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0 | why are there no new episodes of young sheldon | https://www.tvinsider.com/1128718/young-sheldon-schedule-march-madness-2024/ | Young Sheldon fans may have noticed that there was no new episode the week of March 21, and the trend will continue on March 28 as the series is usurped by March Madness one final time.
Season 7 of The Big Bang Theory prequel spinoff will resume on Thursday, April 4 with an all-new installment titled, “Baptists, Catholics and an Attempted Drowning.” The installment will see Georgie ( Montana Jordan ) and Mandy ( Emily Osment ) continue their wedding planning with some challenges as Baptist Mary ( Zoe Perry ) and Catholic Audrey ( Rachel Bay Jones ) are pitted against one another.
(Credit: Robert Voets/ ©2024 Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. All Rights Reserved)
Their inability to see eye-to-eye in turn sees baby CeeCee caught in the middle. What will happen? Fans will have to wait patiently to see it all unfold once the installment arrives in April.
Until then, they’ll be relegated to either watching basketball that fills Young Sheldon‘s 8/7c timeslot or tuning into reruns on Paramount+. Fans of the comedy can take solace in the fact that they aren’t the only ones going without their series as other shows like Ghosts remain sidelined for the annual sports presentation .
Related
The upcoming installment arriving on April 4 is the sixth of Young Sheldon‘s final season, though, and as the series grows closer to its end, they have some things to look forward to like Georgie and Mandy’s wedding. By the time the upcoming episode does arrive, that will mark the halfway point in Young Sheldon‘s final chapter as Season 7 only features 14 episodes in comparison to past seasons which have typically included 20 or more installments.
What will you be watching while Young Sheldon remains off-air due to March Madness? Let us know in the comments section, below, and stay tuned for the show’s return at the beginning of next month.
Young Sheldon, Season 7, Returns Thursday, April 4, 8/7c, CBS
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0 | why are there no new episodes of young sheldon | https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/comedy/young-sheldon-season-7-release-date/ | Young Sheldon season 7: Release date, cast, plot and latest news
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Young Sheldon season 7: Release date, cast, plot and latest news
Everything you need to know.
Robert Voets/CBS via Getty Images
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With the finale having already aired in the US earlier this year, it's safe to say that there's been a fair share of FOMO on this side of the pond. Well, the good news is that the seventh and final season is making its way to us this week.
It's set to be a rollercoaster of emotions as we close the chapter on Sheldon Cooper's story. Making its debut in 2017, the series has followed Cooper as he grew up in his small hometown in Texas and struggled to fit in.
A spin-off the hugely successful The Big Bang Theory, the series has continued to dominate the TV comedy landscape with over 2.5 million viewers, according to CBS Entertainment president Kelly Kohl.
"The humour, warmth and heart exuded by the Cooper family is an undeniable hook for the millions of fans who tune in each week," she previously said in a statement.
This is the last outing for the Sheldon-related universe, but the good news is that there's set to be a sequel series all about Georgie and Mandy.
Read on for everything you need to know about Young Sheldon season 7, including when you can watch it in the UK.
Young Sheldon season 7 release date: When will it air?
Young Sheldon returned to TV screens in the US on Thursday 15th February.
At long last, a UK release date has now been announced, with the series premiering on E4 on Sunday 21st July at 8pm.
Seasons 1 to 6 are all available to stream on Channel 4, and seasons 1 to 5 are also available to stream on Netflix UK.
Young Sheldon season 7 cast: Who's returning?
Zoe Perry as Mary Cooper and Iain Armitage as Sheldon Cooper. Sonja Flemming/CBS via Getty Images
Alongside Iain Armitage as Sheldon Lee Cooper, the cast includes:
Zoe Perry as Sheldon's mother Mary
Lance Barber as Sheldon's father George
Montana Jordan as Sheldon's older brother "Georgie"
Raegan Revord as Sheldon's twin sister "Missy"
Annie Potts as Sheldon's grandmother "Meemaw"
Emily Osment as Mandy, Georgie's girlfriend, among others
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Young Sheldon season 7 plot: What will happen?
Of course, the series has already wrapped up stateside so we'll be sure not to reveal too many details.
In an interview with TVLine , executive producer Stever Holland confirmed that "larger events" that have shaped Sheldon's life will be honoured in the series.
"I don't want to say what you will or won’t see, but things will get addressed," Holland told the publication.
"We are not beholden to every joke that was ever made on The Big Bang Theory, but we do feel beholden to the larger canon and the larger events that shape Sheldon’s life. We want to honour those."
At the end of season 6, Sheldon headed off with Mary to spend the summer in Germany as part of his mission to make it to Caltech.
Back home, a tornado destroyed Meemaw's house, which prompted George to invite both her and Mandy to stay with them.
In big news, Mandy proposed to Georgie, with the latter borrowing money from Meemaw to purchase an engagement ring.
It remains to be seen if Sheldon and Missy can put their differences aside after the former informed their parents that his sister was sneaking out of the house late at night.
Young Sheldon season 7 trailer
A trailer for Young Sheldon season 7 was released during the Super Bowl, giving fans an insight into what to expect from the final season.
The first five seasons of Young Sheldon are available to stream now on Netflix and seasons 1-6 are available to stream on Channel 4.
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Check out more of our Comedy coverage or visit our TV Guide and Streaming Guide to find out what's on. For more from the biggest stars in TV, listen to The Radio Times Podcast .
Authors
Abby Robinson is the Drama Editor for Radio Times, covering TV drama and comedy titles. She previously worked at Digital Spy as a TV writer, and as a content writer at Mumsnet. She possesses a postgraduate diploma and a degree in English Studies.
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0 | why are there no new episodes of young sheldon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Sheldon | Young Sheldon
43 languages
American television situational comedy (2017–2024)
This article is about the American television situational comedy. For the eponymous character, see Sheldon Cooper .
Young Sheldon
Genre
Ending theme
Related
Development of the prequel series began in November 2016, from an initial idea that Parsons passed along to The Big Bang Theory producers. The following March, Armitage and Perry were cast, and the series was ordered by CBS . Young Sheldon premiered as a special preview on September 25, 2017, and was picked up for a full season that began airing weekly on November 2, 2017. In November 2023, CBS announced that the series would end after its seventh season. [3] The one-hour series finale aired on May 16, 2024. [4] The series received positive reviews from critics.
In January 2024, it was announced that a spin-off series focused on Georgie Cooper and Mandy McAllister was in development. In March 2024, CBS greenlit the series, titled Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage . The first episode was broadcast on October 17, 2024. [5]
Premise
The series follows Sheldon Cooper's early life as a child prodigy in the fictional town of Medford, Texas . As he grows up, he tries to fit into a world of people, including his own family and friends, who struggle to cope with his intellectual capabilities and social ineptitude. [6] [7] While the timeline begins in the fall of 1989, the passage of time is indicated by episodes referencing historic or pop cultural events from the early 1990s, some of which are unique to the US. [8] [9]
Cast and characters
Main
Iain Armitage as Sheldon Lee Cooper , a child prodigy well versed in various branches of mathematics and science. He states that he decided to pursue physics around the same time as the show begins. While academically gifted, Sheldon lacks a full understanding of social cues and behaviors. He often shows a sense of superiority over everyone, which leads him to be oblivious to the effect on other people, including his family. Nevertheless, Sheldon has proven to love his family. He is Georgie's younger brother and Missy's fraternal older twin brother. He begins attending high school at age 9 and college full-time at age 11, then earns his undergraduate degree and moves to California at age 14 in the final episode, where he begins his graduate studies at Caltech , his future employer. Armitage appears as part of videotaped footage playing the character in The Big Bang Theory through an episode in the final season.
Jim Parsons is the voice of adult Sheldon Cooper, who provides the perspective of an adult recalling his childhood. [6] Given a host of retroactive continuity issues explored within the series, he has since been considered an unreliable narrator by some observers. [10] [11] [12]
Parsons also physically reprises his role as adult Sheldon in the series finale, where he is revealed to have been writing his memoir. Years after the finale of The Big Bang Theory, he now lives in suburban Los Angeles with his wife, Amy Farrah Fowler , their son Leonard, and their daughter.
Zoe Perry as Mary Cooper (née Tucker), mother of Sheldon, Missy, and Georgie. She is strict and overprotective of her children, and she worries about them because of her own troubled past. She is a devout Southern Baptist , working at her local church, and sometimes objects to Sheldon's atheism . Nevertheless, she deeply loves her son and wants to protect him for as long as she can. [13] Perry's mother, Laurie Metcalf , played Mary on The Big Bang Theory.
George Cooper Sr., father of Sheldon, Missy, and Georgie; a Vietnam veteran and the head football coach at Medford High. George does not share Sheldon's intellect, which sometimes leads others, especially Meemaw, to question his genetic relationship to Sheldon. He is often at odds with his children and particularly struggles to understand Sheldon, but he does try to be a caring and responsible father. In the episodes leading up to the series finale, he is offered a prestigious coaching job at Rice University , but dies of a heart attack shortly afterward. Barber appeared in a Season 5 episode of The Big Bang Theory as one of adult Sheldon's future roommate Leonard Hofstadter 's high school bullies, Jimmy Speckerman, before making an appearance via a 1990s videotape as his Young Sheldon character in a final season episode.
Montana Jordan as George Marshall "Georgie" Cooper Jr., older brother of Sheldon and Missy. Georgie resents the attention his parents, especially his mother, pay to Sheldon. He does not do well at school and gets mocked and teased for it by the rest of the family, particularly Sheldon and Meemaw. He does not get along well with Sheldon and is tired of being compared to him. He attends Medford High with Sheldon and plays on the school's football team. [6] [7] At age 17, he drops out of school to work full-time and discovers a talent for sales that will lead him to become the wealthy owner of a tire store chain in The Big Bang Theory, on which he is played by Jerry O'Connell , appearing in the final portions of the penultimate season for Sheldon's wedding. In season 5, he becomes attracted to a weather forecaster 12 years older than he is and unintentionally gets her pregnant, but starts acting more maturely and responsibly as he goes forward with raising their child and marrying her.
Raegan Revord as Melissa "Missy" Cooper, younger sister of George, and younger twin sister of Sheldon. She teases Sheldon along with Georgie, but not as much. She does not share Sheldon's intelligence, but is very perceptive . Occasionally, she does not get along with Sheldon, but she finds in her twin brother a solid confidant and has admitted to not feeling as whole without him. She also shows love for her brother even though she constantly denies it. [6] Courtney Henggeler plays adult Missy on The Big Bang Theory, appearing twice: once in the first season during a visit to Sheldon's place where his roommates flirt with her for attention, and the other time in the penultimate season finale for his wedding, when she meets his future wife Amy.
Annie Potts as Constance "Connie" Tucker, maternal grandmother of Sheldon, Missy, and Georgie, who refer to her as "Meemaw". She is a fun-loving woman who can be sarcastic and often mocks those around her, especially her son-in-law George. On the other hand, she is patient with and sometimes struggles to understand Sheldon, whom she affectionately calls "Moonpie", and advises Mary to trust that Sheldon will find his way. [14] In the fourth season, she is said to be 68 years old. June Squibb plays old Connie in The Big Bang Theory.
Matt Hobby as Pastor Jeff Difford (seasons 3–7; recurring seasons 1–2), the upbeat pastor at the Cooper family's Baptist church. Like Mary, he too sometimes has friction with Sheldon's irreligious side and often challenges Sheldon to explore their line of thought through logic exercises.
Wyatt McClure as William "Billy" Sparks (seasons 5–7; recurring seasons 1–4), the seemingly slow-witted son of Cooper family neighbors Herschel and Brenda Sparks. The pilot episode depicts him as Sheldon's nemesis, but he becomes much friendlier early in the series. He has an unrequited crush on Missy.
Emily Osment as Amanda "Mandy" Elizabeth [15] McAllister (seasons 6–7; [16] recurring season 5), Georgie's 12-years-older girlfriend and later wife, with whom he has a daughter they name after Connie, nicknaming her "CeeCee".
Recurring
Wallace Shawn as John Sturgis , a college physics professor whose class Sheldon attends as his first college course. He dates Meemaw with Sheldon's encouragement in seasons 1 through 3. He ends their relationship after having a mental breakdown and spending some time in a psychiatric hospital . After being fired from a post working with a hadron super collider , he works for a grocery store from late season 4 to early season 5 and gets fired again before returning to the university. Sheldon says he is the only adult who understands him.
Ryan Phuong as Tam Nguyen (seasons 1–4, 7), Sheldon's Vietnamese-American childhood best friend and classmate. Tam introduces Sheldon to many of his non-scientific interests, including comic books and role-playing games. Robert Wu plays adult Tam on The Big Bang Theory.
Billy Gardell as Herschel Sparks (seasons 1–2), Billy's father and Brenda's husband, who owns a garage and divorces his wife in season 4. In season 7, he is stated to have moved to New Jersey and now has a non-existent relationship with his son.
Melissa Peterman as Brenda Sparks, Billy's mother, Herschel's wife until season 4, and Mary's initial nemesis and eventual friend, who works at the bowling alley frequented by Meemaw.
Doc Farrow as Assistant Coach Wayne Wilkins, Sheldon's P.E. teacher and the former assistant, now head football coach at Medford High. He was originally going to be called "Roy", but was named "Wayne" as of the episode "Spock, Kirk, and Testicular Hernia".
Valerie Mahaffey as Victoria MacElroy (seasons 1–3), Sheldon's homeroom and English teacher at Medford High.
Danielle Pinnock as Evelyn Ingram (seasons 1–4), Sheldon's math teacher at Medford High.
Brian Stepanek as Hubert Givens, Sheldon's science teacher at Medford High.
Rex Linn as Tom Petersen, the principal of Medford High.
Sarah Baker as Sheryl Hutchins, the Medford High librarian.
Jason Alexander as Gene Lundy (seasons 1–5), Medford High School's resident drama teacher.
Nancy Linehan Charles as Peg (seasons 1–5, 7), Pastor Jeff's chain-smoking secretary.
Chris Wylde as Glenn (seasons 1–3), the owner of the comic book store King Kong Comics.
Isabel May as Veronica Duncan (seasons 2–3), Georgie's Halloween date who is introduced in " Seven Deadly Sins and a Small Carl Sagan". She becomes a Christian after witnessing the " lust " room in Mr. Lundy's haunted house and loses interest in Georgie, who continues trying to win her over. She starts liking Georgie but backs off after he starts dating Jana.
Ed Begley Jr. as Dr. Grant Linkletter (seasons 2–7), a colleague and friendly rival of Dr. Sturgis. He regularly pursues Connie but is continually rebuffed.
Mckenna Grace as Paige Swanson (seasons 2–6), a child prodigy who treats Sheldon as a friend but whom Sheldon views as a rival, although he shows some empathy when she explains her difficult living situation at home.
Andrea Anders as Linda Swanson (seasons 2–4, 6), Paige's mother.
Mary Grill as Officer Robin (seasons 2–3, 7), Pastor Jeff's second wife, who works as a police officer.
Craig T. Nelson as Dale Ballard (seasons 3–7), Missy's baseball coach and Meemaw's new boyfriend after Dr. Sturgis breaks up with her; [17] he owns a sporting goods store and hires Georgie and George to work there.
Reba McEntire as June (seasons 3–5, 7), Dale's ex-wife, the local hairdresser whom Meemaw befriends.
Ava Allan as Jana Owens (seasons 3–5), Georgie's girlfriend after he gives up pursuing Veronica. They break up over Georgie's decision to drop out of school.
London Cheshire as Marcus Larson (seasons 3–4), Missy's boyfriend.
Wendie Malick as President Linda Hagemeyer (seasons 4–7), the president of the East Texas Tech, Sheldon's university.
Dan Byrd as Pastor Rob (seasons 5–6), a young, unorthodox pastor hired by Pastor Jeff to teach Sunday school. He and Mary appear to become mutually interested in one another during the fifth season, which upsets George.
Caleb Emery as Darren (season 5), one of Sheldon's new college dorm room neighbors who shares an interest in video games along with Oscar and Sheldon.
Ivan Mok as Oscar (season 5), one of Sheldon's college dormitory neighbors who shares an interest in video games along with Darren and Sheldon.
Will Sasso as Jim McAllister (seasons 6–7), Mandy's father, who owns an auto service shop specializing in tires, which Georgie will eventually take over and transform into the Dr. Tire store chain in The Big Bang Theory. [18]
Sofia Rosinsky as Tonya (season 6), Pastor Jeff's niece. [19]
Guest
John Hartman as Dr. Jeremy Goetsch, the psychiatrist Sheldon sees when he has phagophobia and when he loses at the Medford High science fair.
Jason Kravits as Dr. Ronald Hodges, a NASA engineer and college roommate of Mr. Givens. He makes a presentation about his work to Mr. Givens' science class, which intrigues Sheldon to solve the challenges of reusable launch systems .
Dave Florek as Dr. Karl Eberland, Sheldon's doctor.
Karly Rothenberg as Mrs. Janice Veazey, Dr. Hodges' secretary.
Frances Conroy as Dr. Flora Douglas, headmaster of the boarding school Sheldon briefly attends.
Harry Groener as Elliot Douglas, Dr. Douglas' husband.
Paul Yen as Le Nguyen, Tam's father. He runs Medford Mart with his wife.
VyVy Nguyen as Trang Nguyen, Tam's mother and Mr. Nguyen's wife.
Phil Morris as the voice of One and Anjali Bhimani as the voice of Zero in a dream Sheldon has.
Richard Kind as Ira Rosenbloom, one of Meemaw's boyfriends.
Zuleyka Silver as Selena, Pastor Jeff's ex-wife.
Anjelika Washington as Libby, an eleventh grade student who aspires to be a geologist and whom Sheldon and Tam befriend.
Ella and Mia Allan as Bobbi Sparks, Billy Sparks' younger sister with a reputation for tormenting Sheldon.
Cleo King as Mrs. Costello, a Medford High School counselor
Michael Cudlitz as a NASA supervisor who appears in Sheldon's daydream sequence.
Josh Cooke as Barry Swanson, Paige's father.
Ella Anderson as Erica, Paige's sister, who bonds with Georgie and Missy because they share common experiences being siblings of child prodigies
Paul Fusco appears as ALF in "A Race of Superhumans and a Letter to Alf" when he reads Missy's letter. [20]
Mauricio Lara as Ricky, Sheldon's hospital roommate in "A Tummy Ache and a Whale of a Metaphor"[ citation needed ]
Diedrich Bader as the voice of Batman in one of Sheldon's daydreams.
Steve Burns as Nathan. Burns also is the performer of the show's theme song.
Taylor Spreitler as Sam, a member of Sheldon's project group.
Nolan Bateman as Keith, a member of Sheldon's project group.
Louie Anderson as Ralph, the owner of a trophy shop where Mary wants to buy one for Missy.
Ryan Stiles as Dr. Bowers, Sheldon's dentist.
Melanie Lynskey as Professor Dora Ericson, Sheldon's college philosophy professor.
Dave Foley as Gary O'Brien, Sheldon's university benefactor.
Julia Pace Mitchell as Darlene Wilkins, Coach Wilkins' wife who is revealed by Coach Wilkins to be cheating on him in the episode "An Ugly Car, an Affair and Some Kickass Football".
Bill Fagerbakke as Jake, a police officer and Dale Ballard's acquaintance. Fagerbakke and Craig T. Nelson were previously costars on the sitcom Coach .
Lance Reddick as Professor Boucher, a former Army engineer and a professor of engineering at Sheldon's university.
Ming-Na Wen as Dr. Carol Lee, a physicist from UC Berkeley brought in to lead a project that Sheldon, Dr. Sturgis, and Dr. Linkletter are working on.
Octavia Spencer as Officer Rhonda Thomason, Meemaw's Probation Officer. Similarly to Barber, Spencer previously appeared in an episode of The Big Bang Theory as a DMV employee who gives Sheldon his driver's permit. [21]
Original cast cameos
Mayim Bialik as Amy Farrah Fowler , Sheldon's wife and the mother of their son, Leonard Cooper , and an unnamed daughter. This role is reprised from The Big Bang Theory. She appears as part of the narration. She also physically reprises her role in the Young Sheldon series finale.
Kaley Cuoco as the voice of the pool water in one of Sheldon's nightmares. Cuoco previously played Penny in The Big Bang Theory. [22] Sheldon alludes to Penny in the series finale as the babysitter of his children, who sparks his daughter's interest in acting classes.
Simon Helberg as Howard Wolowitz , an aeronautical engineer and one of Sheldon's adulthood friends. This role is reprised from The Big Bang Theory. He appears as a narrator in the fifth season premiere on an episode detailing Sheldon's tryst with engineering.
Bob Newhart as Arthur Jeffries, a scientist who plays the title character of Professor Proton, Sheldon's favorite educational television series. The character is an homage to Mr. Wizard . [23] Newhart reprises his portrayal of the character from The Big Bang Theory.
Melissa Tang as Ms. Fenley, a music teacher at Sheldon's high school. Tang had previously played the character Mandy Chao in an episode of The Big Bang Theory.
Vernee Watson as Nurse Althea Robinson, who nurses George when he suffers a mild heart attack and then to Sheldon when he has his gall bladder removed. Watson reprises her portrayal of the character from The Big Bang Theory, including its pilot.
Elon Musk makes a cameo appearance in the episode " A Patch, a Modem, and a Zantac® " in a flashforward scene set 27 years into the future. He had also appeared in an episode of The Big Bang Theory.
Stephen Hawking as himself (voice-only). Hawking previously guest-starred as himself in a recurring role in The Big Bang Theory.
Penn Jillette and Teller as Pimple and Pus, Sheldon's imaginary personifications of his first pimple and its pus, who appear when he begins going through puberty. Teller also appeared in multiple episodes of The Big Bang Theory as Sheldon's father-in-law Larry Fowler.
Episodes
Production
Development
In November 2016, it was reported that CBS was in negotiations to create a spin-off of The Big Bang Theory centered on Sheldon Cooper as a young boy. The prequel series, described as "a Malcolm in the Middle -esque single-camera family comedy" would be executive produced by The Big Bang Theory co-creator Chuck Lorre and producer Steven Molaro , with The Big Bang Theory co-creator Bill Prady expected to be involved in some capacity, and intended to air in the 2017–18 season alongside The Big Bang Theory. [31] [32] The initial idea for the series came from Jim Parsons (who portrays the adult Sheldon on The Big Bang Theory), who passed it along to The Big Bang Theory producers. [13] On March 13, 2017, CBS ordered the spin-off Young Sheldon series, which was created by Lorre and Molaro. Jon Favreau directed and executive produced the pilot. Parsons, Lorre, Molaro and Todd Spiewak also serve as executive producers on the series, for Chuck Lorre Productions and Warner Bros. Television . [6] On September 27, 2017, CBS picked up the series for a full season of 22 episodes. [33] On January 6, 2018, the show was renewed for a second season, which premiered on September 24 of that same year. [34] [35]
On February 22, 2019, CBS renewed the series for both a third and a fourth season. [36] The third season premiered on September 26, 2019. [37] Warner Bros. Television suspended production on March 13, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic , leaving the third season with only 21 episodes. [38] Production for the fourth season began on September 22, 2020, and premiered on November 5, 2020. [39] Production for the fourth season concluded on March 15, 2021. [40]
On March 30, 2021, CBS renewed the series for a fifth, sixth, and seventh season. [41] The fifth season premiered on October 7, 2021. [42] The sixth season premiered on September 29, 2022. [43] The seventh season was on hold due to 2023 Writers Guild of America strike . In October of that year, writing resumed when the strike ended. [44] The seventh and final season premiered on February 15, 2024. [45] On November 14, 2023, CBS announced that the series would end after seven seasons, [3] with the series finale airing on May 16, 2024. [46] The final season consisted of a total of 14 episodes, [47] and it finished filming on April 16, 2024. [48]
Casting
In early March 2017, Iain Armitage was cast as the younger Sheldon, and Zoe Perry as his mother, Mary Cooper. Perry is the real-life daughter of Laurie Metcalf , who portrays Mary Cooper on The Big Bang Theory. [13] Lance Barber stars as George Cooper Sr., Sheldon's father; he had previously appeared in one episode of The Big Bang Theory. [49] Raegan Revord stars as Missy Cooper, Sheldon's twin sister; Revord only got the part after repeatedly asking her mother to be allowed to read for the role. [50] The show also stars Montana Jordan as George Cooper Jr., Sheldon's older brother. Jim Parsons reprises his role as adult Sheldon Cooper, as narrator for the series. [7] In July 2017, Annie Potts was cast as Meemaw, Sheldon's grandmother. [14] In March 2024, it was announced that Jim Parsons and Mayim Bialik will guest star on the series finale as their original characters from The Big Bang Theory. [51]
Overlap with the parent series
Jim Parsons provides voiceover for the series. In the Season 4 episode "Graduation", Mayim Bialik (as Amy, the wife of adult Sheldon) has a brief voice-over role while Sheldon describes the graduation party for their son Leonard, whom he reveals was named after Leonard Hofstadter and Leonard Nimoy . Amy and Sheldon make their only on-camera appearances together during the series finale in the office of their Pasadena, California home in an unnamed future year, as neither of their children had been born when The Big Bang Theory ended in 2019. Bob Newhart appears as Professor Proton in both series; with the appearance in this series, the character is made to look younger. Iain Armitage (Sheldon), Lance Barber (George), and Montana Jordan (Georgie) make a guest appearance in the parent series in a scene in which a VHS tape recorded decades earlier is played. [52] There are other actors who appear in both series but as different characters. This includes Barber, who had another guest appearance in the parent series as a different character, and Kaley Cuoco who stars in the parent series and makes an uncredited voice appearance in this series, voicing an inanimate object . [53] [22] Elon Musk made cameo appearances as himself in both series, appearing in the sixth episode of the first season of Young Sheldon. [54] [55] [56]
The second-season finale episode aired immediately following the one-hour series finale of the parent series. In a tribute to the parent series finale , several references are made to it in the Young Sheldon episode. The references are both general to the entire parent series, as well as to the series finale in particular. In one scene in the Young Sheldon episode, Sheldon promises his father that when he wins the Nobel Prize, Sheldon will mention him in his acceptance speech. In the parent series finale, Sheldon wins the Nobel Prize, and he does mention his father (among others) in the acceptance speech. In another scene in the Young Sheldon episode, Nobel Prize winners are announced over a montage showing the main characters from the parent series Leonard , Penny , Raj , Howard , Bernadette , and Amy as children. Christine Baranski and Carol Ann Susi , who respectively portray Leonard's mother and Howard's mother in the parent series, make a voice appearance in the montage (a posthumous appearance in the case of Susi). Following the montage, adult Sheldon says that he was wrong about feeling at the moment of the Nobel Prize announcement that he would be all alone for the rest of his life. [57]
Title sequence
The show's title sequence is played to Steve Burns ' "Mighty Little Man", the first track from his 2003 album Songs for Dustmites . [58] The background in the first two seasons shows mountains and a desert, whilst the foreground has Sheldon (usually in bow tie , checked shirt, shorts and cowboy boots ) walking out, standing triumphantly, noticing a cow, and backing away from it before resuming his triumphant look as the logo appears and tilts to the sky. Occasionally, a tumbleweed appears, instead of the cow. The title sequence was changed from Season 3 onwards to include the entire Cooper family, as well as showing Sheldon in different costumes, such as Albert Einstein , Mr. Spock , The Flash , an astronaut , and a train engineer . [59] Season 5 features a black bull in place of the cow. In Season 7, the title sequence was slightly changed to include Mandy and Constance (CeeCee). The Cooper family doesn't walk away from the bull. Instead, Georgie shoos the bull away.
Release
Broadcast
Young Sheldon began airing weekly episodes on CBS on November 2, 2017, after The Big Bang Theory . It premiered as a special preview on September 25, 2017. [7] The one hour series finale aired on May 16, 2024. [46]
Syndication
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2024)
Reruns of Young Sheldon aired on Nick at Nite from 2020 until 2022, and CMT from 2023 until 2024. [60] [61] On September 27, 2021, the series entered syndication in local markets, covering roughly 90% of the United States. [62] The series also entered off-network syndication on TBS and began airing on September 27, 2021. [63] Season 6 premiered on September 29, 2022, and concluded on May 18, 2023. [64]
In the United Kingdom , Young Sheldon is aired on the free-to-air channel E4 . Season 1 premiered on February 22, 2018, [65] Season 2 on November 8, 2018, Season 3 on October 10, 2019, [65] Season 4 on October 20, 2021, [66] Season 5 on April 24, 2022, [67] and Season 6 on July 16, 2023.
Streaming
In May 2020, it was announced that the first three seasons of the series would stream on the WarnerMedia's HBO Max service; no release date was announced at that time. [69] The first three seasons were added on September 2, 2020. [70] The sixth season was added in September 2023.
In October and November 2021, Netflix in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom picked up the streaming rights to the show. [71] The first four seasons of Young Sheldon were added to Netflix in the United States on November 24, 2023. [72] The series was unexpectedly added to Disney+ in Australia and New Zealand with all seasons streaming on the platform and in other regions. [73] [74]
Home media
The first season of Young Sheldon was released on DVD and Blu-ray by Warner Bros. on September 4, 2018. [75] [76] The second season was released on DVD and manufacture-on-demand Blu-ray on September 3, 2019. [77] The third season was released on DVD and manufacture-on-demand Blu-ray on September 1, 2020, by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment and Warner Archive Collection respectively. [78] The fourth season was released on DVD and Blu-ray on September 7, 2021. [79] The fifth season was released on DVD and Blu-ray on September 6, 2022. [80] The sixth season was released on DVD on September 5, 2023; no Blu-ray version was released at that time. [81] The seventh and final season was released on DVD on September 24, 2024, along with a complete series set. [82] [83] On the same day, Warner Bros. released individual sets of the sixth and seventh seasons on Blu-ray in addition to a complete series set. [84]
Reception
Critical response
For the first season, the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 76% approval rating, with an average rating of 6.6/10 and based on 46 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "Young Sheldon's appealing cast and relatable themes bring a fresh—and overall enjoyable—perspective to its central character's familiar story." [85] Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 63 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". [86]
Ratings
Season
21
Accolades
The fourth season was one of 101 out of the 200 most-popular scripted television series that received the ReFrame Stamp for the years 2020 to 2021. The stamp is awarded by the gender equity coalition ReFrame and industry database IMDbPro for film and television projects that are proven to have gender-balanced hiring, with stamps being awarded to projects that hire female-identifying people, especially women of color, in four out of eight key roles for their production. [105]
Accolades received by Young Sheldon
Award
Nikki Valko, Ken Miller, and Peter Pappas
Young Sheldon
Best Actor in a Broadcast Network or Cable Comedy Series
Iain Armitage
Best Actress in a Broadcast Network or Cable Comedy Series
Annie Potts
Best Writing in a Broadcast Network or Cable Comedy Series
Chuck Lorre, Steven Molaro, and Steve Holland (for "Funeral")
Pending
Annie Potts
"Norman Rockwell"
Young Sheldon
Iain Armitage
Iain Armitage
The first and last shots of the series were set to Dire Straits ' " Walk of Life ."
Spin-off series
In January 2024, it was announced that a spin-off series of Young Sheldon, focusing on Georgie Cooper (portrayed by Montana Jordan ) and Mandy McAllister (portrayed by Emily Osment ), titled Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage , was in development. [122] On March 5, 2024, CBS announced that the series had been ordered. [123] The series premiered on October 17, 2024. [5]
Notes
^ Both seasons premiered on a Monday, with all the other episodes in the respective seasons broadcasting at the designated time slot.
^ The eleventh episode of the fourth season aired at 8:30 p.m. due to President Biden's address on the one-year anniversary of the COVID-19 shutdown which aired at 8:00 p.m. on March 11, 2021. [91]
References
Annie Potts : "It's sad, because I didn't expect it. We're the Number One show on network TV, and the Number One show on Netflix . Who cancels this?"
"Young Sheldon (Season 4)" . Production List | Film & Television Industry Alliance. May 18, 2020. Archived from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
"Young Sheldon Listings (E4)" . Geek Town. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Young Sheldon .
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Young Sheldon is an American coming-of-age sitcom television series created by Chuck Lorre and Steven Molaro for CBS . The series is a spin-off prequel to The Big Bang Theory and chronicles the life of the character Sheldon Cooper as a child living with his family in East Texas . Iain Armitage stars as the title character. Jim Parsons , who portrayed the adult Sheldon Cooper on The Big Bang Theory, narrates the series and serves as an executive producer . In 2021, CBS renewed the series for a fifth, sixth, and seventh season, [1] while in November 2023, it was announced that the seventh season would be its last season. [2]
The seventh and final season, which consists of 14 episodes, [3] premiered on February 15, 2024. [4] [5] During the course of the series, 141 episodes of Young Sheldon aired over seven seasons, between September 25, 2017, and May 16, 2024.
Series overview
Sheldon Cooper , a 9-year-old genius, begins his first day of high school in the ninth grade with his older brother, George "Georgie" Cooper Jr. Having shown more skills than a typical child his age, he skipped several grades. On his first day, he questions his teachers and informs students of their rule-breaking. He tries to find his place in the new school and Georgie must deal with having a younger sibling in his class.
2
2
Sheldon learns that his mother is worried about him not having any friends. He therefore, gets a copy of How to Win Friends and Influence People from the school library and tries its methods on various students and teachers without success. His sister Missy recommends that he try to make friends with other people who checked out the book since they too are looking to make friends. That also fails. He eventually meets a Vietnamese American boy named Tam who sees him with the book, and they share how difficult it has been for them to make friends. As they start speaking, they realize that they also share an interest in rocketry. Sheldon's mother is so happy that she insists Sheldon invite Tam over for dinner and lifts the ban on Sheldon's model rocketry hobby. The dinner turns awkward when Sheldon's parents and siblings exhibit cultural insensitivity as Tam tells them the story of his life. After dinner, the boys' launch attempt goes out of control just as FBI agents arrive to ask Sheldon why he was trying to buy uranium .
3
3
Michael Zinberg
Story by : Damir Konjicija & Dario KonjicijaTeleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro
November 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)
Sheldon debates the relationship between religion and science with Pastor Jeff, while Billy Sparks brings some eggs for Missy. George suffers a mild heart attack, so Mary takes him to the hospital after calling her mother, Connie, to watch the children. While Connie is sleeping, Georgie "borrows" her car and takes the other children to see their father. Sheldon prays to Blaise Pascal for his father's recovery in the hospital chapel. Sheldon briefly doubts his atheism when he does recover, but he immediately gets over it after his family eats Billy's eggs and suffers from food poisoning. When Sheldon gets into another debate with Pastor Jeff, George pretends to have heart trouble to get his family out of the church service. Note: Annie Potts makes her first appearance as Mary's mother, Connie Tucker, known to Sheldon and Missy as "Meemaw".
4
4
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven MolaroTeleplay by : Rob Ulin & Dave Bickel
November 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)
Sheldon chokes on sausage and becomes fearful of solid foods. His parents take him to a psychiatrist, Dr. Goetsch, who talks to his parents first, telling Sheldon he can read any of the comic books in the waiting room. Although Sheldon had previously not been interested in comic books, he starts reading X-Men , which inspires him. He then leaves Dr. Goetsch's office and wanders away to a comic bookstore to read the next volume of X-Men. He runs into Tam, who is eating licorice at the store. Due to his fear of solid foods, Sheldon initially refuses the licorice that Tam offers him but eventually gives in and eats one, resolving his eating disorder. Meanwhile, Connie babysits Georgie and Missy and comforts them with their invisible feelings because Sheldon's quirks take most of their parents' attention.
5
5
"A Solar Calculator, a Game Ball, and a Cheerleader's Bosom"
November 23, 2017 (2017-11-23)
Sheldon uses sports analytics to help his school's football team, coached by his father, win games, but immediately becomes too popular for his taste as a result. Georgie struggles with his father neglecting him in favor of spending time with Sheldon, while Missy and Tam revel in Sheldon's new popularity. Meanwhile, Connie also asks for his advice regarding her sports bets. Sheldon gets a B+ on a math test due to his exhaustion after accompanying Tam to a party and decides that he cannot keep helping the team and continue giving Connie advice. He tells on his family to Mary, which prompts her to reprimand them on their actions. George begins ignoring Sheldon again for being a " snitch " and reconciles with Georgie. Ray Liotta makes a cameo appearance as a loan shark .
6
6
November 30, 2017 (2017-11-30)
Dr. Ronald Hodges, a NASA engineer, appears as a guest speaker in Sheldon's science class and does not take his idea about VTVL technology seriously, making Sheldon go to great lengths to prove him wrong. He tries to do the calculations himself, but he needs a computer. When he realizes the family cannot afford one, he becomes frustrated, which causes him a stress ulcer . Sheldon takes the opportunity to use his doctor's computer and internet access to complete his calculations and send his results to NASA. When no reply comes, Sheldon gets depressed, prompting George to impulsively drive the family to the Johnson Space Center and demand that Hodges listen to Sheldon's idea. Hodges admits it is theoretically valid but that NASA lacks the technical capability to implement it at that time. Sheldon concludes that he is ahead of his time. On the way home, he thanks his father for standing up for him. 27 years later, a flashforward in 2016 shows the successful SpaceX CRS-8 mission, followed by SpaceX founder Elon Musk looking over Sheldon's old notebook then hiding it in a desk drawer.
7
7
December 7, 2017 (2017-12-07)
Connie's disdain for George emerges when she refuses to give him her brisket recipe. George later complains that Mary always takes her mother's side. Connie gives him a fake recipe that requires him to go to great lengths to get the ingredients to get back at George for secretly searching her home for it. After George spends 14 hours cooking in vain, he attempts to ban her from the household. When Georgie and Missy fear their parents might divorce over this, Sheldon suddenly recalls a memory of Connie telling him her recipe when he was 23 months old, so he threatens to reveal it unless the two of them make up. While he initially shows his interest in the recipe, George states that he is more bothered by the fact that she never thought he was good enough for her daughter. He acknowledges that he was disappointing when they first met, but he believes he has grown since then. Connie seemingly accepts him as a worthy son-in-law, only for George to get the recipe from Sheldon as soon as she leaves.
8
8
December 14, 2017 (2017-12-14)
George takes the boys to Florida to see a Space Shuttle launch as a way to cater to Sheldon's interests for a change, but it gets rained out. To cheer him up, George plays dumb and asks Sheldon how lightning and thunder work, leading the latter to appreciate the former more. Meanwhile, Mary, Missy, and Connie go to a beauty salon. Mary and Connie get into a heated argument after the latter comments on the former for being "no fun" for forbidding Missy to dye her hair, but both later make amends with one another.
9
9
Sheldon tutors Georgie for their math test, only to discover that the latter cheated to pass. Since Star Trek character Captain Kirk also got away with cheating on the Kobayashi Maru test, Sheldon decides to adapt the "playing fast-and-loose with the rules" lifestyle he believes both Georgie and Kirk embrace by forging Mary's signature on a note excusing him from P.E. class and not properly checking out school library books. He eventually gets caught after Coach Wilkins shows George the note, prompting Mary to tell off Sheldon and force him to make amends by returning the books and going back to P.E., where Coach Wilkins makes him do the rope climb.
10
10
Rebecca Asher
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven MolaroTeleplay by : Rob Ulin & David Bickel
January 4, 2018 (2018-01-04)
Sheldon's principal asks Mary and George to consider sending Sheldon to a school for the gifted in Dallas. Sheldon and his teachers are delighted by the idea, but his family (except for Georgie) quickly begins to miss him. Sheldon enjoys the intellectual stimulation, but dislikes the folk rock -singing family that he lives with, and is unable to sleep after the folk-rock piano session that they have after dinner. When George impulsively drives to Dallas to bring him home, Sheldon is happy to go back home, but is upset when George turns on the radio which, coincidentally, plays the same song the family was playing at their house, before George turns it off.
11
11
Howie Deutch
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven MolaroTeleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan
January 11, 2018 (2018-01-11)
Mary becomes worried when she finds Sheldon playing with a Demonic figure from Dungeons & Dragons with Tam and Billy. She tries to get Tam's and Billy's parents' help to put an end to the game, but they see it as harmless. Mary then seeks advice from Pastor Jeff, who, with Mary, convinces Sheldon to study Baptist theology. Sheldon, however, takes it a step further and starts researching all the major religions , quizzing Tam on what being a Catholic involves and Ira Rosenbloom on being Jewish. He is ultimately unsatisfied with all the major religions. One night, he has a dream about two living numbers, a 1 and a 0, who almost reveal the secrets of the universe to him before Georgie wakes him up. He then decides to start his religion which he calls "Mathology," and the only sin is being stupid.
12
12
"A Computer, a Plastic Pony, and a Case of Beer"
Richie Keen
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven MolaroTeleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Tara Hernandez
January 18, 2018 (2018-01-18)
Sheldon asks Mary to buy him a Tandy 1000 SL computer. George insists that they cannot afford it, but Mary reveals that she has been secretly saving money. They get into a heated argument about the secret fund, which prompts Mary to take Sheldon and Missy to live with Connie for a while. She buys Sheldon the computer to make a point to George. While Sheldon is initially thrilled, he finds that its ELIZA psychotherapy program's advice on fixing his parents' marriage proves to be useless. Connie eavesdrops on Sheldon and forces Mary to feel out George to get her out of her house. Meanwhile, Georgie advises George to apologize to Mary, which the latter eventually does. In the ensuing days, the family finds various uses for the computer. Sheldon uses it to determine how much money his father spends on beer, concluding that if he switched to punch they could "double the size of their house", Missy uses it for gambling, Mary uses it to organize her recipes, and Connie is clueless as to how it works, assuming the mouse is a telephone .
13
13
Howie Deutch
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven MolaroTeleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Jeremy Howe
February 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)
Sheldon's mysophobia surfaces when influenza hits his school. He is successively sentenced to detention and suspension for leaving his class and the school after his teacher got a cold, escaping from other people who had the flu, and escaping from detention after the other teacher had a tickle in his throat. He then uses his suspension time in an attempt to convert the garage into a closed ecological system instead of doing extra chores for the entire week of suspension. While George, Missy, and Connie are mostly amused by him, Mary is the only member of the family to be worried about him. Meanwhile, Georgie takes advantage of Sheldon's situation to gain sympathetic hugs from girls at school. With numerous attempts to get him out of the garage proving futile, Connie finally coaxes Sheldon out by appealing to his pride as a Texan. Nevertheless, he gets sick but feels better when his mother sings " Soft Kitty " to him.
14
14
Howie Deutch
March 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)
Mary gets a job as church secretary, but Pastor Jeff quickly begins asking her for advice since his beautiful new wife does not speak English and is spending all his money. Since Mary does not get home until 6 pm and Connie refuses to watch them until then, Missy and Sheldon become latchkey kids . When Connie peeks in on the twins, they think she is a burglar and spray her with a fire extinguisher. When Sheldon gets a splinter in his finger, Missy searches all over the house for tweezers with which to extract it. She eventually finds them in an Operation game and successfully removes the splinter.
15
15
Mark Cendrowski
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven MolaroTeleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Tara Hernandez
March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Sheldon and Tam befriend Libby, an 11th-grade girl interested in geology . During one of their lunches at the library, Libby offers to drive the three of them to the Houston Museum of Natural Science to see an IMAX film. However, Sheldon is devastated to learn that Libby thinks of him as a child during her talk with Mary. While Sheldon resolves never to make any more friends, Mary assures him that he will be surrounded by many of them who are also smart. Tam and Libby go to Houston without Sheldon to see the film, where Libby rejects Tam's advances. Sheldon and Tam later revert to a two-person social group, where Sheldon reconsiders geology as "not a science" to the point where he considers it more a hobby.
16
16
Howie Deutch
March 29, 2018 (2018-03-29)
At the school science fair , Sheldon is devastated when his asteroid impact avoidance project loses to another student's Van de Graaf generator and vows to quit science. After a therapy session with Dr. Goetsch, Sheldon decides to become an actor. In acting class, he impresses the drama teacher, Mr. Lundy, and gets the lead role in Annie . His parents worry about him playing a female role, but Sheldon dismisses their concerns until he experiences stage fright on opening night and refuses to perform, leaving Mr. Lundy to take over his role.
17
17
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven MolaroTeleplay by : Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe
April 5, 2018 (2018-04-05)
Sheldon is being bullied by Bobbi Sparks, a six-year-old girl who is his neighbor. His parents have different ideas about how to handle the situation, neither of which is effective. In the end, George and Bobbi's dad hang out and plan to tell their wives the made-up story of them being involved in a deadly fight. Sheldon even tries paying Missy to warn Bobbi off using his life savings, but that plan eventually fails.
18
18
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Teagan WallTeleplay by : David Bickel & Damir Konjicija & Dario Konjicija
April 12, 2018 (2018-04-12)
After Mary confiscates Sheldon's comic books due to the rather explicit content in an issue of Watchmen , Sheldon demands to be treated like an adult. He fails his every attempt at adulthood until a tornado warning reminds him of his family values.
19
19
April 19, 2018 (2018-04-19)
Connie drives Sheldon to a nearby college so that he can audit a weekly class on quantum chromodynamics . The professor, Dr. John Sturgis, asks Connie out on a date. She has a nice time, but finds that he is like an older version of Sheldon. The following week, she has to leave the class because her presence is too distracting for Sturgis. Meanwhile, Missy gets Georgie to help her with her homework. Stimulated by Sheldon's example, they actually make some progress.
20
20
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Damir Konjicija & Dario Konjicija & Teagan WallTeleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & David Bickel
April 26, 2018 (2018-04-26)
Sheldon's cynophobia surfaces when the Sparks family begins taking care of a relative's dog, which shows a strange attraction to Sheldon. The families are unable to agree about how to control the dog until Pastor Jeff mediates. Sheldon tries to overcome his fear by dressing in protective clothing and petting the dog, but this backfires when the dog licks him, apparently stimulated by the smell of his Brylcreem . Connie tries to get Sheldon accustomed to animals by buying him a fish, but the fish bites both him and George.
