u0263udu amikaniki i usmassu n irugg\u02b7a Newcomen." }, { "en": "Samuel Morland", "ber": " a mathematician and inventor who worked on pumps", "null": [ " left notes at the Vauxhall Ordinance Office on a steam pump design that Thomas Savery read.", "\u1e63amwil mu\u1e5bland", " amusnaw n tusnakt d amsnflul nna iswurin g tmtkyin", " yudja tannayin g umaris n fukshul urdinans \u0263f umamk n tmtkayt n iragg\u02b7au", " i\u0263ra tt tumas safri." ] }, { "en": "Iron merchant Thomas Newcomen", "ber": " who built the first commercial piston steam engine in 1712", "null": [ " was not known to have any scientific training.", "asbbab n wuzzal tumas nyukumn", " nna iskan asmassu amzwaru n irugg\u02b7a g usgg\u02b7as n 1712", " ur ityassn is izzri kan usanun amassan." ] }, { "en": "These innovations lowered the cost of iron", "ber": " making horse railways and iron bridges practical.", "null": [ "ssdrsn isnfluln ad atig n wuzzal", " ayd yudjan timzu\u0263t n iysan d tlgg\u02b7itin n wuzzal d timggitin." ] }, { "en": "With the development of the high pressure steam engine", "ber": " the power to weight ratio of steam engines made practical steamboats and locomotives possible.", "null": [ "s usbu\u0263lu n unsmassu n irugg\u02b7a mi yattuy yidr", " tga as\u0263l n tzmrt \u0263r astal n insmassutn n irugg\u02b7a d talflukin n irugg\u02b7a d imalwayn imggitn i\u1e93\u1e0darn ad yili." ] }, { "en": "The Industrial Revolution created a demand for machinery with metal parts", "ber": " which led to the development of several machine tools.", "null": [ "tskr tgrawla tamgurant tuttra \u0263f imassn ilan igzzumn iza\u0263urn", " aya ayd yuwin asbu\u0263lu n kigan n isggurn n imassn." ] }, { "en": "Precision machining techniques were developed in the first half of the 19th century.", "ber": "ttusbu\u0263llant tiqnitin n mgur amn\u0263ad g uzgn amzwaru n usatu wiss 19." }, { "en": "The United States census of 1850 listed the occupation of engineer for the first time with a count of 2", "ber": "000.", "null": [ "inna usi\u1e6d\u1e6dn n mirikan g usggas 1850", " yumz amtwal tiklt tamzwarut s imi\u1e0di n 2000." ] }, { "en": "In 1890", "ber": " there were 6", "null": [ "000 engineers in civil", " mining", " mechanical and electrical.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1890", " llan dinna\u0263 6000 n umtwal g utwal u\u0263rim d tawsmmudt d tmikanikt d tm\u1e93\u1e93a\u1e5bu\u1e5bt." ] }, { "en": "The foundations of electrical engineering in the 1800s included the experiments of Alessandro Volta", "ber": " Michael Faraday", "null": [ " Georg Ohm and others and the invention of the electric telegraph in 1816 and the electric motor in 1872.", "llan g isalan n utwal am\u1e93\u1e93a\u1e5bu\u1e5b g 1800", " tirmitin n alisandru fulta d maykl faraday d ju\u1e5bj um", " d wiyya\u1e0d d usnflul n tiligraf tam\u1e93za\u1e5bu\u1e5bt g usgg\u02b7as n 1816 d usnmassu am\u1e93\u1e93a\u1e5bu\u1e5b g usgg\u02b7as n 1872." ] }, { "en": "Aeronautical engineering deals with aircraft design process design while aerospace engineering is a more modern term that expands the reach of the discipline by including spacecraft design.", "ber": "da iswuri utwal n waylal akd wamamk n tmggit n umamk n taylalt", "null": [ " d iga utwal n waylal yat tguri wala igan tatrart issiriwn afu\u0263al n u\u0263yud sg tiggit n umamk n tmssudutin n ustum." ] }, { "en": "Historically", "ber": " naval engineering and mining engineering were major branches.", "null": [ "g umzruy iga utwal aylan d utwal n usuf\u0263 n izu\u0263ar sg wayyawn idslan." ] }, { "en": "As a result", "ber": " many engineers continue to learn new material throughout their careers.", "null": [ "tayafut n \u0263ayan", " ssudun wahli n imtwaln g ulmmud n tangiwin timaynutin tudrt nnsn tazzulat kullut." ] }, { "en": "It is generally insufficient to build a technically successful product", "ber": " rather", "null": [ " it must also meet further requirements.", "s umata", " ur iq\u1e0di uskan n usnflul immursn g tiqnit", " maka iqnen ad iskar tutriwin ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "Genrich Altshuller", "ber": " after gathering statistics on a large number of patents", "null": [ " suggested that compromises are at the heart of low-level engineering designs", " while at a higher level the best design is one which eliminates the core contradiction causing the problem.", "\u201cinna Genrich Altshuller ddag isman assi\u1e6dn \u0263f kigan n tzzidgiwin n usnflul", " id izuggaz llan g wulawn n imamkn n utwal", " \u201c mi igz uswir \u201c", " maka g uswir yulin da itgga umamk i\u0263udan amamk nna ittksn annzray adslan nna itggan imukrisn.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Testing ensures that products will perform as expected.", "ber": "tanfrut n yirim igat is qad swurin isnfluln imktn ndma." }, { "en": "As well as the typical business application software there are a number of computer aided applications (computer-aided technologies) specifically for engineering.", "ber": "s trnut i i\u0263awasn n iskkirn n twuriwin timdyatin", "null": [ " llant kigan n tskkirin s umyiwas n umssuds (tatiqnitin s umyiwas n umssuds)", " s u\u1e93lay i utwal." ] }, { "en": "It enables engineers to create 3D models", "ber": " 2D drawings", "null": [ " and schematics of their designs.", "gulanen imtwaln askar n imdyatn n 3 wuggugn d wunu\u0263n id bu 2 wuggugn", " d i\u1e63\u1e6d\u1e6datn i imamkn nnsn." ] }, { "en": "Access and distribution of all this information is generally organized with the use of product data management software.", "ber": "da ittusuds yiw\u1e0d \u0263r in\u0263misn ad kul", "null": [ " d tu\u1e6d\u1e6dut nnsn s umata s ussmrs n u\u0263awas n tsnbdadt n inmmaln n usnflul." ] }, { "en": "By its very nature engineering has interconnections with society", "ber": " culture and human behavior.", "null": [ "tla t\u0263ara n utwal yat tzl\u0263a akd ugdud d tussna d tikli tanafgant." ] }, { "en": "Engineering projects can be subject to controversy.", "ber": "i\u0263y ad gin isnfarn n utwal yan waddad amnza\u0263." }, { "en": "Engineering is a key driver of innovation and human development.", "ber": "atwal ayd igan asnmassu adslan n usnflul d tnflit tanafgant." }, { "en": "There are many negative economic and political issues that this can cause", "ber": " as well as ethical issues.", "null": [ "llant kigan n tmntilin tidamsanin d tsrtitin tuzdirin nna s i\u0263y adtnt iskr", " d tmntilin n t\u0263ara." ] }, { "en": "Scientists may also have to complete engineering tasks", "ber": " such as designing experimental apparatus or building prototypes.", "null": [ "\u0263in awd imusnawn ad smdn tiwuriwin n utwal", " zund amamk n ungmam n yirm n\u0263d tuska n imdyatn imzwura." ] }, { "en": "First", "ber": " it often deals with areas in which the basic physics or chemistry are well understood", "null": [ " but the problems themselves are too complex to solve in an exact manner.", "g umzwaru", " da wala itmfka akd yigran nna g tga tfizikt tadslant n\u0263d lkimya asissn i\u0263udan", " maka timukrisin nna\u0263 nnik cqqan kigan d lint afssay s tbrid tun\u0263idt." ] }, { "en": "The former equates an understanding into a mathematical principle while the latter measures variables involved and creates technology.", "ber": "amzwaru iga armas g umnzay usnak imkinna is\u0263al umggaru isnfal nna\u0263 nnik ar iskar tatiknulujit." }, { "en": "A physicist would typically require additional and relevant training.", "ber": "da wala ittiri ufizik annan ya\u1e0dn ilan azday d usntl." }, { "en": "An example of this is the use of numerical approximations to the Navier\u2013Stokes equations to describe aerodynamic flow over an aircraft", "ber": " or the use of the Finite element method to calculate the stresses in complex components.", "null": [ "amdya \u0263f \u0263ayan", " igat ussmrs n tsnmilitin timi\u1e0danin n tgadazalin nafyir stuks mar ad snummlnt an\u0263al adinamik n uzwu aflla n taylalt", " n\u0263d assmrs n tbridt n if\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63n ila iwtta mar ad ssi\u1e6dn idr g if\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63n irwin." ] }, { "en": "Engineers stress innovation and invention.", "ber": "slkan imtwal \u0263f isnfluln d ikl\u1e93awn." }, { "en": "Since a design has to be realistic and functional", "ber": " it must have its geometry", "null": [ " dimensions", " and characteristics data defined.", "acku amamk iqnen ad ig amsar d amskir", " iqnen ad nsti inmmaln n utwam nns d wuggugn nns d im\u1e93lay nns." ] }, { "en": "Thus they studied mathematics", "ber": " physics", "null": [ " chemistry", " biology and mechanics.", "imki as \u0263ran tusnakt d ufizik d kimya d tbyulujit d mikanik." ] }, { "en": "Modern medicine can replace several of the body's functions through the use of artificial organs and can significantly alter the function of the human body through artificial devices such as", "ber": " for example", "null": [ " brain implants and pacemakers.", "i\u0263y usgnaf atrar ad yili g ud\u0263ar n kigan n twuriwin n tfkka s ussmrs n igmamn imguranen", " d i\u0263y ad wala isnfel tawuri n tfkka n ufgan s ingmamn imguranen zund", " s umdya; tu\u1e93ut n unlli d ingmamn n ussuds n titiwat n wul." ] }, { "en": "Both fields provide solutions to real world problems.", "ber": "igran ssin da akkan ifssayn n imukrisn n uma\u1e0dal n tidt." }, { "en": "Engineering management or Management engineering is a specialized field of management concerned with engineering practice or the engineering industry sector.", "ber": "tamhla n tatwalt n\u0263d tatwalt n tmhla", "null": [ " tga yan yigr am\u1e93lay n tmhla", " tawit nns \u0263f uskar atwal n\u0263d igr n tmguri tatwalt." ] }, { "en": "Engineers specializing in change management must have in-depth knowledge of the application of industrial and organizational psychology principles and methods.", "ber": "iqnen ad yili \u0263ur imtwal im\u1e93layn g tmhla n usnfl", "null": [ " russna i\u0263ban n ussmrs n imnzayn d wammakn n tiklisnt tamgurant d usnmala." ] }, { "en": "Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence demonstrated by machines", "ber": " as opposed to the natural intelligence displayed by humans or animals.", "null": [ "ccwiyt tamgurant (ct) iga ccwiyt d sbayn imassn", " ur id amm cwiyt ta\u0263arant nna d isbayan ufgan n\u0263d imudar." ] }, { "en": "AI research has tried and discarded many different approaches during its lifetime", "ber": " including simulating the brain", "null": [ " modeling human problem solving", " formal logic", " large databases of knowledge and imitating animal behavior.", "urmn irzzutn n cwiyt tamgurant d tn\u1e0dw kigan n wammakn imzarayn g tudrt nns", " g yamu wunud n unlli", " d usmdya n ufsay n imukrisn n ufgan", " d umgn un\u1e63ib", " d ilgamn n inmmaln ixatarn n tussna d t\u1e0df\u1e5bt n tkli n umudr." ] }, { "en": "The traditional goals of AI research include reasoning", "ber": " knowledge representation", "null": [ " planning", " learning", " natural language processing", " perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.", "sman isu\u0263ad izaykutn n irzzutn n ccwiyt tamgurant n uswingm", " d usmdya n tussna", "d u\u0263aws", " d ulmmud", " d usmkl n tutlayt ta\u0263arant", " d atam d yi\u0263iy n usmmctg n t\u0263awsiwin d usmkl nns." ] }, { "en": "AI also draws upon computer science", "ber": " psychology", "null": [ " linguistics", " philosophy", " and many other fields.", "tskuttu awd ccwiyt tamgurant \u0263f tmassanin n umssuds d tiklisnt d tsnilsitin d tflsaft d kigan n yigran ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "The study of mechanical or formal reasoning began with philosophers and mathematicians in antiquity.", "ber": "ttusntay tzrawt n umgin amikanik n\u0263d un\u1e63ib akd iflsafn d imusnawn n tusnakt g isattutn izaykutn." }, { "en": "The Church-Turing thesis", "ber": " along with concurrent discoveries in neurobiology", "null": [ " information theory and cybernetics", " this led researchers to consider the possibility of building an electronic brain.", "tuwid tduktu\u1e5bt ntcurc turin taman yifitn d yusan g tbyulujit tarnant", " d tmagunt n in\u0263misn d tussna n unba\u1e0d imis", " s imrzutn n uswingm g tmamkt n uskan n unlli ilik\u1e6d\u1e5buni." ] }, { "en": "Attendees Allen Newell (CMU)", "ber": " Herbert Simon (CMU)", "null": [ " John McCarthy (MIT)", " Marvin Minsky (MIT) and Arthur Samuel (IBM) became the founders and leaders of AI research.", "tga tilit alin nwil (CMU)", " d harbrt simun (CMU)", " d jun mkarti ( asinag n masatcustc i tiknulujit)", " d marfn minski ( asinag n masatcusts i tiknulujit)", " d artr \u1e63amwil (IBM)", " imssntin d imuzrn n irzzutn n ccwiyt tamgurant." ] }, { "en": "AI's founders were optimistic about the future: Herbert Simon predicted", "ber": " machines will be capable", "null": [ " within twenty years", " of doing any work a man can do.", "imssntin n tmaddast n usurf agra\u0263lan sfaln s imal: idma hrbrt simun \u201cqad i\u0263iyn imassn g ugnar n isgg\u02b7asn ad skrn ka igat tawuri s i\u0263y urgaz ad t iskr\u201d." ] }, { "en": "Progress slowed and in 1974", "ber": " in response to the criticism of Sir James Lighthill and ongoing pressure from the US Congress to fund more productive projects", "null": [ " both the U.S. and British governments cut off exploratory research in AI.", "i\u1e93\u1e93ay uzzigz g usgg\u02b7as n 1974", " acku ismdr i uz\u0263n n mass jims laytil", " d ussikl izdin sg \u0263ur lkungris n lamirik mar ad iss\u1e93\u1e5bf isnfarn wala iran ad ik", " tsbdd tnba\u1e0dt n lamirik tin b\u1e5bi\u1e6danya arzzu n yikiz g ccwiyt tamgurant." ] }, { "en": "By 1985", "ber": " the market for AI had reached over a billion dollars.", "null": [ "ddag yuw\u1e0d usgg\u02b7as n 1985", " igulan ugadaz n ccwiyt tamgurant ar uggar n yif\u1e0d igndad n id dula\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "Faster computers", "ber": " algorithmic improvements", "null": [ " and access to large amounts of data enabled advances in machine learning and perception; data-hungry deep learning methods started to dominate accuracy benchmarks around 2012.", "uwind ilgmamn n umssuds amsrbi", " d ts\u0263udutin n alguritm", " d yiw\u1e0d s igudiyn iggudin n inmmaln \u0263r uzzigz g usslmd n imis d urmmus; ttusntayn wammakn n ulmmud i\u0263ban iran inmmaln g unba\u1e0d \u0263f isfranen n tun\u0263idt g wattayn n usggas n 2012." ] }, { "en": "AI research divided into competing sub-fields that often failed to communicate with each other.", "ber": "b\u1e0dan irzzutn n ccwiyt tamgarant \u0263f yigran ayyawn itmca\u1e25adn", "null": [ " ar wala msasant grasnt g umsawa\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "The research was centered in three institutions: Carnegie Mellon University", "ber": " Stanford", "null": [ " and MIT", " and as described below", " each one developed its own style of research.", "ismssa usnubbc \u0263f k\u1e5ba\u1e0d tmrsal: tasdawit n ka\u1e5bnji milun", " d stanfurd", " d usinag n masatcustc n tiknulujit", " d imk ittussfra ddaw as", " tbbu\u0263la ku yuwt s wammak nns im\u1e93li g urzzu." ] }, { "en": "They called their work by several names: e.g. embodied", "ber": " situated", "null": [ " behavior-based or developmental.", "gan i twuri nnsn kigan n yismawn: zund", " tamskart", " n\u0263d tams\u0263ara", " n\u0263d tlla \u0263f tikli", " n\u0263d tanflit." ] }, { "en": "The shared mathematical language permitted a high level of collaboration with more established fields (like mathematics", "ber": " economics or operations research).", "null": [ "tudja tutlayt n tusnakt iccarn s uswir yattuyn i umyiwas akd yigran wala ittmran (amm tusnakt n\u0263d tadamsa n\u0263d irzzutn n tiggitin)." ] }, { "en": "Nowadays results of experiments are often rigorously measurable", "ber": " and are sometimes (with difficulty) reproducible.", "null": [ "g tizi ad", " da wala ttilint tyafutin n yirmawn igan win us\u0263al s tun\u0263idt", " d itsnt tikkal ( s cqqiyt) tga tin wallas." ] }, { "en": "These algorithms proved to be insufficient for solving large reasoning problems because they experienced a combinatorial explosion: they became exponentially slower as the problems grew larger.", "ber": "\u201csurant lugaritmat is ur gint i ufssay n imukrisn n uswingm axatar", "null": [ " acku mrrtnt s \u201cu\u1e6d\u1e6diqs amssidf\u201d", " d ta\u0263ul t\u1e93\u1e93ay kigan ggadint as tmukrisin.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Among the things a comprehensive commonsense knowledge base would contain are: objects", "ber": " properties", "null": [ " categories and relations between objects; situations", " events", " states and time; causes and effects; knowledge about knowledge (what we know about what other people know); and many other", " less well researched domains.", "ingr t\u0263awsiwin nna t\u0263iy ad tam\u1e93 tlgamt n tussna ta\u0263zurant tumgint: ti\u0263awsiwin", " d im\u1e93layn", " d tgrruma", " d tzdayin gr t\u0263awsiwin; d waddadn", " d imzzutn d waddadn d tizi", " d isragn d tmitar", " tussna s tussna ( mayd nssen d mayd ssnen wiyya\u1e0d)", " d kigan n yigran ya\u1e0dn g idrus usnubbc." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " if a bird comes up in conversation", "null": [ " people typically picture a fist-sized animal that sings and flies.", "s umdya", " ig d ibayn ug\u1e0di\u1e0d g tsmnawalt", " da swingimn mddn g umudr s uksay n tummi\u1e93t ar ittirir ar ittaylal." ] }, { "en": "Almost nothing is simply true or false in the way that abstract logic requires.", "ber": "awd ma\u025blm iga amddad ula izgl s tbridt nna da ittetr wumgin awngim." }, { "en": "Research projects that attempt to build a complete knowledge base of commonsense knowledge (e.g.", "ber": " Cyc) require enormous amounts of laborious ontological engineering\u2014they must be built", "null": [ " by hand", " one complicated concept at a time.", "da tettrn isnfarn n usnubbc nna da itna\u0263n ad skun talgamt n tussna isman tussna tumgint ( s umdya Cyc)", " kigan n igudiyn n utwal an\u1e6dulujiy imran - iqnen uskan nns s ufus", " s yan usissn irwin ku tiklt." ] }, { "en": "They need a way to visualize the future\u2014a representation of the state of the world and be able to make predictions about how their actions will change it\u2014and be able to make choices that maximize the utility (or value) of available choices.", "ber": "\u201ctx\u1e63\u1e63atn yat tbridt n usnumml n imal - asmdya n waddad n uma\u1e0dal d ti\u0263iyt n tigit n iswigmn s mamnk s rad snfln iggitn nnsn za\u1e5bs - d ti\u0263iyt ad asin istayn ittrnun tab\u0263st (n\u0263d atig)", "null": [ " sg istayn illan.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "This calls for an agent that can not only assess its environment and make predictions but also evaluate its predictions and adapt based on its assessment.", "ber": "aya ira tilit n usmagal ur innin ad ig astal i twnna\u1e0dt nns day", "null": [ " d iskr asnimal", " maka awd astal i usnimal nns d ibddi \u0263f ustal nns." ] }, { "en": "Classification is used to determine what category something belongs in", "ber": " and occurs after a program sees a number of examples of things from several categories.", "null": [ "da ttusmras tsnawayt mar ad t\u1e93li tagrruma nna g illa ka akk\u02b7 mi", " ar itj\u1e5bu da\u1e5bt ad yannay u\u0263awas kigan n imdyatn n t\u0263awsiwin sg kigan tgrruma." ] }, { "en": "Computational learning theory can assess learners by computational complexity", "ber": " by sample complexity (how much data is required)", "null": [ " or by other notions of optimization.", "t\u0263y tmagunt n ulmmud n ussi\u1e6dn ad tg astal i inlmadn sg ucqqu n ussi\u1e6dn d ucqqu n tussift (asg\u02b7r n inmmaln ityattarn)", " n\u0263d sg isissn ya\u1e0dn n us\u0263udu." ] }, { "en": "Many current approaches use word co-occurrence frequencies to construct syntactic representations of text. ", "ber": "\u201cda ssmrasnt kigan n wammakn n d\u0263i iglugln n wallasn imyakudn i tguriwin mar ad isskr ismdyatn inj\u1e5bumn n u\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63.\u201d" }, { "en": "Modern statistical NLP approaches can combine all these strategies as well as others", "ber": " and often achieve acceptable accuracy at the page or paragraph level.", "null": [ "t\u0263i tmyadast n us\u0263iws asnils turnant tatrart ad tsmun tistratijitin ad kul d tiyya\u1e0d", " ar tff\u0263 s yat tun\u0263id ittwadrgn g uswir n tsna n\u0263d tasddart." ] }, { "en": "A modern mobile robot", "ber": " when given a small", "null": [ " static", " and visible environment", " can easily determine its location and map its environment; however", " dynamic environments", " such as (in endoscopy) the interior of a patient's breathing body", " pose a greater challenge.", "\u0263in id rubu itrarn ittmctagn ig as ttufka twnna\u1e0dt tam\u1e93\u1e93ant iwrn ar tyannay", " ad ittyaf ud\u0263ar nns s trula", " d usu\u0263n n tka\u1e5b\u1e0da i twnna\u1e0dt nns", " zund (asmuqql agnsan)", " agnsu n tfkka n usunfs n umu\u1e0din", " isskarn tan\u1e93\u1e5bt mqqu\u1e5bn." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " some virtual assistants are programmed to speak conversationally or even to banter humorously; it makes them appear more sensitive to the emotional dynamics of human interaction", "null": [ " or to otherwise facilitate human\u2013computer interaction.", "s umdya", " ittuga u\u0263awas n itsn imyiwasn iswingmn mar ad sawaln s tal\u0263a tamyawa\u1e0dt n\u0263d lh\u1e0d\u1e5bt s ta\u1e0d\u1e63a", " datn ittadja \u0263r tmzrit wala i dinamikat n us\u1e25ussu mar ad tmrara akd ufgan", " n\u0263d asfsi n umrara gr ufgan d umssuds." ] }, { "en": "Can intelligent behavior be described using simple", "ber": " elegant principles (such as logic or optimization)?", "null": [ "is n\u0263y ad nsnumml tikli tami\u0263ist s ussmrs n imnzayn unziln d imzdagn (zund tam\u1e93la n\u0263d as\u0263udu)." ] }, { "en": "Or do we use algorithms that can only give us a reasonable solution (e.g.", "ber": " probabilistic methods) but may fall prey to the same kind of inscrutable mistakes that human intuition makes?", "null": [ "\u201cn\u0263d da nssmras lugaritm a\u0263 ur yakkan \u0263as afssay \u201camnlli\u201d (zund ammakn i\u0263in)", " maka t\u0263y ad tg tanqqit i wanawn nna\u0263 nnik n izggaln ur itturmasn nna isskar uwngim n ufgan?\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig observe that most AI researchers don't care about the strong AI hypothesis\u2014as long as the program works", "ber": " they don't care whether you call it a simulation of intelligence or real intelligence.", "null": [ "yannay stiwart rasl d bitr nurfij masd kigan n imrzutn g yigr n ccwiyt tamgurant; ur rurin taynnit s turda n ccwiyt tamgurant izmrn - sg mayd iswuri u\u0263awas", " nitni urtn ihwwil is as tgid as\u0263l n ccwiyt n\u0263d ccwiyt tamgurant." ] }, { "en": "The new intelligence could thus increase exponentially and dramatically surpass humans.", "ber": "iwa", "null": [ " tcy ccwiyt tamaynut ad trnu wahli d wahli", " d ad ik nnig ufgan s kigan." ] }, { "en": "The relationship between automation and employment is complicated.", "ber": "azday gr unwwr d uswuri irwy." }, { "en": "Subjective estimates of the risk vary widely; for example", "ber": " Michael Osborne and Carl Benedikt Frey estimate 47% of U.S. jobs are at high risk of potential automation", "null": [ " while an OECD report classifies only 9% of U.S. jobs as high risk.", "mzaraynt tannayin tiwdanin n imizn \u0263f ufu\u0263al amiraw", " s umdya ittini maykl uzburn d ka\u1e5bl binidit fray an s 47% g tmrsitin tamirikanin llant g \u201cimizi axatar\u201d sg imisn i\u0263in ad yili", " d isti anqqis n tngmamt n umyiwas admsan s 9% day sg tmrsitin timirikaniyin is illa imik yattuyn." ] }, { "en": "In the long-term", "ber": " the scientists have proposed to continue optimizing function while minimizing possible security risks that come along with new technologies.", "null": [ "dad\u0263 s wahli", " sumrn imusnawn assudu g us\u0263udu n uswuri d ussdris n imizitn n ufra i\u0263in ad yili", " nna d itddun akd tiqnitin timaynutin." ] }, { "en": "In his book Superintelligence", "ber": " philosopher Nick Bostrom provides an argument that artificial intelligence will pose a threat to humankind.", "null": [ "ika ufaylasuf nik bustrum g udlis nns Superintelligence; an\u1e93a ittinin is qad tsskr ccwiyt tamgurant aasmigl i ufgan." ] }, { "en": "Bostrom also emphasizes the difficulty of fully conveying humanity's values to an advanced AI.", "ber": "islkan awd bustrum \u0263f tnmart n usn\u0263l n tinditin tinafganin s umata \u0263r ccwiyt tamgurant izzigzn." }, { "en": "In his book Human Compatible", "ber": " AI researcher Stuart J. Russell echoes some of Bostrom's concerns while also proposing an approach to developing provably beneficial machines focused on uncertainty and deference to humans", "null": [ " possibly involving inverse reinforcement learning.", "g udlis nns imsasa d ufgan", " ar ittals umrzu g ccwiyt tamgurant stiwart j.rasl itsn ikssu\u1e0dn bustrum yakka awd ntta a\u0263aras n usbu\u0263lu n imassn ila tab\u0263urt iwran tk taynnit i gar aslkn d iknnu i ufgan", " d ulmmud ilan unu\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "The opinion of experts within the field of artificial intelligence is mixed", "ber": " with sizable fractions both concerned and unconcerned by risk from eventual superhumanly-capable AI.", "null": [ "tannayin n imuzayn g yigr n ccwiyt tamgurant tccar", " ili ak ids igzzumn ixatarn ur ilin tawit s imizn nna rad ikk ccwiyt tamgurant igan imrzi n t\u0263ara g tyira." ] }, { "en": "Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg believes AI will unlock a huge amount of positive things", "ber": " such as curing disease and increasing the safety of autonomous cars.", "null": [ "itti\u0263il mark zukrbirg aslway imggi n tdrawt n faysbuk; isd ccwiyt tamgurant ayd innan ad ir\u1e93m kigan n t\u0263awsiwin tumnigin", " zund asujji n tma\u1e0dunin d tmrniwt n ufra i thirritin i\u1e25rrin i\u0263fawn nnsnt." ] }, { "en": "Musk also funds companies developing artificial intelligence such as DeepMind and Vicarious to just keep an eye on what's going on with artificial intelligence.", "ber": "iss\u1e93\u1e5baf awd musk tidrawin nna iswurin \u0263f usbu\u0263lu n ccwiyt tamgurant zund dibmand d fikaryus mar ad t\u1e25\u1e0du mayd ittj\u1e5bun i ccwiyt tamgurant." }, { "en": "Research in this area includes machine ethics", "ber": " artificial moral agents", "null": [ " friendly AI and discussion towards building a human rights framework is also in talks.", "yum\u1e93 urzzu g yigr ad ti\u0263ariwin n imis", " d ismagaln i\u0263aranen imguranen", " d ccwiyt tamgurant", " d umgdal mar ad ittuska asati n twuri n izrfan n ufgan illan awd g umsgdal." ] }, { "en": "The time has come for adding an ethical dimension to at least some machines.", "ber": "tgulad tizi n tmrnawt n uzaru a\u0263aran", "null": [ " i itsn imassn b\u025bda." ] }, { "en": "Research in machine ethics is key to alleviating concerns with autonomous systems\u2014it could be argued that the notion of autonomous machines without such a dimension is at the root of all fear concerning machine intelligence.", "ber": "arzzu g t\u0263ariwin n imis iga: tasarut n usfsis n tkssa\u1e0d g mayd i\u1e93lin s igrrayn n imal - n\u0263 ad nini masd tawngimt n imassn n imal bla zund azaru ad", "null": [ " acku nttat d a\u1e93u\u1e5b n tkssa\u1e0d illan \u0263f ccwiyt n imis." ] }, { "en": "Humans should not assume machines or robots would treat us favorably because there is no a priori reason to believe that they would be sympathetic to our system of morality", "ber": " which has evolved along with our particular biology (which AIs would not share).", "null": [ "ixssa ad ur ka sawaln middn \u0263f imassn", " n\u0263d rubutat hat qad idn\u0263 tmyawa\u1e0d s tal\u0263a tumnigt", " acku ur illi awdyan uwttas s rad msasan akd ungraw a\u0263aran nn\u0263", " nna ittusbu\u0263llan yan tama n yan akd tawssntudrt za\u1e5bn\u0263 i\u1e93lin ( nna s ur tnni ad ucurn igrrayn n ccwiyt amguran)." ] }, { "en": "One proposal to deal with this is to ensure that the first generally intelligent AI is 'Friendly AI' and will be able to control subsequently developed AIs.", "ber": "itsn isumrn mar ad tswurid akd uya; aslkn n wis d cwwiyt tamgurant izwarn", "null": [ " icwa s umata igat ccwiyt tamgurant amddak\u02b7l", " d qad yi\u0263iy ad innb\u1e0d g igrrayn n ccwiyt tamgurant ittusbu\u0263llan \u1e0da\u1e5bt uynna\u0263." ] }, { "en": "I think the worry stems from a fundamental error in not distinguishing the difference between the very real recent advances in a particular aspect of AI and the enormity and complexity of building sentient volitional intelligence.", "ber": "i\u0263y az\u025baf is dad itff\u0263 sg uzggal agnsan g gar amziray gr isbu\u0263llutn itrarn n tidt", "null": [ " g yat tsga n ccwiyt tamgurant d tixxitrt d urway n uskan ataray g uswigm." ] }, { "en": "Regulation is considered necessary to both encourage AI and manage associated risks.", "ber": "iga ussuds anbzaz i usrqb n ccwiyt tamgurant d umhal n imizn \u1e93a\u1e5bs isl\u0263n." }, { "en": "A common trope in these works began with Mary Shelley's Frankenstein", "ber": " where a human creation becomes a threat to its masters.", "null": [ "ittusnti ulwa illan g twuriwin akd mari ciliyz franknstn", " adday i\u0263y uynna ihyya ufgan ad ismigl bab nns." ] }, { "en": "Isaac Asimov introduced the Three Laws of Robotics in many books and stories", "ber": " most notably the Multivac series about a super-intelligent computer of the same name.", "null": [ "ika is\u1e25aq isimuf k\u1e5ba\u1e0d izrfan i rubutat g kigan n idlisn d tullisin", " tamyuft diksnt tazdayt \u201cmultifak\u201d", " \u0263f ungmam amssuds icwan kigan yili ism nna\u0263 nnik." ] }, { "en": "In the 1980s", "ber": " artist Hajime Sorayama's Sexy Robots series were painted and published in Japan depicting the actual organic human form with lifelike muscular metallic skins and later the Gynoids book followed that was used by or influenced movie makers including George Lucas and other creatives.", "null": [ "g 1980", " ttusu\u0263n tgffurt n rubuyat nna yuwin awal", " tin una\u1e93u\u1e5b hajimi surayama nna ifsr g lyaban", " tga am uwlaf n tal\u0263a tafganit nnik s ub\u1e6d\u1e6dan abajj ilan iddrn", " i\u1e0dfu\u1e5btid udlis n \u201cjinwid\u201d nna issmrs n\u0263d ila tamatart nns \u0263f winna isskarn isarutn g yamu jurj lukas d wammakn ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "Biotechnology is a broad area of biology", "ber": " involving the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products.", "null": [ "byu-tiknulujit tga yan yigr amiraw n biyuluji", " isman assmrs n isnmallatn d imidrn i usbu\u0263lu n\u0263d askar n t\u0263awsiwin." ] }, { "en": "The American Chemical Society defines biotechnology as the application of biological organisms", "ber": " systems", "null": [ " or processes by various industries to learning about the science of life and the improvement of the value of materials and organisms such as pharmaceuticals", " crops", " and livestock.", "tssisin tmsmunt takimiyt n mirikan", " tatiknulujit ta\u0263arant s uskkir n im\u0263nawn iddrn", " n\u0263d imagawn n\u0263d timggitin sg imguranen ur yaksuln i usissn n tumassanin n tudrt d us\u0263udu n watig n tangiwin d im\u0263nan zund isafarn d yisitn d uydda amudr." ] }, { "en": "Bioengineering is the application of the principles of engineering and natural sciences to tissues", "ber": " cells and molecules.", "null": [ "atwal a\u1e93u\u1e5ban tga assmrs n imnzayn n utwal d tmassanin ti\u0263aranin g iz\u1e6d\u1e6datn d tilmikt d wasisn." ] }, { "en": "Through early biotechnology", "ber": " the earliest farmers selected and bred the best-suited crops", "null": [ " having the highest yields", " to produce enough food to support a growing population.", "sg bi\u025btiknulujit n zik", " skrn imkrazn imzwura astay d ussgm n yisiyn d yusan", " nna ilan asnflul iggudin", " mar ad a\u0263d kin aynna igan n wutci mar ad naws kigan n mddn." ] }, { "en": "These processes also were included in early fermentation of beer.", "ber": "ttugant tmggitin d\u0263 awd g ussxm\u1e5b zik i lbirra." }, { "en": "In this process", "ber": " carbohydrates in the grains broke down into alcohols", "null": [ " such as ethanol.", "g tmggit ad da fssint lkarbuhidrat illan g imndi gint lalkul", " zund itanul." ] }, { "en": "Although the process of fermentation was not fully understood until Louis Pasteur's work in 1857", "ber": " it is still the first use of biotechnology to convert a food source into another form.", "null": [ "waxxa ur wala tturmas tmggit n ussxm\u1e5b ar tawuri n lwis bastur g usgg\u02b7as n 1857", " maka tsul tga assmrs amzwaru n byu-tiknulujit isnflaln asag\u02b7m n wutci \u0263r tal\u0263a nni\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "These accounts contributed to Darwin's theory of natural selection.", "ber": "uwsn issi\u1e6dn ad g tmagunt n darwin g ustay a\u0263aran." }, { "en": "In 1928", "ber": " Alexander Fleming discovered the mold Penicillium.", "null": [ "g usgg\u02b7as n 1928", " yufa aliksandr flimin amr\u0263ul Penicillium." ] }, { "en": "The MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor) was invented by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng in 1959.", "ber": "ittusnflel MOSFET (tranzistur n unnu\u1e0ds abaraz n uksid n izu\u0263ar d imya\u0263n n tmyawa\u1e0din)", "null": [ " \u0263ur mu\u1e25mmad m", " \u025ba\u1e6da llah", " d dawn kanj g usgg\u02b7as n 1959." ] }, { "en": "The first BioFET was the ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET)", "ber": " invented by Piet Bergveld in 1970.", "null": [ "BioFET amzwaru igat tranzistur bu wunu\u1e0d abaraz", " imzrin ayunat (ISFET)", " nna isnflel biy birfild g usgg\u02b7as n 1970." ] }, { "en": "By the mid-1980s", "ber": " other BioFETs had been developed", "null": [ " including the gas sensor FET (GASFET)", " pressure sensor FET (PRESSFET)", " chemical field-effect transistor (ChemFET)", " reference ISFET (REFET)", " enzyme-modified FET (ENFET) and immunologically modified FET (IMFET).", "ddag yuw\u1e0d usgg\u02b7as n 1980", " ittusbu\u0263lla BioFETs ya\u1e0dn", " g yamu ums\u1e25ssu n lgaz FET (GASFET)", " tranzistur", " n yi\u1e0di\u1e63 n yigr akimya (ChemFET)", " d usa\u0263ul ISFET (REFET)", " ityahyyan s lan\u1e93im FET (ENFET)", " ittusanin affal FET (IMFET)." ] }, { "en": "Rising demand for biofuels is expected to be good news for the biotechnology sector", "ber": " with the Department of Energy estimating ethanol usage could reduce U.S. petroleum-derived fuel consumption by up to 30% by 2030.", "null": [ "i\u0263y ad tili tutra iggudin \u0263f umsssi\u0263 a\u0263aran", " in\u0263misn ihyyan i yigr n tiknulujit ta\u0263arant", " ag tnna tmawast n tzmrt masd assmrs n litanul i\u0263y ad issdris g usmur n umssi\u0263 nna d iff\u0263n g lbi\u1e6drul g mirikan s us\u0263l yuw\u1e0dn ar 30% dad\u0263 s 2030." ] }, { "en": "TCE: The Chemical Engineer", "ber": " (816)", "null": [ " 26\u201331.", "TCE: amtwal akimya", " (816)", " 26\u201331." ] }, { "en": "Another example is the designing of transgenic plants to grow under specific environments in the presence (or absence) of chemicals.", "ber": "amdya ya\u1e0dn igat umamk n im\u0263ayn ityahyyan s utari mar ad tm\u0263ur g twnna\u1e0din tim\u1e93lay g illa (n\u0263d ur illi) tangiwin tikimawiyin." }, { "en": "On the other hand", "ber": " some of the uses of green biotechnology involve microorganisms to clean and reduce waste.", "null": [ "g tsga ya\u1e0dn", " illa g issmrsn n tiknulujit ta\u0263arant tazgzawt im\u0263nawn imzzakucn n uzzizdg d ussdrs n if\u1e5ba\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "As well as the development of hormones", "ber": " stem cells", "null": [ " antibodies", " siRNA and diagnostic tests.", "d usbu\u0263llu n lhurmunat d tlmikin n tayyart d tazzitin n unmgal d siRNA d yirimn imakazn." ] }, { "en": "One application is the creation of enhanced seeds that resist extreme environmental conditions of arid regions", "ber": " which is related to the innovation", "null": [ " creation of agriculture techniques and management of resources.", "yan g tsnsitin igat uskar n wamud am\u0263udu itraran \u0263f imrnutn iwnna\u1e0dn icqqan i id\u0263arn g illa ljafaf", " nna isl\u0263n s asnflul d uskar n tiqnitin n tyrza d umhal n isugam." ] }, { "en": "The purpose of pharmacogenomics is to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy", "ber": " with respect to the patients' genotype", "null": [ " to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects.", "awttas sg tawssnasnafart jini; iga asbu\u0263lu n imassn inllitn i us\u0263udu n ujjujy amsafar", " g mayd i\u1e93lin s asin ajini n ima\u1e0dun", " mar ad dars tili t\u1e63wi d uswuttu kigan n tmitar tiwa\u0263itin." ] }, { "en": "Modern biotechnology can be used to manufacture existing medicines relatively easily and cheaply.", "ber": "i\u0263y ussmrs n tiknulujit ta\u0263arant tatrart; mar ad nsskr isafarn yad illan s umnzal d s watig ur wala i\u0263lin." }, { "en": "Genetic testing allows the genetic diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherited diseases", "ber": " and can also be used to determine a child's parentage (genetic mother and father) or in general a person's ancestry.", "null": [ "da ittadja yirim ajini s ussikz ajini n ufgan idhcn nil tma\u1e0dunin timkkusatin", " i\u0263y awd ussmrs nns mar ad nsti tas\u0263alin n icirran (mma d bba imkkusa) n\u0263d s umata a\u1e93u\u1e5b n uwrik." ] }, { "en": "Most of the time", "ber": " testing is used to find changes that are associated with inherited disorders.", "null": [ "g kigan n tikkal", " da ittusmras yirm mar ad naf isnfaln ilan tazl\u0263a d uz\u025bz\u025b amkkusu." ] }, { "en": "Biotechnology firms can contribute to future food security by improving the nutrition and viability of urban agriculture.", "ber": "\u0263int tmdrawin n tiknulijit ta\u0263arant ad awsnt g tflast n wutci s imal", "null": [ " g us\u0263udu n wutci d twiriwin n tyrza ta\u0263rmant." ] }, { "en": "10% of the world's crop lands were planted with GM crops in 2010.", "ber": "tyakrazn 10% n wakaln ign win ukraz g uma\u1e0dal s yisitn ityahyyan s tmkusit g usgg\u02b7as n 2010." }, { "en": "These techniques have allowed for the introduction of new crop traits as well as a far greater control over a food's genetic structure than previously afforded by methods such as selective breeding and mutation breeding.", "ber": "udjant tiqnitin ad askcm n tfrst n tyrza tamaynut d unba\u1e0d amqran kigan g usnay amkkusu n wutci \u0263f uynna takka dat", "null": [ " ti\u0263arasin zund assgm anmattay d ussirw a\u0263uffan." ] }, { "en": "These have been engineered for resistance to pathogens and herbicides and better nutrient profiles.", "ber": "amamk nns illa mar ad irar \u0263f isragn n tma\u1e0dunin d umsnnizi n im\u0263ayn d us\u0263udu n im\u1e93layn n wutcitn." }, { "en": "Nonetheless", "ber": " members of the public are much less likely than scientists to perceive GM foods as safe.", "null": [ "waxxa hakkak", " i\u0263iy n yikiz n iwdan sg ugdud i wutcitn n usani atari", " n wis tla taflast", " ur id am imusnawn." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " opponents have objected to GM crops per se on several grounds", "null": [ " including environmental concerns", " whether food produced from GM crops is safe", " whether GM crops are needed to address the world's food needs", " and economic concerns raised by the fact these organisms are subject to intellectual property law.", "waxxa mayan", " ugin imagin isitn n usani atari nnik acku k\u1e63u\u1e0dn i umukrisn n twnna\u1e0dt d is nnik lan wutcitn ad taflast", " d is nn qnen yisiyn ad n usani atari mar ad nks la\u1e93 g uma\u1e0dal", " d tkssa\u1e0d tidamsanin nna ilan timitar n tidt", " d wis lan im\u0263nawn ad azrf n tilit tawngimt." ] }, { "en": "There are differences in the regulation of GMOs between countries", "ber": " with some of the most marked differences occurring between the US and Europe.", "null": [ "llan imzarayn g ussuds n im\u0263nawn n usani atari gr tmizar", " d tilit n itsn imzarayn wala ityakzn gr mirikan d urubba." ] }, { "en": "The European Union differentiates between approval for cultivation within the EU and approval for import and processing.", "ber": "da ismzaray umuni n urubba gr tahit n tyrza agnsu n umuni n urubba d tahit \u0263f yiwy d us\u0263udu." }, { "en": "Each successful application is generally funded for five years then must be competitively renewed.", "ber": "da uttusi\u1e93\u1e5bf ku asutr immursn s umata g uzdaw n smmus n isgg\u02b7asn", "null": [ " \u025bad iqnen usmaynu nns s tal\u0263a tamzizwrt." ] }, { "en": "Cloning is the process of producing individual organisms with either identical or virtually identical DNA", "ber": " either by natural or artificial means.", "null": [ "asn\u0263l iga yat tmggit yakkan im\u0263nawn amyiwn s DNA amsiskl n\u0263d amya\u0263 cwiy", " n\u0263d s imassn i\u0263aran n\u0263d imguran." ] }, { "en": "It is used in a wide array of biological experiments and practical applications ranging from genetic fingerprinting to large scale protein production.", "ber": "da ittusmras g trabbut tamiriwt sg yirman ibyulujitn d tsnsitin timggitin nna n igulan g idrizn ijinitn \u0263r tikki n b\u1e5butin g ufu\u0263al amiraw." }, { "en": "Initially", "ber": " the DNA of interest needs to be isolated to provide a DNA segment of suitable size.", "null": [ "g tizwuri", " iqnen ustay n DNA nil ustawhmma mar ad nadj imik g DNA s uksay d yusan." ] }, { "en": "Following ligation the vector with the insert of interest is transfected into cells.", "ber": "\u1e0da\u1e5bt tzl\u0263a", "null": [ " da ttumattay tnilat akd tigit n tb\u0263rt \u0263r tlmikt." ] }, { "en": "A useful tissue culture technique used to clone distinct lineages of cell lines involves the use of cloning rings (cylinders).", "ber": "tlla g tiqnit n ukraz n i\u1e63\u1e6d\u1e6datn imb\u0263urn ittusmrasn mar ad nsflu usuf i\u1e93lin g izrirign n tn\u0263rin s ussmrs tix\u1e5b\u1e63in n usflu (tugdimt)." }, { "en": "This process is also called research cloning or therapeutic cloning.", "ber": "\u201cda tsmma awd tmggit ad \u201cassgm\u1e0d n irzzutn\u201d", "null": [ " n\u0263d \u201cassgm\u1e0d n usgnaf\u201d.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Therapeutic cloning is achieved by creating embryonic stem cells in the hopes of treating diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer's.", "ber": "da tyaga ussgm\u1e0d n usgnaf s usmuttg n tn\u0263rin n tayyart taslmya s ussirm n usujji n tma\u1e0dunin zund tama\u1e0dunt n skk\u02b7ar d tma\u1e0dunt n zhaym\u1e5b." }, { "en": "The reason why SCNT is used for cloning is because somatic cells can be easily acquired and cultured in the lab.", "ber": "asrag g ussmrs n usn\u0263l n t\u0263yayt n tn\u0263rt tafkkant g ussgm\u1e0d igat wisd tin\u0263rin tifkkatin i\u0263y wamma\u1e93 nnsnt d ukraz nnsnt s trula g usarm." }, { "en": "The oocyte will react to the somatic cell nucleus", "ber": " the same way it would to a sperm cell's nucleus.", "null": [ "qad ttumrara tglayt akd t\u0263yayt n tn\u0263rt n tfkka", " s t\u0263arast nna s da tmrar akd t\u0263yayt n tn\u0263rt n ibl\u0263u\u0263ayn." ] }, { "en": "The somatic cells could be used immediately or stored in the laboratory for later use.", "ber": "i\u0263y ussmrs n tn\u0263rin tifkkatin d\u0263i nnik", "null": [ " n\u0263d ufurn nsnt g usarm mar ad ttussmrsnt dat." ] }, { "en": "This creates a one-cell embryo.", "ber": "aya da iskar taslmya n yuwt tn\u0263rt." }, { "en": "The successfully developed embryos are then placed in surrogate recipients", "ber": " such as a cow or sheep in the case of farm animals.", "null": [ "\u1e0da\u1e5bt mayan da ttugant tslmyiwin nna ittusbu\u0263llan s umurs g imlqmn imkkisitn", " zund tafunast d wulli g waddad n imudar n uzala\u0263." ] }, { "en": "Another benefit is SCNT is seen as a solution to clone endangered species that are on the verge of going extinct.", "ber": "tab\u0263urt ya\u1e0dn igat usmatti n t\u0263yayt n tn\u0263rt n tafkkas ittusksiw is tga afssay n usn\u0263l n wanawn iddan ad yacck." }, { "en": "Only three of these embryos survived until birth", "ber": " and only one survived to adulthood.", "null": [ "ugrnd k\u1e5ba\u1e0d day g islmyatn ad ag d lulan", " yuwn ka ad iddrn ag ig a\u025brrim." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " by 2014 researchers were reporting cloning success rates of seven to eight out of ten and in 2016", "null": [ " a Korean Company Sooam Biotech was reported to be producing 500 cloned embryos per day.", "waxxa hakkak", " ddag yuw\u1e0d usgg\u02b7as n 2014; \u025blmn imrzutn s tyafutin n umurs n usn\u0263l sg sa ar tam sg ku mrawt", " g usgg\u02b7as n 2016; ittu\u025blm sg \u0263ur tmdrawt takuriyt swam n byu-tiknulujit is da takka 500 n tslmya ittusn\u0263l ku ass." ] }, { "en": "Asexual reproduction is a naturally occurring phenomenon in many species", "ber": " including most plants and some insects.", "null": [ "tiggidit tarawsyan tga tumant itj\u1e5bun s tal\u0263a ta\u0263arant g kigan n wanawn", " g amun wahli n im\u0263ayn d mnnawt n ifxxac." ] }, { "en": "As an example", "ber": " some European cultivars of grapes represent clones that have been propagated for over two millennia.", "null": [ "s umdya", " da smdyan itsn wanawn n wa\u1e0dil n urubba", " imudar ittun\u0263aln nna ityafsarn uggar n sin yif\u1e0dn n isgg\u02b7asn." ] }, { "en": "Many trees", "ber": " shrubs", "null": [ " vines", " ferns and other herbaceous perennials form clonal colonies naturally.", "gan kigan \u0263 waddagn d tsk\u02b7la", " d tifaf", " d ufrsi", " d im\u0263ayn ya\u1e0dn ign timada\u0263in yamun g usray a\u0263aran." ] }, { "en": "In plants", "ber": " parthenogenesis means the development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell", "null": [ " and is a component process of apomixis.", "g im\u0263ayn", " iriw n wawan aga asbu\u0263lu n tslmya sg tn\u0263rt n tglayt ur ittusblasn", " tga timggit illan g tmggit n apomixis." ] }, { "en": "Such clones are not strictly identical since the somatic cells may contain mutations in their nuclear DNA.", "ber": "isn\u0263aln ad ur aksuln nnik acku tin\u0263rin n tfkka i\u0263y ad diksnt anawn g DNA nnsnt." }, { "en": "Artificial embryo splitting or embryo twinning", "ber": " a technique that creates monozygotic twins from a single embryo", "null": [ " is not considered in the same fashion as other methods of cloning.", "ur da ittusmuqqul \u0263r tu\u1e6d\u1e6dut n tslmya tamgurant n\u0263d akniwn tslmyiwt", " tga ya tiqnit iskarn akniwn mm yuwn zijut sg yuwn uslmya", " s tbridt ad nnik as ttusmrasnt tbridin n isn\u0263ln ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "Dolly's embryo was created by taking the cell and inserting it into a sheep ovum.", "ber": "ittuskar uslmya n duli s t\u0263arast n yisy n tn\u0263rt d uskcm nns \u0263r usirw n wulli." }, { "en": "She was cloned at the Roslin Institute in Scotland by British scientists Sir Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell and lived there from her birth in 1996 until her death in 2003 when she was six.", "ber": "ttusn\u0263l g usinag n ruzlin g isktland sg \u0263ur imusnawn ib\u1e5bi\u1e6danitn; mass iyan wilmut d kit kambl", "null": [ " tddr dinna\u0263 sg mayd tlula g usgg\u02b7as n 1996 ag tmmut g usgg\u02b7as n 2003 dda g \u0263urs \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63 n isgg\u02b7asn." ] }, { "en": "Dolly was publicly significant because the effort showed that genetic material from a specific adult cell", "ber": " designed to express only a distinct subset of its genes", "null": [ " can be redesigned to grow an entirely new organism.", "duli \u0263ars astawhmma acku tawuri tbaynd is tga taslmya tan\u0263rt mqqurn", " ittuskarn mar ad tml day tarabbut tayyawt i\u1e93lin n jinat nns", " d i\u0263y wu\u0263ul n wamamk nns ad isnfli yan ud\u1e5biz amaynu ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "The first mammalian cloning (resulting in Dolly the sheep) had a success rate of 29 embryos per 277 fertilized eggs", "ber": " which produced three lambs at birth", "null": [ " one of which lived.", "ika usn\u0263l amzwaru n tssu\u1e0de\u1e0din (d ikan tixsi n duli)", " yat tyafut n igulan 29 n tslmya i ku 277 n tglayt ittusblasn", " nna d ikan k\u1e5ba\u1e0d inugu\u1e0dn g tarwa", " iddr yan diksn." ] }, { "en": "Notably", "ber": " although the first clones were frogs", "null": [ " no adult cloned frog has yet been produced from a somatic adult nucleus donor cell.", "s ussmkti waxxa d imudar imzwura ittusn\u0263ln gant ig\u02b7ra", " maca ur ta ittusnflel awd yan ugru ixatrn ig sg usn\u0263l n tn\u0263rt n tfkka d ikan ta\u0263yayt mqqurn." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " other researchers", "null": [ " including Ian Wilmut who led the team that successfully cloned Dolly", " argue that Dolly's early death due to respiratory infection was unrelated to problems with the cloning process.", "waxxa hakkak", " mmnza\u0263n imrzutn ya\u1e0dn", " g yamu iyan wilmut nna i\u1e25rin tarabbut nna isn\u0263l duli s umurs", " d tmttant inzin n duli tkkasd asunfs ur id imukrisn n tmggit n usn\u0263l." ] }, { "en": "Soviet scientists Chaylakhyan", "ber": " Veprencev", "null": [ " Sviridova", " and Nikitin had the mouse Masha cloned.", "imusnawn n sufyat tcaylaxyan", " fibrinkif", " sfiridufa", " d nikitin illa \u0263ursn u\u0263rda \u201cmaca\u201d ittusn\u0263l." ] }, { "en": "More akin to artificial formation of twins.", "ber": "inmala \u0263r usmuttg amguran b wakniwn." }, { "en": "Dog: Snuppy", "ber": " a male Afghan hound was the first cloned dog (2005).", "null": [ "igdi: snubbi", " aqzin af\u0263ani igan amzwaru n igdan nna ittusn\u0263ln (2005)." ] }, { "en": "Water buffalo: Samrupa was the first cloned water buffalo.", "ber": "amugay n waman: ikkat samruba amugay n waman amzwaru ittusn\u0263ln." }, { "en": "Camel: (2009) Injaz", "ber": " is the first cloned camel.", "null": [ "al\u0263m: (2009) injaz", " tga tal\u0263mt tamzwarut ittusn\u0263ln." ] }, { "en": "Goat: (2001) Scientists of Northwest A&F University successfully cloned the first goat which use the adult female cell.", "ber": "ta\u0263a\u1e0dt: (2001) mmursn imusnawn g tsdawit n Northwest A&F", "null": [ " ad sn\u0263ln ta\u0263a\u1e0dt tamzwarut nna issmrasn tan\u0263rt n twtmt ta\u025brrimt." ] }, { "en": "Conducted in China in 2017", "ber": " and reported in January 2018.", "null": [ "ttuga g \u1e63\u1e63in g usgg\u02b7as n 2017", " d tyanna g yanayr 2018." ] }, { "en": "Black-footed ferret: (2020) In 2020", "ber": " a team of scientists cloned a female named Willa", "null": [ " who died in the mid-1980s and left no living descendants.", "izirdi bu i\u1e0da\u1e5bn ungaln: (2020) g usgg\u02b7as n 2020", " tsn\u0263l trbi\u025bt n imusnawn tawtmt ism nns wila", " tmmut g uzgn n 1980", " ur d tudji icirran g tudrt." ] }, { "en": "It does not refer to the natural conception and delivery of identical twins.", "ber": "ur da ittun\u025bat s usissn a\u0263aran d tarwa n ikniwn imya\u0263n." }, { "en": "As of right now", "ber": " scientists have no intention of trying to clone people and they believe their results should spark a wider discussion about the laws and regulations the world needs to regulate cloning.", "null": [ "sg d\u0263i", " ur tlli \u0263ur imusnawn tikti mar ad armn asn\u0263l n iwdan", " d \u0263aln is nn iqn tiyafutin nnsn ad skrnt amdaka\u1e5b amiriw \u0263f izrfan d tlgamin nna ira uma\u1e0dal mar ad issuds asn\u0263l." ] }, { "en": "While many of these views are religious in origin", "ber": " the questions raised by cloning are faced by secular perspectives as well.", "null": [ "maka kigan g tannayin ad tin us\u0263an ayd gant g u\u1e93u\u1e5b nnsnt", " isqsitn nna d yudja usn\u0263l datn tnalt awd tannayin timassanin." ] }, { "en": "Opponents of cloning have concerns that technology is not yet developed enough to be safe and that it could be prone to abuse (leading to the generation of humans from whom organs and tissues would be harvested)", "ber": " as well as concerns about how cloned individuals could integrate with families and with society at large.", "null": [ "winna ur irin asn\u0263l \u0263ursn tik\u1e63\u1e63a\u1e0d n wid tatiknulujit ur ta ttusbu\u0263lla kigan; mar ad tg taflast", " d t\u0263y ad ttusmrs g mayd ixcn ( nna innan ad ik tasuta n mddn g nnan ad tksn ingmamn d iz\u1e6d\u1e6datn)", " d tugda s tmamkt n usmun n iwdan ittusn\u0263ln akd tawjiwin d u\u0263rf s umata." ] }, { "en": "This is also referred to as Conservation cloning.", "ber": "aya da za\u1e5bs ittun\u025bat awd s yism \u201c asn\u0263l im\u1e25\u1e0di\u201d." }, { "en": "These successes provided hope that similar techniques (using surrogate mothers of another species) might be used to clone extinct species.", "ber": "kan imursn ad assirm g tmamkt n ussmrs n tiqnitin timya\u0263in (assmrs n id mma timkkisitin sg wanaw ya\u1e0dn)", "null": [ " mar ad ttusn\u0263ln wanawn yucckan." ] }, { "en": "In 2002", "ber": " geneticists at the Australian Museum announced that they had replicated DNA of the thylacine (Tasmanian tiger)", "null": [ " at the time extinct for about 65 years", " using polymerase chain reaction.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 2002", " nnan imusnawn n tiksi g usfsr n ustralya masd gan yan wallas i DNA n i\u0263ulasn itismanitn (a\u0263ilas atismani)", " nna ur iqimin g tizi nna\u0263 attayn n 65 n usgg\u02b7as", " s ussmrs n umrara lbilmara agffur." ] }, { "en": "In 2003", "ber": " for the first time", "null": [ " an extinct animal", " the Pyrenean ibex mentioned above was cloned", " at the Centre of Food Technology and Research of Aragon", " using the preserved frozen cell nucleus of the skin samples from 2001 and domestic goat egg-cells.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 2003", " g tiklt izwarn", " ittusn\u0263l umudr intln", " \u0263f lbrans ittyabdarn aflla", " g wammas atiknuluji n wutcitn d irzzutn g aragun", " s ussmrs n t\u0263yayt n tn\u0263rt igrsn itya\u1e25\u1e0dan i tassift n ub\u1e6d\u1e6dan sg usgg\u02b7as n 2001 d tn\u0263rin n tglay n wa\u0263a\u1e0d ad\u0263aran." ] }, { "en": "\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u044b (When the Mammoths Return)", "ber": " 5 February 2015 (retrieved 6 September 2015) Another problem is the survival of the reconstructed mammoth: ruminants rely on a symbiosis with specific microbiota in their stomachs for digestion.", "null": [ "\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u044b ( adday d yu\u0263ul lmamut)", " 5 fb\u1e5bay\u1e5b 2015 ( ittururad g 6 cutanbir 2015)", " tlla tmukrist ya\u1e0dn sg i\u0263imi n lmamut nna mi tyals uskan: da tbddant t\u0263awsiwin \u0263f tudrt akd mikrubyuta g wakur nnsnt mar ad ttawsnt g uf\u1e93a\u1e93.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Because of this", "ber": " some posited she may have aged more quickly than other naturally born animals", "null": [ " as she died relatively early for a sheep at the age of six.", "\u0263f usrag ad", " nnan itsn is t\u0263i ad tusir uggar n imudar nni\u1e0dn nna d ilulan s tal\u0263a ta\u0263arant", " ag tmmut zik \u0263f ilq\u025b g usmmud wiss \u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " early pregnancy loss and neonatal losses are still greater with cloning than natural conception or assisted reproduction (IVF).", "null": [ "waxxa hakkak", " tizla n tarwa n zik d tzla n icirran m\u1e25\u1e5ba d ilulan suln mqqurn \u0263f usn\u0263l sg tarwa ta\u0263arant n\u0263d tarwa tamyawast (IVF)." ] }, { "en": "The concept of cloning", "ber": " particularly human cloning", "null": [ " has featured a wide variety of science fiction works.", "ibaynd usissn n usn\u0263l", " numar asn\u0263l n ufgan", " g trabbut tanawayt sg twuriwin n umarur amassan." ] }, { "en": "Many works depict the artificial creation of humans by a method of growing cells from a tissue or DNA sample; the replication may be instantaneous", "ber": " or take place through slow growth of human embryos in artificial wombs.", "null": [ "asnumm n kigan n twuriwin n uskkir amguran i ufgan g ubrid n t\u0263arast n tyrza n tn\u0263rin n i\u1e93\u1e6d\u1e6datn", " n\u0263d tussift n DNA", " i\u0263y ad tg tiggidit tin d\u0263i", " n\u0263d ad yili ussgmi idrusn n tslmiyitn tinafganin g isiru amguran." ] }, { "en": "Science fiction films such as The Matrix and Star Wars: Episode II \u2013 Attack of the Clones have featured scenes of human foetuses being cultured on an industrial scale in mechanical tanks.", "ber": "gan ifilmn ingimn zun d matriks d im\u0263an n imanawn: tsddit tiss snat - asugi n imzizdrn nna ifsrn yitsn wannayn n wamgrudn inafgan ar ttuslmadn xf umna\u1e0d n trna g tdbbain timikanikiyin." }, { "en": "A Number was adapted by Caryl Churchill for television", "ber": " in a co-production between the BBC and HBO Films.", "null": [ "ittusnumk uzwil n ttilifizyun sg karyal tcircl", " g ufars ismunn ngr BBC d ufils n HBO." ] }, { "en": "She grew up always doubtful about the love from her mother", "ber": " who looked nothing like her and who died nine years before.", "null": [ "tmqqur bdda g usurdu n tayri n immas", " nna ur tt irwasn d immutn dat n t\u1e93a n isgg\u02b7asn." ] }, { "en": "In the 1976 Ira Levin novel The Boys from Brazil and its 1978 film adaptation", "ber": " Josef Mengele uses cloning to create copies of Adolf Hitler.", "null": [ "g wungal n i\u1e5ba lifin asgg\u02b7as n 1976 xf tarwa n lb\u1e5bazil isnnumkn ifilmn nns 1978", " ismrs juzif minjl asn\u0263l g uskar n tun\u0263ilin n adulf hitli\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "In Doctor Who", "ber": " an alien race of armour-clad", "null": [ " warlike beings called Sontarans was introduced in the 1973 serial The Time Warrior.", "g ufilm n uduk\u1e6du\u1e5b hu", " igan yan umzizwr n tiriwt s tazibba", " ttusmnadn imaddarn n imn\u0263i ittusmman sunt\u1e5bans sg umsddi asgg\u02b7as n 1973 amnna\u0263 akudan." ] }, { "en": "The concept of cloned soldiers being bred for combat was revisited in The Doctor's Daughter (2008)", "ber": " when the Doctor's DNA is used to create a female warrior called Jenny.", "null": [ "ittu\u025bayd ura\u025ba g urmmus n isrdasn imsn\u0263iln nna ittusgman xf imn\u0263i g illis n uduk\u1e6du\u1e5b (2008)", " kud nna issmrs a\u0263yay asmmam i umsgnaf g uskar n umnna\u0263 awtman ittusman ajiniy." ] }, { "en": "The 2005 Kazuo Ishiguro novel Never Let Me Go and the 2010 film adaption are set in an alternate history in which cloned humans are created for the sole purpose of providing organ donations to naturally born humans", "ber": " despite the fact that they are fully sentient and self-aware.", "null": [ "g tnfust n kazuwu icuguru n usgg\u02b7as n 2005 ad ur i ttajjt ad ru\u1e25\u0263 d unnumk n ufilm n 2010 nna g ittusras umzruy amkkisi acku ar dis ittuskar usin\u0263l n ufgan \u0263as xf yan uskkin igan tikki n irisn n ufgan nna d ilulan s tbridt tagamant", " waxxa s tidt gan akk\u02b7 ifccadn d ssn i\u0263fawn nnsn." ] }, { "en": "In the futuristic novel Cloud Atlas and subsequent film", "ber": " one of the story lines focuses on a genetically-engineered fabricant clone named Sonmi~451", "null": [ " one of millions raised in an artificial wombtank", " destined to serve from birth.", "g tnfust n tanimalt n a\u1e6d\u1e6dlas klud d ufilm an\u1e0dfa\u1e5b", " yan sg izrirign n tnfust ibdda xf ussin\u0263l ittuskarn s ukkusu ittusmma sunmi~451", " yan sg imlyunn igman s unmguri wombtank", " nna s ran ad uswuri sg tlalit nns." ] }, { "en": "In the film Us", "ber": " at some point prior to the 1980s", "null": [ " the US Government creates clones of every citizen of the United States with the intention of using them to control their original counterparts", " akin to voodoo dolls.", "g ufilm uz", " g yat tizi n dat isgg\u02b7asn n 1980 n lmadsi\u1e25", " tanba\u1e0dt n iwunakn imunn marikan tskr asin\u0263l sg kra iga tt anamur g marikan tuskiwt ittusmrsn g unba\u1e0d g imzwura nnsn inliy", " zun d fudu duls." ] }, { "en": "In the present day", "ber": " the clones launch a surprise attack and manage to complete a mass-genocide of their unaware counterparts.", "null": [ "g uzmz ad", " ar tggn imsn\u0263iln ukuy xf smdn tirmit tigsri tagrawant xf imddukkaln nnsn ur ifrikn." ] }, { "en": "Genes have been transferred within the same species", "ber": " across species (creating transgenic organisms)", "null": [ " and even across kingdoms.", "ttusmattaynt ljinat jaj n yan wanaw", " xf wanawn (askar n inmaddarn ittusnfln s tjiniyt)", " d awd sg tglditin." ] }, { "en": "Genetic engineers must isolate the gene they wish to insert into the host organism and combine it with other genetic elements", "ber": " including a promoter and terminator region and often a selectable marker.", "null": [ "iqqan d i imnzagn inmkkusayn ad \u1e93lin ajini nna ran ad gn g unmaddar iddrn ittuzaydn d usadf nns akd ifrdisn imkuusay ya\u1e0dn", " nna g tamu tmna\u1e0dt n umssadus d umssrci d iggut ma d g tettili tmatart ittqbaln astay." ] }, { "en": "Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen made the first genetically modified organism in 1973", "ber": " a bacterium resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin.", "null": [ "iskr ha\u1e5bb\u1e5bt buy\u1e5b d stanli kuhin amddar amzwaru aslkat amkkusi g usgg\u02b7as n 1973", " iga yat tbaktiriyt izbbun i unmgal anmddar kanamisin." ] }, { "en": "The first genetically modified animal to be commercialized was the GloFish (2003) and the first genetically modified animal to be approved for food use was the AquAdvantage salmon in 2015.", "ber": "ikka tt inn uslm n glufic (2003) iga amudr amzwaru ittuhyyan s ukusuy ar ittunza d iga umudr amzwar ittuhyyan s ukusay xf ittumsasa usmrs nns g wutci iga t uslm n ssalamun ittusatyn g usgg\u02b7as n 2015." }, { "en": "Fungi have been engineered with much the same goals.", "ber": "ttusmamkn igrsln akd cigan n iwttasn." }, { "en": "There are proposals to remove the virulent genes from viruses to create vaccines.", "ber": "llant tsumrin n u\u1e93lay n ljinat tim\u025bawr\u1e0din sg ifirusn g tskrawt n tgzzayin." }, { "en": "The majority are engineered for herbicide tolerance or insect resistance.", "ber": "ar ttusmamkn cigan ttaf ad i\u0263iynt i tuga d uzbu n ibuxxa." }, { "en": "Animals are generally much harder to transform and the vast majority are still at the research stage.", "ber": "imudarn s umata cqqan bzzaf g usnfl d cigan digsn suln g tfrkt n urzzu." }, { "en": "Livestock is modified with the intention of improving economically important traits such as growth rate", "ber": " quality of meat", "null": [ " milk composition", " disease resistance", " and survival.", "ar ittusnfl uyda amudran s uwttas n us\u0263udu n tfras istawhmman tadamsa zun d u\u1e6d\u1e6dun n tngmi", " tasmkta n uksum", " ak\u02b7fay d wuddisn nnsn", " azbay n tmu\u1e0dan", " d ussidr." ] }, { "en": "Although human gene therapy is still relatively new", "ber": " it has been used to treat genetic disorders such as severe combined immunodeficiency", "null": [ " and Leber's congenital amaurosis.", "wxxa d isul d asujji ajiniy n ufgan isul d amaynu dur\u0263 dd", " ittusmras d asujji n immrwayn ijiniyn zun d tadrsi n waffal tamccart yussan", " d ukmmu\u1e0d n tsggin tuskirin amurusis." ] }, { "en": "Other concerns are the objectivity and rigor of regulatory authorities", "ber": " contamination of non-genetically modified food", "null": [ " control of the food supply", " patenting of life and the use of intellectual property rights.", "sg isnatln n twuri ya\u1e0dn uqjirn n tnba\u1e0din timssudsin", " d wuluf n wutci ur ittunfaln s uksuy", " d unmatr n isugam n wutci", " d uzmmem tasmla n uss\u0263na n tudrt", " d usmrs n izrfan n tilit tawngimt." ] }, { "en": "Countries have adopted regulatory measures to deal with these concerns.", "ber": "lant tmizar iswuddutn imssudsn g usmkl n twuriwin ad." }, { "en": "A broad definition of genetic engineering also includes selective breeding and other means of artificial selection.", "ber": "", "null": [ "yamu g usnml abaraw n tnzgit tuksayt altu annan n ustay d wuggar n imassn n ustay amugri.", "" ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " the grain crop triticale was fully developed in a laboratory in 1930 using various techniques to alter its genome.", "null": [ "s umdya", " ittugma tritikal n yigran n imndi s umata g usaram g usgg\u02b7as n 1930 s usmrs n ttqniyin ingaran i usnfl n ljinat nns." ] }, { "en": "Modern biotechnology is further defined as In vitro nucleic acid techniques", "ber": " including recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and direct injection of nucleic acid into cells or organelles", "null": [ " or fusion of cells beyond the taxonomic family.", "tabyutiknulujiyt tatrart tettwassn altu blli mas d g ttqniyin n i\u0263yayn ismmamn fitru", " g yamu usmmam dyuksiribunuyik (a\u0263yay asmmam rribuzi amdrus n luksijin) d tgzzayt tusridt n ismmamn i\u0263yayn g t\u0263rasin n\u0263 g irisn", " n\u0263 asidf n t\u0263rasin b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n tmna\u1e0dt n tawja tasnawayt." ] }, { "en": "The definitions focus on the process more than the product", "ber": " which means there could be GMOS and non-GMOs with very similar genotypes and phenotypes.", "null": [ "bddan isnmln xf tirmit uggar n tyafut", " aynna isnamkan mas d i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad yili GMOS d war-GMOS akd war amussu \u0263r illa umdya n tjiniyt d imdyatn n ifizyayin irmya\u0263n akk\u02b7." ] }, { "en": "It also poses problems as new processes are developed.", "ber": "ar yakka altu timkrisin d uzzigz n trmitin timaynutin." }, { "en": "Genetic engineers must isolate the gene they wish to insert into the host organism.", "ber": "imtwaln inmkusayn iqqan d ad \u1e93lin ajiniy na ran ad ssidfn \u0263r umddar iddrn." }, { "en": "The gene is then combined with other genetic elements", "ber": " including a promoter and terminator region and a selectable marker.", "null": [ "ar ittusmun ngr ujiniy d ifrdisn imksay ya\u1e0dn", " g tamu tmna\u1e0dt issudsn d tgsri d tmatart ilaqn i ustay." ] }, { "en": "DNA is generally inserted into animal cells using microinjection", "ber": " where it can be injected through the cell's nuclear envelope directly into the nucleus", "null": [ " or through the use of viral vectors.", "ittusadf usmmam a\u0263yay s umata g t\u0263rasin timudarin s usmrs n uimk\u1e5bugzay", " acku i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad ttugzay sg uttl n a\u0263yay n t\u0263rast s wusrid g t\u0263yayt", " n\u0263 sg usmrs ismattayn n ifirusn." ] }, { "en": "In plants this is accomplished through tissue culture.", "ber": "g im\u0263ayn ar ittili mayan s tkrza n ifsan." }, { "en": "Traditionally the new genetic material was inserted randomly within the host genome.", "ber": "s tbridt taqqburt ttuskcam tmtta tamkkasut tamaynut s waralugn jaj n ujinum amranay." }, { "en": "There are four families of engineered nucleases: meganucleases", "ber": " zinc finger nucleases", "null": [ " transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs)", " and the Cas9-guideRNA system (adapted from CRISPR).", "llan kku\u1e93 n tawjiwin n t\u0263yayin ittumamkn s tnzgit: ti\u0263yay n \u1e93\u1e93nk", " ti\u0263yay n i\u1e0dudan n \u1e93znk", " ti\u0263yay tinmassin irwasn as\u0263il (TALENs)", " d ungraw Cas9-guideRNA (ittusmamkn sg CRISPR)." ] }, { "en": "In 1972 Paul Berg created the first recombinant DNA molecule when he combined DNA from a monkey virus with that of the lambda virus.", "ber": "g usgg\u02b7a sn 1972 iskr bul birg afrdis n u\u0263yay asmmam aribuzi amzwaru amdrus n luksijin llig isman asmmam a\u0263yay sg ufirus n uba\u0263us d win lambada." }, { "en": "The bacteria that had successfully incorporated the plasmid was then able to survive in the presence of kanamycin.", "ber": "t\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b tbaktiriyt nna issudfn lblazmid ad tddr s tilit n kanamicin." }, { "en": "In 1974 Rudolf Jaenisch created a transgenic mouse by introducing foreign DNA into its embryo", "ber": " making it the world's first transgenic animal.", "null": [ "g usggas n 1974 iskr \u1e5budluf djinic a\u0263rda infln s tkssuyts tbridt n usidf n usmmam a\u0263yay war aniji s ljini nns", " nna t igan d amudr amzwru infln g uma\u1e0dal." ] }, { "en": "Mice with genes removed (termed a knockout mouse) were created in 1989.", "ber": "g usgg\u02b7as n 1989 ttuskarn i\u0263rdayn ittusgrsn s lljinat ittwakksn (smman asn s i\u0263rdayn n titi tanggarut)." }, { "en": "In 1983 the first genetically engineered plant was developed by Michael W. Bevan", "ber": " Richard B. Flavell and Mary-Dell Chilton.", "null": [ "g usgg\u02b7as n 1983 ittunfl umugri anzgi akssuy amzwaru sg maykl w. bifn", " ritcard b.falbl d lari-dill cil\u1e6dun." ] }, { "en": "In 2000", "ber": " Vitamin A-enriched golden rice was the first plant developed with increased nutrient value.", "null": [ "g usgg\u02b7as n 2000", " ikka tt inn ufitamin n \u1e5b\u1e5buz awr\u0263 asblas iga am\u0263ay amzwaru nn ittusnfln s urnay n ussuds anutci." ] }, { "en": "The insulin produced by bacteria", "ber": " branded humulin", "null": [ " was approved for release by the Food and Drug Administration in 1982.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1982", " tmsasa tmssugurt n wuttci d isufar xf u\u1e5b\u1e93zum n lansulin nna tsnflul tbaktiriyt", " nna ilan humulin." ] }, { "en": "In 1994 Calgene attained approval to commercially release the Flavr Savr tomato", "ber": " the first genetically modified food.", "null": [ "g usgg\u02b7as n 1994 yuwi kaljin amsasa n u\u1e5b\u1e93\u1e93um n u\u1e6dm\u1e6dam flaf\u1e5b saf\u1e5b i tsbbabt", " d tg utcu uttusnfln s tkssuyt." ] }, { "en": "In 2010", "ber": " scientists at the J. Craig Venter Institute announced that they had created the first synthetic bacterial genome.", "null": [ "g usgg\u02b7as n 2010", " ssu\u1e0drern imusnawn g usinag n jih grig fintr mas sskrn ajinyum abaktiriy amugri amzwaru." ] }, { "en": "It was released to the US market in 2003.", "ber": "iffu\u0263 \u0263r agadazn n marikan iwunak imunn g usgg\u02b7as n 2003." }, { "en": "Genes and other genetic information from a wide range of organisms can be added to a plasmid and inserted into bacteria for storage and modification.", "ber": "i\u1e93a\u1e0d ar ad ttuzaydnt ljinat d wuggar n tnmmalin tmkkusay sg tgrawin ibarwn n imddarn iddrn \u0263r lblazma d ussidf nns g tbaktiriyt g u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du d usnfl nns" }, { "en": "A large number of custom plasmids make manipulating DNA extracted from bacteria relatively easy.", "ber": "illa yan wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun iggutn n lblazma ittu\u1e93layn nna ittajan urar s u\u0263yay asmmam d iff\u0263n sglbaktiriya iwhn dru\u0263 dd." }, { "en": "Scientists can easily manipulate and combine genes within the bacteria to create novel or disrupted proteins and observe the effect this has on various molecular systems.", "ber": "\u1e93da\u1e5bn imusnawn s umhal ad urran s ljinat ssidfn tnt jaj n tbaktiriyt ttaf ad ttuskarnt lb\u1e5butinat timayutin n\u0263 tirwuritin d ura\u025ba n wu\u1e0du\u1e63 nna d iffal uyna xf cigan n imagrawn ifulann." }, { "en": "Bacteria have been used in the production of food for a long time", "ber": " and specific strains have been developed and selected for that work on an industrial scale.", "null": [ "ttusmras tbaktiriyt g usnflul n wutci tizita\u0263zzaft", " d ttugmant tsdditin i\u1e93lin d ttustaynt i twuri ad xf umna\u1e0d amugri." ] }, { "en": "Most food-producing bacteria are lactic acid bacteria", "ber": " and this is where the majority of research into genetically engineering food-producing bacteria has gone.", "null": [ "cigan n tbaktiriyt isnfluln utci tga tabaktiriyt n usmmam alaktiki", " abrid ad ag ssudan cigan n irzzutn g tbajtiriyt isnfluln utci tanmzgit takssuyt." ] }, { "en": "The majority are produced in the US and even though regulations are in place to allow production in Europe", "ber": " as of 2015 no food products derived from bacteria are currently available there.", "null": [ "ar ittusnflul cigan nns g iwunak imun marikan d waxxa llan tms\u1e0df\u1e5bin nna issurufn s usnflul g u\u1e5bubba", " sg usgg\u02b7as n 2015 ur llint d\u0263i tyafutin n wutci d iff\u0263n sg tbaktiriyt." ] }, { "en": "The bacteria are then harvested and the desired protein purified from them.", "ber": "ar ttumgra tbaktiriyt d ttqniyt n lb\u1e5butin nna ran." }, { "en": "Many of these proteins are impossible or difficult to obtain via natural methods and they are less likely to be contaminated with pathogens", "ber": " making them safer.", "null": [ "cigan sg lb\u1e5butinat ad ggamintn\u0263 icqqa ad ttyaw\u1e0dnt s tbridt tagamant", " d idrus wuluf nnsnt s tmntilin n tmu\u1e0da", " nna tnt ittajan ad flsnt uggar." ] }, { "en": "Outside of medicine they have been used to produce biofuels.", "ber": "ttusmrasn b\u1e5ba n umna\u1e0d n tsnijjit g ufars n umssi\u0263 undir." }, { "en": "Ideas include altering gut bacteria so they destroy harmful bacteria", "ber": " or using bacteria to replace or increase deficient enzymes or proteins.", "null": [ "yamu g twingimin asnfl n tbaktiriyt n i\u1e63\u1e5bman acku d txllu tbaktiriyt imizi", " n\u0263 asmrs n tbaktiriyt n tsnflt n\u0263 irnay n lanzimat n\u0263 lb\u1e5butinat timdras." ] }, { "en": "Enabling the bacteria to form a colony could provide a more long-term solution", "ber": " but could also raise safety concerns as interactions between bacteria and the human body are less well understood than with traditional drugs.", "null": [ "ar tikki i tbaktiriyt ad t\u1e63ku tamsdurruyt nns i\u0263in ad as ign afssay tizi i\u0263zzifn", " macan i\u0263i di\u0263 ad isdiy tik\u1e63\u1e63a\u1e0d iqqn \u0263r ufra acku imrartn ngr tbaktiriyt d tfkka n ufgan d amdrus n ufrak scigan sg digs d isufarn iqqburn." ] }, { "en": "For over a century bacteria have been used in agriculture.", "ber": "xf ta\u0263zi n wuggar n tsuta ttusmras tbaktiriyt g tkrza." }, { "en": "With advances in genetic engineering", "ber": " these bacteria have been manipulated for increased efficiency and expanded host range.", "null": [ "akd uzzugz g tnzgit takssuyt", " ittusurar s tbaktiriyt ad g irnay n tzmrt d un\u0263al n umna\u1e0d n umrniw." ] }, { "en": "Pseudomonas strains of bacteria cause frost damage by nucleating water into ice crystals around themselves.", "ber": "tadfrt n tbaktiriyt da tsmntil attu\u0263cd n ugris sg u\u0263yay n waman g tmcci n ugris xf i\u0263f nns." }, { "en": "Other uses for genetically modified bacteria include bioremediation", "ber": " where the bacteria are used to convert pollutants into a less toxic form.", "null": [ "amusn ismrsn ya\u1e0dn n tbaktiriyt ittusnfln s tkssuyt i tknawt tabyulujit", " acku ar tssmras tbaktiriyt ttaf ad tsnfl imlufn \u0263r tal\u0263a mi tdrsu tfrist." ] }, { "en": "In the 1980s artist Jon Davis and geneticist Dana Boyd converted the Germanic symbol for femininity (\u16c9) into binary code and then into a DNA sequence", "ber": " which was then expressed in Escherichia coli.", "null": [ "g isgg\u02b7asn n 1980 n tlalit", " tsnflt tna\u1e93u\u1e5bt jun difis d tmassant n tkssuyt dana buyd tamatart n lalman i tutmt (\u16c9) \u0263r asumd ayugan d \u0263r usddi n usmmam a\u0263yay", " nna s ittusnml dffr aynna s iciricya kuli." ] }, { "en": "Researchers can use this to control for various factors; including the target location", "ber": " insert size", "null": [ " and duration of gene expression.", "\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn imrzutn ad smrsn anba\u1e0d ad g tfadiwin ingaran; nna g yamu umna\u1e0d ittuwttasn", " d uksay ittuswrn", " d wakud n usmal ajini." ] }, { "en": "Although primarily still at trial stages", "ber": " there has been some successes using gene therapy to replace defective genes.", "null": [ "waxxa isul g tsurifin nns timzwura g tfriwin n tirmit", " lant cigan n tyafutin s usmrs n usmkl ajini g usnfl n ljinat tigarin." ] }, { "en": "As of 2018", "ber": " there are a substantial number of clinical trials underway", "null": [ " including treatments for hemophilia", " glioblastoma", " chronic granulomatous disease", " cystic fibrosis and various cancers.", "sg usgg\u02b7as n 2018", " llant cigan n tirmitin n tisi ittuskarn", " g amunt ismkln n lhimufuliya", " gliyublastuma", " d tma\u1e0dunt n uwlal a\u1e0d\u1e5b\u1e0du\u1e5b ixcnn", " syatik afibrusiy d cigan n ifurruyn." ] }, { "en": "Herpes simplex viruses make promising vectors", "ber": " having a carrying capacity of over 30kb and providing long term expression", "null": [ " although they are less efficient at gene delivery than other vectors.", "ar ttuskrant ifirusn ifrarn harbs tismattayin ihran", " acku tuti t\u1e93i\u1e0drt n yisy nns xf 30 kilubayt d ar takka awnni mi txatr tizi", " waxxa tdrus tzmrt g ussiw\u1e0d n ljinatsg ismattayn ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "Other viruses that have been used as vectors include alphaviruses", "ber": " flaviviruses", "null": [ " measles viruses", " rhabdoviruses", " Newcastle disease virus", " poxviruses", " and picornaviruses.", "sg lfirusat ya\u1e0dn nna ittsmrasn am ismattain : alfirus", " lflafiris", " ifirusn n buzgg\u02b7a\u0263", " afirus n lhabdufirus", " afirus n tma\u1e0dunt n nyukasl", " d ufirus n lbikrunafirus." ] }, { "en": "This does not affect the viruses infectivity", "ber": " invokes a natural immune response and there is no chance that they will regain their virulence function", "null": [ " which can occur with some other vaccines.", "ayad ur da itt\u1e0du\u1e63 xf warnasmd i ifirusa", " ar isnigi s umrara n wffal agaman d ur illi kra n usulf n usdwl n twuri nns tama\u1e93ayt", " n i\u0263in ad tj\u1e5bu akd cigan n igzayn ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "The most effective vaccine against Tuberculosis", "ber": " the Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccine", "null": [ " only provides partial protection.", "agzay bahra irwan mgal n tma\u1e0dunt n turin", " iga t ugzayn bakilus kalmitt-gurin (BCG)", " ur da yakka \u0263as afrag agzman." ] }, { "en": "Other vector-based vaccines have already been approved and many more are being developed.", "ber": "ittumsas s tiggit xf igzayn ya\u1e0dn ittuskan xf tmsmattayin n tmu\u1e0dan ar ttwagnt cigan izzigzn n igzayn ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "In 2004", "ber": " researchers reported that a genetically modified virus that exploits the selfish behaviour of cancer cells might offer an alternative way of killing tumours.", "null": [ "g usgg\u02b7as n 2004", " uwin d imrzutn mas d afirus ittusnfln s tkssuyt nna isyafan tuskirin amrixf i t\u0263rast n ufarray i\u0263i ar iskr tabridt imkkisn i mn\u0263iwt n tgrmanin." ] }, { "en": "The virus was injected into orange trees to combat citrus greening disease that had reduced orange production by 70% since 2005.", "ber": "ittugzay ufirus g waddagn n ulitcin isbddin tama\u1e0dunt n usffantar n tsmmamin nna isdrusn asnflul n ulitcin s wamas n 70% sg usgg\u02b7as n 2005." }, { "en": "Genetically modified viruses that make the target animals infertile through immunocontraception have been created in the laboratory as well as others that target the developmental stage of the animal.", "ber": "ttuskarn ifirusn ittunfln s tkssuyt ittajanimudarn ittuwttasn ar ur \u1e63l\u1e25n sg ufrag n waffal g usaram d awd ifirusn ya\u1e0dn nna iswttasn tifrkt n tgmi n imudarn." }, { "en": "Genetic modification of the myxoma virus has been proposed to conserve European wild rabbits in the Iberian peninsula and to help regulate them in Australia.", "ber": "ittussumr usnfl amkkasu n ufirus miksuma \u1e25ma ad ifrg n iwtlan n udrar n turuft g wamm tgzirt tabiriyt d yiws g usnmala nns g ustralya." }, { "en": "It is possible to engineer bacteriophages to express modified proteins on their surface and join them up in specific patterns (a technique called phage display).", "ber": "i\u0263iy ad ttugn ibakturyufaj \u1e25ma ad ssuf\u0263n ibrutin innfln \u0263f wudm d uzday nns g izurat i\u1e93lin (yat tiknikt ittusmman asmal n faj)." }, { "en": "For industrial applications", "ber": " yeasts combine the bacterial advantages of being a single-celled organism that is easy to manipulate and grow with the advanced protein modifications found in eukaryotes.", "null": [ "g tsnsiwin tinsukan", " da tzddi tmtunt ib\u0263urn n tbaktirin ad gn ingmam id bu yat t\u0263rast ilm\u1e0dn g uqddc d ukraz s isnfln ibrutin izwan ittyafan g ukaryutis." ] }, { "en": "One has increased malolactic fermentation efficiency", "ber": " while the other prevents the production of dangerous ethyl carbamate compounds during fermentation.", "null": [ "issuli yan tusurt n uslay amalulati", " kudnna igddl wayya\u1e0d afars n wuddisn imizitn n karbammat n itil g wakud n uslay." ] }, { "en": "Unlike bacteria and viruses they have the advantage of infecting the insects by contact alone", "ber": " although they are out competed in efficiency by chemical pesticides.", "null": [ "g tmgla n tbaktirt d ifirusn lan tab\u0263urt n ad \u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e63nt ibuxxa s wawa\u1e0d day", " mqqar da ttmzizwirn g tusurt s tgsri ikimiyn." ] }, { "en": "An attractive target for biological control are mosquitos", "ber": " vectors for a range of deadly diseases", "null": [ " including malaria", " yellow fever and dengue fever.", "iga wabiba yan umlday istawhmman g imn\u0263i abyuluji", " amsmattay n kigan n wa\u1e6d\u1e6dann inqqan", " g yamu malarya d tawla tawra\u0263t d tawla n \u1e0dng." ] }, { "en": "Another strategy is to add proteins to the fungi that block transmission of malaria or remove the Plasmodium altogether.", "ber": "yat tstratijit ya\u1e0dn iga tt tirni n ibrutinn i igrsaln lli ittamman i usmatti n kulira n\u0263 asn\u0263ubu imdan n blasmudyum." }, { "en": "Many plants are pluripotent", "ber": " meaning that a single cell from a mature plant can be harvested and under the right conditions can develop into a new plant.", "null": [ "kigan n im\u0263ayn gan igtifrdisn", " aylli isnamkn is t\u0263iy yat t\u0263rast n umyat inwan ad ttumgr d t\u0263iy g tfadiwin d yusan ad tbu\u0263lu s am\u0263ay amaynu." ] }, { "en": "Major advances in tissue culture and plant cellular mechanisms for a wide range of plants has originated from systems developed in tobacco.", "ber": "ilayn idslann lli ittulwan f unbdu n tifst iga t umikaniz n t\u0263rast n im\u0263ayn i yan u\u0263ttuy yiriwn n im\u0263ayn d ittkkan anagraw ibu\u0263lan g tba\u0263\u0263a." }, { "en": "Another major model organism relevant to genetic engineering is Arabidopsis thaliana.", "ber": "iga ababidubsis talyana yan ungmam azurt ya\u1e0dn ixatrn g tmsgda tajinit." }, { "en": "In research", "ber": " plants are engineered to help discover the functions of certain genes.", "null": [ "g irzzutn", " ttugan im\u0263ayn \u1e25ma ad awsn g twafit n ts\u0263an n idsn ijinn." ] }, { "en": "Unlike mutagenisis", "ber": " genetic engineering allows targeted removal without disrupting other genes in the organism.", "null": [ "g tmgla n mutajinizis", " ur da ttajja tmsgda tamkkasut ukus ittwatasn bla asn\u0263ubu n ijinn ya\u1e0dnin g tilit tamadurt." ] }, { "en": "Other strategies include attaching the gene to a strong promoter and see what happens when it is overexpressed", "ber": " forcing a gene to be expressed in a different location or at different developmental stages.", "null": [ "tistratijin ya\u1e0dn umant azday n ujinn akd umsiliy amadus d yinniy n ma rad imsarn kudnna tufa tknnawt nns", " aylli ittawin ajin ad ittunna g yan ud\u0263ar imzarayn n\u0263 g iswirn imzarayn n usbu\u0263lu." ] }, { "en": "The first genetically modified ornamentals commercialized altered color.", "ber": "imyayn imzwura n udikur lli innfln g tjinit nnsn ikcm tasbbabt snfln ik\u02b7lan." }, { "en": "Other genetically modified ornamentals include Chrysanthemum and Petunia.", "ber": "uman wiyya\u1e0d ildjign n udikur innfln g tjinit nnsn akrizantim d ubitunya." }, { "en": "The papaya ringspot virus devastated papaya trees in Hawaii in the twentieth century until transgenic papaya plants were given pathogen-derived resistance.", "ber": "ixla ufirus n twrmt babaya addagn n babaya g haway g tsut tiss simraw allig ittufka uzbay i imyayn babaya innfln g tjinit d ittyasayn sg isbdadn ittsragn i yi\u0263nka." }, { "en": "The second generation of crops aimed to improve the quality", "ber": " often by altering the nutrient profile.", "null": [ "tasuta tiss snat n inbdutn tettnayyas as\u0263udu n t\u0263ara", " kigan n tikkal s usnfl n ifrs amsadur." ] }, { "en": "GM crops contribute by improving harvests through reducing insect pressure", "ber": " increasing nutrient value and tolerating different abiotic stresses.", "null": [ "inbdutn innfln g tjinit nnsn da ttumun g us\u0263udu n inbdutn s ufna\u1e93 n u\u1e93mmi \u0263f ibuxxa", " s usili n watig amsadur d s susrf n u\u1e93mmi abyutik imzarayn." ] }, { "en": "The majority of GM crops have been modified to be resistant to selected herbicides", "ber": " usually a glyphosate or glufosinate based one.", "null": [ "tugt n inbdutn nnflnt g tjinit nnsn \u1e25ma ad ttzbayn i tgsri n im\u0263ayn ittufrann", " s umata sg glufuzyat n\u0263 glufuzinat." ] }, { "en": "A few use the genes that encode for vegetative insecticidal proteins.", "ber": "drust digsn da issmras ijinn ikrrsn i ibrutinn inqqan ibuxxa n im\u0263ayn." }, { "en": "Less than one percent of GM crops contained other traits", "ber": " which include providing virus resistance", "null": [ " delaying senescence and altering the plants composition.", "drust n yan g tmi\u1e0di n inbdutn innfln g tjinit nnsn uman tiyyad tm\u1e93lay", " s lawan ak\u02b7 azbay i ifurusn", " a\u025b\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e5b n tawsrt d usnfl n usil\u0263 n im\u0263ayn." ] }, { "en": "Plants and plant cells have been genetically engineered for production of biopharmaceuticals in bioreactors", "ber": " a process known as pharming.", "null": [ "im\u0263ayn d t\u0263rasin n im\u0263ayn lli innfln g tjinit nnsn \u1e25ma ad farsn ifarsn n tsasfrt d tbyulujit n ifarsn indran", " tga timskrt ittyassn s yism tmssasfrt." ] }, { "en": "Many drugs also contain natural plant ingredients and the pathways that lead to their production have been genetically altered or transferred to other plant species to produce greater volume.", "ber": "tugt n isafarn uman awd isg\u02b7ra n im\u0263ayn igamann d ibrdan lli ittawin s afars ttunfln g tjinit nnsn n\u0263 ttyawayn s wiyya\u1e0d wanawn n im\u0263ayn \u1e25ma ad syafun yan uksay ixatrn uggar." }, { "en": "They also pose less risk of being contaminated.", "ber": "lan awd tadrsi n imizitn g ad ttusl\u0263n." }, { "en": "Vaccines are expensive to produce", "ber": " transport", "null": [ " and administer", " so having a system that could produce them