--- license: cc-by-4.0 language: - en size_categories: - n<1K --- # Dataset Summary: This dataset consists of Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 multispectral reflectance imagery and MERRA-2 observations centered around eddy covariance flux towers and the corresponding Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) data at the towers. Its purpose is to serve as a finetuning dataset for geospatial foundation models for the task of regressing GPP flux observations from HLS and MERRA-2 data. # Dataset Structure: The dataset consists of:
(1) HLS 6-band Tiff files of dimension 50x50x6, with the center of the chip colocated with flux tower locations,
(2) 10-dimensional vector of MERRA-2 variables for each chip (1x1x10) recording temperature, soil moisture, heat flux, radiation, precipitation at the flux towers,
(3) Daily GPP data derived from the eddy covariance measurements using the night-time partitioning approach at 37 flux tower sites distributed globally spanning 2018 to 2021. There are a total of 975 instances. MERRA-2 data and GPP flux observations are recorded as csv files, with a row corresponding to each HLS chip. ## HLS Band Order: 1, Blue, B02
2, Green, B03
3, Red, B04
4, NIR, B8A
5, SW 1, B11
6, SW 2, B12 # MERRA-2 observations: 1. [M2T1NXSLV] T2MIN, 2. [M2T1NXSLV] T2MAX, 3. [M2T1NXSLV] T2MEAN, 4. [M2T1NXSLV] TSMDEWMEAN, 5. [M2T1NXLND] GWETROOT, 6. [M2T1NXLND] LHLAND, 7. [M2T1NXLND] SHLAND, 8. [M2T1NXLND] SWLAND, 9. [M2T1NXLND] PARDFLAND, 10. [M2T1NXLND] PRECTOTLAND # Data Splits: The dataset consists of 975 chips and we split the dataset based on years to create train test splits. Given the relatively small size of the dataset, we use a leave-one-year-out-cross-validation approach to train and evaluate. The number of observations vary across years. In this repo, we have used three years for training and one year as test. # Dataset Creation: The flux observation sites guide our HLS and MERRA-2 data preparation process. HLS data is preselected with a 25% maximum cloud threshold and 75% minimum spatial threshold. We note the lat/long of the flux stations and extract 50x50 size HLS chips around each station and retain scenes with less than 2% snow cover and less than 5% cloud cover. HLS reflectance is transformed by the scaling factor. We record the daily hourly mean of each abovementioned MERRA-2 data at each of the flux location sites. We then apply a quality check on the daily GPP data and retain those with at least 60% of high quality hourly and half-hourly data for temporal aggregation. We further removed data with large negative GPP values (GPP <= -0.1gCm-2s-1) indicative of poor data quality. After matching the corresponding input HLS and MERRA-2 data for each GPP record, we removed instances that had large negative Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) values (EVI <= -0.1), indicative of cloud/snow impacts. EVI values were computed as the spatial average of the HLS chips. # Source data: 1. HLS Imagery is from V2.0 of HLS. A full description and access to HLS may be found at https://hls.gsfc.nasa.gov/
2. MERRA-2 data is from V5.12.4. Full description and to the MERRA-2 datasets can be found at https://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/reanalysis/MERRA-2/data_access/
3. Eddy covariance data were obtained from the AmeriFlux FLUXNET (https://ameriflux.lbl.gov/data/data-policy/) and ICOS Warm Winter 2020 datasets (https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-products/2G60-ZHAK). (List of eddy covariance flux sites used in the study and the respective references can be found below). | Site ID | IGBP | Citation | |---------|------|----------| | BE-Lcr | DBF | (Warm Winter 2020 Team, 2022) | | CA-DB2 | WET | (Knox, 2022) | | DK-Gds | ENF | (Warm Winter 2020 Team, 2022) | | FI-Ken | ENF | (Warm Winter 2020 Team, 2022) | | FI-Qvd | CRO | (Warm Winter 2020 Team, 2022) | | FR-Tou | GRA | (Warm Winter 2020 Team, 2022) | | GL-Dsk | OSH | (Warm Winter 2020 Team, 2022) | | IE-Cra | WET | (Warm Winter 2020 Team, 2022) | | IT-BFt | DBF | (Warm Winter 2020 Team, 2022) | | PE-QFR | WET | (Griffis and Roman, 2021) | | US-BZo | WET | (Euskirchen, 2022) | | US-CS1 | CRO | (Desai, 2022a) | | US-CS2 | ENF | (Desai, 2022b) | | US-CS3 | CRO | (Desai, 2022c) | | US-CS4 | CRO | (Desai, 2022d) | | US-DFC | CRO | (Duff and Desai, 2023) | | US-DS3 | CRO | (Desai, 2022c) | | US-HB1 | WET | (Forsythe et al., 2021) | | US-HB2 | ENF | (Forsythe et al., 2023a) | | US-HB3 | ENF | (Forsythe et al., 2023b) | | US-Mo2 | GRA | (Schreiner-McGraw, 2023) | | US-RGA | CRO | (Schuppenhauer et al., 2023b) | | US-RGB | CRO | (Schuppenhauer et al., 2023a) | | US-RGo | CRO | (Schuppenhauer et al., 2023c) | | US-Snf | GRA | (Kusak et al., 2022) | | US-Tw5 | WET | (Valach et al., 2022) | | US-xAB | ENF | (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023a) | | US-xBA | WET | (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023b) | | US-xBL | DBF | (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023c) | | US-xBN | ENF | (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023d) | | US-xDJ | ENF | (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023e) | | US-xJR | OSH | (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023f) | | US-xSC | DBF | (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023g) | | US-xSJ | SAV | (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023h) | | US-xSL | CRO | (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023i) | | US-xWD | GRA | (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023j) | | US-xYE | ENF | (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023k) | # Flux Dataset References 1. **Desai, A.**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-CS1 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field*, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States), [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881576](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881576), 2022a. 2. **Desai, A.**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-CS2 Tri county school Pine Forest*, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States), [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881577](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881577), 2022b. 3. **Desai, A.**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-CS3 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field*, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States), [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881578](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881578), 2022c. 4. **Desai, A.**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-CS4 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field*, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States), [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881579](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881579), 2022d. 5. **Duff, A. and Desai, A.**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-DFC US Dairy Forage Research Center, Prairie du Sac*, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; University of Wisconsin Madison; US Dairy Forage Research Center, [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2006975](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2006975), 2023. 6. **Euskirchen, E.**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-BZo Bonanza Creek Old Thermokarst Bog*, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881571](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881571), 2022. 