21
21
Alex Reid
Story by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Stacey PulwerTeleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Tara Hernandez & Connor Kilpatrick
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
Sheldon invites Dr. Sturgis to dinner without telling anyone. The next evening, Dr. Sturgis comes to Connie's house to cook her some Sichuan cuisine , after which she invites him to stay for the night. Sheldon monitors the events through his binoculars. George takes Missy, who is dressed as a princess, to dinner at Red Lobster . That leaves Mary and Georgie to have dinner together, where he questions her about the chronology of his conception .
22
22
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Jeremy Howe & Damir Konjicija & Dario KonjicijaTeleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan
May 10, 2018 (2018-05-10)
Connie tries to date Dr. Sturgis and Ira simultaneously, but then decides to dump Ira, who tries to win her back by giving her furniture. Dr. Sturgis goes to confront Ira and they reach an understanding. Connie is furious that Dr. Sturgis did that without her permission and that Sheldon is meddling in their relationship. It then occurs to Sheldon that he can draw up a relationship agreement which covers the three of them. He also mentions that he eventually draws up a contract for his own children.
Season 2 (2018–19)
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro Teleplay by : David Bickel & Eric Kaplan & Jeremy Howe
September 24, 2018 (2018-09-24)
Sheldon takes apart the refrigerator in order to stop it from emitting a buzzing sound, which forces George to pay $200 to a repairman. Sheldon then gets a job delivering newspapers so he can reimburse George, but the job turns out to be difficult and stressful. He eventually outsources the work to Billy Sparks.
24
2
September 27, 2018 (2018-09-27)
Sheldon is joined in Dr. Sturgis's physics class by Paige, who is slightly smarter and younger than he is, causing him to be jealous. Paige and her family visit the Coopers. Her parents begin bickering after talking with George and Mary about raising a gifted child, Sheldon is still jealous of Paige, but Missy and Georgie like her older sister. Dr. Sturgis learns that he must not praise Paige too much in front of Sheldon.
25
3
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Chuck Lorre & David Bickel & Eric KaplanTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe
October 4, 2018 (2018-10-04)
Mary questions her faith in God after hearing about a sixteen-year-old girl in the congregation who died in an accident. Despite his atheism, as he challenges Pastor Jeff how God would look like in an alien planet with octopuses, Sheldon helps Mary find her faith in God again by using the teleological argument .
26
4
October 11, 2018 (2018-10-11)
While doing his parents' taxes, Sheldon finds a $300 discrepancy due to a missing check, but George does not want to talk about it and requires Sheldon to keep this a secret from his mother. Sheldon becomes so stressed by the requirement to keep the secret that he asks to stay overnight at Tam's house to avoid Mary. During the sleepover, he confesses to Tam (although Tam is not a priest, Sheldon reasons that it makes perfect sense because anyway Sheldon is not Catholic, he is Baptist, while Tam is Catholic) and feels his conscience lifted. After the sleepover, Sheldon pressures George to come clean to Mary. The missing $300 turns out to have been a fine Connie had to pay for being caught behind the wheel while inebriated (even though Georgie was the driver). Because her secret was exposed, Connie gets back at George and tells Mary how George once relieved himself in the church's vegetable garden.
27
5
October 18, 2018 (2018-10-18)
Dr. Sturgis suggests that Sheldon and Missy begin participating in a weekly twin study . Mary is concerned about possible effects on the children, but George likes the money that was being offered by Dr.Sturgis , who had also agreed to take care of the fuel, and also offered $300 that the study pays every week. Sheldon excels at the analytical tests, but has little patience for the tests of perceptiveness, while Missy is the opposite. She also suggests ways that her psychologist could make herself more attractive to her colleague. While monitoring the sessions, Mary learns that Missy feels a bit neglected, so she is given the choice of restaurant on the way home.
28
6
October 25, 2018 (2018-10-25)
Pastor Jeff wants to put on a Halloween Hell House ("Heck House") to warn children and teenagers of the consequences of sin and puts Mary in charge. She enlists the help of Mr. Lundy, who then takes over the whole production. He dresses as Satan and sets up a different room in a vacant house for each of the seven deadly sins . The last room is heaven, featuring Mary dressed as an angel, but the only person who wants to be saved from sin is Georgie's date, Veronica. Meanwhile, Sheldon dresses as Carl Sagan for trick-or-treating, but only one person recognizes his costume.
29
7
Rebecca Asher
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Damir Konjicija & Dario KonjicijaTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez
November 1, 2018 (2018-11-01)
George takes Sheldon to a lecture on carbon dating , which is also being attended by Paige. While waiting in a restaurant, he is separately approached by Paige's parents, whose marriage is precarious because of the demands of raising Paige. The children become bored by the lecture and wander into a closed area of the museum. Meanwhile, Connie is holding a garage sale, and becomes upset by the sight of Dr. Sturgis wearing her dead husband's jacket.
30
8
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Damir Konjicija & Dario KonjicijaTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & David Bickel & Tara Hernandez
November 8, 2018 (2018-11-08)
Connie and Sheldon become addicted to video games . She even pulls him out of school so he can play with her, since she had promised not to play without him. Meanwhile, Georgie takes a part-time job at Herschel Sparks' garage, where he displays a definite talent for tire repair.
31
9
November 15, 2018 (2018-11-15)
Sheldon takes a psychology class as his elective, and is told to observe family dynamics over the Thanksgiving weekend. He sees his parents argue over whether or not George should accept a higher-paying job coaching at the University of Tulsa , since his family does not want to leave Medford. George rejects the offer and Sheldon becomes unexpectedly emotional while reading his report to his class.
32
10
"A Stunted Childhood and a Can of Fancy Mixed Nuts"
Rebecca Asher
December 6, 2018 (2018-12-06)
Missy and Paige have a sleepover. After learning that people with a stunted childhood become social outcasts, Sheldon tries to be more like a 10-year-old by playing practical jokes on various people. After finally succeeding with Missy, he becomes satisfied with his social progress. Meanwhile, John asks Connie to teach him how to drive a car. He fails to become proficient, but they then state their love for each other.
33
11
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Tara Hernandez & Damir Konjicija & Dario KonjicijaTeleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan
January 3, 2019 (2019-01-03)
Sheldon tries to teach math to Missy using Socratic questioning and operant conditioning , causing her to slug him when he threatens to damage her Cabbage Patch doll unless she learns calculus. Georgie joins Mary's bible study group so that he can be close to Veronica. They get baptized together, but she slugs him when he kisses her. Mary berates and grounds her sons for their actions.
34
12
Mark Cendrowski
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven MolaroTeleplay by : Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe & Connor Kilpatrick
January 10, 2019 (2019-01-10)
Sheldon has to go to a hospital for several days to get his gall bladder removed . He is a difficult patient until he gets a roommate with a hole in his heart . All of his family (except for Georgie) miss him.
35
13
Chris Koch
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Tara HernandezTeleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan
January 17, 2019 (2019-01-17)
Georgie is humiliated at school when he tries to win back Veronica, Mary insists that George tell her who his first crush was, Connie has to break up a shoving match between John and another scientist who was getting too friendly towards her, and Sheldon acquires a box of defective smoke detectors so that he can take out the Americium-241 and build a nuclear power plant for the neighborhood. Government agents in hazmat suits then arrive.
36
14
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Jeremy Howe & Stacey PulwerTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez
January 31, 2019 (2019-01-31)
Sheldon witnesses Georgie being bullied by a fellow student, and strikes up a friendship with the bully that enables him to coerce services from Georgie. However, Sheldon brags about the relationship to an even bigger bully, which results in Sheldon being imprisoned in a locker overnight. Meanwhile, Missy steals Connie's makeup for school picture day, accuses Mary of being a killjoy, and has to spend the night with Connie. Connie then explains to her that Mary became a devout Christian because Missy almost died at birth, causing her to change her attitude towards her mother.
37
15
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven MolaroTeleplay by : Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe & Connor Kilpatrick
February 7, 2019 (2019-02-07)
Dr. Sturgis gives Sheldon a 95% on a physics test, which Sheldon disputes. Eventually, Dr. Sturgis admits that Sheldon was right, and deserved a perfect score. Pastor Jeff becomes ill, and asks Mary to take over his duties, such as providing counseling to a pair of newlyweds, and visiting a former military officer who is a shut-in with failing health; the visit to the curmudgeonly recluse is difficult, but when Mary tries to visit him again, she discovers that he has died.
38
16
Alex Reid
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven MolaroTeleplay by : Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe & Connor Kilpatrick
February 21, 2019 (2019-02-21)
Sheldon's favorite brand of bread tastes different, so he begins a campaign to advocate for tight government regulation of bakeries. During a TV interview, he inadvertently says that communism might be the answer to the bread crisis, so the Cooper family is shunned by the town . Meanwhile, Veronica breaks up with her boyfriend, so she and Georgie become " just friends ", and due to the students dismissing Georgie as a communist, Veronica is the only one who wants to sit next to him at lunch. Eventually, George reappears with Sheldon on TV to clear up the misconception of the television and resolve the difficulties.
39
17
March 7, 2019 (2019-03-07)
Mary becomes pregnant, causing George to worry about finances. He does get a pay raise from the school, but Mary suffers a miscarriage. Meanwhile, Sheldon takes up violin lessons to be more like Albert Einstein . Noticing the prevalence of Jews like Einstein in physics, he decides to become Jewish himself. A rabbi then talks him out of it.
40
18
Chris Koch
Story by : Chuck Lorre & David Bickel & Tara HernandezTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Jeremy Howe
April 4, 2019 (2019-04-04)
Colleges begin to take notice of Sheldon after he gets a perfect score on his PSAT/NMSQT . To gain some experience in living at a college, he stays overnight with John. The experience is mostly enjoyable, but after he accidentally starts a fire in the kitchen, he is happy to return home. Mary is delighted, since she had been experiencing empty nest syndrome .
41
19
Jude Weng
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Damir Konjicija & Dario KonjicijaTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & David Bickel & Steve Holland
April 25, 2019 (2019-04-25)
Annoyed that so many school funds go to football instead of the science classroom, Sheldon decides to run for class president . The campaign goes badly until Sheldon decides to fight dirty using information that Missy got from his opponent's younger sister; she's originally from New York. Sheldon uses Texas pride to win. However, Principal Petersen vetoes his use of an old version of the Pledge of Allegiance .
42
20
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Chuck Lorre & David Bickel & Steve HollandTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe
May 2, 2019 (2019-05-02)
When Veronica has problems at home, the Coopers take her in for a few days, thrilling Georgie. She fits in well with all the family and Georgie's kindness makes her actually start to have feelings for him. George steps in when her mother's boyfriend tries to take her home against her will. Meanwhile, Dr. Sturgis proposes to Connie after a year of dating, only to hear she never thought she'd marry again, upsetting him. Connie takes out a large newspaper ad proclaiming her love for him, winning him back.
43
21
Alex Reid
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Damir Konjicija & Dario KonjicijaTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe
May 9, 2019 (2019-05-09)
Pastor Jeff stays with the Coopers while he has marital problems, making things uncomfortable for Mary and George and bonding with Georgie over girl problems. When he finds his wife has left him, he considers leaving the church until he meets Robin, a female police officer. Sheldon and Missy get many donations for the church, while Connie takes Dr. Sturgis to the casino. He does not enjoy it very much and is put off by her attitude while losing, until she has a big win.
44
22
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Damir Konjicija & Dario KonjicijaTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez
May 16, 2019 (2019-05-16)
Georgie uses his own money to pay for cable TV service, but when he will not allow his father to use it, George presents him with a bill for his services. Sheldon invites the entire school to a listening party for the announcement of the Nobel Prize winners in Physics over a shortwave radio . Due to the time difference between Sweden (where the announcements are made) and Texas, the announcement comes at five o'clock in the morning local time, so nobody attends Sheldon's party except Mary, whom he excuses after realizing that she is not really interested in the Nobels and only felt sorry for him. Although he helped Sheldon set up the shortwave radio, Dr. Sturgis does not attend Sheldon's party, as the looming announcement triggers a depressive episode regarding his (likely permanent) lack of a Nobel for his own work. Sheldon begins to cry as the results are read out, believing he will remain friendless for the rest of his life; however, a subsequent montage reveals the current whereabouts of his present-day friends - including Leonard also listening to the Nobels broadcast, Raj doing schoolwork, Howard playing video games, Penny and Bernadette both sleeping, and his future wife Amy reading Little House on the Prairie with a flashlight - and the adult Sheldon notes that "thankfully", this belief was wrong.
Season 3 (2019–20)
Jaffar Mahmood
September 26, 2019 (2019-09-26)
Following Dr. Sturgis's hospitalization in a mental hospital, Mary worries something similar may happen to Sheldon. With Mary being indirect in trying to evaluate Sheldon's mental state, her questions cause Sheldon to be concerned about her mental health. This is resolved at the psychologist's office once Mary reveals the reason for her questioning. Meanwhile, Georgie discovers that a local gift shop is going out of business , and is selling snow globes for $1 each. He asks George for money to purchase a large quantity of snow globes with the intent of selling them at $5 each. His father dismisses the idea. Georgie initially fails with his plan until he figures out a way to play on the locals' nostalgia for snow in Texas to sell the snow globes.
46
2
October 3, 2019 (2019-10-03)
Believing he is not being challenged enough at school, Sheldon decides to skip his classes and study independently in a broom closet within the school library. Once discovered, George and Mary disagree on whose responsibility to resolve the matter. Connie suggests having Sheldon audit Dr. Linkletter's physics course while Dr. Sturgis is hospitalized during one argument. Although the problem with Sheldon is solved, George is disturbed by his fight with Mary, and with the advice of Assistant Coach Wilkins, George invites Mary for date night. Meanwhile, Pastor Jeff tries to ward off his desires for intimacy with his girlfriend, Officer Robin, and Mary assists him with that. Pastor Jeff calls Mary's home for assistance, but he speaks to Missy instead, since Mary is out on her date night with George. Missy lies to Pastor Jeff about her and Georgie's experimentation with an Ouija board . Missy then fears that the lie will land her in hell , so she calls Pastor Jeff back to confess. The call back occurs just as Pastor Jeff was about to get intimate with his girlfriend, which he interpreted as a sign from God to cease. In response, Officer Robin asks Pastor Jeff to marry her.
47
3
October 10, 2019 (2019-10-10)
Dr. Linkletter, wanting to create additional opportunities to meet with Connie, invites Sheldon to a robotics lecture. Connie feels uncomfortable and refuses to take Sheldon to the lecture. Sheldon accuses Connie of being selfish, so she spanks him (offscreen). His parents also refuse to drive him, hearing of his disrespect towards Connie. Sheldon also accuses his parents of being more selfish than Connie, so they ground him for a month. Sheldon, therefore, decides to take a bus to visit Dr. Sturgis at the mental hospital. Before the police track him down, a seatmate on the bus convinces Sheldon that he is in the wrong. He then 'apologizes' to his parents and Connie by showing them an episode of Star Trek that conveys his feelings, but they do not quite get it. Meanwhile, Georgie's latest get-rich-quick scheme (selling candy for half the price of the school's vending machine ) nets him much money, which impresses Veronica, but she rejects the expensive necklace he buys her. Hence, he buys her a cheap candy bracelet instead.
48
4
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Tara HernandezTeleplay by : Steven Holland & Maria Ferrari & Connor Kilpatrick
October 17, 2019 (2019-10-17)
Sheldon becomes obsessed with solving the unified field theory, a problem unsolved by Einstein. This worries Mary, so Sheldon (unsuccessfully) tries to distract himself with other activities. The school librarian suggests that Sheldon do something that is the "opposite of science," leading Sheldon to conclude that reading fiction is the closest alternative. He starts reading The Lord of the Rings , but becomes obsessed with figuring out discrepancies in the storyline. When Sheldon falls asleep, he dreams about a battle between "the Hobbitses" and "the Physicses" for his attention. With "the Physicses" winning, Sheldon goes back to focusing on physics after waking up. Meanwhile, Missy becomes infatuated with a boy who is into baseball. She, therefore, asks George to teach her how to throw and catch a baseball and how to sound intelligent talking about baseball. The plan fails because the boy is interested in another girl, but the time spent with George helps Missy bond with him. George then teaches Missy how to throw a curveball , a skill that she uses to throw an apple at the boy who hurt her feelings.
49
5
Alex Reid
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Maria FerrariTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe
October 24, 2019 (2019-10-24)
Dr. Sturgis is released from the mental hospital and comes with Connie for dinner at Cooper's home. After dinner, Dr. Sturgis breaks up with Connie, feeling that she deserves someone more mentally stable than himself. Connie, not used to being broken up with, gets upset, so Dr. Sturgis recommends that she go back to dating her ex-boyfriend, Ira Rosenbloom. During the date with Rosenbloom, Connie confesses that she only called him for a revenge date, and it was at Sturgis' suggestion. In response, Rosenbloom rejects future dates with Connie. Meanwhile, Sheldon feels that it's unfair for him not to be friends with Dr. Sturgis just because Sturgis and Connie broke up and convinces Mary to invite Sturgis for dinner. Sturgis arrives at the Coopers' home bringing a pineapple as a gift, which he explains is a symbol of hospitality. Mary does not like the dinner table conversation that is taking place and asks George to take Dr. Sturgis to a bar. Dr. Sturgis publicly toasts "the bosom of the male friendship" that he thinks he has developed with George at the bar.
50
6
Chris Koch
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Jeremy HoweTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Connor Kilpatrick
November 7, 2019 (2019-11-07)
The Coopers visit a church carnival, except for Connie, who stays at home struggling with her breakup with Dr. Sturgis. Georgie volunteered at a stall in the carnival expecting to be working together with Veronica. Still, she got sick, and he had to work with Peg, Pastor Jeff's chain-smoking secretary, who bores him with her stories of disappointments in her love life. Missy scores seven consecutive successful throws at the carnival dunk tank thanks to her baseball practices with her dad, which makes her want to join a baseball team. George takes Missy to sign up for the youth league, but the Coach, Dale, refuses to accept a girl in the team. When Connie hears about her rejection, she gets off the couch and visits Dale herself, along with Missy, who finally gets to show her skills and is accepted into the team; and Connie gets a date with the coach. Meanwhile, Georgie, bored out of his wits by Peg and Connie's lamentations, pays a visit to Veronica with a "Get Well Soon" balloon, but she is at the doctor's, and Georgie gets stuck with her grandmother, who bores him all over again.
51
7
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Steve HollandTeleplay by : Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe
November 14, 2019 (2019-11-14)
Sheldon buys a direct-connect 300 baud modem and uses it to post a wave function collapse theory on a physics newsgroup , which is met with disagreement from another user. Without the fear of physical retaliation, Sheldon resorts to name-calling. As the scientific argument escalates, Sheldon asks for advice from Dr. Sturgis, and eventually, his opponent concedes, remarking that Sheldon's point "has some validity." Dale takes George out for a beer, where they connect over small talk, but George does not tell him anything that would worry Connie, who is dating him. Other girls taunt Missy in her school for playing baseball, which makes Missy think of quitting baseball, but when Brenda Sparks calls Mary on the phone, calling Missy weird for playing baseball, Mary pressures Missy to stay on the team. Missy beats up a pitcher at a baseball match who tries to hit her with the ball. A girl from Georgie's English class named Lisa flirts with Georgie in school, producing mixed feelings in Veronica.
52
8
Chris Koch
Story by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy HoweTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Connor Kilpatrick
November 21, 2019 (2019-11-21)
When Sheldon scores exceptionally well on his college exam, Dr. Sturgis suggests to George that he transfer to college full-time, suggesting that George take a better-paying job coaching college football in order to be near him: George considers the offer, while Principal Petersen provides them with various perks in order to keep them at Medford High to ensure Sheldon's high scores keep the school well-funded. Dale offers Georgie a job as a salesman at his sporting goods store; Georgie's new cash flow quickly goes to his head. Mary is concerned at the apparent "selfishness" and "greed" running rampant in her family and confiscates all symbols of excess until Connie explains her frustrations as being a relapse of empty nest syndrome .
53
9
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Tara HernandezTeleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe
December 5, 2019 (2019-12-05)
When Missy receives an invitation to Billy's birthday party, but Sheldon does not, Mary pressures the Sparks family into inviting Sheldon, even getting Pastor Jeff to deliver a sermon on neighborliness. However, Sheldon will only attend as Mr. Spock , complete with tricorder . Dr. Sturgis eventually manages to establish a friendship with Connie and George. Billy's mother complains that Billy wants to spend time in the hen house with Sheldon instead of being at the party. Mary acknowledges that she made a mistake insisting Sheldon be included and explains to Brenda her worry about Sheldon not fitting in anywhere and her concern about what will happen when he grows up. This causes a rare moment of sympathy between the two moms as Brenda admits her worries about Billy. When Mary comments that this sort of thing bothers her far more than Sheldon, Brenda sympathetically agrees, saying, "Doesn't make it any easier, does it?" Although Brenda agrees to let Billy and Sheldon play with the chickens rather than rejoining the party, Sheldon immediately runs in screaming because a chicken pooped on him, causing Mary to take him home again.
54
10
Nikki Lorre
Story by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Tara HernandezTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Connor Kilpatrick
December 12, 2019 (2019-12-12)
Sheldon pretends to be sick to get out of taking a swimming class at school, but the guilt over the lie traumatizes him; he attempts to actually get sick before confessing to Mary, and in the end does get sick. He even infects his friends, classmates, teachers, principal, mom, dad, Missy, Georgie, Connie and Dale. Meanwhile, Dr. Sturgis spies on Dale, and Connie starts defending him once Dale begins to insult him.
55
11
Alex Reid
Story by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Yael GloubermanTeleplay by : Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe
January 9, 2020 (2020-01-09)
Pastor Jeff and Officer Robin rush to get married so that they can commence marital relations: Pastor Jeff asks Mary to plan their wedding, but she gets carried away with wedding fever and breaks down over her lackluster marriage. George and Connie are left to look after the children. Sheldon finds that Georgie has taped Baywatch over one of his Star Trek: The Next Generation episodes, so he invites a stranger from an internet chat room to bring over his recording, much to Connie's dismay. Missy tries to save Billy's chicken from being eaten and stops George from eating his fried chicken. Georgie brings a girl, Jana (Ava Allan), into his bedroom, so George awkwardly tries to have "the talk" with him.
56
12
January 16, 2020 (2020-01-16)
Paige's parents get a divorce, leading to Paige struggling in school. She begins acting rebellious, and Sheldon becomes concerned when Paige no longer wants to be smart. Dr. Sturgis advises Sheldon to listen to Paige, who admits to Sheldon that everyone she knows is acting "weird" and that she feels alone. Sheldon offers to make her a hot beverage (which becomes his go-to method for consoling others in the parent series ). Meanwhile, George Sr. and Georgie clash when the latter tries to buy his way out of chores.
57
13
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Maria FerrariTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Jeremy Howe
January 30, 2020 (2020-01-30)
Dale invites George Sr. and Georgie on a fishing trip, and Dr. Sturgis tags along. The trip does not go well as Dale constantly insults Dr. Sturgis who then returns on his own. Connie visits the grave of her husband Charlie to reflect on her feelings for both men. Meanwhile, Missy and Sheldon play a bunch of games with the winner deciding what they should do that day. Missy eventually wins but their time is up, and Sheldon secretly got to enjoy arguing over the rules and staying home all day.
58
14
February 6, 2020 (2020-02-06)
Georgie enlists Sheldon in an attempt to get rich by extracting platinum from roadside gravel, but their attempt burns out a kiln at the school. Meanwhile, Missy falls into a batting slump. Mary tells her how God can provide support, but is later offended when Missy uses religion like a good luck charm .
59
15
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Eric KaplanTeleplay by : Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe
February 13, 2020 (2020-02-13)
Connie meets Dale's ex-wife June and the two hit it off. Dr. Sturgis runs into them and June later tells him not to give up on Connie. Sheldon has to work on a group project with two college students and clashes with them at home, with his parents talking things over with his assignment partners. Meanwhile, Georgie takes Missy to the mall where she sees the boy she liked previously.
60
16
"Pasadena"
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy HoweTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez
February 20, 2020 (2020-02-20)
Sheldon wants to go to Caltech for a Stephen Hawking lecture and brings George Sr. Sheldon has a panic attack on the plane, but his father calms him down by having him pretend to be Mr. Spock . Sheldon later says he could see a future in Pasadena. Mary catches Georgie in a lie by spying on his phone conversation with Jana, but is able to bond with him over her own teenage mistakes. The episode ends with Sheldon and his father admiring the cafeteria at Caltech, the venue for many scenes in the parent series, The Big Bang Theory .
61
17
March 5, 2020 (2020-03-05)
Sheldon assists Dr. Sturgis with a paper about quantum time by correcting one of the equations , but when Dr. Sturgis tells Sheldon he'll be mentioned in the footnotes instead of being a co-author, Sheldon accuses him of plagiarism. This results in Dr. Sturgis banning Sheldon from his class. Georgie takes Jana out on a date, but runs into Veronica and his old feelings for her start to resurface. Meanwhile, Mary hunts for a female baseball trophy for Missy.
62
18
"A Couple Bruised Ribs and a Cereal Box Ghost Detector"
Chris Koch
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Connor KilpatrickTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari
March 12, 2020 (2020-03-12)
After George Sr. accidentally injures the school librarian, Ms. Hutchins, she stays with the Cooper family. She makes Sheldon see he was wrong and he apologizes to Dr. Sturgis. Connie questions Georgie about Dale before she and Dale agree to a monogamous relationship. Georgie does not want a monogamous relationship with Jana so she dumps him.
63
19
Alex Reid
Story by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Maria FerrariTeleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe
April 2, 2020 (2020-04-02)
When Sheldon discovers the house next door is for sale, he decides the buyer must be one he approves. Pastor Jeff and Officer Robin express interest, and Sheldon likes the idea of having a police officer nearby, but Mary hesitates to have her boss live so close. She changes her mind to be a good neighbor. The couple buy the house, but Sheldon is less happy to hear they're expecting a baby. Meanwhile, Missy has to pitch against her "boyfriend" in a baseball game and is worried he'll dump her if she strikes him out. She eventually does, but he shows he still likes her and holds her hand, to Missy's great joy.
64
20
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez & Jeremy HoweTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Connor Kilpatrick
April 16, 2020 (2020-04-16)
Under anesthesia at the dentist, Sheldon dreams he is given the solution to the unified field theory by the Egyptian deity Thoth , but upon waking he cannot remember it. A concentrated drink of Camomile tea makes him hallucinate that his wall posters of famous scientists are telling him the pursuit of scientific knowledge is more rewarding than just knowing the answers. Connie takes Dale to the casino. She turns down his suggestion they get married and is unwilling to say she loves him. He gets mighty upset. Georgie, put in charge of the store by Dale, returns from helping a customer to find an opened and emptied cash register drawer. Georgie repays Dale the loss from his savings but Dale angrily fires him.
65
21
"A Secret Letter and a Lowly Disc of Processed Meat"
Alex Reid
Story by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Connor KilpatrickTeleplay by : Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe
April 30, 2020 (2020-04-30)
Sheldon and George are angry at Mary having hidden from them that Caltec wrote to Sheldon that they wanted him to study there. Mary discloses there have been other letters from other institutions. Mary can bond with Brenda Sparks about her fears for Sheldon's future. George convinces Sheldon that studying far away at present is an unrealistic option, but helps him with a videotape presentation to convince Mary to allow Sheldon to enroll full-time with Dr. Sturgis, with support from Dr. Sturgis and the high school staff; Mary agrees. Meanwhile, Connie is furious that Dale fired Georgie so they take revenge by egging his store.
Season 4 (2020–21)
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Eric Kaplan & Jeremy Howe & Connor KilpatrickTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez
November 5, 2020 (2020-11-05)
Dale tries making up with Connie after their breakup and apologizes for firing Georgie; he later reinstates Georgie and gives back the money Georgie gave him after Dale's store was burglarized. Sheldon's friend Tam shows indifference about Sheldon graduating. Sheldon learns he will be valedictorian of his graduating class, but later panics when unable to find his goggles at school, fearing he will catch "eyebrow lice." Sheldon is interviewed on local television and succumbs to his fear that he is unable to handle things on his own. George tries to convince Sheldon he is ready for college, while Mary seems glad Sheldon might stay in high school. Missy, facing elementary school graduation, admits to Sheldon that she is also afraid but tells him they should face their graduations despite the fear. Sheldon gives a poignant graduation speech, crediting Missy, who graduates soon after. In the present day, Sheldon narrates that their next graduation party was the best he ever attended until he held one for his son Leonard. It is presumed that Leonard was named after Sheldon's adulthood roommate Leonard Hofstadter until Sheldon mentions he was originally going to be named Leonard Nimoy Cooper. Sheldon's wife and Leonard's mother Amy Farrah Fowler is then heard telling Sheldon he should "be happy I let you name him Leonard."
67
2
"A Docent, A Little Lady and a Bouncer Named Dalton"
November 12, 2020 (2020-11-12)
Sheldon gets a volunteer position as a docent (or a guide) for a railway museum but is removed from the position after continually correcting the man who selected him. Connie tries to teach Sheldon that people can get tired of hearing a barrage of facts by telling him about knitting; Sheldon continues being interested after Connie becomes tired of explaining it. While George is driving Missy to one of her baseball games, Missy uses a restroom and has her first period , and George freaks out. However, he is assisted by a female clerk who empathizes with his situation. He later cheers Missy on as she strikes out an opposing batter. Meanwhile, Georgie walks in on Mary watching Road House , which she pretends she turned on by accident. They both admit they've seen the movie several times, even though it's rated R . George then ruins Road House for Mary after pointing out Patrick Swayze 's resemblance to Georgie.
68
3
Jeremy Howe
Story by : Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez & Connor KilpatrickTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan
November 19, 2020 (2020-11-19)
Concerned he cannot walk fast enough to get from class to class at college, Sheldon gets Missy to teach him how to ride a bicycle without using training wheels. However, one of the Sparks' family chickens flies out, and the bicycling Sheldon crashes into a mailbox. His father George rushes him to the emergency room, where Sheldon's fractured right ulna is found. Brenda Sparks, concerned about getting sued, brings a peace offering--the offending chicken cooked. Sheldon asks Georgie about being left-handed, then is "babied" by his mother, Mary, and has a dream his mother is his training wheels. Connie tells her daughter Mary that if a parent does their job right, their children no longer need them. Missy inspires Sheldon to succeed despite his "handicap" and points to the great physicist Stephen Hawking , who uses a wheelchair. Despite Pastor Jeff's efforts, Sheldon credits Hawking instead of God. Sheldon lets people sign his cast for a memory of his maturing. His arm heals, and the cast is removed. With Missy's encouragement, he again rides a bicycle without training wheels, but a dog chases him for 11 miles.
69
4
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Jeremy HoweTeleplay by : Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez & Connor Kilpatrick
December 3, 2020 (2020-12-03)
After Sheldon's Stamp Camp is canceled due to a lack of interest, his mother forces him to attend Bible Camp with Missy. Paige is also there, after her mother caught her smoking. Despite both mocking religion, Sheldon and Paige soon get competitive over Bible trivia. Sheldon studies all night to be more prepared than Paige, but she finds it more fun not to compete and watch Sheldon squirm. Sheldon tries various other ways to annoy her, which have no effect. When Sheldon points out how she must blame herself for her parents' divorce, she gives him a black eye. Meanwhile, Georgie buys his first vehicle but chooses a van with a mini-fridge and bed to invite his girlfriend Jana inside. George bans him from the house to get him to sell it. Georgie lives inside the van despite being attacked by a rat. However, he does agree to sell it once Jana's father sees the bed and refuses to let his daughter go for a ride in the van.
70
5
Alex Reid
Story by : Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe & Connor KilpatrickTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan
December 17, 2020 (2020-12-17)
George is going to a conference with Coach Wilkins, and Mary joins in when she learns Coach Wilkins is bringing his wife, Darlene. While George and Mary bicker, the other couple is happy and supportive of each other. With encouragement, George and Mary express mutual appreciation of each other. Connie and Dale play Dungeons & Dragons with Sheldon and Missy; Connie reveals she is tired of Dale's trying to be kind, thinking it's just an act. Dale reveals he is still upset about Connie rejecting his marriage proposal. Connie remains unwilling to get married but admits she liked the old Dale more, so Dale reverts to his sarcastic, drinking ways. Meanwhile, Georgie's girlfriend Jana thinks she is pregnant. While waiting for her to take a test, Georgie imagines what his life would be like with children. Jana is not pregnant but tells Georgie he was afraid he would have to marry her.
71
6
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Tara HernandezTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Jeremy Howe & Connor Kilpatrick
January 21, 2021 (2021-01-21)
Sheldon is about to begin college and attend his freshman orientation. Dr. Sturgis calls to say he took a new job at the Superconducting Super Collider . Mary is worried about how Sheldon will handle college without a trusted adult there, but Sheldon insists he navigates his first day. Sheldon gets a smoothie spilled on him, a bee stings his eye, his zipper is stuck, causing his pants to rip, and he gets a roll of duct tape stuck to himself trying to fix the rip. But he does make it to the orientation. Mary runs into Sam; a student Sheldon has worked with previously. Other students mistake Mary for a new student, and Mary enjoys herself at a barbecue with them. George helps Pastor Jeff build a nursery, and they discuss how life changes when you become a father. Both of them become depressed, but they both cheer up when George takes Pastor Jeff for a ride on his long-unridden motorcycle. Meanwhile, Connie is upset Dr. Sturgis never told her he was moving away for his new job. She hints at her feelings while helping Missy, who now wants to be called by her given name, Melissa, with her hair. But Connie is pleased when she gets a letter from Dr. Sturgis.
72
7
Alex Reid
Story by : Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe & Connor KilpatrickTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan
February 11, 2021 (2021-02-11)
Sheldon begins a philosophy class with Professor Erikson ( Melanie Lynskey ), who questions how anything can be truly proven and the value of science compared with skepticism. Talking with Dr. Linkletter, Sheldon decides to drop the class; but Professor Erikson says he is giving up. Sheldon spends the night studying science and the logical structure of the world and dreams, talking things over with René Descartes . However, his dream turns into a nightmare where he is a butterfly killed by his sister. Sheldon has an existential crisis in the morning and unwilling to go to school because nothing matters; Mary is alarmed. Meanwhile, Mary and Brenda Sparks reveal that Missy may become popular in middle school.
73
8
Alex Reid
Story by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Tara HernandezTeleplay by : Steve Holland & Jeremy Howe & Connor Kilpatrick
February 18, 2021 (2021-02-18)
With Sheldon still doubting reality, George, Connie, and Dr. Sturgis fail to rouse him and Connie resorts to scaring him with a chicken. At the university, Sheldon questions his physics class with Dr. Linkletter. As Connie and Dr. Linkletter both demand Professor Erikson fix Sheldon, she tells Sheldon that asking philosophical questions to gain knowledge is the point of life. Sheldon decides to drop physics for philosophy and begins practicing the various branches. He goes to Dr. Linkletter to change his field of study. As Dr. Linkletter tries to warn him about switching fields while on a scholarship, Sheldon blows some bubbles, which causes him to think about science again and no longer want to switch fields. Meanwhile, George finds out Georgie is cutting class and wants to leave the football team, preferring to work at the store; he claims he is happy there while George hates his job. George reveals to his coworkers his unhappiness anywhere.
74
9
Michael Judd
Story by : Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez & Yael GloubermanTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Connor Kilpatrick & Marie Cheng
February 25, 2021 (2021-02-25)
The college president pressures Sheldon and George into attending a dinner with a wealthy benefactor. George has Sheldon practice being nice with Billy Sparks when someone says something Sheldon finds stupid. Sheldon does manage to shake the donor's hand but finds it difficult to listen to his beliefs in fringe science, finally snapping that people pretend to agree with him for his money. The donor appreciates Sheldon's honesty, giving a large donation to the college while George gets football tickets and Sheldon receives an anti-static lab chair. Connie attends the second wedding of Dale's son. Dale's ex-wife June is there with a much younger man, admitting she is dating him to upset Dale, angering Connie. Meanwhile, Missy wants to go to a school dance, but Mary forbids it due to their religion. Georgie showing Missy Footloose is unhelpful, but Georgie tells Mary she should lighten up and be glad Missy still respects her enough to ask. Mary allows her to go, not knowing Missy is about to sneak out.
75
10
March 4, 2021 (2021-03-04)
Sheldon relentlessly begs Dr. Linkletter to be his lab assistant, finally getting the job by calling in the middle of the night. Sheldon is insulted that it is only menial tasks in the lab and quits, but George demands Sheldon stick to his word. Sheldon returns and does the tasks and respects the boundaries, not letting Dr. Linkletter know about the flaw in his experiment. Dr. Linkletter tries various methods to get Sheldon to tell him, even calling George in the middle of the night, but Sheldon is unbroken. Dr. Linkletter runs the experiment anyway and accidentally starts a small fire. After realizing how much money Richard Simmons makes, Georgie decides to make his exercise video, turning to the drama teacher Mr. Lundy ( Jason Alexander ), for help. Mr. Lundy turns it into a cowboy aerobics theme, and Georgie convinces Connie to invest in him as her grandson. However, Connie and Georgie back out when Mr. Lundy wants 80% of the profits. Mr. Lundy carries on with the idea, launching successful videos starring David Hasselhoff . However, Mr. Lundy loses all the money by creating a play based on his life.
76
11
"A Pager, a Club and a Cranky Bag of Wrinkles"
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Eric KaplanTeleplay by : Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe & Connor Kilpatrick
March 11, 2021 (2021-03-11)
Sheldon constantly eats lunch with Dr. Linkletter. Mary and Dr. Linkletter both encourage Sheldon to join a school club, but Sheldon finds a flaw in them all. He goes back to Dr. Linkletter, who tells Sheldon that they are not friends, only professor, and student. Sheldon is hurt and tries to set up a Professor Proton club. Nobody shows up, but Sheldon silently reads with another student in the room doing the same. June calls Connie to apologize for what happened at the wedding earlier, and the two go to a casino and get drunk together. June believes Connie regrets rejecting Dale's marriage proposal. Connie later calls Dale drunk that night but cannot remember what she said. Meanwhile, Georgie gets a pager for work, but an older woman mistakenly contacts him. To his annoyance, he does various errands and chores for her, but he then meets and has a crush on her granddaughter.
77
12
Alex Reid
Story by : Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez & Marie ChengTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Jeremy Howe & Connor Kilpatrick
April 1, 2021 (2021-04-01)
Sheldon and Dr. Linkletter need Connie's crochet skills to help solve the solar neutrino problem . Connie gets excited about contributing to science, calling Dr. Sturgis to brag and dreaming she wins an award as the 'Meemaw of Science.' The experiment works, but Connie is disappointed to learn that it is just an early prototype , and the actual breakthrough will take decades. Mary spots Pastor Jeff walking around the neighborhood with Brenda Sparks, which makes her jealous. Though not invited to join them, Brenda eventually admits her husband moved out, willing to talk about it with Mary. Meanwhile, Georgie finds Sheldon's old perfectly scored high school tests. With the teachers still using the same ones, he sells the tests to other students for cash. While sneaking into the photocopy room to make more, he sees Mr. Givens, the science teacher making out with the librarian Ms. Hutchins. When Mr. Givens confronts him about the tests, Georgie agrees to stay quiet about what he saw if Mr. Givens stays quiet about the tests.
78
13
Melissa Joan Hart
Story by : Steven Molaro & Connor Kilpatrick & Yael GloubermanTeleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez
April 8, 2021 (2021-04-08)
While bringing Sheldon home from college, Connie swerves to avoid hitting a cat and crashes her car into a tree. Though both of them are fine, Missy plans on using the car accident story to get better treatment from her teachers. Sheldon becomes afraid of being a passenger in any car and asks Dr. Linkletter to deliver his class lectures over the phone. When Dr. Linkletter refuses, Sheldon goes to President Hagemeyer to get Dr. Linkletter to comply. Wanting to keep Sheldon happy, President Hagemeyer has a second phone line installed at Sheldon's house, amongst other perks. Mary thanks President Hagemeyer for supporting Sheldon but has her stop giving him everything he wants. When Mary eventually gets Sheldon into a car to go to RadioShack , he creates the alphabetic periodic table element car game he plays as an adult with his roommate Leonard . Meanwhile, Connie is forced to use the church transportation service with other seniors with her car in the shop. She takes them all to a salon and shows them they can still be bold and enjoy life.
79
14
"Mitch's Son and the Unconditional Approval of a Government Agency"
Alex Reid
Story by : Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez & Jeremy HoweTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Connor Kilpatrick
April 15, 2021 (2021-04-15)
The IRS charges the Cooper family $4.22 for a mistake on their tax returns. Wanting to prove he does the family's taxes perfectly, Sheldon calls them to explain how he was correct, and they made a mistake. The IRS responds by auditing them for the three years Sheldon has done the taxes. Sheldon can explain everything perfectly, but the accountant gets him to admit George buys him a model train for completing the taxes, a violation of accepting payment for unlicensed work. Sheldon is crushed; he made a mistake, but a pep talk from George teaches him that mistakes are how one learns and does not give up. Sheldon realizes since George is a teacher, doing the taxes counts as an economics lesson and the model trains are an acceptable gift for this, so the family's taxes are fine. Dale must get a colonoscopy and wants Connie to get one. She refuses, avoiding doctors since her husband was in surgery and died nine months after a similar appointment. Connie eventually gets a check-up and is healthy but must also get her colonoscopy. Meanwhile, Missy almost swears by saying phrases like "son of a Mitch," which annoys Mary. Missy further gets under Mary's skin by reading about " asses " in The Bible, and Mary grounds Missy for it.
80
15
Michael Judd
Story by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Connor KilpatrickTeleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe
April 22, 2021 (2021-04-22)
Sheldon wants an expensive computer game, so Tam offers to get him a bootleg copy. Mary offers to take Brenda Sparks out for a night of fun, going with Connie to a bar. With Billy Sparks at the Cooper house, he plays poker with George, Coach Wilkins, Mr. Givens, and Principal Petersen. Meanwhile, Georgie and Jana take Missy to the movies for a date with Marcus. A virus wipes Sheldon's computer, and he realizes his backup disc is also corrupted, and the files are gone forever. Brenda enjoys her time out, but her story of how her marriage fell apart worries Mary about her marriage. George tries to cheer up Billy, saying his parents were unhappy staying together. Jana is upset Georgie responded to her saying she loved him with "Samesies," but Georgie admits he cares about her more than anyone else. Sheldon unknowingly and unintentionally hurts Billy with an ironic comment about his erased files never coming back, as may be the case with Billy's father. The episode ends with Sheldon, Mary and Billy upset about their problems; but Jana and Georgie are happy again, and Missy gets her first kiss on the cheek from Marcus.
81
16
"A Second Prodigy and the Hottest Tips for Pouty Lips"
Melissa Joan Hart
Story by : Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez & Jeremy HoweTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Connor Kilpatrick & Marie Cheng
April 29, 2021 (2021-04-29)
President Hagemeyer wants Sheldon's help recruiting Paige for the university. Sheldon tries to talk her out of enrolling. Still, she is not interested, only taking the tour to please her mother, wanting to go to Columbia or Harvard instead. This aggravates Sheldon, who does not like her criticizing his school and implying he only went there to stay with his mother. Missy believes Sheldon has a crush on Paige, and he has all the signs of a crush in her magazine's quiz. Talking with Dr. Sturgis, Sheldon realizes he probably does have a crush. He tells Paige, who claims she also has a crush on him. However, she gets him to close his eyes for a kiss and instead draws a mustache on Sheldon's face. Sheldon decides he does not have a crush. Mary sees Brenda Sparks' new haircut; feeling unsupported by George and lacking her own identity, Mary goes to June's salon. She instead decides to make her family's clothes, though George is upset about the cost of the fabrics. Mary gets a haircut after getting her hair caught in her sewing machine.
82
17
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Steve Holland & Jeremy Howe & Connor KilpatrickTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez
May 6, 2021 (2021-05-06)
Dr. Sturgis returns to town after being fired from the SSC project because he inadvertently caused public concern about the safety of high-energy particle collision experiments . He does not want his old job back, starting over at the grocery instead. Invited to the Cooper household for dinner, they all discuss various possibilities: the black hole occurring and everyone saying goodbye to each other as the world ends; an alternate universe where Dr. Sturgis is a cowboy, Connie is a New Yorker, George is a pastor, Mary is a sultry woman, Georgie is bald, Missy is the genius and Sheldon is a normal kid; and the possibility of two Sheldons which Missy imagines attacking each other. Dr. Sturgis imagines telling Connie he would want to live in a universe where they never broke up but remains quiet in real life, even as Connie admits she worries about him sometimes. While narrating, the older Sheldon reflects on this dinner when he bonded with his whole family discussing science, including his father. Later, Georgie tries to buy beer at the grocery store with Dr. Sturgis vouching for him but just leaves annoyed when Dr. Sturgis accidentally knocks over a display of cans.
83
18
Alex Reid
Story by : Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez & Jeremy HoweTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Connor Kilpatrick
May 13, 2021 (2021-05-13)
Mary volunteers to work late at the church with Peg so Pastor Jeff can spend time with his newborn son. Peg gets under Mary's skin by not contributing and saying Mary always wants to be right. Missy comes home upset about Marcus, trying to shut everyone out. George's attempts to make her feel better fail and lead to George and Connie bickering. After Sheldon acts insensitive, she rips his Professor Proton picture. This leads to tensions between George and Sheldon. Mary comes home in a bad mood, and without knowing the whole story, grounds Missy; leaving Missy furious that her mother always sides with Sheldon and George angry that Mary does not respect his parenting. Sheldon talks with Connie, who tells Sheldon he must look out for his sister. Georgie comes home, accidentally worsening the fight between his parents when George says Mary does not realize he is unhappy in his career and life because she did not care to ask. Sheldon catches Missy running away, so he follows her as her brother. They go to a shack in the woods where Missy explains Marcus broke her heart by holding hands with a 7th grader named Nicole at the roller rink, and Sheldon comforts her. Mary admits to Georgie that George may have a point. At a bar, George meets Brenda Sparks and begins playing pool.