locally would allow greater access to poorer and developing areas.", "\u0263lan ifarsn n igzayn", " tawayt nnsn ula tamssugurt nnsn", " allig ittajjan i unagraw i\u0263iyn ad tn ifars ad yadf s tmna\u1e0din ak\u02b7 i\u1e93l\u1e0dn d g ubrid n usbu\u0263lu." ] }, { "en": "Being stored in plants reduces the long-term cost as they can be disseminated without the need for cold storage", "ber": " don't need to be purified", "null": [ " and have long term stability.", "ad ittusitm g im\u0263ayn da isnaqas atig g tzarayt tamaggagt acku \u0263iyn ad ttuzuzzrn bla assar n isitm g usmmi\u1e0d", " ur usrn ad gin imazdagn", " ilin timntit g tzarayt tamaggagt." ] }, { "en": "As of 2018 only three genetically modified animals have been approved", "ber": " all in the USA.", "null": [ "sg 2018 ur ittumsasa \u0263as \u0263f k\u1e5ba\u1e0d sg imudar innfln g tjinit nnsn", " g iwunak imunn n marikan kull nns." ] }, { "en": "Canada: Brainwaving The first transgenic mammals were produced by injecting viral DNA into embryos and then implanting the embryos in females.", "ber": "kanada: ttufrsn imssu\u1e0de\u1e0dn imzwura s unxar n unlli s t\u0263arast n ugzay n usmmam a\u0263yay afirus g ijinn d ukraz n ijinn n twtmin." }, { "en": "The development of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system as a cheap and fast way of directly modifying germ cells", "ber": " effectively halving the amount of time needed to develop genetically modified mammals.", "null": [ "asbu\u0263lu n unagraw n u\u1e93\u1e5bag n ijinn CRISPR-Cas9 igan allal irxsn d isddrfan g usnfl usrid n t\u0263rasin tijurtumin", " lli isfna\u1e93n s uzgn akud yusrn i unbu\u0263lu n imssu\u1e0de\u1e0dn innfln h tjinitnnsn." ] }, { "en": "Genetically modified mice have been the most common mammals used in biomedical research", "ber": " as they are cheap and easy to manipulate.", "null": [ "asbu\u0263lu n unagraw n u\u1e93\u1e5bag n ijinn CRISPR-Cas igan allal irxsn d isddrfan g usnfl usrid n t\u0263rasin tijurtumin", " lli isfna\u1e93n s uzgn akud yusrn i unbu\u0263lu n imssu\u1e0de\u1e0dn innfln h tjinitnnsn." ] }, { "en": "In 2009", "ber": " scientists announced that they had successfully transferred a gene into a primate species (marmosets) for the first time.", "null": [ "g 2009", " nnan imusnawn is mursn tikklt tamzwarut g usmatti n yan ujin g yan wanaw n brimat (marmuzi)." ] }, { "en": "Stable expression has been accomplished in sheep", "ber": " pigs", "null": [ " rats and other animals.", "tawnnit timntit tettuga \u0263ur izamarn", " iladayn", " i\u0263rdayn d wiyya\u1e0d imudar." ] }, { "en": "Human alpha-1-antitrypsin is another protein that has been produced from goats and is used in treating humans with this deficiency.", "ber": "alfa -1-mgaltribsin anfgan iga yan ubrutin ya\u1e0dn lli ittusyafun sg t\u0263\u1e6d\u1e6dn d lli ittusmrsn g usujji n ifgann ilan assar a." }, { "en": "Pig lungs from genetically modified pigs are being considered for transplantation into humans.", "ber": "turin n iladyn d iddan sg iladayn ituufln g tjinit nnsn rad ttugnt i ifgann." }, { "en": "Animals have been engineered to grow faster", "ber": " be healthier and resist diseases.", "null": [ "nnulfan d imudar \u1e25ma ad ttxitirn s tazzlan ilin g udwas amufay ad ttzbayn n tma\u1e0dunin." ] }, { "en": "A GM pig called Enviropig was created with the capability of digesting plant phosphorus more efficiently than conventional pigs.", "ber": "yan uladay infln g tjinit nns ittusmma inbirubig innulfa s tzmrt n i\u0263\u1e93a\u1e93 n ufusfur n im\u0263ayn ilan tasurt uggar n iladayn igamann." }, { "en": "This could potentially benefit mothers who cannot produce breast milk but want their children to have breast milk rather than formula.", "ber": "i\u0263iy uya ad yili tanafut i tymmatin lli ur i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn ad isyafu ak\u02b7fay n taymmat", "null": [ " maca lli iran ad fknt ak\u02b7fay n tymmat i tarwa nnsnt ur d ak\u02b7fay infln." ] }, { "en": "There have been suggestions that genetic engineering could be used to bring animals back from extinction.", "ber": "llant kra n tsumar ittinin is t\u0263iy tmsgda tajinit ad ttusmrs g waray n imudar g usn\u0263ubu." }, { "en": "It has been used to treat genetic disorders such as severe combined immunodeficiency", "ber": " and Leber's congenital amaurosis.", "null": [ "tettusmrs g ujujji n wa\u1e6d\u1e6dann ijinitn amm tar tagga\u1e93t iccarn icqan d uturts n libr am\u0263nan." ] }, { "en": "Germline gene therapy results in any change being inheritable", "ber": " which has raised concerns within the scientific community.", "null": [ "da ittawi ujujji n tjinitin s asnfl n tukksa", " aylli isgudin inzgumn g wammas n wamun amassan." ] }, { "en": "Aquaculture is a growing industry", "ber": " currently providing over half the consumed fish worldwide.", "null": [ "iga usgmi n waman asukn ittbu\u0263lun", " da takka d\u0263i uggar n uzgn n islman ittyiccin g ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba tisgg\u02b7in n uma\u1e0dal." ] }, { "en": "Several groups have been developing zebrafish to detect pollution by attaching fluorescent proteins to genes activated by the presence of pollutants.", "ber": "sbu\u0263lant kigan n trubba aslm-azulil \u1e25ma ad afn tmrkit s usla\u0263 n ibrutin iflurin s ijinn lli ittnca\u1e6dn ig llant tmrkitin." }, { "en": "It was originally developed by one of the groups to detect pollution", "ber": " but is now part of the ornamental fish trade", "null": [ " becoming the first genetically modified animal to become publicly available as a pet when in 2003 it was introduced for sale in the USA.", "ittusbu\u0263la zwar \u0263ur yat sg trubba ittafan timrkit", " maca yamu d\u0263i g tsbbabt n uslm n udikur", " ig amudr amzwaru lli infln g tjinit nns iff\u0263n s \u0263ur mddn ad ig amudr asmun kudnna da inzza g iwunak imunn g 2003." ] }, { "en": "Zebrafish are model organisms for developmental processes", "ber": " regeneration", "null": [ " genetics", " behaviour", " disease mechanisms and toxicity testing.", "islman izuliln gan ingmamn izurat i tziggzt n usbu\u0263lu", " asmaynu", " tajinit", " a\u1e63ni\u025b", " amikanizm n wa\u1e6d\u1e6dan d tirmitin n hidj." ] }, { "en": "GM fish have been developed with promoters driving an over-production of growth hormone for use in the aquaculture industry to increase the speed of development and potentially reduce fishing pressure on wild stocks.", "ber": "ttusbu\u0263lan islman innfln g tjinit nnsn akd imssntayn lli yiwin s asyafu axatar n ihurmunn n tgmi i tgmi n waman \u1e25ma ad zizzln asbu\u0263lu fn\u1e93n a\u1e93mmi illan \u0263f tg\u02b7mrt \u0263f isatimn iramyarn." }, { "en": "It obtained regulatory approval in 2015", "ber": " the first non-plant GMO food to be commercialized.", "null": [ "yum\u1e93 turagt n usnmala g 2015", " asadur amzwaru n GMO arma\u0263ay lli inzzan." ] }, { "en": "Drosophila have been used to study genetics and inheritance", "ber": " embryonic development", "null": [ " learning", " behavior", " and aging.", "ttusmrs drusufila g uzraw n tjinit d tukksa", " asbu\u0263lu n warraw", " asslmd", " a\u1e63ni\u025b d tawsrt." ] }, { "en": "Malaria-resistant mosquitoes have been developed in the laboratory by inserting a gene that reduces the development of the malaria parasite and then use homing endonucleases to rapidly spread that gene throughout the male population (known as a gene drive).", "ber": "ibuxxa inzbayn n malarya g isirmn s usidf n yan ujinn ifnn\u1e93n asbu\u0263lu n ubarazit n malarya", "null": [ " ukan s usmrs n ubaxxu an\u0263yay n uf\u1e93a\u1e93 \u1e25ma ad ittuzuzzr s tazzla ujin a g mddn ak\u02b7 iwtmann (ittyassn s yism n ussanun n ijinn)." ] }, { "en": "Another approach is to use a sterile insect technique", "ber": " whereby males genetically engineered to be sterile out compete viable males", "null": [ " to reduce population numbers.", "yat tmyadast a\u1e0dnin da tssmras tatknit n ubaxxu amrdid", " lli ittinin nwis d iwtman innfln g tjinit nnsn \u1e25ma ad gn imrdidn da ttm\u1e25izwarn akd iwtman i\u0263iyn ad ddrn", " \u1e25ma ad ifn\u1e93 um\u1e0dan n imzda\u0263." ] }, { "en": "The approach is similar to the sterile technique tested on mosquitoes", "ber": " where males are transformed with a gene that prevents any females born from reaching maturity.", "null": [ "trwas tmyadast a tatkint tamrdidt lli ittyaramn \u0263f ubiba", " lli g ttunfln iwtman s yan ujin lli igddln i tuntitin lli d ilulan ad lkmnt tixxitrt." ] }, { "en": "In this case a strain of pink bollworm that were sterilized with radiation were genetically engineered to express a red fluorescent protein making it easier for researchers to monitor them.", "ber": "g umdya a", "null": [ " yan u\u1e93\u0263\u1e5b n twkka taliccint lli ya\u0263uln d tamrdidt s i\u1e93n\u1e93a\u1e5bn tuttsdg g tjinit \u1e25ma ad tssuf\u0263 abrutin afluri azgg\u02b7a\u0263 aylli isslma\u1e0dn \u0263f imrza a\u1e0dfa\u1e5b nns." ] }, { "en": "There is also potential to use the silk producing machinery to make other valuable proteins.", "ber": "i\u0263iy aw ad ttusmrsnt tmacinin n usyafu n uma\u1e6d\u1e6dal\u1e63u i tiggi n wiyyad ibrutinn i\u0263lan." }, { "en": "A GM chicken that produces the drug Kanuma", "ber": " an enzyme that treats a rare condition", "null": [ " in its egg passed US regulatory approval in 2015.", "yan uya\u1e93i\u1e0d innfln g tjinit nns lli ifrrsn kanuma", " yan wun\u1e93im lli ijujjuyn a\u1e6d\u1e6dann idrusn", " yiw\u1e0d g yat tglayt turagt tuzrift g iwunak imunn g 2015." ] }, { "en": "There are proposals to use genetic engineering to control cane toads in Australia.", "ber": "ar nssumur asmrs n ujin anitik g wa\u1e0daf n ig\u02b7ra n t\u0263ruyt g ustralya." }, { "en": "It is also relatively easy to produce stable transgenic nematodes and this along with RNAi are the major tools used in studying their genes.", "ber": "ilm\u1e0d awd s imik ufars n nimatud nnigajinitk imnti d uya iga akd ir in ay allaln idslann lli ittusmrsn g tzrawt n ijinn nnsn." }, { "en": "Transgenic nematodes have been used to study viruses", "ber": " toxicology", "null": [ " diseases", " and to detect environmental pollutants.", "nimatud nnigajinitik ittusmrs g tzrawt n ifirusn", " tusnahidj", " a\u1e6d\u1e6dann d tifi n imssrkutn n twnna\u1e0dt." ] }, { "en": "Flatworms have the ability to regenerate themselves from a single cell.", "ber": "iwkkiwn usdidn lan ta\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bt n smaynun iman nnsn sg yat t\u0263rast." }, { "en": "The bristle worm", "ber": " a marine annelid", "null": [ " has been modified.", "tettunfl twkka n um\u1e6d\u1e6dal\u1e63u", " lli igan tawkka tab\u1e25tiyt." ] }, { "en": "The development of a regulatory framework concerning genetic engineering began in 1975", "ber": " at Asilomar", "null": [ " California.", "issnta usbu\u0263lu n tmsgda n tukksa g usati issudsn g usgg\u02b7as n 1975", " g asilumar", " kalifirnya." ] }, { "en": "It is an international treaty that governs the transfer", "ber": " handling", "null": [ " and use of genetically modified organisms.", "d tafrist tagra\u0263lant i innb\u1e0dn g usmatti", " aqddc d usmrs n ungmam innfln g tjinit nns." ] }, { "en": "Many experiments also need permission from a national regulatory group or legislation.", "ber": "kigan n tirmitin usrnt turagt n yat trabbut tanamurt d uslgn n\u0263 n yat tuzrift." }, { "en": "There is a near-universal system for assessing the relative risks associated with GMOs and other agents to laboratory staff and the community.", "ber": "illa yan unagraw dru\u0263 igan agra\u0263lan n usittg n imizitn i\u1e93lin qqnn s GMOs d wiyya\u1e0d imggayn i ugaluf n usirm d tgrawt." }, { "en": "Different countries use different nomenclature to describe the levels and can have different requirements for what can be done at each level.", "ber": "da ssmrasnt kigan n tmizar yan umawal imzarayn g usnuml n iswirn d \u0263iyn ad ilin assarn imyanawn \u0263f uylli i\u0263iyn ad ittug g ku aswir." }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " a crop not intended for food use is generally not reviewed by authorities responsible for food safety.", "null": [ "s umdya", " yat tkrza ur ittugin \u0263f usmrs n wucci ur ttufsi s umata s\u0263ut tnba\u1e0din timasayin n tdusi tamsadurt." ] }, { "en": "Most countries that do not allow GMO cultivation do permit research using GMOs.", "ber": "tugt n tmizar lli ur ittajjan takrza innfln g tjinit nns da ttajjant arzzu issmrasn GMO." }, { "en": "While only a few GMOs have been approved for cultivation in the EU a number of GMOs have been approved for import and processing.", "ber": "kudnna llan \u0263as kra n GMO ay d izrin g tkrza g tamunt n turuft", "null": [ " idsn id GMO ay d izrin g ussidf d usnfl." ] }, { "en": "The US policy does not focus on the process as much as other countries", "ber": " looks at verifiable scientific risks and uses the concept of substantial equivalence.", "null": [ "tasrtit tawmarikant ud da tsnammas \u0263f tziggzt amm tmizar ya\u1e0dn", " da tsfsay imizitn imassan ittussidedn ar tsmras armmus n tgdazalt n tmtta." ] }, { "en": "One of the key issues concerning regulators is whether GM products should be labeled.", "ber": "ijj n tmntilt tadslant n imssudsn ad s nn iqnen ad fllasn nsrs tika\u1e5b\u1e0diwin ifarisn d yusan s utari." }, { "en": "The dispute involves consumers", "ber": " producers", "null": [ " biotechnology companies", " governmental regulators", " non-governmental organizations", " and scientists.", "i\u1e93li umnza\u0263 s insmurn", " imfarsn", " timssntay n tbyutiknulujit", " ingmamn n izzrafn unbi\u1e0dn", " timaddasin ur igin tunbi\u1e0din d imusnawn" ] }, { "en": "Most concerns are around the health and environmental effects of GMOs.", "ber": "i\u1e93li umata n inzgumn s tasurt n GMO \u0263f tdusi d twanna\u1e0dt." }, { "en": "Nonetheless", "ber": " members of the public are much less likely than scientists to perceive GM foods as safe.", "null": [ "macan igmamn n ugdud ur bahra \u1e93\u1e0darn ad isinn ifarsn imsadurn lli innfln g tjinit nnsn is \u0263udan imkinna sskarn imusnawn." ] }, { "en": "Gene flow between GM crops and compatible plants", "ber": " along with increased use of broad-spectrum herbicides", "null": [ " can increase the risk of herbicide resistant weed populations.", "i\u0263iy wufuy n ijinn gr tkrziwin innfln g tjinit nnsnt d im\u0263ayn imsagarn", " ula asmrs mqqurn n isafan n im\u0263ayn ilan aklu yiriwn", " ad yawi n trni n imizitn n wa\u1e6d\u1e6dan n isafarn n im\u0263ayn lli ittzbayn i im\u0263ayn." ] }, { "en": "In order to address some of these concerns some GMOs have been developed with traits to help control their spread.", "ber": "\u1e25ma ad ttusmskln inzgumn a", "null": [ " ttusbu\u0263lan idsn GMO akd tfras ittawsn g wa\u1e0daf n uzuzzr nnsn." ] }, { "en": "Other environmental and agronomic concerns include a decrease in biodiversity", "ber": " an increase in secondary pests (non-targeted pests) and evolution of resistant insect pests.", "null": [ "wiyya\u1e0d inzgumn n twanna\u1e0dt d n tkrza uman afna\u1e93 n tmyanawt tbyulujit", " asgidi n \u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e5bu\u1e5bt tasinant (\u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e5bu\u1e5bt ur ittwatasn) d usbu\u0263lu n \u1e6d\u1e6d\u1e5bu\u1e5bt n ibuxxa inzbayn." ] }, { "en": "The impact of Bt crops on beneficial non-target organisms became a public issue after a 1999 paper suggested they could be toxic to monarch butterflies.", "ber": "tusurt n tkrziwin Bt \u0263f ingmamn imnafutn lli ur ittwatasn ya\u0263ul iga yan umsaras agdudan dffir ma d inna yan warra n 1999 is \u0263iyn ad gn inhidjn n if\u1e5b\u1e6de\u1e6d\u1e6dutn igllidn." }, { "en": "With the ability to genetically engineer humans now possible there are ethical concerns over how far this technology should go", "ber": " or if it should be used at all.", "null": [ "akd tzmrt n usnulfu ajinitik n ifgann", " llan d\u0263i inzgumn n t\u0263ariwin i\u1e93lin s uwttas n tiknulujit a d usmrs nns." ] }, { "en": "October 2006 the rigor of the regulatory process", "ber": " consolidation of control of the food supply in companies that make and sell GMOs", "null": [ " exaggeration of the benefits of genetic modification", " or concerns over the use of herbicides with glyphosate.", "k\u1e6dub\u1e5b 2006 tak\u1e5b\u1e93i n tziggzt tuzrift", " asdus n ti\u1e0daf n usmkl amsadur g tmssntay lli itthayyan ar zznzant GMO", " aftay n ib\u0263urn n usnfl ajiniti", " n\u0263 inzgumn i\u1e93lin s usmrs n isafarn n im\u0263ayn akd glifuzat." ] }, { "en": "GMOs arrived on the scene as the public confidence in food safety", "ber": " attributed to recent food scares such as Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and other scandals involving government regulation of products in Europe", "null": [ " was low.", "gulan nn GMO id\u0263arn kudnna tdrus tflst n ugdud g tnfrut tamsadurt", " lli ittfkan i tugdiwin timsadurin timggura amm unsifalubati sbunjifurm n imagayn d wiyya\u1e0d ikacafn lli g illa izzraf unbi\u1e0d n ifarsn g turuft." ] }, { "en": "Genetic engineering", "ber": " also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation", "null": [ " is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.", "tamsgda tajinitikt", " ittyassn awd n usnfl ajinitik n\u0263 aqddc ajinitik", " tga aqddac usrid n ijinn n yan ugmam s wallal n tabyutiknulujit." ] }, { "en": "A construct is usually created and used to insert this DNA into the host organism.", "ber": "da tettugu tuskiwt ar tettusmras g uskcm n usmmam a\u0263yay g yili amsnubg." }, { "en": "The new DNA can be inserted randomly", "ber": " or targeted to a specific part of the genome.", "null": [ "i\u0263iy usmmam a\u0263yay amaynu ad iyyuskmc s usmassa", " n\u0263 as ttufran yat tafult i\u1e93lin g ujinum." ] }, { "en": "Rudolf Jaenisch created the first GM animal when he inserted foreign DNA into a mouse in 1974.", "ber": "isnulfa rudulf janic amudr amzwaru innln g tjinit nns s isidf n usmmam a\u0263yay imzzi g yat t\u0263rdayt g 1974." }, { "en": "Genetically modified food has been sold since 1994", "ber": " with the release of the Flavr Savr tomato.", "null": [ "isadurn innfln g tjinit nnsn da nzzan sg 1994", " kudnna d tff\u0263 tmi\u1e6dact flabr sabr." ] }, { "en": "In 2016 salmon modified with a growth hormone were sold.", "ber": "g 2016", "null": [ " nzan inssalmn innfln g tjinit nnsn akd yan uhurmun n tgmi." ] }, { "en": "By knocking out genes responsible for certain conditions it is possible to create animal model organisms of human diseases.", "ber": "s wukus n ijinn imasayn \u0263f kra n tfadiwin", "null": [ " i\u0263iy ad nnulfun ingmamn izurat n imudar n wa\u1e6d\u1e6dann infgann." ] }, { "en": "The rise of commercialised genetically modified crops has provided economic benefit to farmers in many different countries", "ber": " but has also been the source of most of the controversy surrounding the technology.", "null": [ "tfka tgmi n tkrziwin innfln g tjinit nnsn inzzan ib\u0263urn i tdamsa d imgyakn g kigan n tmizar", " maca iga a\u0263balu n umata n imnza\u0263n illan \u0263f tiknulujit." ] }, { "en": "Gene flow", "ber": " impact on non-target organisms", "null": [ " control of the food supply and intellectual property rights have also been raised as potential issues.", "an\u0263al ajinitik", " tusurt \u0263f ingmamn ur ittwatasn", " ti\u1e0daf n usmkl amsadur d izrfan n tilit tawngimt ttusrsn awd is igan imukrisn illan." ] }, { "en": "This is much faster", "ber": " can be used to insert any genes from any organism (even ones from different domains) and prevents other undesirable genes from also being added.", "null": [ "da ittazzla uya uggar", " \u025bni\u0263 ittusmrs \u1e25ma ad ikcm g ijinn n matta ungmamn illan (awd win yigran imzarayn) ar igddl wiyya\u1e0d ijinn ur ittyaran ad tturnun awd nitni." ] }, { "en": "Drugs", "ber": " vaccines and other products have been harvested from organisms engineered to produce them.", "null": [ "isafarn", " tigzzayin d wiyya\u1e0d ifarsn ttyakkasn d sg ingmamn lli ittskrn i ufars nnsn." ] }, { "en": "Synthetic biology is an emerging discipline that takes genetic engineering a step further by introducing artificially synthesised material into an organism.", "ber": "tamassant n tudrt tamsuknt d i\u1e93li d yulin ar idkki tamsgda tajinits usidf n imattiwn imsuknn g tilit iddrn." }, { "en": "If genetic material from another species is added to the host", "ber": " the resulting organism is called transgenic.", "null": [ "ig tetturna tmtta tamkkasut yan wanaw i yan umsnubg", " da as nttini i tilit d iff\u0263n anafal g tjinit nns." ] }, { "en": "In 1973 Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen created the first transgenic organism by inserting antibiotic resistance genes into the plasmid of an Escherichia coli bacterium.", "ber": "g 1973", "null": [ " isnulfa hirbirt bwayi d stanli kuhin angmam amzwaru innfln g tjinit nns s usidf n ijinn n uzbay i untibyutik g ublazmid n yat tbaktirt icirciya kuli." ] }, { "en": "In 1976 Genentech", "ber": " the first genetic engineering company", "null": [ " was founded by Herbert Boyer and Robert Swanson and a year later the company produced a human protein (somatostatin) in E.coli.", "g 1976", " tuttuska tmssurt tmazwarut n tmsgda tajinit", " ginintic", " s\u0263ur hirbirt bwayi d rubirt swansun d yan usgg\u02b7as dffiras", " tfars tmssurt abrutin anfgan (sumatustatin) g ikuli." ] }, { "en": "The insulin produced by bacteria was approved for release by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1982.", "ber": "ittumsasa \u0263f wansulin d iff\u0263n sg tbaktirit s\u0263ur tmssugurt n wucci d usafar g 1982." }, { "en": "The People's Republic of China was the first country to commercialise transgenic plants", "ber": " introducing a virus-resistant tobacco in 1992.", "null": [ "tagduda tamdnant n ccinwa tga tamazirt tamzwarut lli izznzant im\u0263ayn innfln g tjinit", " tsskr tba\u0263\u0263a ittzbayn mdal ifirusn g 1992." ] }, { "en": "In 1995", "ber": " Bt Potato was approved safe by the Environmental Protection Agency", "null": [ " after having been approved by the FDA", " making it the first pesticide producing crop to be approved in the US.", "g 1995", "tzri ba\u1e6da\u1e6da innfln g tjinit nns bla imizi s\u0263ur tsnurayt n ufrag i twanna\u1e0dt", " dffis ma d tt tzzri tmssugurt n wucci d usafar", " aylli gid isskrn anbdu amzwaru amsyafu n isafarn n im\u0263ayn lli izrin g iwunak imunn." ] }, { "en": "Genetic screens can be carried out to determine potential genes and further tests then used to identify the best candidates.", "ber": "irimn ijinitn \u0263iyn ad ttuskrn g uswuttu n ijinn illan d wiyya\u1e0d irimn sissn ttusmrsn g uswuttu n imnkadn imyafutn." }, { "en": "These segments can then be extracted through gel electrophoresis.", "ber": "\u0263iyn ifrdisn a ad d ff\u0263n sissn s tbridt n ujil ailiktrufuruzis." }, { "en": "Once isolated the gene is ligated into a plasmid that is then inserted into a bacterium.", "ber": "adday ittu\u1e93lay ujinn da ittusla\u0263 s ublazmid lli ittusidifn dffiras g tbaktirt." }, { "en": "These include a promoter and terminator region", "ber": " which initiate and end transcription.", "null": [ "yuma uya yan umssntay d yat tmna\u1e0dt tasmmudt", " lli issntayn ar tsmmd talsarit." ] }, { "en": "This ability can be induced in other bacteria via stress (e.g. thermal or electric shock)", "ber": " which increases the cell membrane's permeability to DNA; up-taken DNA can either integrate with the genome or exist as extrachromosomal DNA.", "null": [ "t\u0263iy tzmrt a ad tadf g tiyya\u1e0d tbaktirin s ustriss (s ungas az\u0263lan n\u0263 atrisinti)", " aylli issiliyn g ukccum n tfrkit n t\u0263rast g usmmam a\u0263yay; d i\u0263iy usmmam a\u0263yay ad ittyasayn ad tadf g ujinum n\u0263 illa iga asmmam a\u0263yay n b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." ] }, { "en": "In plants the DNA is often inserted using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation", "ber": " taking advantage of the Agrobacteriums T-DNA sequence that allows natural insertion of genetic material into plant cells.", "null": [ "g umata da ittuskcam usmmam a\u0263yay g im\u0263ayn s usmrs n usnfl agrubaktiryum-ittuswangmn", " d usyafu sg usddi n agrubaktiryum T-DNA lli ittajjan asidf agaman n umattiw ajinitik g t\u0263rasin n im\u0263ayn." ] }, { "en": "In plants this is accomplished through the use of tissue culture.", "ber": "g im\u0263ayn", "null": [ " da ittugu uya s usmrs n unbdu n tifst." ] }, { "en": "Selectable markers are used to easily differentiate transformed from untransformed cells.", "ber": "imrcamn imstayn da ttusmrasn g uzmzaray ilm\u1e0dn n t\u0263rasin innfln n t\u0263rasin lli ur innfln." }, { "en": "These tests can also confirm the chromosomal location and copy number of the inserted gene.", "ber": "\u0263iyn yirims a ad awd ssntmn ad\u0263ar akrumuzumi d um\u1e0dan n tun\u0263lt n ujinn yudfn." }, { "en": "The new genetic material can be inserted randomly within the host genome or targeted to a specific location.", "ber": "amattiw amaynu n tjinit i\u0263iy ad yadf s tbridt irwin g ujinum n umsunbg n\u0263 ad ittyafran ud\u0263ar un\u0263id." }, { "en": "The frequency of gene targeting can be greatly enhanced through genome editing.", "ber": "asnagar n unyyc n ijinn i\u0263iy ad ittus\u0263udu s kigan s u\u1e93\u1e5bag n ujinum." }, { "en": "TALEN and CRISPR are the two most commonly used and each has its own advantages.", "ber": "talin d krisbr gan sin lli bahra ittusmrsn yili ku yan ib\u0263urn nns i\u1e93lin." }, { "en": "Most commercialised GMOs are insect resistant or herbicide tolerant crop plants.", "ber": "amata g inbdutn innfln g tjinitnnnsn lli inzzan da ttzbayn i ibuxxa n\u0263 gan imsuraf akd isafarn n im\u0263ayn." }, { "en": "Mouse hybridomas", "ber": " cells fused together to create monoclonal antibodies", "null": [ " have been adapted through genetic engineering to create human monoclonal antibodies.", "da ittunami u\u0263rday ittuhjjann", " ti\u0263rasin ittugan \u0263f usnuflu n tfggiwin mgal tayant n nnasila", " s\u0263ur tmsgda tajinit g usnulfu n tfggiwin mgal tayant n nnasila tanfgant." ] }, { "en": "Genetic engineering is also used to create animal models of human diseases.", "ber": "tamsdga tajinit tettusmrs awd g usnulfu n izurat n imudar n wa\u1e6d\u1e6dan infgann." }, { "en": "Potential cures can be tested against these mouse models.", "ber": "\u0263iyn ijujjitn illan ad ttusnirmn mgal izurat a n i\u0263rdayn." }, { "en": "In 2015 a virus was used to insert a healthy gene into the skin cells of a boy suffering from a rare skin disease", "ber": " epidermolysis bullosa", "null": [ " in order to grow", " and then graft healthy skin onto 80 percent of the boy's body which was affected by the illness.", "g 2015", " ittusmrs yan ufirus g ussidf n yan ujin amadus g yat t\u0263rast n yilm n yan urba isnnmri wa\u1e6d\u1e6dan idrusn n yilm", " ibidirmulizis buluza", " \u1e25ma ad igm", " d ad isucc ilm adusan \u0263f 80% n tfgga n urba lli ya\u0263 wa\u1e6d\u1e6dan." ] }, { "en": "There are also concerns that the technology could be used not just for treatment", "ber": " but for enhancement", "null": [ " modification or alteration of a human beings' appearance", " adaptability", " intelligence", " character or behavior.", "llan awd inzgumn sg tiknulujit ad ur tettusmrs day u ujujji", " maca awd g us\u0263udu", " asnfl n\u0263 asfr\u0263 n u\u1e0dha\u1e5b", " tanamit", " taytti", " tafrst n\u0263 a\u1e63ni\u025b n ufgan." ] }, { "en": "He said that twin girls", "ber": " Lulu and Nana", "null": [ " had been born a few weeks earlier.", "inna is d lulant trbatin tikniwin", " lulu d nana", " kra n imalassn dat." ] }, { "en": "Currently", "ber": " germline modification is banned in 40 countries.", "null": [ "d\u0263i", " ittugdl usnfl n izririg ajiri g 40 n tmazirt." ] }, { "en": "Bacteria are cheap", "ber": " easy to grow", "null": [ " clonal", " multiply quickly", " relatively easy to transform and can be stored at -80\u00a0\u00b0C almost indefinitely.", "lant tbaktirin atig irxsn", " lm\u1e0dn g tkrza", " da ttusn\u0263aln", " da ttgidiyn s tazzla", " uhneng usnfl d \u0263iyn ad ttusitmn g -80 \u00b0C n tsk\u02b7flt ar war tigira." ] }, { "en": "This could be the effect on the phenotype of the organism", "ber": " where the gene is expressed or what other genes it interacts with.", "null": [ "i\u0263iy uya ad yili tusurt \u0263f uzurt anaflla n ungmam", " mani g ittili ujin n ijinn ya\u1e0dnin lli ittmya\u0263n akids." ] }, { "en": "In a simple knockout a copy of the desired gene has been altered to make it non-functional.", "ber": "g yat tiyti tafrart ", "null": [ " da tettusnfal yat tun\u0263ilt n ujinn ittyastayn \u1e25ma ad ur yad isuri." ] }, { "en": "This allows the experimenter to analyse the defects caused by this mutation and thereby determine the role of particular genes.", "ber": "da ittajja uya amsnirm ad isfsi ifrru\u0263n mi isrg usnfl a d uswuttu n tmlalt n ijinn i\u1e93lin." }, { "en": "The simplest method", "ber": " and the first to be used", "null": [ " is alanine scanning", " where every position in turn is mutated to the unreactive amino acid alanine.", "tabridt ak\u02b7 tafrart", " d tmzwarut lli ittusmrsn", " iga tt uskki n alanin", " lli g ttnfal ku tasd\u0263rt g twala nns s alanin n usmmam amini ur iswurin." ] }, { "en": "The process is much the same as that in knockout engineering", "ber": " except that the construct is designed to increase the function of the gene", "null": [ " usually by providing extra copies of the gene or inducing synthesis of the protein more frequently.", "trwas tziggzt s imikk tamsdga n wuduz slid tuska lli ittugan i usili n ts\u0263nt n ujin", " g tmyurt s tikki n tun\u0263ilin timrna n ujinn n\u0263 s usidf n ufsay n ubrutin lli bahra illan." ] }, { "en": "One way to do this is to replace the wild-type gene with a 'fusion' gene", "ber": " which is a juxtaposition of the wild-type gene with a reporting element such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) that will allow easy visualisation of the products of the genetic modification.", "null": [ "yat t\u0263aratn n tiggi iga tt asnfl n ujin anaw aramyar n yan ufin n 'ufsay'", " lli igan yan ustama n ujin anaw aramyar ald ufrdis n umyassa amm ubrutin aflurin azgzaw (GFP) lli ittajjan asksw ilm\u1e0dn n ifarsn n usnfl ajinitik." ] }, { "en": "Expression studies aim to discover where and when specific proteins are produced.", "ber": "da ttnyyacnt tzrawin n twnnit tawafit n mani d mantur ad ttufrasn ibrutinn i\u1e93lin." }, { "en": "Some genes do not work well in bacteria", "ber": " so yeast", "null": [ " insect cells or mammalians cells can also be used.", "idsn ijinn ur da swurin mli\u1e25 g tbaktirin", " iwa ti\u0263rasin n tmtunt", " n ibuxxa n\u0263 tin imssu\u1e0de\u1e0dn \u0263iynt awd nitnti ad ttusmrsnt." ] }, { "en": "Certain genetically modified microbes can also be used in biomining and bioremediation", "ber": " due to their ability to extract heavy metals from their environment and incorporate them into compounds that are more easily recoverable.", "null": [ "idsn imikrubn innfln g tjinit nnsn \u0263iyn ad awd ttusmrsn g usmskl undir d tknnawt tabyulujit", " s tmntilt n tzmrt nnsn ad d ssuf\u0263n aldun ama\u1e93ay sg twanna\u1e0d nnsn d ad t skcmn g wuddisn i\u0263iyn ad d tturan s tlm\u1e0di." ] }, { "en": "Fungal and virus resistant crops have also been developed or are in development.", "ber": "ttusbu\u0263aln awd inbdutn n uzbay i ig\u02b7rsaln d ifirusn n\u0263 llan g ubrid n usbu\u0263lu." }, { "en": "In 2016 Salmon have been genetically modified with growth hormones to reach normal adult size much faster.", "ber": "g 2016 ittusnfl unssalm g tjinit nns s ihurmunn n tgmi \u1e25ma ad yaw\u1e0d tiddi n umtrug s kigan n tazzla." }, { "en": "Soybeans and canola have been genetically modified to produce more healthy oils.", "ber": "ttusnfl suja d kanula \u1e25ma ad frsnt kigan n uzatim amadus uggar." }, { "en": "Gene transfer through viral vectors has been proposed as a means of controlling invasive species as well as vaccinating threatened fauna from disease.", "ber": "ittussumr usmatti n ijinn s tbridt n tsmattayin n ifirusn amm wallal n ti\u1e0daf n wanawn ittsugn d tgzzayt n imaddarn isiddiyn wa\u1e6d\u1e6dann." }, { "en": "Applications of genetic engineering in conservation are thus far mostly theoretical and have yet to be put into practice.", "ber": "tisnisiwin n tmsdga tamkkasut g yigr n ufrag gant ar d\u0263i s umata yat ti\u1e93i\u1e5bt d ur ta ttugint g tumskrt." }, { "en": "The Asilomar meeting recommended a set of voluntary guidelines regarding the use of recombinant technology.", "ber": "tw\u1e63\u1e63a tsmuni n azilumar s tagrumma n taratin timxas i\u1e93lin s usmrs n tiknulujit n wallas n usnmala." }, { "en": "One hundred and fifty-seven countries are members of the Protocol and many use it as a reference point for their own regulations.", "ber": "yat tmi\u1e0di d smmus mraw d sa n tmurt gan igmamn g ubrutukul d kigan digsn da t ismras d tsa\u0263ult i uslgn nnsn." }, { "en": "Most countries that do not allow GMO cultivation do permit research.", "ber": "amata g tmura nna ur issugrn tadlsa n imudar ittusnfln s tukksi ssugrn arzzu." }, { "en": "Emily Marden", "ber": " Risk and Regulation: U.S. Regulatory Policy on Genetically Modified Food and Agriculture", "null": [ " 44 B.C.L. Rev. 733 (2003) The European Union by contrast has possibly the most stringent GMO regulations in the world.", "imili mardn", " imizi d uslgn : tasrtit taslgant n iwunak imunn xf usadur d tflla\u1e25t ittusnfln s tukksi", " 44 dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25. Rev. 733 (2003)", " d umrar \u0263f manaya i\u0263y is illa dar umuni n urubba tilgamin n im\u0263nawn wala ittusmmisin g utari iqje\u1e5bn g uma\u1e0dal." ] }, { "en": "One of the key issues concerning regulators is whether GM products should be labeled.", "ber": "ijj n tmntilt tadslant n imssudsn ad s nn iqnen ad fllasn nsrs tika\u1e5b\u1e0diwin ifarisn d yusan s utari." }, { "en": "These controversies have led to litigation", "ber": " international trade disputes", "null": [ " and protests", " and to restrictive regulation of commercial products in some countries.", "uwin imnzi\u0263n ad s amzzarfu d inb\u1e0dawn imzznzawn ima\u1e0dlan d i\u0263uyyitn", "d ussuds inngzan i t\u0263awsiwin timzznzay g kra n tmizar." ] }, { "en": "Although doubts have been raised", "ber": " economically most studies have found growing GM crops to be beneficial to farmers.", "null": [ "waxxa llant turdiwin", "maka kigan n t\u0263uriwin tidamsanin ufant isd tayrza d yusan s utari tka tayafut i imkrazn." ] }, { "en": "Many of the environmental impacts regarding GM crops may take many years to be understood and are also evident in conventional agriculture practices.", "ber": "i\u0263y urmas n kigan n i\u1e0di\u1e63n iwnna\u1e0dn i\u1e6dfn s tigi tatarit isgg\u02b7as mar ad ityakz imkinna tbayn g tyrza tazaykut." }, { "en": "Few films have informed audiences about genetic engineering", "ber": " with the exception of the 1978 The Boys from Brazil and the 1993 Jurassic Park", "null": [ " both of which made use of a lesson", " a demonstration", " and a clip of scientific film.", "imik n isarutn ayd issaw\u1e0dn i ugdud atwal atari", "\u0263as asaru 1978 icirran sg bra\u1e93il d jurasi bark 1993 kullutn ugmn g tmsirt d ufsar n ussikz", " d tafirt g usaru amassan." ] }, { "en": "Nanotechnology", "ber": " also shortened to nanotech", "null": [ " is the use of matter on an atomic", " molecular", " and supramolecular scale for industrial purposes.", "nnanu tiknuluji igan s uzzgzl nnanutik", " tga aswuri s tanga g may\u1e93lin s ublkim d wasis d waflla n wasis i uskkin amguran." ] }, { "en": "This definition reflects the fact that quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale", "ber": " and so the definition shifted from a particular technological goal to a research category inclusive of all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter which occur below the given size threshold.", "null": [ "asissn ad ar yakka yat tidt n wis d i\u1e0di\u1e63n imikanikitn n kan\u1e6dum stawhmman g tms\u0263alt n uma\u1e0dal n tmnnawt", " aya a\u0263f ittusnfl usissn sg usa\u0263d atiknuluji \u0263r tgrruma n isnubbucn yum\u1e93n marra anawn n irzzutn d tiqniyat iswurin s inama\u1e93an i\u1e93lin s tmtta tamsart s tadrsi n umnar ilaqn ad yili." ] }, { "en": "The associated research and applications are equally diverse", "ber": " ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly", "null": [ " from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to direct control of matter on the atomic scale.", "ttmyanawn irzzutn d tsnsitin i\u1e6dfn s yuwn ugdur", "sg ussnti n ufuzik n ingmamn iqbu\u1e5bn \u0263r tbridin timaynutin kul ibddan \u0263f usmuttr unmas n wasis", " sg usbu\u0263lu n tangiwin timaynutin ilan imnadn \u0263f usbdad anannu", " \u0263r anba\u1e0d usrid i tanga g ufu\u0263al ablkim." ] }, { "en": "The term nano-technology was first used by Norio Taniguchi in 1974", "ber": " though it was not widely known.", "null": [ "iswuri nanu tanigutci s tguri n \u201ctatiknulujit n nanu\u201d tiklt tamzwarut asgg\u02b7as n 1974", " waxxa ur ityassn kigan." ] }, { "en": "The emergence of nanotechnology as a field in the 1980s occurred through convergence of Drexler's theoretical and public work", "ber": " which developed and popularized a conceptual framework for nanotechnology", "null": [ " and high-visibility experimental advances that drew additional wide-scale attention to the prospects of atomic control of matter.", "tbaynd tatiqnit n nanu g usgg\u02b7as 1980 s tbridt n usnmili n twuriwin timi\u1e93i\u1e5bin d tgdudant n drikslrs", "ntta ayd issarun izuzzr ismmusn n nnanu", " d tmrniwin tirmiwin ityakzn kigan tili fllasnt t\u0263\u1e0dft i ussnb\u1e0d i tassayt n t\u0263awsiwin." ] }, { "en": "The microscope's developers Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich Research Laboratory received a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986.", "ber": "tuwi tisitin tsbu\u0263lut jird binig d haynic ruhrer g usarm n irzzutn n imassn n twuriwin tigra\u0263lanin g zyurix tasm\u0263rt n nubl g fizik asgg\u02b7as n 1986." }, { "en": "C60 was not initially described as nanotechnology; the term was used regarding subsequent work with related carbon nanotubes (sometimes called graphene tubes or Bucky tubes) which suggested potential applications for nanoscale electronics and devices.", "ber": "g tizwuri ur ttusnuml s60 g tiqnit n nnanu; ttusmrs tguri s mad i\u1e93lin d twuriwin n islditn n nnanu ikarbunn izdin (ttin as islditn n lg\u1e5bafin n\u0263d islditn buki) nna d ikan tisnsiwin taliktruniyin n wallaln inannutn." }, { "en": "Decades later", "ber": " advances in multi-gate technology enabled the scaling of metal\u2013oxide\u2013semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) devices down to nano-scale levels smaller than 20\u00a0nm gate length", "null": [ " starting with the FinFET (fin field-effect transistor)", " a three-dimensional", " non-planar", " double-gate MOSFET.", "\u1e0da\u1e5bt tasirt", " kan isbu\u0263lutn g tiknulujiyt ilan kigan n twura asiriw n ufu\u0263al n ingmamn n tranzistur \u0263ar illa i\u1e0di\u1e63 n ubaraz n aksid n uza\u0263ur", " d zund izddayn ard naw\u1e0d \u0263r iswirn n ufu\u0263al anannu am\u1e93\u1e93yan; sg 20 nanumitr s ta\u0263zi n tawwurt", "ittusntayn sg finft (tranzistur u\u1e0di\u1e63 s igr za\u025bnafi)", "bu kra\u1e0d izarutn", " d musfist ur yaksuln", " d tawwurt tayugant n musfist." ] }, { "en": "Controversies emerged regarding the definitions and potential implications of nanotechnologies", "ber": " exemplified by the Royal Society's report on nanotechnology.", "null": [ "baynd imnzi\u0263n g mayd i\u1e93lin s isnmaln d tmitar i\u0263in ad yili g tiqnit n nnanu", " zund anqqis n tmsmunt tagldant ittugan \u0263f tiknulujit n nnanu." ] }, { "en": "These products are limited to bulk applications of nanomaterials and do not involve atomic control of matter.", "ber": "ifarisn ad ttam\u1e93 \u0263as sg isnsitn ixatarn n tangiwin tinannutin d ur diks asnb\u1e0d ablkim i tmtta." }, { "en": "It was based on gate-all-around (GAA) FinFET technology.", "ber": "da iss\u0263zan tatiqnit \u0263aft n\u0263d faynfit ta\u0263zu\u1e5bant." }, { "en": "This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced.", "ber": "yumz manaya tiwuriwin n \u0263ila d irmmusn yattuyt kigan." }, { "en": "The lower limit is set by the size of atoms (hydrogen has the smallest atoms", "ber": " which are approximately a quarter of a nm kinetic diameter) since nanotechnology must build its devices from atoms and molecules.", "null": [ "da itwafka umadrus s uksay n iblkimn (tlla g lhid\u1e5bujin tblkimt akk\u02b7 im\u1e93\u1e93iyn", " \u0263ur illa ukssay zund tiss kku\u1e93t n twal n wagum \u0263 usmussi ananumitr)", " imkinna n iqn ad ttuskn tiqnit n nnanu ingmamn nns sg iblkimn d wasisn." ] }, { "en": "To put that scale in another context", "ber": " the comparative size of a nanometer to a meter is the same as that of a marble to the size of the earth.", "null": [ "marad ng ams\u0263al ad \u0263 ustal nni\u1e0dn", " aksay amngiddi n nnanumitr s lmitr ntta nit d ams\u0263al n umicci g ums\u0263al n wakal." ] }, { "en": "In the bottom-up approach", "ber": " materials and devices are built from molecular components which assemble themselves chemically by principles of molecular recognition.", "null": [ "\u201c g wammak\u201d\u201dizdar s aflla\u201d", " da ttuskant tangiwin d ingmamn g imik n ifrdisn itmunen akimi s imnzayn n yikiz afulan." ] }, { "en": "One example is the increase in surface area to volume ratio altering mechanical", "ber": " thermal and catalytic properties of materials.", "null": [ "yan umdya \u0263f uya tamrniwt n tajumma n udlas \u0263r us\u0263l n uksay issnfaln ilgam imikanikitn d tir\u0263i d may\u1e93lin s tangamin." ] }, { "en": "The catalytic activity of nanomaterials also opens potential risks in their interaction with biomaterials.", "ber": "da ir\u1e93\u1e93m u\u1e93warn n wakam ula imizitn i\u0263in ad ij\u1e5bu ig iman d tanga tamaddart." }, { "en": "The concept of molecular recognition is especially important: molecules can be designed so that a specific configuration or arrangement is favored due to non-covalent intermolecular forces.", "ber": "armmus n yiks afulan istawhmma s u\u1e93lay", "null": [ " t\u0263y tmamkt n ifulanen g ittaf usmuttg n\u0263d kan usudds s umntl n tzmrt ur ittawsn ingr ifulanen." ] }, { "en": "Such bottom-up approaches should be capable of producing devices in parallel and be much cheaper than top-down methods", "ber": " but could potentially be overwhelmed as the size and complexity of the desired assembly increases.", "null": [ "iqnen ad gin zund ammakn ad timalayin i\u0263in ad isflel ingmamn s umyasa", " tg ba\u1e6dl xf tbridin n uzuzdr", " maka i\u0263y ad t tsgl s trnut n uksay d ummukrs n ugraw ityattarn." ] }, { "en": "Manufacturing in the context of productive nanosystems is not related to", "ber": " and should be clearly distinguished from", "null": [ " the conventional technologies used to manufacture nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles.", "ur illi uzday gr uskar g usatal n ungraw anannu ittuskarn s tiqnitin tizaykutin", " ittusmrasn g usskar n tangiwin tinannutin n lka\u1e5bbun", " d wanckn inannutn", " d iqnen usnu\u1e25yu gratsn." ] }, { "en": "It is hoped that developments in nanotechnology will make possible their construction by some other means", "ber": " perhaps using biomimetic principles.", "null": [ "illa ussirm n wis i\u0263y ad gin isbu\u0263lutn itiknulujitn nnanu taska nns s itsn imassn ya\u1e0dn", " i\u0263y id s ussmrs n imnzayn immala\u0263n imaddarn." ] }, { "en": "In general it is very difficult to assemble devices on the atomic scale", "ber": " as one has to position atoms on other atoms of comparable size and stickiness.", "null": [ "s umata", " icqqa kigan usmun n ingmamn g uswir ablkim", " icku iqnen afgan ad isrs iblkamn \u0263f wiy\u1e0d ya\u1e0dn yaksuln g uksay d tun\u0263idt tamya\u0263t." ] }, { "en": "This led to an exchange of letters in the ACS publication Chemical & Engineering News in 2003.", "ber": "imkinna yuwy uya s umrara n tbratin g ifif\u0263 \u201cin\u0263misn n lkimya d utwal\u201d sg \u0263ur \u201ctmsmunt takimit tamirikanit\u201d asgg\u02b7as n 2003." }, { "en": "They have constructed at least three distinct molecular devices whose motion is controlled from the desktop with changing voltage: a nanotube nanomotor", "ber": " a molecular actuator", "null": [ " and a nanoelectromechanical relaxation oscillator.", "skan mayd ur ikkin ddaw k\u1e5ba\u1e0d ingmamn ifulanen i\u0263udan", " da ittunba\u1e0d g tsurifin nns sg usira s usmsi n tarna: ansmassu anannu d umswuri afulal", " d umlellay amssunfu annanuliktrumikanik." ] }, { "en": "Nanomaterials with fast ion transport are related also to nanoionics and nanoelectronics.", "ber": "mzdaynt tangamin tinannutin ilan tumni tayyunit isrbin d ayyunat n nnanu d iliktrunat n nnanu." }, { "en": "Nanoscale materials such as nanopillars are sometimes used in solar cells which combats the cost of traditional silicon solar cells.", "ber": "da ttusmrasnt tangamin tinannutin zund innaln inannutn itsn tikkal g talmikin tiyafuyin nna itggan tizmmar \u0263f talmikin n ssilikun tiyafuyin tizaykutin." }, { "en": "More generally", "ber": " molecular self-assembly seeks to use concepts of supramolecular chemistry", "null": [ " and molecular recognition in particular", " to cause single-molecule components to automatically arrange themselves into some useful conformation.", "s tal\u0263a wala igan tagdudant", " da itna\u0263 usmun unmas afulan", " ad issmrs irmmusn n lkimya n nnig tfulant", " d umyassan n tfulayt s u\u1e93lay", " mar ad ssudsn ifrdisn ifulanen imyiwnen i\u0263fawn nns s i\u0263fawn nnsn g itsnt tal\u0263iwin ilan tab\u0263urt." ] }, { "en": "Giant magnetoresistance-based hard drives already on the market fit this description", "ber": " as do atomic layer deposition (ALD) techniques.", "null": [ "tmsasant inmassutn n iqa\u1e5bi\u1e0dn iqurarn ixatarn illan \u0263f umsnkar ami\u0263na\u1e6dis illan nnik g ubaraz s usnumml ad", " ula awd tatiqnitin n usfsi n taggayt tablkmt (ALD)." ] }, { "en": "Focused ion beams can directly remove material", "ber": " or even deposit material when suitable precursor gasses are applied at the same time.", "null": [ "\u0263in i\u1e93n\u1e93a\u1e5b n ayyun tam\u0263\u1e0dft; ad ksn tangiwin tusridin", " n\u0263d awd asrrus n tangiwin ig ittusmrs lgaz am\u1e5b\u1e0dl", " d yusan ga tizi." ] }, { "en": "These could then be used as single-molecule components in a nanoelectronic device.", "ber": "n\u0263y \u1e0da\u1e5bt uynna\u0263 ad nswuri s ifrdisn ad ifrdisn \u0263ur yan ugzzum angmam aliktruni anannu." }, { "en": "Molecular nanotechnology is a proposed approach which involves manipulating single molecules in finely controlled", "ber": " deterministic ways.", "null": [ "tatiqniyt n nnanu amilukulir tga yan wammak d yuwin asmkl n tu\u1e6d\u1e6dutin i\u1e93lin s tbridin \u0263f tlla tynnit d unba\u1e0d s kigan n t\u0263dft." ] }, { "en": "There are hopes for applying nanorobots in medicine.", "ber": "illa ussirm ad ttusmrsn id \u1e5b\u1e5bubuwat n nnanu g yigr n ussasfr." }, { "en": "Because of the discrete (i.e. atomic) nature of matter and the possibility of exponential growth", "ber": " this stage is seen as the basis of another industrial revolution.", "null": [ "s usrag n t\u0263ara timb\u1e0dit ( tablkimt)", " n tanga d tzmrt n ussgmi n tagga\u1e0dt", " da ittusksiw \u0263r tfrkt ad id nttat ayd igan tasila tagrawla tanmgurant ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "With the decrease in dimensionality", "ber": " an increase in surface-to-volume ratio is observed.", "null": [ "s tidrust n wuggugn", "n\u1e93\u1e5ba tamrniwt n us\u0263l n udlas \u0263r uksay." ] }, { "en": "Although conceptually similar to the scanning confocal microscope developed by Marvin Minsky in 1961 and the scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) developed by Calvin Quate and coworkers in the 1970s", "ber": " newer scanning probe microscopes have much higher resolution", "null": [ " since they are not limited by the wavelength of sound or light.", "waxxa mya\u0263n g irmmusn akd tisit mi manen i\u0263isa", " nna isbu\u0263lla marfn misnski g usgg\u02b7as n 1961", " d tisit n u\u1e63ffa\u1e0d imsli (SAM) nna isbu\u0263lla kalfn kwan d imddukal nns g 1970", " maka tisitin n u\u1e63ffa\u1e0d n imsar", " tla tasddi yattuyn kigan", " acku ur da tbdda \u0263f ta\u0263zi n usidd n imsli n\u0263d asidd." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " this is still a slow process because of low scanning velocity of the microscope.", "null": [ "waxxa hakkak", " tsul tmggit ad t\u1e93\u1e93ay acku tagguz tafssi n us\u0263l n tisit." ] }, { "en": "Another group of nanotechnological techniques include those used for fabrication of nanotubes and nanowires", "ber": " those used in semiconductor fabrication such as deep ultraviolet lithography", "null": [ " electron beam lithography", " focused ion beam machining", " nanoimprint lithography", " atomic layer deposition", " and molecular vapor deposition", " and further including molecular self-assembly techniques such as those employing di-block copolymers.", "tarabbut nni\u1e0dn n tiqnitin n nnanu da tsmun tamswurit iskarn islditn im\u0263yayn d ifilan im\u0263yayn", " ula tinna ittusmrsan g usukn n usmsl zund", " a\u1e5bcam amsdan nnig tmg\u1e93ayt i\u0263ban", " ula a\u1e5bcam amsdan n um\u1e93\u1e93n\u1e93\u1e5b alikt\u1e5bun", " ula amgur am\u1e93\u1e93n\u1e93\u1e5b n ayyunat i\u0263\u1e0d\u1e0dfn", " d u\u1e5bcam amsdan d udriz anannu", " d urmrum n taggayt n tblkmt", " d urmrum n irugga isisn", " d tiqnit ismunen ayman n wasis", " zund tinna issmrasn lbbulimrat ilan snat tgudiyin." ] }, { "en": "Scanning probe microscopy is an important technique both for characterization and synthesis of nanomaterials.", "ber": "azzray n tisit n waddad tga yat tiqniyt mqqurn isnummaln ar tsnay tangamin tinannutin." }, { "en": "By using", "ber": " for example", "null": [ " feature-oriented scanning approach", " atoms or molecules can be moved around on a surface with scanning probe microscopy techniques.", "s ussmrs s umdya", " tabrit as\u0263l \u0263r tfrisin", " i\u0263y ad ismcctg iblkimn n\u0263d asisn illan s aflla", " s ussmrs n tiqnitin s mikruskubi." ] }, { "en": "These techniques include chemical synthesis", "ber": " self-assembly and positional assembly.", "null": [ "smunent tiqniyat ad assidr akimya d usmun unmas d usmun imrsi." ] }, { "en": "Researchers at Bell Telephone Laboratories like John R. Arthur.", "ber": "imrzutn g isarmn n tilifun bil zund djun r.artr." }, { "en": "MBE allows scientists to lay down atomically precise layers of atoms and", "ber": " in the process", "null": [ " build up complex structures.", "da ittadja umslay n tmnukda n britanya; imasnawn ad gin taggayin n uslkim in\u0263dn", " g tmhlt ad ttuskant tan\u0263iwin irwin." ] }, { "en": "Bandages are being infused with silver nanoparticles to heal cuts faster.", "ber": "da ttugan isatln s tzl\u0263iwin n u\u1e93\u1e5bf anannu mar ad ijjy u\u025b\u1e6d\u1e6dib zik." }, { "en": "Nanotechnology may have the ability to make existing medical applications cheaper and easier to use in places like the general practitioner's office and at home.", "ber": "t\u0263y tiqniyt n nnanu ad tg imassn n ussgnf d ba\u1e6dl", "null": [ " imkinna tnna ad tssuhn aswuri nsnt g umaris n umswuri amattu ula g tgmmi." ] }, { "en": "Platinum is currently used as the diesel engine catalyst in these engines.", "ber": "da ittusmras lblatinum \u0263ila d inzl n unsmassu n lyayz g insmassutn ad." }, { "en": "Next the oxidation catalyst oxidizes the hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide to form carbon dioxide and water.", "ber": "\u1e0da\u1e5bt uya", "null": [ " ituyaksad uzmmr n aksada n hid\u1e5bu-ka\u1e5bbunat d aksid-karbun amzwaru mar ad iskr aksid-karbun wiss sin d waman." ] }, { "en": "Danish company InnovationsFonden invested DKK 15 million in a search for new catalyst substitutes using nanotechnology.", "ber": "tssarw tmssurt n innufasyun fundn ddanimarkyya 15 n ugndid n lkruna tadanimarkiyt \u0263f urzzu imkkisi yakkan tizmmar timaynutin mar ad ttusmrs tiknulujit n nnanu." }, { "en": "If the catalyst's surface area that is exposed to the exhaust fumes is maximized", "ber": " efficiency of the catalyst is maximized.", "null": [ "ar mk tlla tmrniwt \u0263f tjumma n ukfaf n uzmmr n iruggutn n wara", " da tturnu tzmrt nns ar umuzzur." ] }, { "en": "Thus", "ber": " creating these nanoparticles will increase the effectiveness of the resulting diesel engine catalyst\u2014in turn leading to cleaner exhaust fumes\u2014and will decrease cost.", "null": [ "iwa", " tiggit n wanckiwn inannutn qad irnu g ti\u1e5bwi n imnzl n unsmassu n lyayz amsnflul-ittawin awd ntta \u0263r irugga ara izddign-qadissdris atig." ] }, { "en": "When designing scaffolds", "ber": " researchers attempt to mimic the nanoscale features of a cell's microenvironment to direct its differentiation down a suitable lineage.", "null": [ "g umamk n iwjyaln", " tna\u0263n imrzutn ad s\u0263laln n tmitar tinannutin n twnna\u1e0dt n tilmikt tamikrawit mar ad tsnmalla taranawt \u0263r tarwa tamsasant." ] }, { "en": "TSMC began production of a 7\u00a0nm process in 2017", "ber": " and Samsung began production of a 5\u00a0nm process in 2018.", "null": [ "tssnti \u201ctmssurt \u1e6daywan i tmguri aznamaqqan\u201d; tihyyit n tmggit 7 nanumitr g 2017", " imkinna tssnti samsung asnflul n 5 nanumitr g 2018." ] }, { "en": "For these reasons", "ber": " some groups advocate that nanotechnology be regulated by governments.", "null": [ "\u0263f isragn ad", " da ggarnt itsnt trubba a\u0263uri mar ad yili ussuds n tiknulujit n nnanu sg \u0263ur tnba\u1e0din." ] }, { "en": "Some nanoparticle products may have unintended consequences.", "ber": "i\u0263y ad yili i kan isnfluln n tazzitin tinannutin tiyafutin ur iwadsn." }, { "en": "Inhaling airborne nanoparticles and nanofibers may lead to a number of pulmonary diseases", "ber": " e.g. fibrosis.", "null": [ "i\u0263y uk\u1e6d\u1e6du n wasisn inannutn d isarrn inannutn d ittawy wa\u1e0du; ad gin kigan n tma\u1e0dunin n turin", "zund i\u0263ct." ] }, { "en": "A major study published more recently in Nature Nanotechnology suggests some forms of carbon nanotubes \u2013 a poster child for the nanotechnology revolution \u2013 could be as harmful as asbestos if inhaled in sufficient quantities.", "ber": "\u201car tsn\u025bat tzrawt tadslant ttufsar tiyira d\u0263 g ts\u0263nt Nature Nanotechnology", "null": [ " is gan itsn watyyutn inannutn n lkarbun- tiwlafin n urba n \u201ctagrawla n tiknulujit tanannut\u201d\u201d - i\u0263y uwa\u0263i zund asbistun ig as ittusk\u1e0da s ugudi iwdan\u201d." ] }, { "en": "Davies (2008) has proposed a regulatory road map describing steps to deal with these shortcomings.", "ber": "isnnulfa di\u0263iz (2008) taka\u1e5b\u1e0da n ussuds immaln tisurifin n iqn ad ntfur g inga\u1e93n ad." }, { "en": "As a result", "ber": " some academics have called for stricter application of the precautionary principle", "null": [ " with delayed marketing approval", " enhanced labelling and additional safety data development requirements in relation to certain forms of nanotechnology.", "tayafut n manaya", " \u0263ran kan ikadimiyn \u0263r tisnsi iqj\u1e5bn wala i umnzay n ufrag akd uma\u1e0dl n usyaha n mnziwt", " d usdus n usrrus n tmitar d uynna ix\u1e63\u1e63an asbu\u0263lu n ismmaln n tnfrut ya\u1e0dn", " d mayd akk\u02b7 izl\u0263 akd tal\u0263iwin n tiknulujit n nnanu." ] }, { "en": "Nuclear technology is technology that involves the nuclear reactions of atomic nuclei.", "ber": "tatiknulujitn um\u0263yay tga yat tiqnit g llan imraratn n um\u0263yay n t\u0263yayt ablkim." }, { "en": "He", "ber": " Pierre Curie and Marie Curie began investigating the phenomenon.", "null": [ "issnti ntta d byir kuri d mari kuri", " tasistant g tumant ad." ] }, { "en": "Some of these kinds of radiation could pass through ordinary matter", "ber": " and all of them could be harmful in large amounts.", "null": [ "\u0263in itsn g wanawn ad n u\u1e93\u1e93n\u1e93\u1e5b ad zrin g tanga tunzilt", " imkinna nnant ad xcnt s uwudiy." ] }, { "en": "Gradually it was realized that the radiation produced by radioactive decay was ionizing radiation", "ber": " and that even quantities too small to burn could pose a severe long-term hazard.", "null": [ "s um\u1e0dfa\u1e5b", " ittyassn id assn\u1e93\u1e5b nna d yakka ufsay amzzn\u1e93\u1e5b iga azzn\u1e93\u1e5b ig ayyun", " awd igudiyn im\u1e93\u1e93an nna ur n\u0263iy ad nsskm\u1e0d \u0263in ad gin imizitn kigan s dat." ] }, { "en": "As the atom came to be better understood", "ber": " the nature of radioactivity became clearer.", "null": [ "dda g ttumras tsswit s twala i\u1e93iln", " nttafa tilal n ussn\u1e93\u1e5b \u1e63fant kigan." ] }, { "en": "Alpha decay is when a nucleus releases an alpha particle", "ber": " which is two protons and two neutrons", "null": [ " equivalent to a helium nucleus.", "da ifssi alfa adday tr\u1e93m t\u0263yayt tazl\u0263a n alfa", " nna igan sin b\u1e5bu\u1e6dun d sin nyu\u1e6dun a\u0263 yakkan zund ta\u0263yayt n hilyum." ] }, { "en": "This type of radiation is the most dangerous and most difficult to block.", "ber": "anaw ad n ussn\u1e93\u1e5b ayd akk\u02b7 icqqan icqqu ad ittusbdd." }, { "en": "The average number of neutrons released per nucleus that go on to fission another nucleus is referred to as k. Values of k larger than 1 mean that the fission reaction is releasing more neutrons than it absorbs", "ber": " and therefore is referred to as a self-sustaining chain reaction.", "null": [ "da ittusn\u025bat \u0263r imi\u1e0d n nyu\u1e6d\u1e5bunat nna d yakkan ka igat ta\u0263yayt", " nna issudun g tiggidit n t\u0263yayin ya\u1e0dn s yism n k. ig watig n k yugrn 1; ig ittumrara uggidy dad ir\u1e93\u1e93m i nyu\u1e6d\u1e5bunat ugga n uynna issumum", " aya a\u0263f as ttinin amrara am\u1e0dfa\u1e5b issudan s unmas." ] }, { "en": "If there are enough immediate decays to carry on the chain reaction", "ber": " the mass is said to be prompt critical", "null": [ " and the energy release will grow rapidly and uncontrollably", " usually leading to an explosion.", "ig illa usslm\u1e0d iwdan ad\u0263ik i uzdduy anmaggan im\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn", " da ittyanna tagudiyt tga tasnukmut d tasrbayt", " d qad im\u0263ar ur\u1e93\u1e93um n tzmrt s zzrabit d tal\u0263a ur nz\u1e0da\u1e5b ad tt nam\u1e93", " aya ayd ittawin a\u1e6d\u1e6diqs." ] }, { "en": "During the project", "ber": " the first fission reactors were developed as well", "null": [ " though they were primarily for weapons manufacture and did not generate electricity.", "g usnfar", " ttusbu\u0263llant awd imggitn imzwura ib\u1e0dan", " waxxa gan g usala nnsn xin umgur n ulaf", " ur id win assuf\u0263 n usidd." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " if the mass is critical only when the delayed neutrons are included", "null": [ " then the reaction can be controlled", " for example by the introduction or removal of neutron absorbers.", "waxxa hakkak", " mk tnyama tgudiyt day ig is tturnan id nyu\u1e6d\u1e5bunat tima\u1e0dlin", " i\u0263y ad nba\u1e0d g imraratn", " s umdya", " s tbrid n uskcm n\u0263d ukus tinna issumumn nyu\u1e6d\u1e5bunat." ] }, { "en": "When the resulting nucleus is lighter than that of iron", "ber": " energy is normally released; when the nucleus is heavier than that of iron", "null": [ " energy is generally absorbed.", "ig tfssus t\u0263yayt tamsnflelt xf t\u0263yayt n wuzzal", " da tna\u1e5bzam tzmart s tal\u0263a ta\u0263arant", " ig t\u1e93\u1e93ay t\u0263yayt uggar n tin wuzzal da ttussum tzmrt s umata." ] }, { "en": "The remaining abundance of heavy elements", "ber": " from nickel to uranium and beyond", "null": [ " is due to supernova nucleosynthesis", " the R-process.", "tagudit d iqiman g ifr\u1e0d\u1e63in i\u1e93\u1e93ayn", " sg nnikl ar lyunaryum d \u1e0da\u1e5bas", " da ttu\u0263ul \u0263r asnay a\u0263yay n um\u1e5b\u1e0dl mqqu\u1e5bn", " timggit-r." ] }, { "en": "Hydrogen bombs obtain their enormous destructive power from fusion", "ber": " but their energy cannot be controlled.", "null": [ "tla tsnfrt tahidrujinit tazmrt nns icqqan sg ussidf", " maka ur nz\u1e0da\u1e5b ad diks nennbd." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " both of these devices operate at a net energy loss.", "null": [ "waxxa hakkak", " swurin ingmamn s ta\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bt tuzdigt." ] }, { "en": "Nuclear fusion was initially pursued only in theoretical stages during World War II", "ber": " when scientists on the Manhattan Project (led by Edward Teller) investigated it as a method to build a bomb.", "null": [ "g tizwuri ittuy\u1e0df\u1e5b usi\u1e0df a\u0263yay g tfrkiwin timagunin day", " g imn\u0263i agra\u0263lan wiss sin", " dda g skrn imusnawn g usnfar n manha\u1e6dn (s u\u1e25ray n idwa\u1e5bd tilr)", " s t\u0263usi g t\u0263awsa s tbridt n uskan n tsnfrt." ] }, { "en": "Even small nuclear devices can devastate a city by blast", "ber": " fire and radiation.", "null": [ "awd ingmamn im\u0263yayn im\u1e93\u1e93an \u0263in ad xlun a\u0263rm s u\u1e6d\u1e6diqs d wafa u\u1e93\u1e93n\u1e93\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "Such a weapon must hold one or more subcritical fissile masses stable for deployment", "ber": " then induce criticality (create a critical mass) for detonation.", "null": [ "alaf amm wa iqnen ad dars tili tgudiyt ib\u1e0dan bla yuwt tmcqqit n\u0263d tnna wala igan tin ufsar ithyya timcqqit (iskr tawudiyt timcqqit)", " i usbbaqi." ] }, { "en": "One isotope of uranium", "ber": " namely uranium-235", "null": [ " is naturally occurring and sufficiently unstable", " but it is always found mixed with the more stable isotope uranium-238.", "yan g imniwayn n lyuranyum", " igat lyuranyum-235", " illa s tl\u0263a ta\u0263arant", " d ur wala izzga ", " maka da wala itccur d umniway lyuranyum-238 wala ittuzgan." ] }, { "en": "Alternatively", "ber": " the element plutonium possesses an isotope that is sufficiently unstable for this process to be usable.", "null": [ "s umskl n manaya", " illa \u0263ar ufr\u1e0di\u1e63 n blutunyum akniw ur izzgan s tskflt iran ad yadj tamggit ad tswuri." ] }, { "en": "They detonated the first nuclear weapon in a test code-named Trinity", "ber": " near Alamogordo", "null": [ " New Mexico", " on July 16", " 1945.", "\u201csbbaqin alaf a\u0263yay amzwaru g yirm mi gan s yism \u201ctriniti\u201d\u201d", " taman alamugurdu", " nyu miksiku", " ass n 16 yulyuz 1945." ] }, { "en": "In the wake of unprecedented devastation and casualties from a single weapon", "ber": " the Japanese government soon surrendered", "null": [ " ending World War II.", "s yuwn walaf ggudin irdaln d titiwat", "ayd yudjan tanba\u1e0dt n lyaban ad tasy acnyal umlil", "tfukku imn\u0263i agra\u0263lan wiss sin." ] }, { "en": "Just over four years later", "ber": " on August 29", "null": [ " 1949", " the Soviet Union detonated its first fission weapon.", "da\u1e5bt kku\u1e93 n isgg\u02b7sn s imik", " ass n 29 \u0263uct 1949", " isbbaqi umuni n ssufyat alaf n ufrcq nns amzwaru." ] }, { "en": "A radiological weapons is a type of nuclear weapon designed to distribute hazardous nuclear material in enemy areas.", "ber": "ilafn n im\u1e93n\u1e93\u1e5bn gan yan wanaw n walaf a\u0263yay ttuhyyan mar ad b\u1e6d\u1e6dun tanga ta\u0263yayt icqqan g tmizar n icng\u02b7a." }, { "en": "While considered useless by a conventional military", "ber": " such a weapon raises concerns over nuclear terrorism.", "null": [ "imkinna ur ili walaf ad tab\u0263urt dar tsrdast taqbu\u1e5bt", " zund alaf ad da issiwid acku i\u0263y ad iskr asiwf a\u0263yay." ] }, { "en": "The treaty permitted underground nuclear testing.", "ber": "tudja ta\u1e0da ad irimn i\u0263yayn ad ilin ddaw wakal." }, { "en": "After signing the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty in 1996 (which had as of 2011 not entered into force)", "ber": " all of these states have pledged to discontinue all nuclear testing.", "null": [ "\u1e0da\u1e5bt usgm\u1e0d \u0263f ta\u1e0da n wubuy a\u0263zuran n yirimn g usgg\u02b7as n 1996 (\u0263ur ur yad illi ussmrs sg 2011)", "kant kullu tmura ad awal nsnt ad ur sar yad ttili tirmit n u\u0263yay." ] }, { "en": "Throughout the Cold War", "ber": " the opposing powers had huge nuclear arsenals", "null": [ " sufficient to kill hundreds of millions of people.", "g uzmz n imn\u0263i ukrim", " tlla \u0263ar tzmrt n tuzlt asarbeb mqqu\u1e5bn n u\u0263yay", " tga win ad tn\u0263 timma\u1e0d n igndidn n mddn." ] }, { "en": "Currently nuclear power provides approximately 15.7% of the world's electricity (in 2004) and is used to propel aircraft carriers", "ber": " icebreakers and submarines (so far economics and fears in some ports have prevented the use of nuclear power in transport ships).", "null": [ "da takka tzmrt ta\u0263yayt \u0263ila attayn n 15.7% n u\u1e93a\u1e5bu\u1e5b g uma\u1e0dal ( g 2004)", " ar ttussmras i utkay n tmyisitin n taylalin d tmksitin n ugris d tmnga\u1e0din (ar assa", " tsnfel tadamsa d tuggda g itsn iftisn bla n ussmrs n tzmrt ta\u0263yayt g itsn i\u0263rruba n usutti)." ] }, { "en": "Medical and dental x-ray imagers use of cobalt-60 or other x-ray sources.", "ber": "da ttusmrasn ingmamn n uswllf s um\u1e93\u1e93n\u1e93\u1e5b d umssgnaf n kubalt 60", "null": [ " n\u0263d isugam ya\u1e0dn n um\u1e93\u1e93n\u1e93\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "Both contain a small source of 241Am that gives rise to a small constant current.", "ber": "ssin \u0263arsn asagm am\u1e93yan 241 amirikyum", "null": [ " ittawy s amzaz am\u1e93\u1e93an izzgan." ] }, { "en": "Another use in insect control is the sterile insect technique", "ber": " where male insects are sterilized by radiation and released", "null": [ " so they have no offspring", " to reduce the population.", "assmrs ya\u1e0dn g usbddi n ibxxucn", " iga tatiqnit n usizdg n ibxxucn", " da ittusidg iwtmanen n ibxxucn s uzn\u1e93\u1e5b iwa n\u1e5b\u1e93m as", " iwa ur \u0263ars ttili tarwa", " mar ad nssdris imzda\u0263." ] }, { "en": "The radiation sources used include radioisotope gamma ray sources", "ber": " X-ray generators and electron accelerators.", "null": [ "smann isugam n uzzn\u1e93\u1e5b ittussmrasn; isugam n uzn\u1e93\u1e5b gama s inawayn issiddin d imssuf\u0263n n izn\u1e93a\u1e5b imi\u0263na\u1e6di\u1e63n d imsrbayn n ilik\u1e6d\u1e5bun." ] }, { "en": "As such it is also used on non-food items", "ber": " such as medical hardware", "null": [ " plastics", " tubes for gas-pipelines", " hoses for floor-heating", " shrink-foils for food packaging", " automobile parts", " wires and cables (isolation)", " tires", " and even gemstones.", "g usara ad", " da ittusmras awd g isadurn ur igin win wutci", " zund ingmamn n usgnaf d lmika d tyyuwat n lgaz d iqudas n unnr\u0263i n wakal", " d wasisn n uqsaf n wutul n t\u0263awsiwin n wutci", " d tgzzumin n iqzdirn n thirritin", " d ifilan d iguta (a\u1e93lay)", " d \u1e5b\u1e5bway\u1e0d", " d i\u1e93\u1e5ban isfikkitn." ] }, { "en": "Microorganisms can no longer proliferate and continue their malignant or pathogenic activities.", "ber": "ur yad \u0263iyn imidrn im\u1e93\u1e93akucn ad ggidin ula ssadan g tilal nsn ixcn iskarn tima\u1e0dunin." }, { "en": "Plants cannot continue the natural ripening or aging process.", "ber": "ur yad nnin im\u0263ayn ad ssudun g tixxitrt ta\u0263arant nsn ula g tawsrt nsn." }, { "en": "The specialty of processing food by ionizing radiation is the fact", "ber": " that the energy density per atomic transition is very high", "null": [ " it can cleave molecules and induce ionization (hence the name) which cannot be achieved by mere heating.", "ta\u1e93layt n usmkl n wutci s t\u0263arast n u\u1e93n\u1e93\u1e5b ayyun", " iga s tidt tan\u1e93\u1e93i n tzmrt i ka igat amutty ablkim yattuyn kigan", " d i\u0263y ad tbbi tifulin d unzal n ayyun ( sg da ism )", " nna ur innin ad yili s unnr\u0263i." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " the use of the term", "null": [ " cold pasteurization", " to describe irradiated foods is controversial", " because pasteurization and irradiation are fundamentally different processes", " although the intended end results can in some cases be similar.", "waxxa hakkak", " assmrs n tguri \u201c ass\u1e25mu ankram \u201c mar ad nsnumml n wutcitn ittusn\u1e93\u1e5bn \u0263ifs taqqurt", " acku ass\u1e25mu ussn\u1e93\u1e5b gan snat tmggitin imzarayn g ugns", " waxxa tiyafutin timggura \u0263int ad iksilnt g itsn waddadn." ] }, { "en": "Marie Curie died from aplastic anemia which resulted from her high levels of exposure.", "ber": "tmmut mari ku\u1e5bi s \u1e93\u1e93l\u1e0d n idammn as tga lmika", "null": [ " acku igulan diks tiskfal mqqu\u1e5bn." ] }, { "en": "Approximately half of the deaths from Hiroshima and Nagasaki died two to five years afterward from radiation exposure.", "ber": "immut uzgn n winna immutn g hirucima d nagazaki \u1e0da\u1e5bt sin isgg\u02b7asn ar smmus aydtn innal um\u1e93n\u1e93\u1e5b." }, { "en": "A nuclear meltdown refers to the more serious hazard of releasing nuclear material into the surrounding environment.", "ber": "immal urdal n u\u0263yay imizi ixxan kigan igan d annfcu n tangawin n u\u0263yay g twnna\u1e0dt inmalan." }, { "en": "Military reactors that experienced similar accidents were Windscale in the United Kingdom and SL-1 in the United States.", "ber": "anmaggu asrdas nna \u0263f kkan ingasn am wi; windskal g tgldit tamassa\u0263t", "null": [ "d sl-1 g tma\u1e93layt tamassa\u0263t." ] }, { "en": "Another topic of transhumanist research is how to protect humanity against existential risks", "ber": " such as nuclear war or asteroid collision.", "null": [ "yan urzzu nnidn \u1e0da\u1e5bt tfugna", " mamk s nra ad ng afrag i tfugna g imizitn ad illan", "zund imn\u0263i a\u0263yay d ungas n tzwinnitin." ] }, { "en": "The assertion would lay the intellectual groundwork for the British philosopher Max More to begin articulating the principles of transhumanism as a futurist philosophy in 1990", "ber": " and organizing in California a school of thought that has since grown into the worldwide transhumanist movement.", "null": [ "qad isrs usddi ad tasila n uswingm n ufaylasuf abri\u1e6dani maks mur", " mar ad issnti assfru n imnzayn n \u1e0da\u1e5bt tfugna igan taflsaft n imal 1990", " d ussuds n tinml n uswingm g kalifu\u1e5bnya", " ttumrnaw sg tizi nna\u0263 ag tga amussu n \u1e0da\u1e5bt tfugna tagra\u0263lant." ] }, { "en": "In the Discourse", "ber": " Descartes envisioned a new kind of medicine that could grant both physical immortality and stronger minds.", "null": [ "g uwnni", " ika dikart yat twalit tamaynut n usgnaf t\u0263y ad tk tfkka tam\u0263lalt d wanlli idusn." ] }, { "en": "St.\u00a0Leon may have provided inspiration for his daughter Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein.", "ber": "\u025bni\u0263 issnkd umsfu\u1e93\u1e93r lyun asag\u02b7m istawhmman i walls n frankinctayn i illis mari cili." }, { "en": "In particular", "ber": " he was interested in the development of the science of eugenics", "null": [ " ectogenesis (creating and sustaining life in an artificial environment)", " and the application of genetics to improve human characteristics", " such as health and intelligence.", "s u\u1e93lay i\u0263\u1e0df s uzzigz n tmassant n us\u0263udu n warraw", " d usmuttg ab\u1e5b\u1e5baniy ( tigi n tudrt d u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du nns g twnna\u1e0dt tamgurant)", " d ussmrs n tmassant tatrrawt is\u0263udun may\u1e93lin s afgan", " zund adwas d ufulls." ] }, { "en": "These ideas have been common transhumanist themes ever since.", "ber": "tid\u0263 gant tiwngimin n isntiln n \u1e0da\u1e5bt tfugna llant sg wakud nna\u0263." }, { "en": "In the Material and Man section of the manifesto", "ber": " Noboru Kawazoe suggests that:After several decades", "null": [ " with the rapid progress of communication technology", " every one will have a brain wave receiver in his ear", " which conveys directly and exactly what other people think about him and vice versa.", "g tdala n tangiwin d ufgan g ul\u0263u", " issumr nuburu kwazu: n wiss dad\u0263 s mnnawt nigllayn ", " s uzzigz isrbin n tiknulijit tamyawa\u1e0dt", " ku ijj ufgan qad dars yili unrmas n umzaz n unlli g tm\u1e93\u1e93u\u0263t nns", "asd ittawin s wusrid mag swingimn wiyya\u1e0d", " yawy asn ula nitni mag iswingim." ] }, { "en": "In 1966", "ber": " FM-2030 (formerly F. M. Esfandiary)", "null": [ " a futurist who taught new concepts of the human at The New School", " in New York City", " began to identify people who adopt technologies", " lifestyles and world views transitional to posthumanity as transhuman.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1966", " fm-2030(fridun isfandiyari) igan amusnaw n imal \u201ciss\u0263ra irmmusn imaynutn i ufgan\u201d", " g tinml tamaynut g nyuyurk", " isti iwdan isgman tiqniyat d yiggitn n tudrt d tannayin g uma\u1e0dal itmattayn s \u1e0da\u1e5bt tiffugna", " nna innan ad ig izrruyn \u0263f mddn." ] }, { "en": "FM-2030 and Vita-More soon began holding gatherings for transhumanists in Los Angeles", "ber": " which included students from FM-2030's courses and audiences from Vita-More's artistic productions.", "null": [ "issnti fm-2030 d fita mur igrawn n imusnawn n \u1e0da\u1e5bt tiffugna g lus anjlus", " g llan imzrawn sg tsutal n fm-2030", "d ugdud s usnfl n fita mur tana\u1e93u\u1e5bt." ] }, { "en": "A particular concern is the equal access to human enhancement technologies across classes and borders.", "ber": "asag\u02b7m am\u1e93lay n unzgum igat yiw\u1e0d n imsasatn \u0263r tiqniyt n usdus anafgan s taggayin d iwtta." }, { "en": "This left the World Transhumanist Association as the leading international transhumanist organization.", "ber": "affal n tzl\u0263a ad tama\u1e0dlant s \u1e0da\u1e5bt tiffugna zund tamaddast tagra\u0263lant immursn g yigr n \u1e0da\u1e5bt tiffugna." }, { "en": "The Mormon Transhumanist Association was founded in 2006.", "ber": "tbdda \u201ctmsmunt n murmu \u1e0da\u1e5bt tiffugna\u201d g usgg\u02b7as n 2006." }, { "en": "Transhumanism stresses the evolutionary perspective", "ber": " including sometimes the creation of a highly intelligent animal species by way of cognitive enhancement (i.e. biological uplift)", "null": [ " but clings to a posthuman future as the final goal of participant evolution.", "tsslkan \u1e0da\u1e5bt tiffugna \u0263f umnad n usbu\u0263lu", " g yamu uskar n wanaw n imudar icwan kigan s tbridt n usdus amassan (s walay abyuluji)", " maca tumz g \u201cimal n \u1e0da\u1e5bt tiffugna\u201d", " acku ntta ayd igan asu\u0263d n tmrniwt n imdrawn." ] }, { "en": "While such a cultural posthumanism would offer resources for rethinking the relationships between humans and increasingly sophisticated machines", "ber": " transhumanism and similar posthumanisms are", "null": [ " in this view", " not abandoning obsolete concepts of the autonomous liberal subject", " but are expanding its prerogatives into the realm of the posthuman.", "d zund \u201c\u1e0da\u1e5bt tfugna tadlsant\u201d t\u0263y ad tskr isugam n wul n uswigm gr iwdan d imassn ittusbu\u0263llan kigan", " iwa \u1e0da\u1e5bt tfugna d \u1e0da\u1e5bt tfugna tanawayt", " g tannayt ad", " ur da tmzaray d isissn izaykutn \u201cankkin alibirali i\u1e93lin\u201d", " maka assirw n tb\u0263urin \u0263r \u201c uma\u1e0dal n \u1e0da\u1e5b\u1e6d ufgan\u201d." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " other progressives have argued that posthumanism", "null": [ " whether it be its philosophical or activist forms", " amounts to a shift away from concerns about social justice", " from the reform of human institutions and from other Enlightenment preoccupations", " toward narcissistic longings for a transcendence of the human body in quest of more exquisite ways of being.", "waxxa hakkak ", " mnza\u0263n isattuyn ya\u1e0dn n wis d \u1e0da\u1e5bt tfugna", " swa gant tal\u0263iwin nns tiflsafin ula tilalin", " tuw\u1e0d asmutty n tiwitin izdin akd tazrfi tagdudant", " sg umukn timrsal n tiffugna d sg iswuritn n ussisfiw ya\u1e0dn", " \u0263r yiri anarjis n ussurf i ufgan i tfkka", " xf urzzu n tbridin n tilit wala i\u1e93iln." ] }, { "en": "Many transhumanists actively assess the potential for future technologies and innovative social systems to improve the quality of all life", "ber": " while seeking to make the material reality of the human condition fulfill the promise of legal and political equality by eliminating congenital mental and physical barriers.", "null": [ "da iskar wahli n imusnawn n \u1e0da\u1e5bt tffugna azzray \u0263f imamkn n tiqnitin n imal", " d igrratn inamunen ittugan ithyyut n wanawn n tudrt ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba", " d tuttra n uhyyu n tinawt tagmamt n waddad afgan", " ar yakka asiskl azrfan d usrtan sg wukus n ifragn inllitn d igmamn n tugit." ] }, { "en": "Some theorists such as Ray Kurzweil think that the pace of technological innovation is accelerating and that the next 50 years may yield not only radical technological advances", "ber": " but possibly a technological singularity", "null": [ " which may fundamentally change the nature of human beings.", "da tti\u0263iln kigan n imssi\u1e93i\u1e5bn zund kulzwi\u1e5b masd tanawt tasnflult tatiknulujit ttazla", " d masd 50 d iddan qad tawy ur id \u0263as isbu\u0263lutn ituknulujitn i\u1e93u\u1e5ban", " maka i\u0263y ad tawy a\u1e93lay atiknuluji nna innan ad isnfel a\u0263aran n ufgan s tal\u0263a tasilant." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " Bostrom has written extensively on existential risks to humanity's future welfare", "null": [ " including ones that could be created by emerging technologies.", "s umdya", " yara bust\u1e5bum g ufu\u0263al abaraw n imizitn n tillawt \u0263f u\u1e6d\u1e5b\u1e5b\u1e25 n ugdud s imal", " g tamun tnna i\u0263in ad ittuskr s t\u0263arast tatiqnit tangmant." ] }, { "en": "To counter this", "ber": " Hawking emphasizes either self-design of the human genome or mechanical enhancement (e.g.", "null": [ " brain-computer interface) to enhance human intelligence and reduce aggression", " without which he implies human civilization may be too stupid collectively to survive an increasingly unstable system", " resulting in societal collapse.", "i umnala n \u0263ayan", " islkan huking swa s umamk ayman n ljinum anafgan n\u0263d asdus amikanik ( s umdya aqmu n unlli", " d umssuds)", " i usdus n ccwiyt n ufgan d ussdrs n icng\u02b7a", " nna ittini bla t; ta\u0263rma tanafgant i\u0263y ad tbbuhllu kigan s umata", " mar ad tqim tddr g ungraw ur izzgan s tal\u0263a tamrniwt", " ayd yuwin \u0263r t\u1e0du\u1e5bi n ugdud." ] }, { "en": "These thinkers argue that the ability to discuss in a falsification-based way constitutes a threshold that is not arbitrary at which it becomes possible for an individual to speak for themselves in a way that is not dependent on exterior assumptions.", "ber": "tmnza\u0263t imswangam \u0263f ti\u0263iyt n umdaka\u1e5b s tbridt ibddan \u0263f umrjun", "null": [ " tgga yat l\u025bdft ur igin tasqddct", " ard yi\u0263iy ufgan ad isiwl \u0263f i\u0263f nns s tbridt ur iskuttun \u0263f yinit n b\u1e5b\u1e5ba." ] }, { "en": "In keeping with this", "ber": " many prominent transhumanist advocates", "null": [ " such as Dan Agin", " refer to transhumanism's critics", " on the political right and left jointly", " as bioconservatives or bioluddites", " the latter term alluding to the 19th century anti-industrialisation social movement that opposed the replacement of human manual labourers by machines.", "\u201cassudu d maya", " da sn\u025batn kigan n winna iqqarn \u0263r \u1e0da\u1e5bt tffugna zund: dan ajin", " s ismtaln n \u1e0da\u1e5bt tffugna", " xf uyffas d u\u1e93lma\u1e0d isrtanen s tucurt s yism n \u201c im\u1e25day ibyulujitn\u201d", " n\u0263d \u201cbioluddites\u201d taguri ad sg usatu wiss 19", " amussu anamun yugin tamguri", " yugy asnfel n inawurn n ufus \u0263r imassn.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "The same scenario happens when people have certain neural implants that give them an advantage in the work place and in educational aspects.", "ber": "da ittals ssina\u1e5byu adday yili \u0263ur iwdan tu\u1e93\u1e93utin n ta\u1e0da asn yakkan tab\u0263urt g wansa n twuri ula tisgg\u02b7in n usslmd." }, { "en": "Immortalism", "ber": " a moral ideology based upon the belief that radical life extension and technological immortality is possible and desirable", "null": [ " and advocating research and development to ensure its realization.", "tasult", " tadyulujit ta\u0263arant tbdda \u0263f yi\u0263il n uzday n tudrt taradikaliyt d tasult tatiknulujit ta\u0263awsa i\u0263in ad yili d rant iwdan", " ar tqqa\u1e5b s urzzu d usbu\u0263lu mar ad yili usugr n tilit nns." ] }, { "en": "Mathematics (from Greek: ) includes the study of such topics as quantity (number theory)", "ber": " structure (algebra)", "null": [ " space (geometry)", " and change (analysis).", "illa g tusnakt (sg lyunanya) tazrawt tasgumant zund tamakta (tamagunt n im\u1e0dan)", " tu\u1e63kiwt (ljibr)", " asayrar (tanzgit)", " asnfl (asfsi)." ] }, { "en": "When mathematical structures are good models of real phenomena", "ber": " mathematical reasoning can be used to provide insight or predictions about nature.", "null": [ "adday tg tan\u0263a n tusnakt imdyatn i\u0263udan i tumanin n tidt", " i\u0263y ad nswuri s uswingm amsnakiy mar ad nk tannayt inmn d isnimaln \u0263f t\u0263ara." ] }, { "en": "The research required to solve mathematical problems can take years or even centuries of sustained inquiry.", "ber": "i\u0263 ad ik urzzu iran ad ik afssay i tmukrisin n tusnakt isgg\u02b7as n\u0263d tisutiwin n urzzu asulan." }, { "en": "Mathematics developed at a relatively slow pace until the Renaissance", "ber": " when mathematical innovations interacting with new scientific discoveries led to a rapid increase in the rate of mathematical discovery that has continued to the present day.", "null": [ "ttusbu\u0263lla tusnakt s tal\u0263a tamdrust ar azmz n tnkra", " ddag d uwin isnfluln n tusnakt nna itmraran akd yifitn n tussna imaynutn", " \u0263r trnawt isrbin g tyafut n yifitn n tusnakt nna issadan ar assa." ] }, { "en": "As evidenced by tallies found on bone", "ber": " in addition to recognizing how to count physical objects", "null": [ " prehistoric peoples may have also recognized how to count abstract quantities", " like time\u2014days", " seasons", " or years.", "imk ityakz g issi\u1e6dn illan \u0263f i\u0263\u1e63an", " ula mamk s ittussitn t\u0263awsiwin tangamin", "i\u0263y is gan igdudn n dat umzruy mamk ssitin anct waratig", " zund tizi- ussan d imirn n\u0263d isgg\u02b7asn." ] }, { "en": "Beginning in the 6th century BC with the Pythagoreans", "ber": " with Greek mathematics the Ancient Greeks began a systematic study of mathematics as a subject in its own right.", "null": [ "sg tasut tiss 6 dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25 akd fita\u0263urs", " d tusnakt tayunaniyt", " ssntin li\u0263riq iqburn asntl n tabridt tusnakt." ] }, { "en": "The greatest mathematician of antiquity is often held to be Archimedes (c. 287\u2013212 BC) of Syracuse.", "ber": "kigan ayd ittinin n wisd arxmisd (287-212 dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25) ayd igan amusnaw axatar n tusnakt g izmaz iqburn." }, { "en": "The Hindu\u2013Arabic numeral system and the rules for the use of its operations", "ber": " in use throughout the world today", "null": [ " evolved over the course of the first millennium AD in India and were transmitted to the Western world via Islamic mathematics.", "azzigz n ungraw n im\u1e0dan ahindi-a\u025b\u1e5bab; d ilgamn n usmrs n tmggitin nns", " ittusmrasn assa g uma\u1e0dal kullut", " yum\u1e93 if\u1e0d amzwaru n tlalit n lmasi\u1e25 g lhind ", " ag ttusmatty s ama\u1e0dal ataram t tbridt n tusnakt tanslmt." ] }, { "en": "The most notable achievement of Islamic mathematics was the development of algebra.", "ber": "ass\u1e0dru amqran n tusnakt tanslmt igat usbu\u0263lu n tmassant n ljibr." }, { "en": "During the early modern period", "ber": " mathematics began to develop at an accelerating pace in Western Europe.", "null": [ "g tasut tatrart n zik", " tssnti tusnakt abu\u0263lu s yat tbridt isrbin g urubba n utaram." ] }, { "en": "Perhaps the foremost mathematician of the 19th century was the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss", "ber": " who made numerous contributions to fields such as algebra", "null": [ " analysis", " differential geometry", " matrix theory", " number theory", " and statistics.", "i\u0263 is tt ikka umusnaw almaniy \u201cka\u1e5bl fridritc djaws\u201d n tusnakt g usatu wiss 19", " yuws kigan g yigran zund ljibr", " afars", " tanzgit tafdawit", " tamagunt tadrast d tmagunt n im\u1e0dan d usi\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "Mathematical discoveries continue to be made today.", "ber": "tssada twafit n tusnakt ass." }, { "en": "In particular", "ber": " math\u0113matik\u1e17 t\u00e9khn\u0113 meant the mathematical art.", "null": [ "\u201cs u\u1e93lay matimatik tixn ayd igan \u201cta\u1e93u\u1e5bi n tusnakt.\u201d\u201d" ] }, { "en": "In English", "ber": " the noun mathematics takes a singular verb.", "null": [ "g tutlayt tanglizt", " tla tusnakt tasmawant amyag amyuwn." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " Aristotle also noted a focus on quantity alone may not distinguish mathematics from sciences like physics; in his view", "null": [ " abstraction and studying quantity as a property separable in thought from real instances set mathematics apart.", "waxxa hakkak", " yukz aris\u1e6du arar n tynnit \u0263f tmakta day", " i\u0263 ad usti tusnakt \u0263f tmassanin zund afizik", " g tannayt nns iga ukus d tzrawt n tmakta ign tanama\u1e93t", " \u201ctga tin umziray g uswing\u201d", " g imdyatn n tidt da ttumzaray tusnakt gras." ] }, { "en": "A peculiarity of intuitionism is that it rejects some mathematical ideas considered valid according to other definitions.", "ber": "ta\u1e93layt n twngimt; igat ad yagy itsnt twngimin n tusnakt nna imsasan d isussn nni\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "Haskell Curry defined mathematics simply as the science of formal systems.", "ber": "\u201cisnml haskar kari tusnakt s ufrari id nttat ayd igan \u201ctussnimagawn tun\u1e63ibt\u201d\u201d." }, { "en": "Popper also noted that I shall certainly admit a system as empirical or scientific only if it is capable of being tested by experience.", "ber": "\u201cissmtr bubbr ula ntta \u201c ssn\u0263 id ingrawn gan \u0263as anaram n\u0263 amassan ig iga win yirim s tirmit\u201d\u201d." }, { "en": "Intuition and experimentation also play a role in the formulation of conjectures in both mathematics and the (other) sciences.", "ber": "tawngimt d yirim \u0263arsn awttas g yiggi n yikizn g tusnakt d tmassanin ya\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " the physicist Richard Feynman invented the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics using a combination of mathematical reasoning and physical insight", "null": [ " and today's string theory", " a still-developing scientific theory which attempts to unify the four fundamental forces of nature", " continues to inspire new mathematics.", "s umdya", " iskr ufizik ritca\u1e5bd faynman yan usara ittsmadn mikanik asmkta s tucurt n uswing n tusnakt d wannay afikik", " tsul tmagunt n ifilan", " igan tamagunt tamassant da ttusbu\u0263lu is ur tsmun tizmmar tidslanin n tamust s kku\u1e93t", " asag\u02b7m anfrar n tusnakt tamaynut." ] }, { "en": "A distinction is often made between pure mathematics and applied mathematics.", "ber": "itsnt tikkal da ittili usnu\u1e25yu ingr tusnakt tarzzut d tusnakt tuskirt." }, { "en": "As in most areas of study", "ber": " the explosion of knowledge in the scientific age has led to specialization: there are now hundreds of specialized areas in mathematics and the latest Mathematics Subject Classification runs to 46\u00a0pages.", "null": [ "imkinna iga waddad g kigan n yigran n t\u0263uri", " yuwy unyuddu n tussna g uzmz amassan \u0263r ta\u1e93layt", " \u0263ila llant tmi\u1e0diwin n yigran i\u1e93lin s tusnakt", " anwaya amaybu i usntl n tusnakt igulan 46 n tsna." ] }, { "en": "Many mathematicians talk about the elegance of mathematics", "ber": " its intrinsic aesthetics and inner beauty.", "null": [ "kigan g imusnawn n tusnakt da sawaln \u0263f tadgi n tusnakt d ti\u1e25li nns n ugnsu d u\u0263udu nns ag\u02b7nsan." ] }, { "en": "G. H. Hardy in A Mathematician's Apology expressed the belief that these aesthetic considerations are", "ber": " in themselves", "null": [ " sufficient to justify the study of pure mathematics.", "issurf umusnaw n tusnak \u201cgudfri ha\u1e5buld hardi \u201c", " \u0263f uffuls nns s isatign ad day ; \u0263f tzrawt tusnakt tarzzut." ] }, { "en": "A theorem expressed as a characterization of the object by these features is the prize.", "ber": "tamagunt \u0263f illa wawal zund afars n um\u0263naw ilan timitar am ti", "null": [ " igat ub\u0263ur." ] }, { "en": "Euler (1707\u20131783) was responsible for many of the notations in use today.", "ber": "ikkat \u201cuwilr (1707-1783)\u201d", "null": [ " iga amslay \u0263f kigan n tmitar ittusmrasn assa." ] }, { "en": "Unlike natural language", "ber": " where people can often equate a word (such as cow) with the physical object it corresponds to", "null": [ " mathematical symbols are abstract", " lacking any physical analog.", "tutlayt n ta\u0263arant g \u0263in iwdan ad ssiksln tiguriwin (zund tafunast) d umniway akmam nns", " ur id am tmitar n tusnakt taratig", " d ur tli amniway afikiz." ] }, { "en": "Mathematical language also includes many technical terms such as homeomorphism and integrable that have no meaning outside of mathematics.", "ber": "illa awd g tutlayt tusnakt kigan n tguriwin tina\u1e93u\u1e5bin zund ammrws d usmdan", "null": [ " ur ilin anamk b\u1e5b\u1e5ba n tusnakt." ] }, { "en": "Mathematicians refer to this precision of language and logic as rigor.", "ber": "\u201cda sn\u025batn imusnawn n tusnakt s assfru d\u0263 n tutlayt d umgn \u201c\u201dtammazt\u201d\u201d." }, { "en": "This is to avoid mistaken theorems", "ber": " based on fallible intuitions", "null": [ " of which many instances have occurred in the history of the subject.", "\u201caya mar ad nkk tasga i \u201c\u201dtmagunin\u201c\u201d", " izgln itwagan \u0263f uswing ur immu\u1e93ln", " nna d yuwin kigan n imdyatn \u0263f usntl.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Misunderstanding the rigor is a cause for some of the common misconceptions of mathematics.", "ber": "gar armas n uqja\u1e5b ayd yuwin itsn irmmusn izgln illan g tusnakt." }, { "en": "On the other hand", "ber": " proof assistants allow verifying all details that cannot be given in a hand-written proof", "null": [ " and provide certainty of the correctness of long proofs such as that of the Feit\u2013Thompson theorem.", "g tsga ya\u1e0dn", " da ittadja umawas n tilit asagg\u02b7 n ifruritn kull nna ur igin win ussnkd g tilit ityaran s ufus", " ar akkan aslkn s wan\u1e93atn imddadn i\u0263zzafn", " amm winna illan g tmagunt n fayt tamsun." ] }, { "en": "In addition to these main concerns", "ber": " there are also subdivisions dedicated to exploring links from the heart of mathematics to other fields: to logic", "null": [ " to set theory (foundations)", " to the empirical mathematics of the various sciences (applied mathematics)", " and more recently to the rigorous study of uncertainty.", "s tmrnut i twnnitin ad tidslanin", " llant awd tdaliwin tayyawin tusligin ittafan tazl\u0263iwin g wul n tusnakt s igran ya\u1e0dn: s umgin", " d usrrus n tmagunt (israsn)", " tusnakt n tirmi \u0263r tmassanin ya\u1e0dn (tusnakt taskrant)", " tiyira \u0263r tzrawt in\u0263dn ur i\u1e6d\u1e6difn aslkn." ] }, { "en": "Some disagreement about the foundations of mathematics continues to the present day.", "ber": "ar assa isul ka n umziray \u0263f israsn n tusnakt." }, { "en": "As such", "ber": " it is home to G\u00f6del's incompleteness theorems which (informally) imply that any effective formal system that contains basic arithmetic", "null": [ " if sound (meaning that all theorems that can be proved are true)", " is necessarily incomplete (meaning that there are true theorems which cannot be proved in that system).", "g usara ad", " tga tigmmi n \u201ctmagunin inngzan\u201d n judl ( s tal\u0263a ur igin tin\u1e63ibt)", " ar a\u0263 tmmal ka igat agrra amswuri unsib dars assi\u1e0dn adslan", " ig iga imsli ( timagunin kullutnt s n\u0263i ad tnt ntlaw d timddadin)", " mqqar ur tsmid ( llant tmagunin timddadin)", " nna s ur n\u0263iy ad tnt ntlaw d timddadin." ] }, { "en": "Modern logic is divided into recursion theory", "ber": " model theory", "null": [ " and proof theory", " and is closely linked to theoretical computer science", " as well as to category theory.", "ib\u1e0da umgin amaynu xf tmagunt tadwalant", " d tmagunt n umdya", " d tmagunt n tilawt", " ilan azday akd mqqurn d umssuds amagun", " ula tamagunt n tgrruma." ] }, { "en": "Computability theory examines the limitations of various theoretical models of the computer", "ber": " including the most well-known model\u2014the Turing machine.", "null": [ "da tskar tmagunt n ussi\u1e6dn azzray i ikarifn n imdyatn n tmagunt tamzirayt i umssuds", " g illa umdya ityassan kigan; \u201cimis turin\u201d." ] }, { "en": "Consideration of the natural numbers also leads to the transfinite numbers", "ber": " which formalize the concept of infinity.", "null": [ "\u201casksw g im\u1e0dan igamayn da ittawy awd s im\u1e0dan izrin iwtta", " nitnti ayd itggan armmus n \u201cwartmi\u201d d un\u1e63ib.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Thus one can study groups", "ber": " rings", "null": [ " fields and other abstract systems; together such studies (for structures defined by algebraic operations) constitute the domain of abstract algebra.", "imki as n\u0263y ad ng tazrawt \u0263f trubba d tmtettayin d yigran d imagawn iwngimn ya\u1e0dn", " da skarnt tzrawin ad ( tan\u0263iwin ittu\u1e93layn s tmhin tijibriyin)", " igr n ljibr awngim." ] }, { "en": "Trigonometry is the branch of mathematics that deals with relationships between the sides and the angles of triangles and with the trigonometric functions.", "ber": "tamassant n tmk\u1e5ba\u1e0d iga ayyaw n tawsnakt iswurin akd tzdayin i\u0263zdisn d t\u0263mrin n tmk\u1e5ba\u1e0d d twuriwin timk\u1e5ba\u1e0d." }, { "en": "Convex and discrete geometry were developed to solve problems in number theory and functional analysis but now are pursued with an eye on applications in optimization and computer science.", "ber": "ttusbu\u0263lla tgzit yattuyn tb\u1e0du mar ad tfsi timukrisin g tmagunt n im\u1e0dan d ufars as\u0263nan", "null": [ " maka da ttu\u1e0dfu\u1e5b \u0263ila s usmssi \u0263f tsnsitin g usfulku d tmassanin n umssuds." ] }, { "en": "Lie groups are used to study space", "ber": " structure", "null": [ " and change.", "da ttusmrasnt trubba n ixdadn mar ad ittu\u0263r usayrar d tuskiwt d usnfl." ] }, { "en": "Functions arise here as a central concept describing a changing quantity.", "ber": "tga ts\u0263nt \u0263id zund armmus anammas isnummaln agudi ittusnfaln." }, { "en": "One of many applications of functional analysis is quantum mechanics.", "ber": "tga tmikanikit n tsmkta yat g kigan tsnsiwin n usfsi as\u0263nan." }, { "en": "Statisticians (working as part of a research project) create data that makes sense with random sampling and with randomized experiments; the design of a statistical sample or experiment specifies the analysis of the data (before the data becomes available).", "ber": "imsnmktitn (swurin \u0263f tgzzumt amm usnfar arzzu)", "null": [ " skarn inmmaln umginen", " s yisy n itsn tussifin s itsn tirmitin", " istti amamk n tussift tasnmktit n\u0263d tirmi n ufars n inmmaln ( dat n ad ilin inmmaln)." ] }, { "en": "Numerical analysis studies methods for problems in analysis using functional analysis and approximation theory; numerical analysis includes the study of approximation and discretisation broadly with special concern for rounding errors.", "ber": "da iss\u0263ra ufars ami\u1e0dan tibridin n imukrisn g ufars", "null": [ " s ussmrs n ufars imggi d tmagunt n usnmila", " illa g ufars ami\u1e0dan tazrawt n usnmala d yi\u0263il g ufu\u0263al imiraw", " d tawit i\u1e93lin s usnmila n izggaln." ] }, { "en": "The Chern Medal was introduced in 2010 to recognize lifetime achievement.", "ber": "ttufka tsm\u0263urt n \u201ctcirn\u201d g usgg\u02b7as n 2010", "null": [ " ad tg isin s twuriwin n usmmud." ] }, { "en": "This list achieved great celebrity among mathematicians", "ber": " and at least nine of the problems have now been solved.", "null": [ "talgamt ad tgulan yan umsussn axatar gr imusnawn n tusnakt", " ar d\u0263i ttufukkan t\u1e93a n imukrisn." ] }, { "en": "The value of Pi was first calculated by him.", "ber": "ntta ayd ikan atig i \u201cbi\u201d tiklt tamzwarut." }, { "en": "It was the Pythagoreans who coined the term mathematics", "ber": " and with whom the study of mathematics for its own sake begins.", "null": [ "\u201ckrn lfita\u0263uryyun taguri n \u201c tusnakt\u201d nitni a\u0263ur ttusntay tzrawt tusnakt i waduns.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Because of a political dispute", "ber": " the Christian community in Alexandria punished her", "null": [ " presuming she was involved", " by stripping her naked and scraping off her skin with clamshells (some say roofing tiles).", "s umziray asrtan", " tmrrt taggayt n lmasi\u1e25 g liskandaryya", " n wis tamu", " tyaksn as i\u1e25ruyn", " ittuk\u1e5ba\u1e0d ub\u1e0d\u1e0dan nns s ilm (llan winna innan inbdad n tmasi\u1e25iyt)." ] }, { "en": "Funding for translation of scientific texts in other languages was ongoing throughout the reign of certain caliphs", "ber": " and it turned out that certain scholars became experts in the works they translated and in turn received further support for continuing to develop certain sciences.", "null": [ "issada uss\u1e93\u1e5bf n usu\u0263l n i\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63n imassan g tizi n unba\u1e0d n imkkusa", " imk ifaw n wis gan kan itsn imassan imuzayn g twuriwin ssu\u0263ln", " aya a\u0263f um\u1e93n amyiwas nni\u1e0dn ad ssudun g usbu\u0263lu n itsnt tmassanin." ] }, { "en": "A notable feature of many scholars working under Muslim rule in medieval times is that they were often polymaths.", "ber": "uddur an\u1e93lay n imusnawn iswurin ddaw tnba\u1e0dt tanslmt g izmaz inammasn; kigan diksn \u0263ars amyanaw n tdlsanin." }, { "en": "During this period of transition from a mainly feudal and ecclesiastical culture to a predominantly secular one", "ber": " many notable mathematicians had other occupations: Luca Pacioli (founder of accounting); Niccol\u00f2 Fontana Tartaglia (notable engineer and bookkeeper); Gerolamo Cardano (earliest founder of probability and binomial expansion); Robert Recorde (physician) and Fran\u00e7ois Vi\u00e8te (lawyer).", "null": [ "g tizi ad n ummuty sg tdlsa n usmm\u0263d d tmasi\u1e25t \u0263r tdlsa talassnt", " iswuri kigan g imusnawn ikswatn g t\u0263lifin nni\u1e0dn", " luka basyuli (bab n ussi\u1e0dn)", " nikulu funtana tartagliya (amnzag d umsi\u1e0dn mqqu\u1e5bn)", " jirulamu kardanu ( ntta d amzwaru iskrn i\u0263iy d ussirw ilan sin iwtta)", " rubirt rikurd (amsgnaf)", " d franswa fyit (amstan)." ] }, { "en": "British universities of this period adopted some approaches familiar to the Italian and German universities", "ber": " but as they already enjoyed substantial freedoms and autonomy the changes there had begun with the Age of Enlightenment", "null": [ " the same influences that inspired Humboldt.", "ssgmant tsdawitin n b\u1e5bi\u1e6danya g tizi ad", " itsn wammakn illan g tsdawitin n \u1e6dalyan d lalman", " maka id \u0263urs nnik tilelli mqqu\u1e5bn d tga tasimant", " ssntin isnfaln g usatu n tifawt", " i\u1e0di\u1e63n ad ayd illan awd \u0263f hmbult." ] }, { "en": "Students could conduct research in seminars or laboratories and began to produce doctoral theses with more scientific content.", "ber": "\u0263in imzrawn ad gin irzzutn g tinaw d isaramn", "null": [ " ssntin afars asnubbc n tdukturt s kigan n tumayt tamassant." ] }, { "en": "Mathematicians and applied mathematicians are considered to be two of the STEM (science", "ber": " technology", "null": [ " engineering", " and mathematics) careers.", "imusnawn n tusnakt d imusnawn n tusnakt tamskart d tiwuriwin n ( timassanin", " tatiknulujit", " tamsdagt", " tusnakt)." ] }, { "en": "Actuaries also address financial questions", "ber": " including those involving the level of pension contributions required to produce a certain retirement income and the way in which a company should invest resources to maximize its return on investments in light of potential risk.", "null": [ "awd iktiwariyn uwind isqsitn n ti\u1e93raf", " g amunt tinna ilan tazl\u0263a s aswir n imyiwasn n tawsudrin tinafanin ityattarn g usnflel n kan tasta\u0263t", " d t\u0263arast s rad tsyafa tmssurt isugam", " mar ad tssm\u0263ur ima\u0263uln nns g isyafatn agns n imizn i\u0263in ad yili." ] }, { "en": "The hieroglyphic system for Egyptian numerals", "ber": " like the later Roman numerals", "null": [ " descended from tally marks used for counting.", "angraw ahidru\u0263lafi i im\u1e0dan imi\u1e63\u1e5biyn", " zund im\u1e0dan i\u1e5bumaniyn ikkan", " tyasaynd g tmitar n ussi\u1e0dn iswurin \u0263f usi\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "Early number systems that included positional notation were not decimal", "ber": " including the sexagesimal (base\u00a060) system for Babylonian numerals", "null": [ " and the vigesimal (base\u00a020) system that defined Maya numerals.", "ur gin igrrayn n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dunen imnzutn nna g llan izmmemn isursn imrawn", " g yamu ungraw am\u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63-mraw (asila 60)", " n im\u1e0dan ibabilitin", " d ungraw vigesimal ( asila 20)", " nna i\u1e93lin u\u1e6d\u1e6dun n maya." ] }, { "en": "Prior to the works of Euclid around 300\u00a0BC", "ber": " Greek studies in mathematics overlapped with philosophical and mystical beliefs.", "null": [ "dat n twuriwin n uklid zund 300 n usgg\u02b7as dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25", " mmkcamnt tzrawin tiyunaniyin g tusnakt akd turda taflsaft d igrramn." ] }, { "en": "The ancient Greeks lacked a symbol for zero until the Hellenistic period", "ber": " and they used three separate sets of symbols as digits: one set for the units place", "null": [ " one for the tens place", " and one for the hundreds.", "i\u0263riq iqburn ur darsn tangalt n umya", " ar azmz ahilinistik", " swurin s k\u1e5ba\u1e0d trubba n tngalin ayd \u0263ursn igan im\u1e0dan", " tarabbut i wansa n imyiwn", " yat i wansa n id mraw", " tay\u1e0d i timma\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Their long division algorithm was the same", "ber": " and the digit-by-digit square root algorithm", "null": [ " popularly used as recently as the 20th century", " was known to Archimedes (who may have invented it).", "tkkat alguritm timb\u1e0dit i\u0263zzifn zar\u1e63n i\u1e93lin nttat nit", " d alguritm n u\u1e93u\u1e5b amkku\u1e93 g illa wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun s u\u1e6d\u1e6dun", " nna ittusmrsn wala tiyira d\u0263 g usatu wiss 20", " tyassn s arxmids (i\u0263y id ntta ayd tt iskrn)." ] }, { "en": "The ancient Chinese had advanced arithmetic studies dating from the Shang Dynasty and continuing through the Tang Dynasty", "ber": " from basic numbers to advanced algebra.", "null": [ "ikka tt \u0263ur i\u1e63iniyn izaykutn tizrawan n ussi\u1e6dn yattuyn", " llant sg usatu n tawja n cang", " tssudu ar asatu n tawja n tang", " sg im\u1e0dan idslan \u0263r ljibr yattuyn." ] }, { "en": "For the hundreds place", "ber": " they then reused the symbols for the units place", "null": [ " and so on.", "g tuzunt n timma\u1e0d", " swurin di\u0263 s tmatart i\u1e93lin s amyiwn", " ssudun." ] }, { "en": "The ancient Chinese were the first to meaningfully discover", "ber": " understand", "null": [ " and apply negative numbers.", "i\u1e63iniyn iqburn ayd yufan", " rmsn ssmrsn im\u1e0dan inabawn." ] }, { "en": "His contemporary", "ber": " the Syriac bishop Severus Sebokht (650\u00a0AD) said", "null": [ " Indians possess a method of calculation that no word can praise enough.", "inna uxatar n ssiryan sifirus sibuxt (650 s talalit n lmasi\u1e25): tlla \u0263ur ihindiyn tbridt n ussi\u1e0dn nna s ur n\u0263iy ad t nal\u0263 s awd yat tguri." ] }, { "en": "The Arabs also learned this new method and called it hesab.", "ber": "imkinna lmdn wa\u025b\u1e5babn tabridt ad tamaynut", "null": [ " ar as qqarn s yism n \u201c\u1e25isab\u201d." ] }, { "en": "The flourishing of algebra in the medieval Islamic world", "ber": " and also in Renaissance Europe", "null": [ " was an outgrowth of the enormous simplification of computation through decimal notation.", "ikkat usbu\u0263lu n tusnajibrt g uma\u1e0dal anslm g izmaz inammasn", " ula g uzmz n tnkra g urubba", " tayafut n ufrari mqqurn n ussi\u1e0dn g uzmmem amraw." ] }, { "en": "Arithmetic expressions must be evaluated according to the intended sequence of operations.", "ber": "iqnen ustal n uwnni n ussi\u1e0dn \u0263f uzdduy n tmhlt nna nra." }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " digital computers can reuse existing adding-circuitry and save additional circuits for implementing a subtraction", "null": [ " by employing the method of two's complement for representing the additive inverses", " which is extremely easy to implement in hardware (negation).", "s umdya", " \u0263in ingmamn n umssuds n usi\u1e0dn ad di\u0263 sswurin tiwrerray n urnnu n \u0263ila", " \u1e25\u1e0dun tiwrerray nni\u1e0dn mar ad skrn tiggit n tukksa", " s tbridt n uswuri s sin imzdayn a\u0263 yakkan aynna as ittrnun", " iwhn ad ttuskr g ingmamn (tibawt)." ] }, { "en": "Multiplication also combines two numbers into a single number", "ber": " the product.", "null": [ "da ismun ukfud sin wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun g yuwn", " ntta ayd igan amsyafu." ] }, { "en": "If the numbers are imagined as lying in a line", "ber": " multiplication by a number greater than\u00a01", "null": [ " say x", " is the same as stretching everything away from\u00a00 uniformly", " in such a way that the number\u00a01 itself is stretched to where x was.", "ig da nswingim g wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun is llan g twn\u0263a inmn", " akfud g wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun yugrn \u201c1\u201d", " ad nini \u201ck\u201d ntta nnik ayd igan tinzdadt \u0263r \u201c0\u201d s tmuni", " itggan tanzdadt n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun \u201c1\u201d \u0263r mag illa \u201ck\u201d." ] }, { "en": "Any dividend divided by zero is undefined.", "ber": "aynna d akk\u02b7 ya\u0263uln ib\u1e0du \u0263f umya; hat ur ittyassn." }, { "en": "The fundamental theorem of arithmetic was first proven by Carl Friedrich Gauss.", "ber": "tamagunt tadslant n ussi\u1e0dn g tilawt tiklt izg\u02b7arn sg \u0263ur ka\u1e5bl fridric gaws." }, { "en": "Positional notation (also known as place-value notation) refers to the representation or encoding of numbers using the same symbol for the different orders of magnitude (e.g.", "ber": " the ones place", "null": [ " tens place", " hundreds place) and", " with a radix point", " using those same symbols to represent fractions (e.g.", " the tenths place", " hundredths place).", "da tmmal tguri \u201cazmmem asursan\u201d (ityassn awd s yism \u201cazmmem n watig ad\u0263a\u1e5ban\u201d)", " \u0263r asmdya n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun", " n\u0263d asmatar nnsn s ussmrs n tmatart nna\u0263 nnik i wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun ur yaksuln", " g uksay (s umdya", " yan ud\u0263ar", " tuzunt n tmrawin", " tuzunin n timma\u1e0d)", " d tnqqi\u1e0dt n ljidr", " s ussmrs n tmatarin nna\u0263 nnik i usmdya n imtwaln (s umdya", " tuzunt n tmrawin", " tuzunt n timma\u1e0d)." ] }, { "en": "The use of\u00a00 as a placeholder and", "ber": " therefore", "null": [ " the use of a positional notation is first attested to in the Jain text from India entitled the Lokavibh\u00e2ga", " dated 458\u00a0AD and it was only in the early 13th\u00a0century that these concepts", " transmitted via the scholarship of the Arabic world", " were introduced into Europe by Fibonacci using the Hindu\u2013Arabic numeral system.", "ittuzga ussmrs n 0 amm uf\u1e5b\u1e0dis a\u1e0dfa\u1e5b", " iwa assmrs n uzmmem asursan tiklt izwarn g u\u1e0d\u1e5bis Jain sg lhind s uzwl Lokavibh\u00e2ga g usakud 458 g tlalit n lmasi\u1e25", " ur ttumuttiyn isussn ad ar asatu siss 13", " tawsa n uma\u1e0dal a\u025b\u1e5bab", " tyakcam s urubba sg \u0263ur fibunatci s ussmrs n angraw ama\u1e6d\u1e6dun ahindi-a\u025b\u1e5bab." ] }, { "en": "The result is calculated by the repeated addition of single digits from each number that occupies the same position", "ber": " proceeding from right to left.", "null": [ "da ttussi\u1e0dn tyafut s tbridt n urnnu izdin n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun amyiwn iswurin g yuwn usurs", " sg uyffas \u0263r uzlma\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "The rightmost digit is the value for the current position", "ber": " and the result for the subsequent addition of the digits to the left increases by the value of the second (leftmost) digit", "null": [ " which is always one (if not zero).", "u\u1e6d\u1e6dun illan g uyffas ayd igan atig n usurs n d\u0263i", " ar tturnu tyafut n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun illan g uzlma\u1e0d s watig n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun wiss sin (azlma\u1e0d)", " itggan aha yan (mk ur igi amya)." ] }, { "en": "A multiplication table with ten rows and ten columns lists the results for each pair of digits.", "ber": "ittals usmyallay n ukfud g llan mrawt n wadurn d mrawt n tirsal", "null": [ " tayafut n ku sin wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun." ] }, { "en": "Similar techniques exist for subtraction and division.", "ber": "llant tiqniyat tiwayin n tukksa d ub\u1e6d\u1e6du." }, { "en": "In mathematical terminology", "ber": " this characteristic is defined as closure", "null": [ " and the previous list is described as .", "g tguriwin n tusnakt da tettyassan tnama\u1e93t ad s wu\u0263un", " ar ttusnummal tlgamt tazwirt s." ] }, { "en": "The total in the pence column is 25.", "ber": "s umata g tirslt n lbns tga 25." }, { "en": "This operation is repeated using the values in the shillings column", "ber": " with the additional step of adding the value that was carried forward from the pennies column.", "null": [ "da ttuyals tiggit ad s ussmrs n tinditin illan g trslt n cilnat", " d tsurift tamrniwt mar ad as itturnu watig ittumuttin \u0263r dat sg tirslt n lbinsat." ] }, { "en": "One typical booklet that ran to 150\u00a0pages tabulated multiples from one to ten thousand at the various prices from one farthing to one pound.", "ber": "yuwn udlis amdya igulan 150 n tasna taratsa d islagn nns", "null": [ " sg yan ar mrawt n yifdn s watign imzarayn", " sg yan fart \u0263r yan jinih." ] }, { "en": "This study is sometimes known as algorism.", "ber": "tyassan tzrawt ad s: \u201calgurizm\u201d." }, { "en": "Also", "ber": " arithmetic was used by Islamic Scholars in order to teach application of the rulings related to Zakat and Irth.", "null": [ "imkinna smrsn imusnawn inslmn assi\u1e0dn mar ad sslmdn afrru n tkuti d tkasit." ] }, { "en": "Addition (usually signified by the plus symbol ) is one of the four basic operations of arithmetic", "ber": " the other three being subtraction", "null": [ " multiplication and division.", "asmun ( tta ittun\u025bat s tmatart n tmuni)", " iga yat timggitin tadslant n ussi\u1e6dn g kku\u1e93t", " k\u1e5ba\u1e0d tmggitin ya\u1e0dn; tukksa", " akfud", " ab\u1e6d\u1e6du." ] }, { "en": "In algebra", "ber": " another area of mathematics", "null": [ " addition can also be performed on abstract objects such as vectors", " matrices", " subspaces and subgroups.", "g ljibr", " igr nni\u1e0dn n tusnakt", " i\u0263y ad nrnu i im\u0263nawn waratig zund imnidan d tdrasin d taritin tayyawin", " d trabbutin tayyawin." ] }, { "en": "Using the gerundive suffix -nd results in addend", "ber": " thing to be added.", "null": [ "\u201casmrs n tm\u1e0dfu\u1e5bt \u201cjirundif\u201d", " dad takka \u201caddnd\u201d", " ta\u0263awsa nra as nrnu.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Sum and summand derive from the Latin noun summa the highest", "ber": " the top and associated verb summare.", "null": [ "\u201ciff\u0263d \u201c sum\u201d", " d \u201csummand\u201d", " sg yism alatini \u201csumma\u201d amaflla", " yattuyn", " azgzl n umyag ugil.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "The later Middle English terms adden and adding were popularized by Chaucer.", "ber": "\u201ctiguriwin tiqburin n tnglizt \u201caddn\u201d d \u201c addin\u201d tyafsarnt sg \u0263ur \u201ckusr\u201d.\u201d" }, { "en": "As an example", "ber": " should the expression a + b + c be defined to mean (a + b) + c or a + (b + c)?", "null": [ "s umdya", " is inm usissn n uwnni ad; \u201d a + b + s \u201d", " qad a\u0263 d ik \u201c ( a + b ) + s \u201c", " n\u0263d \u201c a + ( b + s )?" ] }, { "en": "Even some nonhuman animals show a limited ability to add", "ber": " particularly primates.", "null": [ "awd kan imudar ur igin afgan", " \u0263urs tazmrt n trnut ", " numar tidslanin." ] }, { "en": "With additional experience", "ber": " children learn to add more quickly by exploiting the commutativity of addition by counting up from the larger number", "null": [ " in this case", " starting with three and counting four", " five.", "\u201cs imik n tmuzayt", " da tlmadn icirran ad trnun s tbridt isrbin s usmrs n usmun amnfk s ussi\u1e6dn sg u\u1e6d\u1e6dun axatar", " g waddad ad; assnti sg k\u1e5ba\u1e0d", " issudu \u201ckku\u1e93", " smmus.\u201d\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Zero: Since zero is the additive identity", "ber": " adding zero is trivial.", "null": [ "amya: ntta ayd igan tamagit n tmrnut", " s urnnu nns ka ur illi." ] }, { "en": "One aligns two decimal fractions above each other", "ber": " with the decimal point in the same location.", "null": [ "yan usmun n sin imtwaln id mraw", " yan aflla n wayya\u1e0d", " tili tmatart tamrawt g ud\u0263ar nns." ] }, { "en": "If the addends are the rotation speeds of two shafts", "ber": " they can be added with a differential.", "null": [ "mk gant tmrnutin asrby n wutuy n snat tirsal", " hat i\u0263y aa itturnu s umziray." ] }, { "en": "It made use of a gravity-assisted carry mechanism.", "ber": "da tssmras imis n yisy s umyiwas n tldayt." }, { "en": "To subtract", "ber": " the operator had to use the Pascal's calculator's complement", "null": [ " which required as many steps as an addition.", "i tukksa", " issmrs umswuri asmd n ussi\u1e6dn \u201cbaskal", " iran kigan n tsurufin zund \u201ctamrnut\u201d." ] }, { "en": "Both XOR and AND gates are straightforward to realize in digital logic allowing the realization of full adder circuits which in turn may be combined into more complex logical operations.", "ber": "XOR d AND gates whnent ad tturmasnt g wumgin ama\u1e6d\u1e6dun ayd ittadjan tiggit n twrerrayin adder ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba", "null": [ " nna s n\u0263y ad nssidf g tiggitin tumginin wala irwin." ] }, { "en": "Many implementations are", "ber": " in fact", "null": [ " hybrids of these last three designs.", "kigan g tsnsitin ad ", " gant g tinawt tucurt gr imamkn ad imggura s k\u1e5ba\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Unanticipated arithmetic overflow is a fairly common cause of program errors.", "ber": "ag\u02b7ur n ussi\u1e6dn xf ur ngi", "null": [ " ayd igan asrag n tzggal n u\u0263awas." ] }, { "en": "Taken literally", "ber": " the above definition is an application of the recursion theorem on the partially ordered set N2.", "null": [ "mk nusy asussn n uflla s mimk iga", " iga asmrs i tmagunt tama\u0263ult xf trabbut n \u201c n 2 \u201c", " illan s tafult." ] }, { "en": "If either a or b is zero", "ber": " treat it as an identity.", "null": [ "mk d a n\u0263d b ayd igan amya", " swuri ids id nttat ayd igan \u201c amsasa \u201c." ] }, { "en": "Here", "ber": " the semigroup is formed by the natural numbers and the group is the additive group of integers.", "null": [ "dad\u0263 azgn n trabbut diks im\u1e0dan i\u0263aran d trabbut tga mnnawt n im\u1e0dan imddadn itturnun." ] }, { "en": "The commutativity and associativity of real addition are immediate; defining the real number 0 to be the set of negative rationals", "ber": " it is easily seen to be the additive identity.", "null": [ "asnmrara d us\u0263n d urnu n tidt iga ad\u0263yan", " aswuttu n wu\u1e6dtun n tidt \u201c0\u201d mar ad ig tarbi\u025bt n isragn n tumgint tuzdirt", " iwhn ad ittuyannay is iga tamagit tamrniwt." ] }, { "en": "One must prove that this operation is well-defined", "ber": " dealing with co-Cauchy sequences.", "null": [ "iqnen afgan ad ik tilawt n wis tga tmggit tim\u1e93lit", " d da tswuri akd tm\u1e0dfa\u1e5b n kuci." ] }, { "en": "The set of integers modulo\u00a02 has just two elements; the addition operation it inherits is known in Boolean logic as the exclusive or function.", "ber": "tarabbut n im\u1e0dan imddadn", "null": [ " \u201cmudul 2\u201d", " diks sin ifr\u1e0di\u1e63n day", " d tmggit tamrnut tkusa", " tyassan g umgin s trabbut \u201c ta\u1e93layt\u201d n\u0263 \u201c ta\u0263lift\u201d." ] }, { "en": "These give two different generalizations of addition of natural numbers to the transfinite.", "ber": "ta da takka sin ismatatn imzarayn", "null": [ " mar ad as tturnun im\u1e0dan i\u0263aran \u0263r tasnflt." ] }, { "en": "There are even more generalizations of multiplication than addition.", "ber": "llan ismatatn n ukfud uggar n win usugt." }, { "en": "In fact", "ber": " if two nonnegative numbers a and b are of different orders of magnitude", "null": [ " then their sum is approximately equal to their maximum.", "g tinawt", " mk llan sin im\u1e0dan inabawn \u201ca\u201d d \u201cb\u201d", " \u0263arsn iswirn n uksay imzarayn tamuttrt nnsn da a\u0263 takka awttu uzzur" ] }, { "en": "It includes the idea of the sum of a single number", "ber": " which is itself", "null": [ " and the empty sum", " which is zero.", "ila tawngimt n tagart n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun yan", " d ntta nit atig ixwan", " d umya." ] }, { "en": "Integration is a kind of summation over a continuum", "ber": " or more precisely and generally", "null": [ " over a differentiable manifold.", "\u201casmad ayd igan anaw n \u201c uzzgzl\u201d s uzday imanen", " n\u0263d s tal\u0263a tun\u0263idt s umata", " s tigdi i\u0263in ad yili tullu\u0263t.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "Linear combinations are especially useful in contexts where straightforward addition would violate some normalization rule", "ber": " such as mixing of strategies in game theory or superposition of states in quantum mechanics.", "null": [ "s u\u1e93lay n isataln g t\u1e5b\u1e93\u1e93a tmrniwt tusridt itsn ilgamn i\u0263aran", " zund tucurt n tstratijiyin g tmagunt tawrart", " n\u0263d asnay n waddadn g tmikanikit n tmakta." ] }, { "en": "Division is one of the four basic operations of arithmetic", "ber": " the ways that numbers are combined to make new numbers.", "null": [ "tab\u1e0dut tga yat tmggit n ussi\u1e6dn tadslant mm kku\u1e93t", " igan tabridt n usmun n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun af ad nsmuttg u\u1e6d\u1e6dun imaynutn." ] }, { "en": "Those in which a Euclidean division (with remainder) is defined are called Euclidean domains and include polynomial rings in one indeterminate (which define multiplication and addition over single-variabled formulas).", "ber": "tanna g ityaskar usissn n \u201c uklidn anab\u1e0du\u201d (s umagur)", "null": [ " ayd igan igran n uklidn d ar tsmun tixr\u1e63in mi ggudin iwtta g yuwt ur i\u1e93liyn ( isttin akfud d tmrnut s twila n \u201cyuwn umskil\u201d)." ] }, { "en": "This division sign is also used alone to represent the division operation itself", "ber": " as for instance as a label on a key of a calculator.", "null": [ "da ttusmras tmatart d\u0263 n b\u1e6d\u1e6du xs nttat", " mar ad tsmdya n tmggit n ub\u1e6d\u1e6du d\u0263 nnik", " s umdya tisura n yimis n ussi\u1e6dn." ] }, { "en": "Distributing the objects several at a time in each round of sharing to each portion leads to the idea of 'chunking' a form of division where one repeatedly subtracts multiples of the divisor from the dividend itself.", "ber": "dad ittawy ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n if\u1e5b\u1e0disn kigan n tikkal g yuwt tizi g ku tasutlt yamun \u0263f ku tafult s twngimt n \u201c tu\u1e6d\u1e6dut\u201d", "null": [ " tal\u0263a g tal\u0263iwin n tu\u1e6d\u1e6dut", " ittadjan yan ad iggar aslag \u0263f ityab\u1e0da s tal\u0263a yulsn sg ub\u1e6d\u1e6du nna\u0263 nnik." ] }, { "en": "A person can use logarithm tables to divide two numbers", "ber": " by subtracting the two numbers' logarithms", "null": [ " then looking up the antilogarithm of the result.", "iz\u1e0da\u1e5b ku yan ad issmrs ismyallayn n \u201clugaritm\u201d mar ad ib\u1e0du sin wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun", " s tbridt n tukksa n \u201clugaritm\u201d n sin im\u1e0dan", " d yinig n \u201clugaritm\u201d anmgal i tyafut." ] }, { "en": "Some programming languages", "ber": " such as C", "null": [ " treat integer division as in case 5 above", " so the answer is an integer.", "da swurint itsnt tutlayin n us\u0263iws amm: \u201cs\u201d", " d ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n im\u1e0dan imddadn", " imk illan aflla g waddad wiss 5", " agan tamrarut d \u201cu\u1e6d\u1e6dun amddad\u201d." ] }, { "en": "Similarly", "ber": " right division of b by a (written ) is the solution y to the equation .", "null": [ "s usmdya", " tab\u1e6d\u1e6dut tamddadt n \u201cb\u201d xf \u201ca\u201d ( ityaran)", " afssay \u201cy\u201d g tgdazalt." ] }, { "en": "Examples include matrix algebras and quaternion algebras.", "ber": "sman imdyatn ljibr adrasan d ljibr bukku\u1e93." }, { "en": "Entry of such an expression into most calculators produces an error message.", "ber": "askcm n uwnni am wa g kigan n imassn n ussi\u1e6dn da\u0263d yakka tabrat izgln." }, { "en": "Since this replacement reduces the larger of the two numbers", "ber": " repeating this process gives successively smaller pairs of numbers until the two numbers become equal.", "null": [ "imk iskar usnfl tadrsi n sin wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun ixatarn", " a\u0263f a\u0263 d yakka yils n tmggit sin wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun im\u1e93\u1e93an izdin ard iksiln u\u1e6d\u1e6dun ssin." ] }, { "en": "The fact that the GCD can always be expressed in this way is known as B\u00e9zout's identity.", "ber": "tyassn aha tidit n usiwl \u0263f \u201canb\u1e0du axatar iccarn\u201d s tbridt ad", "null": [ " tamagit n \u201cbizut\u201d." ] }, { "en": "With this improvement", "ber": " the algorithm never requires more steps than five times the number of digits (base 10) of the smaller integer.", "null": [ "s us\u0263udu ad", " taxawarizmiyt ur djun tri tisurifin nnig smmus n yilsn n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun (tasila 10)", " n imi\u1e0d am\u1e93\u1e93yan amddad." ] }, { "en": "The Euclidean algorithm has many theoretical and practical applications.", "ber": "tlla g txwarizmt tasmagalt kigan n iskkirn imagutn d imggitn." }, { "en": "The Euclidean algorithm may be used to solve Diophantine equations", "ber": " such as finding numbers that satisfy multiple congruences according to the Chinese remainder theorem", "null": [ " to construct continued fractions", " and to find accurate rational approximations to real numbers.", "i\u0263y ad ttusmrs txwarizmt tamsagalt g ufrru n tgdazalin \u201cdyufantin\u201d", " zun tifit n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun ittmcackan d imsasatn iggudin", " nil tmagunt n \u201ctugrt tasiniyt\u201d", " i tuska imtwaln imzdayn", " d ad naf adas am\u1e93lan in\u0263dn i im\u1e0dan n tidt." ] }, { "en": "The greatest common divisor is often written as gcd(a", "ber": "\u00a0b) or", "null": [ " more simply", " as (a", "\u00a0b)", " although the latter notation is ambiguous", " also used for concepts such as an ideal in the ring of integers", " which is closely related to GCD.", "anb\u1e0du amssur axatar da wala ityara s \u201ca", "m", "x\u201d(a", " b)", " n\u0263d s umdya nni\u1e0dn (a", " b)", " mqqar ur wala issuddi umeggaru ad", " maka da ittusmras i irmmusn zund: \u201c tafilawt n im\u1e0dan imddadn\u201d", " nna i\u1e6dfn s anb\u1e0du amssur axatar." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " neither 6 nor 35 is a prime number", "null": [ " since they both have two prime factors: 6\u00a0=\u00a02\u00a0\u00d7\u00a03 and 35\u00a0=\u00a05\u00a0\u00d7\u00a07.", "s umdya", " imi\u1e0d 6 ula 35; ur gin imi\u1e0d amzwaru", " acku ssin itsn \u0263ursn sin wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun tn ismanen: 6 = 2 \u00d7 3 d 35 = 5 \u00d7 7." ] }, { "en": "Factorization of large integers is believed to be a computationally very difficult problem", "ber": " and the security of many widely used cryptographic protocols is based upon its infeasibility.", "null": [ "da ittuya\u0263al id afars n im\u1e0dan ixatarn imddadn", " ayd iskarn tamggit n ussi\u1e6dn icqqan kigan", " ar ittili ufra n kigan n b\u1e5butukulat n usntl ittuswurin g ubaraz axatar nna ur illin nil ussmrs." ] }, { "en": "The set of all integral linear combinations of a and b is actually the same as the set of all multiples of g (mg", "ber": " where m is an integer).", "null": [ "tarabbut n tnfalitin tiwn\u0263anin ismdn \u201ca\u201d d \u201cb\u201d", " g tinawt gant tirubba tislagin n \u201cg\u201d (\u201cm", "g\u201d", " a\u0263 yakkan \u201cm\u201d imi\u1e0d amddad)." ] }, { "en": "In other words", "ber": " multiples of the smaller number rk\u22121 are subtracted from the larger number rk\u22122 until the remainder rk is smaller than rk\u22121.", "null": [ "s unamk nni\u1e0dn", " da ttyakasnt tslagin n yim\u1e0d am\u1e93\u1e93an \u201crk-1\u201d sg yimi\u1e0d axatar \u201crk-2\u201d", " ar d a\u0263d iqqim \u201crk\u201d im\u1e93\u1e93iy \u0263f \u201crk-1\u201d." ] }, { "en": "Therefore", "ber": " c divides the initial remainder r0", "null": [ " since r0\u00a0=\u00a0a\u00a0\u2212\u00a0q0b\u00a0=\u00a0mc\u00a0\u2212\u00a0q0nc\u00a0=\u00a0(m\u00a0\u2212\u00a0q0n)c.", "\u0263ayan a\u0263f ib\u1e6d\u1e6du \u201cs\u201d amagur amzwaru \u201cr0\u201d", " acku \u201cr0\u201d = a - q0b = ms - q0ns = (m - q0n)s." ] }, { "en": "We first attempt to tile the rectangle using b-by-b square tiles; however", "ber": " this leaves an r0-by-b residual rectangle untiled", "null": [ " where r0\u00a0<\u00a0b. We then attempt to tile the residual rectangle with r0-by-r0 square tiles.", "da nttarm ad nkk tasga i wunzi\u0263 s ussmrs n umkku\u1e93", " \u201cb-by-b\u201d waxxa hakkak", " aya da\u0263d ittadja unzi\u0263 \u201cr0-by-b\u201d ard ifukk", " igan \u201cr0\u201d im\u1e93\u1e93iy xf \u201cb\u201d. da\u1e5bt uya da as ntgga i wunzi\u0263 d yugrn tibla\u1e0din n umkku\u1e93 \u201cr0-by-r0\u201d." ] }, { "en": "The theorem which underlies the definition of the Euclidean division ensures that such a quotient and remainder always exist and are unique.", "ber": "tuwid tmagunt \u0263f ittwaga n ub\u1e6d\u1e6du aklidn", "null": [ " zund tayfut d umagur ad llan aha gan im\u1e93lay." ] }, { "en": "At the end of the loop iteration", "ber": " the variable b holds the remainder rk", "null": [ " whereas the variable a holds its predecessor", " rk\u22121.", "g tyira n yils n txrst da i\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du usnfl \u201cb\u201d s amagaru \u201crk\u201d", " imkinna ih\u1e6d\u1e6du umsnfl \u201ca\u201d s umzwaru", " \u201crk-1\u201d." ] }, { "en": "The mathematician and historian B. L. van der Waerden suggests that Book VII derives from a textbook on number theory written by mathematicians in the school of Pythagoras.", "ber": "amusnaw n tusnakt \u201cb.l.fan .dir. wirdn", "null": [ " ittini id adlis wiss sa", " ittusuf\u0263d sg udlis anmlan n tmagunt n im\u1e0dan nna aran imusnawn n tusnakt g tinml n fita\u0263urs." ] }, { "en": "Centuries later", "ber": " Euclid's algorithm was discovered independently both in India and in China", "null": [ " primarily to solve Diophantine equations that arose in astronomy and making accurate calendars.", "tisutiwin aya tyafa \u201c alguritm n uqlid\u201d s tal\u0263a tansimant g lhind d \u1e63\u1e63in", " s tal\u0263a tasilant mar ad tg afssay i tgdazalin n dyufantin d igman g tawssnitran d uskar n istaln imn\u0263adn." ] }, { "en": "The Euclidean algorithm was first described numerically and popularized in Europe in the second edition of Bachet's Probl\u00e8mes plaisants et d\u00e9lectables (Pleasant and enjoyable problems", "ber": " 1624).", "null": [ "ttusnuml \u201c alguritm uqlidn\u201d g tiklt tamzwarut s imi\u1e0d", " ta\u0263 akk\u02b7 urubba g wufu\u0263 wiss sin n \u201cimukrisn n bakits ifjjijn i\u1e0dfitn\u201d( imykrisn immrn", " fjjijn 1624)." ] }, { "en": "In the 19th century", "ber": " the Euclidean algorithm led to the development of new number systems", "null": [ " such as Gaussian integers and Eisenstein integers.", "g usatu wiss 19 tuwy \u201c alguritm uklidn\u201d asbu\u0263lu imagan n im\u1e0dan imaynutn", " zund im\u1e0dan imddadn n gusyan", " d im\u1e0dan imddadn n iznctayn." ] }, { "en": "Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet seems to have been the first to describe the Euclidean algorithm as the basis for much of number theory.", "ber": "bitr gustaf ligun diritclit", "null": [ " ayd igan amzwaru isnumln \u201c alguritm uklidn\u201d asilan n kigan n tmnugalin n im\u1e0dan." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " Dedekind was the first to prove Fermat's two-square theorem using the unique factorization of Gaussian integers.", "null": [ "s umdya", " didkin ayd igan amzwaru in\u1e93in tamagunt \u201cfirma\u201d mm sin imkku\u1e93n", " s ussmrs n ufssay i\u1e93lin \u201cgusyan\u201d n im\u1e0dan imddadn." ] }, { "en": "Other applications of Euclid's algorithm were developed in the 19th century.", "ber": "tisnsitin yadn n \u201ciklids alguritm\u201d", "null": [ " ttusbu\u0263llant g usatu wiss 19." ] }, { "en": "Several novel integer relation algorithms have been developed", "ber": " such as the algorithm of Helaman Ferguson and R.W. Forcade (1979) and the LLL algorithm.", "null": [ "ttusbu\u0263llant kigan n \u201c alguritm tamzdayt tamddadt ign tamaynut\u201d zund \u201calguritm n hilaman furgusun d r.w.furkad (1979) d lll alguritm.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "The players take turns removing m multiples of the smaller pile from the larger.", "ber": "umzn imirarn tawala \u0263f usftay n takurt tam\u1e93\u1e93ant g txatart." }, { "en": "By allowing u to vary over all possible integers", "ber": " an infinite family of solutions can be generated from a single solution (x1", "null": [ "\u00a0y1).", "asmuruf n \u201cu\u201d s unu\u1e25yu gr im\u1e0dan imddadn ig win ad ilin\u201d n\u0263y ad nskr tawja ur itf\u1e0d\u1e0dun n ifukkutn n ifssayn g yuwn ufssay (k1", " y1)." ] }, { "en": "In this field", "ber": " the results of any mathematical operation (addition", "null": [ " subtraction", " multiplication", " or division) is reduced modulo 13; that is", " multiples of 13 are added or subtracted until the result is brought within the range 0\u201312.", "g yigr ad", " da issdris tiyafutin n ka igat tiggi n ussi\u1e6dn ( tarnut", " tukksa", " akfud", " tu\u1e6d\u1e6dut) s tbridt 13", " igan is da ittrnu n\u0263d tukksa n isftayn n imi\u1e0d 13", " ard isujd tayafut g uasgrar 0 - 12." ] }, { "en": "Now assume that the result holds for all values of N up to M\u00a0\u2212\u00a01.", "ber": "mrd d\u0263i id tayafut ttusmras \u0263f tinditin akk\u02b7 n \u201cn\u201d ar \u201cm - 1\u201d." }, { "en": "For illustration", "ber": " the probability of a quotient of 1", "null": [ " 2", " 3", " or 4 is roughly 41.5%", " 17.0%", " 9.3%", " and 5.9%", " respectively.", "i usissfiw", " i\u0263y ad naf tib\u1e0dut n 1", " 2", " 3", " n\u0263d 4 inmalann i 41.5%", " 17.0%", " 9.3%", " d 5.9%", " s um\u1e0dfa\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "One inefficient approach to finding the GCD of two natural numbers a and b is to calculate all their common divisors; the GCD is then the largest common divisor.", "ber": "yan g wammakn ur im\u1e5bwin g tifit n GCD i sin wu\u1e6d\u1e6dunen i\u0263aranen a d b", "null": [ " iga assi\u1e6dn n amgal amccur gratsn", " d GCD iga umgal amccur axatar." ] }, { "en": "As noted above", "ber": " the GCD equals the product of the prime factors shared by the two numbers a and b. Present methods for prime factorization are also inefficient; many modern cryptography systems even rely on that inefficiency.", "null": [ "imk ityanna aflla", " da\u0263 yakka GCD tayafut n usffukti n imggitn imzwura imssarn gr sin im\u1e0dan a d b. tibridin n d\u0263i i imggitn imzwura ur gin awd im\u1e5bwitn", " awd kigan n igrrayn n ufssu tatrart", " tbdda \u0263f gar tazmrt." ] }, { "en": "Lehmer's GCD algorithm uses the same general principle as the binary algorithm to speed up GCD computations in arbitrary bases.", "ber": "da ssmrasnt alguritm Lehmer's GCD", "null": [ " amnzay anmattay nnik", " zund alguritm tamsnat n usrby n issi\u1e6dn n GCD g ilgamn imxrbqn." ] }, { "en": "The Euclidean algorithm can be used to solve linear Diophantine equations and Chinese remainder problems for polynomials; continued fractions of polynomials can also be defined.", "ber": "n\u0263y ad nssmrs alguritm uklidn n ufssay n tgdazalt dyufantin awn\u0263an d isqsay n imagurn i\u1e63iniyn n id mm iwtta iggudin", "null": [ " i\u0263y awd urmmus n imtwaln imzday sg id mm iwtta iggudin." ] }, { "en": "Any Euclidean domain is a unique factorization domain (UFD)", "ber": " although the converse is not true.", "null": [ "ka igat yigr n uklidn; iga igr n ufars i\u1e93lin (UFD)", " waxxa ur igi wu\u0263ul amddad." ] }, { "en": "A Euclidean domain is always a principal ideal domain (PID)", "ber": " an integral domain in which every ideal is a principal ideal.", "null": [ "iga yigr n uklidn; iga aha igr amattay adslan (PID)", " d ntta d igr asmdan ilan amdya yattuyn." ] }, { "en": "Numerators and denominators are also used in fractions that are not common", "ber": " including compound fractions", "null": [ " complex fractions", " and mixed numerals.", "da ttusmrasn im\u1e0dan d imccurn awd g imtwaln ur wala illin", " g amun imtwaln uddisn d imtwaln irwin d im\u1e0dan iccarn." ] }, { "en": "The term was originally used to distinguish this type of fraction from the sexagesimal fraction used in astronomy.", "ber": "taguri ttusmras g usala mar ad tsnu\u1e25yu anaw ad n umtwal \u0263f umtwal a\u1e63\u1e0dismraw", "null": [ " ittusmrasn g tawssnitran." ] }, { "en": "This was explained in the 17th century textbook The Ground of Arts.", "ber": "ittusfra uya g udlis anmlan \u201cakal n t\u1e93u\u1e5biwin\u201d g usatu wiss 17." }, { "en": "The product of a fraction and its reciprocal is 1", "ber": " hence the reciprocal is the multiplicative inverse of a fraction.", "null": [ "tayafut n umtwal d umya\u0263 nns igat 1", " xf aya as iga umya\u0263 ama\u0263ul n ukfud \u0263f umtwal." ] }, { "en": "The remainder becomes the numerator of the fractional part.", "ber": "da itgga umagur anzl n tafult tamtwalt." }, { "en": "Since 5\u00d717 (=\u00a085) is greater than 4\u00d718 (=\u00a072)", "ber": " the result of comparing is .", "null": [ "sg mayd iga 5\u00d717 (= 85) yugr 4\u00d7 18 (= 72)", " tayafut n usmzazal tga." ] }, { "en": "Since one third of a quarter is one twelfth", "ber": " two thirds of a quarter is two twelfth.", "null": [ "sg mayd wiss k\u1e5ba\u1e0d n wiss kku\u1e93 ayd igan yan \u0263f sin d mraw", " da itgga sin n id wiss k\u1e5ba\u1e0d g wiss kku\u1e93 sin \u0263f sin d mraw." ] }, { "en": "Sometimes an infinite repeating decimal is required to reach the same precision.", "ber": "itsnt tikkal da ittiri waddad imi\u1e0d amrawan wartmi yulsn", "null": [ " mar ad naw\u1e0d tamn\u0263ut amm tanna." ] }, { "en": "The Egyptians used Egyptian fractions \u00a0BC.", "ber": "smrsn imi\u1e63\u1e5biyn imtwaln imi\u1e63\u1e5biyn dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25." }, { "en": "Their methods gave the same answer as modern methods.", "ber": "tka t\u0263arast nsn tamrarut zund tin t\u0263arast tatrart." }, { "en": "A modern expression of fractions known as bhinnarasi seems to have originated in India in the work of Aryabhatta", "ber": " Brahmagupta", "null": [ " and Bhaskara.", "iga uwnni atrar \u0263f imtwaln ittyasn s yism n \u201cbinarasi\u201d igan sg lhind ityassn s twuriwin \u201caryabata\u201d", " \u201cbramaguta\u201d", " d \u201cbaskara\u201d" ] }, { "en": "In mathematics", "ber": " modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers", "null": [ " where numbers wrap around when reaching a certain value", " called the modulus.", "g tusnakt", " assi\u1e6dn anawan", " iga angraw n ussi\u1e6dn n im\u1e0dan imddadn", " ag da tmun im\u1e0dan ign uw\u1e0dn yan watig; ism nns amyiwn." ] }, { "en": "A very practical application is to calculate checksums within serial number identifiers.", "ber": "tisnsit n imskr tga assi\u1e6dn ammutrn aruccil agnsu n wunmiln n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun asnsl." }, { "en": "RSA and Diffie\u2013Hellman use modular exponentiation.", "ber": "\u201cr", "null": [ "s", "a\u201d d \u201c difi hilman\u201d smrsn agga\u1e0d anaway." ] }, { "en": "It is used by the most efficient implementations of polynomial greatest common divisor", "ber": " exact linear algebra and Gr\u00f6bner basis algorithms over the integers and the rational numbers.", "null": [ "ikkat da ittusmras g tzmrt n umb\u1e0du n umssur axatar ilan kigan n iwtta d ljibr awn\u0263an amn\u0263ud d \u201calguritm\u201d n granara \u0263f im\u1e0dan imddadn d wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun umginen." ] }, { "en": "The modulo operation", "ber": " as implemented in many programming languages and calculators", "null": [ " is an application of modular arithmetic that is often used in this context.", "g kigan n tutlayin n us\u0263iws d imassn n ussi\u1e6dn", " tga tisnsi n ussi\u1e6dn anaway ittusmrasn kigan g usatal ad." ] }, { "en": "The method of casting out nines offers a quick check of decimal arithmetic computations performed by hand.", "ber": "da tskar tbridt n ussuf\u0263 n t\u1e93a n tarkiwin; azzray urmi\u1e0d asi\u1e0dn i \u201ctssi\u1e6dnt tamrawt\u201d nna ittuyagan s ufus." }, { "en": "A linear system of congruences can be solved in polynomial time with a form of Gaussian elimination", "ber": " for details see linear congruence theorem.", "null": [ "i\u0263y ad ittufsay unmala amsasa awn\u0263an g tizi mm iwtta s yat tal\u0263a g tal\u0263iwin n \u201cgusyan\u201d", " mar ad takzd uggar izi\u1e5b \u201c tamagunt n umsasa awn\u0263an\u201d." ] }, { "en": "The multiplication of integers (including negative numbers)", "ber": " rational numbers (fractions) and real numbers is defined by a systematic generalization of this basic definition.", "null": [ "da ittusissn usftay n im\u1e0dan imddadn ( g llan awd wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun uzdirn)", " d im\u1e0dan umginen (imtwalnen)", " d wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun n tidt s usmata isnmalan asussn ad adslan." ] }, { "en": "The product of two measurements is a new type of measurement.", "ber": "tayafut n ukfud n sin is\u0263aln ayd igan yan wanaw amaynu n us\u0263al." }, { "en": "The inverse operation of multiplication is division.", "ber": "timggit n ukfud amu\u0263ul ayd igan tib\u1e0dit." }, { "en": "The division of a number other than 0 by itself equals 1.", "ber": "tub\u1e0dut n imi\u1e0d s umziray n \u201c0\u201d da itgga \u201c1\u201d." }, { "en": "This implicit usage of multiplication can cause ambiguity when the concatenated variables happen to match the name of another variable", "ber": " when a variable name in front of a parenthesis can be confused with a function name", "null": [ " or in the correct determination of the order of operations.", "i\u0263y ad isk ussmrs uffir n ukfud awlallas", " ig mcackant tmskilin tisnkudanin akd yism n umskil nnidn", " adday ni\u0263i ad nssur ism n umskil dat taskiwt d yism n tnamkt", " n\u0263d g yikiz amddad n ussuds n tiggiwin." ] }, { "en": "The numbers to be multiplied are generally called the factors.", "ber": "u\u1e6d\u1e6dun nna rad ittukfudn s umata ayd igan \u201c immakn\u201d." }, { "en": "Also as the result of a multiplication does not depend on the order of the factors", "ber": " the distinction between multiplicand and multiplier is useful only at a very elementary level and in some multiplication algorithms", "null": [ " such as the long multiplication.", "\u201c d awd tayafut n ukfud ur da tskuttu \u0263f ussuds n wammakn", " da itgga usnu\u1e25yu gr \u201c usftay\u201d d \u201cumsftay\u201d ub\u0263ir day g uswir amzwaru kigan", " d itsnt \u201calguritm n ukfud\u201d g yiggitn i\u0263zzafn n ukfud\u201d." ] }, { "en": "The result of a multiplication is called a product.", "ber": "tayafut n ukfud ayd igan afars." }, { "en": "The slide rule allowed numbers to be quickly multiplied to about three places of accuracy.", "ber": "da ttadja tlgamt n ufssugan ad isffukti u\u1e6d\u1e6dun s zrabit ar attayn n k\u1e5ba\u1e0d id\u0263a\u1e5bn s tsddi." }, { "en": "The general theory is given by dimensional analysis.", "ber": "da ttufka tmagunt tanmattayt s tsl\u1e6d n wuggugn." }, { "en": "The complex numbers do not have an ordering.", "ber": "im\u1e0dan uddisn ur lin asnmala." }, { "en": "Here we have identity 1", "ber": " as opposed to groups under addition where the identity is typically 0.", "null": [ "dad\u0263 \u0263arn\u0263 tamagit 1", " ur id zund tirabbutin n ddaw trnut g wala tgga tmagit 0." ] }, { "en": "To see this", "ber": " consider the set of invertible square matrices of a given dimension over a given field.", "null": [ "mar ad tannayd \u0263aya", " g \u0263 uswingm nnk tarbi\u025bt n idrasn imkku\u1e93n ilan tu\u1e0dut mm wuggug am\u1e93lay g kan yigr." ] }, { "en": "Another fact worth noticing is that the integers under multiplication is not a group\u2014even if we exclude zero.", "ber": "tlla tidt ya\u1e0dn s ilaq as nk ta\u0263\u1e0dft nna igan; im\u1e0dan imddadn ddaw usfukti ur igin tarbi\u025bt mqqar asn nks amya." }, { "en": "In mathematics", "ber": " a percentage (from Latin per centum by a hundred) is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100.", "null": [ "g tusnakt", " tigmi\u1e0di (sg tigmi\u1e0di talatinit \u201c s tmi\u1e0di\u201d) tga u\u1e6d\u1e6dun n\u0263d as\u0263l ilan awnni amtwal n 100." ] }, { "en": "Computation with these fractions was equivalent to computing percentages.", "ber": "ikkat ussi\u1e6dn s imtwaln ad", "null": [ " iga tigmi\u1e0di n tmssi\u1e6dnt." ] }, { "en": "Whenever communicating about a percentage", "ber": " it is important to specify what it is relative to (i.e.", "null": [ " what is the total that corresponds to 100%).", "ig da nsawal \u0263f tigmi\u1e0di iqnen ad nssikz mayd igan as\u0263l (i.e.", " amsmun imsasan d 100%)." ] }, { "en": "When speaking of a 10% rise or a 10% fall in a quantity", "ber": " the usual interpretation is that this is relative to the initial value of that quantity.", "null": [ "\u201cig da nsawal \u0263f \u201c\u201durnu n us\u0263l 10%\u201d n\u0263d \u201cuguz s us\u0263l 10%\u201d g tmakta", " assfru illan igat; aya ila tazl\u0263a s atig amzwaru n tmakta nna." ] }, { "en": "The same confusion between the different concepts of percent(age) and percentage points can potentially cause a major misunderstanding when journalists report about election results", "ber": " for example", "null": [ " expressing both new results and differences with earlier results as percentages.", "i\u0263y ad isskr wucur nna\u0263 gr irmmusn imzarayn i tigmi\u1e0di (awtay) d tnqqa\u1e0d sg timi\u1e0di g gar armmus mqqurn adday skrn isn\u0263masn asiw\u1e0d \u0263f tfrnin", " s umdya; asiwl \u0263f tyafutin timaynun d umziray n tigmi\u1e0di akd tyafutin izrin." ] }, { "en": "The term has been attributed to Latin per centum.", "ber": "isunn\u1e0d irm \u0263r tigmi\u1e0di talatinit." }, { "en": "Grammar and style guides often differ as to how percentages are to be written.", "ber": "g kigan n tikkal da tmzarayn wumlan d ilgamn d wammak g mayd i\u1e93lin s tmamkt n tarayt n tgmi\u1e0diwin." }, { "en": "When interest rates are very low", "ber": " the number 0 is included if the interest rate is less than 1%", "null": [ " e.g. % Treasury Stock", " not % Treasury Stock.)", "adday gzn kigan watign n ub\u0263ur da itturnu u\u1e6d\u1e6dun 0", " mk tkka tyafut n ub\u0263ur ddaw 1%", " s umdya \u201c% n uydda illan g iz\u0263i\u201d ur id \u201c% n uydda illan g iz\u0263i\u201d." ] }, { "en": "Likewise", "ber": " the winning percentage of a team", "null": [ " the fraction of matches that the club has won", " is also usually expressed as a decimal proportion; a team that has a .500 winning percentage has won 50% of their matches.", "zund", " tigmi\u1e0di n umurs g trabbut", " d ka g im\u1e25izwarn nna yuwy usrir", " da \u0263ifs awd nsawal s tigmraw", " tarabbut mi yuw\u1e0dn us\u0263l n warraz nns 500 hat irza s us\u0263l n 50% g i\u1e25mzwurn nns." ] }, { "en": "Subtraction also obeys predictable rules concerning related operations", "ber": " such as addition and multiplication.", "null": [ "tla awd tuksa ilgam s i\u0263y ad isnimal g mayd i\u1e93lin s imggitn ilan tazl\u0263a", " zund amagut d usfukti." ] }, { "en": "Performing subtraction on natural numbers is one of the simplest numerical tasks.", "ber": "tiggi n tuksa \u0263f im\u1e0dan i\u0263aranen ad igan imskarn im\u1e0dan iwhn." }, { "en": "Formally", "ber": " the number being subtracted is known as the subtrahend", "null": [ " while the number it is subtracted from is the minuend.", "s tun\u1e63ibt iga wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun ityaksn da itsmma amyakkas", " maka u\u1e6d\u1e6dun diks ityakkasn ayd igan dduzdar." ] }, { "en": "Subtraction is an English word derived from the Latin verb subtrahere", "ber": " which in turn is a compound of sub from under and trahere to pull.", "null": [ "\u201csubstrakcn\u201d yat tguri tangliziyt d iff\u0263n sg umyag alatini \u201csabtrhir\u201d", " igan uddis n \u201csab\u201d sg \u201candr\u201d d tu\u1e0df\u1e5bt n \u201c tu bul\u201d." ] }, { "en": "From position 3", "ber": " it takes no steps to the left to stay at 3", "null": [ " so .", "sg usurs 3", " ur iri waddad awd yat n tsurifin \u0263r a\u1e93lma\u1e0d mar ad nqqim dar 3", " \u0263mkann." ] }, { "en": "To represent such an operation", "ber": " the line must be extended.", "null": [ "mar ad nsmdya zund timggit ad", " iqnen ulday n izririg." ] }, { "en": "The leading digit 1 of the result is then discarded.", "ber": "\u201c akkudl n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun \u201c1\u201d sg tyafut." }, { "en": "In the ten's place", "ber": " 0 is less than 1", "null": [ " so the 0 is increased by 10", " and the difference with 1", " which is 9", " is written down in the ten's place.", "g tuzunt n timrawin", " 0 tdrus xf 1", " xf uya 0 da itturnu s usg\u02b7r n 10", " d umziray d 1 igat 9", " ityara g tuzunt n timrawin." ] }, { "en": "The subtraction then proceeds in the hundreds place", "ber": " where 6 is not less than 5", "null": [ " so the difference is written down in the result's hundred's place.", "\u1e0da\u1e5bt uya da ttuskar tmggit n tukksa g tuzunt n tima\u1e0d", " ad ur ik wat n 6 ddaw win 5", " \u025bad ityara umziray g tuzunt n tima\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "Rather it increases the subtrahend hundred's digit by one.", "ber": "d da ttili tmrniwt i wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun amaks s usg\u02b7r n yan." }, { "en": "The answer is 1", "ber": " and is written down in the result's hundred's place.", "null": [ "tamrarut tga 1", " d tyara g tuzunt n tima\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "This theorem was first conjectured by Pierre de Fermat in 1637 in the margin of a copy of Arithmetica", "ber": " where he claimed that he had a proof that was too large to fit in the margin.", "null": [ "twaga ta\u0263alt n tmagunt ad tiklt izwarn sg \u0263ur \u201cbyir di firma g 1637 g tsga n tun\u0263ilt \u201caritmitika\u201d imk inna \u0263ars anmmal im\u0263arn \u0263f ad ittug g tsga." ] }, { "en": "The five color theorem", "ber": " which has a short elementary proof", "null": [ " states that five colors suffice to color a map and was proven in the late 19th century; however", " proving that four colors suffice turned out to be significantly harder.", "tuwid tmagunt n smmus n ik\u02b7lan", " \u0263ur illa unmmal amzwaru ugzil", " n wis gan smmus n ik\u02b7lan mar ad ttu\u0263m tka\u1e5b\u1e0da", " imk ttuga g tilawt g tyira n usati wiss 19", " waxxa hakkak", " tcqqa tinawt n is gan k\u1e5ba\u1e0d ik\u02b7lan." ] }, { "en": "It was the first major theorem to be proved using a computer.", "ber": "tga tamagunt taxatart illan g tinawt s ussmrs n umssuds." }, { "en": "Additionally", "ber": " any map that could potentially be a counterexample must have a portion that looks like one of these 1", "null": [ "936 maps.", "tarnawt uya", " iqnen ad yili g ku taka\u1e5b\u1e0da i\u0263in ad ig amdya anmgal", " \u0263f tgzzumt igan zund tika\u1e5b\u1e0diwin ad nn igulan 1", "936 n tka\u1e5b\u1e0da." ] }, { "en": "It was originally formulated in 1908", "ber": " by Steinitz and Tietze.", "null": [ "isskrt \u201cctayntz d titz\u201d g usgg\u02b7as n 1908." ] }, { "en": "A variety V over a finite field with q elements has a finite number of rational points", "ber": " as well as points over every finite field with qk elements containing that field.", "null": [ "tlla g wanaw \u201cf\u201d g yigr i\u1e93lin s if\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63n \u201cq\u201d \u0263f imid i\u1e93lin sg tnqqa\u1e0d tumginin", " d tmrnawt n tnqqa\u1e0d aflla n yigr i\u1e93lin d if\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63n \u201cqk\u201d g illa yigr ad." ] }, { "en": "Originally conjectured by Henri Poincar\u00e9", "ber": " the theorem concerns a space that locally looks like ordinary three-dimensional space but is connected", "null": [ " finite in size", " and lacks any boundary (a closed 3-manifold).", "g u\u1e93u\u1e5b n twngimt n \u201chinri bwankari\u201d tamagunt yugln s tajumma igan tamurant zund asayrar unzil ilan k\u1e5ba\u1e0d wuggugn maka mmsla\u0263n", " ilan iwutta g uksay", " d tar iwutta ( u\u0263un n 3 wuggugn)." ] }, { "en": "After nearly a century of effort by mathematicians", "ber": " Grigori Perelman presented a proof of the conjecture in three papers made available in 2002 and 2003 on arXiv.", "null": [ "zund yan usatu aya n tzmmar n imusnawn n tusnakt issnkd \u201cgriguri birilman\u201d anmmal g k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt tfrtin llant g 2002 d 2003 g \u201carxayf\u201d (talkiwt n tm\u1e25\u1e0dit g antirnit)." ] }, { "en": "Perelman completed this portion of the proof.", "ber": "ismd \u201cbirilman\u201d tagzzumt ad n tilawt." }, { "en": "Informally", "ber": " it asks whether every problem whose solution can be quickly verified by a computer can also be quickly solved by a computer; it is widely conjectured that the answer is no.", "null": [ "s tl\u0263a ur igin tun\u1e63ibt", " da isqsa is n\u0263y ad ng igiws n ufssay isrbin i ka igat d tamukrist s umssuds", " imkinna n\u0263y ad tt nfsi g umssuds s usrarri", " da itya\u0263al g ufu\u0263al abaraw id uhu." ] }, { "en": "It has not been proven which one is false", "ber": " but it is widely believed that the first conjecture is true and the second one is false.", "null": [ "g tilawt awd yan diksn izgln", " maka g tlla ta\u0263alt g ufu\u0263al abaraw n wis d aswingm amzwaru ayd ign amddad", " wiss sin izgl." ] }, { "en": "For instance", "ber": " the Collatz conjecture", "null": [ " which concerns whether or not certain sequences of integers terminate", " has been tested for all integers up to 1.2 \u00d7 1012 (over a trillion).", "s umdya", " ttustay twngimt n \u201ckulatz\u201d yugln s kan tgffurin n im\u1e0dan imddadn; da tfukku mid uhu", " i umata n im\u1e0dan imddadn ar 1.2 \u00d7 1012 ( uggar n trilyun)." ] }, { "en": "That evidence may be of various kinds", "ber": " such as verification of consequences of it or strong interconnections with known results.", "null": [ "i\u0263 ad ig unmmal ad sg wanawn imzarayn", " zund igiws g tlkamin nns", " n\u0263d tas\u0263t idusn akd tyafutin ittyassan." ] }, { "en": "One method of proof", "ber": " applicable when there are only a finite number of cases that could lead to counterexamples", "null": [ " is known as brute force: in this approach", " all possible cases are considered and shown not to give counterexamples.", "\u201c yat g t\u0263arasin n tilawt ilan assmrs", " ig walu \u0263as imi\u1e0d am\u1e93lay waddadn i\u0263in ad yawy \u0263r imdyatn inmgaln ittyassn s \u201c tazmrt n umuttl\u201d g usara ad", " da ittili usksw \u0263r waddadn i\u0263in ad yili", " d uzkan n ad ur ttufkn imdyatn inmgaln." ] }, { "en": "The continuum hypothesis", "ber": " which tries to ascertain the relative cardinality of certain infinite sets", "null": [ " was eventually shown to be independent from the generally accepted set of Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel axioms of set theory.", "turda n uzzigz", " nna itna\u0263n ad tg aslkn i tzl\u0263a tas\u0263lant n itsnt trubba tartmi", " da tsbayan g tyira mas t\u1e93li \u0263f trubba iswahan s umata i zirmilu-frinkl", " tmagunt n trubba." ] }, { "en": "Few number theorists doubt that the Riemann hypothesis is true.", "ber": "tlla turda n mannw n imssi\u1e93irn n im\u1e0dan \u0263f imidi n turdut n \u201criman\u201d." }, { "en": "The logistic map is a polynomial mapping", "ber": " often cited as an archetypal example of how chaotic behaviour can arise from very simple non-linear dynamical equations.", "null": [ "taka\u1e5b\u1e0da talijistit tga unu\u0263 n tka\u1e5b\u1e0diwin mi ggudin iwtta", " da wala tubdar zund amdya n wanaw n mamk ad tili tikli tamtruyt sg tgdazulin tidinamikin ur igin tiwn\u0263anin tiwnzalin kigan." ] }, { "en": "Kepler proved that it is the limit of the ratio of consecutive Fibonacci numbers.", "ber": "iswr \u201ckiblr\u201d id awttu uzzur n us\u0263l n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun \u201cfibunatci\u201d immzdayn." }, { "en": "For two reasons this representation may cause problems.", "ber": "s sin isragn i\u0263y usmdya ad", "null": [ " ad iskr imukrisn." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " the two representations 0.999... and 1 are equivalent in the sense that they represent the same number.", "null": [ "s umdya", " asmdya 0.999... d 1 aksuln", " ssin da ssnkadn yan wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun." ] }, { "en": "Using computers and supercomputers", "ber": " some of the mathematical constants", "null": [ " including \u03c0", " e", " and the square root of 2", " have been computed to more than one hundred billion digits.", "s ussmrs n ingmamn n umssuds d ingmamn n umssuds mqqurn", " ttusi\u1e6dnt trsal n tusnakt g yamu \u201c\u03c0\u201d d \u201ce\u201d d u\u1e93\u0263\u1e5b amkku\u1e93 n 2 i nnig tmi\u1e0di n if\u1e0d igndad." ] }, { "en": "Some constants differ so much from the usual kind that a new notation has been invented to represent them reasonably.", "ber": "mzaraynt mnnaw n imzgitn d wanaw illan", "null": [ " ag ittusnflel uzmmem amaynu ad is ismdya." ] }, { "en": "Sometimes", "ber": " the symbol representing a constant is a whole word.", "null": [ "itsnt tikkal", " inigl issnkadn aswr iga taguri ismdn." ] }, { "en": "0 (zero) is a number", "ber": " and the numerical digit used to represent that number in numerals.", "null": [ "0 (amya) iga u\u1e6d\u1e6dun", " d wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun ami\u1e0dan ad ittusmras d amsnkd n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun s wu\u1e6d\u1e6dunen." ] }, { "en": "Names for the number 0 in English include zero", "ber": " nought (UK)", "null": [ " naught (US; )", " nil", " or\u2014in contexts where at least one adjacent digit distinguishes it from the letter O\u2014oh or o.", "illa g yismawn n 0 g tnglizt \u201camya\u201d", " n\u0263d awwd (tagldit imunn)", " n\u0263d awd\u1e25a\u1e25 (tim\u1e93lay umunn)", " n\u0263d awwd g isataln g nsnu\u1e25yu u\u1e6d\u1e6dun yan d uskkil \u201cu\u201d (mqqurn) n\u0263d \u201cu\u201d (m\u1e93\u1e93iyn)." ] }, { "en": "For the simple notion of lacking", "ber": " the words nothing and none are often used.", "null": [ "i urmmus ax\u1e63\u1e63a unzil da wla ttussmrasnt tguriwin amya d awt\u1e25a\u1e25." ] }, { "en": "It is often called oh in the context of telephone numbers.", "ber": "da as ttinin \u201cuh\u201d g usatal n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun n tilifun." }, { "en": "The symbol nfr", "ber": " meaning beautiful", "null": [ " was also used to indicate the base level in drawings of tombs and pyramids", " and distances were measured relative to the base line as being above or below this line.", "imkinna ttusmrs tmatart \u201cnfr\u201d", " igan afulki", " mar ad ittun\u025bt uswir asilan g wunu\u0263n n ism\u1e0dal d izamugn", " imk ttus\u0263al ustum n izririg asila ittilin aflla n\u0263d ddaw uzririg ad." ] }, { "en": "The Babylonian placeholder was not a true zero because it was not used alone", "ber": " nor was it used at the end of a number.", "null": [ "ur igi uf\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63 a\u1e0dfa\u1e5b n babili amya imidi", " acku ur ittussmras i wa\u1e0du nns", " d ur ittusmras g tyira n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun." ] }, { "en": "By AD\u00a0150", "ber": " Ptolemy", "null": [ " influenced by Hipparchus and the Babylonians", " was using a symbol for zero in his work on mathematical astronomy called the Syntaxis Mathematica", " also known as the Almagest.", "adday taw\u1e0d 150 \u1e0da\u1e5bt tlalit n lmasi\u1e25", " isnnd \u201cba\u1e6dlimus\u201d \u0263r \u201cbhibarxus\u201d d \u201cbabilyyin\u201d da issmras tangalt i umya g twuri n tusnitran tawsnakt mi ttinin \u201ctaj\u1e5b\u1e5bumt tawsnakt\u201d", " tyassn awd s \u201calmajist\u201d." ] }, { "en": "This use was repeated in AD525 in an equivalent table", "ber": " that was translated via the Latin nulla or none by Dionysius Exiguus", "null": [ " alongside Roman numerals.", "\u201cittuyals ussmrs ad g usgg\u02b7as n 525 \u1e0da\u1e5bt tlalit n lmasi\u1e25 g usmyallay n ussiksl", " issu\u0263lt s \u201cumya\u201d dyunisyus iksijus sg tlatinit", " imk immsla\u0263 d wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun i\u1e5bumanitn\u201d." ] }, { "en": "The Lokavibh\u0101ga", "ber": " a Jain text on cosmology surviving in a medieval Sanskrit translation of the Prakrit original", "null": [ " which is internally dated to AD 458 (Saka era 380)", " uses a decimal place-value system", " including a zero.", "\u201clukafibaga\u201d igan a\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63 n \u201cjayn\u201d isawaln \u0263f tusna\u0263zwrt isuln iddr g usu\u0263l n \u201csanskri\u201d igan win \u201cbrakri\u201d", " sg izmazn inammasn", " nna illan g usakud 458 \u1e0da\u1e5bt tlalit n lmasi\u1e25 ( azmz n saka 380)", " issmrasn angraw n \u201cwatig ad\u0263aran amraw\u201d g yamu umya." ] }, { "en": "In 813", "ber": " al-Khwarizmi used the Hindu numerals in his astronomical tables.", "null": [ "\u201cg usgg\u02b7as n 813", " issmrs \u201calxawarizm\u201d u\u1e6d\u1e6dun ihindiyn g ismyallayn nns iwtranen.\u201d" ] }, { "en": "This book was later translated into Latin in the 12th century under the title Algoritmi de numero Indorum.", "ber": "ittusu\u0263l udlis ad \u0263r tlatinit g usatu wiss 12 ddaw uzwl \u201calguritm n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun indurum\u201d." }, { "en": "I pursued my study in depth and learned the give-and-take of disputation.", "ber": "smd\u0263 ta\u0263uri inw s tidrut", "null": [ " d lmd\u0263 tikki d yim\u1e93 g umziray." ] }, { "en": "I have striven to compose this book in its entirety as understandably as I could", "ber": " dividing it into fifteen chapters.", "null": [ "gi\u0263 tizmmar mar ad ssuf\u0263 adlis ad kullut s uynna mi z\u1e0da\u1e5b\u0263", " d b\u1e0di\u0263t \u0263f smmus d mraw n tsddart." ] }, { "en": "The nine Indian figures are: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1.", "ber": "t\u1e93a n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun ihiditn: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1." }, { "en": "254\u2013255 include 0 as a natural number", "ber": " in which case it is the only natural number that is not positive.", "null": [ "254-255 tsman 0 u\u1e6d\u1e6dun a\u0263aran", " g waddad ad da itgga wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun a\u0263aran i wa\u1e0dun nns ur igin umnig." ] }, { "en": "As a value or a number", "ber": " zero is not the same as the digit zero", "null": [ " used in numeral systems with positional notation.", "atig n\u0263d u\u1e6d\u1e6dun", " \u201camya\u201d ur id ntta nnik ayd igan \u201cawt\u1e25a\u1e25\u201d", " ittusmrasn g igrrayn ima\u1e6d\u1e6dunen ilan tamatart n usurs." ] }, { "en": "The number 0 may or may not be considered a natural number", "ber": " but it is an integer", "null": [ " and hence a rational number and a real number (as well as an algebraic number and a complex number).", "u\u1e6d\u1e6dun 0 ittusnfl n\u0263d ur igi imi\u1e0d a\u0263aran", " maka imi\u1e0d amddad ign u\u1e6d\u1e6dun umgin d a\u0263aran (d trnut n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun ajibri d wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun uddis)." ] }, { "en": "It cannot be prime because it has an infinite number of factors", "ber": " and cannot be composite because it cannot be expressed as a product of prime numbers (as 0 must always be one of the factors).", "null": [ "ur i\u0263iy ad ig imi\u1e0d amzwaru acku diks kigan n wammakn", " d iz\u1e0da\u1e5b ad ig uddis acku n\u0263iy ad \u0263ifs nsiwl d afars n im\u1e0dan imzwura ( imk nn iqnen ad aha ig 0 yan g wammakn)." ] }, { "en": "These rules apply for any real or complex number x", "ber": " unless otherwise stated.", "null": [ "da ttugan ilgamn ad \u0263f ka igat u\u1e6d\u1e6dun a\u0263aran n\u0263d uddis \u201ck\u201d ig ur igi aknas n mayan." ] }, { "en": "The cardinality function", "ber": " applied to the empty set", "null": [ " returns the empty set as a value", " thereby assigning it 0 elements.", "da ttu\u0263ul tnamkant n uzdduy adslan ittusmrasn \u0263f trabbut ixwan", " tarabbut ixwan ign atig", " tg tissift nns 0 n if\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63n." ] }, { "en": "In abstract algebra", "ber": " 0 is commonly used to denote a zero element", "null": [ " which is a neutral element for addition (if defined on the structure under consideration) and an absorbing element for multiplication (if defined).", "g ljibr awngim", " da wala ittusmras 0 ad ig tan\u025bt n uf\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63 amya; d ntta af\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63 arawsan n tmrniwt (ig ittyakz g tuskiwt tamzrawt)", " d uf\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63 issumumn asfukti (ig ittyakz)." ] }, { "en": "For some quantities", "ber": " the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels", "null": [ " whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen.", "g itsn iwudiyn", " da ittusnu\u1e25yu uswir n umya s tal\u0263a ta\u0263arant d iswirn nni\u1e0dn", " ar ittustay s tal\u0263a tasqddct s uwttu akd itsn ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "It has been shown that a cluster of four neutrons may be stable enough to be considered an atom in its own right.", "ber": "tarabbut tamkku\u1e93t n nitrun ttuwr is t\u0263y ad tzzga ar yat tsk\u02b7flt ifukn", "null": [ " imk i\u0263y ad tg nttat nnik tablkmt." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " the elements of an array are numbered starting from 0 in C", "null": [ " so that for an array of n items the sequence of array indices runs from 0 to .", "s umdya", " da ttusnq\u1e0dn if\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63n n tadurt sg \u201c0\u201d g \u201cs\u201d", " ar ttuswuri tsnslt n tskturin n tadurt sg 0 ar ." ] }, { "en": "In databases", "ber": " it is possible for a field not to have a value.", "null": [ "g ilgamn n isfrutn", " i\u0263 ad ur yili yigr atig." ] }, { "en": "For text fields this is not blank nor the empty string.", "ber": "g yigran u\u1e0d\u1e5bi\u1e63n", "null": [ " wad ur ixwi ula iga tagffurt n ixwan." ] }, { "en": "Any computation including a null value delivers a null result.", "ber": "ka igat assi\u1e6dn diks atig ixwan ittam\u1e93n tayafut ixwan." }, { "en": "In Formula One", "ber": " if the reigning World Champion no longer competes in Formula One in the year following their victory in the title race", "null": [ " 0 is given to one of the drivers of the team that the reigning champion won the title with.", "g \u201clfurmula wan\u201d ig ur da ittmzizwr unbraz ama\u1e0dlan g \u201clfurmala wan\u201d g usgg\u02b7as g uwin tasm\u0263urt", " da ittufka 0 i yan g im\u1e25ray n trabbut yuwin tasm\u0263rt." ] }, { "en": "Typewriters originally made no distinction in shape between O and 0; some models did not even have a separate key for the digit 0.", "ber": "ur da smziriyn imassn n tarayt gr \u201cO\u201d d \u201c0\u201d mnnaw n wazurt ur \u0263ars tasarut n usmziray n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun 0." }, { "en": "The digit 0 with a dot in the center seems to have originated as an option on IBM 3270 displays and has continued with some modern computer typefaces such as Andal\u00e9 Mono", "ber": " and in some airline reservation systems.", "null": [ "iga wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun 0 ilan tanqqi\u1e0dt g wammas ittuskar d ada\u0263ar g imi\u1e93a\u1e5bn \u201cibm 3270\u201d", " issuda akd kan tarayin n umssuds amaynu zund andali munu", " d ca n igrrayn n wu\u1e0duf n tdrawin n waylal." ] }, { "en": "1 (one", "ber": " also called unit", "null": [ " and unity) is a number and a numerical digit used to represent that number in numerals.", "1 (yan", " iga awd tafrdist", " tagzzumt) igan u\u1e6d\u1e6dun d am\u1e6d\u1e6dun da ittusmras g usmdya n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun g um\u1e6d\u1e6dun." ] }, { "en": "In conventions of sign where zero is considered neither positive nor negative", "ber": " 1 is the first and smallest positive integer.", "null": [ "g irman n tmuli g ur igi umya umnig wala uzdir", " 1 ayd igan imi\u1e0d amzwaru d am\u1e93\u1e93a d amddad umnig." ] }, { "en": "Most if not all properties of 1 can be deduced from this.", "ber": "i\u0263t ad sflu kigan g im\u1e93lay n 1", "null": [ " mk akk\u02b7 ur gin sg uya ." ] }, { "en": "It is thus the integer after zero.", "ber": "d ntta imi\u1e0d amddad \u1e0da\u1e5bt umya." }, { "en": "It was transmitted to Europe via the Maghreb and Andalusia during the Middle Ages", "ber": " through scholarly works written in Arabic.", "null": [ "ittusmutty \u0263r urubba sg lmrruk d landalus g izmaz inammasn", " s twuriwin timassani ityaran s t\u025brabt." ] }, { "en": "Styles that do not use the long upstroke on digit 1 usually do not use the horizontal stroke through the vertical of the digit 7 either.", "ber": "imamkn ur ittusmrasn g taduzt ta\u0263zzaft \u0263f wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun 1", "null": [ " ur da wala tssmras afst anlli tamafllat g trslt tawfllat n awd wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun 7." ] }, { "en": "By definition", "ber": " 1 is the magnitude", "null": [ " absolute value", " or norm of a unit complex number", " unit vector", " and a unit matrix (more usually called an identity matrix).", "sg usnml", " 1 iga aksay n\u0263d atig ifukn n\u0263d anaway i tgzzumt n imi\u1e0d uddis", " d umnid n tgzzumt d tadurt n tgzzumt (ityassn s: tadurt n tmagit)." ] }, { "en": "In category theory", "ber": " 1 is sometimes used to denote the terminal object of a category.", "null": [ "g tmaguntn tgrruma", " da ittusmras 1 itsnt tikkal mar ad ittun\u025bt ums\u0263aru amggaru n tgrruma." ] }, { "en": "Since the base 1 exponential function (1x) always equals 1", "ber": " its inverse does not exist (which would be called the logarithm base\u00a01 if it did exist).", "null": [ "macku tga tnamkant tagga\u1e0dt n usila n 1", " (k1) tga aha 1", " u\u1e0du nns ur illi (nna mi rad smman lugaritm asila 1", " ig illa)." ] }, { "en": "Likewise", "ber": " vectors are often normalized into unit vectors (i.e.", "null": [ " vectors of magnitude one)", " because these often have more desirable properties.", "s unaway", " da wala tturcamn isuttiyn g imnidiln awyiwn ( imnidiln id m yuwn uksay)", " acku da wala \u0263urs ttilin im\u1e93lay itturan kigan." ] }, { "en": "It is also the first and second number in the Fibonacci sequence (0 being the zeroth) and is the first number in many other mathematical sequences.", "ber": "ntta awd ayd igan u\u1e6d\u1e6dun amzwaru d wiss sin g tsnslt n \u201cfibunatci (0 ismdya amya)", "null": [ " ntta d u\u1e6d\u1e6dun amzwaru g kigan n tm\u1e0df\u1e5bin tusnakin yadn." ] }, { "en": "Nevertheless", "ber": " abstract algebra can consider the field with one element", "null": [ " which is not a singleton and is not a set at all.", "waxxa hakkak", " i\u0263y ljibr awngim ad isksw \u0263r igr s yuwn uf\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63", " d ntta ur igi af\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63 i\u1e93lin wla iga tarabbut akk\u02b7." ] }, { "en": "A binary code is a sequence of 1 and 0 that is used in computers for representing any kind of data.", "ber": "lkud bu-sin iga tagffurt 1 d 0 ittusmrasn g ingmam n umssuds mar ad smdyan s ka igat wanaw n unmmal." }, { "en": "+1 is the electric charge of positrons and protons.", "ber": "+1 tga taktrt tam\u1e93\u1e93a\u1e5bu\u1e5bt n lbu\u1e93\u1e5bunat d lbu\u1e6d\u1e5bunat." }, { "en": "The Neopythagorean philosopher Nicomachus of Gerasa affirmed that one is not a number", "ber": " but the source of number.", "null": [ "islkn ufaylasuf nyufita\u0263uri \u201c nimukaxarus\u201d g grasa is ur igi yan u\u1e6d\u1e6dun", " maka asag\u02b7m n imi\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "We Are Number One is a 2014 song from the children's TV show LazyTown", "ber": " which gained popularity as a meme.", "null": [ "\u201cnk\u02b7ni u\u1e6d\u1e6dun yan\u201d ism n yat tzlit g 2014", " sg u\u0263awas atlfaz n im\u1e93\u1e93an \u201clazi-tawn\u201d ilan yat tmdnant acku." ] }, { "en": "In association football (soccer) the number 1 is often given to the goalkeeper.", "ber": "g takurt n u\u1e0da\u1e5b da wala ittufka wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun 1 i im\u1e25\u1e0di n tsiswit." }, { "en": "1 is the lowest number permitted for use by players of the National Hockey League (NHL); the league prohibited the use of 00 and 0 in the late 1990s (the highest number permitted being 98).", "ber": "1 d u\u1e6d\u1e6dun amazdar s \u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn ad tt ssmrsn imirarn n tbrza tanamurt n \u201clhuki\u201d (t.t.l)", "null": [ " ttusgdl tbrza assmrs n 00 d 0 g tyiriwin n 1990 ( u\u1e6d\u1e6dun amaflla ig win ad ittusmrs iga t 98)." ] }, { "en": "Any random sequence of digits contains arbitrarily long subsequences that appear non-random", "ber": " by the infinite monkey theorem.", "null": [ "ka igat tasnslt tamrwit n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun diks tilsitin tim\u1e0df\u1e5bin ti\u0263zzafin s tal\u0263a n uskkcd ur tnni ad arway", " s tmagunt n z\u025b\u1e0du\u1e0d wartmi." ] }, { "en": "Second", "ber": " since no transcendental number can be constructed with compass and straightedge", "null": [ " it is not possible to square the circle.", "\u201c wiss sin", " acku ur tlli tzmrt mar ittuskr wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun amaflla s ussmrs n tabi\u1e63ult d tnumi", " ur nz\u1e0da\u1e5b ad nrar tazgunt ad tg tamkku\u1e93t\u201d." ] }, { "en": "The Indian astronomer Aryabhata used a value of 3.1416 in his \u0100ryabha\u1e6d\u012bya (499 AD).", "ber": "issmrs umsnitran ahindi \u201caryaba\u1e6da\u201d atig n 3.1416 g udlis nns \u201caryabi\u1e6diya\u201d (499 dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25)." }, { "en": "The Persian astronomer Jamsh\u012bd al-K\u0101sh\u012b produced 9 sexagesimal digits", "ber": " roughly the equivalent of 16 decimal digits", "null": [ " in 1424 using a polygon with 3\u00d7228 sides", " which stood as the world record for about 180 years.", "ifars umusnitran afarisi \u201c jamcid alkaci\u201d 9 n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun im\u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63-mraw", " itgga zund 16 n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun amraw g uzsgg\u02b7as n 1424 s ussmrs n um\u0263zds g llan 3\u00d7228 n usga", " nna ismdyan d u\u1e6d\u1e6dun ams\u0263al ama\u1e0dlan kan 180 n usgg\u02b7as." ] }, { "en": "These avoid reliance on infinite series.", "ber": "tad\u0263 ttari i tas\u0263znt \u0263f