7. **Forsythe, J. D., Kline, M. A., and O’Halloran, T. L.**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-HB1 North Inlet Crab Haul Creek*, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Clemson Univ., SC (United States), [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1832160](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1832160), 2021. 8. **Forsythe, J. D., Kline, M. A., and O’Halloran, T. L.**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-HB2 Hobcaw Barony Mature Longleaf Pine*, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Clemson Univ., SC (United States), [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229377](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229377), 2023a. 9. **Forsythe, J. D., Kline, M. A., and O’Halloran, T. L.**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-HB3 Hobcaw Barony Longleaf Pine Restoration*, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Clemson Univ., SC (United States), [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229378](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229378), 2023b. 10. **Goldstein, A.**: *FLUXNET2015 US-Blo Blodgett Forest*, [https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440068](https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440068), 2016. 11. **Griffis, T. and Roman, T.**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F PE-QFR Quistococha Forest Reserve*, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (United States); USDA-Forest Service, [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1832157](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1832157), 2021. 12. **Knox, S.**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F CA-DB2 Delta Burns Bog 2*, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; The University of British Columbia, [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881564](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881564), 2022. 13. **Kusak, K., Sanchez, C. R., Szutu, D., and Baldocchi, D.**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-Snf Sherman Barn*, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States), [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1854371](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1854371), 2022. 14. **NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network)**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xAB NEON Abby Road (ABBY)*, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229403](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229403), 2023a. 15. **NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network)**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xBA NEON Barrow Environmental Observatory (BARR)*, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229404](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229404), 2023b. 16. **NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network)**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xBL NEON Blandy Experimental Farm (BLAN)*, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229405](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229405), 2023c. 17. **NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network)**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xBN NEON Caribou Creek - Poker Flats Watershed (BONA)*, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229406](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229406), 2023d. 18. **NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network)**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xDJ NEON Delta Junction (DEJU)*, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229407](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229407), 2023e. 19. **NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network)**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xJR NEON Jornada LTER (JORN)*, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229408](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229408), 2023f. 20. **NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network)**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xSC NEON Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (SCBI)*, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229409](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229409), 2023g. 21. **NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network)**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xSJ NEON San Joaquin Experimental Range (SJER)*, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229410](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229410), 2023h. 22. **NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network)**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xSL NEON North Sterling, CO (STER)*, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229411](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229411), 2023i. 23. **NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network)**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xWD NEON Woodworth (WOOD)*, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229412](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229412), 2023j. 24. **NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network)**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xYE NEON Yellowstone Northern Range (Frog Rock) (YELL)*, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1985459](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1985459), 2023k. 25. **Schreiner-McGraw, A.**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-Mo2 LTAR CMRB Tucker Prairie (CMRB TP)*, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; USDA Agricultural Research Service, Cropping Systems & Water Quality Research Unit, [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229383](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229383), 2023. 26. **Schuppenhauer, M., Biraud, S. C., and Chan, S.**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-RGB Butte County Rice Farm*, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Arva Intelligence Corp, [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2204874](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2204874), 2023a. 27. **Schuppenhauer, M. R., Biraud, S. C., and Chan, S.**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-RGA Arkansas Corn Farm*, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Arva Intelligence Corp., [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2204873](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2204873), 2023b. 28. **Schuppenhauer, M. R., Biraud, S. C., and Chan, S.**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-RGo Glenn County Organic Rice Farm*, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Arva Intelligence Corp., [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2204875](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2204875), 2023c. 29. **Valach, A., Kasak, K., Szutu, D., Verfaillie, J., and Baldocchi, D.**: *AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-Tw5 East Pond Wetland*, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States), [https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881595](https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881595), 2022. 30. **Warm Winter 2020 Team**: *Warm Winter 2020 ecosystem eddy covariance flux product for 73 stations in FLUXNET-Archive format—release 2022-1 (Version 1.0)*, [https://doi.org/10.18160/2G60-ZHAK](https://doi.org/10.18160/2G60-ZHAK), 2022. # Citation