Season 5 (2021–22)
October 7, 2021 (2021-10-07)
Picking up with George and Brenda at the bar, they enjoy talking but when Brenda invites him to her place, George has another mild heart attack. Mary is grateful to Brenda for helping George. Georgie finds Sheldon and Missy in the woods and brings them home. George convinces Mary to put their argument behind them and Missy apologizes to her father for how she treated him earlier. George is feeling guilty about what almost happened with Brenda, and is made more uncomfortable when Pastor Jeff praises him as a family man and husband, Sheldon points out that he and Missy got off without punishment, and Missy says she cannot believe Marcus thought she would not find out he held hands with another girl. After Brenda avoids Mary's thank-you dinner, George and Brenda both admit they feel guilty but talking with each other made both of them feel good. Mary finds comfort in religion, Sheldon in Star Trek and Missy in burning her notebook with Marcus's name on the cover.
85
2
Michael Judd
Story by : Steven Molaro & Jeremy Howe & Nadiya ChettiarTeleplay by : Steve Holland & Connor Kilpatrick & Marie Cheng
October 14, 2021 (2021-10-14)
Connie gets suspicious when she runs into Brenda at the grocery store, and Brenda acts strangely about the night at the bar. Connie confronts George, who reveals nothing, and warns Brenda. Connie then asks the bartender, who also tells Connie nothing and informs George. George confronts Connie for her snooping and insists nothing happened. Connie apologizes and says she believes him but is still suspicious. Brenda and George agree not to go to the bar simultaneously and bond again while talking. George successfully hides from Billy as well. Meanwhile, Pastor Jeff hires someone to teach the youth, Pastor Rob, who bothers Mary with his unconventional thinking around religion. Missy questions whether she believes in God; talking with Georgie is helpful, and she considers joining Sheldon in atheism. Pastor Rob tells Missy it is alright to have questions, and he wants her to figure out her own. This impresses both Missy and Sheldon, leaving Mary flabbergasted.
86
3
Nikki Lorre
Story by : Steve Holland & Marie Cheng & Yael GloubermanTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Nick Bakay
October 21, 2021 (2021-10-21)
After learning Dale dropped out of high school, Georgie does the same to work full-time. George and Mary are furious, and George kicks Georgie out of the house over Mary's protests. Jana also breaks up with Georgie for being a dropout. Both Mary and George argue with Dale, who will not talk Georgie out of it, and Connie agrees that school is not the best environment for Georgie's talents. Connie agrees to let Georgie stay one night. To not upset Georgie's parents more, Dale will not give him full-time hours, so Georgie needs to get a second job. Meanwhile, Dr. Linkletter tries to get Dr. Sturgis to return to the university. Dr. Linkletter sees Dr. Sturgis is happy at the grocery store and may point out their careers, getting them nowhere. They get drunk and sing in a park together. Dr. Sturgis goes to Connie's, while Dr. Linkletter falls asleep on a bench and is awoken by a policeman.
87
4
Alex Reid
Story by : Steven Molaro & Nick Bakay & Nadiya ChettiarTeleplay by : Steve Holland & Jeremy Howe & Connor Kilpatrick
October 28, 2021 (2021-10-28)
Georgie compromises with his parents by moving into the garage and paying rent. Missy takes the opportunity to move into Georgie's old room, and Sheldon struggles with the changes. He and Missy pester each other, but she does allow Sheldon to sleep on her floor the first night. They later establish a communication system for their separate rooms with walkie-talkies. Connie buys the laundromat that has secret illegal casino slots in the back. Dale does not love the idea and talks with his friend Officer Jake ( Bill Fagerbakke ), who says the police usually look the other way in these back rooms. Connie's first day dealing with the laundry side of the business does not go well, and Jake shuts down the casino to help his chances of becoming Sheriff. He does not arrest Connie as a favor to Dale, though. Connie is sad but still wants to run a gaming room.
88
5
Jeremy Howe
Story by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Connor KilpatrickTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Nadiya Chettiar & Yael Glouberman
November 4, 2021 (2021-11-04)
With Mary away, Billy Sparks asks George's permission to ask out Missy. George tells him to think about it first. Sheldon knows he and Dr. Linkletter need Dr. Sturgis' help on a science problem, but the two are professional rivals. George advises Sheldon that they are all scientists working for one goal. Dr. Linkletter and Sturgis insult each other at their first meeting. Missy is shocked and embarrassed at what George said and turns Billy down. George cheers Billy up, and Dr. Linkletter and Sturgis make progress later. Sheldon never tells George this, and Missy is unwilling to hear how George talked to Billy again. The older Sheldon narrates that while George may not have been the best father, they may not be the best children either. Meanwhile, Connie wants Georgie to work for her at the laundromat. Georgie refuses but suggests having people play the slots for tickets they can exchange for non-monetary prizes; Connie can then buy back at whatever value she wants, rewarding those who win at the slots and be legal. Connie thinks it's a stupid idea until Dale agrees. Connie apologizes and goes to talk with Georgie.
89
6
Nikki Lorre
Story by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Jeremy HoweTeleplay by : Steve Holland & Nick Bakay & Marie Cheng
November 11, 2021 (2021-11-11)
Missy's questions about sex and relationships at Sunday School cause Pastor Rob to ask that the church talk to the children. Mary's attempt with Missy at home goes unwell. Pastor Rob can convince Mary giving the talk as a pair would be a good idea. Mary later has a sexy dream about Pastor Rob. Angry calls from parents get Pastor Jeff to cancel the talk. Missy is further upset when she is made fun of at school for starting this. Sheldon is baffled people are so uncomfortable with the topic of reproduction; talking about it with Dr. Sturgis at the grocery store gets Dr. Sturgis fired. Sheldon later chooses the term "coitus" as the blandest term for sex. Missy also dreams about marrying Pastor Rob. Meanwhile, Georgie helps get Connie's casino running by using teddy bear prizes in exchange for cash, but she later cuts Georgie out. To Connie's chagrin, Officer Jake has Connie give the police department 10% of her earnings since it is a legal gray area.
90
7
"An Introduction to Engineering and a Glob of Hair Gel"
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Steve Holland & Nick Bakay & Yael GloubermanTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Jeremy Howe & Connor Kilpatrick
November 18, 2021 (2021-11-18)
Sheldon begins his first engineering class with Professor Boucher ( Lance Reddick ). Initially, Sheldon likes Professor Boucher's no-nonsense teaching style, but then he instantly rips up Sheldon's bridge-building assignment. Repeated attempts by Sheldon to fix it end in the same result. Sheldon going to President Hagemeyer doesn't help, as Professor Boucher has tenure . Sheldon has George talk to him, but Professor Boucher can prove that being hard on Sheldon will prepare him for the real world. Sheldon eventually realizes that though his math is perfect, he's not accounting for real-world factors such as wind. He is excited to show Professor Boucher but gets locked out of class for being late. The older Sheldon narrates this was the start of his hatred of engineering, shocking his engineer friend Howard Wolowitz , who was telling the story alongside Sheldon. President Hagemayer and Professor Boucher later revel in Sheldon's reaction to being locked out. Meanwhile, June has a knee injury, and Dale and Connie agree to help her. Connie is upset June had Dale help shower her, though June apologizes and says Connie has nothing to worry about. They later both agree they put work in to make Dale a better partner in a relationship.
91
8
Alex Reid
Story by : Steven Molaro & Nick Bakay & Connor KilpatrickTeleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Nadiya Chettiar
December 2, 2021 (2021-12-02)
Sheldon is upset that the university is reducing science requirements for the general student population, President Hagemeyer blaming it on a "grand chancellor" to secretly get Sheldon to drop the matter. After being told by the campus newspaper that there is no such person, Sheldon goes back to President Hagemeyer, who won't reverse her decision; and Sheldon questions if everyone tells lies. Meanwhile, Mary finds out Georgie is working for Connie's gambling room. Connie sees nothing wrong with it, and Georgie refuses to quit. Pastor Jeff slightly calms Mary by saying all teenagers rebel. As Mary prays, feeling like a failing mother, Sheldon comforts her, and Mary convinces Sheldon that not everyone lies. George secretly goes to the gambling room and is fine with Georgie working there, as long as he doesn't tell Mary that George also plays the slots.
92
9
December 9, 2021 (2021-12-09)
Missy ends up with the yips , getting in her head too much and ruining her pitching game. Sheldon gets the yips on one easy question in his midterm test. Talking with George and Georgie doesn't help, as he cannot figure it out while redoing the test. Sheldon finds Bob Ross painting on television, calming him. The test goes perfectly on his third attempt, much to Sheldon and Dr. Linkletter's relief. Dale can cure Missy's yips by insulting her for being a girl, making Missy angry, and restoring her pitching skill. Meanwhile, George fixes things around Brenda Sparks' house, encouraged by Mary. Both George and Brenda try to be nice to each other though George worries they might be starting to cross the line again. Talking with Principal Petersen at the bar, George considers setting him up with Brenda.
93
10
January 6, 2022 (2022-01-06)
Due to a four-hour gap between his classes, Sheldon is given his private dorm room. Running into fellow student Sam, she says he gets undeserved special treatment, and nobody likes him because of his arrogance. Talking with Dr. Sturgis about humans being social creatures and judging his personal ways, Sheldon decides to experiment to see if people will like him more. After letting Sam use the room to study, word spreads Sheldon has a free room. He allows couples to use it to study, unaware of why they want it. When his parents find out, they tell him people are using it to waste time, convincing Sheldon to stop lending it out. Meanwhile, a glitch in the slot machines lets June win $11,000. Unable to pay it, Connie is forced to let June become a partner in her casino business. June and Georgie support each other's ideas for the place. Connie tries to talk Georgie to her side, but he says Connie hates anything she doesn't think of herself. Georgie adds a small disco ball, further angering Connie.
94
11
Alex Reid
Story by : Steven Molaro & Nick Bakay & Connor KilpatrickTeleplay by : Steve Holland & Jeremy Howe & Marie Cheng
January 13, 2022 (2022-01-13)
Mary has Sheldon and Missy attend an overnight church lock-in. With Billy also attending, George feels nervous that he could meet Brenda without anyone knowing. Mary also tries to avoid being alone with Pastor Rob while chaperoning the event. George takes Principal Petersen out and runs into Brenda anyway. George awkwardly leaves. Mary and Pastor Rob bond while smoking cigarettes outside. George sees them together and leaves without Mary knowing he was there. Missy tricks Sheldon into hiding in a closet, and he falls asleep there. Georgie meets a woman, Mandy, ( Emily Osment ), at the laundromat, who says she is 25. Claiming he is 21, he takes her on a date, which goes well. When Mandy reveals she is actually 29, Georgie keeps quiet about his own age.
95
12
January 20, 2022 (2022-01-20)
Mary runs into Mr. Lundy who has a pink Cadillac from selling Mary Kay makeup products. He talks Mary into selling for him. She initially gets one sale to the high school librarian Ms. Hutchins. Mr. Lundy talks Mary into selling to the women in her Bible Study group. Mary succeeds, but later has a guilt-ridden dream for doing so, and quits being a seller. Sheldon is on Spring Break from college when he hears about a three-day comic convention. Unable to get an adult to go with him, Sheldon decides to rebel and take a bus to the convention. Seeing someone from his local comic shop and his old science teacher Mr. Givens, they debate the merits of Lost in Space , Star Trek and The Next Generation . Sheldon enjoys the trip though he gets in trouble afterwards for sneaking out.
96
13
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Steven Molaro & Jeremy Howe & Marie ChengTeleplay by : Steve Holland & Nick Bakay & Connor Kilpatrick
January 27, 2022 (2022-01-27)
Sheldon meets Oscar and Darren, undergrads in the dorm room next door to his. Finding they have many things in common like video games, Sheldon likes hanging out with them. Meanwhile, George's job is at risk due to parents who are unhappy with the football team's performance. George's meeting with them doesn't go well. A stressed-out George lets Sheldon stay overnight to play Dungeons & Dragons at the dorm without consulting Mary. Though annoyed, Mary is able to talk to George and give him a sincere hug when she learns what is bothering him. Mary later goes to get Sheldon herself, as he is about to vomit from too much candy and root beer. Also, after clothes shopping, Missy is made fun of at school and accidentally injures herself trying to shave her legs. Connie patches her up and promises to show her how to do it safely, cheering Missy up.
97
14
Michael Judd
Story by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Nadiya ChettiarTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Jeremy Howe & Connor Kilpatrick
February 24, 2022 (2022-02-24)
Drs. Linkletter, Sturgis and Sheldon are constantly arguing over their project. Tired of being in the middle, President Hagemeyer brings in Dr. Carol Lee ( Ming-Na Wen ) to take charge. While both men fall in line, Sheldon is upset she isn't implementing any of his ideas. Dr. Lee bonds with President Hagemeyer about being women in male-dominated fields, while Sheldon's attempt to alter the project drastically backfires. Meanwhile, Mary is given a free lottery ticket but immediately throws it away; Missy finds it and begins scratching it before Mary confiscates it. She proceeds to finish it and ends up winning $500. Mary doesn't want to use it for anything fun or practical, hating gambling. Connie talks to her about putting a damper on things and growing apart from George, while George mentions to Principal Petersen that he saw Mary seem to be happier talking with Pastor Rob. George agrees to let Mary do what she sees fit. They buy a new dishwasher for the family, which everyone (except Missy) enjoys.
98
15
Alex Reid
Story by : Steven Molaro & Nick Bakay & Jeremy HoweTeleplay by : Steven Holland & Eric Kaplan & Marie Cheng
March 3, 2022 (2022-03-03)
Sheldon and Drs. Sturgis and Linkletter go on a three-day road trip to a telescope near Fort Davis . On the way, Dr. Sturgis tries to drive and runs over an armadillo. Ending up in a biker bar, Sheldon is able to help his colleagues, though the armadillo dies. After burying it they drive on with mariachi music in tribute to the armadillo. Missy is annoyed Sheldon gets to do whatever he wants. George tries to take her to Red Lobster , but she doesn't want to be seen in there with him. Eating burgers and bonding later, George lets Missy drive in a parking lot. Meanwhile, Connie finds out Georgie is lying about his age to Mandy. Connie wants him to confess, but Dale admits he may have done the same at Georgie's age. Though he feels conflicted, Georgie keeps quiet while bringing Mandy back to his place in the garage.
99
16
"A Suitcase Full of Cash and a Yellow Clown Car"
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Steve Holland & Nadiya Chettiar & Connor KilpatrickTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Nick Bakay & Yael Glouberman
March 10, 2022 (2022-03-10)
Connie has a lot of money from her gaming room. Unable to put it in the bank, she gives a few hundred dollars to Sheldon and Missy. Sheldon buys three shares in Tandy Corporation , though his ideas for the business don't get very far. He later admits his idea was similar to the attempted Incredible Universe . Missy buys a cotton candy machine and Georgie tells her how to make a profit by selling the candy, though ants later ruin the machine. Dale suggests they take the rest of the money to retire and travel together, but Connie buys a yellow Mazda MX-5 sports car. Meanwhile, it appears George will be replaced as football coach. Sheldon's college no longer has a football team and no other coaching options are close to where the family lives. Dale offers to let George work in his store on a trial run, and may let George takeover the store eventually. With Connie unwilling to slow down in life, Dale breaks up with her.
100
17
Alex Reid
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Jeremy Howe & Eric KaplanTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Connor Kilpatrick
March 31, 2022 (2022-03-31)
Paige visits Sheldon's university, stunned that Sheldon has friends in Oscar and Darren, when she is lonely at her own school. She later returns and asks to hideout in Sheldon's dorm room, thinking of dropping out. Missy finds out and tells Mary. Paige is gone when they arrive but thanks Sheldon for helping her. She returns to her mother's house a few days later. Connie goes drinking with Mary, pretending she is fine with Dale dumping her. At the store, Dale annoys George by asking questions about Connie. Meanwhile, Georgie tells Mandy his true age and she throws him out. Mandy confronts Connie who in turn makes Georgie realize what he did was wrong. The older Sheldon narrates he realizes now parenting is hard as he raises his own children. Georgie goes to talk to Mandy again, who reveals she is pregnant.
101
18
April 14, 2022 (2022-04-14)
Sheldon is upset at the recent death of science-fiction author Isaac Asimov . Dr. Linkletter is a fan and Dr. Sturgis is interested in his novels. Since Sheldon's late grandfather enjoyed the novels as well, Sheldon talks Connie into joining his book club with the two professors to read " Nightfall ". Once the two men find out Dale dumped Connie, they flirt with her and both leave her several voicemails. Meanwhile, Georgie tells Dale about Mandy being pregnant; Georgie is the father and Mandy wants to keep it. Dale later urges Georgie to tell George. Missy has her own disastrous experience babysitting Pastor Jeff's baby, alarming Georgie. In the garage, Georgie finally tells his father the truth.
102
19
Alex Reid
Story by : Nick Bakay & Nadiya Chettiar & Yael GloubermanTeleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Steve Holland
April 21, 2022 (2022-04-21)
George is shocked and quickly has Georgie tell Mary. Though upset, Mary and George note they did the same when Mary got pregnant with Georgie. Mary informs Connie who is able to convince Mandy to come to dinner with the Coopers; relating how she felt back when Mary got pregnant. The dinner is awkward, with Mary wanting the baby to be raised Baptist and wanting Georgie and Mandy to get married. Mandy and George both think that is a horrible idea while Georgie would be willing to marry her. Mary and George get into an argument about their own marriage. Mandy is thankful for Connie's support though. Mandy later rebuffs Georgie's declaration of love for her. Meanwhile, the truth is hidden from Sheldon and Missy. When they are sent to Brenda Sparks for dinner, Missy and Sheldon start to think George could be dying or their parents could be getting divorced. They later mistakenly think Mary is pregnant.
103
20
Shiri Appleby
Story by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Jeremy HoweTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Nick Bakay & Connor Kilpatrick
April 28, 2022 (2022-04-28)
Mary and George are still bickering. After Connie tells Sheldon and Missy that Mary isn't pregnant, Missy figures out the truth about Georgie. Mary swears the twins to secrecy. Talking about it without specifics, Mary later feels judged by Pastor Jeff. Sheldon cannot hold it and tells an uninterested Dr. Linkletter, George tells Coach Wilkins, Mary tells Pastor Rob and Missy tells a girl at school. Georgie is upset everyone spread it around and Mandy is further angry with him. Georgie has a heartfelt moment with Missy who believes Georgie will be a good father. George is further irritated Mary bonded with Pastor Rob again over this and listens to him when George had earlier given essentially the same advice; but doesn't tell her why he dislikes Pastor Rob. When nobody attends her Bible Study, a sad Mary calls Pastor Rob who says he always has time for her.
104
21
Jeremy Howe
Story by : Nick Bakay & Connor Kilpatrick & Marie ChengTeleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Steve Holland
May 12, 2022 (2022-05-12)
After Missy punches a boy in Sunday school for making fun of her family, Pastor Jeff insists Mary take a leave of absence from working at the church to the objection of both George and Pastor Rob. At home, George disagrees with Mary that Missy should be punished. Pastor Rob stops by and prays with Mary, but Missy comes home interrupting their alone time. Mandy tells Connie her family has disowned her for being pregnant and invites her to accompany her to her medical examination. At the clinic, Georgie showed up despite being uninvited and after some bickering was allowed to stay, while Connie offers to cover the cost of Mandy's prenatal care. George is upset that Mary saw Pastor Rob again in private and storms out of the door. After Sheldon informs President Hagemeyer of his family troubles, Mary snaps at President Hagemeyer over the phone. Missy hugs and supports her mother, later covering for George's absence to her brothers and asking God to bless Mary.
105
22
Alex Reid
Story by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Yael GloubermanTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Nick Bakay & Nadiya Chettiar
May 19, 2022 (2022-05-19)
George finds out that the high school offered his job to Coach Wilkins and quits. Working part-time at Dale's store won't be enough, so George and Mary both hit the newspaper classifieds, with no luck. To George's discomfort, Mary later gets a job working with Brenda Sparks at the bowling alley. Georgie wants to make extra money because of the baby and decides to sell cigarettes in the gaming room. Connie tells him they are real cheap in Mexico and agrees to go with him. Connie later calls George to tell him that they got arrested at the border. Meanwhile, Sheldon gets his first pimple, alarming him about puberty and pending adulthood. When he asks President Hagemeyer and Dr. Linkletter for their advice, they are not helpful, and Sheldon later has a nightmare in which he becomes each of his parents and Connie and Georgie, who all seem unhappy. He wakes Missy who calms Sheldon with some wise advice, which inspires him to buy his first Flash graphic t-shirt.
Season 6 (2022–23)
September 29, 2022 (2022-09-29)
Connie and Georgie are detained for trying to smuggle in 400 cartons of cigarettes. The fine to release them is $2,500. With Dale the only one having that kind of money, he and George go down to the border and bail them out. Dale reveals to George he was bluffing when he threatened to break up with Connie and wants her back. He merely irritates her on the way home. George is upset but knows Georgie was doing it for the baby and tells him that he was scared too when Georgie was born. Sheldon and Missy meet Mandy and tell her about the jail situation and Mary's struggles with the church congregation and losing her job. Mary and the twins attend church but Mary feels unwelcome and soon leaves. Sheldon gives an accurate but awkward speech about the congregation's hypocrisy. Mary later tells Pastor Jeff she feels as though God is walking away from her and shuts the door on Pastor Jeff.
107
2
October 6, 2022 (2022-10-06)
Missy decides to get a job to help with the family's money problems. She gets a job at Sheldon's favorite comic book shop using superhero knowledge she heard from Sheldon, much to his chagrin. Sheldon tries pitching ideas for Star Trek episodes to his friends and family, and later the idea for cryptocurrency , but doesn't get far. Mary starts working at the bowling alley despite George secretly meeting Brenda where they agree it is weird. Mary sees Pastor Rob there on a date with someone she used to babysit. Mary becomes upset so she goes out drinking and dancing with Brenda, much to George's happy surprise. Meanwhile, Connie agrees to a date with Dr. Linkletter but he quickly gets drunk and annoys her the whole time.
108
3
Jeremy Howe
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Connor KilpatrickTeleplay by : Steve Holland & Nick Bakay & Marie Cheng
October 13, 2022 (2022-10-13)
Connie gives Mary a romance novel to read. Finding it trashy, Mary decides to write her own. The man she creates that is emotionally supportive turns her on to George's surprise and Dale's bafflement. Mandy has financial problems and is kicked out of her apartment. She moves into Georgie's garage and has a breakdown of what a mess her life is. Georgie comforts her and she thanks him for trying to be supportive. He later steals back Mandy's possessions from her landlord. Georgie then helps her move into Connie's guest room. Meanwhile, Dr. Sturgis assigns Sheldon to pick and argue a side in an ethical debate. Sheldon finds it frustrating that there is no clear correct answer. He decides the smartest people should make all the decisions in an autocracy, and tries to take over Dr. Sturgis' class.
109
4
October 20, 2022 (2022-10-20)
At Brenda's request, George is able to get Sheldon to tutor Billy in math so Billy can pass sixth grade. While teaching him, Billy asks how can zero both exist as something but be nothing. This causes Sheldon to have an existential crisis which later spreads to Dr. Sturgis and Linkletter. Talking with Billy again, he suggests they just pretend it exists which Sheldon interprets as an act of faith which restores him. Billy is able to pass and later get into seventh grade; though Adult Sheldon narrates he would stay there for years. Meanwhile, after Connie's advice on boys backfires on Missy, she starts going to Mandy for advice, to the chagrin of Mary and Connie. Missy finds Mandy very cool and later botches an attempt to dye her hair blonde to look like Mandy. Mandy and Georgie try and hide this from George and Mary but Missy sneaks out the bathroom window for Connie's help, who immediately returns her to her parents.
110
5
Alex Reid
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Nick BakayTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Jeremy Howe & Yael Glouberman
October 27, 2022 (2022-10-27)
Mary allows Sheldon to stay overnight in his college dorm for an early class. Sheldon hates the loud partying at night. He gets President Hagemayer to make him Resident Advisor but ends up duct taped to the wall for his efforts to enforce the rules by shutting off the hot water. Mary and George rekindle their romance, alarming Missy, though George turns down Mary's idea that they have another baby, saying she just feels out of place without the church and now that the kids are older. Missy hangs out with Georgie and Mandy and is comforted by their bickering. Meanwhile, Connie talks Dale into renting a truck to Mississippi so she can expand her casino business with video poker machines. Dale admits he was wrong to breakup with Connie. They pay a man named Dennis for them but he follows them in an attempted shakedown since the machines aren't legal in Texas. After Connie deflates Dennis' tires, Dale punches him out.
111
6
Nikki Lorre
Story by : Steve Holland & Steven Molaro & Connor KilpatrickTeleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Nadiya Chettiar & Marie Cheng
November 3, 2022 (2022-11-03)
Georgie trades in his car for a more family-oriented one, impressing Mandy. Mandy becomes suspicious about Connie's money and expanded business once Officer Jake pays a visit. Connie and Georgie reveal the gambling rooms, and Mandy is very excited her baby will have secure finances. After watching Georgie take care of Sheldon, Mandy stays with Georgie for the night and meets an amused Connie in the morning. Meanwhile, Coach Wayne Wilkins' wife Darlene cheated on him with his best friend, and is now pregnant. Principal Peterson convinces George to come back and coach a major football game with Wayne emotionally checked-out. George's team wins and Principal Peterson offers him his job back. After securing Wayne's job as well, George accepts
112
7
Michael Judd
Story by : Jeremy Howe & Yael Glouberman & Ben SlaughterTeleplay by : Steve Holland & Steven Molaro & Nick Bakay
November 10, 2022 (2022-11-10)
While out to dinner, Mandy and Georgie run into her parents: Audrey and Jim. Though Jim is open to getting to know Georgie and seems to miss his daughter, Audrey is cold to them both. Georgie visiting the tire store they own doesn't help, and Mandy is angry Georgie went behind her back. Jim shows up at the Cooper household to leave money for Mandy and meets George and Mary. Mandy finds out he is there and says her parents must apologize to be part of her life again. Meanwhile, Sheldon is upset Missy sold a comic at the store that is very rare that Sheldon was seeking. Talking to adult comic fan Nathan, Sheldon seeks a comic to trade but then gets the idea for an online comic database. He talks Missy's boss into letting him count all his inventory for the database and brings Nathan to help. Sheldon realizes a database could be used for helping grantors and grantees in the scientific community connect. He abandons his comic idea, leaving Nathan alone to steal from the store. Sheldon tells his database idea to President Hagemeyer, who loves the idea because they could charge an access fee and dismisses Sheldon.
113
8
Alex Reid
Story by : Steve Holland & Nick Bakay & Eric KaplanTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Jeremy Howe & Connor Kilpatrick
December 8, 2022 (2022-12-08)
When President Hagemeyer brings in Sheldon's parents to sign a contract for Sheldon's database idea, his parents are concerned when the University wants to take 90%. Dr. Linkletter believes he should get a portion as he put the idea of databases in Sheldon's head in the first place. President Hagemeyer and Dr. Linkletter both try various bribes to sway Sheldon to their side (naming a science center after him and giving him a Feynman autograph respectively) while Mary uses a similar tactic (putting more hot dogs in his spaghetti) to try and get him to plan to use the money for his future. At the legal meeting, all three sides claim Sheldon agrees with them. Sheldon storms out, upset they all care about money and not science. Mary apologizes and asks what Sheldon wants. Sheldon decides to go to private investors for the money, leaving Mary baffled. Meanwhile, Pastor Jeff and his congregation take offense to some of the content in the movies at Connie's video store. Connie and Mandy are both greatly irritated but agree to play along once Georgie points out they cannot have extra attention exposing the gambling rooms. Pastor Jeff pushes for more control and Connie and Mandy eventually stop him by discovering what videos his wife and the Church Elders have previously rented.
114
9
Nikki Lorre
Story by : Steven Molaro & Connor Kilpatrick & Marie ChengTeleplay by : Steve Holland & Nadiya Chettiar & Yael Glouberman
January 5, 2023 (2023-01-05)
Sheldon finds that no investors are willing to take him seriously due to his age. He gets the idea to team up with Dr. Sturgis, but then the investors would want Sheldon's full focus to be on the database; his parents strictly refuse to let him drop out of school. Sheldon remembers Gary, the rich investor with strange beliefs that gave Sheldon money for being honest years ago. At the meeting, Sheldon and Dr. Sturgis find him baffling. Meanwhile, George is back coaching and Pastor Rob is brought in to pray with the team. They win, but everyone gives Pastor Rob and God the credit, to George's chagrin. George deliberately takes Pastor's Rob's advice on a play at another game, thinking he'll be blamed for the loss and forced to stop hanging around the team; but they win again, annoying George. Meanwhile, Missy brings a boy, Dean, over to Connie's. Dean had recently lost his own grandmother and grows attached to Connie, to both her and Missy's irritation.
115
10
Jaffar Mahmood
Story by : Steve Holland & Nick Bakay & Jeremy HoweTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Connor Kilpatrick
January 12, 2023 (2023-01-12)
Mary is adrift without the church. George suggests she make some new friends. She eventually winds up with Brenda and her drinking buddies. The other women tease Brenda about a secret crush that she won't tell them about, whom they speculate is married. Mary loves the gossip and tells George. When George secretly confronts Brenda about this, she claims it is not him, though her face after George leaves hints at otherwise. A hungover Mary is later woken up by Sheldon attempting to tell her all about the lore of Star Trek. Meanwhile, a young woman named Amber flirts with Georgie at the video store. Mandy encourages Georgie to go out with her as they are not together. Georgie is upset but eventually goes on the date. He ends up telling Amber about himself and Mandy's pregnancy. Amber finds it weird but also relates since she is in the middle of a divorce after a year's marriage. Mandy later admits to Connie she regrets pushing Georgie away. The next day Georgie thanks Mandy for her encouragement as he has a lot in common with Amber, unknowing of Mandy's feelings.
116
11
Alex Reid
Story by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Nadiya ChettiarTeleplay by : Steve Holland & Jeremy Howe & Marie Cheng
February 2, 2023 (2023-02-02)
Mandy is ordered to take a week of bedrest by the doctor, and Connie throws her back out. Mary takes care of them both and Mandy grows closer to Mary, revealing the baby will be a girl. After hearing Mandy's mother, Audrey, again reject her over the phone, Mary visits and berates Audrey until she is willing to call Mandy. With Georgie short-staffed at Connie's businesses, he brings in George and Missy to help. After George embarrasses Missy, she reveals Billy has told her about George meeting Brenda in the chicken coop more than once. George is able to pass it off as Brenda having a hard time and them speaking as friends. Meanwhile, Sheldon and Dr. Sturgis learn that Dr. Linkletter and President Hagemeyer are building their own database. Sheldon and Dr. Sturgis offer the other programmer more money from Gary. President Hagemeyer plans to put two roommates in Sheldon's dorm room. Gary buys a mainframe computer which Sheldon has placed in his room to prevent this. Upon plugging it in, there is a large blackout.
117
12
Jeremy Howe
Story by : Steve Holland & Steven Molaro & Connor KilpatrickTeleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Nadiya Chettiar & Yael Glouberman
February 9, 2023 (2023-02-09)
Mary invites Audrey to a baby shower for Mandy. Her father, Jim, and Connor, her 22 year old, unemployed, vegetarian, artist brother visit the Cooper men. Mary is agitated when Audrey takes over the event. After talking with Amber, Georgie gets a gift for Mandy, a heart locket with a sonogram picture of their daughter. Mandy continues to be conflicted that Georgie is seeing someone else, but doesn't admit it to him. George and Jim bond over having sons they don't understand. Sheldon and Connor slightly bond over comic books. Audrey offers to let Mandy move back into a nursery with her family, but insults Georgie, for which Mandy storms off. Audrey then has Jim and Connor leave with her, to Jim's disappointment.
118
13
"A Frat Party, a Sleepover and the Mother of All Blisters"
February 16, 2023 (2023-02-16)
At the university, Sheldon runs into Paige, attending a frat party. She had dropped out of college and now feels very lonely, getting drunk. She drags Sheldon to another house party, where Missy also is, invited by a friend's older sister. Missy and Sheldon stop Paige from doing anything too reckless and Missy states she will stay in Paige's life. They take her back to Sheldon's room and Missy makes Sheldon promise not to tell on them. George and Mary find out that Missy has gone to some party. George and Georgie drive around for her talking about what kind of parent Georgie wants to be, while Mary and Mandy reflect on their pasts when they were younger. George and Mary are relieved and angry when Missy returns. Meanwhile Dale spends the night at Connie's but decide they can be comfortable together without spending every night together.
119
14
Alex Reid
Story by : Steven Molaro & Connor Kilpatrick & Marie ChengTeleplay by : Steve Holland & Jeremy Howe & Nadiya Chettiar
March 2, 2023 (2023-03-02)
The day of Sheldon's database launch arrives. Pastor Rob invites Mary to lunch and asks her opinion of him moving away for another church. Mandy goes into labor, and with only Sheldon home he brings in Brenda Sparks. Georgie misses these events due to putting in the car seat for the baby. George arrives at the hospital and Mary sees George and Brenda together as she arrives with Pastor Rob. Mary accuses Brenda of having feelings for George. In turn, Brenda accuses Mary of having feelings for Rob, and George accuses Rob of having feelings for Mary. Mandy's parents and Connie also arrive. Missy and Billy Sparks are forgotten at school and Billy annoys her by asking what it would be like if George and Brenda got together. Georgie has a small panic attack about being ready to be a father but Sheldon inadvertently helps him feel ready for the birth, and installs the car seat for Georgie. Mandy and Georgie name their daughter Constance. Mary states she will spend the night at Connie's which George supports. Sheldon is upset when his database launches with no subscribers.
120
15
Shiri Appleby
Story by : Steve Holland & Nick Bakay & Connor KilpatrickTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Nadiya Chettiar & Yael Glouberman
March 9, 2023 (2023-03-09)
Sheldon is upset over the failure of his database. Dr. Sturgis advises that dealing with failure and setbacks make someone better. Sheldon tries throwing a football and calming down his new niece CeCe, but is surprisingly talented at both. He later tries and fails to understand sarcasm with Dr. Linkletter. Georgie and Mandy adjust to being parents and do fairly well despite the exhaustion. George and Mary spend time apart; while both insist nothing has ever happened, they both admit to liking being around Brenda and Rob respectively, and don't know what to do next. Mary decides to stay with Connie longer. Missy is upset she was forgotten at school, missed the birth, and is being kept in the dark about the problems her parents are having and constantly overlooked with everyone else preoccupied. She gets in trouble at school for which her parents berate her. Upon seeing Mary comfort Sheldon over his database, Missy packs her things that night, and drives off in George's truck.
121
16
Ruby Stillwater
Story by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Jeremy HoweTeleplay by : Steve Holland & Connor Kilpatrick & Marie Cheng
March 30, 2023 (2023-03-30)
Missy calls Paige and they decide to run away to Daytona Beach together. They have fun getting into trouble and bonding over how Missy feels overlooked and how Paige doesn't like being a child genius. Nobody notices they are gone until Mary notices that George's truck is missing. Once Sheldon says Missy is still in touch with Paige, they call her mother, Linda. A cop pulls Missy over in Louisiana and Missy instantly admits everything. The cop later lets the girls use her radar gun to catch speedsters. While driving to get them, George, Mary and Linda discuss the Coopers' marriage and Linda's divorce. George scoffs at the idea of going to Linda's marriage counselor, and all three bicker over each other's issues at parenting. Sheldon stays home with Connie, baffled by Missy's behavior. While driving home, a dejected Missy states she liked it better when her parents weren't talking to each other. Adult Sheldon narrates this is just the start of Missy's "difficult" times.
122
17
April 13, 2023 (2023-04-13)
With Missy grounded for stealing her father's truck, she is most upset over being banned from watching episodes of Beverly Hills, 90210 . Sheldon offers to watch the show for her and tell her what happens and actually starts getting invested. Mary returns to work but gets into an argument with Brenda. Brenda later shows up at the house suggesting they deal with their issues. She insists she and George only talked and that Brenda believes George found it easier to talk to another person, like Mary did with Pastor Rob. Mary and Brenda reach a kind of understanding. On Georgie's 18th birthday, Mandy plans him a party but Amber asks him on a date during which Georgie breaks up with Amber, deciding he prefers to be home with Mandy and the baby. Georgie asks Mandy to marry him.
123
18
April 27, 2023 (2023-04-27)
A surprised Mandy rejects Georgie's marriage proposal and he leaves hurt. Mandy admits to Connie she was caught off guard. After arguing at the pediatrician's office, they accidentally lock Cece in the car. Georgie gets her out and he and Mandy make peace, though she stops him from proposing again. Meanwhile, a cheerleader asks Billy Sparks on a date but Missy reveals it is just a prank. She offers to go to the movies with Billy, but is invited to the cheerleader's party at the same time. Though the adults encourage her to do the right thing, she tells Billy who says Missy should go to the party, which she does. Sheldon begins considering if life on other planets is possible, but both Dr. Linkletter and Dr. Sturgis reject the idea as ridiculous. Sheldon eventually partners with another professor, causing Linkletter and Sturgis to join them -- just in case Sheldon is right.
124
19
Alex Reid
Story by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Yael GloubermanTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Jeremy Howe & Connor Kilpatrick
May 4, 2023 (2023-05-04)
When the local news station has an opening for a new weathergirl, Mandy decides to apply for the job. Georgie is surprised, thinking she'd stay home with the baby. Mandy is annoyed he doesn't support her and decides to get ready anyway. Cece proves to be a good luck charm in the gambling room with Georgie. Connie later tells him he should support Mandy and it could also be good for Cece. Georgie apologizes to Mandy. During her audition, Mandy has an unfortunate accident when she unexpectedly begins to lactate. Sheldon realizes his classmates are planning to spend the summer beefing up their resumes for grad school and that he cannot rely on being a child genius anymore; so he may not get into Caltech as he had planned. Sheldon blames Mary and Dr. Linkletter and Dr. Sturgis for this, while Missy thinks he is worried over nothing but excited that he may be moving out. After Sheldon's apology, Dr. Sturgis tells Sheldon about a summer opportunity at a university in Germany.
125
20
"German for Beginners and a Crazy Old Man with a Bat"
Nikki Lorre
Story by : Steven Molaro & Jeremy Howe & Connor KilpatrickTeleplay by : Steve Holland & Nadiya Chettiar & Marie Cheng
May 11, 2023 (2023-05-11)
Connie's gambling room is broken into overnight and the cash stolen. Dale tries to act tough to protect the place. They now take the cash to Connie's, so Dale and Georgie try to protect the house. Missy meets Tonya, Pastor Jeff's rebellious niece who was sent to stay with him for the summer. The two quickly bond and sneak out at night together, with Missy trying a cigarette. But they quickly turn back home upon seeing someone awake at Connie's house. Seeing them, but unable to see who it is, Dale and Georgie think they scared off potential robbers. With the college not willing to fund Sheldon's trip to Germany, his parents firmly tell him he cannot go. He tries to sell some of his things in a yard sale but finds he cannot part with anything. Sheldon is dejected but Dr. Linkletter and Pastor Jeff each show up with a gift of money from the school faculty and church congregation respectively; many people are excited Sheldon could go to Germany for the summer.
126
21
Michael Judd
Story by : Steve Holland & Jeremy Howe & Connor KilpatrickTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Yael Glouberman
May 18, 2023 (2023-05-18)
Mandy invites Georgie to go with her to a spa weekend. While Georgie accepts, they get into an argument during a couples' massage in their room, when Georgie says Mandy keeps drawing him in but then pushes him away. On their drive home, Mandy belatedly accepts his marriage proposal and they happily make up. While Sheldon is adapting to 'German time' with a very early breakfast, he sees Missy returning home and sneaking back into the house. Missy persuades him not to tell on her by saying if she gets in trouble, their parents will both want to stay home and Sheldon wouldn't go to Germany. His conscience eventually makes him tell. Missy is grounded for the entire summer and when he tries to explain he was concerned for her, she coldly says she hates him. Mary and George argue over which of them should go with Sheldon; George eventually agrees it should be Mary.
127
22
"A Tornado, a 10-Hour Flight and a Darn Fine Ring"
Alex Reid
Story by : Steven Molaro & Jeremy Howe & Nadiya ChettiarTeleplay by : Steve Holland & Connor Kilpatrick & Ben Slaughter
May 18, 2023 (2023-05-18)
Mary and Sheldon leave for the airport with Missy still angry with her parents and Sheldon. Mary is worried Sheldon will get upset on the plane, but he ends up talking to a famous scientist the whole time. Georgie gets a big advance on his pay from Connie to buy Mandy an expensive engagement ring. They go to tell Mandy's parents they are engaged, though Mandy and her mother get into another argument. As this happens, a tornado hits town; leaving the car, George protects Missy by lying over her in a drainage ditch; Pastor Jeff is in the laundromat when Connie and Dale take everyone to shelter inside the gambling room; Mandy and her mother continue bickering. While everyone is physically safe, and George comforts an emotional and apologetic Missy, Connie's house is destroyed and her gambling room money scattered. As everyone helps her sort through the wreckage and collect up the money, she accepts Dale's offer to move in with him, while George offers Mandy and Cece Sheldon's room. Sheldon and Mary land in Germany unaware of the tornado but unable to get anyone to answer the phone.
Season 7 (2024)
February 15, 2024 (2024-02-15)
Soon after the tornado, Connie is told her insurance does not cover the damage. She decides to stay at George's after Dale makes an insensitive joke about it. Missy steps up as the responsible one running the house and talking with Dale about his feelings. Pastor Jeff's wife finds Connie's cash but, since it was illegally gained, uses it to buy a big-screen television. Pastor Jeff later gives it to George without explaining. Hearing the news in Germany, Mary wants to go back home, but Sheldon refuses, saying it won't change anything and he doesn't want to miss his classes. Everyone at home says it is already too crowded anyway. Mary instead gets drunk, embarrassing Sheldon. She is later seen throwing up in the restroom which leads to Sheldon being insensitive and throwing up as well.
129
2
Nikki Lorre
Story by : Steve Holland & Nick Bakay & Nadiya ChettiarTeleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan
February 22, 2024 (2024-02-22)
Sheldon finds he is academically behind everyone else in his class in Germany, and a girl younger than him is sent to tutor him, amusing Mary. Sheldon struggles with not being the smartest for once, but after calling Dr. Linkletter, he is encouraged to listen and learn, which he eventually does, thinking himself quite humble. Meanwhile, to make more money quicker, Connie has a roulette wheel put into the gaming room. Georgie is hesitant about this, especially after hearing what the Dixie Mafia did to the previous owner, but Mandy talks him into it. Missy continues to run the house and talk with Georgie about his fears and encourage George and Mandy's father, Jim, to help out. But she feels unappreciated and makes a chore chart for everyone.
130
3
Jeremy Howe
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Nick BakayTeleplay by : Steve Holland & Connor Kilpatrick & Yael Glouberman
February 29, 2024 (2024-02-29)
To save money on long distance calls, George starts writing letters to update Mary. Mary is rather touched and writes back with her own updates and tells George how much she loves him. Sheldon wants to explore the German trains by himself but Mary forbids it. He starts lying about where he goes, but loses his bag on a train after getting off for food. Missy takes another call when Sheldon asks her for help. Sheldon explains the situation to two police officers, who refuse him a ride, forcing him to walk back, during which he is chased by a small wiener dog . Missy eventually calls Mary about what happened before Sheldon walks in. He lies about where was he and Mary writes to George about how he squirms with guilt. Georgie writes his own letter to Mandy that she enjoys. Missy's new friend Taylor is a boy, but to keep George in the dark, Missy lies that he is gay and George falls for it. Meanwhile, Connie moves in with Dale and they adjust to living together, which proves difficult.
131
4
Michael Judd
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Jeremy HoweTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Connor Kilpatrick & Nadiya Chettiar
March 7, 2024 (2024-03-07)
Sheldon and Mary return from Germany. Sheldon is irritated that his room is taken and that the baby will not stop crying. Returning to the university, he finds someone studying computer science in his room. Not bothering to learn the other student's name, he instead gets caught up in a computer game they have. Mary feels out of place with the house functioning without her and spends the day with George's football team but George is against it being a regular thing. Mary finds her place again consoling Missy after Taylor dumps her. Sheldon returns home and thinks he spots George with another woman (resulting in adult Sheldon's misconception about George owing to which he never spoke to him again) but it is just Mary roleplaying as Helga, a German woman. Older Sheldon states after this he started adding extra knocks on doors (referencing adult Sheldon's norm in The Big Bang Theory).
132
5
Alex Reid
Story by : Steven Molaro & Nick Bakay & Eric KaplanTeleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Marie Cheng
March 14, 2024 (2024-03-14)
Missy learns from Billy Sparks that his mom is out of town and persuades him to throw a party. Georgie and Mandy are unwilling to get them get beer but Georgie gives Missy some fireworks. Billy buys beer after Missy realizes that he looks old enough. Mary donates $50 to a televangelist, which George isn't happy about. He convinces Pastor Jeff to talk to Mary about returning to their church. Mary is at first unconvinced since she just got an $800 tax refund. While praying on it, a bird poops in her eye; later, her car won't start, she breaks her pinky toe and she is hit in the rear by a small firework from the party, so she agrees to go back to her old church. Next day there, Missy starts throwing up in the collection plate. Meanwhile, Sheldon and his roommate Evan and his friend create an AI to trade stocks for them. It works well but seemingly develops a mind of its own and starts making its own trading decisions, including trading overseas. Sheldon tries to ask it physics questions as well, which makes them start losing money. Eventually, Sheldon throws the computer out the (closed) window, destroying it.