tgffurt wartmi." }, { "en": "As modified by Salamin and Brent", "ber": " it is also referred to as the Brent\u2013Salamin algorithm.", "null": [ "imkinna t isnm salamin d brant", " d ttuyasn awd s yism n \u201calguritm n brant- salamin\u201d." ] }, { "en": "This is in contrast to infinite series or iterative algorithms", "ber": " which retain and use all intermediate digits until the final result is produced.", "null": [ "ur id am \u201calguritm wartmi\u201d n\u0263d \u201c alguritm timyalsin\u201d nna i\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6dun u\u1e6d\u1e6dun imazan kul", " artn tssmras ard tssuf\u0263 tayafut tartmi." ] }, { "en": "Such memorization aids are called mnemonics.", "ber": "ttuyassn isggurn ad n u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du s ta\u1e93u\u1e5bi n usmmkti." }, { "en": "The digits are large wooden characters attached to the dome-like ceiling.", "ber": "u\u1e6d\u1e6dun gan iskkiln ixatarn n ukccu\u1e0d mmzdayn s usrag ya\u0263n g tkrbust." }, { "en": "A numerical digit is a single symbol used alone (such as 2) or in combinations (such as 25)", "ber": " to represent numbers in a positional numeral system.", "null": [ "u\u1e6d\u1e6dun ami\u1e0dan iga tamatart i wa\u1e0dun nns ittusmrasn i wa\u1e0duns (amm \u201c2\u201d)", " n\u0263d g trubba ( zund \u201c25\u201d)", " i usmdya n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun g ungraw n usnq\u1e0d asursan." ] }, { "en": "A positional number system has one unique digit for each integer from zero up to", "ber": " but not including", "null": [ " the radix of the number system.", "illa g ungraw n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun isursan; yuwn wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun i\u1e93lin g ku imi\u1e0d amddad awd g umya", " maka ur isman asila anagraw n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun." ] }, { "en": "The original numerals were very similar to the modern ones", "ber": " even down to the glyphs used to represent digits.", "null": [ "kkan wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun i\u1e93\u0263u\u1e5banen aksuln kigan d wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun itrarn", " ar d nn akk\u02b7 naw\u1e0d u\u1e6d\u1e6dun n wunu\u0263 ittusmrsn ad smdyan u\u1e6d\u1e6dun." ] }, { "en": "The Mayas used a shell symbol to represent zero.", "ber": "issmrs mayaz \u201ctiqcrt\u201d ad smdyan i umya." }, { "en": "The Thai numeral system is identical to the Hindu\u2013Arabic numeral system except for the symbols used to represent digits.", "ber": "imsasa ungraw n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun n \u1e6dayland akd ungraw n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun n hindu- a\u025b\u1e5bab xs timatarin ittusmrsnt ad smdyant u\u1e6d\u1e6dunn." }, { "en": "They are both base\u00a03 systems.", "ber": "kullutn gan bddan \u0263f 3 imagawn." }, { "en": "Several authors in the last 300 years have noted a facility of positional notation that amounts to a modified decimal representation.", "ber": "annayn wahli n imgayn g 300 n usgg\u02b7as izrin n wis illa wammak n uzmmem asursan tgulan aswir n usmdya amraw ityalsn." }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " 1111 (one thousand", "null": [ " one hundred and eleven) is a repunit.", "s umdya", " 1111 ( if\u1e0d d tmi\u1e0di d yan d mraw) igan yat tallast." ] }, { "en": "Besides counting ten fingers", "ber": " some cultures have counted knuckles", "null": [ " the space between fingers", " and toes as well as fingers.", "g tsga n ussi\u1e6dn n mraw i\u1e0dudan", " kan tdlsiwin assi\u1e6dn n t\u0263nfifin d ustum illan gr i\u1e0dudan n ifassn d win i\u1e0da\u1e5bn d i\u1e0dudan." ] }, { "en": "Stone age cultures", "ber": " including ancient indigenous American groups", "null": [ " used tallies for gambling", " personal services", " and trade-goods.", "ssmrsnt tdlsiwin n uzmz-aggun g amunt trubba timirikanin tiqbu\u1e5bin", " im\u1e0dan i tqbba\u1e0dt d twuriwin tinm\u0263urin d t\u0263awsiwin n mnziwt." ] }, { "en": "Beginning about 3500\u00a0BC", "ber": " clay tokens were gradually replaced by number signs impressed with a round stylus at different angles in clay tablets (originally containers for tokens) which were then baked.", "null": [ "sg wattayn n 3500 dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25 ttusnflt tmatarin n walu\u1e0d imik s imik \u0263r tmatarin n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun imssiggzn s u\u0263anib awrerray ilan ti\u0263mrin imzarayn g tfilitin n walu\u1e0d ( ikkan gant tin ttuknat) nna yad inwan." ] }, { "en": "These cuneiform number signs resembled the round number signs they replaced and retained the additive sign-value notation of the round number signs.", "ber": "a\u0263nt tmatarin n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun akmam ad", "null": [ " timitar n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun awrerray nna illan g ud\u0263ar nns t\u1e25\u1e0du atig n uzmmem n tmitar n turnut i tmitar n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun aqlallay." ] }, { "en": "Sexagesimal numerals were a mixed radix system that retained the alternating base\u00a010 and base\u00a06 in a sequence of cuneiform vertical wedges and chevrons.", "ber": "kkant wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun am\u1e63\u1e0di\u1e63-mraw gan angraw n ljidr iccarn i\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6dun talgamt 10 tawalit d talgamt 6 g tgffurt d tgusin tikmamin ibddan d cifrun." }, { "en": "Unique numbers of troops and measures of rice appear as unique combinations of these tallies.", "ber": "dad tff\u0263n im\u1e0dan i\u1e93lin n taggalin d ims\u0263aln n idgl am trubba istin g im\u1e0dan ad." }, { "en": "Conventional tallies are quite difficult to multiply and divide.", "ber": "icqqa kigan usfukti d b\u1e6d\u1e6du n im\u1e0dan izaykutn." }, { "en": "Jews began using a similar system (Hebrew numerals)", "ber": " with the oldest examples known being coins from around 100\u00a0BC.", "null": [ "ssntin wudayn assmrs n ungraw amm wa (u\u1e6d\u1e6dun n l\u025bibriya)", " acku kkant imdyatn iqburn ityassn adrim aza\u0263ur attayn n 100 dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25." ] }, { "en": "The Maya of Central America used a mixed base 18 and base 20 system", "ber": " possibly inherited from the Olmec", "null": [ " including advanced features such as positional notation and a zero.", "tssmrs lmaya g amrika n wammas; angraw iccarn gr tlgamt 18 d tlgamt 20", " i\u0263y is asntid udjan ulmk", " g tlla tb\u0263urt yattuyn zund azmmem asursan d umya." ] }, { "en": "Knowledge of the encodings of the knots and colors was suppressed by the Spanish conquistadors in the 16th\u00a0century", "ber": " and has not survived although simple quipu-like recording devices are still used in the Andean region.", "null": [ "ttwamsay tussan n isntln n ugllay d ik\u02b7lan g \u0263ur wazza\u0263n n sbanya g uzmz wiss 16", " ur tnjim waxxa llan ingmam unziln n uzmmem ya\u0263n g \u201ckibbu\u201d", " tsul da ttussmras g wansa n \u201clandiz\u201d." ] }, { "en": "Zero was first used in India in the 7th century CE by Brahmagupta.", "ber": "ittusmrs umya tiklt izwarn g lhind sg \u0263ur \u201cbrahmaguta\u201d", "null": [ " g uzmz wiss 7 \u1e0da\u1e5bt tlalit n lamsi\u1e25." ] }, { "en": "Arabic mathematicians extended the system to include decimal fractions", "ber": " and Mu\u1e25ammad ibn M\u016bs\u0101 al-\u1e34w\u0101rizm\u012b wrote an important work about it in the 9th\u00a0\u00a0century.", "null": [ "sbirwn imusnawn a\u025brabn n tusnakt angraw mar ad yam\u1e93 imtwaln imrawn", " d yaru mu\u1e25mmad bn musa lxawarizmi yat twuri istawhmman \u0263f uynna\u0263", " g uzmz wiss 9." ] }, { "en": "The binary system (base 2)", "ber": " was propagated in the 17th\u00a0century by Gottfried Leibniz.", "null": [ "ityafsar ungraw amsin (talgamt 2)", " g uzmz wiss 17 sg \u0263ur gutfrid libniz." ] }, { "en": "The variables for which the equation has to be solved are also called unknowns", "ber": " and the values of the unknowns that satisfy the equality are called solutions of the equation.", "null": [ "imskiln s nn iqn ad as tyafsay tgdazalt", " ttuyassn s warism", " d tinditin tilimslitin nna iskarn asiksl g ifssayn n tgdazalt." ] }, { "en": "A conditional equation is only true for particular values of the variables.", "ber": "tagdazaltn tfada tga day tamddadt mar ad tg tazl\u0263a i tinditin n isnfaln." }, { "en": "Very often the right-hand side of an equation is assumed to be zero.", "ber": "da wala ttgga tsga tayffast n tgdazalt amya." }, { "en": "An equation is analogous to a scale into which weights are placed.", "ber": "tagdazalt tawayt n ums\u0263al g ttuyagan istaln." }, { "en": "This is the starting idea of algebraic geometry", "ber": " an important area of mathematics.", "null": [ "tad\u0263 ayd igan tawngimt tadslant n utwal aljibri", " d tga igr istawhmman g tusnakt." ] }, { "en": "To solve equations from either family", "ber": " one uses algorithmic or geometric techniques that originate from linear algebra or mathematical analysis.", "null": [ "mar ad nfsi tagdazalt illan g ka igat tawja", " da issmras yan tatiqnit n ussi\u1e6dn n\u0263d atwal d igman g ljibr awn\u0263an", " n\u0263d afssay awsnak." ] }, { "en": "These equations are difficult in general; one often searches just to find the existence or absence of a solution", "ber": " and", "null": [ " if they exist", " to count the number of solutions.", "tigdazalin ad cqqant s umata", " da wala ittinig ufgan ad yaf afssay n\u0263d war afssay", " mk illa", " da issi\u1e6din mcta n ifssayn." ] }, { "en": "In the illustration", "ber": " x", "null": [ " y and z are all different quantities (in this case real numbers) represented as circular weights", " and each of x", " y", " and z has a different weight.", "g wunu\u0263 n ussikz", " \u201ck\u201d", " \u201cy\u201d d \u201cz\u201d gan akk\u02b7 anct imzarayn ( g waddad ad u\u1e6d\u1e6dun n tidt)", " s mdyan s istaln iwrerrayn", " d i ku \u201ck\u201d", " \u201cy\u201d", " d \u201cz\u201d astal istin." ] }, { "en": "Hence", "ber": " the equation with R unspecified is the general equation for the circle.", "null": [ "sg uya", " tagdazalt d \u201cr\u201d ur i\u1e93liyn", " tga tagdazalt tnmatayt n uwrerry." ] }, { "en": "The process of finding the solutions", "ber": " or", "null": [ " in case of parameters", " expressing the unknowns in terms of the parameters", " is called solving the equation.", "da as ttinin tiggit n yif n ifssayn n\u0263d asiwl \u0263f ilimsli g ts\u0263lt", " mk tga ts\u0263lt tin ufssay n tgdazalt." ] }, { "en": "Multiplying or dividing both sides of an equation by a non-zero quantity.", "ber": "asfukti n\u0263d tu\u1e6d\u1e6dut sin imna\u1e0dn n tgdazalt \u0263f tsmkta ur igin amya." }, { "en": "An algebraic equation is univariate if it involves only one variable.", "ber": "da tgga tgdazalt aljibr mm yuwn usnfl ig diks yan usnfl day." }, { "en": "In mathematics", "ber": " the theory of linear systems is the basis and a fundamental part of linear algebra", "null": [ " a subject which is used in most parts of modern mathematics.", "g tusnakt", " tga tmagunt n igrrayn iwn\u0263ann asilan", " d imik adslan g ljibr awn\u0263an", " ntta d asgum ittusmrasn g kigan ifrdas n tusnakt tatrart." ] }, { "en": "This formalism allows one to determine the positions and the properties of the focuses of a conic.", "ber": "da ittadja ukurmis ad afgan ad isti imnadn d t\u1e93layin n i\u0263isan ic\u025bba." }, { "en": "This point of view", "ber": " outlined by Descartes", "null": [ " enriches and modifies the type of geometry conceived of by the ancient Greek mathematicians.", "tannayt ad", " nna i\u1e93li dikart da thyya ar tgadda anaw n tnzgit nna snumln kigan n imusnawn iyunaniyin n tusnakt taqburt." ] }, { "en": "An exponential Diophantine equation is one for which exponents of the terms of the equation can be unknowns.", "ber": "tagdazalt dyufantin taggadt", "null": [ " tga tagdazalt nna g i\u0263y ad yili winna iqqarn s tagdazalt mm sin warismawn." ] }, { "en": "Modern algebraic geometry is based on more abstract techniques of abstract algebra", "ber": " especially commutative algebra", "null": [ " with the language and the problems of geometry.", "tbdda tnzgit tatrart n ljibr \u0263f tiqnitin wala inzz\u0263n ljibr awngim", " numar ljibr ittmnfkan akd tutlayt d tmukrisin n tnzgit." ] }, { "en": "A point of the plane belongs to an algebraic curve if its coordinates satisfy a given polynomial equation.", "ber": "da ttumu tnqqi\u1e0dt taswirant g izririg n ljibr ig \u1e6dfn izdayn nns \u0263r tgdazalt ilan kigan n iwtta." }, { "en": "In pure mathematics", "ber": " differential equations are studied from several different perspectives", "null": [ " mostly concerned with their solutions \u2014 the set of functions that satisfy the equation.", "g tusnakt imzarayn", " da ttu\u0263rant tgdazalin timufayin g wahli n t\u0263mrin imzarayn", " wahli diks iga win ifssayn nns tarbi\u025bt n is\u0263nan itggan tagdazalt." ] }, { "en": "Linear differential equations", "ber": " which have solutions that can be added and multiplied by coefficients", "null": [ " are well-defined and understood", " and exact closed-form solutions are obtained.", "tigdazalin tizraragin imzaray", " nna ilan ifssayn i\u0263y ad tturnu ttusfuktu s watig ibddan", " t\u1e93li d tturmas kigan", " d da ttafa ifssayn ilan tla\u0263a tun\u0263idt gin imaqqan." ] }, { "en": "PDEs can be used to describe a wide variety of phenomena such as sound", "ber": " heat", "null": [ " electrostatics", " electrodynamics", " fluid flow", " elasticity", " or quantum mechanics.", "i\u0263y ad nsmrs igmamn n \u201cPDE\u201d mar ad nsnumml kigan n wanawn n tumanin zund imsli d tir\u0263i n\u0263d iluktrustatik", " iluktrudinamik", " n\u0263d tan\u0263la n ibluliwn", " n\u0263d artutm", " n\u0263d tamikanikt n idamn." ] }, { "en": "A solution is an assignment of values to the unknown variables that makes the equality in the equation true.", "ber": "afssay igat ad nadj i tinditin timsnfalin ur ityassn nna ittadjan angiddi g tgdazalt tamddadt." }, { "en": "The set of all solutions of an equation is its solution set.", "ber": "tarbi\u025bt n ifssayn akk\u02b7 n tgdazalt ayd igan tarbi\u025bt n ifssayn i\u1e93lin \u1e93a\u1e5bs." }, { "en": "Depending on the context", "ber": " solving an equation may consist to find either any solution (finding a single solution is enough)", "null": [ " all solutions", " or a solution that satisfies further properties", " such as belonging to a given interval.", "sg usatal i\u0263y ad ittug ufssay n tgdazalt abrid \u0263r ifssayn nni\u1e0dn (xs ad day tafd yan ufssay)", " n\u0263d ifssayn ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba", " n\u0263d afssayn imsasan d tmitar ", " zund tilit sg kan uzmz." ] }, { "en": "In this case", "ber": " the solutions cannot be listed.", "null": [ "g waddad ad", " ur nz\u1e0dar ad ng allas n ifssayn." ] }, { "en": "The variety in types of equations is large", "ber": " and so are the corresponding methods.", "null": [ "tanawayt g wanawn n tgdazalin imqqur", " ula awd tibridin n umyawa\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "This may be due to a lack of mathematical knowledge; some problems were only solved after centuries of effort.", "ber": "i\u0263y ad ig uya asrag n tdrsi n tmusna tusnakt", "null": [ " \u025bad afssay n itsn imukrisn \u1e0da\u1e5bt tsutin n tzmmar." ] }, { "en": "Polynomials appear in many areas of mathematics and science.", "ber": "dad tbayant mm iwtta iggudin g kigan n yigran n tusnakt d tmassanin." }, { "en": "Many authors use these two words interchangeably.", "ber": "da issmras kigan n imgayn snat tguriwin ad s umrara." }, { "en": "Formally", "ber": " the name of the polynomial is P", "null": [ " not P(x)", " but the use of the functional notation P(x) dates from a time when the distinction between a polynomial and the associated function was unclear.", "P ayd igan ism un\u1e63ib n kigan n iwtta ur id P(x)", " maka asmrs n untal u\u0263rif P(x)", " iddad sg uzmz g ur i\u1e63fi usnu\u1e25yu n kigan iwtta d tmskart za\u1e5bs isl\u0263n." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " one may use it over any domain where addition and multiplication are defined (that is", "null": [ " any ring).", "waxxa hakkak", " i\u0263y ufgan ad tt issmrs g ka igat igr g ityassan usmun d usfukti s (ka igat", " d ka igat taxrst)." ] }, { "en": "Polynomials of small degree have been given specific names.", "ber": "tid mi ggudin iwtta ilan taskflt m\u1e93\u1e93iyn", "null": [ " ayd ikan ismawn im\u1e93layn." ] }, { "en": "The polynomial 0", "ber": " which may be considered to have no terms at all", "null": [ " is called the zero polynomial.", "bu-iwtta 0", " s n\u0263y ad nini ur akk\u02b7 ili iwtta da itsmma amya mggudy iwtta." ] }, { "en": "Because the degree of a non-zero polynomial is the largest degree of any one term", "ber": " this polynomial has degree two.", "null": [ "macku lant tskfal tar-amya mm iwtta iggudin", " tga taskflt taxatart g yuwt tguri", " da ttili mm iwtta iggudin g tskflt tiss snat." ] }, { "en": "Polynomials can be classified by the number of terms with nonzero coefficients", "ber": " so that a one-term polynomial is called a monomial", "null": [ " a two-term polynomial is called a binomial", " and a three-term polynomial is called a trinomial.", "n\u0263y ad ng mm iwtta iggudin sg mnck n tguriwin ila iggitn ur igin amya", " imk ittyanna i bu-iwtta iggudin s yuwt tguri ism bu-yuwn uwttu", " ar ityanna i bu-iwtta iggudin s snat tguriwin bu-sin iwtta", " ar ityanna i bu mnnaw n iwtta; bu-k\u1e5ba\u1e0d iwtta." ] }, { "en": "When it is used to define a function", "ber": " the domain is not so restricted.", "null": [ "ig da ittusmras mar ad isti tamrst", " ur da ittukraf yigr." ] }, { "en": "A polynomial in one indeterminate is called a univariate polynomial", "ber": " a polynomial in more than one indeterminate is called a multivariate polynomial.", "null": [ "bu iwtta iggudin g yuwn uwttu ur ityassan da as nttini bu iwtta iggudin ilan yuwn usnfl", " bu iwtta iggudin g kigan ur i\u1e93liyn da as nttini amggudy n iwtta", " amgguwdy n isnfaln." ] }, { "en": "In the case of the field of complex numbers", "ber": " the irreducible factors are linear.", "null": [ "g waddad n yigr n im\u1e0dan uddisn", " da tggan imskarn ityakkasn; izririg." ] }, { "en": "If the degree is higher than one", "ber": " the graph does not have any asymptote.", "null": [ "ig tkka tskflt nnig yan", " ur da ittili i wunu\u0263 n usmmal awd yan izririd inmalan." ] }, { "en": "In elementary algebra", "ber": " methods such as the quadratic formula are taught for solving all first degree and second degree polynomial equations in one variable.", "null": [ "g ljibr amzwaru", " da ttus\u0263rant tbridin zund tal\u0263a tamkku\u1e93t i ufssay n ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba n tgdazalin ilan kigan n iwtta illan g tskflt tamzwarut ula tiss snat g yuwn usnfl." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " root-finding algorithms may be used to find numerical approximations of the roots of a polynomial expression of any degree.", "null": [ "waxxa hakkak n\u0263y ad nssmrs alguritm n urzzu xf u\u1e93u\u1e5b", " mar ad naf anmala u\u1e6d\u1e6dun i i\u1e93\u0263\u1e5ban n tal\u0263a ilan iwtta iggudin g ka igat taskflt." ] }, { "en": "Since the 16th century", "ber": " similar formulas (using cube roots in addition to square roots)", "null": [ " but much more complicated are known for equations of degree three and four (see cubic equation and quartic equation).", "sg usati wiss 16 ttuyassnt tal\u0263iwin n usmsksl ( s ussmrs n iz\u0263\u1e5ban igntrn d iz\u0263\u1e5ban imkku\u1e93n)", " maka wanna wala icqqan igat tigdazalin n tskflt tiss k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt d tiss kku\u1e93t ( \u1e93\u1e5b tagdazalt tagntrt d tgdazalt tamkku\u1e93t)." ] }, { "en": "In 1830", "ber": " \u00c9variste Galois proved that most equations of degree higher than four cannot be solved by radicals", "null": [ " and showed that for each equation", " one may decide whether it is solvable by radicals", " and", " if it is", " solve it.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1830", " iswr ifarist galu n wisd kigan n tgdazalt n tskflt tamafllat sg kku\u1e93", " ur nz\u1e0da\u1e5b at nfsi s u\u1e93u\u1e5b", " issfrud id ka igat tagdazalt i\u0263y ufgan ad yini is tla afssay s tbridt tz\u0263\u1e5bant", " mk i\u0263y", " ifsi tt." ] }, { "en": "Nevertheless", "ber": " formulas for solvable equations of degrees 5 and 6 have been published (see quintic function and sextic equation).", "null": [ "waxxa hakkak", " tyafsarnt tal\u0263iwin n tgdazalin ilan afssay s tskflt tiss 5 d 6 (\u1e93\u1e5b tamrst tamsmmust d tgdazalt tam\u1e63\u1e0di\u1e0dt)." ] }, { "en": "The most efficient algorithms allow solving easily (on a computer) polynomial equations of degree higher than 1", "ber": "000 (see Root-finding algorithm).", "null": [ "da ttadjant alguritm tun\u1e63ibin ad ttyafsaynt tgdazalin id mm iwtta s umnhal ( g umssuds)", " s tskflt ikkan nnig 1", "000 ( \u1e93\u1e5b alguritm n yif n iz\u0263\u1e5ban)." ] }, { "en": "For a set of polynomial equations in several unknowns", "ber": " there are algorithms to decide whether they have a finite number of complex solutions", "null": [ " and", " if this number is finite", " for computing the solutions.", "g kigan n tgdazalin id mm iwtta iggudin g kigan n id war-ism", " llant alguritm ittinin is \u0263arsn ifssayn m\u1e93lay icqqan", " d mk iga wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun ad am\u1e93lay i ussi\u1e6dn n ifssayn." ] }, { "en": "A polynomial equation for which one is interested only in the solutions which are integers is called a Diophantine equation.", "ber": "tagdazalt da tgga mm iwtta iggudin nna mi yakka ufgan ta\u0263dft s ifssayn igan im\u1e0dan imddadn s tgdazalt dyufantin." }, { "en": "The coefficients may be taken as real numbers", "ber": " for real-valued functions.", "null": [ "n\u0263y ad ng imggutn d u\u1e6d\u1e6dun i\u0263aran n tiggitin ilan atig a\u0263aran." ] }, { "en": "This equivalence explains why linear combinations are called polynomials.", "ber": "da issfru ussksl ad amntil n yism n trubba tizririgin ilan kigan n iwtta." }, { "en": "In the case of coefficients in a ring", "ber": " non-constant must be replaced by non-constant or non-unit (both definitions agree in the case of coefficients in a field).", "null": [ "g waddad n imggutn g txrst iqnen ad nsnfl unna ur izzgan \u0263r unna ur iwirn", " n\u0263d unna ur igzimn (isussn ssin ttmsasan g waddad nwaggitn g yigr)." ] }, { "en": "When the coefficients belong to integers", "ber": " rational numbers or a finite field", "null": [ " there are algorithms to test irreducibility and to compute the factorization into irreducible polynomials (see Factorization of polynomials).", "ig da ttu\u0263uln waggitn \u0263r im\u1e0dan imddadn n\u0263d u\u1e6d\u1e6dun umginen n\u0263d igr i\u1e93lin", " tlla alguritm mar ad tg irm n gar tazmrt n uzgzl d ussi\u1e6dn d yiggitn n tinna mi gudin iwtta ur igin tin uzgzl (\u1e93\u1e5b asfsi mi ggudin iwtta s imskirn)." ] }, { "en": "The characteristic polynomial of a matrix or linear operator contains information about the operator's eigenvalues.", "ber": "illa g imggudin n iwtta s t\u1e93li tdrast", "null": [ " n\u0263d amswuri azririg \u0263f in\u0263misn n tinditin n tnkkint n umswuri." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " the elegant and practical notation we use today only developed beginning in the 15th century.", "null": [ "waxxa hakkak asdukm anwuri i\u1e93iln nssmras assa ittusbu\u0263lla g tizwuri n usatu wiss 15." ] }, { "en": "This completes the square", "ber": " converting the left side into a perfect square.", "null": [ "\u0263aya \u201citsmad amkku\u1e93\u201d", " d ar itrar tasga tazlma\u1e0dt ad tg amkku\u1e93." ] }, { "en": "Descartes' theorem states that for every four kissing (mutually tangent) circles", "ber": " their radii satisfy a particular quadratic equation.", "null": [ "tamagunt n dikar da ttini llant \u0263ur kku\u1e93t n twrerray tugdut (amalu ugdu)", " gan izgn n wagm nns ijj n tagdazalt tamkku\u1e93t." ] }, { "en": "Babylonian mathematicians from circa 400 BC and Chinese mathematicians from circa 200 BC used geometric methods of dissection to solve quadratic equations with positive roots.", "ber": "ssmrsn imusnawn ibabiliyn n tusnakt; \u0263ur wattayn n 400 n usgg\u02b7as dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25", "null": [ " d umusnawn i\u1e63iniyn n tusnakt", " attayn n 200 dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25", " tibridin n jyumitik i usfsy n tgdazalin timkkuzin ilan i\u1e93\u0263\u1e5ban umnign." ] }, { "en": "Euclid", "ber": " the Greek mathematician", "null": [ " produced a more abstract geometrical method around 300 BC.", "isskr uklid amusnaw ayunaniy n tusnakt", " tabridt tajyumitrikt attayn n 300 n usgg\u02b7as dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25." ] }, { "en": "Al-Khwarizmi goes further in providing a full solution to the general quadratic equation", "ber": " accepting one or two numerical answers for every quadratic equation", "null": [ " while providing geometric proofs in the process.", "ddan lxawarizm \u0263r uggar n uya g ussnkd n ufssay akk\u02b7 isman tagdazalt tamkku\u1e93t tamattayt", " ittirin yat tmrarut n\u0263d snat tmrarutin i ku tagdazalt tamkku\u1e93t", " d tikki n wan\u1e93iwn ajyumitrikn g tiggi ad." ] }, { "en": "Ab\u016b K\u0101mil Shuj\u0101 ibn Aslam (Egypt", "ber": " 10th century) in particular was the first to accept irrational numbers (often in the form of a square root", "null": [ " cube root or fourth root) as solutions to quadratic equations or as coefficients in an equation.", "abu kamil cuja\u025b ibn aslam (mi\u1e63\u1e5b", " asatu wiss 10); s u\u1e93lay", " d amzwaru innan ah i wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun ims\u0263an ( g u\u1e93u\u1e5b amkku\u1e93 n\u0263d agntr", " n\u0263d wiss kku\u1e93) zund ifssayn n tgdazalin timkku\u1e93in n\u0263d ims\u0263al g tgdazalt." ] }, { "en": "His solution was largely based on Al-Khwarizmi's work.", "ber": "afssay nns da ittu\u0263ul kigan \u0263f twuri n lxawarizmi." }, { "en": "However", "ber": " at some point the quadratic formula begins to lose accuracy because of round off error", "null": [ " while the approximate method continues to improve.", "waxxa hakkak", " g yat tfrkt da ttusntay tal\u0263a tamkkuzt mi ittaccka un\u0263ad; s uzgl n usnmila", " tssudu t\u0263arast n usnmila g tixxitrt." ] }, { "en": "Methods of numerical approximation existed", "ber": " called prosthaphaeresis", "null": [ " that offered shortcuts around time-consuming operations such as multiplication and taking powers and roots.", "llant tbridin n usmila ami\u1e0dan da as ttinin ta\u0263art timkisit yakkan isanfn \u0263f tiggitin ittam\u1e93n tizi kigan", " zund asfukti d yisy n tzmrt d uz\u0263\u1e5ban." ] }, { "en": "Computational algorithms for finding the solutions are an important part of numerical linear algebra", "ber": " and play a prominent role in engineering", "null": [ " physics", " chemistry", " computer science", " and economics.", "ifssayn gan agzzum istawhmman g ljibr izririg ami\u1e0dan", " d \u0263urs tawila mqqurn g tnzgit d fizik d cimi d tusnamssudst d tdamsa." ] }, { "en": "For solutions in an integral domain like the ring of the integers", "ber": " or in other algebraic structures", "null": [ " other theories have been developed", " see Linear equation over a ring.", "ismd amm tx\u1e5bst n im\u1e0dan imddadn", " n\u0263d g tan\u0263iwin nni\u1e0dn n ljibr", " ttusbu\u0263llant tmagunin ya\u1e0dn", " \u1e93\u1e5b tagdazalt tazrirgt aflla n tx\u1e5bst." ] }, { "en": "This allows all the language and theory of vector spaces (or more generally", "ber": " modules) to be brought to bear.", "null": [ "wad ar ittadja ad ittug ka igat tutlayt d tmagunt n istumn n imnidn ( s umata ifrdasn ursiln)." ] }, { "en": "Such a system is known as an underdetermined system.", "ber": "ityassn ungraw ad s yism n angraw ur i\u1e93liyn." }, { "en": "The second system has a single unique solution", "ber": " namely the intersection of the two lines.", "null": [ "angraw wiss sin \u0263ars afssay i\u1e93lin igan amrjal n izrirign." ] }, { "en": "Any two of these equations have a common solution.", "ber": "ka igat snat tgdazalin g tgadazalin ad \u0263arsnt afssay iccarn." }, { "en": "A system of equations whose left-hand sides are linearly independent is always consistent.", "ber": "aha da itgga ungraw n tgdazalin nna mi tggant tsggin nns ti\u1e93lma\u1e0d tim\u1e93lay; azririg imzgi." }, { "en": "This yields a system of equations with one fewer equation and one fewer unknown.", "ber": "dad yakka maya angraw n tgdazalin diks tagdazalt yazdurn", "null": [ " d tay\u1e0d ur tyassn." ] }, { "en": "Type 3: Add to one row a scalar multiple of another.", "ber": "anaw 3: rnu as i yan wadur aslag ami\u1e0dan n wadur nni\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "For instance", "ber": " systems with a symmetric positive definite matrix can be solved twice as fast with the Cholesky decomposition.", "null": [ "s umdya", " i\u0263y ad nfsi igrrayn ilan adurn im\u1e93lay umnign inawayn s zzrabit tasftayt s tsl\u1e6d ntculiski." ] }, { "en": "A completely different approach is often taken for very large systems", "ber": " which would otherwise take too much time or memory.", "null": [ "da wala ittu\u1e0dfu\u1e5b usara amziray i igrrayn mqqurn kigan", " nna ittettrn kigan n tizi n\u0263d timktit." ] }, { "en": "This leads to the class of iterative methods.", "ber": "aya ar ittawy \u0263r tgrruma n tbridin yulsn." }, { "en": "In mathematics", "ber": " a series is", "null": [ " roughly speaking", " a description of the operation of adding infinitely many quantities", " one after the other", " to a given starting quantity.", "g tusnakt", " tga tgffurt s tal\u0263a n unmili; asnuml i tiggit n turnut iwudiyn wartmi iggudin", " yat \u1e0da\u1e5bt yat ar agudi n kan ussnti." ] }, { "en": "In addition to their ubiquity in mathematics", "ber": " infinite series are also widely used in other quantitative disciplines such as physics", "null": [ " computer science", " statistics and finance.", "d turnut xf un\u0263al nns g tusnakt", " da ttusmrasnt tsnslin wartmi g ufa\u0263ul abaraw g t\u1e93layin n ugudiy nnidn zund fizik d tussnamssuds taddadant d uss\u1e93\u1e5bf." ] }, { "en": "Zeno's paradox of Achilles and the tortoise illustrates this counterintuitive property of infinite sums: Achilles runs after a tortoise", "ber": " but when he reaches the position of the tortoise at the beginning of the race", "null": [ " the tortoise has reached a second position; when he reaches this second position", " the tortoise is at a third position", " and so on.", "da tssfru tmzarayt n zinu gr axil d kfrun ta\u1e93layt ad inmn \u0263f watign wartmi", " axil ittazla \u1e0da\u1e5bt kfrun", " maka adday yaw\u1e0d ansa n kfrun g tizwiri n u\u1e25mmzwur", " dan ittaw\u1e0d kfrun aswir wiss sin", " ign yuw\u1e0d wiss sin da ttili g wiss k\u1e5ba\u1e0d", " ar tddu." ] }, { "en": "This argument does not prove that the sum is equal to 2 (although it is)", "ber": " but it does prove that it is at most\u00a02.", "null": [ "ur da izzga wan\u1e93a is tag tmuttrt nns 2 (waxxa iga imkinna\u0263)", " maca da tzzga ddaw 2." ] }, { "en": "Tests for uniform convergence include the Weierstrass' M-test", "ber": " Abel's uniform convergence test", "null": [ " Dini's test", " and the Cauchy criterion.", "smunn yirimn n usnmala n ussuds", " irim n \u201cwayrstris m Weierstrass' M-tes\u201d", " d yirim n usnmala amyiwn izlin s \u201cabil Abel's\u201d d \u201c dini Dini's\u201d d anaway \u201ckuci Cauchy \u201d." ] }, { "en": "The convergence is uniform on closed and bounded (that is", "ber": " compact) subsets of the interior of the disc of convergence: to wit", "null": [ " it is uniformly convergent on compact sets.", "asnmala da ittusuds g trabbutin tayyawin iqnn gint tim\u1e93aly ( ig gant tuddizin)", " g tgzzumt tagnsut n disk n usnmala: i ti\u0263ist", " inmala s tal\u0263a i\u1e93lin g trabbutin yudrn." ] }, { "en": "The Hilbert\u2013Poincar\u00e9 series is a formal power series used to study graded algebras.", "ber": "tagffurt \u201cilbir-bwankari Hilbert\u2013Poincar\u00e9\u201d tga tagffurt tunsibt ittusmrasn g t\u0263uri n ljibr am\u1e0dfu\u1e5b." }, { "en": "In the 17th century", "ber": " James Gregory worked in the new decimal system on infinite series and published several Maclaurin series.", "null": [ "g usatu wiss 17 iswuri \u201cgims griguri James Gregory\u201d g ungraw amrawan amaynu; \u0263f tgffurt tartmi", " d ifsr kigan n tgffurin n \u201cmaklurin Maclaurin\u201d." ] }, { "en": "Cauchy (1821) insisted on strict tests of convergence; he showed that if two series are convergent their product is not necessarily so", "ber": " and with him begins the discovery of effective criteria.", "null": [ "isddid \u201ckuci\u201d (1821) \u0263f yirimn inmalanen uqjirn", " issakz ig mmlmalant snat tgffurin am\u1e93araw nns ur id ccil as ad mayan", " ar ids ttusntay tufayt n inawayn im\u1e5bwitn." ] }, { "en": "A summability method is such an assignment of a limit to a subset of the set of divergent series which properly extends the classical notion of convergence.", "ber": "ta\u0263arast n usmun tga ikz awttu i trabbut tayyawt n trabbut n tgffurin imm\u025braqn", "null": [ " ittanfn s tal\u0263a tamddadt armmus aklasiki n tnmila." ] }, { "en": "Indian scholars have been using factorial formulas since at least the 12th century.", "ber": "da ssmrasn imassn ihindiyn tal\u0263iwin n imggutn sg usatu wiss 12." }, { "en": "In functional languages", "ber": " the recursive definition is often implemented directly to illustrate recursive functions.", "null": [ "g tutlayin tis\u0263nan", " da wala ittuga s wusrid usissn ama\u0263ul", " mar ad issfru tis\u0263na n tma\u0263ult." ] }, { "en": "Other implementations (such as computer software such as spreadsheet programs) can often handle larger values.", "ber": "\u0263int tsnsitin ya\u1e0dn (zund i\u0263awasn n umssuds zund i\u0263awasn n ismyallayn n ismmaln) asmkd n tinditin tixatarin g kigan n waddadn." }, { "en": "Compared to the Pickover definition of the superfactorial", "ber": " the hyperfactorial grows relatively slowly.", "null": [ "s uzmzazal n usissn bikufr n umswur amagur", " da ittugm umswur n usigz n tilal s timmis\u0263t." ] }, { "en": "There are", "ber": " relatively speaking", "null": [ " no such simple solutions for factorials; no finite combination of sums", " products", " powers", " exponential functions", " or logarithms will suffice to express\u00a0; but it is possible to find a general formula for factorials using tools such as integrals and limits from calculus.", "s tmis\u0263t ur llin ifssayn unziln i imggitn", " ur tgi trabbut n watign tu\u1e93liyt n\u0263d isnfluln n\u0263d tizmar n\u0263d timrsin tagga\u1e0din n\u0263d lugaritm s nra ad \u0263ifs nsiwl", " maka n\u0263y ad naf tal\u0263a tamattut i umsfukti s ussmrs n isggurn amm imzdayn d iwtta i ussi\u1e6dn amyuf d amsmd." ] }, { "en": "The integrals we have discussed so far involve transcendental functions", "ber": " but the gamma function also arises from integrals of purely algebraic functions.", "null": [ "timsmadin xf nmrara awal ad d\u0263i uwind timrsitin yattuyn", " maka tamrst n gama ttwaskar awd nttat g tmsmadin n tmrst n ljibr idusn." ] }, { "en": "By taking limits", "ber": " certain rational products with infinitely many factors can be evaluated in terms of the gamma function as well.", "null": [ "sg yisy n iwtta", " n\u0263y ad ng astal i itsn isnfluln umgin", " g illa imi\u1e0d wartmi n ifatrn sg tmrst n gama." ] }, { "en": "Its history", "ber": " notably documented by Philip J. Davis in an article that won him the 1963 Chauvenet Prize", "null": [ " reflects many of the major developments within mathematics since the 18th century.", "da yakka umzruy nns nna yaru filib j. difis", " g umgrad yuwin tasm\u0263rt n cufini briz asgg\u02b7as n1963", " kigan n isbu\u0263lutn idslan g tusnakt sg usatu 18." ] }, { "en": "Instead of finding a specialized proof for each formula", "ber": " it would be desirable to have a general method of identifying the gamma function.", "null": [ "xf ad ityaf unmmal i\u1e93lin i ka igat tagdazalt", " yuf ad dark tili tbridt tamattut n yif n tmrst n gama." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " the gamma function does not appear to satisfy any simple differential equation.", "null": [ "waxxa hakkak tamrst n gama da tmsasa d ka igat tagdazalt tamyaft tunzilt." ] }, { "en": "The Bohr\u2013Mollerup theorem is useful because it is relatively easy to prove logarithmic convexity for any of the different formulas used to define the gamma function.", "ber": "tamagunt n burh-muliru tub\u0263irt", "null": [ " acku iwhn ad ittuwr wu\u1e0du alugaritmi i ka igat tal\u0263iwin imzarayn ittusmrasn mar ad nsti tamrst n gama." ] }, { "en": "As electronic computers became available for the production of tables in the 1950s", "ber": " several extensive tables for the complex gamma function were published to meet the demand", "null": [ " including a table accurate to 12 decimal places from the U.S. National Bureau of Standards.", "dda g gan ingmamn n umssuds iliktruni win usnfl n imyallayn g 1950", " ttyafsarn kigan n isnmallayn isman tamrst n gama icqqan mar ad ttug tuttra", " g yamu yan usnmallay am\u0263dan n 12 n tuzunt tamrawt", " sg \u0263ur usira anaway anamur amirikani." ] }, { "en": "In science", "ber": " a formula is a concise way of expressing information symbolically", "null": [ " as in a mathematical formula or a chemical formula.", "g tusna", " tagdazalt tga tabridt isanfn n usiwl \u0263f in\u0263misn s tal\u0263a tamatart", " imk illan g tal\u0263a tusnakt d tal\u0263a n cimi." ] }, { "en": "In mathematics", "ber": " a formula generally refers to an identity which equates one mathematical expression to another", "null": [ " with the most important ones being mathematical theorems.", "g tusnakt d tmmal tal\u0263a s umata tamagit igan asiwl n tusnakt ya\u1e0dn", " stawhmmant diks tmagunin n tusnakt." ] }, { "en": "This convention", "ber": " while less important in a relatively simple formula", "null": [ " means that mathematicians can more quickly manipulate formulas which are larger and more complex.", "tamyaqqant ad mqqar ur wala tstawhmma g tal\u0263a tamnzalt", " da ttini is imusnawn n tusnakt \u0263in ad tmcackan s kigan n usrbi akd tal\u0263iwin tixatarin d tinna wala icqqan." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " H2O is the chemical formula for water", "null": [ " specifying that each molecule consists of two hydrogen (H) atoms and one oxygen (O) atom.", "s umdya", " H2O tga tal\u0263a takimiyt n waman nna isttin id ku imik diks snat tblkimin n hidrujin (H) d tblkimt n uksijin (O)." ] }, { "en": "In empirical formulas", "ber": " these proportions begin with a key element and then assign numbers of atoms of the other elements in the compound\u2014as ratios to the key element.", "null": [ "g tal\u0263iwin n tirmit", " da ttusntaynt ts\u0263alin ad s ud\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63 adslan d ar tsttiy mnnawt n tblkimin n if\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63n ya\u1e0dn g tanawt", " igan is\u0263aln n uf\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63 adslan." ] }, { "en": "Some types of ionic compounds", "ber": " however", "null": [ " cannot be written as empirical formulas which contains only the whole numbers.", "waxxa hakkak", " ur nz\u1e0da\u1e5b d nuru itsn wanawn n tuddisin tayyunin ad gint tal\u0263iwin n tirmit g llan im\u1e0dan imddadn day." ] }, { "en": "There are several types of these formulas", "ber": " including molecular formulas and condensed formulas.", "null": [ "llan kigan n wanawn g tal\u0263iwin ad g tamu tal\u0263iwin tigzzumin d tal\u0263iwin tan\u1e93\u1e93iwin." ] }, { "en": "Functions were originally the idealization of how a varying quantity depends on another quantity.", "ber": "tiwuriwin g u\u1e93u\u1e5b nnsnt gant tasfilawt n mamnk snz\u0263zan tamakta tamsnflt \u0263f tmakta nni\u1e0dn." }, { "en": "This definition of graph refers to a set of pairs of objects.", "ber": "da immal usissn n \u201cunu\u0263 asnmmal\u201d ad", "null": [ " \u0263r trabbut n inaragn im\u0263nawn." ] }, { "en": "When the domain and the codomain are sets of real numbers", "ber": " each such pair may be thought of as the Cartesian coordinates of a point in the plane.", "null": [ "adday ig yigr d yigr iccarn tarbi\u025bt n im\u1e0dan n tidt", " i\u0263y ad ig unarag g inaragn ad timitar tidikartiyyin n tnqqi\u1e0dt g u\u0263awas." ] }, { "en": "Occasionally", "ber": " it may be identified with the function", "null": [ " but this hides the usual interpretation of a function as a process.", "g tizi \u0263r tay\u1e0d", " i\u0263 ad ttusty akd twuri", " maka aya da iddal afssay yad illan i twuri amm tizigzt." ] }, { "en": "A map can have any set as its codomain", "ber": " while", "null": [ " in some contexts", " typically in older books", " the codomain of a function is specifically the set of real or complex numbers.", "i\u0263 ad yili g tka\u1e5b\u1e0da ka igat tarabbut afu\u0263al amatar nns", " maka g itsn isatiln", " wala g idlisn iqburn", " da itgga yigr tamatart n twuri", " ntta nnik s u\u1e93lay; tarabbut n im\u1e0dan tidt n\u0263d uddisn." ] }, { "en": "Another common example is the error function.", "ber": "amdya yadn ityafsarn; tanamkant izgln." }, { "en": "Power series can be used to define functions on the domain in which they converge.", "ber": "i\u0263y ad nswuri s tgffurt n tz\u1e0da\u1e5bt mar ad nsti tiwuriwin g yigr g mmlmalant." }, { "en": "Then", "ber": " the power series can be used to enlarge the domain of the function.", "null": [ "\u1e0da\u1e5bt uynna\u0263 n\u0263y ad nswuri s tgffurt n tz\u1e0da\u1e5bt mar ad nsxitr igr n twuri." ] }, { "en": "Parts of this may create a plot that represents (parts of) the function.", "ber": "i\u0263y ad awin igzzumn sg uya \u0263r uskar n u\u1e63\u1e6d\u1e6da ismdyan (tagzzumt sg) s tnamkant." }, { "en": "This is the canonical factorization of .", "ber": "wad ayd igan afars adslan n." }, { "en": "At that time", "ber": " only real-valued functions of a real variable were considered", "null": [ " and all functions were assumed to be smooth.", "g tizi nna\u0263", " tannayt \u0263f twuriwin ilan atig n tidt n umsnfl n tidt", " d iqnen ad akk\u02b7 gint tnamkatin tagffurt." ] }, { "en": "Functions are now used throughout all areas of mathematics.", "ber": "da ttusmrasnt tnamkatin d\u0263i g yigran ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba n tusnakt." }, { "en": "This is how inverse trigonometric functions are defined in terms of trigonometric functions", "ber": " where the trigonometric functions are monotonic.", "null": [ "tad\u0263 tabridt n usissn s tanamkant tamk\u1e5badt tama\u0263ult", " sg tnamkant tamk\u1e5ba\u1e0dt", " d da tgga tnamkant tamk\u1e5ba\u1e0dt tamssartut." ] }, { "en": "Usefulness of the concept of multi-valued functions is clearer when considering complex functions", "ber": " typically analytic functions.", "null": [ "tab\u0263urt n usissn n tnamkant mi ggudint tinditin", " fawnt kigan ig da nsksiw tanamkant tuddist", " d ar tgga ula tanamkant tafarst." ] }, { "en": "Such a function is called the principal value of the function.", "ber": "tyassn tnamkant ad s watig adslan n twuri." }, { "en": "Functional programming is the programming paradigm consisting of building programs by using only subroutines that behave like mathematical functions.", "ber": "as\u0263iws n tnamkant iga amya n us\u0263iws nna g tlla tuska n i\u0263awasn s ussmrs n imggitn ayyawn day", "null": [ " nna itggan zund tiwuriwin n tusnakt." ] }, { "en": "Except for computer-language terminology", "ber": " function has the usual mathematical meaning in computer science.", "null": [ "s uslid n yirmn n tutlayt n umssuds illa \u0263ur tnamkant unamk n tusnakt nna yad illan g tussnamssuds." ] }, { "en": "Terms are manipulated through some rules", "ber": " (the -equivalence", "null": [ " the -reduction", " and the -conversion)", " which are the axioms of the theory and may be interpreted as rules of computation.", "da ittusurar s tguriwin sg itsn ilgamn (tagdazalt", " azugz", " asnfl)", " d nitni inflalayn n tmagunt d n\u0263y ad nssfru is tga ilgamn n ussi\u1e6dn." ] }, { "en": "Nicolas Chuquet used a form of exponential notation in the 15th century", "ber": " which was later used by Henricus Grammateus and Michael Stifel in the 16th century.", "null": [ "issmrs nikula\u1e63 tcuki tal\u0263a sg tal\u0263iwin n uzmmem n tsila g usatu wiss 15", " d iswuri is \u1e0da\u1e5bas hinrikus gramatus d micil stifl g usasu wiss 16 ." ] }, { "en": "Thus they would write polynomials", "ber": " for example", "null": [ " as .", "imki as tturun timggudyin n iwtta", " s umdya", " zund." ] }, { "en": "The result is always a positive real number", "ber": " and the identities and properties shown above for integer exponents remain true with these definitions for real exponents.", "null": [ "tayafut tga aha u\u1e6d\u1e6dun umnig n tidt", " gimint tmagitin d inama\u1e93n imssfrutn aflla", " idslan imddadn", " imddadn akd isussn ad n idslan n tidt." ] }, { "en": "This function equals the usual th root for positive real radicands.", "ber": "tanamkant ad ayd igan \u201ca\u1e93u\u1e5b th\u201d", "null": [ " g aha llan iz\u0263\u1e5ban umnign n tidt." ] }, { "en": "This is the starting point of the mathematical theory of semigroups.", "ber": "tad\u0263 d tanqqi\u1e0dt tamzwarut i tmagunt tusnakt i tznarabbut." }, { "en": "We can again replace the set N with a cardinal number n to get Vn", "ber": " although without choosing a specific standard set with cardinality n", "null": [ " this is defined only up to isomorphism.", "tiklt ya\u1e0dn n\u0263y ad nsnfl tarbi\u025bt N s wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun adslan n", " mar ad a\u0263d tk Vn", " waxxa ur nstiy kan trabbut tanawayt d u\u1e93u\u1e5b n da ittuyassan uya ar amtran." ] }, { "en": "Nicolas Bourbaki", "ber": " Elements of Mathematics", "null": [ " Theory of Sets", " Springer-Verlag", " 2004", " III.