133
6
April 4, 2024 (2024-04-04)
Missy loses sleep due to hearing "people do it all night." So Mary asks Georgie and Mandy about their wedding plans. Realizing they have no reason to wait, they decide to get married at City Hall the next week. Mandy's mother Audrey offers to pay for a bigger formal wedding. As Mandy's family is Catholic and the Coopers are Baptist, Mary and Audrey get into an argument about where the wedding should be and what religion to raise Cece with. Mary secretly calls Pastor Jeff to baptize Cece in the kitchen sink. While distracting Mandy, Audrey has her priest also baptize Cece. Sheldon comes home upset that Evan upgraded Sheldon's computer behind his back and thus he cannot defeat it at chess now. This makes Mary admit what she did to Mandy. Audrey later does the same. Mandy is angry with them both and Georgie doesn't initially see why. Mandy talks it over with Connie and Dale as Georgie apologizes. Mandy decides she and Georgie should get married immediately at City Hall without their parents and Georgie, Connie and Dale are on board.
134
7
Michael Judd
Story by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Nadiya ChettiarTeleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Yael Glouberman
April 11, 2024 (2024-04-11)
Both sets of parents (and Missy) are informed and rush over to City Hall and are allowed to be part of the wedding. After the ceremony at dinner, Sheldon is happy he was left out of the ceremony. Audrey offers to pay for Georgie and Mandy to have a weekend at Dollywood as their honeymoon. On the drive there Mandy and Georgie discuss aspects of their future and pull over to have sex. Cece is left with Connie but the police come to shut down the gambling room and arrest her after she tries to run down the sidewalk with a stroller. Since it is a Friday the judge is away and Connie will have to stay in jail for the weekend. Dale gets Cece and gives her to Mary. Audrey finds out about the gambling room and Georgie working there, leading to tension. Jim and George break that bit over dinner as both couples discuss extended family members they have issues with. Meanwhile, the arrest makes Sheldon learn of the gambling room as he was the only one in the Cooper family that never knew. Missy pranks him by saying there is a dead body under Mary's prayer garden in the backyard, and has him dig for it.
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Jeremy Howe
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Connor KilpatrickTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Nick Bakay & Eric Kaplan
April 18, 2024 (2024-04-18)
Connie is put under house arrest at Dale's with an ankle bracelet. Sheldon studies law but Connie rejects his idea that she pleaded insanity. A lawyer Dale knows says she can probably avoid jail if she pleads guilty, pays some fines and loses the laundromat and video store as well. Connie reluctantly agrees. The septic tank at the Cooper house breaks. George brings in a portable toilet that soon has a snake get inside. Connie has secretly stashed more money at their house and Mary catches her retrieving it. Connie gives her some of the money for the repairs after hearing about the snake. Meanwhile, the plumbing issue makes Mandy and Georgie move in with Audrey and Jim. Audrey initially intends to talk Mandy out of the marriage but Georgie's helpfulness around the house, determination to get a job and being with Cece soften Audrey slightly. Audrey allows Jim to hire Georgie at the tire store.
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Ansley Rix
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Marie ChengTeleplay by : Steve Holland & Jeremy Howe & Nadiya Chettiar
April 25, 2024 (2024-04-25)
A paper that Sheldon cowrote with his tutor in Germany is published internationally. Several prestigious universities contact George and Mary, attempting to woo Sheldon for grad school, and offering to pay for all travel expenses for both him and the family. President Hagemeyer finds out and demands Drs. Linkletter and Sturgis use their bond with Sheldon, Sheldon's local family ties and dislike of change so he will stay at East Texas Tech. She also offers potential scholarships for Georgie, Missy and Cece to George and Mary. Sheldon narrows it down to either MIT or Caltech . He cannot decide and almost chooses to stay, until Drs. Linkletter and Sturgis admit that Sheldon has surpassed them both and that he must move on for both science and his future. Sheldon picks MIT but, after George and Sheldon fly to Boston and see a snow storm outside the airport, they both agree to change to Caltech. Meanwhile, at Audrey's suggestion, Georgie tries to become more well-spoken for Cece.
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Nikki Lorre
Story by : Steven Molaro & Jeremy Howe & Connor KilpatrickTeleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Ben Slaughter
May 2, 2024 (2024-05-02)
Connie must complete 180 hours of community service and meets with her no-nonsense probation officer Rhonda Thompson ( Octavia Spencer ). She decides to do it at Mary's church, thinking it will be quick and easy. Mary refuses to inflate Connie's hours and insists she actually work by sorting through the church's large and messy donations room. Connie finds out George knows Rhonda and tries to have him reduce the number of hours for her, though it backfires and Rhonda gives Connie two days to finish the room. Connie brings in Sheldon, who loves doing it, but an angry Mary removes him. The next day Mary decides to help with Sheldon, not actually wanting Connie to go to jail, and irritated by Sheldon's need to finish the room. Connie submits the first 40 hours with Mary's support. Meanwhile, Mandy and Audrey are sniping at each other over parenting Cece. Mandy is upset when Georgie doesn't agree with her. Jim advises that Georgie just agree with them both individually but Mandy catches on. She wants them to be better than her parents, which Georgie truly supports. Georgie and Jim leave once Mandy and Audrey argue about marriage.
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Ruby Stillwater
Story by : Steve Holland & Nadiya Chettiar & Yael GloubermanTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Connor Kilpatrick & Ben Slaughter
May 9, 2024 (2024-05-09)
Sheldon has less than two months before he leaves for California. He gives President Hagemeyer his ideas for the future physics curriculum at East Texas Tech. Drs. Sturgis and Linkletter do not understand it and must ask Sheldon to tutor them. The teaching techniques Sheldon learned in Germany are not appreciated by the two men. A call to Connie convinces Sheldon to be patient and they both catch on. Meanwhile, Mary loves babysitting Cece and is open to the idea of another baby. This alarms George who after talking with Coach Wilkins and Principal Peterson decides to secretly get a vasectomy and afterwards lies to Mary about getting hurt at work. Mary decides she doesn't want another baby after all, to George's disdain.
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Alex Reid
Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Eric KaplanTeleplay by : Steven Molaro & Nadiya Chettiar & Connor Kilpatrick
May 9, 2024 (2024-05-09)
Wanting to wrap things up in Texas, Sheldon visits his local comic bookstore, has one last lunch with Tam in the high school library (though Tam had graduated the previous year), and says goodbye to his former science teacher Mr. Givens. Principal Petersen tells George that Rice University is going to offer him a coaching job, which is George's dream. Talking with Mary, she feels ready to move to Houston with him and Missy. Everyone except Sheldon is excited by this opportunity. Sheldon's attempts to get Connie, Georgie and Mandy and East Texas Tech to buy the house don't work. President Hagemeyer says maybe Sheldon is truly scared of going to California. The next afternoon, as the family prepares for a family portrait photo, Coach Wilkins and Principal Peterson arrive at the Coopers' door and inform them that George has suffered a fatal heart attack at work.
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"Funeral"
May 16, 2024 (2024-05-16)
As the family prepares for George's funeral, expressing their grief in different ways, Sheldon imagines alternate timelines featuring a variety of things he could have said to George during the last time his father left the house for work, rather than keeping silent and ignoring George as he usually did. At the funeral, several characters deliver eulogies for George. Georgie reflects on how his father always supported him no matter how he behaved. Connie makes humorous references to George's eating and drinking habits while remarking that, despite her initial disapproval of Mary's decision to pursue a relationship with him, she grew to love him as a son. Principal Petersen struggles to maintain his composure during his speech. Mary tearfully vents her anger about George leaving behind the family. Finally, Sheldon visualizes himself giving a powerfully moving speech on everything he wishes he could have said had he known George was about to die. The adult Sheldon, now comfortable saying what he wanted to say in the past, narrates that he loved his father and will always miss him.
141
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"Memoir"
May 16, 2024 (2024-05-16)
In the weeks following George's funeral, Sheldon, now a college graduate, prepares to leave for California when Mary insists that he and Missy be baptized. They are reluctant to do so until Connie convinces them otherwise, not wanting to see her daughter overwhelmed by grief. She visits Mary while she is praying at George's gravestone, urging her to spend time with her children before they leave the house. At the church, a still grieving Missy storms out, but Sheldon, wanting to show support for Mary yet stay hygienic in a potentially unsanitary tub of water, dons a wetsuit and scuba diving gear to be baptized. In the present, the adult Sheldon, seen writing his memoir of his Texas childhood, now lives in a suburban Los Angeles house with his wife, Amy Farrah Fowler, their son Leonard, and an unnamed daughter. Amy struggles to convince Sheldon to join her in watching Leonard play in a school hockey game until he realizes he should spend more time with his children as Mary and George did with him, Missy, and Georgie. Sheldon visualizes himself in his childhood home some time after Mary sold it, recalling one of the last conversations he had with Missy about cherishing his last day in the house before leaving. Finally, the young Sheldon arrives at Caltech; when a professor ( David Saltzberg ) passing by asks if he is lost, he replies that he is where he belongs.
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1 | what is the largest man made lake in the us | https://tataandhoward.com/10-largest-reservoirs-united-states/ | Fort Randall Dam, Lake Francis Case
10. Lake Francis Case, South Dakota
Lake Francis Case, named after former South Dakota Senator Francis Higbee Case, has a total capacity of 3,800,000 acre-feet, stretches over 100 miles, has a shoreline of 540 miles, an area of 102,000 acres, and a maximum depth of 140 feet. It is impounded by the Fort Randall Dam on the Missouri River in south-central South Dakota and it provides water supply, hydroelectric power, recreation, and an abundant, rich habitat for local wildlife. In fact, Lake Francis Case is home to one of the largest wintering populations of bald and golden eagles.
Authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1944 and built next to Old Fort Randall, a military fort built in 1856, Fort Randall Dam is an earthen embankment dam that underwent construction by the Army Corps of Engineers in 1946. In 1954, President Dwight D. Eisenhower flipped the switch that started the first power generating unit, and the project was officially completed in 1956 at a cost of about $200 million.
Sabine River Authority State of Louisiana – Observation Area near Toledo Bend Dam
9. Toledo Bend Lake, Louisiana and Texas
With a total area of about 205,000 acres in both Louisiana and Texas and providing water supply, hydroelectric power, and a plethora of recreational uses, Toledo Bend Lake is the largest human-made body of water in the south and the ninth largest in the United States. Impounded by the Toledo Bend Dam, Toledo Bend Reservoir has a storage capacity of 4,477,000 acre-feet, is 15 miles across at its widest point, has an average depth of 60 feet, is 1,264 miles of shoreline, and its two hydroelectric power generators have an estimated annual energy output of 205 million kilowatt-hours.
In 1949 and 1950 respectively, realizing a need to provide for the future, the Texas and Louisiana State Legislatures each formed their own Sabine River Authority in an effort to both conserve and develop the Sabine River Basin. In the 1950s, the two organizations worked together to come up with the idea of Toledo Bend Lake, and feasibility studies indicated that the project would be a success. Land acquisition and construction took place in the 1960s, and the project was completed in 1969. The total cost, including the land, dam and spillway, powerhouse, new roads and bridges, and the clearing of shorelines, was $70 million. Due to cooperation from investor-owned companies Gulf States Utilities Company, Louisiana Power and Light Company, and Central Louisiana Electric Company, the Toledo Bend Reservoir project did not have federal funding in its permanent financing – the only public water conservation and hydroelectric project to boast such a statistic.
Shasta Dam, Lake Shasta
8. Lake Shasta, California
With a total capacity of 4,552,000 acre-feet, an elevation of 1,067 feet, 365 miles of mostly mountainous shoreline, and a maximum depth of 517 feet, Lake Shasta is California’s largest reservoir and the eighth largest in the United States. Lake Shasta is impounded by the Shasta Dam, a concrete arch gravity dam across the Sacramento River that stands 602 feet tall, making it the eighth tallest dam in the United States. Operated by the Bureau of Reclamation, the reservoir provides water storage, flood control, hydroelectricity, and protection against the intrusion of salt water.
The Shasta Power Plant contains five huge generators capable of producing 710 megawatts, and recent upgrades have increased their efficiency rating to 98%. Originally built to control the waters of the Sacramento, the McCloud, and the Pit Rivers, the reservoir has since become one of the most popular vacation spots in the western United States. Providing thousands of jobs for people still suffering from the Great Depression, construction on the dam began in 1935 and was completed in 1945.
Libby Dam, Lake Koocanusa
7. Lake Koocanusa, Montana
Impounded by the Libby Dam on the Kootenay River, Lake Koocanusa has a total capacity of 5,809,000 acre-feet, stretches 90 miles on the northern part of Montana and into British Columbia, Canada, and has a maximum depth of 370 feet. The reservoir provides water supply to both the United States and Canada, as well as hydroelectric power, flood protection, and wildlife habitat.
Operated by the Army Corps of Engineers in the United States, construction of the Libby Dam was a joint cooperative venture between the U.S. and Canada that began in 1966 and was completed in 1972. The Libby Dam is a concrete gravity dam that stands 422 feet tall and has a gated overflow spillway. The dam’s powerhouse contains five turbines and can generate up to 600 megawatts of power.
Grand Coulee Dam, Lake Franklin
6. Franklin D. Roosevelt Reservoir (Lake Franklin), Washington
With a total capacity of 9,562,000 acre-feet, Lake Franklin is the largest reservoir and lake in Washington state and the sixth largest in the nation. Impounded by the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River, Lake Franklin covers 125 square miles, has over 600 miles of shoreline, and stretches about 150 miles from the Canadian border to the Grand Coulee Dam. The reservoir provides water supply, hydroelectric power, wildlife habitat, and recreation.
Constructed between 1933 and 1941 and operated by the Bureau of Reclamation, the Grand Coulee dam is a concrete gravity dam that stands 550 feet tall, stretches almost one-mile long, and has a drum gate spillway. Originally constructed with two power plants, a third power station was added in 1974, and it is now the largest electric power-producing facility in the United States.
Fort Peck Dam, Fort Peck Lake
5. Fort Peck Lake, Montana
Boasting a 1,520-mile long shoreline that is longer than the entire coastline of California, Fort Peck Lake stretches 134 miles through central Montana, has a total capacity of 15,400,000 acre-feet, covers an area of approximately 245,000 acres, and has a maximum depth of 220 feet. Impounded by the Fort Peck Dam on the Missouri River, Fort Peck Lake provides water quality management, flood control, and hydroelectric power. It also lies within the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge and is home to a plethora of fish and game.
Operated by the Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Peck Dam was a major project of the Public Works Administration as part of the New Deal. The dam was constructed from 1933 to 1943 and the project employed tens of thousands of people. Fort Peck Dam is an art deco hydraulic earthfill dam that stands 250 feet tall, has a controlled overflow spillway with eight bulkhead gates, and has five generating units with a capacity of 185 megawatts. The dam was added to the National Register of Historic places in 1986 and is the largest hydraulically filled dam in the United States. It is also the second largest dam in the world by structure volume, second only to the Tarbela Dam in Pakistan.
Garrison Dam, Lake Sakakawea
4. Lake Sakakawea, North Dakota
Impounded by the Garrison Dam on the Missouri River, Lake Sakakawea has a surface area of 307,000 acres, maximum depth of 180 feet, a shoreline of 1,320 miles, and a total capacity of 18,500,000 acre-feet. It is the largest human-made lake in North Dakota and the fourth largest in the United States. Originally constructed for flood control, navigation, irrigation, and hydroelectric power, the project was constructed by the Army Corps of Engineers between 1947 and 1953 and cost approximately $300 million.
Garrison Dam is an earthfill embankment dam that stretches almost two miles in length, stands 210 feet tall, generates 583 megawatts of power, and has a service spillway with 28 controlled gates. It is the fifth largest earthen dam in the world.
Oahe Dam at night, Lake Oahe; photo courtesy of Ashely Lieberman Hughes
3. Lake Oahe, South Dakota
With a surface area of 374,000 acres and a total capacity of 19,300,000 acre-feet, Lake Oahe stretches for 231 miles through South Dakota and is the third largest reservoir in the United States. It provides flood control, irrigation, hydroelectric power, recreation, wildlife habitat, and navigation benefits,
Authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1944, the Oahe Dam underwent construction in 1948 by the Army Corps of Engineers. In 1952, the world’s first rock tunnel boring machine (TBM) was invented specifically for the Oahe Dam project. The significance of James S. Robbins’ TBM invention cannot be overlooked, as it marked the beginning of machines replacing humans for tunneling. The earthfill dam, which is 245 feet tall and 9,360 feet long, impounds the Missouri River, has eight spillways, and is the fifth largest dam in the world by structure volume. The power station is capable of generating 768 megawatts of power and provides electricity for most of the north-central United States. The project, which was completed in 1962 at a total cost of approximately $340 million, was officially dedicated by President John F. Kennedy.
Glen Canyon Dam, Lake Powell
2. Lake Powell, Arizona
A breathtakingly beautiful reservoir that attracts over two million vacationers per year, Lake Powell is the second largest reservoir in the United States and is impounded by the Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River. Lake Powell — which has a capacity of 27,000,000 acre-feet, a surface area of over 161,000 acres, and a maximum depth of 532 feet — provides water storage for the Upper Basin states of the Colorado River Compact, including Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, and New Mexico.
Constructed at a cost of $155 million from 1956 to 1966 by the Bureau of Reclamation, the Glen Canyon Dam is a concrete arch gravity dam that stands 710 feet tall, contains over five million cubic yards of concrete, provides 1296 megawatts of power, and has twin concrete tunnel spillways controlled by double radial gates. The project was dedicated by Lady Bird Johnson on September 22, 1966.
Hoover Dam, Lake Mead
1. Lake Mead, Nevada
Named after Bureau of Reclamation Commissioner Elwood Mead, Lake Mead is the largest reservoir in the United States, stretching 112 miles long with a total capacity of 28,255,000 acre-feet, a shoreline of 759 miles, and a maximum depth of 532 feet. It provides water supply, hydroelectric power, recreation, and wildlife habitat. Because of prolonged drought and increased demand, Lake Mead — which provides water to over 20 million people in the states of Arizona, Nevada, and California — has not actually reached its full capacity since 1983. In fact, Lake Sakakawea, number four on our list, currently lays claim to the title of largest reservoir by total area and water volume in reserve.
Constructed between 1931 and 1936 by the Bureau of Reclamation at a cost of $49 million, the Hoover Dam impounds the Colorado River to create Lake Mead. As impressive as the reservoir it creates, the Hoover Dam is a concrete gravity arch dam that soars a whopping 726 feet tall, has two controlled drum-gate spillways, and generates an impressive 2,080 megawatts of power. The construction provided jobs for thousands and thousands of workers during the Great Depression and was named, if somewhat controversially, after President Herbert Hoover. It is the second tallest dam in the United States, second only to the Oroville Dam in California.
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1 | what is the largest man made lake in the us | https://www.lakehomes.com/info/lifestyles/top-5-largest-man-made-lakes-in-the-u-s | Estimated reading time: 6 minutes
Photo courtesy of VisitArizona.com
These are the top 5 largest man-made lakes in the United States:
The topic of man-made lakes is not new to Lake Homes Lifestyles. In fact, we’ve covered a couple of different angles on the subject, including The Evolution of Man-Made Lakes in America and The World’s Largest Man-Made Lakes . Continuing with the series, today we’ll uncover 5 of the largest man-made lakes in the United States.
Before we dive in, it’s important to mention that the following lakes are ranked by volume, not by surface area or shoreline . In addition, because lake water levels fluctuate, these rankings are determined when the lakes are at “full pool.” When not at full pool, our number-one and number-two-ranked lakes frequently alternate positions based on fluctuating water levels.
Are you ready to explore these man-made wonders?
Lake Mead, AZ/NV
As you drive southeast of Las Vegas, you’ll find Lake Mead , located along the border of Nevada and Arizona. With an impressive water capacity of 28.76 million acre-feet at full pool, Lake Mead is the largest man-made lake in the U.S. However, due to increased usage and extended drought conditions, the lake has not reached its full capacity since 1983. Despite its decreasing water levels, Lake Mead continues to attract millions of visitors each year. Here are some interesting facts about Lake Mead:
It was created by the Hoover Dam on the Colorado River.
It supplies water to over 20 million people and farmland in the surrounding areas.
Tunnels were built underneath the lake to help pump water into it.
The city of St. Thomas , once submerged during the creation of the lake, can now be seen again due to the decreasing lake water levels.
Lake Powell, UT/AZ
Situated northeast of Lake Mead on the Colorado River lies Lake Powell, the second-largest man-made lake in the U.S. with a maximum water capacity of 26 million acre-feet (MAF) . Lake Powell began to fill in 1963, and it took over 16 years to finally reach the 3,700-foot level in 1980. Three years later, in 1983, the reservoir reached its all-time highest water level at 3,708.34 feet when the Colorado River experienced one of the heaviest floods in recorded history. During this time, the lake’s total water volume was 25.7 MAF. Similar to Lake Mead, Lake Powell has seen an annual decline in water level since due to increased water consumption and climate change. Here are other interesting facts about Lake Powell:
It was created by the Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River.
Glen Canyon , a natural canyon that is part of the immense canyon system carved by the Colorado River, was submerged by Lake Powell.
Its shoreline measures longer than the entire west coast of the U.S. at nearly 2,000 miles long.
Lake Sakakawea, ND
Nestled along the Missouri River in North Dakota is Lake Sakakawea . With a volume capacity of 23.8 MAF, this lake is the third-largest man-made reservoir in the U.S. and the country’s largest by surface area. The fluctuation in water levels remains consistent annually, reaching its peak in June before falling to its low point in December. Located approximately 50 miles northwest of the state’s capital, Bismarck, and with Lake Sakakawea State Park occupying 739 acres of its shore, this lake attracts thousands of visitors annually. Here are other interesting facts about Lake Sakakawea:
It was formed after the construction of the Garrison Dam in 1953.
The lake inundated thousands of acres of Indian Reservation, resulting in hundreds of Native American families being dislocated.
The lake was named after Sacagawea, the Native American guide and interpreter during the Lewis and Clark expedition .
Two ghost towns, Sanish and Van Hook , live beneath the lake’s surface.
Lake Oahe, SD/ND
Created by the Oahe Dam on the Missouri River.
It was named for the Oahe Mission , which was established in 1874 by Reverend Thomas L. Riggs.
A town called Forest City was submerged when the Oahe Dam was constructed and the Oahe Lake was formed.
The lake also flooded over 200,000 acres of land on the Standing Rock Reservation and Cheyenne River Reservation, forcing Native Americans to relocate.
Fort Peck Lake, MT
Fort Peck Lake , also known as Lake Fort Peck, is the largest man-made lake in Montana by surface area and is the fifth-largest man-made lake in the United States by volume (18.7 MAF). Impoundment of the lake began in 1937 and the reservoir was finally filled to capacity ten years later, in 1947. Twenty-seven recreation areas are located along its 1,520 miles of shoreline, making it a major tourist destination. Here are some other interesting facts about Fort Peck Lake:
It was formed by the Fort Peck Dam on the Missouri River in response to flooding issues in the Missouri River Valley.
The construction of the dam and reservoir brought in 10,500 men, leading to 18 boomtowns in the area.
The lake area is known for its dinosaur excavation sites and is home to the Fort Peck Interpretive Center .
Despite their fascinating and controversial history, these impressive modern marvels are vital for water storage, hydroelectric power production, flood control, and recreation. Want to explore more lake trivia? Get your trivial pursuit game on with these articles !
Linda Thach
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1 | what is the largest man made lake in the us | https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/top-10-largest-man-made-lakes/ | Last Updated : 29 Feb, 2024
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The top ten largest man-made lakes in the world by surface area are Lake Volta (Ghana), Lake Kariba (Zimbabwe/Zambia), Lake Nasser (Egypt/Sudan), Lake Guri (Venezuela), Bratsk Reservoir (Russia), Lake Manicouagan (Canada), Lake Roosevelt (United States), Krasnoyarsk Reservoir (Russia), Lake Sakakawea (United States) and Lake Argyle (Australia).
These lakes are important for maintaining human activity and influencing the environment, but because they affect local communities, ecosystems, and habitats, environmental and social factors are frequently taken into account during creation.
In this article, we will cover the top 10 largest man-made lakes in the world along with their location and surface area.
Table of Content
About the Largest Man-Made Lakes
Man-made lakes, also known as reservoirs or artificial lakes, are bodies of water that are constructed by human action as opposed to naturally occurring geological processes. To store water and control its flow, dams or other structures are usually built across rivers or streams to create these lakes. Artificial lakes are used for a variety of functions, such as navigation, recreation, flood control, irrigation, and the production of hydroelectric power. They might be small ponds or huge reservoirs covering thousands of square kilometers in size.
List of Top 10 Largest Man-Made Lakes
The list of the top 10 largest man-made lakes in the world based on the surface area is as follows:
Man-Made Lakes of World
Lake Volta
Largest Man-Made Lake in the world - Lake Volta (Ghana)
Lake Volta in Ghana is the largest man-made lake by surface area globally. It is formed by the construction of the Akosombo Dam on the Volta River in 1965.
It covers approximately 8,482 square kilometers when at full capacity.
Lake Volta serves as a vital source of hydroelectric power, supporting Ghana's electricity needs and neighboring countries.
The reservoir also facilitates irrigation, fishing, and transportation activities, contributing to regional development.
Its creation has led to ecological changes, including habitat alteration and displacement of communities. Efforts are ongoing to manage the lake sustainably while addressing environmental and social impacts.
Second Largest Man-Made Lake in the world - Lake Kariba (Zambia/Zimbabwe)
Lake Kariba is situated on the Zambezi River in Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is one of the largest man-made lakes globally.
It was created with the completion of the Kariba Dam in 1959, jointly by Zambia and Zimbabwe.
It covers approximately 5,580 square kilometers (2,150 square miles).
Lake Kariba serves as a critical reservoir for hydroelectric power generation, supporting both countries' electricity needs and regional development.
The lake also facilitates fishing, irrigation, tourism, and wildlife conservation, contributing to the local economy.
Its construction led to environmental changes and the displacement of communities. Ongoing management efforts focus on balancing human needs with the preservation of ecological integrity.
Third Largest Man-Made Lake in the world - Bratsk Reservoir (Russia)
The Bratsk Reservoir is located in Siberia, Russia. It is among the largest man-made lakes globally. It was formed by the completion of the Bratsk Dam on the Angara River in 1967.
It covers approximately 5,470 square kilometers (2,110 square miles).
It was created by the construction of the Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Station, one of the largest hydroelectric power plants in the world.
The reservoir has a storage capacity of over 169 cubic kilometers.
It plays an important role in regulating the flow of the Angara River and provides water for irrigation and industrial purposes.
It serves as a crucial source of hydroelectric power, supporting industrial and residential areas in Siberia.
The reservoir's creation has facilitated economic development and improved living standards in the region.
Fourth Largest Man-Made Lake in the world - Lake Nasser (Egypt/Sudan)
Lake Nasser, also known as Lake Nubia, is a vast reservoir situated in Egypt and Sudan. It was formed by the construction of the Aswan High Dam on the Nile River in the 1960s.
It has a surface area of approximately 5,250 square kilometers (2,030 square miles).
Lake Nasser serves as a vital source of water for irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and flood control in both countries.
Its creation has significantly impacted the surrounding environment and led to the relocation of numerous archaeological sites.
Despite challenges, the reservoir plays a crucial role in supporting agriculture, electricity production, and water management in the region.
Fifth Largest Man-Made Lake in the world - Lake Guri (Venezuela)
Lake Guri is situated in Venezuela. It is an important reservoir formed by the construction of the Guri Dam on the Caroní River in the 1960s and 1970s.
It has a surface area of approximately 4,250 square kilometers (1,640 square miles).
It serves as a crucial source of hydroelectric power, supplying electricity for residential, industrial, and commercial use in Venezuela.
Lake Guri's creation has facilitated economic development and improved living standards in the region.
It has also led to environmental changes and impacted local ecosystems. Despite challenges, the reservoir plays a vital role in meeting Venezuela's energy needs and supporting national development.
Sixth Largest Man-Made Lake in the world - Manicouagan Reservoir (Canada)
The Manicouagan Reservoir is situated in Quebec, Canada.
It is a unique annular reservoir formed within an ancient impact crater.
It was created in the 1960s by the construction of the Daniel-Johnson Dam on the Manicouagan River.
It covers approximately 1,942 square kilometers (750 square miles).
It serves as a vital source of hydroelectric power, it supports Quebec's energy needs and industrial activities.
The reservoir's formation within an impact crater makes it a important geological feature, attracting scientific interest.
Despite its environmental impact, the Manicouagan Reservoir contributes to regional development.
Seventh Largest Man-Made Lake in the world - Krasnoyarsk Reservoir (Russia)
The Krasnoyarsk Reservoir is located in Siberia, Russia. It is one of the largest man-made lakes by volume globally.
It was created by the completion of the Krasnoyarsk Dam on the Yenisei River in 1972.
It spans approximately 73.3 cubic kilometers (17.6 cubic miles).
It serves as a vital source of hydroelectric power, it supplies electricity for industrial and residential use in Siberia and beyond.
The reservoir's volume contributes significantly to Russia's energy production and regional development.
Its construction led to environmental changes, including habitat disruption and alteration of river ecosystems. Management efforts focus on balancing energy needs with environmental conservation.
Eighth Largest Man-Made Lake in the world - Lake Sakakawea
Lake Sakakawea is a large reservoir situated in the state of North Dakota, United States. It is formed by the Garrison Dam on the Missouri River-
The lake stretches over 200 miles in length and has a shoreline of approximately 1,320 miles.
It is named after the Shoshone Native American woman Sacagawea, Lake Sakakawea serves various purposes, including flood control, irrigation, navigation, and hydroelectric power generation.
It offers recreational opportunities such as fishing, boating, camping, and wildlife viewing.
The lake's scenic beauty, with its rugged bluffs and landscapes, attracts visitors from near and far.
Lake Sakakawea is a popular destination for travellers and is managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
Ninth Largest Man-Made Lake in the world - Lake Roosevelt (United State)
Lake Roosevelt is a vast reservoir located in the state of Washington, United States. It was created by the construction of the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River.
The reservoir extends over 150 miles and has a shoreline of approximately 660 miles.
Named after President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Lake Roosevelt serves as a key component of the Columbia Basin Project, providing irrigation water for agriculture and hydroelectric power generation.
The lake offers recreational opportunities such as fishing, boating, camping, and hiking.
It is surrounded by natural landscapes, including canyons, forests, and wildlife habitats.
It is managed by the National Park Service as part of the Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area.
Tenth Largest Man-Made Lake in the world - Lake Argyle (Australia)
Lake Argyle is a vast artificial reservoir located in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. It was formed by the construction of the Ord River Dam on the Ord River.
With a surface area of over 1,000 square kilometers, Lake Argyle is the largest man-made reservoir in Australia by volume.
The lake has a storage capacity of over 10,700 gigalitres, making it a crucial water source for agriculture and irrigation in the region.
Lake Argyle is known for its scenery, including rugged cliffs, islands, and expansive waterways.
It supports a diverse ecosystem with abundant wildlife, including freshwater crocodiles and a variety of bird species.
The lake offers recreational activities such as fishing, boating, camping, and scenic cruises, attracting tourists and nature-lovers.
Conclusion - Top 10 Largest Man-Made Lakes
The world's top ten man-made lakes are great engineering achievements that have affected their surrounding areas. Aside from providing water, these lakes also aid in flood management, agriculture, recreation, and the production of hydroelectric power. They have helped their respective regions' economies grow, their citizens' quality of life has increased, and industry has expanded. Moreover, there have been difficulties and environmental issues since the construction of these artificial lakes. It changed natural landscapes, destroyed ecosystems, and displaced communities as a result of the building of dams and reservoirs. Thus, to reduce negative effects and increase positive ones, the building and administration of man-made lakes require careful planning, environmental impact studies, and sustainable practices.
Lake Volta is is the world's greatest man-made lake.
What is the 2nd largest man-made reservoir?
Lake Kariba is the 2nd largest man-made reservoir.
What is the third largest artificial lake in the world?
Bratsk Reservoir of Russia is the third largest artificial lake in the world by surface area.
Which is the 2nd artificial lake in Asia?
Jaisamand Lake is the 2nd artificial lake in Asia.
Which is Asia largest human made lake?
Jaisamand lake is Asia largest human made lake.
Which is the largest man-made lake in India?
Gobind Ballabh Pant Sagar Lake is the largest man-made lake in India.
Which is the first artificial lake in India?
Upper Bhopal Lake is the first artificial lake in India.
Which is India's largest lake?
Vembanad Lake, Kerala is India's largest lake.
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1 | what is the largest man made lake in the us | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_reservoirs_in_the_United_States | List of largest reservoirs in the United States
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This is a list of largest reservoirs in the United States , including all artificial lakes with a capacity greater than or equal to 1,000,000 acre-feet (1.2 km3). Figures given are for maximum storage capacity (flood pool) of reservoirs, not regular storage volume (conservation pool). This difference is significant in reservoirs such as Kentucky Lake , whose full capacity is nearly three times that of its conservation pool.
Due to sedimentation and other factors that affect a reservoir's storage capacity over time, some data listed might not accurately reflect actual current conditions in certain reservoirs. For example, Lake Mead – the largest reservoir in the U.S. – could store more than 32.4 million acre-feet (40.1 km3) when first filled, but sediment accumulation has reduced this to 28.9 million acre-feet (35.6 km3).
† Reservoir is an existing lake raised by a dam; only the volume added by the dam is listed
Reservoir not entirely within the United States
‡ Offstream reservoir
Name
State(s)
Coordinates
Capacity
See also
"New Exchequer-Lk McClure (EXC)" . California Data Exchange Center. California Department of Water Resources. Retrieved 2012-05-13.
"Hydraulics & Hydrology" . Boulder Canyon Project–Hoover Dam. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. 2012-01-04. Retrieved 2012-05-12.
"Oroville Dam (ORO)" . California Data Exchange Center. California Department of Water Resources. Retrieved 2012-05-13.
"New Waddell Dam" . U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. 2009-08-07. Retrieved 2012-05-13.
"1986 Lake Powell Survey" (PDF). REC-ERC-88-6. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. December 1988. Retrieved 2012-05-13.
"New Melones Reservoir (NML)" . California Data Exchange Center. California Department of Water Resources. Retrieved 2012-05-13.
"Palisades Dam" . Palisades Project. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. 2009-03-02. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2012-05-13.
"Pathfinder Dam Hydraulics & Hydrology" . Glendo Unit. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. 2012-02-02. Retrieved 2012-05-13.
"Dam & River Basin" . U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2011-07-07. Archived from the original on 2012-04-22. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
"Pine Flat Dam (PNF)" . California Data Exchange Center. California Department of Water Resources. Retrieved 2012-05-13.
"Shasta Dam (SHA)" . California Data Exchange Center. California Department of Water Resources. Retrieved 2012-05-13.
"Trinity Lake (CLE)" . California Data Exchange Center. California Department of Water Resources. Retrieved 2012-05-13.
List of largest reservoirs in the United States
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1 | what is the largest man made lake in the us | https://www.thetravel.com/largest-manmade-lake-in-the-usa/ | Close
The Largest Manmade Lake In The US Has An Impressive Water Capacity Of 28.76 Million Acre-Feet At Full Pool
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Imagine standing on the border of Nevada and Arizona, gazing across a vast expanse of water so immense it supplies drinking water and irrigation for over 25 million people .
While its glory days of reaching full pool are long past, it remains a marvel of engineering and a vital resource for the region.
Stretching 115 miles and hugging 550 miles of shoreline , Lake Mead is a manmade wonder that continues to captivate millions of visitors annually with its sheer scale and historical significance. Let’s dive into the story of this incredible reservoir and the challenges it faces today.
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A Reservoir That Redefined The Southwest
How Lake Mead became the largest manmade lake in the United States
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There are many impressive dams to see in the U.S. , but Lake Mead owes its existence to the Hoover Dam, which was completed in 1935 on the Colorado River. The dam was built to provide flood control, hydroelectric power, and a reliable water source for the rapidly growing Southwest.
The resulting reservoir, Lake Mead, spans 229 square miles, with a maximum depth of over 530 feet—deep enough to make this lake responsible for the most varied lakeside deaths in America . At its peak capacity of 28.76 million acre-feet, it could supply the U.S. with water for an entire year.
One of the many things you probably don't know about Lake Mead is that it was named after Elwood Mead, a former commissioner of reclamation. The lake’s formation was a monumental achievement. Its significance has only grown as urban and agricultural demands increased.
While its construction marked a turning point for the region, Lake Mead has also become a symbol of how environmental and human factors shape our resources.
Today, Lake Mead National Recreation Area is a beautiful, all-year-round attraction to visit where visitors can enjoy hiking, fishing, swimming, and cycling just a stone's throw away from the dazzling lights of Las Vegas!
Visitors will require a pass which costs $15-$25 for a standard pass which can be purchased online or at one of the entrance stations.
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Lead Mead Is A Lifeline For Millions
The vital role of Lake Mead in supplying water and power
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Lake Mead’s role extends far beyond being a picturesque destination. It supplies water to millions in Nevada, Arizona, California, and even Mexico. It also irrigates farmlands critical to the nation’s food supply and generates hydroelectric power through the Hoover Dam.
Yet, the lake faces mounting pressure from prolonged drought conditions and the rising demands of urbanization. In 2022, its water levels dropped to an all-time low, making it impossible to use traditional pumps, but also allowing scientists to learn many of its historical secrets .
In response, engineers activated low-level pumps installed in 2020, a stark reminder of the challenges posed by climate change. Despite these hurdles, Lake Mead continues to sustain millions, even as officials work on conservation measures to ensure its survival.
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A Window Into The Past: The Hidden History Of Lake Mead
How receding water levels have revealed Lake Mead’s hidden history
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Now exposed due to historically low water levels, St. Thomas serves as a haunting reminder of the sacrifices made to create the reservoir.
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Facing Challenges, Finding Solutions: Lake Mead Drought Issues Are A Major Concern
How Lake Mead is adapting to prolonged drought conditions
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The challenges facing Lake Mead are immense but not insurmountable. Collaboration between states dependent on the Colorado River has led to innovative conservation measures, such as stricter water usage guidelines and infrastructure improvements.
Tunnels and advanced pumping systems have also been constructed to maintain water supply even as levels drop.
Public awareness campaigns have emphasized the importance of water conservation, helping communities adapt to the region’s evolving reality. With a blend of modern engineering and collective action, Lake Mead remains a testament to resilience in the face of adversity.
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Lake Mead is more than just a manmade lake; it is a cornerstone of life in the Southwest, a historical marvel, and a reminder of the delicate balance between human ingenuity and nature.
While its challenges are formidable, its story continues to inspire efforts to protect this invaluable resource.
We want to hear from you! Share your opinions in the thread below and remember to keep it respectful.
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As much water per year that Nevada uses is lost in Lake Powell, above Lake Mead, through absorption because of the porous sandstone. Cut out Lake Powell all together and Lake Mead would be full almost all of the time. The pool in Lake Mead is held by impervious granite.
If logic were to rule over politics, there would be no Lake Powell.
2025-01-26 14:09:32
Just use common sense. Nature will correct itself, given time.
2025-01-27 07:15:50
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I believe lake Powell needs to be dropped to fill lake Mead as far too much water is lost at lake Powell.
2025-01-28 11:38:08
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Lake Powell's "porous" encapsulation insures ground water availability is maintained in the 'Four Corners' region and at a higher elevation less evaporation occurs. All the water going into Mead would just evaporate away, a loss any way you look at it...
2025-01-28 10:10:27
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2 | who sings mammas don't let your babies | https://genius.com/Waylon-jennings-and-willie-nelson-mammas-dont-let-your-babies-grow-up-to-be-cowboys-lyrics | 5
Mammas Don’t Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys
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Mammas Don’t Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys Lyrics
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[Chorus: Waylon Jennings & Willie Nelson]Mamas, don't let your babies grow up to be cowboysDon't let 'em pick guitars or drive them old trucks Let 'em be doctors and lawyers and such Mamas don't let your babies grow up to be cowboys'Cause they'll never stay home and they're always aloneEven with someone they love
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“Mammas Don’t Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys” was written by Ed and Patsy Bruce in 1975. It appears on the Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson album, Waylon & Willie (1978).
This is a cowboy song in the tradition of Roy Rogers and Gene Autry. The combined charm of Jennings and Nelson romanticizes the cowboy drifter more than any western song, before or since.
The Western Writers of America included it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time.
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Written by Ed and Patsy Bruce, the song was originally titled “Mamas Don’t Let Your Babies Grow Up to be Guitar Players” . (Really, it’s true.)
The song started with Ed, who was struggling as a guitar player in Nashville. At age 35, he felt he’d paid his dues. He’d already charted six songs, but his career was going nowhere. His wife Patsy had gotten him some work doing voice-overs in com-mercials, but Ed was becoming more frustrated each year.
Ed began writing the song in 1975. He didn’t really intend it to be autobiographical; it just happened. Like many of his other works, it got stuck after the first verse. Patsy believed Ed was just too embarrassed to share his story, so she suggested he change it to cowboys. Her idea made sense to Ed, who thought of cowboys as modern day knights. Cowboys were heroes to most country music fans, and they did have a reputation for being solitary.
Ed took the song to United Artists, got a new contract, and in late 1975 he recorded the song. It got as high as # 15 on the country charts, but soon faded. Two years later though, Ed got a call from RCA that changed everything. They wanted the song for Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson. The rest is history, and the song has become a part of Americana.
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| 31 |
2 | who sings mammas don't let your babies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammas_Don't_Let_Your_Babies_Grow_Up_to_Be_Cowboys | Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys
3 languages
1978 single by Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson
"Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys"
Released
"July, You're a Woman" (1973)
"Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys" (1975)
"The Littlest Cowboy Rides Again" (1976)
"Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys" is a country music song first recorded by Ed Bruce , written by him and his wife Patsy Bruce . His version of the song appears on his 1976 self-titled album for United Artists Records . In late 1975 and early 1976, Bruce's rendition of the song went to number 15 on the Hot Country Singles charts. This song was featured on Chris LeDoux 's album released January 20, 1976, Songbook of the American West.
Members of the Western Writers of America chose the song as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time. [3]
The narrator warns mothers not to let their children become cowboys because of the tough and rootless life of cowboy culture. [4]
Critical reception
Chart performance
Released
"Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys"(1978)
"If You Can Touch Her at All"(1978)
Chart performance
42
"Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys" (1994)
"Red, White and Blue Collar" (1994)
In 1994, country music group Gibson/Miller Band recorded a cover version on its album Red, White and Blue Collar. This version peaked at #49 on the Hot Country Songs chart, and was featured in the soundtrack for the movie The Cowboy Way . [11] It also appeared on the band's second and final studio album, Red, White and Blue Collar.
Chart performance
71
Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 67. ISBN
Billboard . 1976-10-09. p. 43. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
.
Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys
| 32 |
2 | who sings mammas don't let your babies | https://www.wideopencountry.com/mammas-dont-let-your-babies-grow-up-to-be-cowboys-flashback/ | Cowboys may not be easy to love, but this song definitely is. In 1978, "Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys" rose to number one on the country charts thanks to Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings 's cover of the track on their duet album, Waylon & Willie.
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The song was originally recorded two years prior in 1976 by Ed Bruce who penned the lyrics with his wife, Patsy Bruce. He made it to No. 15 on the country charts, but Willie and Waylon took it up the rest of the way, and even earned a Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal.
Read More: Miranda Lambert Rules the Wild West on New Single 'If I Was a Cowboy'
In the video above, Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings of The Highwaymen perform their version of the song on stage at Farm Aid 1986. Farm Aid was co-founded by Nelson who also served as its president alongside Neil Young and John Mellencamp to help family farmers.
This performance took place in the hot summer on July 4th in Austin, Texas, hence the stylish shorts Nelson is sporting.
If you want to sing along (and you know you do), give a glance to the song's lyrics below.
This article was previously published in 2018.
"Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys" Lyrics
Cowboys ain't easy to love and they're harder to hold.
They'd rather give you a song than diamonds or gold
Lonestar belt buckles and old faded Levis,
And each night begins a new day.
If you don't understand him, an' he don't die young,
He'll prob'ly just ride away.
Mamas, don't let your babies grow up to be cowboys.
Don't let 'em pick guitars or drive them old trucks
Let 'em be doctors and lawyers and such.
Mamas don't let your babies grow up to be cowboys.
'Cos they'll never stay home and they're always alone
Even with someone they love
Cowboys like smokey old pool rooms and clear mountain mornings,
Little warm puppies and children and girls of the night
Them that don't know him won't like him and them that do,
Sometimes won't know how to take him
He ain't wrong, he's just different but his pride won't let him,
Do things to make you think he's right
Mamas, don't let your babies grow up to be cowboys
Don't let 'em pick guitars or drive them old trucks
Let 'em be doctors and lawyers and such
Mamas don't let your babies grow up to be cowboys
'Cos they'll never stay home and they're always alone
Even with someone they love
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2 | who sings mammas don't let your babies | https://variety.com/2021/music/news/ed-bruce-dead-country-singer-songwriter-mammas-cowboys-maverick-1234881534/ | Plus Icon
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Jan 8, 2021 1:51pm PT
Ed Bruce, Writer of Country Classic ‘Mammas, Don’t Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys,’ Dies at 81
Besides having his own run of country hits in the '60s and '70s and enormous success with a Willie & Waylon cover, Bruce co-starred with James Garner on the 1980s series "Bret Maverick."
23 hours ago
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Ed Bruce, a singer/songwriter and actor who had his own run of hits on the country charts but was best known for co-writing Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings’ “Mammas, Don’t Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys,” has died at age 81. He died in Clarksville, Tenn. and the cause of death was given as natural causes.
Bruce was also recognized for playing the second lead to James Garner on NBC’s 1981-82 “Bret Maverick,” a one-season reboot of “Maverick,” as well as writing and singing the show’s theme song.
Of “Mammas,” one of the most iconic country hits of all time, Bruce said in a 2012 interview, “It was a top 15 record for me. And actually when I finished writing it, there was a question of whether I was gonna record it or whether I wanted pitch it to Waylon. There was no doubt in my mind it was a No. 1 song. It wound up I had the best of both worlds, really. Because it established me as an artist, and of course later Waylon cut it and drug Willie in off the street and overdubbed him, and gosh, it was No. 1 for two or three more weeks. [The song remained on top for four weeks, actually.] It was a good song.”
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His discography actually dated back to 1957, when he released “Rockin’ Boppin’ Baby,” but it wasn’t until 1966 that he began to appear on country charts. His own version of “Mammas, Don’t Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys” preceded Nelson’s and represented his first entry into the top 20, at No. 15 in 1975. “You’re the Best Break…” in 1982 was his first top 10 song, as well as his only chart-topper. He went on to have a total of a half-dozen top 10 country hits, the last of which was “Nights” in 1986, after which he only intermittently released new material.
“Mammas,” which Bruce co-wrote with his then-wife Patsy Bruce, was also recorded by country star Chris LeDoux in 1976 before Nelson and Jennings memorably got to it in 1978. Their version, from the album “Waylon & Willie,” topped the chart for four weeks, and Nelson cut it again as a solo artist for the film “The Electric Horseman.” The song has continued to be one of the foremost staples in Nelson’s sets and has often appeared in films and commercials.
Born in Keiser, Arkansas in 1939, Bruce was a Memphis resident of only 17 when he approached Cowboy Jack Clement and eventually Sam Phillips and ended up recording the rockabilly single “Rock Boppin’ Baby” for the Sun label, then under the name of Edwin Bruce.
His songs were also recorded by Tanya Tucker, who had hits with both “The Man That Turned My Mama On” and “Texas (When I Die),” as well as pop star Tommy Roe (“Save Your Kisses”) and country legend Charlie Louvin (“See the Big Man Cry”).
Bruce did voiceover work early in his career, and turned to acting after his country career waned, with appearances in films including Michael Mann’s “Public Enemies,” the Steven Seagal vehicle “Fire Down Below” and the TV series “The Chisholms” and “Walker, Texas Ranger.” In the 1980s, he hosted two television shows, “Truckin’ USA” and “American Sports Cavalcade.”
Bruce received a lifetime achievement award from the Arkansas Country Music Association in 2018.
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3 | delhi is on the banks of which river | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamuna | Yamuna
River in India
Yamuna
Vishram Ghat , on the Yamuna at Mathura in Uttar Pradesh
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The Yamuna (
pronounced [jəmʊnɑː] ; IAST : Yamunā) is the second-largest tributary river of the Ganges by discharge and the longest tributary in India . Originating from the Yamunotri Glacier at a height of about 4,500 m (14,800 ft) [1] on the southwestern slopes of Bandarpunch peaks of the Lower Himalaya in Uttarakhand, it travels 1,376 kilometres (855 mi) and has a drainage system of 366,223 square kilometres (141,399 sq mi), 40.2% of the entire Ganges Basin . It merges with the Ganges at Triveni Sangam , Prayagraj , which is a site of the Kumbh Mela , a Hindu festival held every 12 years.
Like the Ganges, the Yamuna is highly venerated in Hinduism and worshipped as the goddess Yamuna . In Hinduism, she is believed to be the daughter of the sun god, Surya , and the sister of Yama , the god of death, and so she is also known as Yami. According to popular Hindu legends, bathing in Yamuna's sacred waters frees one from the torments of death. [3] [4]
The river crosses several states such as Haryana , Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Delhi. It also meets several tributaries along the way, including Tons , Chambal , its longest tributary which has its own large basin, followed by Sindh , the Betwa , and Ken . From Uttarakhand, the river flows into the state of Himachal Pradesh . After passing Paonta Sahib , Yamuna flows along the boundary of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh and after exiting Haryana it continues to flow till it merges with the river Ganges at Sangam or Prayag in Prayagraj (Uttar Pradesh). It helps create the highly fertile alluvial Ganges-Yamuna Doab region between itself and the Ganges in the Indo-Gangetic plain . [3] [4]
Nearly 57 million people depend on the Yamuna's waters, and the river accounts for more than 70 percent of Delhi's water supply. It has an annual flow of 97 billion cubic metres, and nearly 4 billion cubic metres are consumed every year (of which irrigation constitutes 96%). [3] [4] At the Hathni Kund Barrage , its waters are diverted into two large canals: the Western Yamuna Canal flowing towards Haryana, and the Eastern Yamuna Canal flowing towards Uttar Pradesh. Beyond that point the Yamuna is joined by the Somb , a seasonal rivulet from Haryana, and by the highly polluted Hindon River near Noida , by Najafgarh drain near Wazirabad and by various other drains, so that it continues only as a trickling sewage-bearing drain before joining the Chambal at Pachnada in the Etawah District of Uttar Pradesh. [5]
The water quality in Upper Yamuna, as the 375-kilometre (233 mi) long stretch of Yamuna is called from its origin at Yamunotri to Okhla barrage , [6] is of "reasonably good quality" until the Wazirabad barrage in Delhi. Below this, the discharge of wastewater in Delhi through 15 drains between Wazirabad barrage and Okhla barrage renders the river severely polluted. Wazirabad barrage to Okhla Barrage, 22 km (14 mi) stretch of Yamuna in Delhi, is less than 2% of Yamuna's total length but accounts for nearly 80% of the total pollution in the river. [7] Untreated wastewater and poor quality of water discharged from the wastewater treatment plants are the major reasons of Yamuna's pollution in Delhi. To address river pollution, measures have been taken by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) under the Yamuna Action Plan (YAP) which has been implemented since 1993 by the MoEF's National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD).
Banderpoonch peak, the source of Yamuna, as seen from Mussoorie
The Yamunotri temple on the river, dedicated to Goddess Yamuna
Sources: Banderpoonch peak and Yamunotri glacier
Current channel
Yamuna river between Saharanpur and Yamunanagar
From the upper catchment area, the river descends onto the plains of Doon Valley , at Dak Pathar near Dehradun. Flowing through the Dakpathar Barrage , the water is diverted into a canal for power generation. Further downstream, the Assan River joins the Yamuna at the Asan Barrage , which hosts a bird sanctuary. After passing the Sikh pilgrimage town of Paonta Sahib , the Yamuna reaches Tajewala in Yamuna Nagar district (named after the river) of Haryana . A dam built here in 1873 is the origin of two important canals, the Western and Eastern Yamuna Canals , which irrigate the states of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. The Western Yamuna Canal (WYC) crosses Yamuna Nagar , Karnal , Panipat and Sonipat before reaching the Haiderpur treatment plant, which contributes to Delhi's municipal water supply. The Yamuna receives wastewater from Yamuna Nagar and Panipat cities; beyond this it is replenished by seasonal streams and groundwater accrual . During the dry season, the Yamuna remains dry in many stretches between the Tajewala dam and Delhi, where it enters near the Palla barrage after traversing 224 kilometres (139 mi).[ citation needed ]
The Yamuna defines the state borders between Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, and between Haryana, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh . When the Yamuna reaches the Indo-Gangetic plain , it runs almost parallel to the Ganges, the two rivers creating the Ganges-Yamuna Doab region. Spread across 69,000 square kilometres (27,000 sq mi), one-third of the alluvial plain, the region is known for its agricultural output, particularly for the cultivation of basmati rice. The plain's agriculture supports one-third of India's population. [12]
Course of Yamuna, in the Indo-Gangetic Plain
State
140,230
40.6
Delhi
1,485
0.4
Subsequently, the Yamuna flows through the states of Delhi, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh before merging with the Ganges at a sacred spot known as Triveni Sangam in Prayagraj. Pilgrims travel by boats to platforms erected in midstream to offer prayers. During the Kumbh Mela , held every 12 years, large congregations of people immerse themselves in the sacred waters of the confluence. [13] The cities of Baghpat , Delhi, Noida , Mathura , Agra , Firozabad , Etawah , Kalpi , Hamirpur , and Prayagraj lie on its banks. At Etawah, it meets it another important tributary, Chambal , followed by a host of tributaries further down, including, Sindh, the Betwa , and Ken . [4] [14]
Important tributaries
Yamuna's tributaries make up 70.9% of the catchment area and the river has six important tributaries: [3]
Tons River is Yamuna's largest tributary [15] and rises in the 6,315-metre-high (20,719 ft) Bandarpoonch mountain. It meets Yamuna below Kalsi, near Dehradun , Uttarakhand. [15]
Hindon River originates from Upper Shivalik , in the Lower Himalayan Range . It is a rain fed river and has a catchment area of 7,083 square kilometres (2,735 sq mi) and traverses 400 kilometres (250 mi). [15]
Chambal River , also known as Charmanvati in ancient texts, flows through Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh and traverses a total distance of 960 kilometres (600 mi) from its source in the Vindhya Range , near Mhow . It has a drainage basin of 143,219 square kilometres (55,297 sq mi) and it supports hydro-power generation at Gandhi Sagar dam , Rana Pratap Sagar dam and Jawahar Sagar dam. The Chambal river merges with the Yamuna at Sahon village. [15]
Kali River, rises in the Doon Valley and merges with the Hindon River. [3]
Ken River , flows through Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. It originates near Ahirgawan village in Jabalpur district and travels a distance of 427 kilometres (265 mi) before merging with the Yamuna at Chilla village, near Fatehpur in Uttar Pradesh. It has an overall drainage basin of 28,058 square kilometres (10,833 sq mi). [16]
Betwa River originates in Bhopal district, in Madhya Pradesh. Its confluence with the Yamuna is in Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh. It has a catchment area of 46,580 km2 (17,980 sq mi). [16]
Vasudev carrying baby Lord Krishna across the Yamuna, an important legend of Bhagavata Purana , mid-18th century
The name Yamuna seems to be derived from the Sanskrit word "yama", meaning 'twin', and it may have been applied to the river because it runs parallel to the Ganges. [17]
The earliest mention of Yamuna is found at many places in the Rig Veda (c. 1500–1000 BCE), which was composed during the Vedic period c. 1700–1100 BCE, and also in the later Atharvaveda , and the Brahmanas including Aitareya Brahmana and Shatapatha Brahmana . [17] In the Rigveda , the story of the Yamuna describes her "excessive love" for her twin, Yama , who in turn asks her to find a suitable match for herself, which she does in Krishna . [18]
Yamuna is mentioned as Iomanes ( Ioames ) in the surveys of Seleucus I Nicator , an officer of Alexander the Great and one of the Diadochi , who visited India in 305 BCE. Greek traveller and geographer Megasthenes visited India sometime before 288 BCE (the date of Chandragupta 's death) and mentioned the river in his Indica , where he described the region around it as the land of Surasena. [19] In Mahabharata , the Pandava capital of Indraprastha was situated on the banks of Yamuna, considered to be the site of modern Delhi.[ citation needed ]
Geological evidence indicates that in the distant past the Yamuna was a tributary of the Ghaggar River (identified by some as the Vedic Sarasvati River ). It later changed its course eastward, becoming a tributary of the Ganges. While some have argued that this was due to a tectonic event, and may have led to the Sarasvati River drying up, the end of many Harappan civilisation settlements, and creation of the Thar desert , [20] [21] [22] recent geological research suggests that the diversion of the Yamuna to the Ganges may have occurred during the Pleistocene , and thus could not be connected to the decline of the Harappan civilisation in the region. [23]
Most of the great empires which ruled over a majority of India were based in the highly fertile Ganges–Yamuna basin, including the Magadha ( c. 600 BCE), Maurya Empire (321–185 BCE), Shunga Empire (185–73 BCE), Kushan Empire (1st–3rd centuries CE), and Gupta Empire (280–550 CE), and many had their capitals here, in cities like Pataliputra or Mathura . These rivers were revered throughout these kingdoms that flourished on their banks; since the period of Chandragupta II ( r. 375–415 CE), statues both the Ganges and Yamuna became common throughout the Gupta Empire. Further to the South, images of the Ganges and Yamuna are found amidst shrines of the Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas (753–982), and on their royal seals; prior to them, the Chola Empire also added the river into their architectural motifs. The Three River Goddess shrine, next to the Kailash rock-cut Temple at Ellora , shows the Ganges flanked by the Yamuna and Saraswati. [24]
Use of water
The stretch of the river from its origin at Yamunotri to Okhla barrage in Delhi is called "Upper Yamuna". A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed amongst the five basin states (Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Delhi) on 12 May 1994 for sharing of its waters. This led to the formation of the Upper Yamuna River Board under India's Ministry of Water Resources , whose primary functions are: regulation of the available flows amongst the beneficiary states and monitoring the return flows; monitoring conservation and upgrading the quality of surface and groundwater; maintaining hydro-meteorological data for the basin; overviewing plans for watershed management; and monitoring and reviewing the progress of all projects up to and including Okhla barrage. [25]
Flood forecasting systems are established at Poanta Sahib, where Tons, Pawar and Giri tributaries meet. The river take 60 hours to travel from Tajewala to Delhi, thus allowing a two-day advance flood warning period. [3] [26] [27] The Central Water Commission started flood-forecasting services in 1958 with its first forecasting station on Yamuna at Delhi Railway Bridge. [28]
Yamuna has the following six functional barrages (eight including old replaced barrages, nine including a new proposed barrage), from north-west to southeast: [29] [30] [31] [32] [ needs update ]
Dakpathar Barrage in Uttarakhand, managed by the Uttarakhand government.
Hathni Kund Barrage in Haryana, 172 km (107 mi) from the source of Yamuna, built in 1999 and managed by Haryana government. [33] [34]
Tajewala Barrage was built in 1873 and replaced by the Hathni Kund. [33] [34]
Wazirabad barrage in north Delhi, 244 km (152 mi) from Hathni Kund barrage, managed by the Delhi government. [35]
"New Wazirabad barrage", proposed in 2013, to be built 8 km (5.0 mi) north of the Wazirabad barrage.
ITO barrage (Indraparstha barrage) in central Delhi, managed by the Haryana govt. [35]
Okhla barrage is 22 km (14 mi) from Wazirabad to south Delhi, managed by the Uttar Pradesh (UP) government. [35]
Palla barrage downstream on "Delhi-Faridabad canal" in Haryana, managed by the Haryana government.
Gokul barrage (a.k.a. Mathura barrage) is at Gokul in Uttar Pradesh, managed by the UP government.
Use of the Yamuna's waters for irrigation in the Indo-Gangetic Plains is enhanced by its many canals, some dating to the 14th century Tughlaq dynasty , which built the Nahr-i-Bahisht (Paradise) parallel to the river. The Nahr-i-Bahisht was restored and extended by the Mughals in the first half of the 17th century, by engineer Ali Mardan Khan, starting from Benawas where the river enters the plains and terminating near the Mughal capital of Shahjahanabad , the present city of Delhi. [36]
Eastern Yamuna Canal
Western Yamuna Canal
The Western Yamuna Canal (WYC) was built in 1335 CE by Firuz Shah Tughlaq . Excessive silting caused it to stop flowing c. 1750, when the British Raj undertook a three-year renovation in 1817 by Bengal Engineer Group . The Tajewala Barrage dam was built in 1832–33[ timeframe? ] to regulate the flow of water, and was replaced by the modern Hathni Kund Barrage in 1999. [37]
The main canal is 86 kilometres (53 mi) long. [37] When including its branches and many major and minor irrigation channels, it has a total length of 325 km (202 mi) [38] The WYC begins at the Hathni Kund Barrage about 38 km (24 mi) from Dakpathar and south of Doon Valley . The canals irrigate vast tracts of land in the region in Ambala , Karnal , Sonipat , Rohtak , Jind , Hisar and Bhiwani districts . [37]
The major branch canals are:
Agra Canal , built in 1874, which starts from the Okhla barrage beyond the Nizamuddin bridge, joining the Banganga river about 32 kilometres (20 mi) below Agra . During the dry summer season, the stretch above Agra resembles a minor stream. [4]
Munak canal , built in 1819 [39] and renovated in 2008, [40] originates at Munak in Karnal district [41] and extends 22 km [40] to Delhi, carrying 20 m3/s (700 cu ft/s) of water. [37] [42]
Delhi Branch
Jhajjar Branch, flows through Jhajjar district. [37] [42]
Barwala Branch
Rohtak Branch [37] [42]
Sutlej–Yamuna Link Canal
National Waterway
Yamuna is one of the National Waterways of India , designated as NW110 in Haryana, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh. Some of its sections are being developed for navigation: [43] [44]
Delhi–Agra ( Okhla barrage to Agra Canal ), is planned for steamer service by the end of June 2017 with the help of the Netherlands. [44] [ needs update ]
Religious significance
Like the Ganges, the Yamuna River is highly venerated in Hinduism in the form of a river and as the goddess Yamuna. The Yamuna is considered a river of heaven. The Rig Veda includes the Yamuna River as one of the seven sacred rivers, along with the Ganges. [45] According to Hindu mythology, the River was brought to Earth by the ascetic practice of the Seven Sages where she first descended on Mount Kalinda. Therefore, Yamuna is also known as Kalindi. [45]
The Padma Purana describes Yamuna's purifying properties and states that her waters cleanse the mind from sin. It also mentions that bathing in her sacred waters frees one from the torments of death. [46] Art from the Gupta period depict Yamuna and Ganga on the entrances and doorjambs of temples and sacred places. Upon passing through these doors, visitors were symbolically purified by these rivers. [47]
Some religious figures (notably pilgrim priests of Mathura and Vrindavan ) do not regard the physical pollution of the Yamuna to have any effect on the river's spiritual purity. The Braj region is where the worship of the Yamuna and its pollution is most pronounced. However, more and more Hindus no longer ritually bathe in the Yamuna, drink its water, or use its water for worship. In Vrindavan's holy shrines, bottled water is used instead. [48]
Goddess personified
Yamuna, as a river and goddess, has a close association with Krishna . The Puranas narrate many stories about Krishna in relation to the river and its surroundings. One such story is of Kaliya Daman, the subduing of Kaliya , a Nāga which had inhabited the river and terrorised the people of Braja . [50] [51] Due to Krishna's connection with the River and the Braja region, the Yamuna River is a center of pilgrimage for his devotees. In the Pushti Marga , founded by Vallabhacharya and in which Krishna is the main deity, Yamuna is worshipped as a goddess. [46]
The Yamunashtakam is a 16th-century Sanskrit hymn composed by Vallabhacharya which describes the story of Yamuna's descent to meet her beloved Krishna and to purify the world. The hymn also praises her for being the source of all spiritual abilities. And while the Ganges is considered an epitome of asceticism and higher knowledge and can grant Moksha or liberation , it is Yamuna, who, being a holder of infinite love and compassion, can grant freedom, even from death, the realm of her elder brother. Vallabhacharya writes that she rushes down the Kalinda Mountain, and describes her as the daughter of Kalinda, giving her the name Kalindi, the backdrop of Krishna Leela. The text also talks about her water being the colour of Lord Krishna, which is dark (Shyam). [52] [53] The river is referred to as Asita in some historical texts. [54]
Shlokas on Yamuna
Numerous Hindu texts have shlokas (hymns) on Yamuna as follows:
"One should not give up the process of austerity. If possible, one should bathe in the water of the Yamuna. This is an item of austerity. Therefore, our Krishna consciousness movement has established a center in Vrindavana so that one may bathe in the Yamuna, chant the Hare Krishna mantra and then become perfect and return back to Godhead." (Srimad Bhagavatam 6.5.28 purport) [55]
The Yamuna from the source to its culmination in Ganges is a habitat for fish for approximately 1,400 km (870 mi) stretch and supports a rich diversity of species. Fish from the family Cyprinidae dominate the variety of fish species found in the river. This includes Indian carp and also invasive species from the family. In a study, 93 species of fish were found in the river including catfish . [56] [57] Species of non-native Tilapia have become established in the river. They have been implicated in the decline of the Ghariyal (Indian crocodile) population in the river. [58] Large turtles used to be a common sight on the river a few decades ago but they have mostly disappeared. [59]
The Yamuna near the Himalayas, just as it reaches the plains, beyond Dehradun in Uttarakhand
In 1909, the waters of the Yamuna were distinguishable as clear blue, when compared to the silt-laden yellow of the Ganges. [60] However, due to high-density population growth and fast industrialisation, Yamuna has become one of the most polluted rivers in the world . [61] The Yamuna is particularly polluted downstream of New Delhi, the capital of India, which dumps about 58% of its waste into the river. A 2016 study shows that there is 100% urban metabolism of River Yamuna as it passes through the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi. [62] The most pollution comes from Wazirabad, from where Yamuna enters Delhi. [63]
In November of 2024, a video went viral in which women were depicted bathing in foam that had emerged in the river. Although it appeared similar to that resulting from cosmetic products such as soap or shampoo, experts determined that the foam was caused by heavy pollution, and was therefore hazardous. Local authorities instructed residents not to bathe in the river for health concerns. [64]
The Wazirabad barrage to the New Okhla Barrage segment, "22 km stretch of Yamuna in Delhi, is less than 2% of Yamuna's total length but accounts for nearly 80% of the total pollution in the river", [7] 22 out of 35 sewage treatment plants in Delhi do not meet the wastewater standards prescribed by the Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC), thus untreated wastewater and poor quality of water discharged from the wastewater treatment plants are the major reasons. [7] As of 2019, the river receives 800 million litres of largely untreated sewage and additional 44 million litres of industrial effluents each day, of which only 35 percent of the sewage released into the river are believed to be treated. [65] In 1994, the states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan and Delhi made a water sharing agreement that is due for revision in 2025. To achieve a water quality suitable for bathing ( BOD <3 mg/L and DO >5 mg/L) would require a greater rate of water flow in the river. A study has recommended that 23 cubic metres (23,000 L; 5,100 imp gal) per second of water should be released from Hathni Kund Barrage during the lean season to provide a minimum environmental flow in the Yamuna. [7]
The last barrage across the Yamuna river is the Mathura barrage at Gokul to supply its drinking water. Downstream of this barrage, many pumping stations are constructed to feed the river water for irrigation needs. [66] These pumping stations are near Pateora Danda
Cleanup efforts
To address river pollution, measures have been taken by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) in 12 towns of Haryana, 8 towns of Uttar Pradesh, and Delhi, under the Yamuna Action Plan (YAP) which has been implemented since 1993 by the MoEF's National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD). The Japan Bank for International Cooperation is participating in the YAP in 15 of the towns (excluding 6 towns of Haryana included later on the direction of the Supreme Court of India ) with soft loan assistance of 17.773 billion Japanese yen (equivalent to about ₹700 crore [7 billion rupees]) while the government of India is providing the funds for the remaining 6 towns. In 2007, the Indian government's plans to repair sewage lines were predicted to improve the water quality of the river 90% by 2010. [67] [68] [69] [ needs update ]
Under the YAP- III scheme, a new sewage treatment plant is being built at the largest such facility in India by the Delhi Jal Board (DJB). The plant is predicted to be able to treat 124 million gallons of wastewater per day, amounting to a daily removal of 41,200 kg (90,800 lb) of organic pollutants as well as 61,600 kg (135,800 lb) of solids. [70]
In August 2009, the Delhi Jal Board (DJB) initiated its plan for resuscitating the Yamuna's 22-kilometre (14 mi) stretch in Delhi by constructing interceptor sewers, at the cost of about ₹1,800 crore (18 billion rupees). [71]
On 25 April 2014, the National Green Tribunal Act (NGA) recommended the government to declare a 52-kilometre (32 mi) stretch of the Yamuna in Delhi and Uttar Pradesh as a conservation zone. A report prepared by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) panel was submitted to the NGA on the same day. [72]
The High Court in the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand ordered in March 2017 that the Ganges and its main tributary, the Yamuna, be assigned the status of legal entities, making the rivers "legal and living entities having the status of a legal person with all corresponding rights, duties and liabilities". [73] This decision meant that polluting or damaging the rivers is equivalent to harming a person. The court cited the example of the New Zealand Whanganui River , which was also declared to possess full rights of a legal person. [73]
The Yamuna, seen from the Taj Mahal at Agra in Uttar Pradesh
Madan Mohan temple, on the Yamuna at Vrindavan in Uttar Pradesh, 1789; the river has since shifted further away
'Keshi Ghat' on the Yamuna at Vrindavan in Uttar Pradesh
The Yamuna near Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh, just a few kilometres before it meets the Ganges
The Yamuna near Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh, during the monsoon
See also
. Archived from the original on 23 September 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
"Rivers of Himachal Pradesh" . Webindia123.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
Sharma, Deo Prakash (2006). Archaeology of Lower Ganga-Yamuna Doab (circa 1200 B.C. to 1200 A.D.). Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. pp. 10, 214. ISBN
.
" Doab is a Persian word, from Do-Ab, literally meaning 'two rivers', or land between two rivers".
.
.
^ Clift et al. 2012. "U-Pb zircon dating evidence for a Pleistocene Sarasvati River and capture of the Yamuna River." Geology, v. 40. [1] Archived 2 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine
^ ML Ahmed, Analysis of Discharge and Gauge-Level Data at Old Railway Bridge, Int'l Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Energy and Manufacturing Engineering (ICAEME’2014), 9–10 June 2014, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia).
. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
. Archived from the original on 23 September 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
Dallapiccola, Anna L. (2007). Indian art in detail. Harvard University Press.
Kumar, Bidisha; James, George (2018). "Yamuna". In Jacobsen, Knut A.; Basu, Helene; Malinar, Angelika; Narayanan, Vasudha (eds.). Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online. Brill.
^ Bhagavata Purana 8.13.9
Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). India through the ages . Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 72 .
"Yamuna River" , Mathura-Vrindavan, archived from the original on 28 July 2021, retrieved 28 July 2021
^ Sharma, H.S., 2007. Freshwater Fishes. Fauna of Madhya Pradesh (including Chhattisgarh), State Fauna Series, 15(1), pp.147–244. [2] Archived 2 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine
^ Sharma, A.P., Das, M.K., Samanta, S., Paul, S.K. and Bhowmick, S., 2014. The ecology and fishery status of river Yamuna. Bulletin, (184), pp.1–32. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.709.760&rep=rep1&type=pdf
"Lang, J.W., Chowfin, S. and Ross, J.P., 2019. Gavialis gangeficus".
. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
Pepper, Daniel (27 July 2007). "India's 'flush-and-forget' mindset" . SFGate.com. San Francisco Chronicle. pp. A17 – A18. Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2007.
Further reading
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Yamuna River, major river of northern India , primarily in Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh states. It is one of the country’s most sacred rivers.
The Yamuna rises on the slopes of the Bandarpunch massif in the Great Himalayas near Yamnotri (Jamnotri) in western Uttarakhand. It flows in a southerly direction swiftly through the Himalayan foothills and, exiting Uttarakhand, onto the Indo-Gangetic Plain , along the border between Uttar Pradesh and Haryana state to the west. The Eastern and Western Yamuna canals are fed from the river at that point.
Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal, on the southern bank of the Yamuna River, Agra, India.
(more)
The Yamuna then passes Delhi , where it feeds the Agra Canal. South of Delhi, and now wholly within Uttar Pradesh, it turns southeastward near Mathura and passes Agra , Firozabad, and Etawah . Below Etawah it receives a number of southern tributaries, the largest of which are the Chambal , the Sindh, the Betwa , and the Ken. Near Prayagraj (Allahabad), after a course of about 855 miles (1,376 km), the Yamuna joins the Ganges (Ganga) River . The confluence of the two rivers is an especially sacred place to Hindus and is the site of annual festivals as well as the Kumbh Mela , which is held every 12 years and is attended by millions of devotees.
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3 | delhi is on the banks of which river | https://globalquiz.org/en/question/which-river-flows-through-delhi/ | Indus
Yamuna
Ganges
Ravi
The Yamuna river was the historical boundary between Punjab and Uttar Pradesh, and its flood plains provide fertile alluvial soil suitable for agriculture but are prone to recurrent floods. The Yamuna, a sacred river in Hinduism, is the only major river flowing through Delhi.
Norman S Passanha
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Key Points
Yamuna River System
The Yamuna River is the largest tributary of the Ganga River.
It originates from the Yamunotri glacier, at the Bandarpoonch peak in Uttarakhand.
The main tributaries joining the river include the Sin, Hindon, Betwa Ken, and Chambal.
The Tons is the largest tributary of the Yamuna
The catchment of the river extends to the states of Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh.
The national capital, New Delhi is situated on the banks of the river Yamuna.
Length: 1376 km.
Additional Information
New Delhi:
The foundation of New Delhi, the capital of India, was laid by the then Emperor George V.
During the Delhi Durbar on 12 December 1911, it was announced to shift the capital of India from Kolkata to Delhi.
On 13 February 1931, Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India, inaugurated Delhi as the new capital of the country.
Kolkata was the capital of the country until 1911 before the capital of India became New Delhi.
New Delhi is the seat of the Indian Parliament, Central Secretariat, Supreme Court, Rashtrapathi Bhavan.
All major rivers of India:
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3 | delhi is on the banks of which river | https://dda.gov.in/land-/Journey-Of-Yamuna | Journey Of River Yamuna
Journey Of River Yamuna
Journey Of River Yamuna
Yamuna, once, a tributary of the River Ghaggar (most likely the Saraswati River referred to in the Veda) changed its course eastwards due to tectonic events, becoming a tributary of the River Ganges. Originating near Banderpooch peaks at a height of 6,387 meters at Yamunotri Glacier, it travels a length of 1,376 kilometers before merging with River Ganges at Sangam. The total catchment area of the river spreads over 36,220 kilometers.
It is the longest river in India which does not directly flow to the sea. It has four main tributaries in the Himalayan region: Rishi Ganga, Hanuman Ganga, Tons and Giri. In the plains, the main tributaries are Hindon, Chambal, Sind, Betwa and Ken. Tons, being the major tributary contributes to about 60 percent flow of the Yamuna. The river water flows through the states of Uttarkhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan out of which only Rajasthan does not fall in its riparian zone.
In the plains, the river’s flow is regulated by barrages and at places, diverted into canals. During the dry summer seasons, this results in only 10 percent of the total volume of water descending from the mountains to the plains, finally reaching the city of Delhi.
Yamuna enters the National Capital Territory of Delhi at Palla Village and exits at Jaitpur totalling 52 kilometers, out of which it flows a distance of approximately 22 kilometers through Urban Delhi from Wazirabad Barrage to Okhla Barrage. Eight road bridges, two railway bridges, two metro bridges and two fair weather Pontoon Bridges cross River Yamuna. Effluents from twenty-two major drains are being discharged into the River. The river bed gently slopes from 210 MSL in the north to 199 MSL in the south with a gradient of about 9 meters from north to south.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The major characters of the series as they appear in Part II with Kurama (The Nine-Tailed Fox) in the background
The Naruto ( Japanese : ナルト) manga and anime series features an extensive cast of characters created by Masashi Kishimoto . The series takes place in a fictional universe where countries vie for power by employing ninja who can use special techniques and abilities in combat. The storyline is divided into two parts, simply named Part I and Part II , with the latter taking place two-and-a-half years after the conclusion of Part I. It is followed by the sequel series Boruto: Naruto Next Generations by Ukyō Kodachi , which continues where the epilogue of the first series left off. The series' storyline follows the adventures of a group of young ninja from the village of Konohagakure (Village Hidden in the Tree Leaves).
The eponymous character of the first series is Naruto Uzumaki , an energetic ninja who wishes to become Hokage , the leader of Konohagakure and holds a demon fox called the Nine-Tails sealed in his body. During the early part of the series, Naruto is assigned to Team 7 , in which he meets his long-time rival Sasuke Uchiha , a taciturn and highly skilled "genius" of the Uchiha clan; and Sakura Haruno , who is infatuated with Sasuke and has Naruto's attention and Kakashi Hatake , the quiet and mysterious leader of the team. Over the course of the series, seeking out Sasuke when he ran away from the village, Naruto interacts with and befriends several fellow ninja in Konohagakure and other villages. He also encounters the series' antagonists, including Orochimaru , a former ninja of Konohagakure scheming to destroy his former home, as well as the elite rogue ninja of the criminal organization Akatsuki who seek out jinchuriki like Naruto and Gaara for the tailed beasts.
The eponymous character of the second series is Boruto Uzumaki , the son of Naruto and Hinata Hyuga who is assigned to Team Konohamaru also known as Team 7, which includes Sarada Uchiha , Sasuke and Sakura's daughter, Mitsuki , Orochimaru's artificially created son, and the group's leader Konohamaru, the Third Hokage's grandson whom Naruto befriended as a child. Subsequently, Sarada is promoted to leader of the team in place of Konohamaru. Kawaki , a young boy with a traumatic past who is taken in by the Uzumaki family, becomes Naruto's adopted son and Boruto's adoptive brother.
As Kishimoto developed the series, he created the three primary characters as a basis for the designs of the other three-person teams. [1] He also used characters in other shōnen manga as references in his design of the characters, a decision that was criticized by several anime and manga publications. [2] [3] The characters that Kishimoto developed, however, were praised for incorporating many of the better aspects of previous shōnen characters, although many publications lamented the perceived lack of growth beyond such stereotypes. [4] [5] The visual presentation of the characters was commented on by reviewers, with both praise and criticism given to Kishimoto's work in the manga and anime adaptations. [3] [6]
Creation and conception
When Masashi Kishimoto was originally creating the Naruto series, he looked to other shōnen manga for inspiration while still attempting to make his characters as unique as possible. [2] Kishimoto cites Akira Toriyama 's Dragon Ball series as one of these influences, noting that Goku , the protagonist of Dragon Ball, was a key factor when creating Naruto Uzumaki due to his energetic and mischievous personality. [7] To complement Naruto, Kishimoto worked on creating a rival that was a "cool genius", as he believed this was "the archetypal rival character". After reviewing different manga for ideas, he ultimately developed Sasuke Uchiha . When creating the primary heroine, Kishimoto admitted, "I don't have a definite image of what a heroine should be". He eventually created Sakura Haruno , emphasizing "her energy and flirtatious spirit" as her primary characteristics. These three characters would be the mold for the other three main Naruto teams. [1]
The separation of the characters into different teams was intended to give each group a specific flavor. Kishimoto wished for each team member to be "extreme", having a high amount of aptitude in one given attribute, yet talentless in another. This approach was used to make each team perform best when individual members worked together to overcome their weaknesses. Having watched tokusatsu dramas as a child, Kishimoto wished for his teams to be different from the superhero teams in these dramas, dismissing the value of a team in which all the teammates were "strong to the point of perfection". Kishimoto notes that the different roles the characters assume is similar to many role-playing games , and "each character stands out better that way". [8]
Kishimoto inserted villains into the story to counteract the lead characters' moral values. He stated that this focus on illustrating the difference in values is central to his creation of villains to the point that, "I don't really think about them in combat". The villains' physical appearances were also embellished to differentiate them from other characters, making it easier for a reader to follow the story and identify the villains, even in heated battle scenes. Kishimoto noted that making the villains "flamboyant" with a "showy costume" is "one of my guiding principles", as well as making them "more memorable". [9]
When drawing the characters, Kishimoto consistently follows a five-step process: concept and rough sketch, drafting, inking , shading , and coloring. These steps are followed when he is drawing the manga and making the color illustrations that commonly adorn the cover of tankōbon , the cover of the Weekly Shōnen Jump , or other media, but the toolkit he uses occasionally changes. [10] For instance, he used an airbrush for one illustration for a Weekly Shōnen Jump cover, but decided not to use it for future drawings largely due to the cleanup required. [11]
Main characters
Naruto Uzumaki
Naruto Uzumaki (うずまき ナルト, Uzumaki Naruto) is the title character and main protagonist of the franchise. He was the first character created by Kishimoto during the conception of the series and was designed with many traits from other shōnen characters. [7] He is often shunned by the Konohagakure villagers as he is the host of Kurama, the Nine-Tailed Fox that attacked Konoha.[ ch. 2 ] After being held back for several years in the Ninja Academy, which teaches ninjutsu and taijutsu skills, he finally passes the Ninja certification exam, and compensates for this with his cheerful and boisterous personality as he developed his catchphrase "Believe it!" (～だってばよ, dattebayo), vowing to never give up on any goal he sets. In particular, Naruto has ambitions of becoming Hokage, the strongest ninja leader of Konohagakure, to gain the villagers's respect and be able to protect them. During a battle as a ninja, Naruto has mastered powerful various ninjutsu skills and abilities including the ability to create a massive and several clones of himself known as "Shadow Clone Jutsu", the ability to use his wind nature as he's able to master a powerful spiral chakra sphere known as the "Rasengan" for offensive purposes, and other numerous abilities like using Nine-Tailed Fox's chakra that increases his speed, strength, agility, and even whenever Naruto was enraged and goes feral but later in Part II he managed to control the Nine Tails' chakra. Over the course of the series, Naruto befriends many foreign and Konoha people and eventually leaves a positive influence on all their lives, which grants him worldwide fame.[ ch.. 450 ] Naruto eventually achieves his dream of becoming Seventh Hokage, marries Hinata Hyuga and has two children: Boruto Uzumaki and Himawari Uzumaki.[ ch.. 700 ] Naruto is voiced by Junko Takeuchi in Japanese, and by Maile Flanagan in English.
Sasuke Uchiha
Sasuke Uchiha (うちは サスケ, Uchiha Sasuke) is Naruto Uzumaki's main rival and best friend. He was designed by Kishimoto as a "cool genius" since he felt this was an integral part of an ideal rivalry. [1] Sasuke's older brother, Itachi Uchiha , killed the rest of their clan.[ ch. 224 ] Because of this, Sasuke's sole ambition is to avenge his clan and kill his brother, developing a cold and withdrawn personality, seeing people as tools to further his goals, although also gaining the affection of most of the girls he knows, especially Sakura Haruno, much to his annoyance. After he becomes a member of Team 7, Sasuke seems to begin considering his teammates precious to the point of risking his life to protect them, while focusing on revenge less than at the start of the series. When during the battle, Sasuke is a taijutsu expert and has mastered his ability to manipulate numerous fire techniques including known as "Fire Style: Fireball Jutsu", manipulating a fury of lightning known as "Chidori" and as a member of the Uchiha clan, he uses the Sharingan that allows him to senses the opponent's moves and attacks. Following an encounter and a subsequent defeat at the hands of his brother in Part I, however, Sasuke severs his ties and leaves the village to seek more power from Orochimaru . By the events of the Boruto franchise, Sasuke has become a vigilante investigating the Otsutsuki clan for Konohagakure and a mentor for Naruto's son, Boruto Uzumaki. Sasuke is voiced by Noriaki Sugiyama in the Japanese anime, while his English voice actor is Yuri Lowenthal .
Sakura Haruno
Sakura Haruno (春野 サクラ, Haruno Sakura) is a member of Team 7. While creating the character, Kishimoto has admitted that he had little perception of what an ideal girl should be like. [1] As a child, Sakura was teased by other children because of her large forehead, a feature Kishimoto tried to emphasize in Sakura's appearance. She was comforted by Ino Yamanaka [12] and the two developed a friendship. However, as the two grew, they became increasingly distant due to their shared affection for Sasuke Uchiha. As a kunoichi, Sakura possesses superior strength to unleash her powerful punch towards the opponents when she is enraged by saying "Cha!" (しゃーんなろー！, Shānnarō!) and as a medical ninja, she can heal any wound. During the early moments of Part I, Sakura is infatuated with Sasuke and resents Naruto Uzumaki, although Sasuke views her as "annoying" and Naruto has feelings for her.[ ch. 3 ] Her perception of Naruto eventually changes, however, and she comes to see him as a friend and partner, while her feelings for Sasuke grow into deep love. In the Japanese anime, her voice actress is Chie Nakamura , and she is voiced by Kate Higgins in the English adaptation. [13] [14]
Kakashi Hatake
Kakashi Hatake is the easygoing, smart leader of Team 7, consisting of Naruto Uzumaki, Sasuke Uchiha and Sakura Haruno. Kakashi had a dark past, but is unaffected by it as an adult. He was a very vital key for Naruto's success, training him to be a great ninja. Like Sasuke, Kakashi is also a master of the Sharingan, which he gained as a present from his late friend, Obito Uchiha, and can manipulate the "Lightning Blade," the technique which inspired Sasuke's Chidori. Facing Obito after learning he survived and became an apprentice of Madara's, Kakashi's original eye was restored late by Naruto who used the power of Sage of the Six Paths into series's second half, but he briefly regains the Sharingan when Obito aids him in spirit to help in the fight against Kaguya Ōtsutsuki. Kakashi succeeds Tsunade as the Sixth Hokage after the Fourth Great Ninja War have ended, with Naruto succeeding him as the Seventh Hokage years later.
Naruto Shippūden
Yamato (ヤマト) is introduced during Part II of the series as an ANBU member who becomes a substitute leader in Team Kakashi .[ ch. 284 ] "Yamato" is not his real name, rather a codename assigned for the purposes of joining Team Kakashi.[ ch. 317 ] Unlike Kakashi, who was his senior in the ANBU and referred to him as Tenzo (テンゾウ, Tenzō), Yamato believes ninja should be able to look after themselves to the point of leaving behind any he sees as a hindrance.[ ch. 298 ] During his childhood, Yamato was abducted by Orochimaru and experimented upon in an attempt to replicate Hashirama 's Wood Style. In the anime, the ordeal erased Yamato's memories as he was taken in by Danzo to serve as a Root operative under the code name Kinoe (甲). After meeting Kakashi, Kinoe would leave Root and join the Anbu as Tenzo.
After Kakashi Hatake was wounded during his team's mission to rescue Gaara from the Akatsuki, Tsunade places Yamato in Team Kakashi under the cover of acting leader so he can use his Wood Style whenever the need to suppress Kurama's influence over Naruto arises.[ ch. 291 ] For possessing Hashirama's DNA, Yamato gets captured by Kabuto to strengthen the White Zetsu army for the Fourth Great Ninja War. Yamato is eventually revealed to have been contained by the body of the White Zetsu known as Guruguru, until the altered human ejects him once Madara casts the Infinite Tsukiyomi.[ ch. 676 ] In Naruto: The Seventh Hokage and the Scarlet Spring, Yamato is among the ninja assigned to keep tabs on Orochimaru. In the anime, Yamato is voiced by Rikiya Koyama in the Japanese version. [18] In the English version, he was voiced by Troy Baker , [19] with Matthew Mercer taking over the role since Episode 230; however, Baker reprises the role in Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 4 .
Boruto: Naruto Next Generations
Boruto Uzumaki
Boruto Uzumaki (うずまき ボルト, Uzumaki Boruto) is the son of Naruto Uzumaki and Hinata Hyuga who attends Konoha's ninja academy, inheriting his paternal family's short blond hair, blue eyes and father's "Believe it!" (だってばさ, dattebasa) verbal tic. He also inherits his maternal family's Gentle Fist technique despite not inheriting the Byakugan, unlike his sister Himawari. Just as his father pulled pranks to have his existence acknowledged, Boruto commits mischief to get his father's attention after his rise to Hokage, such as defacing the Hokage Monument during the events of the series epilogue. Boruto also admires his father's rival and friend Sasuke, seeking his training in order to surpass his father, later being accepted as his student.[ ch. 700 ] In Boruto: Naruto the Movie , and its retellings, Boruto joins the Chunin Exams with his best friend Shikadai and their teammates, and attempts to cheat his way through the exams. When Naruto gets abducted by Momoshiki Ōtsutsuki, Boruto makes peace with his father and helps him and Sasuke defeat the Otsutsuki, and is branded by the dying entity with a mark called Karma. He resolves to take Sasuke's path to aid the Hokage from the shadows. While able to use a Rasengan, Boruto accidentally develops the Vanishing Rasengan as a signature attack. Boruto can activate the Jougan in his right eye, though only with the Karma activated. In the Japanese version, Boruto is voiced by Kokoro Kikuchi in The Last: Naruto the Movie and by Yuuko Sanpei in all subsequent appearances. In the English version, he is voiced by Maile Flanagan in The Last and by Amanda C. Miller in all subsequent appearances. [20]
Sarada Uchiha
Sarada Uchiha (うちは サラダ, Uchiha Sarada) is the daughter of Sasuke Uchiha and Sakura Haruno. She seems to have inherited traits from both her parents, like her mother's "Cha!" (しゃーんなろー!, Shānnarō!) verbal tic and her father's aloofness and reluctance to acknowledge and commend others. Sarada is the central character of Naruto: The Seventh Hokage and the Scarlet Spring , searching for her estranged father while mistakenly feeling she and Sakura are not related. [21] [22] Gaining her Sharingan in the process, [23] but not having a good first impression of her father Sasuke, Sarada feels hurt and betrayed when she incorrectly suspects being Karin's biological child as the two wear similar glasses. [24] While Naruto helps her realize that family is not a matter of blood, [25] Sarada eventually learns that Sakura is her real biological mother as Karin later explains she was Sakura's midwife . Before leaving again, Sasuke shows Sarada how much he loves her by poking her forehead, and promises to come home soon. Having admired Naruto and his dedication to his village, Sarada makes it her goal to become the next Hokage, She finds him an annoying Boruto, but it is later hinted that she has a mutual crush on him. [26] Sarada is voiced by Kokoro Kikuchi in Japanese, [20] while in the English version she is voiced by Laura Bailey in Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 4 and by Cherami Leigh in all subsequent appearances.