\u00a73.5.", "nikula\u1e63 burbaki", " if\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63n n tusnakt", " tamagunt n trubba sbrinj-firlag", " 2004", " III.\u00a73.5." ] }, { "en": "Iterating tetration leads to another operation", "ber": " and so on", "null": [ " a concept named hyperoperation.", "da ittawy yils n tsnawayt \u0263r tmhlt nni\u1e0dn", " imki", " armmus igan tamrniwt g tmhlt." ] }, { "en": "In applied settings", "ber": " exponential functions model a relationship in which a constant change in the independent variable gives the same proportional change (that is", "null": [ " percentage increase or decrease) in the dependent variable.", "g ts\u0263lin n tsnsi", " tsmdya tnamkantin n tsila", " as\u0263n \u0263 yakka usnfl amzday g usnfl am\u1e93lay; asnfl amasa\u0263 ( tigmi\u1e0di n trnut n\u0263d ukus )", " g umsnfl am\u1e0dfa\u1e5b." ] }, { "en": "This function property leads to exponential growth or exponential decay.", "ber": "da ittawy unama\u1e93 n tmrst ad \u0263r tigmi n tsila n\u0263d alakay n tsila." }, { "en": "Similarly", "ber": " the composition of onto (surjective) functions is always onto.", "null": [ "s urwas", " asmuttg n tmrsin tayyawin ( tiswingmanin) da aha ittili g twuri." ] }, { "en": "Then one can form chains of transformations composed together", "ber": " such as .", "null": [ "d i\u0263y ufgan ad isskr tigffurin timsnflin imanen", " zund." ] }, { "en": "This alternative notation is called postfix notation.", "ber": "asnamatar imkkisi ayd igan azmmem n bustfiks." }, { "en": "The category of sets with functions as morphisms is the prototypical category.", "ber": "tagrruma n trubba g llant tmrstin zun tal\u0263iwin igan tagrruma n umdya amnzu." }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " the decibel (dB) is a unit used to express ratio as logarithms", "null": [ " mostly for signal power and amplitude (of which sound pressure is a common example).", "s umdya", " disibl (db)", " tga tagzzumt ittusmrasn ad tsiwl \u0263f as\u0263l kilugaritmat", " g kigan n tikkal i tzmrt n tmatart d ukttur ( idr n imsli ayd wala illan)." ] }, { "en": "They help to describe frequency ratios of musical intervals", "ber": " appear in formulas counting prime numbers or approximating factorials", "null": [ " inform some models in psychophysics", " and can aid in forensic accounting.", "da ttaws g usnuml n uglugl n izmaz n u\u1e93awan", " ard tffe\u0263 g tal\u0263iwin issi\u1e6din im\u1e0dan imzwura n\u0263d tanmilit n if\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63n", " d ar tsslmad itsn imdyatn g tiklisnt tafizikt", " d t\u0263y ad taws g ussi\u1e6dn n unbka\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "The next integer is 4", "ber": " which is the number of digits of 1430.", "null": [ "imi\u1e0d amddad ad iga 4", " d ntta aygan imi\u1e0d n tuzunin 1430." ] }, { "en": "Prior to Napier's invention", "ber": " there had been other techniques of similar scopes", "null": [ " such as the prosthaphaeresis or the use of tables of progressions", " extensively developed by Jost B\u00fcrgi around 1600.", "dat n ad ittuhyya \u201cnabir\u201d", " llan tiknitin nni\u1e0dn ilan i\u0263ufaln am wi", " zund \u201ctimlsit\u201d", " n\u0263d assmrs n ismyallanen n ti\u1e0dfurt", " nna isbu\u0263lla just burji g u\u0263ufal abaraw attayn n usgg\u02b7as n1600." ] }, { "en": "Speaking of a number as requiring so many figures is a rough allusion to common logarithm", "ber": " and was referred to by Archimedes as the \u201corder of a number\u201d.", "null": [ "ig da nsawal \u0263f wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun iran kigan n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun", " tga tamatart n unmila \u0263r lugaritm amccur", "imk za\u1e5bs in\u025bt arxmid id ntta ayd igan \u201cassuds n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun\u201d." ] }, { "en": "Such methods are called prosthaphaeresis.", "ber": "da asn ttinint i tbridin ad; tinkramin." }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " each chamber of the shell of a nautilus is an approximate copy of the next one", "null": [ " scaled by a constant factor.", "s umdya", " ku tam\u1e5b\u1e63it g ifrki n nutilus", " tga tun\u0263ilt tanmilit n tm\u1e5b\u1e63it \u1e93a\u1e5bs illan ttus\u0263al s ammak izzgan." ] }, { "en": "Logarithms are also linked to self-similarity.", "ber": "lugaritm lant awd tas\u0263n s amrws animan." }, { "en": "It is used to quantify the loss of voltage levels in transmitting electrical signals", "ber": " to describe power levels of sounds in acoustics", "null": [ " and the absorbance of light in the fields of spectrometry and optics.", "da ittusmras mar ad is\u0263l iswirn n tzmrt g yizn n tmuli tim\u1e93\u1e93a\u1e5bu\u1e5bin", " afad nsnuml iswirn n tzmrt n imsli g tmslitin", " d ussum n trisinti g yigran n uwlaf d imwalan." ] }, { "en": "Vinegar typically has a pH of about 3.", "ber": "da wala ittili g lxll ar attayn 3 n tskfal n tasmmi." }, { "en": "This law", "ber": " however", "null": [ " is less realistic than more recent models", " such as Stevens's power law.)", "waxxa hakkak", " azrf ad ur igi anilaw am imdyatn itrarn", " zund azrf anbba\u1e0d n stifns." ] }, { "en": "When the logarithm of a random variable has a normal distribution", "ber": " the variable is said to have a log-normal distribution.", "null": [ "ig iga lugaritm amsnfl amxbb\u1e0d n ib\u1e6d\u1e6du a\u0263aran", " da ityanna id amsnfl \u0263urs ab\u1e6d\u1e6du alugaritm unzil." ] }, { "en": "For such a model", "ber": " the likelihood function depends on at least one parameter that must be estimated.", "null": [ "g zund amdya ad", " da tbdda tmrst n i\u0263y \u0263f yuwt ts\u0263lt", " s ilaq ad ttuwqqr." ] }, { "en": "Similarly", "ber": " the merge sort algorithm sorts an unsorted list by dividing the list into halves and sorting these first before merging the results.", "null": [ "zund", " da tgga alguritm asuf\u0263 n ummkcm", " s wufu\u0263 n tlgamt d ur iffi\u0263n s tbridt n tlgamt \u0263f sin", " d wufu\u0263 nns dat usmun n tyafutin." ] }, { "en": "Lyapunov exponents use logarithms to gauge the degree of chaoticity of a dynamical system.", "ber": "da ssmrasn winna iqran s lyabunuf lugaritm mar ad ss\u0263aln taskflt n urway g ungraw adinamik." }, { "en": "The Sierpinski triangle (pictured) can be covered by three copies of itself", "ber": " each having sides half the original length.", "null": [ "n\u0263 ad ndl amk\u1e5ba\u1e0d syirbinski ( g twlaft)", " s k\u1e5ba\u1e0dt tun\u0263ilin", " ku yuwt diksnt s uzgn nta\u0263zi a\u1e93u\u1e5ban." ] }, { "en": "Another example is the p-adic logarithm", "ber": " the inverse function of the p-adic exponential.", "null": [ "amdya nni\u1e0dn igat p-adic lugaritm n twuri tama\u0263ult tasila n p-adic." ] }, { "en": "Carrying out the exponentiation can be done efficiently", "ber": " but the discrete logarithm is believed to be very hard to calculate in some groups.", "null": [ "n\u0263y ad ng tamhlt n tsila s tzmrt", " maka da itya\u0263il is icqqa ussi\u1e6dn n lugaritm amb\u1e0di g itsnt trubba." ] }, { "en": "Square roots of negative numbers can be discussed within the framework of complex numbers.", "ber": "i\u0263y umrara n wawal \u0263f i\u1e93u\u1e5ban imkku\u1e93n n im\u1e0dn uzdirn agnsu n im\u1e0dan uddisn." }, { "en": "In Ancient India", "ber": " the knowledge of theoretical and applied aspects of square and square root was at least as old as the Sulba Sutras", "null": [ " dated around 800\u2013500\u00a0BC (possibly much earlier).", "g lhind taqburt tkkat tussna s tsggin timagunin d iskkirn i\u1e93u\u1e5ban imkku\u1e93n d u\u1e93u\u1e5b amkku\u1e93 iga aqbur zund sulba sutras nna ikkan attayn n 800 ar 500 n usgg\u02b7as dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25 (i\u0263y id uggar)." ] }, { "en": "The letter j\u012bm resembles the present square root shape.", "ber": "askkil j\u012bm ya\u0263 g tal\u0263a n u\u1e93u\u1e5b amkku\u1e93 n d\u0263i." }, { "en": "It defines an important concept of standard deviation used in probability theory and statistics.", "ber": "da istti armmus istawhmman n wunuf anaway ittusmrasn g tmagunt n yi\u0263iy d taddadant." }, { "en": "Most pocket calculators have a square root key.", "ber": "tlla g kigan tmssi\u1e6dnin tsarut n u\u1e93u\u1e5b amkku\u1e93." }, { "en": "The time complexity for computing a square root with n digits of precision is equivalent to that of multiplying two n-digit numbers.", "ber": "asrrunks azmzan mar ad nssi\u1e6dn u\u1e93u\u1e5b amkku\u1e93 s wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun n s un\u0263ad", "null": [ " yaksul d usrruks n usfukti n sin im\u1e0dan sg sin wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun n." ] }, { "en": "Hilbert's problems are twenty-three problems in mathematics published by German mathematician David Hilbert in 1900.", "ber": "imukrisn n hibrt gan agnar d k\u1e5ba\u1e0d imukrisn g tusnakt", "null": [ " ifsrtnt umusnaw almani difid halbr asgg\u02b7as n 1900." ] }, { "en": "For other problems", "ber": " such as the 5th", "null": [ " experts have traditionally agreed on a single interpretation", " and a solution to the accepted interpretation has been given", " but closely related unsolved problems exist.", "imukrisn nni\u1e0dn", " zund wiss 5 msasan imassan s tzaykut \u0263f yuwn ussfru", " ittufk ufssay i ussfrutn ityastayn", " maka llan imukrisn ila tazla\u0263 za\u1e5bs ur ta ttyafsayn." ] }, { "en": "There are two problems that are not only unresolved but may in fact be unresolvable by modern standards.", "ber": "llan snat tmukrisin day urta tyafsaynt", "null": [ " maka g tinawt i\u0263y is ur lint ifssayn s inawayn ad itrarn." ] }, { "en": "The other twenty-one problems have all received significant attention", "ber": " and late into the twentieth century work on these problems was still considered to be of the greatest importance.", "null": [ "ttufk asn ta\u0263dft kigan i imukrisn an d iqiman sg ugnar d smmus", " g tyiriwin n usatu wiss simraw tsul twuri \u0263f imukrisn ad tla ta\u0263\u1e0dft." ] }, { "en": "Hilbert lived for 12\u00a0years after Kurt G\u00f6del published his theorem", "ber": " but does not seem to have written any formal response to G\u00f6del's work.", "null": [ "iddr halbrt 12 n usgg\u02b7as", " \u1e0da\u1e5bt ufsar n kurt gudl tamagunt nns", " maka ur ibayn is yaru kan tmrarut \u0263f twuri gudl." ] }, { "en": "In discussing his opinion that every mathematical problem should have a solution", "ber": " Hilbert allows for the possibility that the solution could be a proof that the original problem is impossible.", "null": [ "ig illa umrara n wawal \u0263f tannayt nns n ku tamukrist tusnakt iqnen as yili ufssay", " yudja hilbr tazmrt n wis i\u0263y ufssay ad ig inigi n wagum n tmukrist ta\u1e93u\u1e5bant." ] }, { "en": "The first of these was proved by Bernard Dwork; a completely different proof of the first two", "ber": " via \u2113-adic cohomology", "null": [ " was given by Alexander Grothendieck.", "ttuwr tmzwarut nnsn sg \u0263ur birnard durk", " ifk aliksandr grutindik an\u1e93a ur yaksuln akk\u02b7 d imzwura", " g tussnamyidirt iccarn \u2113-adic." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " the Weil conjectures were", "null": [ " in their scope", " more like a single Hilbert problem", " and Weil never intended them as a programme for all mathematics.", "waxxa hakkak", " gan iswingimn n wil; g usatal nnsnt zund tamukrist tamzwarut n hilbr", " d ur inni wil is id nttat ayd innan ad ig a\u0263awas n tusnakin kullu." ] }, { "en": "Erd\u0151s often offered monetary rewards; the size of the reward depended on the perceived difficulty of the problem.", "ber": "akkat ar wala yakka irdus tism\u0263urin n idrimn", "null": [ " atig n tsm\u0263urt \u0263f cqqiyt n tmukrist ityannayn." ] }, { "en": "At least in the mainstream media", "ber": " the de facto 21st\u00a0century analogue of Hilbert's problems is the list of seven Millennium Prize Problems chosen during 2000 by the Clay Mathematics Institute.", "null": [ "waxxa aynna\u0263 g imassn n usmmal idslan", " tga tarwsant timggit n imukrisn n hilbrt g uzmz wiss 21", " talgamt n imukrisn n tsm\u0263urt n tif\u1e0dt tiss sa isti usinag klay n tusnakt g usgg\u02b7as n 2000." ] }, { "en": "The Riemann hypothesis is noteworthy for its appearance on the list of Hilbert problems", "ber": " Smale's list", "null": [ " the list of Millennium Prize Problems", " and even the Weil conjectures", " in its geometric guise.", "turda n riman tra asni\u0263s acku tbaynd g tlgamt n imukrisn n hibrt", " d tlgamt n smil", " d tlgamt n imukrisn n usm\u0263r n tif\u1e0dnt", " ula awd g iswingimn n wil sg tal\u0263a nns tanzgant." ] }, { "en": "1931", "ber": " 1936 3rd Given any two polyhedra of equal volume", "null": [ " is it always possible to cut the first into finitely many polyhedral pieces that can be reassembled to yield the second?", "1931", " 3 g usgg\u02b7as n 1936 ig nusy sin ifr\u0263as yaksuln g uksay", " is n\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5b ad aha nb\u1e6d\u1e6du amzwaru ar d ig tgzzumin tim\u1e93lay ilan kigan n idlasn", " nna s n\u0263y adtn nsmun ar d a\u0263 d kin tiss snat?" ] }, { "en": "\u2014 12th Extend the Kronecker\u2013Weber theorem on Abelian extensions of the rational numbers to any base number field.", "ber": "__12 issarw tamagunt n wibr tyurm xf izdamn n abilyan n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun umginen \u0263r ka igat igr n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun adslan." }, { "en": "1959 15th Rigorous foundation of Schubert's enumerative calculus.", "ber": "15 g 1959 tasila tuqji\u1e5bt n ussi\u1e6dn cubrt ami\u1e0dan." }, { "en": "1927 18th (a) Is there a polyhedron that admits only an anisohedral tiling in three dimensions?(b) What is the densest sphere packing?", "ber": "18 g 1927 (a) is illa bu imyanawn idlasn ittadjan akfaf mi tyakzn idlasn nns g k\u1e5ba\u1e0d wuggugn? (b) matta igran g tggudy tan\u1e93\u1e93i g usmussu?" }, { "en": "A number is a mathematical object used to count", "ber": " measure", "null": [ " and label.", "u\u1e6d\u1e6dun ayd igan am\u0263naw n tusnakt da ittusmras g ussi\u1e6dn d us\u0263al d usessa\u0263." ] }, { "en": "More universally", "ber": " individual numbers can be represented by symbols", "null": [ " called numerals; for example", " 5 is a numeral that represents the number five.", "s umata", " i\u0263y usmdya n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun im\u1e93lay s tmatarin igan inm\u1e0dan", " s umdya \u201c5\u201d tga imi\u1e0d a\u0263 yakkan u\u1e6d\u1e6dun smmus." ] }, { "en": "Calculations with numbers are done with arithmetical operations", "ber": " the most familiar being addition", "null": [ " subtraction", " multiplication", " division", " and exponentiation.", "assi\u1e6dn s wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun da twafka sg tmhlin n ussi\u1e6dn", " tinna wala illan; amagut d tukksa", " d usfukti d tu\u1e6d\u1e6dut d tasila." ] }, { "en": "Gilsdorf", "ber": " Thomas E. Introduction to Cultural Mathematics: With Case Studies in the Otomies and Incas", "null": [ " John Wiley & Sons", " Feb 24", " 2012.Restivo", " S. Mathematics in Society and History", " Springer Science & Business Media", " Nov 30", " 1992.", "gilsdurf", " tumas iy", " tamssnkdt g tusnakt tadlsant", " g tzrawt n u\u1e6dumyi d inkas", " jun wiliy & suns", " 24 ibrir 2012. ristifu ", " s. tusnakt g u\u0263rf d umzruy", " sbrangr says", " imassn n usn\u0263ms asbbab", " 30 nuwanbir 1992." ] }, { "en": "During the 19th century", "ber": " mathematicians began to develop many different abstractions which share certain properties of numbers", "null": [ " and may be seen as extending the concept.", "g usatu wiss 19", " ssntin imusnawn n tusnakt asbu\u0263lu n kigan n twngimin imzarayn ucurnt itsn in\u1e93layn n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun", " n\u0263 ad nini assirw n usissn." ] }, { "en": "A tallying system has no concept of place value (as in modern decimal notation)", "ber": " which limits its representation of large numbers.", "null": [ "angraw n usmzazal ur diks asissn n watig ad\u0263aran (imk iga waddad n uzmmem amrawi atrar)", " imk iwda g usmdya n im\u1e0dan ixatarn." ] }, { "en": "Brahmagupta's Br\u0101hmasphu\u1e6dasiddh\u0101nta is the first book that mentions zero as a number", "ber": " hence Brahmagupta is usually considered the first to formulate the concept of zero.", "null": [ "brahamagu\u1e6da sg brahmasfu\u1e6dasidan\u1e6da; adlis amzwaru innan amya iga u\u1e6d\u1e6dun", " aya a\u0263f iga brahamagu\u1e6da amzwaru isrsn asissn n umya." ] }, { "en": "In a similar vein", "ber": " P\u0101\u1e47ini (5th century BC) used the null (zero) operator in the Ashtadhyayi", "null": [ " an early example of an algebraic grammar for the Sanskrit language (also see Pingala).", "g usara d\u0263 nnik issmrs banini ( asatu wiss 5 dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25)", " amwuri ixwan (amya)", " g actadayayi", " igan amdya amnzu n ilgamn ljibr n tutlayt tasansikrit (\u1e93\u1e5b awd bigala)." ] }, { "en": "By 130 AD", "ber": " Ptolemy", "null": [ " influenced by Hipparchus and the Babylonians", " was using a symbol for\u00a00 (a small circle with a long overbar) within a sexagesimal numeral system otherwise using alphabetic Greek numerals.", "ddag yuw\u1e0d usgg\u02b7as n 130 \u1e0da\u1e5bt tlalit n lmasi\u1e25", " ikkat ba\u1e6dlimus i\u1e0di\u1e63 s bhibarxus d lbabilyyin", " iswuri i tmatart 0 ( yat twrerrayt tam\u1e93\u1e93ant ilan yan ifilu amaflla a\u0263zzaf )", " agnsu n ungraw anq\u1e0d awsyan s ussmrs n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun iyunaniyn igmmayn." ] }, { "en": "Diophantus' previous reference was discussed more explicitly by Indian mathematician Brahmagupta", "ber": " in Br\u0101hmasphu\u1e6dasiddh\u0101nta in 628", "null": [ " who used negative numbers to produce the general form quadratic formula that remains in use today.", "ittumrara wawal \u0263f usa\u0263ul dyufantus yad ittusrsn s ussfru n umusnaw ntusnakt ahindi brahamaguta g brahmasfu\u1e6dasidan\u1e6da g 628", " issmrsn u\u1e6d\u1e6dun uzdirn mar ad isnflel tal\u0263a tamkku\u1e93t tamattut", " isuln s assa da ttusmras." ] }, { "en": "At the same time", "ber": " the Chinese were indicating negative numbers by drawing a diagonal stroke through the right-most non-zero digit of the corresponding positive number's numeral.", "null": [ "g tizi nna\u0263 nnik", " llan i\u1e63iniyn sn\u025batn s u\u1e6d\u1e6dunen uzdirn s tbrid n wunu\u0263 n izririg awuman sg wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun illan g uyffas ur igin amya", " sg wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun ami\u1e0dan umnig illan nil as." ] }, { "en": "Classical Greek and Indian mathematicians made studies of the theory of rational numbers", "ber": " as part of the general study of number theory.", "null": [ "skrn imusnawn n tusnakt iyunaniyn d ihindiyniklasikiyn", " tizrawin \u0263f tmagunt n im\u1e0dan umginen", " zund imik g tzrawt tamattut i tmagunt n im\u1e0dan." ] }, { "en": "The concept of decimal fractions is closely linked with decimal place-value notation; the two seem to have developed in tandem.", "ber": "izl\u0263 urmmus n imtwaln imrawn", "null": [ " azla\u0263 itzmmamn atig ad\u0263aran amraw", " lan ssin abu\u0263lu imanen." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " Pythagoras believed in the absoluteness of numbers", "null": [ " and could not accept the existence of irrational numbers.", "waxxa hakkak", " iffuls fita\u0263urs tilit n im\u1e0dan", " d ur iz\u1e0da\u1e5b ad isyaha n tilit n im\u1e0dan umginen." ] }, { "en": "By the 17th\u00a0 century", "ber": " mathematicians generally used decimal fractions with modern notation.", "null": [ "g usatu wiss 17", " ssmrsn imusnawn n tusnakt s umata imtwaln imrawn s uzmmem atrar." ] }, { "en": "In 1872", "ber": " the publication of the theories of Karl Weierstrass (by his pupil E. Kossak)", "null": [ " Eduard Heine", " Georg Cantor", " and Richard Dedekind was brought about.", "g usgg\u02b7as n 1872 ttufsarnt tmagunin n ka\u1e5bl wyyirstras ( sg \u0263ur unlmad nns iy kusak)", " d idwa\u1e5bd hayna d ju\u1e5bj kantur d ritcard didikind." ] }, { "en": "Weierstrass", "ber": " Cantor", "null": [ " and Heine base their theories on infinite series", " while Dedekind founds his on the idea of a cut (Schnitt) in the system of real numbers", " separating all rational numbers into two groups having certain characteristic properties.", "ar iskan wiyistras d kantur d hin timgunin nnsn \u0263f tgffurt tartmi", " isbdd didkin tawngimt n tubuyt (scnit) g ungraw n im\u1e0dan n tidt", " ib\u1e0da im\u1e0dan n tidt kul xf snat trubba mi \u0263ur llan kan if\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63n im\u1e93layn." ] }, { "en": "Hence it was necessary to consider the wider set of algebraic numbers (all solutions to polynomial equations).", "ber": "sg uya iqnen uxzzr g trabbut tamuzzut n im\u1e0dan n ljibr ( ifssayn ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba n tgdazalin mi ggudin iwtta)." }, { "en": "Aristotle defined the traditional Western notion of mathematical infinity.", "ber": "isnml aris\u1e6du armmus a\u0263rbi azayku \u0263f tartmi tusnakt." }, { "en": "But the next major advance in the theory was made by Georg Cantor; in 1895 he published a book about his new set theory", "ber": " introducing", "null": [ " among other things", " transfinite numbers and formulating the continuum hypothesis.", "maka azzigz ad mqqu\u1e5bn n tmagunt iskrt ju\u1e5bj kantur; g 1895 ifsr adlis \u0263f tmagunt nns tamaynut i trabbut", " issnkd akd t\u0263awsiwin nni\u1e0dn", " im\u1e0dan izrrin iwtta", " d isskr turda tasult." ] }, { "en": "A modern geometrical version of infinity is given by projective geometry", "ber": " which introduces ideal points at infinity", "null": [ " one for each spatial direction.", "tun\u0263ilt tanzgant tatrart sg wartmi d ittufkan sg tanzgant tastuttit", " nnad yakkan tinqqa\u1e0d yattuyn sg \u0263ur wartmi", " tanqqi\u1e0dt i ka igat tanila tad\u0263arant." ] }, { "en": "The idea of the graphic representation of complex numbers had appeared", "ber": " however", "null": [ " as early as 1685", " in Wallis's De algebra tractatus.", "tbaynd twngimt n usmdya awn\u0263an n im\u1e0dan uddisn sg 1685 g udlis \u201cwalis\u201d \u201cisakatn n ljibr\u201d." ] }, { "en": "In 240 BC", "ber": " Eratosthenes used the Sieve of Eratosthenes to quickly isolate prime numbers.", "null": [ "g 240 dat tlalit n lmasi\u1e25", " issmrs iratustans arkkut n iratustans n u\u1e93lay n im\u1e0dan imzwura s zzrabit." ] }, { "en": "Other results concerning the distribution of the primes include Euler's proof that the sum of the reciprocals of the primes diverges", "ber": " and the Goldbach conjecture", "null": [ " which claims that any sufficiently large even number is the sum of two primes.", "tiyafutin nni\u1e0dn n ub\u1e6d\u1e6du n im\u1e0dan imzwura", " diks tuzgit n ulr ittinin masd da ttm\u025braqnt trbi\u025bin n tmggitin ittmfkan im\u1e0dan imzwura", " d uswingm n guldbac nna ittini masd ka igat imi\u1e0d axatar igan sin g tlla tugdut iga tamunt n sin im\u1e0dan sg im\u1e0dan imzwura." ] }, { "en": "Traditionally", "ber": " the sequence of natural numbers started with\u00a01 (0 was not even considered a number for the Ancient Greeks.)", "null": [ "s tzaykut", " tssnti tsnslt n im\u1e0dan i\u0263aran s wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun 1 (0 ur djun igi u\u1e6d\u1e6dun n lyunan iqburn)." ] }, { "en": "In this base\u00a010 system", "ber": " the rightmost digit of a natural number has a place value of\u00a01", "null": [ " and every other digit has a place value ten times that of the place value of the digit to its right.", "g ungraw n tsila ad 10", " da ittili i wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun illan g tsga n uyffas wala n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun a\u0263aran atig ad\u0263aran igan 1", " d i wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun ya\u1e0dn atig ad\u0263aran mraw n tikkal \u0263f watig ad\u0263aran n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun illan g uyffas nns." ] }, { "en": "Negative numbers are usually written with a negative sign (a minus sign).", "ber": "da wala tyaran wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun uzdirn s tmatart tuzdirt ( tamatart tanaktamt)." }, { "en": "Here the letter Z comes .", "ber": "dad\u0263 dad itddu uskkil \u1e93." }, { "en": "Fractions can be greater than", "ber": " less than", "null": [ " or equal to\u00a01 and can also be positive", " negative", " or\u00a00.", "i\u0263y ad gin imtwaln; nnig n", " n\u0263d ddaw n", " n\u0263 aksuln d 1", " d i\u0263y ad gin umnign n\u0263d uzdirn n\u0263d 0." ] }, { "en": "The following paragraph will focus primarily on positive real numbers.", "ber": "ttwan n tsddart ad s tal\u0263a tadslant \u0263f im\u1e0dan n tidt ign umnign." }, { "en": "Thus", "ber": " for example", "null": [ " one half is 0.5", " one fifth is 0.2", " one-tenth is 0.1", " and one fiftieth is 0.02.", "imki", " s umdya", " azgn iga 0.5", " tiss smmus twal tga 0.2", " tiss mrawt twal tga 0.1", " d yan xf smmus mraw iga 0.02." ] }, { "en": "Not only these prominent examples but almost all real numbers are irrational and therefore have no repeating patterns and hence no corresponding decimal numeral.", "ber": "ur id \u0263as imdyatn ad ayd ityassn day", "null": [ " maka ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba u\u1e6d\u1e6dun n tidt ur wala gin umgin", " aya a\u0263f ur lin tal\u0263iwin ittyalsn", " a\u0263f ur illi wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun amraw amaksal." ] }, { "en": "Since not even the second digit after the decimal place is preserved", "ber": " the following digits are not significant.", "null": [ "macku ur illi u\u1e25\u1e6d\u1e6du n wiss sin \u1e0da\u1e5bt tiskrt tamrawt", " a\u0263f ur yad stawhmman wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun d ikkan dat." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " 0.999...", "null": [ " 1.0", " 1.00", " 1.000", " ...", " all represent the natural number\u00a01.", "s umdya", " 0.999...", " 1.0", " 1.00", " 1.000", " ...", " kullutn smdyan s wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun a\u0263aran 1." ] }, { "en": "Finally", "ber": " if all of the digits in a numeral are 0", "null": [ " the number is 0", " and if all of the digits in a numeral are an unending string of 9's", " you can drop the nines to the right of the decimal place", " and add one to the string of 9s to the left of the decimal place.", "tiyira", " ig llan wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba g wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun 0", " da itgga wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun 0", " d mk gan wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun kul g wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun n tgffurt ur itfukkun g 9", " t\u0263id ad tsugzzd t\u1e93a g uyffas g ud\u0263ar amraw", " trnud yan i tgffurt g llan 9 n tisnatin g u\u1e93lma\u1e0d n wansa amraw." ] }, { "en": "Thus the real numbers are a subset of the complex numbers.", "ber": "d gin im\u1e0dan n tidt; tarbi\u025bt tayyawt n im\u1e0dan uddisn", "null": [ "" ] }, { "en": "The fundamental theorem of algebra asserts that the complex numbers form an algebraically closed field", "ber": " meaning that every polynomial with complex coefficients has a root in the complex numbers.", "null": [ "tslkan tmagunt tadslant n ljibr \u0263f im\u1e0dan uddisn ittggan igr n ljibr ign ama\u0263un", " a\u0263 ittinin isd amggudy n iwtta akd irwin \u0263urs a\u1e93u\u1e5b g im\u1e0dan uddisn." ] }, { "en": "The primes have been widely studied for more than 2000 years and have led to many questions", "ber": " only some of which have been answered.", "null": [ "ttuga tzrawt \u0263f im\u1e0dan imzwura g ufu\u0263al amiriw uggar n 2000 n usgg\u02b7as", " yuwin \u0263r kigan n isqsitn", " ttufka tmrarut i itsn day." ] }, { "en": "Real numbers that are not rational numbers are called irrational numbers.", "ber": "da tsmman im\u1e0dan n tidt", "null": [ " nna ur igin u\u1e6d\u1e6dunen umginen; im\u1e0dan ur igin umginen." ] }, { "en": "The computable numbers are stable for all usual arithmetic operations", "ber": " including the computation of the roots of a polynomial", "null": [ " and thus form a real closed field that contains the real algebraic numbers.", "u\u1e6d\u1e6dun ittusi\u1e6dn; wrn \u0263f tiggitin n ussi\u1e6dn ittuwalfn", " g illa ussi\u1e6dn n u\u1e93u\u1e5b n bu iwtta iggudin", " aya a\u0263f tskar igr amaqqan n tidt g llan wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun n ljibr n tidt." ] }, { "en": "One reason is that there is no algorithm for testing the equality of two computable numbers.", "ber": "yan g imntiln igat ur tlli alguritm n yirm n tngiddit ingr sin wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun ign win ussi\u1e6dn." }, { "en": "The number system that results depends on what base is used for the digits: any base is possible", "ber": " but a prime number base provides the best mathematical properties.", "null": [ "da iskuttu ungraw n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun d ittufkan s usila ittusmrasn i wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun", " ka igat talgamt i\u0263in ad yili", " maka talgamt n im\u1e0dan imzwura", " da takka im\u1e93lay i\u0263udan n tusnakt." ] }, { "en": "The former gives the ordering of the set", "ber": " while the latter gives its size.", "null": [ "da yakka umzwaru assuds n trbi\u025bt", " ar yakka umggaru aksay nns." ] }, { "en": "This standard basis makes the complex numbers a Cartesian plane", "ber": " called the complex plane.", "null": [ "asila ad ams\u0263al da itgga im\u1e0dan uddisn g uswir adikartiy da itsmma aswur uddis." ] }, { "en": "The complex numbers of absolute value one form the unit circle.", "ber": "da tggan im\u1e0dan uddisn n watig amggaru", "null": [ " yat tzgunt ign yuwt." ] }, { "en": "In domain coloring the output dimensions are represented by color and brightness", "ber": " respectively.", "null": [ "g yigr n usu\u0263n", " da ttusmdyan wuggugn n ussuf\u0263 s uk\u02b7li d uzzn\u1e93\u1e5b amzday." ] }, { "en": "Work on the problem of general polynomials ultimately led to the fundamental theorem of algebra", "ber": " which shows that with complex numbers", "null": [ " a solution exists to every polynomial equation of degree one or higher.", "yuw uswuri \u0263f tmukrisin n tmggudin n iwtta timattutin g tyira \u0263r tmagunt tasilant n ljibr", " nna issfrun akd im\u1e0dan uddisn", " illa ufssay n ka igat tagdazalt ila iwtta iggudin; sg tsk\u02b7flt tamzwarut n\u0263d nnig as." ] }, { "en": "Wessel's memoir appeared in the Proceedings of the Copenhagen Academy but went largely unnoticed.", "ber": "baynd tsmktitin n wisl g tiwin tikadimitin zund \u201ckubnhagn\u201d", "null": [ " maka tzri ur tt yannay awd yan kigan." ] }, { "en": "Later classical writers on the general theory include Richard Dedekind", "ber": " Otto H\u00f6lder", "null": [ " Felix Klein", " Henri Poincar\u00e9", " Hermann Schwarz", " Karl Weierstrass and many others.", "sg imarratn iklasikn g tizi ya\u1e0dn \u0263f tmagunt tamattut n ritcard didikind", " n\u0263d utu hildr", "d filiks klin", " d hinri bwankir", " d hirman cwartz", " d karl wirstras d wiyya\u1e0d." ] }, { "en": "The use of imaginary numbers was not widely accepted until the work of Leonhard Euler (1707\u20131783) and Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777\u20131855).", "ber": "ur ittusyaha ussmrs n im\u1e0dan iwngimn g u\u0263ufal amiriw", "null": [ " ar tawuri n lyunard ulr (1707-1783)", " d ka\u1e5bl fridritc gaws (1777-1855)." ] }, { "en": "The integers form the smallest group and the smallest ring containing the natural numbers.", "ber": "da tggan im\u1e0dan imddadn; tarbi\u025bt tam\u1e93\u1e93ant", "null": [ " d txrst tam\u1e93\u1e93ant g llan im\u1e0dan i\u0263aranen." ] }, { "en": "It is the prototype of all objects of such algebraic structure.", "ber": "iga amdya amnzu n ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba im\u0263nawn", "null": [ " zund tuskiwt tajibrit." ] }, { "en": "Fixed length integer approximation data types (or subsets) are denoted int or Integer in several programming languages (such as Algol68", "ber": " C", "null": [ " Java", " Delphi", " etc.).", "da ttubdarn wanawn n inmmaln n usnmili n imi\u1e0d amddad ilan ta\u0263zi iwrn (n\u0263d tirbi\u025bin tayyawin)", " igan s tmatart \u201c int \u201c n\u0263d \u201cInteger\u201d g kigan n tutlayin n us\u0263iws ( zund Algol68", " d C", " d Java", "d Delphi", " d tiyya\u1e0d)." ] }, { "en": "These are provable properties of rational numbers and positional number systems", "ber": " and are not used as definitions in mathematics.", "null": [ "im\u1e93lay ad i\u0263y ad tnt nswr i u\u1e6d\u1e6dun umginen", " d ingrawn imi\u1e0dan imsursn", " d urda ttusmras am isissn." ] }, { "en": "Since the triangle is isosceles", "ber": " a = b).", "null": [ "mayd iga wamk\u1e5ba\u1e0d amsaskl n igalaln", " a = b)." ] }, { "en": "Since c is even", "ber": " dividing c by 2 yields an integer.", "null": [ "mayd iga c amsin", " da a\u0263d takka tub\u1e0dut n c xf 2; imi\u1e0d amddad." ] }, { "en": "Substituting 4y2 for c2 in the first equation (c2 = 2b2) gives us 4y2= 2b2.", "ber": "asnfl n 4y2 \u0263r c2", "null": [ " g tgadazt tamzwarut (c2 = 2b2)", " a\u0263 yakkan 4y2= 2b2." ] }, { "en": "Since b2 is even", "ber": " b must be even.", "null": [ "mayd iga b2 amsin", " iqnen ad ig b amsin." ] }, { "en": "However this contradicts the assumption that they have no common factors.", "ber": "maka aya itmgla d umrdu ittinin ur llin imggitn imccurn grasn." }, { "en": "Hippasus", "ber": " however", "null": [ " was not lauded for his efforts: according to one legend", " he made his discovery while out at sea", " and was subsequently thrown overboard by his fellow Pythagoreans \u201c\u2026for having produced an element in the universe which denied the\u2026doctrine that all phenomena in the universe can be reduced to whole numbers and their ratios.\u201d", "waxxa hakkak ", " illa yil\u0263 n hibasus \u0263f tzmmar nns", " ayd inna yan wumiy", " yukz", " ikiz nns aynna illa g yil", " grnt imddukal nns ifita\u0263ursn g tizi ya\u1e0dn", "...", " acku snfln ya uf\u1e5b\u1e0di\u1e63 g i\u0263zwr ur irin... ta\u0263alt ittinin i\u0263y uzgzl n tumanin g i\u0263zwr \u0263r im\u1e0dan imddadn d us\u0263al nnsn." ] }, { "en": "For example", "ber": " consider a line segment: this segment can be split in half", "null": [ " that half split in half", " the half of the half in half", " and so on.", "s umdya", " g twngimt nnk tagzzumt inmn: i\u0263 ad ttub\u1e0du \u0263r snat", " d uzgn n uzgn \u0263r sin", " d uzgn n uzgn \u0263f azng", " imki." ] }, { "en": "This is just what Zeno sought to prove.", "ber": "aya ayd itna\u0263 zinun ad tt iswr." }, { "en": "In the minds of the Greeks", "ber": " disproving the validity of one view did not necessarily prove the validity of another", "null": [ " and therefore further investigation had to occur.", "g twngimin n li\u0263riq", " ukus n umddad n kan tannayt ur da iswar amddad n tannayt nni\u1e0dn", " xf uya asn iqqn uzrru uggar." ] }, { "en": "A magnitude \u201c...was not a number but stood for entities such as line segments", "ber": " angles", "null": [ " areas", " volumes", " and time which could vary", " as we would say", " continuously.", "aksay\u201d...ur igi imi\u1e0d", " maka ismdya s inmallatn zund: imzrayn n uzririg", " d t\u0263mrin", " d tijimma", " d iksayn", " d tizi i\u0263in ad tmziriy", " imk nttini s tal\u0263a izdin." ] }, { "en": "Because no quantitative values were assigned to magnitudes", "ber": " Eudoxus was then able to account for both commensurable and incommensurable ratios by defining a ratio in terms of its magnitude", "null": [ " and proportion as an equality between two ratios.", "acku ur ityakz watig n wanc illan g uksay", " i\u0263y iduksus ad issi\u1e6dn as\u0263aln igan win usqqul", " d tinna ur igin tin usqqul sg ustay n us\u0263l sg uksay", " d us\u0263l zund assiksl n sin is\u0263al." ] }, { "en": "This incommensurability is dealt with in Euclid's Elements", "ber": " Book X", "null": [ " Proposition 9.", "da ittuga i winna ur i\u1e93\u1e0da\u1e5bn i usqqul g if\u1e5b\u1e0disn n iqlids", " adlis mraw", " asumr 9." ] }, { "en": "In fact", "ber": " in many cases algebraic conceptions were reformulated into geometric terms.", "null": [ "g tinawt; g kigan n waddadn ittuyalls tihkct i irmmusn n ljibr \u0263r irman inzganen." ] }, { "en": "The realization that some basic conception within the existing theory was at odds with reality necessitated a complete and thorough investigation of the axioms and assumptions that underlie that theory.", "ber": "iqnen wusun n itsn irmmusn idslan agnsu n tmagunt n d\u0263i", "null": [ " imzaray n tilit n tiggi azrru akk\u02b7 ign a\u0263zuran i tiggiwin d iswingmn illan \u1e0da\u1e5bt tmagunt ad." ] }, { "en": "However", "ber": " historian Carl Benjamin Boyer writes that such claims are not well substantiated and unlikely to be true.", "null": [ "waxxa hakkak", " yara unmzruy ka\u1e5bl bn jamin bwir an; \u201czund tafakult ad ur ilin iswrn i\u0263udan", " ur tnni ad tg tamddadt\u201d." ] }, { "en": "Mathematicians like Brahmagupta (in 628 AD) and Bh\u0101skara I (in 629 AD) made contributions in this area as did other mathematicians who followed.", "ber": "kan imusnawn n tusnakt zund brahamaguta (asgg\u02b7as n 628 \u1e0da\u1e5bt tlalit n lmasi\u1e25)", "null": [ " d baskara (g 629 \u1e0da\u1e5bt tlalit n lmasi\u1e25)", " imyiwasn g yigr ad", " mk skrn imusnawn n tusnakt ya\u1e0dn i\u1e0dfa\u1e5bn mayan." ] }, { "en": "The year 1872 saw the publication of the theories of Karl Weierstrass (by his pupil Ernst Kossak)", "ber": " Eduard Heine (Crelle's Journal", "null": [ " 74)", " Georg Cantor (Annalen", " 5)", " and Richard Dedekind.", "g usgg\u02b7as 1872 tyafsarnt tmagunin n ka\u1e5bl wiyrstras ( sg \u0263ur unlmad nns irnst kusak) d idwa\u1e5bd hayn ( tas\u0263nt n k\u1e5bil", " 74)", " d ju\u1e5bj kantur (analin", " 5)", " d ritca\u1e5bd didikind." ] }, { "en": "Weierstrass", "ber": " Cantor", "null": [ " and Heine base their theories on infinite series", " while Dedekind founds his on the idea of a cut (Schnitt) in the system of all rational numbers", " separating them into two groups having certain characteristic properties.", "iska wiyrstras d kantur d hin; timagunin nnsn \u0263f tgffurt tartmi", " isbdd didkin tamagunt nns \u0263f twngimt n wubuy (sicnit)", " g ungraw n ma\u1e5b\u1e5ba u\u1e6d\u1e6dun umginen", " artn ya\u1e6d\u1e6du \u0263f snat trubba ilan itsn im\u1e93layn istin." ] }, { "en": "Dirichlet also added to the general theory", "ber": " as have numerous contributors to the applications of the subject.", "null": [ "irna awd diliclit i tmagunt tamattut", " imk gan kigan n winna yuwsn n tsnsitin n usntl." ] }, { "en": "This asserts that every integer has a unique factorization into primes.", "ber": "aya islkan n wis d ku imi\u1e0d amddad \u0263ars imggi am\u1e93lay g im\u1e0dan imzwura." }, { "en": "To show this", "ber": " suppose we divide integers n by m (where m is nonzero).", "null": [ "mar ad nsbayn ayad yurda is da na\u1e6d\u1e6du im\u1e0dan amddadn n xf m ( acku m ur tgi tamyat)." ] }, { "en": "If 0 never occurs", "ber": " then the algorithm can run at most m \u2212 1 steps without using any remainder more than once.", "null": [ "ig ur akk\u02b7 ittuga 0", " t\u0263y ad tswuri alguritm \u0263f kigan n tsurifin m - 1", " bla nssmrs awdyan umagur wahli n tikkal." ] }, { "en": "In mathematics", "ber": " the natural numbers are those used for counting (as in there are six coins on the table) and ordering (as in this is the third largest city in the country).", "null": [ "\u201cg tusnakt", " u\u1e6d\u1e6dunen i\u0263aranen gantn tinna ittusmrasn g ussi\u1e6dn ( imk illan g : llant s\u1e0di\u1e63 n idrimn aflla n tdabut)", " d ussuds ( imk illan g : wad a\u0263rm wiss k\u1e5ba\u1e0d g tmurt).\u201d" ] }, { "en": "These chains of extensions make the natural numbers canonically embedded (identified) in the other number systems.", "ber": "da tggant tgffurin n izdawn n wu\u1e6d\u1e6du i\u0263aran g llan ( i\u1e93lin)", "null": [ " g imagrawn n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun ya\u1e0dn." ] }, { "en": "The first major advance in abstraction was the use of numerals to represent numbers.", "ber": "azwar amzwaru n tanz\u0263t", "null": [ " igat ussmrs ama\u1e6d\u1e6dun i usmdya n wu\u1e6d\u1e6dun." ] } ]