Mitsuki (ミツキ) is a teammate of Boruto and Sarada, a mysterious boy with a calm mind and a penchant for making snide remarks. His backstory is explored in Naruto Gaiden: The Road Illuminated by the Full Moon, which reveals that Mitsuki is an artificial human created by Orochimaru, and a modified clone of him, gaining the name Mitsuki from the fact that he is a "vessel" (杯, tsuki) for the "snake" (巳, mi) to inhabit. He tested by Orochimaru and another of his creations called Log (ログ, Rogu) to determine his allegiance; Mitsuki decided to follow his own path as the "moon" instead of a vessel, setting out toward the Hidden Leaf to find his "sun": Boruto Uzumaki. Mitsuki can extend his limbs by using chakra to dislocate his joints, [27] while the experimentation by Orochimaru allows him to access Sage Mode. He is voiced by Ryūichi Kijima in Japanese and by Robbie Daymond in the English dub. [28]
Konohamaru Sarutobi
Secondary characters
Hinata Hyuga
Hinata Hyuga (日向 ヒナタ, Hyūga Hinata) is a member of Team 8 who suffers from a lack of self-confidence. Though born of the Hyuga clan's main house and raised to become future head of the clan, Hinata's shyness and inability to stand up for herself resulted in the strong disapproval of her father Hiashi after being defeated by her younger sister Hanabi, who became their father's successor. Hinata was then disowned by Hiashi and placed in the care of Kurenai Yuhi .[ ch. 78 ] Under Kurenai's guidance, Hinata began training her strength in both skill and will in order to prove her worth to her father.[ ch. 238 ] Hinata's growing self-confidence mainly comes from her long-standing admiration for Naruto Uzumaki, as she is inspired by his enthusiasm and unyielding determination to never give up. As the series progresses, Hinata's admiration towards Naruto eventually grows into true love. During Part II, Hinata confesses her romantic feelings to Naruto while protecting him from Pain and later assists him during the Allied Ninjas' battle with the Ten-Tails.[ ch. 437, 615 ] Following the end of the Fourth Great Ninja War, and the events of The Last: Naruto the Movie where she carries out the will of her ancestor Hamura Ōtsutsuki by helping Naruto stop Toneri, Hinata marries Naruto and they have two children by the series epilogue. Her voice actress in the Japanese anime is Nana Mizuki , and her English voice actress is Stephanie Sheh . [31] [32]
Kiba Inuzuka
Akamaru (赤丸) is Kiba Inuzuka's ninja dog, best friend, and constant companion. At the start of the series, Kiba carries Akamaru around on his head or inside his jacket. By Part II of the Naruto storyline, Akamaru grows large enough for Kiba to ride atop his back, though Kiba comically fails to notice this drastic difference.[ ch. 282 ] With his heightened sense of smell, hearing, and ability to detect others' chakra levels, Akamaru acts as a valuable tool for Kiba in hostile situations. To help Kiba beat track of opponents, Akamaru uses scent marking , though in battle he relies on Kiba to provide the chakra for the combination attacks they execute, which require Akamaru to transform into a clone of Kiba.[ ch. 203 ] In the series epilogue, an aged Akamaru fathers a litter of puppies, among the assortment of animals living with Kiba and Tamaki. In the Japanese version of the anime, Akamaru is voiced by Junko Takeuchi, also the voice actor for Naruto Uzumaki, and Kōsuke Toriumi, who voices Kiba, when Akamaru transforms into a clone of Kiba. [16] In the English adaptation of the anime, Akamaru's vocal effects as a puppy are provided by Jamie Simone though Kyle Hebert provided the voice of Akamaru when he took Kiba's form. [34]
Shino Aburame
Kurenai Yuhi
Team 10
Shikamaru Nara
Shikamaru Nara (奈良 シカマル, Nara Shikamaru) is a member of Team 10. Creator Kishimoto has noted that he "likes" Shikamaru due to his easygoing nature despite being a genius, and contrasted him against Sasuke Uchiha's intelligent but abrasive personality. [7] Shikamaru's intelligence is such that Asuma Sarutobi , Team 10's leader, is never able to defeat Shikamaru at games such as shogi or go , and he can devise complex strategies even in the heat of battle. However, his laziness frequently prevents him from effectively utilizing his intelligence.[ ch. 107 ] Shikamaru is a longtime friend of Choji Akimichi , choosing to look upon Choji as a person without considering his large girth. Despite thinking of Naruto a bit poorly and often getting annoyed by him, he is one of the few people to have acknowledged him as a person rather than the tailed beast in childhood, remaining one of Naruto's close friends since then.[ ch. 190 ] In battle, Shikamaru can manipulate his shadow, and, by extending it into another person's shadow, can force the target to mimic his movements.[ ch. 107 ] In the series epilogue, Shikamaru works as Naruto's advisor and is revealed to have married Temari, who had moved to the Hidden Leaf, and with whom he has a son, Shikadai. In the Japanese anime, Shikamaru's voice actor is Showtaro Morikubo , although Nobutoshi Canna acted as a stand-in for Morikubo in episode 141. [39] [40] His English voice actor is Tom Gibis . [38]
Choji Akimichi
Ino Yamanaka
Asuma Sarutobi
Team Guy
Rock Lee
Rock Lee (ロック・リー, Rokku Rī) is a member of Team Guy and the favorite student of team leader Might Guy. In the ninja academy, Rock Lee was unable to use ninjutsu or genjutsu techniques, but his persistence impressed Guy. Guy spends much of his free time training with Lee to help him accomplish his dream of becoming a respected ninja by using only taijutsu. Lee has adopted several of Guy's habits because of this, such as his wardrobe and his perseverance.[ ch. 84 ] Guy has taught him a number of powerful, even forbidden, techniques. Because some of these techniques, such as the ability to open the eight chakra gates , can pose a severe risk to Lee's body, he is only permitted to use them to protect something or someone dear to him. During the Chunin Exams, Lee loses use of both his left arm and leg, but his injuries are healed following Tsunade's return to Konoha[ ch. 52 ]. In the Japanese anime, his voice actor is Yoichi Masukawa , and his voice actor is Brian Donovan in English. [43] [16]
Neji Hyuga
Neji Hyuga (日向 ネジ, Hyūga Neji) was a member of Team Guy and a child prodigy of the Hyuga clan, as well as Hinata's cousin.[ ch. 101 ] As he was the only ninja of his generation to be promoted to the rank of Jonin during Part II, he frequently acted as leader of his assigned teams and the secondary leader of Team Guy when Might Guy is absent. Though a member of the branch house, Neji displayed his title as a prodigy of the Hyuga throughout the series as a master of his clan's Gentle Fist style of combat that he taught to himself.[ ch. 101 ] Originally, Neji believed in a fatalistic philosophy: that one's destiny is inescapable and that a weak person will always be weak.[ ch. 38 ]
After being defeated in the Chunin Exams Final Round by Naruto Uzumaki, who defied his own "fate" and used Nine-Tailed-Fox's chakra, Neji had a change of heart once Uncle Hiashi reveals the full story of his father's death, Hizashi Hyuga, as an act of self-sacrifice in place of his twin brother. Neji then abandons his belief in determinism and resolves to get strong enough to never lose a battle and change the fates of his loved ones.[ ch. 197 ] As the series progressed, Neji refined his Gentle Fist and devised original variations that either increased their potency or fixed flaws such as the blind spot in his Byakugan .[ ch. 197 ] Neji also remedied the estranged relations between himself and the members of the main house, resulting in his training with Hiashi and Hinata at the end of Part I.[ ch. 238 ] Neji is killed during the Fourth Great Ninja War as he sacrificed himself to protect Naruto and Hinata from Obito Uchiha's attack, telling Naruto that he made the choice to die protecting those dear to him as his father had. Following the war's conclusion, a memorial was held in Neji's honor. Years after the war, Naruto paid tribute to Neji by naming his son Boruto Uzumaki whose name means "bolt" while Neji's name means "screw". In the Japanese anime, his voice actor is Kōichi Tōchika , and when he is featured as a child, he is voiced by Keiko Nemoto . [37] [44] His voice in the English anime is provided by Steve Staley , and Wendee Lee provides his child voice. [45] [46]
Tenten (テンテン) is a member of Team Guy. Of all the Naruto protagonists, Tenten (is an only one girl character whose) receives the least screen time in the series.[ ch. 73 ]. In battle, Tenten specializes in weaponry, ranging from projectiles to close-combat weapons and even explosives by the second part of the series. Tenten uses this expertise to help Neji Hyuga train his defensive techniques, and she holds him in high regard since he can always block her attacks.[ ch. 98 ] In the series epilogue, Tenten runs her own weapons shop. Her Japanese voice actress is Yukari Tamura , and her English voice actress is Danielle Judovits. [37] [45]
Might Guy
"Might Guy" redirects here. For the Japanese actor nicknamed "Maito gai", see Akira Kobayashi .
Might Guy (マイト・ガイ, Maito Gai) is the leader of Team Guy who dedicates most of his time to his pupil Rock Lee , who emulates himself in his sensei's image and ideals, including his "My Rules" philosophy, which involves setting tough self-imposed penalties for failure in the belief that the punishment will make him stronger.[ ch. 180 ] Like Lee, Guy relies on his mastery of taijutsu, but unlike his pupil he is fully capable of using ninjutsu and genjutsu. He taught Lee many of the techniques he learned from his father Might Duy, such as the ability to unlock the Eight Gates which safely restrict the flow of chakra through the body. [47] When not teaching Lee, Guy is usually found competing with his self-proclaimed childhood rival, Kakashi Hatake. Throughout the series, Kakashi never displays a particular interest in their rivalry, which only further motivates Guy to defeat him.[ ch. 65 ] Guy is an extremely capable ninja as seen in his fight against Itachi Uchiha and his recurring confrontations with Kisame Hoshigaki ,[ ch. 143 ] beating him single-handedly on two occasions.[ ch. 258 ][ ch. 506 ] During the Fourth Great Ninja War, Guy is forced to use the Eighth Gate in a failed attempt to defeat Madara. Though Naruto uses the power of the Sage of Six Paths to save his life, Guy's right leg is too damaged to be fully healed. Though he is not wavered from his shinobi career, he remains in a paraplegic state by the events of the epilogue.
Series creator Masashi Kishimoto had likened Guy's passionate personality to that of a physical education teacher he had in junior high school, but notes that the teacher was not a model for Guy's character. [48] In the Japanese anime, his voice actor is Masashi Ebara (who also voices Guy's father, Duy), with Mayuki Makiguchi voicing him as a child. In the English anime, Guy is voiced by Skip Stellrecht (except in Rock Lee and his Ninja Pals, where he is voiced by Matthew Mercer ), with Todd Haberkorn voicing him as a child. [49] [50]
Sand Siblings
Baki is the Sand Siblings' instructor and a member of Sunagakure's advisory council. He killed Gekko Hayate during the Konoha Crush.
Gaara (我愛羅) is the youngest of the three siblings, created as a foil to Naruto Uzumaki , with a similar background yet a highly divergent personality. [9] Before being born, Gaara was made into a weapon by his father by becoming the Jinchuriki of the Tailed Beast Shukaku the One-Tail (一尾の守鶴, Ichibi no Shukaku). This act caused the death of his mother during labor and Gaara was placed in the care of his mother's younger brother. Like any other Jinchuriki and because his sand unconsciously attacked those around him when he was threatened, Gaara was tormented by his fellow villagers as well as his uncle.[ ch. 131 ] Unlike Naruto, however, Gaara comes to see himself as omnipotent and that anyone who challenges him or his power must die. When he battles Naruto during the invasion of Konoha, learning that he is also a Jinchuriki like himself, Gaara's outlook changes as he resolves to help others and he succeeds his deceased father as Sunagakure's Fifth Kazekage during Part II.[ ch. 249 ] Gaara's Japanese voice actor is Akira Ishida and his English voice actor is Liam O'Brien . [52] [53]
Kankuro (カンクロウ, Kankurō) is the middle of the three siblings. For the first half of the series, he is frequently at odds with Gaara, though he tends to hold his tongue for fear of being killed.[ ch. 36 ] In Part II, once Gaara begins to reveal his dreams and motivations to Kankuro, Kankuro becomes very protective of Gaara; he lashes out at anyone who speaks poorly of Gaara and when Gaara is kidnapped, he readily risks his life to save him.[ ch. 249 ] Kankuro is a talented puppeteer , normally using his bladed attack puppet Crow (烏, Karasu) and trapping puppet Black Ant (黒蟻, Kuroari) in combination attacks. He also possesses the large puppet Salamander (山椒魚, Sanshōuo) that provides him with combination defense and offense. After his puppets were destroyed by their creator, Kankuro gains a new puppet in Sasori 's lifeless body Scorpion (蠍, Sasori) and modifies it for his use as a normal puppet. [54] During the Fourth Great Ninja War, after defeating the reanimated Sasori and breaking Kabuto's hold over him, Kankuro is entrusted with the Mother and Father puppets. In the series epilogue, Kankuro continues to serve as Gaara's bodyguard. In the Japanese anime, his voice actor is Yasuyuki Kase , and his English voice actor is Michael Lindsay , until he was replaced by Doug Erholtz in 2013 (after the former retired the previous year). [37] [45] [55]
Temari (テマリ) is the oldest of the three siblings. Unlike her more combat-loving brothers, Temari values peace, as she questions Sunagakure's justifications for going to war with Konohagakure.[ ch. 95 ] This trait carries over to Part II, in which she begins acting as a liaison between Sunagakure and Konohagakure to help the two villages work together. In her time in Konohagakure, Temari is often seen walking with Shikamaru Nara, causing other characters to think they are dating, although both deny this.[ ch. 247 ] In battle, Temari wields a giant iron fan that can create powerful gusts of wind capable of leveling the surrounding landscape. As she is skilled at deducing an opponent's strategies and weaknesses soon after a battle begins, she typically uses her winds to remove parts of the battlefield that might be advantageous to the enemy.[ ch. 107 ] During Part I of the series, Temari is able to use the Summoning Jutsu , in which she can summon a powerful scythe-wielding weasel called Kamatari (カマタリ).[ ch. 214 ] In the series epilogue, Temari is revealed to have moved to the Hidden Leaf and married Shikamaru, with whom she has a son, Shikadai.[ ch. 700 ] Temari's voice actress in the Japanese anime is Romi Park and her English voice actress is Tara Platt . [38] [37]
Team Moegi
Shikadai Nara
Chocho Akimichi
Inojin Yamanaka
Moegi Kazamatsuri
Team Hanabi
Sumire Kakei
Namida Suzumeno
Wasabi Izuno
Tsubaki Kurogane
Hanabi Hyuga
Team Udon
Metal Lee
Iwabe Yuino
Denki Kaminarimon
Udon Ise
Haku (白) is Zabuza Momochi's most faithful follower. Before he started working for Zabuza, Haku lived as an orphan. His father killed his mother when it was discovered that Haku possesses a genetic ability , Hyōton (氷遁, lit. "Ice Release"), that allows him to mix wind and water elements to create ice,[ ch. 24 ] which was considered a threat. Haku then killed his father. After wandering from place to place, he was found by Zabuza, who recognized Haku's talents and agreed to take him in as a tool. As a result, Haku becomes unquestioningly protective of and loyal to Zabuza, and only by being useful does he find a purpose in life.[ ch. 29 ] Haku later meets Naruto (who mistakes him for a girl) while he is training, and the two bond over their connections. On this same mission, Haku ultimately gives his life in his mission to save his master from Kakashi's Lightning Blade , becoming the first casualty in the series. This is not in vain, however, as a saddened Naruto uses Haku's death to redeem Zabuza.[ ch. 30 ] Episode 17 of the anime greatly expands on Haku's early life, showing the scene where Haku discovered his powers. [58] Haku is resurrected by Kabuto Yakushi later in Part 2 of the series to fight in the Fourth Shinobi World War until being sealed by the Allied Shinobi Forces.[ ch. 516 , 524 ] His voice actress in the Japanese anime is Mayumi Asano , and his English voice actress is Susan Dalian . Mona Marshall voiced Haku as a child.
Orochimaru (大蛇丸) is a criminal who served as the principal villain of Part I, having previously affiliated with the Akatsuki. He was a former Hidden Leaf ninja and Hiruzen's student alongside his teammates Jiraiya and Tsunade , who are revered as the Legendary Sannin.[ ch. 170 ] Orochimaru's desire for immortality, so he can learn every jutsu in existence, led him to experimenting on fellow ninja before establishing his own ninja village, the Hidden Sound Village, as his personal laboratory, to continue his work while amassing a personal army to destroy Konoha.[ ch. 69 ] His immortality technique involves transferring his consciousness between different host bodies every few years, with his intent to acquire the body of Sasuke Uchiha being his driving motivations throughout most of the series.[ ch. 238 ] Following end of Part II, through kept under watch by Yamato, Orochimaru renounced his personal war against the Hidden Leaf Village. He has since created Mitsuki.
Kishimoto emphasized Orochimaru's role as a villain by giving him a "pasty and sickly" complexion as part of his theme of distinguishing villains from the protagonists. [59] Because of his different host bodies and the disguises he assumes, a panoply of voice actors are used for Orochimaru; his voice actor for his normal form in the Japanese anime is Kujira , and his corresponding English voice actor is Steven Blum , [52] [57] except in the spin off Rock Lee and His Ninja Pals , where he is voiced by Vic Mignogna .
Kabuto Yakushi
Kabuto Yakushi (薬師 カブト, Yakushi Kabuto) is a spy who works as Orochimaru's right hand, though he acts on his own whims. As a child with no memory of his past, Kabuto was found on a battlefield by a nun from Konohagakure who raised him before he was recruited by the Foundation as their spy to infiltrate numerous countries and organizations.[ ch. 289 , 583 ] But after being labeled a risk to the Foundation for knowing too many secrets, Kabuto becomes Orochimaru's spy after being promised an identity he can call his own.[ ch. 584 ] Using his former affiliations, and infiltrating the Akatsuki , Kabuto gathers intelligence on Orochimaru's behalf; for instance, he participates in the bi-annual Chunin Exams as a Konoha representative to gather information on his fellow participants.[ ch. 88 ] Highly proficient with medical techniques and genetic manipulation, Kabuto devises means to heal wounds by reactivating dead cells to grow new ones, and can form a scalpel with chakra to deal surgical strikes to his opponents.[ ch. 164 ]
In Part II, after his mentor's defeat by Sasuke, Kabuto integrates some of Orochimaru's remains into his body to become powerful enough to not serve anyone again.[ ch. 357 ] Kabuto then masters snake Sage Jutsu while modifying his body with DNA samples of the Sound Five, Jugo, Suigetsu, and Karin to increase his abilities further. After perfecting the Reanimation Jutsu, using it to bring back Madara Uchiha as his personal trump card, Kabuto forces Obito Uchiha into a tenuous alliance with him under the promise that he can have Sasuke upon victory against the Ninja Alliance.[ ch. 520 ] However, during the second day of the Fourth Great Ninja War, Itachi manages to break free of Kabuto's control and force him to end the Reanimation Jutsu with Sasuke's help. The ordeal of being subjected to Itachi's Izanami genjutsu has Kabuto re-evaluate himself and his life, coming to the conclusion that he should save Sasuke. In the war's aftermath, kept under surveillance by the Hidden Leaf, Kabuto returns to run the orphanage where he was held as a kid, together with his adopted brother Urushi. In the Japanese anime, Kabuto is voiced by Nobutoshi Canna , and his English voice actor is Henry Dittman . [60] [61]
Sound Four
The Sound Four (音隠れの忍四人衆, Otogakure no Shinobi Yonin Shū, lit. "Hidden Sound Shinobi Four People", English TV: "Sound Ninja Four") are Orochimaru's elite bodyguards. The group was originally known as the "Sound Five", but after Kimimaro became bedridden due to his unknown illness, the group resumed calling themselves the Sound Four.[ ch. 201 ] As a group they specialize in barriers, defensive walls, sealing techniques as well as possessing their own individual unique techniques and Curse Marks that increase their strengths.[ ch. 184 ] The group is composed of:
Jirobo (次郎坊, Jirōbō), a large, and quick-tempered, man who specializes in absorbing chakra and close-quarters combat.[ ch. 187 ] He is voiced by Kenta Miyake in the Japanese anime, while his English voice actor is Michael Sorich .
Kidomaru (鬼童丸, Kidōmaru), a six-armed ninja who can produce spider-webs to fight and specialized in ranged combat.[ ch. 192 ] He is voiced by Susumu Chiba in the Japanese anime, while his English voice actor is Peter Lurie .
Sakon and Ukon (左近 - 右近, Sakon to Ukon) are twin brothers who are the strongest of the Sound Four and count as one member due to their ability to merge their bodies with anyone and kill an opponent at a cellular level.[ ch. 203 , 204 ] Both Sakon and Ukon are voiced by Shunsuke Sakuya in the Japanese anime, while their English voice actor is Brian Beacock .
Tayuya (多由也, Tayuya), a female flautist who uses her flute for genjutsu and controlling summoned demons.[ ch. 206 ] She is voiced by Akeno Watanabe in the Japanese anime, while her English voice actress is Kari Wahlgren .
Kimimaro (君麻呂, Kimimaro), the last of the Kaguya Clan who has his kin's Kekkei Genkai ability to manipulate his bone structure, called the Shikotsumyaku , became the leader after he defeated the entire group in battle. He is voiced by Toshiyuki Morikawa in the Japanese anime with Makoto Tsumura voicing him as a child. His English voice actor is Keith Silverstein with Kari Wahlgren voicing him as a child.
The Sound Four do not become a prominent part of the story until sent by their leader to escort Sasuke Uchiha to him. Even with Kimimaro joining the group to ensure Sasuke's passage to Orochimaru, the Sound Five all died in the process: Jirobo and Kidomaru killed in their respective fights against Chōji Akimichi and Neji Hyūga, Sakon and Ukon taken out by Kankuro as they nearly kill Kiba Inuzuka, Tayuya indirectly killed by Temari as she had the upper hand on Shikamaru Nara, and Kimimaro succumbed to his unknown illness in the midst of his battle against Gaara and Rock Lee.[ ch. 184, 217 ] During the Fourth Shinobi World War, Kimimaro is reanimated by Kabuto Yakushi as a pawn to battle against the Allied Shinobi Forces.[ ch. 515 ] In the anime adaptation, unaware that Kabuto brought them back instead of Orochimaru, the Sound Four were also reanimated and were allowed to act on their impulse for revenge against the members of the Sasuke Retrieval group before being defeated. It was also at the time of the war's climax that Kabuto reveals that he assimilated the Sound Five's DNA to access their abilities.[ ch. 585 ]
From left to right: Sasori, Deidara, Konan, Nagato, Tobi, Itachi and Kisame. Behind: Zetsu, Kakuzu, Hidan and Orochimaru.
The Akatsuki (暁, lit. "Dawn" or "Daybreak") is an organization of rogue ninja that serves as the primary antagonistic force of the second part of the Naruto series. It was founded by Yahiko, Nagato and Konan. After Yahiko's death, it was led by Nagato with Obito as his benefactor. The Akatsuki's goal is world peace through the power of the nine Tailed Beasts, with Nagato assuming it would involve mass destruction giving way to a world without war.[ ch. 239 ] To achieve their goal of collecting all nine Tailed Beasts, the Akatsuki recruited several rogue ninjas, including Deidara, Sasori, and Hidan, among other notable Akatsuki members, to join their ranks. The actual goal is for Obito to enact Madara's Project Tsuki no Me (月の眼計画, Tsuki no Me Keikaku, literally "Eye of the Moon Plan"), which involves feeding the Tailed Beasts to the Gedo Statue, to revert it into the Ten-Tails with Obito as its Jinchuriki; empowered thus, he would project the Infinite Tsukiyomi on the moon's surface, and bring all life into a utopic illusion. The members of the Akatsuki are ninja who have abandoned their villages, and are considered by their former homes to be S-class criminals, the most powerful and wanted ninja in the Naruto universe. Aside from an attempt by members Itachi Uchiha and Kisame Hoshigaki to capture Kurama (the Nine-Tailed fox sealed within Naruto Uzumaki), the Akatsuki is not prominently featured in Part I.[ ch. 143 ] In Part II, they take a more active role, capturing Gaara and extracting the one-tailed tanuki, Shukaku, from his body, as well as progressively capturing the remaining Tailed Beasts.[ ch. 261 ] Kishimoto called the Akatsuki's members antiheroes as he wished to expand their backgrounds as much as the ones from the series' protagonists, contrasting them with other types of villains. [62]
Obito Uchiha
Obito Uchiha (うちは オビト, Uchiha Obito), also known under his alias Tobi (トビ) is the true leader of the Akatsuki and the primary antagonist for most of Part II. As a child during the Third Great Ninja War, being Kakashi's teammate in Team Minato, Obito was similar to Naruto in both wanting to become Hokage and unrequited love for his teammate Rin. When he and Kakashi rescue Rin after she was kidnapped by Hidden Stone Ninja during a mission, Obito's right side got crushed in a landslide. Obito believed his death was certain and had Rin transplant his left Sharingan into Kakashi to replace the latter's original left eye. Obito finds himself saved by Madara and outfitted with Zetsu prosthetics, and is conditioned to become his apprentice, the ninja arranging Obito to witness Rin's death as a casualty of war by a reluctant Kakashi to break his spirit. Coming to the conclusion that he can use the Tailed Beasts to destroy the current reality and create a utopia, Obito takes up Madara's name following the latter's death while masking his voice. Obito would then arrange similar events for Nagato with Yahiko's death to create the current incarnation of the Akatsuki.[ ch. 602 , 606 ] Obito serves a behind-the-scenes role throughout the first half of Part II while revealed to have caused tragedy prior to the series, most notably Kurama's attack on the Hidden Leaf as revenge on his sensei Minato for not protecting Rin.[ ch. 501 ] Other than being able to use his right Sharingan to cast Kamui in a fashion that renders him intangible and lets him teleport over great distances, Obito can use Wood Style attacks as his prosthetics possess Hashirama's cells.[ ch. 310 , 395 ]
Zetsu (ゼツ) is the only member of the Akatsuki without a bespoke partner, the only nonhuman member, and Obito's right-hand man. Originally, Kaguya created a shadow-like parasitic entity known as Black Zetsu (黒ゼツ, Kuro Zetsu) to manipulate her grandson Indra and his descendants throughout history for one of them to manifest a Rinnegan and free his creator. Black Zetsu succeeds with Madara, whom he deceived into believing that he had created the entity. White Zetsu (白ゼツ, Shiro Zetsu) was originally part of an army that Kaguya was assembling to fend off her kinsmen, consisting of humans mutated into drones after being assimilated by the Ten Tails during Kaguya's previous Infinite Tsukuyomi. Black Zetsu and White Zetsu operate in symbiosis, Black Zetsu occasionally argued with his easygoing host. As White Zetsu is an extension of the Shinju, he can merge into the ground or vegetation to quickly travel to a new location, and use spores to create clones of himself or whoever he touches.[ ch. 289 ] This makes Zetsu not only of use to the Akatsuki as a spy, but also to devour bodies of deceased Akatsuki members or those the organization does not want found.[ ch. 255, 261 ] Another of the White Zetsu retrieved from the Gedo Statue, initially referred to as Guruguru (グルグル) due to the spiral-shaped pattern on his body, later named Tobi (トビ), served as an exosuit for Obito while the youth got used to his new body. After White Zetsu is killed by Sasuke during the Fourth Great Ninja War, Black Zetsu goes into hiding, later merging itself onto Obito to force the human to resurrect Madara.[ ch. 575 , 656 ] Ultimately, once the Eye of the Moon Plan runs its course, Black Zetsu reveals his true identity and fuses himself onto Madara to convert the human into a new body for Kaguya to inhabit.[ ch. 674 ] Black Zetsu then reveals his role in the conflict between the Senju and Uchiha, while helping Kaguya fight Naruto and Sasuke. He is eventually ripped away from his creator when Naruto severs Kaguya's arm. As Kaguya is sealed away once more, Black Zetsu is thrown by Naruto into the forming moon so he would not make another attempt to free his creator.[ ch. 681, 688, 690 ] Tobi, having participated in the war by encasing Yamato to access his Wood-Style, before ejecting him once the Infinite Tsukiyomi is cast, crumbles away after the jutsu is canceled, with his former captive the only witness to his death.[ ch. 699 ]
As Kishimoto originally planned the Akatsuki to be a group of individuals with close to no human characteristics, he decided to make Zetsu half black and half white to emphasize his split personality . [63] In the Japanese anime, Zetsu is voiced by Nobuo Tobita , who also voices the Tobi and the White Zetsu Army. [16] In episode 134 of the English adaptation, Black Zetsu is voiced by Michael Sorich and White Zetsu by Brian Beacock , though both in the English Shippuden anime are voiced by Travis Willingham alongside Tobi and the White Zetsu Army. [64]
Kisame Hoshigaki
Konan (小南) is the only female ninja in the Akatsuki. As such, Kishimoto originally wanted her to have an obscene appearance showing more of her bust. [63] Being the partner of Pain , Konan was also a pupil under Jiraiya after she was orphaned as a child by one of Amegakure's many wars and forced to fend for herself. Because she serves under Pain, she is referred to by villagers of Amegakure as "God's angel". Under Jiraiya, Konan learned to take advantage of her natural talent with origami , using it as a key component in her battle style.[ ch. 373 , 449 ] Konan can divide her body into countless sheets of paper, which she controls and reshapes remotely to scout out an area, form weapons for attack, or create wings that mirror her title. While Konan's abilities are restricted when the paper is wet, since paper will cling and lose its stiffness, she is able to use this weakness to her advantage as she implements explosive tags into her paper clones. After Nagato's death, Konan withdraws her position in the Akatsuki and proclaims loyalty to Naruto.[ ch. 372 ] Later, she is confronted by Obito over the location of Nagato's Rinnegan eyes. She fights him in a suicide assault, but is killed after being forced to reveal Nagato's resting place. She last sees the endless rain of Amegakure stop for the first time.[ ch. 510 ] In the Japanese anime, Konan is voiced by Atsuko Tanaka and in the English anime, her voice actress is Dorothy Elias-Fahn . [16] [66]
Nagato (長門), primarily known under the alias of Pain (ペイン, Pein), is the recognized leader of the Akatsuki and partner of Konan , with Obito acting as his benefactor.[ ch. 510 ] The "Pain" most often seen in the series is the Deva Path, which is actually Nagato's deceased friend, Yahiko (弥彦), one of six animated corpses collectively known as "The Six Paths of Pain" (ペイン六道, Pein Rikudō), all controlled by Nagato and using one sixth of his full power.[ ch. 378 , 419 ] The Pain Paths are all outfitted with a number of body piercings that serve as a means for Nagato to control them and to give them a "more dangerous" appearance in relation to their name's installation. [63]
Itachi Uchiha
Itachi Uchiha (うちは イタチ, Uchiha Itachi) is a former ninja of Konohagakure and the partner of Kisame Hoshigaki. Though having spent his early youth as the prodigy of the Uchiha clan, Itachi is treated as a villain for much of the series. He is initially portrayed as being solely responsible for the killing of his entire clan and family, sparing only his brother, Sasuke Uchiha, with the explanation that he was testing his abilities.[ ch. 224 ] Around the time of his death his villainous role is downplayed; not only is he revealed to offer help to Obito Uchiha in killing the clan, though it is revealed in part two that he performed the massacre under the orders of Konoha's leadership so as to prevent an Uchiha coup d'état.[ ch. 400 ] In the Japanese anime, Itachi's voice actor is Hideo Ishikawa . [16] His first voice actor in the English anime was Skip Stellrecht , who voiced Itachi in episodes 29 and 30, but in all following appearances, he has been voiced by Crispin Freeman . [67]
Deidara (デイダラ) is a former ninja of Iwagakure, having left the village after bombing it. He was a terrorist bomber-for-hire before Itachi Uchiha forced him to join the Akatsuki. Though he came to embrace the organization, Deidara still holds a grudge against Itachi and all other Uchiha throughout the series, as he feels their Sharingan eyes "look down on his artwork".[ ch. 359 ] Upon joining the Akatsuki, he is partnered with Sasori , who is replaced by Tobi after his death. Though he was annoyed by Tobi, Deidara becomes somewhat of a teacher to him, and adopts a genuine care for his well-being.[ ch. 366 ] Both of Deidara's hands have mouths on them that, by infusing clay or other fine-grained minerals with chakra, create "sculptures", bombs that explode with varying intensities. Deidara's bombs can take any form he chooses, and from the time of their creation to their detonation, he can animate and control them remotely.[ ch. 248 ] Sasuke Uchiha, Itachi's younger brother, is able to systematically nullify his bombs in combat, and so Deidara transforms himself into a living bomb in a last effort to kill Sasuke and to prove the supremacy of his art, but fails in the attempt.[ ch. 363 ] He is later resurrected by Kabuto for the war against the Shinobi Alliance but is defeated by Kankuro.[ ch. 520 ] His voice actor in the Japanese anime is Katsuhiko Kawamoto . [68] In his cameo appearance in episode 135 of the English adaptation, he is voiced by Quinton Flynn , [69] and in the anime of Shippuden by Roger Craig Smith .
Hidan (飛段) is the immortal, foul-mouthed, and sadomasochistic partner of Kakuzu and a former ninja of Yugakure, the Village Hidden in Boiling Water. [70] He is a member of the Way of Jashin (ジャシン, lit. "evil god") religion which worships a deity of the same name and believes that anything less than death and utter destruction in battle is a sin.[ ch. 313 ] His religion's experimentations have led to the creation of his unique abilities; by consuming an opponent's blood and drawing Jashin's triangular symbol on the ground, Hidan can create a link with his opponent. Once this link is created, any damage done to Hidan's body is reflected on his opponent, allowing him to kill them by giving himself fatal injuries. Though his immortality keeps him from dying or suffer any impairment, Hidan feels his victims' suffering with an excitement bordering on arousal. [ ch. 325 ] After Hidan used this ability to kill Asuma Sarutobi , Shikamaru Nara fights him to avenge his teacher. Their battle culminates in Hidan being blown up, and Shikamaru burying his still-speaking remains in a forest that the Akatsuki will never be able to reach.[ ch. 339 ] As such, Hidan is no longer considered a member by the rest of the Akatsuki.[ ch. 353 ] In the Japanese version of the anime, Hidan is voiced by Masaki Terasoma . [16] In the English version, he is voiced by Chris Edgerly and in Naruto Shippūden: Clash of Ninja Revolution 3 by Wally Wingert . [71]
Kakuzu (角都) is the partner of Hidan and a former ninja of Takigakure , the Village Hidden in the Waterfalls. Kakuzu is motivated by greed, and joins the Akatsuki to seek out valuable bounties . However, his extreme temperament and fits of rage leading to his eventual murder of whomever he was partnered with resulted in his pairing with the immortal Hidan.[ ch. 322 ] When Kakuzu still lived in his village, he was given a very important mission: assassinate Hashirama Senju , the First Hokage . As the strongest shinobi of his time, Hashirama was far too strong for Kakuzu, and the mission failed with Kakuzu barely escaping with his life. Kakuzu returned to his village, and, despite the overwhelming danger and risk he faced, he was dishonoured and severely punished. Gaining a violent hatred for his village because of this unfair treatment, Kakuzu escaped from prison and, in vengeance, stole his village's forbidden techniques, and murdered the village elders (carving out their hearts), becoming a rogue ninja in the process. Kakuzu's body is composed of a large number of black threads, allowing him to reattach any body part, his or another, back onto its owner. The threads are also capable of piercing flesh, which Kakuzu uses to remove the still-beating hearts of his opponents and integrate their hearts into his body to extend his life indefinitely. [72] Kakuzu can store up to four spare hearts in animal masks that are sewn to his back, which can be detached during combat situations to shoot elemental blasts at his opponents, and quickly recalled to his body if he needs a replacement heart.[ ch. 336 ] Kakuzu's hearts are systematically destroyed soon after his introduction by a group of Konohagakure ninja. After Naruto Uzumaki leaves his final heart on the brink of failure, Kakuzu is easily finished off by Kakashi.[ ch. 342 ] After being resurrected by Kabuto, he is sent out to participate in the war until being sealed. In the Japanese anime, Kakuzu's Japanese voice actor is Takaya Hashi and in the English version he is voiced by Fred Tatasciore . [16]
Sasori (蠍), primarily known as "Sasori of the Red Sand" (赤砂の蠍, Akasuna no Sasori), is a former ninja of Sunagakure and partner of Deidara. When he was a child, Sasori's parents were killed by Sakumo Hatake, also known as the White Fang of Konoha, leaving him in the care of his grandmother, Chiyo , who taught Sasori the art of puppetry to cheer him up after his loss, which he refined to fit his needs over the years. However, motivated by his desire to make works that last forever, Sasori secretly devised a way to convert the corpses of humans into puppets, allowing him to use any ninja abilities they possessed for himself. Leaving Sunagakure in his teenage years, Sasori later kidnapped the Third Kazekage, transforming him into a puppet and using him as his main weapon.[ ch. 267 ] Sasori's desire was to become art, so he converted his own body into a puppet, which essentially gives him eternal life and allows him to control hundreds of puppets at once.[ ch. 271 ] After joining the Akatsuki, Sasori was paired with Orochimaru , and after his desertion, was teamed with Deidara, who looks up to him and his artistic knowledge with reverence.[ ch. 248 ][ ch. 263 ] In the Akatsuki, Sasori spent much time hidden inside Hiruko, a human puppet who served as both weapon and armour, which he adorned with the Akatsuki's robe. After he and Deidara kidnap Gaara, Sasori ends up fighting Sakura and Chiyo, resulting in the destruction of his heart, the only part of his humanity he kept when converting himself to a puppet, resulting in his death. Before dying, he tells Sakura about his rendezvous with one of Orochimaru's henchmen who had been working for him as a spy.[ ch. 464 ] After being resurrected by Kabuto, Sasori fights Kankuro, who convinces him to be at peace with himself. Sasori comes to terms with his life and is able to pass on and rest in peace. In the Japanese anime, Sasori is voiced by Akiko Yajima as a child and by Takahiro Sakurai as an adult. In the English version he is voiced by Kari Wahlgren as a child and as an adult he is voiced by Johnny Yong Bosch . His scorpion-like puppet body, Hiruko, is voiced by Yutaka Aoyama in the Japanese version and in the English version by JB Blanc . [68]
Madara Uchiha
Madara Uchiha (うちは マダラ, Uchiha Madara) is one of the co-founders of the Hidden Leaf Village along with Hashirama Senju , the two later revealed to be reincarnations of their clans' founding ancestors Indra and Asura prior to Sasuke and Naruto.[ ch. 385, 671 ] Madara is a cynical and vengeful man who holds grudges against the Senju Clan for slaughtering his brothers in the War. He is very arrogant about his immense battle prowess. Though he was a childhood friend of Hashirama amidst the conflicts of their respective clan, their friendship ends as a result of the war. As the leader of the Uchiha clan, Madara's overuse of Mangekyo Sharingan blinds him, forcing him to take the eyes of his late younger brother Izuna. This allows Madara to use his newly awakened Eternal Mangekyo Sharingan to continue the ongoing war between the Uchiha and the Senju.[ ch. 386 ] In later years, Hashirama comes forth with a peace offering between the two clans. Though he agrees to have peace with his former rival, Madara feels he would never be accepted by the Senju and loses hope in Hashirama. While working towards this goal, Madara captures Kurama the Nine-Tails and uses him in a scheme to destroy Konoha.[ ch. 399, 621 ] Madara is believed to have been killed by Hashirama's hand, but he survives and goes into hiding while taking a blood sample of Hashirama with him to awake his Rinnegan.[ ch. 560 ] During this time, Madara takes Obito Uchiha as his agent and transplants his Rinnegan into Nagato to be preserved for his eventual revival years later.[ ch. 605 ]
During most of the Naruto series, Obito uses the name of "Madara", until Kabuto Yakushi finds the real Madara Uchiha and reanimates him to force Obito into an alliance. Despite their agreement, Kabuto summons Madara to fight against the Shinobi Alliance.[ ch. 562 ] Madara manages to sever his connection to Kabuto's technique by using the hand signs of the Reanimation Jutsu, defeating most of the Ninja Alliance forces. Madara manages to fully resurrect as planned by sacrificing Obito, becoming the Ten Tails's host once he regains one of his Rinnegan.[ ch. 658, 669, 673 ] After regaining his other eye, Madara is able to complete the Eye of the Moon Plan before finding himself betrayed by Black Zetsu who proceeds to turn him into a vessel for Kaguya's spirit. [ ch. 658, 669, 673 ] Though freed upon Kaguya being resealed, the ordeal placed a regretful Madara on the verge of death and dies being able to finally make peace with Hashirama. In the Japanese anime, Madara (and Obito in his Madara guise) is voiced by Naoya Uchida while Gou Inoue voices him as a child. In the English version, Madara's voice is supplied by Neil Charles Kaplan , with Xander Mobus voicing him as a child.
Ōtsutsuki Clan
Kaguya Ōtsutsuki
Toneri Ōtsutsuki
Kawaki Uzumaki (カワキ, Kawaki) is a tattooed youth who became a member of Kara after being brought by Jigen from a drunkard father, bearing a tattoo of the Roman numeral IX under his left eye and bestowed a Karma mark by Jigen to be made into a living weapon for Kara. He was heavily modified with microscopic Shinobi-Ware implanted in his body that give him abilities similar to Jugo's Sage Transformation in altering his physiology at a cellular level. For reasons yet to be revealed, Kawaki left Kara and encountered Boruto who brings him to the Hidden Leaf as he lives with the Uzumaki family. The two would end up becoming enemies as hinted in prologue of the Boruto series, an older Kawaki appearing to have perpetrated Konoha's destruction as he confronts an older Boruto while declaring the age of shinobi has come to an end. His voice actor in the Japanese anime is Yūma Uchida and Michael Schwalbe voices him in the English dub.
Momoshiki Ōtsutsuki
Momoshiki Ōtsutsuki (大筒木 モモシキ, Ōtsutsuki Momoshiki) is one of the two antagonists of Boruto: Naruto the Movie and a member of the main family of the Ōtsutsuki clan, intending a planet new Divine Tree as the one his faction used to harvest a previous planet's resources is dying. Momoshiki possesses both a pair of Byakugan and Rinnegan, the latter located on his palms, which he uses to absorb and release ninjutsu. He also consumes red pills that enhances his abilities. Targeting the Tailed Beasts for their chakra, attacking Killer Bee prior, Momoshiki and his partner Kinshiki come to Konohagakure with the objective of capturing Kurama from Naruto. The two manage to abduct Naruto to their dimension after destroying the Chunin Exams stadium, but before they could finish the extraction process, the pair are confronted by Boruto, Sasuke, and the four Kage. Overwhelmed, Momoshiki consumes a makeshift red pill from Kinshiki's body, making him even stronger with another Rinnegan appearing on his forehead. Though ultimately killed by Naruto and Boruto's combined Rasengan, Boruto: Naruto Next Generations retcons Momoshiki's final moments to isolate Boruto within frozen time and brand him with the Kama mark so he can take the boy as his new vessel. Momshiki's attempts to take over Boruto's body become grave enough that Boruto asked Kawaki to kill him so he can stop Momoshiki for good. Momoshiki is voiced by Daisuke Namikawa in Japanese and by Xander Mobus in the English dub. [75]
Kinshiki Ōtsutsuki
Urashiki Ōtsutsuki
Isshiki Ōtsutsuki
Shin Uchiha
Kara (殻, lit. Husk) is an organization of ninja that serves as the primary antagonistic force in the first half of Boruto. While much of their history is yet unknown, they are interested in those with Forbidden Jutsu, like Boruto, and seek out a "vessel" for their goals. Kara's leadership are known as the Inners (内陣インナー, Innā), each in charge of a particular region with a Roman Numeral tattooed on their faces. They use sleeper agents known as Outers (外陣アウトー, Autō) to serve them in a variety of ways.
Jigen (ジゲン): Kara's leader and an Inner who uses Genjutsu to communicate with the other Inners, and bears a Roman numeral of four tattoo under his left eye. He is a fierce Taijutsu who possesses the ability to bestow Kama marks on others and can access the abilities of Isshiki Ōtsutsuki, whom he a Vessel of. He eventually dies later in the series, letting Isshiki fully reincarnate into his body. He is voiced by Kenjiro Tsuda in the Japanese dub, and by Keith Silverstein in the English dub.
Amado Sanzu (三途アマド): The genius Inner who created Kara's cyborgs and serves as head scientist for Jigen, later revealed to be his enemy, as he sends Koji to assassinate him and defecting to Konoha. He also reactivates Delta as an ally of the Leaf, after her initial deactivation by him. As Amado's role in the Leaf and the threat of Code increases, he reveals that Delta is a faulty clone of his deceased daughter, Akebi, who died from an illness. He also tells the Leaf the history of Shibai Ōtsutsuki, a being considered a god even within the clan of Ōtsutsuki itself. His godlike abilities, called shinjutsu is what Amado harnessed for his cyborgs that were greater than Jigen, such as Eida and Daemon. Amado is voiced by Akio Ōtsuka in the Japanese dub and by Greg Chun in the English dub.
Code (コード, Kōdo): A young Inner with ginger hair and the tattoo of the Roman numeral six. He is revealed to be a defective Vessel of Isshiki, as he has a White Karma, which is only usable as a weapon, granting him the ability to use Claw Marks as a means of transportation, as well as immense physical boosts. Following Isshiki's demise, he releases EIda and Daemon, to cyborgs created by Amado to be stronger than Jigen, but their alliance is cut short, due to Eida's attraction to Kawaki and they soon turn on him. Ending up alone once more, Code aims to use the juvenile Ten-Tails Isshiki left him as a weapon. However, Code's modifications on the Ten-Tails made it sapient and turn on him as the Divine Trees. He is voiced by Junta Terashima in the Japanese dub and by Jacob Hopkins in the English dub.
Delta (デルタ, Deruta): A female Inner with a destructive temper whose heavily modified body allows her to fight nearly on equal footing against Naruto when she attempts to retrieve Kawaki, bearing the Roman numeral of one tattooed on her forehead. After Naruto destroys her body, her drone returns to Kara base and activates a new body. When Amado leaves the organization, he deactivates her body, but he later on reprograms her as an ally of the Leaf. After Amado's defection, it is revealed that Delta is basically a faulty clone of his deceased daughter, with a personality of her own. Delta is voiced by Houko Kuwashima in the Japanese dub and by Amber Lee Connors in the English dub.
Koji Kashin (果心居士, Kashin Koji): A masked Inner who assigned his sleeper agent Ao to retrieve Kawaki. He possesses the Fire-Style jutsu True Fire of Samadhi, which creates flames hot enough to negate an opponent's regeneration, and can use both Toad summoning jutsu and the Rasengan. Koji is sent to retrieve Kawaki, which he leaves to the Outers Ao and Garo. He infiltrates the Leaf Village, and surveys Kawaki at the Uzumaki house for a long time. He is able to view the fight between Jigen, Naruto and Sasuke and picks his moment for an assassination attempt, on Amado's orders. During his fight with Jigen, it is revealed that Koji is a clone of Jiraya created by Amado. Three years later, Koji joined forces with Boruto Uzumaki to help him achieve his goals. Koji Kashin is voiced by Yūichi Nakamura in the Japanese dub and by Kaiji Tang in the English dub.
Boro (ボロ, Boro): A brutish Inner with the Roman numeral of three tattooed on his face. He is the leader of a cult dedicated to the veneration of the Ōtsutsuki and the Infinite Tsukuyomi. In reality, he used the cult to kidnap children suitable to become vessels for Isshiki. After Naruto is sailed away by Isshiki, Boro guards it. Team 7 shows up to save Naruto, but Boro makes their task very difficult, due to his perceived immortal body. Sarada sees through his weakness, and destroys the Scientific Ninja Tool within his body, which healed it and kept it under wraps. Boro loses control and gravely injures all of Team 7, before Momoshiki Ōtsutsuki awakens within the body of his Vessel, Boruto. Momoshiki absorbs some chakra from the unconscious Naruto and disintegrates Boro completely. Boro is voiced by Kenta Miyake in the Japanese dub and by Dave B. Mitchell in the English dub.
Victor (ヴィクタ, Vikuta): A crippled, elderly Inner with the Roman numeral of five tattooed on the left side of his forehead. He is a veteran of the Fourth Great Ninja War, after which he emigrated to the Land of Valleys, where he started a huge company, working with Scientific Ninja Tools. He and his partner Deepa attempt to create their own God Tree, and he sacrifices most of the company workers for his God Tree. Though he is strong, and able to use all five basic chakra natures, Orochimaru and Konohamaru work together to defeat him. Later on, he tries stealing Kawaki for himself, but Koji Kashin kills him on Jigen's orders. He is voiced by Chō in the Japanese dub and by Doug Stone in the English dub.
Deepa (ディーパ, Dīpa): A fearsome and cruel Inner with the Roman numeral of seven tattooed on his face. He possesses the unique jutsu of creating super-dense carbon, which he can use as thick armor, or projectiles of different sizes and shapes. He murders Omoi's teammates, as well as the Haze ninjas, on his pursuit of retrieving the Hashirama cell from Team 7. Though Boruto, Sarada and Mitsuki give it their all, Deepa is unfazed by their greatest attacks as he beats them. Mitsuki uses his Sage Mode to save his teammates, which results in the failure of several of his organs. While Boruto and Sarada train to become stronger and Mitsuki recovers, During Victor's recreation of the God Tree, Boruto and Sarada arrive to fight him. Deepa dominates, until Mitsuki arrives to even the fields. Through their combined chakra, Boruto is able to destroy his ultimate armor with a Sage Jutsu Super Compressed Rasengan, and he is then crushed by boulders. Later, Amado resurrects his head, in order for Jigen to learn of Victor's betrayal, after which point Jigen orders his disposal permanently. He is voiced by Tetsuya Kakihara in the Japanese dub and by Chris Hackney in the English dub.
Ouga (オウガ, Ōga): A highly intelligent and deceptive young Inner with the Roman numeral of eight tattooed on her forehead. She is an unusual cyborg even among the Inners themselves, as Amado used Scientific Ninja Tool enhancements to greatly boost her mental capabilities, instead of physical prowess, since he needed an assistant in the lab, during his research about the human heart and soul. Due to her curious nature, she attempted to study Jigen's heart, at which point Jigen removed a part of her brain and exiled her. While her body breaks down as she is held in stasis, she uses a puppet and genjutsu to capture people and place them in a genjutsu world of traps, to somehow regain her desire to live through them, since she also participates under a false identity, Yatsume. After one of her captives, Boruto breaks through the genjutsu and inspires her, she regains her purpose and sets everyone free, while escaping. She is voiced by Sara Matsumoto and the decoy old man puppet she used is voiced by Kappei Yamaguchi .
Eida (エイダ, Eida): a female cyborg and Daemon's elder sister, created by Amado to be stronger than Jigen, she is adept at taijutsu, while also possessing the Senrigan, an eye which allows her to predict future outcomes and make everyone on Earth, except members of the Ōtsutsuki clan and their Vessels fall in love with her. During Code's initial attack of Naruto Uzumaki, Eida and Daemon turn on Code, because he attempted to kill Kawaki as he was protecting Naruto at the time. Since there is no known way to resist her charms, or counter Daemons's ability yet, they are granted asylum in the Leaf village. She is voiced by Kana Hanazawa in the Japanese dub and Anairis Quiñones in the English dub.
Daemon (ダイモン, Daimon): a cyborg child and Eida's little brother, created by Amado as a weapon against Jigen. He is an incredibly powerful taijutsu user, with the ability to reflect an opponent's attack back at them or someone else, provided he touches them while they attack. During Code's initial attack of Naruto Uzumaki, Eida and Daemon turn on Code, because he attempted to kill Kawaki as he was protecting Naruto at the time. Since there is no known way to resist Eida's charms, or counter his ability yet, they are granted asylum in the Leaf village. He is voiced by Yumiri Hanamori in the Japanese dub and AJ Beckles in the English dub.
Divine Trees
The Divine Trees (神樹, Shinju, lit. God Tree) are a quartet of humanoid creatures that serve as an antagonistic force in the second half of Boruto. They were originally a juvenile Ten-Tails that Isshiki kept in another dimension before it came into the possession of Code, using his ability to create Claw Grimes (爪アカ, Tsumeaka) from fragments of its flesh to serve as his personal army to attack Boruto and his friends with. But the Claw Grimes start attacking people for their chakra and transmitting it to the main body, causing the Ten-Tails to develop a consciousness and breaks free while splintering itself in the form of a quartet in the image of those whose chakra was absorbed by the Claw Grimes. The Divine Trees explain they evolved passed their need to feed on an Ōtsutsuki to fully mature, instead seeking knowledge while preying on the loved ones of those they resemble.
Jūra (十羅): The supportive and composed leader of the group who selected the Nine Tails Jinchuriki as his prey, assuming it to be Naruto before meeting Himawari.
Hidari (左): A Divine Tree who assumed Sasuke's appearance and mannerisms, selecting Sarada as his prey.
Matsuri (祭): A Divine Tree who assumed Moegi's appearance and mannerisms, selecting Konohamaru as her prey.
"Bagu" (バグ): A Divine Tree who assumed the appearance of a Kara Outer named Bagu, eventually selecting Ada as his prey.
Supporting characters
The term Hokage (火影, lit. "Fire Shadow") refers to the title of the leader of Konohagakure. Over the course of the series, there have been eight Hokage, who are honored by the village through carving their likenesses into the rock formation overlooking Konohagakure. The First Hokage is Hashirama Senju , founder of the village along with Madara Uchiha . The First is succeeded by his younger brother, Tobirama Senju , the Second Hokage who creates Konoha's government system and attempts to keep Uchiha clan members from ending up like Madara. [79] He, in turn, is followed by one of his students, Hiruzen Sarutobi , who becomes the Third Hokage. After a long rule, the Third abdicates in favor of Minato Namikaze , who takes the position of Fourth Hokage, but reclaims his position after the Fourth gave his life to save the village from Kurama , the Nine-Tailed Fox.[ ch. 1 ] Hiruzen is the Hokage at the beginning of the series, but he dies in battle with his former student, Orochimaru, during an invasion of Konohagakure.[ ch. 137 ] One of Hiruzen's students and also Hashirama's granddaughter Tsunade Senju , succeeds him as the Fifth Hokage, becoming also the first female Hokage.[ ch. 172 ] Danzo Shimura follows Tsunade, becoming the unofficial leader of Konoha, the candidate Sixth Hokage, after she enters a coma as a consequence of defending the village from Pain . After Danzo's death by Sasuke Uchiha , Kakashi Hatake is considered for the Hokage title until Tsunade's recovery, at which point she resumes her duty.[ ch. 489 ] After the Fourth Great Ninja War, Tsunade abdicates in favor of Kakashi, who becomes the Sixth Hokage for many years until Naruto Uzumaki succeeds him as the Seventh Hokage. After the presumed death of Naruto by Kawaki , Shikamaru Nara becomes the Eighth Hokage.
Hashirama Senju
Tobirama Senju
Hiruzen Sarutobi
Minato Namikaze
Tsunade (綱手), as well as her former teammates Jiraiya and Orochimaru, is a former student of Hiruzen Sarutobi.[ ch. 170 ] Despite looking like a buxom woman in her twenties, Tsunade is actually an older woman in her fifties who uses a transformation technique to maintain her youthful appearance.[ ch. 149 ] Tsunade is also the granddaughter of the First Hokage Hashirama Senju and Mito Uzumaki with many referring to her by the Japanese honorific " hime " (princess). Despite her connections to the first three Hokage, Tsunade hates the position when she is first introduced. After her friend Dan Katō and brother Nawaki Senju die in pursuit of their dreams to become Hokage, she loses faith in the title and the concept of dreams. She regains her faith in both after meeting Naruto Uzumaki, who consistently overcomes any obstacle in his own dreams of being Hokage.[ ch. 172 ] As a result, Tsunade accepts the position of Fifth Hokage (五代目火影, Godaime Hokage) to protect Konohakagure on behalf of everyone she has loved,[ ch. 169 ] also later taking Sakura as her apprentice, much like Orochimaru with Sasuke and Jiraiya with Naruto. By the end of the series, Tsunade retires at the end of the Fourth Great Ninja War and bestows the Hokage title to Kakashi. She is last seen in the epilogue attending a meeting with other recent Kage that have also retired.
Despite the importance of her position, Tsunade tends to laze around and avoid her everyday duties, instead leaving them for her assistant Shizune. She does however take her role very seriously in situations where Konoha is in danger, and throughout Part II leads the village in combating the Akatsuki .[ ch. 238 ] Tsunade is a compulsive gambler with terrible luck, though with a rare winning streak perceived by her as a bad omen. Despite her odd personality, Tsunade is a highly talented medical ninja who can heal injuries that most others would consider incurable, and also possesses superhuman strength that allows her to reduce buildings to rubble. The pinnacle of her skills is the Creation Rebirth jutsu and its derived technique, the Strength of a Hundred Technique, which she taught to her disciple Sakura. This way, both Tsunade and Sakura use mitotic regeneration to make them nearly unkillable in battle. In the Japanese anime, Tsunade's voice actress is Masako Katsuki , and her English voice actress is Debi Mae West . [16] [85] In some of the video games, however, her English voice actress is Mary Elizabeth McGlynn , starting from Naruto: Ultimate Ninja 2 to Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja 4, Naruto: Ultimate Ninja Heroes 2 and only Naruto: Ultimate Ninja Storm 1.
Jiraiya (自来也) was a Konohagakure ninja, being not only Naruto's teacher but also his father's teacher. Kishimoto has commented that out of all master-pupil relationships he has created in the Naruto series, the bond between Naruto and Jiraiya is his favorite, noting that it makes drawing them "worthwhile". [48] As a child, Jiraiya was under the tutelage of Hiruzen Sarutobi , along with his teammates, Tsunade and Orochimaru .[ ch. 170 ] Jiraiya is known throughout the Naruto world as the "Toad Sage" (蝦蟇仙人, Gama Sennin) due to his toad-related jutsu and knowledge of Sage Jutsu. Prior to Naruto, Jiraiya also trained other pupils like Minato and Nagato due to a prophecy he heard that his pupil would be great man. Although still affiliated with Konoha, Jiraiya is usually traveling to watch over potential threats to his home. Jiraiya's personality is openly lecherous, proudly describes himself as a "super pervert" while authoring a series of best-selling adult romance novels.[ ch. 91 ] He also wrote the epic "Tale of the Gutsy Ninja", with Naruto named after its protagonist. During Part I, he takes Naruto as his student, and returns him to Konoha in Part II before leaving to investigate the Akatsuki. However, finding Nagato leading the organization, Jiraiya dies underwater fighting his former student's Paths of Pain while sending a message to the village, believing to have done enough for Naruto.[ ch. 245 ] In the Japanese anime, Jiraiya is voiced by Hōchū Ōtsuka , with Toru Nara voicing him as a child. His English voice actor is David Lodge , with Brad MacDonald voicing him as a child; Richard Cansino and Wally Wingert also voice him in some video games. [16] [86]
Anko Mitarashi
"Shizune" redirects here. Not to be confused with Shizune (band) or the character found in the visual novel Katawa Shoujo .
Shizune (シズネ) is a Konohagakure ninja introduced in the series as Tsunade's assistant. She leaves Konohagakure with Tsunade after the death of her boyfriend Dan Katō, and over the years, Tsunade teaches her medical techniques. Many of the attacks she uses in the series are poison-based, including using concealed poisoned needles or emitting toxic gas from her mouth.[ ch. 166 ] In Part II of the series, Shizune's concern for details causes her to question Tsunade's judgment, creating interference with Tsunade's plans and temporarily straining the relationship between the two.[ ch. 282 ] During Pain's attack on Konohagakure, Shizune is briefly killed when her soul is stripped away as the Human Path interrogates her about Naruto's whereabouts,[ ch. 429 ] though she is revived at the end of the invasion.[ ch. 449 ] She continues to serve as the Hokage's personal assistant well over into Naruto's leadership as the Seventh Hokage in the series epilogue.[ ch. 449 ] In the Japanese anime, her voice actress is Keiko Nemoto , and her English voice actress is Megan Hollingshead . [87]
Killer Bee
Hagoromo Otsutsuki
Himawari Uzumaki
Himawari Uzumaki (うずまき ヒマワリ, Uzumaki Himawari) is the second child of Naruto Uzumaki and Hinata Hyuga , inheriting the latter's hair along with her father's blue eyes. She also inherits her maternal family's Byakugan, which allows her to do the Gentle Fist technique capable of blocking the target's chakra points with one hit, although she only activates them when she is upset. Like her mother, Himawari is kind-hearted and is fond of her brother Boruto even though he has a fear of her, though she has a temper like her late-paternal grandmother that terrifies Boruto if she is pushed too hard. One such moment resulted in Himawari accidentally knocking Naruto out before his inauguration as Hokage with Kurama developing a phobia of her from the near-death ordeal and giving Naruto Syngenesophobia. She visits Neji's grave with her mother during the epilogue. [ ch. 700 ] During the events of Boruto, following the timeskip, Himawari is revealed to have become the Jinchuruiki of the assumed dead Kurama when he tricked Naruto into sacrificing him to assume Baryon Mode in their fight against Isshiki. Himawari reveals her Jinchuriki status while fighting Jura, who sensed Kurama within her.
Kagura Karatachi
Other characters
Rasa (羅砂) was the Fourth Kazekage (四代目風影, Yondaime Kazekage) of Sunagakure.
A (エー, Ē) is the Fourth Raikage (四代目雷影, Yondaime Raikage). A fierce man with extreme conviction, A's only somewhat soft spot is his love for his younger adoptive brother, Killer Bee. He is the son of the Third Raikage, groomed especially to succeed him, and believes that ninja must always show resolve even when they are defeated. He is also considered by many to be the fastest ninja in the world following Minato's death, up until when Naruto is able to dodge his attacks. A would later fight in the Third Shinobi World War, where he would frequently fight with Minato Namikaze, only for all of their battles to create stalemates.[ ch. 542 ] After Killer Bee is seemingly abducted by Taka, A resolves to kill Sasuke and ridicules Naruto for trying to defend him. He and Sasuke later fight at the Five Kage Summit, during which A loses his left arm;[ ch. 464 ] after learning the truth about Killer Bee, he helps him defeat Kisame.[ ch. 473 ] A eventually becomes the Supreme Commander of the Allied Shinobi Forces, and after allowing Naruto and Killer Bee to fight in the war once they defeat him, fights and loses against Madara. Sometime between the war's end and the series epilogue, he steps down as Raikage and is succeeded by Darui. A is voiced by Hideaki Tezuka in Japanese [90] and by Beau Billingslea in English.
Darui (ダルイ) is a Kumogakure ninja who serves as one of the bodyguards for the Fourth Raikage during the Kage Summit. In contrast to his master, he is easygoing and tends to apologize, which the Raikage chastises him for. He is taught by the Third Raikage on the arts of black lightning, shaping it in the form of black panther, and also possesses the Storm Style kekkei genkai, a mixture of lightning and water elements that forms flowing lightning. During the Fourth Ninja War, Darui leads the First Division specializing in mid-range battles. Sometime between the war's end and the series epilogue, he becomes the Fifth Raikage (五代目雷影, Godaime Raikage). During Boruto: Naruto Next Generations, Darui goes to the Leaf Village to oversee the Chunnin Exams. He is voiced by Ryota Takeuchi in the Japanese anime and Catero Colbert in the English dub, though Ogie Banks replaces the latter for the Ultimate Ninja Storm series of video games.
A (Third Raikage)
Karui (カルイ) is one of Killer Bee's subordinates, a part of Team Samui. She is greatly worried by her teacher's disappearance following his fight with Taka and visits Konohagakure with her team in order to find him. A passionate and bold young woman, she quickly becomes involved in an altercation with Team Kakashi, blaming them for befriending and defending Sasuke Uchiha. She even proceeds to brutally punch Naruto in the face repeatedly after he allows her to do so as compensation for not giving up information on Sasuke. Karui is assigned as part of the Second Division during the Fourth Ninja War. Sometime after the war ends, she moves to Konohagakure and marries Choji Akimichi, giving birth to their daughter Chocho, who is an academy student in the series epilogue.[ ch. 700 ] Kauri is voiced by Yuka Komatsu in the Japanese anime. In the English dub, Danielle Nicolet voices the character in Naruto and Sascha Alexander in Boruto: Naruto Next Generations.
Chojuro (長十郎, Chōjūrō) is one of Mei Terumi 's bodyguards, with the other being Ao . He is one of the Seven Swordsmen of the Mist, carrying the sword Hiramekarei (ヒラメカレイ), but after Zabuza Momochi and Kisame Hoshigaki are killed, he becomes the only real one left of the Swordsmen; in addition, he is the only one affiliated with the village at the beginning of the series. Chojuro frequently annoys Ao because he stutters and seems to lack self-confidence. After accompanying the Mizukage to the Kage Summit, he helps her guard the daimyō of the Shinobi Countries, and is able to gain enough self-confidence to help Naruto defeat Black Zetsu. He later becomes the Sixth Mizukage (六代目水影, Rokudaime Mizukage) sometime after the war. In the Japanese anime, he is voiced by Kouki Miyata , while Brian Beacock provides his voice in the English adaptation.
Ao (青) is one of Mei Terumi's bodyguards. He is a middle-aged ninja who wears an eyepatch on his right eye, a Byakugan he acquired from a main house Hyuga, and is often critical of Chōjūrō's indecisiveness due to his upbringing during Hidden Mist Village's "Blood Mist" days. When Mifune suggests Danzo Shimura to lead the inter-village effort against the Akatsuki, Ao reveals his Byakugan to confirm that Danzo's eye and arm belonged to Shisui Uchiha , whom he fought and aware of the Uchiha's ability to covertly manipulate others. Ao then goes after Danzo's group when they flee during Taka's attack, only to saved by Mei and Chōjūrō when he fell into a trap that Danzo's men set up in an attempt to retrieve his Byakugan. Ao serves in the Allied Shinobi Forces as captain of the Sensor Division stationed in the Shinobi Alliance Headquarters in Kumogakure, barely surviving the Ten Tails' Tailed Beast Bomb when it obliterated their base. Later revealed to have survived in Boruto: Naruto Next Generations, his body has been augmented with Shinobi-Ware prosthetics that include a Type-3 Shinobi Gauntlet replacing his left forearm. Ao had become a sleeper agent for the Kara. He engaged Team Konohamaru and Katasuke, using one of the latter's inventions to kill Mugino. A revenge-driven Boruto manages to outwit and overpower Ao, sparing the man's life, and making him return to the Shinobi side. Ao ends up sacrificing himself to save Boruto from being crushed by Kashin Koji's Boiler Toad. He is voiced by Tadahisa Saizen in the Japanese anime, while Steven Blum voices him in the English adaptation.
Gengetsu Hozuki
Onoki (オオノキ, Ōnoki) was the Third Tsuchikage (三代目土影, Sandaime Tsuchikage) of the Iwagakure , the grandson of the First Tsuchikage Ishikawa, and a protege of his predecessor Mu with longest reign as Kage that allowed him to personally meet many figures long dead in the present, including Madara Uchiha.[ ch. 469 ] He possesses the Particle Style, a kekkei tota that combines Fire, Earth, and Wind elements to create three-dimensional shapes capable of disintegrating anything it touches, as well as the ability to alter gravity, enabling him flight. He is very proud, despite his frailty,[ ch. 454 ] and shows little respect to those much younger than him. During the Kage Summit, he admitted to have frequently hired Akatsuki members.[ ch. 458 ][ ch. 459 ] While Onoki justify hiring the Akatsuki as necessary in protecting his village during its demilitarization, both it and his advanced age kept him from being named leader of the Shinobi Alliance though Sasuke's intrusion and Gaara's conduct cause Onoki to regain some of more noble traits from his youth. Later, he goes out to find Kabuto and prevent him from finding Killer Bee and Naruto and succeeds in protecting them. Throughout the war, Onoki's techniques proved instrumental in keeping Alliance members alive and he becomes the de facto leader in the assault against the real Madara Uchiha. Years later, Onoki retires due to his failing health and passes down his title to his granddaughter, Kurotsuchi. In the Boruto series, following an attack on his village by a rogue ninja a decade after the Fourth Great Ninja War that took the life of his grandson Kozuchi, Onoki began to develop the Akuta as a defense force to keep people safe and unharmed. He continued perfecting the process after receiving a White Zetsu's remains, improving on the Akuta while creating Fabrications like his partial clone son Kū as he orchestrated Mitsuki's abduction to refine the process. But upon seeing the extent the Fabrications would go to see his ideals realized, Onoki helps Boruto stop the artificial humans at the cost of his life. Onoki is voiced by Tomomichi Nishimura in the Japanese anime [90] and Steven Blum in the English adaptation.
Kurotsuchi (黒ツチ) is Onoki's granddaughter and his bodyguard during the Kage Summit. She is a kunoichi who favors her village's best interests greatly, even once advising Onoki to kill Naruto and Killer Bee so as to avoid seeing them fall to the Akatsuki. She was also an acquaintance of Deidara before his defection to the Akatsuki. Kurotsuchi participates in the Fourth Ninja War, serving in the Second Division under her father, Kitsuchi. She survives the war and becomes the Fourth Tsuchikage (四代目土影, Yondaime Tsuchikage) by the series epilogue, replacing her ailing grandfather. She is voiced by Hana Takeda in the Japanese anime and Laura Bailey in the English adaptation and is also voiced by Cherami Leigh in Boruto: Naruto Next Generations.
Akatsuchi (赤ツチ) is one of Onoki's bodyguards accompanying him for the Kage Summit. He is a portly and jovial man who is nevertheless loyal and dedicated to his master. Despite his big size, he moves fast and excels in Earth Style, using it to form golems. Like Kurotsuchi, he was a friend of Deidara before his defection to the Akatsuki. Akatsuchi participates in and survives the Fourth Ninja War, continuing to serve as the Tsuchikage's personal bodyguard well over into Kurotsuchi's reign. He is voiced by Kenta Miyake in Japanese and by Kyle Hebert in English.
Mu (無, Mū) was the Second Tsuchikage (二代目土影, Nidaime Tsuchikage) of Iwagakure.
Kurama (九喇嘛), often called the Nine-Tails (九尾の妖狐, Kyūbi no Yōko, lit. Nine-Tailed Fox ), is the most powerful of the Tailed Beasts. Used by Madara in his attempt to wipe out Konohagakure at the time of its foundation, Kurama is defeated and sealed within Hashirama's wife and then transferred to Kushina Uzumaki two generations later. Through Obito's scheme, Kurama is released and attacks Konohagakure before being stopped by the Fourth Hokage Minato Namikaze , who seals the fox's Yin half within himself. Following this, Minato and Kushina sacrifice themselves to seal the weakened Yang Kurama within their son, Naruto Uzumaki, twelve years before the series' start.[ ch. 1 ][ ch. 500 ] Throughout the series, Naruto tries to harness Kurama's immense chakra to perform several jutsu that would normally be impossible for a shinobi of his age.[ ch. 95 ] But Naruto soon learns that relying too much on Kurama's power would allow the fox to impose its will over its host to the point of breaking the seal. Naruto eventually takes control of the fox's chakra with help from an imprint of Kushina.[ ch. 499 ]
During Naruto's fight against Obito, seeing its host's resolve to save the other Tailed Beasts, Kurama befriends Naruto by allowing him to achieve Tailed Beast Mode.[ ch. 571 ] Eventually, as Kurama is extracted from Naruto, the Tailed Beast tells Gaara how to save Naruto's life by transferring Yin Kurama from Minato into Naruto. Kurama is later returned to its Jinchuriki's body and becomes whole again as it reunites with its Yin counterpart. During the events of Boruto, Kurama convinces Naruto to use Baryon Mode in the fight against Isshiki, which results in Kurama ceasing to exist with Naruto rendered a normal human. But due to his nature as a Tailed Beast, Kurama eventually reconstitutes within the body of Himawari Uzumaki as she becomes his new Jinchuriki.
Kishimoto was mainly inspired to create Kurama based on the character with the same name from the manga series YuYu Hakusho . [91] The inclusion of the fox spirit was also inspired by Godzilla . [92]
In the Japanese anime, Kurama's voice actor is Tesshō Genda , and in the English adaptation, he is voiced by Paul St. Peter . [93] [94]
Taka (鷹), originally named Hebi (蛇), is a group of shinobi formed by Sasuke originally to locate and kill Itachi Uchiha , but later allied with the Akatsuki to destroy Konohagakure. [ ch. 352 ] Each of them were forcibly taken in by Orochimaru and forced to serve under him as Otogakure shinobi along with Sasuke, ultimately seeking redemption by allying with Sasuke. The group gets split up after their attempt at terrorizing the Five Kage Summit, but they later reunite as part of the Allied Shinobi Forces. Following the war, they went back to Otogakure along with Orochimaru.
Suigetsu Hozuki
Karin (香燐) is the second member of Taka and a member of the Uzumaki Clan that Naruto, Kushina and Mito belongs to. She was originally from Kusagakure and later another unnamed village, but after the latter was destroyed she was taken in by Orochimaru, eventually becoming a loyal servant to him. After briefly encountering Sasuke during the Chunin Exams, she became addicted to him and decided to join Taka to be at his side.[ ch. 482 ] Karin was critically wounded by Sasuke during his battle against Danzo, and after he left her behind, Karin was arrested by Kakashi, in turn meeting Naruto for the first time[ ch. 486 ]. She later met up with Sasuke to confront him, but instead immediately forgave him. Sometime after, she moved on from Sasuke due to wanting him to be happy and helped deliver Sasuke and Sakura's daughter, Sarada. Karin is a Sensor Type, able to sense other's chakra and feel a person's aura that way, such as seeing Naruto's chakra as "bright and warm". She also can heal people if they bite her, which causes them to absorb chakra, leaving permanent marks all over her body, but due to the risks involved she can only use it once per day. In Japanese, Karin is voiced by Kanako Tōjō up until Episode 485, when Toa Yukinari takes over. In English, she is voiced by Ali Hillis except in Rock Lee and His Ninja Pals, where she is voiced by Michelle Ruff .
Jugo (重吾, Jūgo) is the third member of Taka. His clan has the ability to use senjutsu, but due to the severe amount of natural energy they absorb they are prone to fits of extreme violence, with additional side effects being that they can revert to a childlike form if they use it the wrong way. Because of this, in childhood, Jugo was an outcast, eventually finding solace in Kimimaro whom he saw as an older sibling.[ ch. 414 ] After meeting Sasuke, he tried to refuse being part of Taka and used his abilities, but Sasuke managed to calm him down. As Kimimaro was the only other person who could do this, Jugo decided to follow Sasuke in the belief that he was Kimimaro's reincarnation.[ ch. 414 ] Jugo is voiced by Shuhei Sakaguchi in Japanese and by Travis Willingham in the English dub except in Rock Lee and His Ninja Pals, where he is voiced by Patrick Seitz and is also voiced by Kyle Hebert in Boruto: Naruto Next Generations.
Danzo Shimura
"Danzo" redirects here. For 16th century ninja, see Katō Danzō .
Danzo Shimura (志村 ダンゾウ, Shimura Danzō) is one of the oldest villagers in Konohagakure, and a moderately cantankerous war hawk who was Hiruzen's rival whom he consequently opposed along with the other Hokage for placing world peace above their village's best interests.[ ch. 285 ] As Hiruzen obtained the Third Hokage title, Danzo uses the Foundation and his own personal Root black ops to secretly oversee their village's security along with his personal goal to become a Hokage.[ ch. 298 ] This led to Danzo being responsible for events that included Kabuto's defection and orchestrating the Uchiha Massacre. The latter event result in him having the transplanted right eye of Shisui Uchiha, whom he killed, along with having Orochimaru using Shin's genetic makeup to graft Danzo's right arm with a large number of Sharingan eyes and Hashirama's cells. Following Pain's attack devastating Konohagakure, Danzo took advantage of Tsunade's coma in convincing the Fire Country's feudal lord to make him Acting Candidate Sixth Hokage (六代目火影候補, Rokudaime Hokage Kouho) and uses his position to decree Sasuke a wanted criminal before attaining the Five Kage summit to convince the formation of the Shinobi alliance with himself as its leader. But the plan fails as Danzo ends up being fatally wounded after being forced to fight Sasuke, using the last of his strength in an attempted sealing jutsu on his killer and Obito.[ ch. 481 ] Though the jutsu failed, Danzō destroyed Shisui's Sharingan to ensure Tobi would not obtain it. With Danzo's death, the Foundation was disbanded in the aftermath of the Fourth Great Ninja War with its members allowed to live in peace while integrating back into society. In the Japanese anime he is voiced by Hiroshi Ito and in the English version he is voiced by William Frederick Knight except in Rock Lee and His Ninja Pals, where he is voiced by Richard Epcar . [95] [96]
Hanzō (半蔵, Hanzō), also known as Hanzō of the Salamander (山椒魚の半蔵, Sanshōuo no Hanzō), was a legendary shinobi, and the leader of Amegakure during his lifetime.
He defeated Konoha's Sannin effortlessly, and practically murdered thousands of shinobi and samurai, including Yahiko, which partly caused Akatsuki's violent reborn.
Rin Nohara
Kushina Uzumaki
Shisui Uchiha
The characters of Naruto have received both praise and criticism from publications dedicated to anime, manga, and other media. Active Anime lauded the characters for not being "simple cardboard cut-out characters" due to their "fleshed out personalities" and "underlying dramatic motivations", and praised the "deeply moving emotional trials" they undergo over the course of the series. [97] Adam Cook of Anime Boredom agreed with this assessment, extolling the characters as "well rounded" and "imaginative", and celebrated how the characters allowed the series to successfully incorporate comedy, action, and drama together in a believable manner. [98] A review from Derrick Tucker, also of THEM Anime Reviews offered a positive view, commenting that Naruto Uzumaki combined the finer values of his shōnen predecessors, but lamented how the characters' personalities tended to fall between Naruto's "charisma and coolness" and Sasuke's "blandness", making it difficult to think about the characters on "any deep or meaningful level". [4] Justin Rich of the entertainment website Mania asserted that the series lacked the "tremendous depth in it's [sic] characters" or "the most flushed out backgrounds" seen in other shōnen series, and believed the primary strength of the series was the fighting. [5]
The visual appearances of the characters in the anime and manga have also received notice from reviewers. Carl Kimlinger of Anime News Network praised the characters' "distinctive clothing, hair, faces and personalities" that made them easily identifiable, as well as Kishimoto's "clear eye for geography, movement and the human form" and "impeccable visual timing". [6] Tucker, on the other hand, described Kishimoto as "an average artist at best" and derided the poor transition of his artistic style into animation. [3] Despite this, he admitted that when the animators were at their best, they produced "artistic renderings that leave little to be desired on the part of fans of the manga", but ultimately concluded the animation was "a mixed bag". [4]
^ a b Uzumaki: the Art of Naruto, p. 138
^ a b c Uzumaki: the Art of Naruto, p. 139
^ Uzumaki: the Art of Naruto, p. 141
^ a b Uzumaki Clan: the Art of Naruto, p. 142
^ Uzumaki: the Art of Naruto, pp. 112–114
^ Uzumaki: the Art of Naruto, p. 118
Kishimoto, Masashi (2007). Uzumaki: the Art of Naruto. Viz Media. p. 122. ISBN
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Studio Pierrot (February 11, 2006). "Genin Takedown! All Nine Rookies Face Off!". Naruto. Cartoon Network.
Studio Pierrot (April 15, 2006). "The Chunin Exam Stage 2: The Forest of Death". Naruto. Cartoon Network.
"Ketchup Mania, Yuu Asakawa & Showtaro Morikubo Break Up" . Anime News Network. Archived from the original on August 31, 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
Studio Pierrot (June 29, 2005). "サクラの決意". Naruto. Episode 141. TV Tokyo.
Studio Pierrot (March 8, 2007). "Setting Off". Naruto. Episode 220. TV Tokyo.
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Studio Pierrot (December 3, 2003). "死角ゼロ!もうひとつの絶対防御". Naruto. Episode 61. TV Tokyo.
Studio Pierrot (January 28, 2006). "Identify Yourself: Powerful New Rivals". Naruto. Cartoon Network.
"91.8 The Fan's Weekly Schedule — April 19th, 2010" (Press release). Anime News Network. April 19, 2010. Archived from the original on April 23, 2010. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
Studio Pierrot (July 12, 2006). "Viva Dojo challenge! Youth is an explosion". Naruto. Episode 193. TV Tokyo.
^ a b Uzumaki: the Art of Naruto, p. 143
Studio Pierrot (March 6, 2003). "気合い120% ナウでロックな挑戦状!". Naruto. TV Tokyo.
Studio Pierrot (February 4, 2006). "Chunin Challenge: Rock Lee vs. Sasuke!". Naruto. Cartoon Network.
^ Uzumaki: the Art of Naruto, p. 127
"Liam O'Brien Guest of Honour At Eirtakon 2011" (Press release). Anime News Network. April 14, 2011. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
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"Kankuro" . Behind the voice actors. Archived from the original on February 3, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
^ Boruto: Naruto Next Generation Episode 33
Gan, Sheuo Hui (2013). "Auteur and Anime as Seen in the Naruto TV Series". In Berndt, Jacqueline; Kümmerling-Meibauer, Bettina (eds.). Manga's Cultural Crossroads. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis . p. 236. ISBN
^ Uzumaki: the Art of Naruto, p. 128
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"Anime USA Announces Laura Bailey and Travis Willingham" (Press release). Anime News Network. April 24, 2011. Archived from the original on February 28, 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
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^ Naruto: The Seventh Hokage and the Scarlet Springs, 700+10
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Kishimoto, Masashi (December 4, 2009). NARUTO―ナルト―[秘伝·皆の書]オフィシャルプレミアムファンBOOK (in Japanese). Japan: Shueisha. pp. 74–81. ISBN
Studio Pierrot (October 29, 2003). "生か死か!?免許皆伝は命懸け!". Naruto. TV Tokyo.
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Kishimoto, Masashi (2007). Uzumaki: the Art of Naruto. Viz Media . ISBN
Naruto manga volumes by Kishimoto, Masashi . Original Japanese version published by Shueisha . English translation published by Viz Media .
Vol. 1 (ch. 1–7):
うずまきナルト!!. March 3, 2000.
ISBN 978-4-08-872840-7 . (in Japanese). and The Tests of the Ninja. August 6, 2003.
最悪の依頼人. June 2, 2000.
ISBN 978-4-08-872878-0 . (in Japanese). and The Worst Client. December 17, 2003.
夢の為に...!!. August 4, 2000.
ISBN 978-4-08-872898-8 . (in Japanese). and Bridge of Courage. April 14, 2004.
英雄の橋!!. October 4, 2000.
ISBN 978-4-08-873026-4 . (in Japanese). and The New Opponents. August 3, 2004.
挑戦者たち!!. October 4, 2000.
ISBN 978-4-08-873050-9 . (in Japanese). and Exam Hell. December 7, 2004.
サクラの決意!!. March 2, 2001.
ISBN 978-4-08-873089-9 . (in Japanese). and The Forest of Death. April 5, 2005.
進むべき道...!!. May 1, 2001.
ISBN 978-4-08-873113-1 . (in Japanese). and Orochimaru's Curse. August 2, 2005.
命懸けの戦い!!. August 3, 2001.
ネジとヒナタ. October 4, 2001.
ISBN 978-4-08-873174-2 . (in Japanese). and Turning the Tables. March 7, 2006.
立派な忍者...!!. December 4, 2001.
ISBN 978-4-08-873197-1 . (in Japanese). and A Splendid Ninja. June 6, 2006.
弟子入り志願 !?. March 4, 2002.
大いなる飛翔!!. May 1, 2002.
ISBN 978-4-08-873259-6 . (in Japanese). and The Great Flight. December 5, 2006.
ISBN 978-4-08-873298-5 . (in Japanese). and The Chûnin Exam, Concluded...!!. March 6, 2007.
火影VS火影!!. November 1, 2002.
ISBN 978-4-08-873341-8 . (in Japanese). and Hokage vs. Hokage!!. May 1, 2007.
ナルト忍法帖!!. December 20, 2002.
ISBN 978-4-08-873368-5 . (in Japanese). and Naruto's Ninja Handbook!. July 3, 2007.
ISBN 978-4-08-873394-4 . (in Japanese). and Eulogy. September 4, 2007.
イタチの能力!!. May 1, 2003.
ISBN 978-4-08-873420-0 . (in Japanese). and Itachi's Power. September 4, 2007.
綱手の決意!!. August 4, 2003.
ISBN 978-4-08-873493-4 . (in Japanese). and Tsunade's Choice. September 4, 2007.
受け継ぐ者. November 11, 2003.
ナルトvsサスケ!!. December 19, 2003.
ISBN 978-4-08-873552-8 . (in Japanese). and Naruto vs. Sasuke. October 2, 2007.
許せない!!. March 4, 2004.
転生...!!. April 30, 2004.
苦境...!!. August 4, 2004.
ピンチ·ピンチ·ピンチ!!. October 4, 2004.
ISBN 978-4-08-873660-0 . (in Japanese). and Unorthodox. November 6, 2007.
兄と弟. December 3, 2004.
別れの日...!!. February 4, 2005.
旅立ちの日!!. April 4, 2005.
ナルトの帰郷!!. June 3, 2005.
カカシVSイタチ!!. August 4, 2005.
ISBN 978-4-08-873849-9 . (in Japanese). and Kakashi vs. Itachi!!. May 6, 2008.
チヨバアとサクラ. November 4, 2005.
ISBN 978-4-08-873881-9 . (in Japanese). and Puppet Masters. July 1, 2008.
託された想い!!. December 26, 2005.
ISBN 978-4-08-874002-7 . (in Japanese). and Final Battle. September 2, 2008.
サスケへの道!!. April 4, 2006.
ISBN 978-4-08-874039-3 . (in Japanese). and The Search for Sasuke. November 4, 2008.
極秘任務...!!. June 2, 2006.
ISBN 978-4-08-874108-6 . (in Japanese). and The Secret Mission. December 16, 2008.
再会の時...!!. August 4, 2006.
ISBN 978-4-08-874138-3 . (in Japanese). and The Reunion. February 3, 2009.
新たなる二人組!!. November 2, 2006.
ISBN 978-4-08-874273-1 . (in Japanese). and The New Two. February 3, 2009.
第十班. December 27, 2006.
ISBN 978-4-08-874288-5 . (in Japanese). and Cell Number 10. February 3, 2009.
シカマルの戦い!!. April 4, 2007.
ISBN 978-4-08-874338-7 . (in Japanese). and Shikamaru's Battle. February 3, 2009.
修業の成果...!!. June 4, 2007.
ISBN 978-4-08-874364-6 . (in Japanese). and Practice Makes Perfect. February 3, 2009.
動き出す者たち. August 3, 2007.
ISBN 978-4-08-874397-4 . (in Japanese). and On the Move. February 3, 2009.
究極芸術!!. August 3, 2007.
ISBN 978-4-08-874432-2 . (in Japanese). and The Ultimate Art. November 2, 2007.
自来也の選択!!. February 4, 2008.
ISBN 978-4-08-874472-8 . (in Japanese). and Jiraiya's Decision. February 3, 2009.
万華鏡の秘密...!!. May 2, 2008.
ISBN 978-4-08-874512-1 . (in Japanese). and The Secret of the Mangekyo. April 7, 2009.
真実を知る者. August 4, 2008.
ISBN 978-4-08-874552-7 . (in Japanese). and The Man with the Truth. April 7, 2009.
仙術伝承...!!. November 4, 2008.
ISBN 978-4-08-874589-3 . (in Japanese). and Senjutsu Heir. April 7, 2009.
ISBN 978-4-08-874627-2 . (in Japanese). and Battlefield, Konoha. July 7, 2009.
ナルト帰還!!. May 1, 2009.
ISBN 978-4-08-874663-0 . (in Japanese). and Naruto Returns. October 6, 2009.
封印破壊!!. August 4, 2009.
ISBN 978-4-08-874711-8 . (in Japanese). and The Seal Destroyed. February 2, 2010.
歓呼の里!!. November 4, 2009.
ISBN 978-4-08-874748-4 . (in Japanese). and The Cheering Village. June 1, 2010.
ISBN 978-4-08-874784-2 . (in Japanese). and The Gokage Summit Commences!!. October 5, 2010.
水牢の死闘!!. March 4, 2010.
ISBN 978-4-08-870011-3 . (in Japanese). and Water Prison Death Match. February 1, 2011.
サスケVSダンゾウ...!!. April 30, 2010.
ISBN 978-4-08-870033-5 . (in Japanese). and Sasuke vs. Danzo...!!. June 7, 2011.
それぞれの第七班!!. August 4, 2010.
ISBN 978-4-08-870084-7 . (in Japanese). and Cell Seven Reunion!!. September 6, 2011.
ナルトの出生. November 4, 2010.
ISBN 978-4-08-870126-4 . (in Japanese). and The Birth of Naruto. December 6, 2011.
平和への懸け橋. December 29, 2010.
ISBN 978-4-08-870143-1 . (in Japanese). and The Bridge to Peace. January 3, 2012.
Vol. 55 (ch. 515–524):
大戦、開戦!. April 21, 2011.
ISBN 978-4-08-870185-1 . (in Japanese). and Start of the Great War!. March 6, 2012.
Vol. 56 (ch. 525–534):
再会、アスマ班!. June 3, 2011.
ISBN 978-4-08-870218-6 . (in Japanese). and Team Asuma Reunites!. May 8, 2012.
ナルト戦場へ...!!. August 4, 2011.
ISBN 978-4-08-870271-1 . (in Japanese). and Naruto Heads to the Battlefield...!!. July 3, 2012.
ナルトVSイタチ!!. November 4, 2011.
ISBN 978-4-08-870302-2 . (in Japanese).and Naruto vs. Itachi!!. September 4, 2012.
五影集結...!!. February 3, 2012.
ISBN 978-4-08-870368-8 . (in Japanese) and Gathering of the Gokage...!! November 6, 2012.
九喇嘛!!. May 5, 2012.
Vol. 61 (ch. 576–587):
兄弟、共闘!!. July 27, 2012
ISBN 978-4-08-870477-7 (in Japanese) and Uchiha Brothers United Front May 3, 2013.
皹. October 4, 2012
ISBN 978-4-08-870515-6 (in Japanese) and The Crack August 6, 2013.
皹. December 28, 2012
ISBN 978-4-08-870550-7 (in Japanese) and World of Dreams November 5, 2013.
十尾. April 4, 2013
ISBN 978-4-08-870628-3 (in Japanese) and Ten Tails January 7, 2014.
柱間とマダラ. July 4, 2013
ISBN 978-4-08-870661-0 (in Japanese). and Hashirama and Madara April 1, 2014. 978-1-4215-6455-5 (in English).
Vol. 66 (ch. 628–637):
新たなる三竦み. September 4, 2013
ISBN 978-4-08-870801-0 (in Japanese). The New Three. July 1, 2014. 978-1-4215-6948-2 (in English)
Vol. 67 (ch. 638–647):
突破口. December 4, 2013
Vol. 68 (ch. 648–657):
轍. March 4, 2014
Vol. 69 (ch. 658–668):
紅き春の始まり. May 2, 2014
ISBN 978-4-08-880054-7 . (in Japanese). The Start of a Crimson Spring. March 3, 2015. 978-1-4215-7856-9
Vol. 70 (ch. 669–679):
ナルトと六道仙人...!!. August 4, 2014
ISBN 978-4-08-880151-3 . (in Japanese). Naruto and the Sage of the Six Paths.
Vol. 71 (ch. 680–690):
大好きだ. November 4, 2014
ISBN 978-4-08-880208-4 (in Japanese)
うずまきナルト!!. February 4, 2015
ISBN 978-4-08-880220-6 (in Japanese)
List of Naruto characters
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4 | naruto the movie ninja clash in the land of snow (2004) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto_the_Movie:_Ninja_Clash_in_the_Land_of_Snow | Naruto the Movie: Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow
23 languages
2004 Japanese film
Naruto the Movie: Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow
Japanese film poster
Directed by
Tensai Okamura
Written by
Katsuyuki Sumisawa
Based on
¥1.37 billion
(US$11.1 million)
Naruto the Movie: Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow (劇場版
NARUTO
ナルト
大活劇! 雪姫忍法帖だってばよ!!, Gekijō-ban Naruto: Daikatsugeki! Yukihime Ninpōchō Dattebayo!!, lit. "Theatrical Feature Naruto: Great Action Scene! Snow Princess' Book of Ninja Arts") is a 2004 anime martial arts fantasy adventure film based on Masashi Kishimoto 's manga and anime Naruto . It was released in Japan on August 21, 2004. The film is set after episode 101. In the United States, the film aired on Cartoon Network on September 8, 2007. The ending song Home Sweet Home is performed by Yuki Isoya . The English adaptation replaced the song with Jeremy Sweet's "Never Give Up", due to licensing restrictions.
In the film, Naruto Uzumaki and his ninja team work on a bodyguard mission to protect Princess Yukie Fujikaze, who is posing as a film actress.
An original video animation , Konoha Annual Sports Festival (木ノ葉運動会 Konoha Undōkai), was included with the Japanese release of the film. The film grossed US$11.1 million in the box offices and received generally positive reviews from critics for its focus on its animation and well-executed action sequences despite the character Yukie Fujikaze often being seen as the least interesting character presented.
Naruto Uzumaki , Sasuke Uchiha and Sakura Haruno watch a film starring Yukie Fujikaze, in a local cinema. Kakashi Hatake has summoned them to watch it as preparation for their next mission: to prevent Yukie, who plays Princess Gale in the films, from being captured during production of her latest film. Yukie is later revealed to be Koyuki Kazahana, a princess from an island known as the Land of Snow. Doto Kazahana, who is revealed to be Koyuki's uncle, was responsible for the murder of her father Sosetsu in a coup d'etat .
During the shooting of the film, Doto's henchmen, wearing chakra armor, attempt to capture the princess, but Team 7 manages to delay the princess from being captured. Doto eventually captures Koyuki and kills her bodyguards, who reveal themselves in an attempt to protect and restore her rightful place as the ruler of the Land of Snow. Naruto enters the ship to rescue the princess, only to be captured and forced to wear a chakra-draining device. Doto forces Koyuki to hand over a crystal necklace her father had given her when she was young, thinking that this is a key that can unlock the hidden treasure Sosetsu had left behind before detaining both Koyuki and Naruto.
Sasuke, Sakura and Kakashi infiltrate the fortress while Naruto and Koyuki escape from captivity. They confront Doto but he manages to capture the crystal necklace and flees with Koyuki. Naruto proceeds to follow Doto while the remaining members of Team 7 confront Doto's henchmen. Kakashi gets his revenge by defeating Doto's henchman Nadare Roga, while Sasuke and Sakura defeat the other two henchmen Fubuki Kakuyoku and Mizore Fuyukuma. Meanwhile, Doto discovers the hidden treasure to transform the island into the Land of Spring using a heat generator.
Naruto confronts him in a duel, but gets overpowered while Sasuke uses his Chidori (千鳥, lit. "One Thousand Birds") to weaken Doto's armour. Soon after, Naruto releases his energy and uses his new Seven Colored Chakra Rasengan, killing Doto and activating a mirror to transform the land. In the aftermath, Koyuki decides to reclaim her rightful place of royalty and even mentions personally with Team 7 that even in the life of royalty, her acting career will not end. Soon after the adventure, Naruto receives an envelope by Sasuke and Sakura with a picture of him and Yukie signed by Yukie/Koyuki where they get ready to embark on a new adventure together as Team 7.
Voice actress Junko Takeuchi expressed difficulties in voicing Naruto Uzumaki.
The film was originally released in Japan on August 21, 2004. It was later released on DVD on April 28, 2005. The film was released in 160 theaters in the United States as a one-day showing on June 6, 2007 courtesy of Fathom Events . [2] [3] Fifty theaters in Canada would see a one-day showing on June 23, 2007. [4] Madman Entertainment did a special one-day theater release in Australia on October 14, 2007. [5] In 2007, the film was shown at the Fantasia Festival and in the British Museum . [6] [7] The film grossed $11,141,307 in the box offices. [8]
The film uses most of the voice actors from the original television series with Junko Takeuchi returning as the role of the protagonist, Naruto Uzumaki. In contrast to the TV series, Takeuchi found this incarnation of the character to be more challenging to portray. She noticed multiple scenes where she had to yell such as when Naruto runs away from a train while holding Yukie. However, she felt that Naruto continued standing out as a character despite his young age such as when often talks about his ideals of not giving up to achieve his missions which contrast to her early skeptical views on him. Kakashi Hatake 's voice actor Kazuhiko Inoue noted that he often assisted Takeuchi during recording of the movie in a similar manner to his character whose primary role is to support his students. As a result of the film being first recorded in Japanese, the actors expressed pressure and honor in delivering such roles. [9]
The DVD release debuted at rank 25 on Nielsen Videoscan . [10]
Instead of the OVA included with the Japanese release, the American release included a short featurette entitled World of Naruto, as well as a behind the scenes featurette afterwards with interviews with the main English cast and select members of the main Japanese cast. The OVA will, however, appear in the North American DVD release. The DVD was released on September 4, 2007. The film premiered on Cartoon Network on September 8, 2007. The film also played at Cineplex Odeon and Empire Theatres cinemas in Canada, distributed via Bell Satellite TV to play the film at all cinemas at the same time.
On November 13, 2007, a three-disc Deluxe Edition of the film was released. It has many extras and features that the standard DVD, released a few months earlier, did not include. It includes the ten-minute short "Konoha Annual Sports Festival" that was originally shown with the Japanese release of the film, the complete soundtrack to the movie, documentaries of the American voice recording of the movie, movie art postcards, and more.
Naruto the Movie: Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow received positive reviews from critics.
Helen McCarthy in 500 Essential Anime Movies calls it "a good introduction to the main themes of the series , with ideas of persistence, determination, believing in yourself, and never giving up", and praises setting and backgrounds, "with the frozen Northern landscapes looking especially good". [11] Active Anime stated that "Naruto the Movie is a lavish production and thrilling story that surpasses expectations." citing the multiple atmosphere which is reliable to the source material as a result of employing both dramatic and comical events. It was also praised based on its accessibility, [12]
Comic Book Bin gave it a 7 out of 10, citing major violence that is not balanced by the audience the film is meant for and felt the lead Koyuki might not come across as a likable character based on the multiple twists given to her identity and mission. Nevertheless, Comic Book Bin praised the action scenes which were found likeable alongside Pierrot's animation. [13] DVD Talk found the film enjoyable but lamented the main recurring heroes of the feature were often pushed aside in favor of the new characters. Nevertheless, the series praised the focus between Naruto and Yukie's relationship due to how similar they are and become closer in the narrative. [14]
Comic Book Resources listed the film as the third best Naruto movie based on the user's Rotten Tomatoes score. The site praised the portrayal of the main trio with focus on Sasuke Uchiha due to his lack of appearances in subsequent movies, the narrative in general as well as technology that provided a more unique type of setting. [15] In another article, the site found the animation and fights appealing and recommended it to the long time fans. [16]
"Madman Naruto Ninja" . Anime News Network. 10 September 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
Japanese Cast Interviews. Viz Media. 2007.
^ McCarthy, Helen . 500 Essential Anime Movies: The Ultimate Guide. — Harper Design, 2009. — P. 232. — 528 p. —
Further reading
External links
Animated series
Films
Naruto the Movie: Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow
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4 | naruto the movie ninja clash in the land of snow (2004) | https://naruto.fandom.com/wiki/Naruto_the_Movie:_Ninja_Clash_in_the_Land_of_Snow | Naruto the Movie: Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow
(劇場版 NARUTO -ナルト- 大活劇! 雪姫忍法帖だってばよ!!, Gekijōban Naruto Daikatsugeki! Yukihime Ninpōchō dattebayo!!)
Movie data
Naruto the Movie: Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow (劇場版 NARUTO -ナルト- 大活劇! 雪姫忍法帖だってばよ!!, Gekijōban Naruto Daikatsugeki! Yukihime Ninpōchō dattebayo!!, literally meaning: Naruto the Movie Great Action Scene! Snow Princess' Book of Ninja Arts) is a 2004 film which was directed by Tensai Okamura and written by Katsuyuki Sumisawa.
The movie was released on DVD on April 28, 2005. The film chronologically took place right after episode 101 " Gotta See! Gotta Know! Kakashi-Sensei's True Face! ". The ending song is called Home Sweet Home and is sung by Yuki Isoya. The English version replaced this song with "Never Give Up" by Jeremy Sweet due to licensing restrictions. As a bonus, the short and non-canonical OVA, Konoha Annual Sports Festival! , was included with the Japanese release of the film.
Instead of the OVA included with the Japanese release, the American release included a short featurette entitled "World of Naruto", as well as a behind-the-scenes featurette afterwards with interviews with the main English cast and select members of the main Japanese cast. The OVA did, however, appear in the U.S. DVD release. The DVD was released September 4, 2007.
Plot[
The movie begins with a heroine previously unknown in the Naruto continuity: Princess Fūn (Princess Gale in the US version). Fūn's nemesis, Mao, challenged her group with an army of undead soldiers. His dark intentions seemed to prevail; that is, until Princess Fūn and her cohorts, Shishimaru, Brit, and Tsukuyaku, unleashed the power of the Seven-Colour Chakra upon him. They saved the day, and Naruto , watching from afar, couldn't have been more elated.
As it turned out, Naruto was actually watching the scene in a movie, as was the rest of Team 7 . However, the audience of the movie began to throw objects at the team for making so much noise whilst arguing with the cinema manager. As the team is forced to leave the theatre without being able to see the ending, suddenly the actress who played Princess Fūn, Yukie Fujikaze passes by on horse, being chased by armoured men on horses as well. As Naruto, Sakura and Sasuke manage to easily defeat the attackers, it turns out that they were actually stuntmen disguised as bodyguards, led by Yukie's manager, Sandayū Asama . As Kakashi comes in to inform them of this misunderstanding, he reveals that he had sent them to watch it as preparation for their next mission: to escort Yukie while the crew made the next movie in the Land of Snow . As it turned out, Yukie was actually the princess of the Land of Snow, Koyuki Kazahana. The land had been taken over by her uncle, Dotō Kazahana and his three-man-team of rogue ninja when she was a child. Dotō wanted Yukie's crystal necklace in order to unlock the Land of Snow 's treasure, which Yukie's father , the daimyō had hidden before being assassinated. As many citizens doubted she had survived, apparently Kakashi was responsible for her rescue during the day of the revolt. Sandayū would eventually find her on stage one day and considered himself lucky to have become her manager. After the discussion, the director would decide that the filming would continue, intrigued by the idea of having a real princess play the princess in the movie.
Eventually, Dotō would arrive with his team and some ninja subordinates by train after melting the ice that covered the tracks to an old railway system. As Sandayū, who leads a group of 50 samurai attempt to charge after them, the mortar-mounted compartments release huge waves of kunai massacring the entire brigade. Sandayū, clinging on to life passes away after telling Yukie not to cry for him. Suddenly, Dotō's blimp manages to capture Yukie and flies away, but not before Naruto manages to cling on with a kunai attached rope. As the two are taken to his mansion, Kakashi, Sasuke and Sakura eventually regroup with them. After various battles between Team 7 and the rogue ninja, resulting in the death of all of the latter and Nadare , Dotō succeeded in obtaining Yukie's crystal necklace, only to discover that the "treasure" of the Land of Snow is a generator designed to melt the snow and thus bring Spring to the snow country. After a confrontation with Sasuke and Naruto, Dotō was then killed by Naruto with his Rasengan in a manner reminiscent of Princess Fūn's defeat of Mao, involving " rainbow chakra ".
With the rogue ninja all gone, Yukie decided to resume her position as the princess of the Land of Snow, which would eventually become the Land of Spring after the technology behind the generator was perfected. Despite being a princess, Yukie intended to continue her role as an actress. At the very end of the movie, Naruto, who had desperately wanted an autograph from the actress, was given an envelope from Sasuke afterwards, who received shocked looks from the other members of Team 7, including Naruto himself. Inside the envelope was a signed photograph from Yukie. The picture was of a bandaged up (and apparently unconscious) Naruto in the hospital, who was receiving a tender kiss on the cheek from the actress.
At the end of the credits, the crew that had made the Princess Fūn movie said cut, and all cheered in unison.
Print Versions[
As with many movies in the series, Naruto the Movie: Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow is also available in several print versions:
An ani-manga version. It was released in Japan on December 3, 2004 ( ISBN 978-4-08-873727-0 ) and in the US on October 15, 2007 ( ISBN 978-1-4215-1868-8 ).
A light novel adaptation written by Masatoshi Kusakabe. It was released in Japan on August 23, 2004 ( ISBN 978-4-08-703143-0 ).
Trivia[
This movie chronologically takes place in between episodes 101 and 102 of the original Naruto anime.
The characters and setting of "The Adventures of Princess Fūn" paid homage to the Chinese novel, " Journey to the West ".
Princess Fūn is a take-off of Xuanzang the priest.
Tsukuyaku is a take-off of Sun Wukong the monkey.
Shishimaru is a take-off of Zhu Bajie the pig-monster.
Brit is a take-off of Sha Wujing the water-demon.
This movie reinforced the notion that Naruto takes place in a modernised age, due to the existence of a movie theatre and cars.
This movie also reveals Kakashi as an Anbu, saving a younger Princess Koyuki from the burning palace.
In this movie it is shown that Kakashi sees Naruto use Rasengan. But in episode 108 of the Naruto series, it is shown like Kakashi sees Naruto use the Rasengan for the first time.
At the end of the movie, Yukie hints that Jiraiya 's novel Icha Icha Paradise will be adapted into a film with her playing the lead role.
Naruto Shippūden
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4 | naruto the movie ninja clash in the land of snow (2004) | https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Naruto-the-Movie-Ninja-Clash-in-the-Land-of-Snow/0FRYYEYM96SL6QZRX2OGYJVW4I | Naruto the Movie: Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow
Naruto and his team are sent on a mission to guard Yukie Fujikaze, a popular actress starring in the hit movie “The Adventures of Princess Gale.”
IMDb 6.61 h 22 min200413+
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4 | naruto the movie ninja clash in the land of snow (2004) | https://naruto.fandom.com/wiki/Naruto_Uzumaki | The Show-Off, Number One Unpredictable, Noisy Ninja (目立ちたがり屋で意外性No.1のドタバタ忍者, Medachitagariya de Igaisei Nanbā Wan no Dotabata Ninja, English TV: Number One Hyperactive, Knucklehead Ninja) [8]
Hero of the Hidden Leaf (木ノ葉隠れの英雄, Konohagakure no Eiyū, literally meaning: Hero of the Hidden Tree Leaves) [10]
Boy of Miracles (奇跡を起こす少年, Kiseki o Okosu Shōnen) [11]
Konoha's Orange Hokage (木ノ葉のオレンジ火影, Konoha no Orenji Hokage, literally meaning: Tree Leaves' Orange Fire Shadow) [12]
Seventh Hokage (七代目火影, Nanadaime Hokage, literally meaning: Seventh Fire Shadow) [13]
Fox (狐, Kitsune)
Voice Actors
Status
Incapacitated
Height
Part I: 145.3 cm1.453 m <br />4.767 ft <br />57.205 in <br />–147.5 cm1.475 m <br />4.839 ft <br />58.071 in <br />
Part II: 166 cm1.66 m <br />5.446 ft <br />65.354 in <br />
Blank Period: 180 cm1.8 m <br />5.906 ft <br />70.866 in <br />
Weight
Part I: 40.1 kg88.405 lb <br />–40.6 kg89.508 lb <br />
Part II: 50.9 kg112.215 lb <br />
Blood type
Contents
Naruto, newborn with his mother Kushina.
Naruto was born on the night of October 10th to Minato Namikaze (the Fourth Hokage) and Kushina Uzumaki (the second jinchūriki of the Nine-Tails). He was named after Naruto Musasabi , the protagonist of Jiraiya 's first book , which made the Sannin his godfather. [14] The Third Hokage made special arrangements for Minato to preserve Kushina's seal containing the Nine-Tails while she gave birth to Naruto in a remote location, assisted by midwives and Anbu . A masked man, Tobi , tracked down their location, however, killed the midwives and Anbu, and captured Naruto, forcing Minato to quickly rescue him and teleport him to a safe house .
Minato and Kushina protect Naruto from the Nine-Tails.
With Minato gone, Tobi captured Kushina and released the Nine-Tails from her, using it to devastate Konoha . [15] Minato saved Kushina and left Naruto in her care before he went to protect the village, [16] eventually defeating Tobi and freeing the Nine-Tails from Tobi's control. Returning to Naruto and Kushina's location, Minato realised the only way to stop the Nine-Tails was to seal it within Naruto, believing that his son would someday need the fox's power to defeat Tobi when he returned. [17] Since the Nine-Tails' chakra was too immense to be sealed into an infant, Minato sacrificed his soul to split the fox's chakra in half, sealing the Yin half within himself and the Yang half within Naruto. After telling Naruto how much they loved him, Minato and Kushina succumbed to their wounds from protecting their son from the Nine-Tails and passed away.
Orphaned, and not having anyone else to provide for him, Naruto received monthly income from the village in order to afford daily necessities. Naruto grew up not knowing who his parents were, receiving only his mother's surname, as Hiruzen wanted to protect Naruto from his father's enemies. [18] Minato's dying wish that Naruto be regarded as a hero was honoured by the very few who could put aside their pain and losses caused by the disaster, while the majority of Konoha, however having no knowledge of the circumstances surrounding his birth, openly ostracised and resented Naruto for containing the beast that devastated the village and took many lives; some even viewed Naruto as the Nine-Tails itself. Soon, the Third Hokage forbade anyone from mentioning the Nine-Tails, hoping that the younger generation would not blindly hate Naruto as their parents did. [19] However, Naruto's peers emulated their parents' hatred of him, despite not knowing why. This social isolation caused Naruto to crave acknowledgement, which he would gain by pulling pranks.
Naruto meets Hinata.
On the day of her enrolment in the Ninja Academy [20] - Naruto first met Hinata Hyūga , who was being picked on by three bullies. Despite not knowing her, Naruto immediately came to her defence, but he was outnumbered and knocked unconscious, and the bullies damaged his red scarf. When Naruto awoke, Hinata thanked him for helping her and returned his scarf to him, but he let her keep it. He was unaware that the girl's growing affection for him began at that moment. [21]
Naruto and Sasuke in the Academy.
In the Academy, Naruto became a student of Iruka Umino , who acted as a surrogate older brother to keep him in line and help him work harder. Naruto also met his classmate Sasuke Uchiha and tried to befriend him, since Sasuke was alone as well. Jealous of Sasuke's skills and popularity, however, [22] he developed a one-sided rivalry in his pursuit to prove himself just as good as, if not better than, Sasuke, wishing that someday, Sasuke would accept him as an equal. [23] Naruto also grew close with the owner of Ramen Ichiraku , Teuchi and his daughter Ayame , being welcomed as their favourite customer.
Personality[
Naruto's ninja registration photo.
Naruto is noted as boisterous, exuberant, and unorthodox, quite similar to Hashirama Senju . [24] He inherited his mother's verbal tic, as he ends his sentences with " Dattebayo! " (だってばよ!) when emotional. Though he responds best to competition and is not afraid to ask for assistance, Naruto is relatively naïve and slow to understand principles or situations. He often requires an oversimplified analogy in order to grasp explanations [25] and can even prove forgetful. [26] Naruto is aware of his faults and admits he acts strong to mask his embarrassment and frustration about them. [27] [28] Despite his naivety, Naruto can be quite observant, picking up on things others miss and retaining information casually gathered through conversation. [29]
Growing up as an orphan who suffered years of hatred and social isolation has influenced Naruto's character in a number of ways: he is heedless to formality and social standings, addressing certain people with nicknames instead of honourifics , although by the time of his adulthood, Naruto has slightly outgrown this trait. [30] [31] He has picky eating habits of ramen, his favourite food; he has a perverted side that manifests as attempts to peep into women's baths, although these moments are rare. [32] Despite his quirks and the criticism they earn him to the point of being labelled the ultimate problem child, Naruto is said to have a personality that draws people to him, [33] inspiring friendship and loyalty through acts of genuine kindness that could change a person's world view and thus built meaningful relationships that he lacked in early life; the Sage of Six Paths believes Naruto's kindness is a special gift that allows him to save Kurama from its hatred. [34] Naruto deeply cherishes these bonds and will go to great lengths to protect them, best seen with Sasuke after his defection from Konoha.
Another of Naruto's prominent traits is his desire for acknowledgement; his pranks around the village were for people to notice him, even if it meant by scolding him. Therefore, he dreamed of one day becoming Konoha's Hokage, the epitome of acknowledgement and respect from everyone in the village. [35] Knowing his dream is a long, arduous and seemingly impossible path, Naruto developed his own nindō of never going back on his word. This life-long philosophy serves as the cornerstone of Naruto's great self-confidence; he believes he can accomplish any goal with enough hard work and perseverance, no matter what. This trait guides him in many aspects of life, such as his promise to bring Sasuke back to Konoha. Over time, his goal to be Hokage grew from a desire for the acknowledgement of others to a desire to help and protect the people close to him, which Tobi attributed to the Will of Fire . [36] His nindō has since been reinforced by his understanding that shinobi were meant to endure through hardships. [37] His belief in hard work and perseverance made him detest shortcuts to achieving, as he disqualified his son from the Chūnin Exams for using the banned Kote , and expressed disgust at Momoshiki and Kinshiki Ōtsutsuki for their reliance on harvesting from Chakra Fruits to lazily gain power. [38]
After the death of his master Jiraiya , talking to his father Minato and listening to Nagato 's tragic story, Naruto grew to understand the destructive cycle of hatred and he vowed to break it in order to bring true peace to the world. [39] To that end, his participation in the Fourth Shinobi World War is not only to protect his friends but also to bear and erase the world's hatred all by himself. After encountering a reincarnated Itachi Uchiha , however, Naruto realises that he cannot handle everything alone and that he must allow his friends to support and fight alongside him. As he does so in war's climax, his fighting spirit inspires the Allied Shinobi Forces to join him and keep fighting to end the war as well, ultimately becoming an example for many people to admire, follow, and believe in. [40] [41]
Naruto becomes shy around Hinata.
Naruto first met Hinata Hyūga when they were children, where his open kindness and courageous spirit earned him her admiration, which grew into love. On his part, Naruto remained mostly oblivious to Hinata's feelings for him and even considered her "weird" because of her shyness around him and his socially ostracised childhood. However, that change during the Chūnin Exams in Part I when they began to interact more and support each other, causing Naruto to like her as a friend. [42] In Part II, as Hinata becomes willing to risk her life to protect Naruto, he, in turn, sees her as an actively strong person despite his speechlessness at her love confession. Naruto grew to love Hinata subconsciously. Still, he was unaware of it because he kept "fighting" for Sakura, which was just another way for him to compete with Sasuke. During The Last: Naruto the Movie , Naruto finally recognises the love that Hinata has always had for him, causing him to become more bashful and protective of her, just as she was for him. Realising that she alone has ever had faith in him and that she has always been there for him, he reciprocates her feelings and desires to be with her for the rest of his life. This new-found desire made him willing to make healthier lifestyle choices such as eating vegetables and reeling in his impulsiveness, something others have had little success with doing.
As an adult, Naruto becomes wiser and more mature, though he retains some of his negligence for honourifics. [43] Although he finally achieves his dream of becoming Hokage, its many tasks would often overwhelm Naruto to the point of him being unable to spend time with his family. He admits that part of this stems was from not having grown up with a father himself, making him unsure of how to interact appropriately with his children. [44] Naruto also tends to be more responsible in his duties as Hokage than as a father. Nevertheless, Naruto profoundly loves his family, as he creates shadow clones to tend to them while he's busy, protects them in times of danger, spends time with them when he can, and expresses pride in his children's successes. [38] He adopts Hiruzen's philosophy that everyone in the village is his family, believing that genuine relationships are made up of love rather than blood relations. [45] His refusal to give his son any special treatment due to their blood-relationships, along with the insistence that the boy professionally addresses him as "Seventh" or "Hokage" while in the office, is a testament of Naruto's lack of bias and prejudice. [38] Likewise, even in the face of people close to him committing horrible deeds, Naruto remains loyal to them, pushing aside his grief enough to see the nature of what they did. [46] However, after facing Momoshiki Ōtsutsuki and realising how his overly-committed nature serving the entire village was significantly affecting his own family's happiness, Naruto came to accept that he needed to give them more attention. As such, by allowing more help from others, Naruto was able to enjoy more time with his family, restoring the same healthy relationship he had with them before he became Hokage.
Dark Naruto[
"Dark Naruto" reveals himself in the waterfall.
Although he struggled to overcome the hatred of people and the shinobi world, seeking to achieve the peace that his master Jiraiya dreamed of so much, Naruto was also not free from his own hatred. When Naruto understands that it is necessary to definitively master the power of the Nine-Tails, he goes to the Island Turtle and discovers the Falls of Truth as part of the process. There, Naruto encounters his darker half: Dark Naruto (闇ナルト, Yami Naruto). [47] This was the personification of all of Naruto's negative feelings, such as the grudge he secretly still held against the villagers of Konoha who had always rejected him since childhood. Dark Naruto was the Nine-Tails' favourite aspect of Naruto, claiming him to be the "real" Naruto. No matter how much he resisted, the Nine-Tails would tap into the hatred that existed hidden in the depths of his heart. [48] Naruto's conclusion to dealing with his inner hatred was not to ignore him, but rather accept his existence, understanding that this same grudge was what made him get to where he was and value his entire journey up until that moment. [49] This whole process served as basis for Naruto to shape who he truly wanted to be from then on.
Appearance[
According to Jiraiya , Naruto strongly resembles his father : [50] he has yellow-blond, spiky hair and blue eyes, while inheriting the shape of his mother's eyes and face. [51] His trademark characteristics are the three whisker markings on his cheeks. During the Fourth Shinobi World War , Dan Katō initially mistook Naruto for Nawaki due to their stark resemblance. [52] Naruto was rather short for his age during Part I, [53] though he grew to be taller than Sakura in Part II. [54] Naruto originally wore green goggles on his forehead, though he discards them upon becoming a genin.
Naruto in Part II (left) and in Part I (right) respectively.
Naruto's appearance during his battle with Pain.
Naruto in the Blank Period.
Naruto in the New Era.
1/4
In Part I, Naruto wore an orange and blue jacket with a white collar, a white swirl with a tassel on the left side, and a red Uzumaki crest on the back. He also wore orange pants with a shuriken holster on his right knee, blue sandals, and a blue forehead protector , given to him by Iruka after graduating from the Academy. In Part II, Naruto wears a more form fitting outfit after wearing out his original one while training with Jiraiya, [55] with a T-shirt or mesh armour underneath. While retaining the swirls and orange pants, the blue pieces of his outfit changes to black: his forehead protector (which is now longer), sandals, and orange jacket, the black colour showing more prominence than the blue did originally. During his battle with Pain, Naruto briefly wore a short-sleeved red coat with a black flame pattern around the hem and carried a large scroll on his back.
Naruto lost his right arm after the Fourth Shinobi World War , though it is later replaced by a fully manoeuvrable prosthetic arm made of Hashirama Senju 's cells, wrapped completely in bandages. In The Last: Naruto the Movie , Naruto grew again to be one of the tallest of his graduating class, cut his hair short, and wore a black elastic forehead protector. Over his pants and sandals, he wears a black uniform jacket with an orange zipper and buttons on the waist and sleeves, which can be folded up at times. He has a red armband with an Uzumaki crest on his left arm. After becoming Hokage, Naruto dons a garment similar to his father's: a white cape that has a red flame pattern around the hem, is held together by a red rope, and has the kanji for "Seventh Hokage" (七代目火影, Nanadaime Hokage) written vertically down the back. Underneath this, he wears an orange sweatshirt with black stripes (reverse in the manga version of Boruto: Naruto Next Generations ), black pants and sandals. He occasionally wears the traditional Hokage headpiece, but has stopped wearing a forehead protector.
Abilities[
Naruto's combined senjutsu and tailed beast influence over his trademark techniques.
Originally, Naruto was a rather inept ninja, failing to graduate from the Academy three times. Through sheer determination and training however, his skills rapidly improved to defeat strong genin like Neji Hyūga , Gaara , and Kabuto Yakushi , earning acknowledgement from all the Sannin for his potential. [56] Under various tutelage, Naruto was able to defeat various members of Akatsuki , ultimately earning praise from Konohagakure as a Hokage-material hero. [57] Naruto's personally defeated various reincarnated Kage [58] and jinchūriki during the Fourth Shinobi World War, [59] with many believing he was the central key to winning the battle. [60] [61] [62] By adulthood, his prowess made him the Seventh Hokage, regarded as the strongest shinobi in history [63] and having command of overwhelming jutsu . [64] With the combined might of Sasuke Uchiha , noted as his only rival in power, [38] they are said to be able to destroy the world. [65] Together, they overpowered an empowered - Momoshiki Ōtsutsuki , and pushed Jigen 's body to its limit. Overall, he could compete against if not defeat world-threatening opponents, such as Obito Uchiha , Madara Uchiha , Kaguya Ōtsutsuki , and Toneri Ōtsutsuki , as well as fighting at his absolute peak managed to overwhelm Isshiki Ōtsutsuki .
Chakra and Physical Prowess[
Naruto sharing Kurama's chakra through physical contact.
As an Uzumaki and a reincarnation of Asura Ōtsutsuki , [66] Naruto has massive reserves of strong chakra . Even as a child, he had at least four times the amount of a seasoned Jōnin like Kakashi Hatake , [67] and described by Karin as "bright and warm". [68] His massive reserves also stem from becoming a jinchūriki at birth, where Minato ’s sealing jutsu allowed Kurama ’s immense chakra to naturally mix with Naruto's chakra over time. [69] [70] [71] His initial poor chakra control was offset by his sheer reserves, [72] which were large enough to endure three and a half days of constant battle against several powerful opponents. Only by the end of his battle against Sasuke did he show exhaustion, and even then could still fight to a standstill and eventual victory. [73] Naruto's control improved greatly over time; able to transfer his chakra to others, [74] and perform one-handed hand seals. [75] Being an Uzumaki, Naruto's powerful life-force grants him an extreme longevity, healing power, stamina, and vitality; [76] this allowed him to survive the extraction of a tailed beast, though he required aid from Sakura Haruno to stay alive. [77] Naruto also learned how to counter genjutsu from Jiraiya , but his ability to do so is limited. [78] In adulthood, Naruto's chakra is powerful enough to intimidate Kawaki into submission [79] and destroy high-level barriers simply by releasing a burst of it. [80] He could repel Shikamaru Nara 's Shadow Imitation Technique , a feat that no one else could do. [65] His chakra, when he combined it with his son's Vanishing Rasengan , turned it into a gigantic Ultra-Big Ball Rasengan able to kill the empowered Momoshiki Ōtsutsuki who tried to use a copy of the technique to defeat his. [81] His chakra reserves were also so vast that he was able to overload Delta 's Absorbing Eye with a continuous Rasengan-assault and still primed to defeat her. [82]
Naruto attacking Gaara with his Naruto Uzumaki Two Thousand Combo.
While naturally a short-range fighter, Naruto originally was inept at taijutsu , requiring unpredictable attacks to surprise combat experts like Kiba Inuzuka and Neji Hyūga. [83] [84] He often utilised shadow clones in large if not massive numbers to simply overwhelm his foes. [85] Although these tactics resumed later, Naruto becomes much more adept at taijutsu due to Jiraiya's training. [86] After Fukasaku 's tutelage, he could fend off a pair of expert kenjutsu users. [87] [88] [89] Two years after the war, Naruto's taijutsu prowess could best dozens of opponents without shadow clones or enhancements. [21] As Hokage, his taijutsu could pressure Momoshiki after he had absorbed Kinshiki Ōtsutsuki . [81] Naruto could even hold off Delta despite her extreme body modifications , ultimately controlling the pace of the battle to tire her out and gradually overwhelm her [90] to win despite being in the defensive. [82] His speed had also increased to the point where he could effortlessly catch up with Kawaki after he tried to escape from Naruto. [79] Likewise, in the anime, he is proven very resilient, able to take a point-blank blast from Kawaki's modifications unfazed. [91]
Body Modifications[
Naruto's prototype Absorbing Hand.
After losing his right arm during his final battle with Sasuke, Tsunade cultured an artificial prosthesis for him using the cells of Hashirama Senju . As his body and the prosthesis arms are only connected through his chakra itself he can easily remove and replace them. [92] After Momoshiki's defeat, Naruto took inspiration from his chakra absorption technique and had Katasuke Tōno and the Scientific Ninja Weapons Team modifiy the arm further with mechanical features. With it, Naruto is able to neutralise and even absorb enemy techniques, though they have yet to replicate Momoshiki's ability to discharge them as a counterattack. [92]
Jinchūriki Transformations[
Naruto's Version 1 form.
Originally as the jinchūriki of Kurama 's Yang half, Naruto had access to massive reserves of exceptionally powerful chakra, which was at least a hundredfold greater than Kakashi's. [67] These chakra levels were increased even further when the Yin half of Kurama was reunited with the Yang half inside of Naruto. Due to his Uzumaki lineage and being Kurama's jinchūriki for essentially his entire life, Naruto's chakra had become naturally compatible with the fox's, [93] allowing him to perform several chakra-taxing techniques unhindered. Originally, he could only access Kurama's chakra in times of great anger. It enhanced Naruto's abilities, but the fox's negative influence made Naruto more aggressive. While essentially remaining himself when accessing a Version 1 state, manifesting four tails would trigger Version 2 state, which made him lose control and would gradually turn into even more feral forms, requiring outside assistance to suppress Kurama's power and regain control, prompting him to avoid relying on the fox's power whenever possible. By the end of the Fourth Great Shinobi War, he could access his Version 1 form without any loss in his mentality. [94]
Naruto transforming from his Nine-Tails Chakra Mode into his Kurama Mode.
Realising he could not avoid using Kurama's power, Naruto sought to control it with help from Killer B , a jinchūriki who had fully mastered the power of Gyūki . Upon succeeding and taking most of Kurama's chakra, Naruto attained the Nine-Tails Chakra Mode , which greatly increased his physical parameters. Naruto can also detect negative emotions in this mode, and use Tailed Beast Chakra Arms from any part of his body as he pleases, as well as form Tailed Beast Balls from them. As he didn't have Kurama's cooperation, Naruto needed to exercise extreme caution while using the form, as the chakra exchange could cost him his life. Eventually, when Kurama acknowledged Naruto's life-long strength of character and Naruto learned the fox's true name, their new-found friendship granted Naruto access to its full power , which further increased his physical parameters and with no drawbacks. This also increased his resilience to such degrees to the point where he could survive the Ten-Tails ' Tenpenchii and endure Toneri's Golden Wheel Reincarnation Explosion — which was able to cut the Moon in half — with no visible signs of damage. This cooperation of Kurama also provides Naruto with an immediate resistance from genjutsu . Two years later, he could store Kurama's chakra within his arm to deliver powerful punches capable of creating massive craters on the Moon and depower Toneri from his Tenseigan Chakra Mode to his normal state, as well as block the latter's Golden Wheel Reincarnation Explosion.
Naruto's Tailed Beast Mode.
Failing to transform into a replica of Kurama at first, Naruto instead achieved a Tailed Beast Mode in the unique form of a life-sized transparent avatar of chakra. In it, he could create Tailed Beast Balls and revitalise the life-forces of any he touches physically or with the avatar, [95] [96] heal nearly any wounds, [38] or grant them temporarily chakra-cloaks. [97] After he became the jinchūriki of Kurama's complete self, Naruto is able to manifest the demon fox outside himself for a period akin to summoning, allowing both to fight as separate entities. During the endgame of the Fourth Shinobi World War, Naruto received chakra from the other tailed beasts, [98] which greatly increased his chakra reserves even further and allowed him to access their unique abilities himself, such as Shukaku 's sand manipulation, Saiken 's soap bubble ninjutsu and ability to emit corrosive liquids , Chōmei 's scale powder , or Gyūki 's ink creation , and infuse them into his own techniques . With the infusion of all nine of the tailed beasts' respective chakra inside of him, Naruto has become a medium to connect all the tailed beasts to communicate with each other [99] and made him a human pillar for the power of the Ten-Tails . [100]
Naruto's Baryon Mode.
In the most dire of situations, Naruto is able to access a deep level of Kurama's power, Baryon Mode . In this state, his facial features become even more akin to Kurama with nine blazing chakra tails which he can use in a similar manner to Tailed Beast Chakra Arms to catch and bind opponents or objects and deflect attacks . He also displayed the ability to use these chakra tails to form a protective shield around something or someone. [101] In a process similar to nuclear fusion , Naruto's and Kurama 's chakra are consumed as raw materials to produce a new type of energy. When in use, it dramatically boosts Naruto's reflexes, raw might, and chakra to such extreme levels, able to surpass Isshiki's capabilities. Because all chakra is connected, the same power that is produced from bits of their lives also work to reduce the lifespan of opponents on contact. Due to its extreme energy consumption, Naruto must remain focused and not waste energy on extraneous thoughts and actions, to maximise the amount of time he can maintain Baryon Mode. [102] The drawback of this form is the high chance of death for Kurama from the extreme strain of this form. Upon Kurama's death from this form, while Naruto was spared the same fate, he lost access to all of Kurama's chakra and abilities. [103]
Ninjutsu[
Naruto using the Summoning Technique.
In the Academy, the Sexy Technique was the only technique that Naruto could perform successfully, which had no practical use other than to shock people. Later, he learned more advanced and useful ninjutsu from Jiraiya . This included summoning toads from Mount Myōboku to assist him, and use them to crush enemies from above. He became skilled in shurikenjutsu , able to throw weapons quickly and with precision. [104] Naruto's repertoire expanded to fūinjutsu , where he could store his weapons within scrolls. His fūinjutsu was further increased upon receiving Gerotora near the start of the Fourth Shinobi World War. [105] In the anime, Jiraiya taught Naruto cooperation ninjutsu , combining his techniques with others to create an even more powerful one. [106] The collaboration techniques he performed with other individuals typically utilised his own elemental affinity, such as the Typhoon Water Vortex Technique with Yamato , the Wind Release: Toad Gun with Gamatatsu , and the Scorch Release: Halo Hurricane Jet Black Arrow Style Zero with Sasuke. He also learned from Asuma Sarutobi to flow chakra into his weapons to increase their offensive might. [107] In the anime, by adulthood, Naruto became able to use the Shuriken Shadow Clone Technique , [108] and also showed some proficiency with bōjutsu. [109]
Shadow Clone Technique[
Naruto using the Multiple Shadow Clone Technique.
See also: Images of Naruto using Shadow Clone Technique Naruto's first trademark technique was the Shadow Clone Technique . While originally failing constantly with a basic illusionary clone, after briefly studying the Scroll of Seals , he learned to create shadow clones on a mass scale . From then on, Naruto's skill with shadow clones blossomed to great heights. Having unusually high chakra reserves, Naruto could use this technique to create hundreds of shadow clones and retain large amounts of chakra in each one with relative ease. [110] He could use them to outnumber or deceive his enemies, manoeuvre himself in mid-air, transform into weapons, scout areas, or test an opponent's abilities. [111] During his elemental-affinity training, learning that the original will gain all the knowledge and conditioning of a shadow clone right after it dispersed. From this, Naruto can use his mass scale of clones to drastically speed up his training to gain years worth of experience in just days. By the time he became Hokage, Naruto's usage of this technique on mass-scale and prolonged-periods allowed him to constantly perform multiple simultaneous tasks throughout the village daily, although he does have a tendency to overexert himself, leaving him exhausted afterwards.
Rasengan[
Naruto using the Rasengan.
Naruto's second trademark technique is the Rasengan . Originally, due to his poor chakra control, Naruto had to use a shadow clone to form the spherical shape while he provided the chakra. Over time, Naruto developed larger versions of the Rasengan and learned how to perform it faster. [112] During the Fourth Shinobi World War, he learned to use the Rasengan and its variants unaided with a single hand, or even form one in both hands simultaneously. [113] He also increased the size of his standard Rasengan. [114] Naruto had also shown the ability to release the Rasengan as an energy wave, [21] or as a projectile in the anime. [115] Using senjutsu or Kurama's chakra, Naruto can create more powerful and elaborate variations of the Rasengan; using the latter, he even developed the Super Mini-Tailed Beast Ball , performing it in a similar manner to the Rasengan. In the anime, usage of his tailed beast chakra also allows him to instantly perform massive Rasengan without the aid of his hands and launch in quick successions, similar to a Tailed Beast Ball . [116]
Nature Transformation[
Naruto simultaneously using Wind and Lava Release.
Naruto's natural affinity is Wind Release . Using shadow clones, one to form the Rasengan while another infuses the Wind chakra, Naruto could complete difficult task of producing a Rasengan that is the pinnacle of shape and nature transformation, something no one before him could accomplish, including Kakashi and his father. Once adjusting to using the Wind Release: Rasengan he could expand upon it to produce the Wind Release: Rasenshuriken . He also created different - sized variations , and could even use two Rasenshuriken simultaneously. Two years after its creation, he became skilled enough to form a Rasenshuriken without any shadow clones and throw it in his base form, [21] a feat which he previously could only do while using his enhanced modes.
After acquiring Six Paths abilities , [117] Naruto gains access to all five basic nature transformations , as well as Yang Release . [118] He could temporarily utilize Yin–Yang Release to revitalize life-forces, heal whomever he touches, and restore missing organs. [119] After gaining chakra from the respective tailed beasts, Naruto can also use Shukaku 's Magnet Release , Son Gokū 's Lava Release , and Kokuō 's Boil Release , able to infuse any of the other elements into is normal techniques as seamlessly as with Wind chakra. Having an arm made from Hashirama's cells, Naruto has a possibility to use Wood Release . [120]
Senjutsu[
Naruto's Sage Mode.
Naruto later trained in senjutsu at Mount Myōboku, which was only possible due to his high chakra reserves. Unlike Jiraiya , he was able to perfectly balance natural energy with his chakra, and enter a complete Sage Mode , symbolised by the orange pigmentation around his yellow eyes, his toad-like pupils, and no other alterations to his appearance. Using Sage Mode made Naruto's techniques stronger, enhanced his physical parameters, [121] [122] [123] utilise the Frog Kata taijutsu style, [124] and sense chakra through advanced enough to identify different signatures from vast distances. [125] Since Fukasaku was unable to fuse with Naruto and gather natural energy for him due to Kurama's interference, Naruto had to employ shadow clones instead to maintain the technique, taking advantage of the clones' own buildup of natural energy being transferred to the original and let him use Sage Mode a number of times. However, creating more than five shadow clones overall would disrupt the focus of the clones gathering natural energy. The need for this method diminishes over time as Naruto became capable of entering Sage Mode much faster. [126] However, after finding unity with Kurama , Naruto overcame this problem and learned to combine Sage Mode with Kurama's chakra to further enhance his abilities, such that he could resist Nagato 's control and shatter Truth-Seeking Balls . In later years, having drawn experience from his various events, Naruto became able to maintain Sage Mode for much longer durations unaided.
Six Paths Senjutsu[
Main article: Six Paths Senjutsu Naruto also gained access to the Six Paths Senjutsu (六道仙術, Rikudō Senjutsu), which allows him to fly and also manifest up to nine Truth-Seeking Balls , composed of all five basic natures , use Yin–Yang Release, and imbue them with the Six Paths Chakra . He can mould the balls into a myriad of shapes, fire them as projectiles and still control them from distance, or convert them into Tailed Beast Balls and use them to create Tailed Beast Ball Rasenshurikens capable of destroying the planetoids generated from Chibaku Tensei . While his shadow clones are unable to produce Truth-Seeking Balls of their own, Naruto is able to transfer control of his own to any of his shadow clones.
Six Paths Sage Mode[
Naruto's Six Paths Sage Mode.
With the power given to him by Hagoromo Ōtsutsuki , Naruto gained access to the Six Paths Sage Mode (六道仙人モード, Rikudō Sennin Mōdo). [5] In this mode, his pupils take on a cross-like shape — without manifesting the orange pigmentation around his eyes present in Sage Mode. Going further, Naruto donned a new Nine-Tails Chakra Mode cloak, which he could access instantly and maintain much longer than his standard Sage Mode. [127] Naruto's physical attributes and techniques are further augmented, [128] to the point where he could dodge attacks that moved at the speed of light and deflect Truth-Seeking Balls. It also empowers his sensory abilities to the highest possible level, [129] which allowed him to sense the invisible shadows of Limbo.
Naruto's Asura Kurama Mode.
Naruto also retained use of his Tailed Beast Mode avatar of Kurama, which rivalled Sasuke's Rinnegan-empowered Complete Body — Susanoo in size and power. [130] Using two shadow clones, he could create and combine three Kurama avatars into a single construct with three faces and six arms, which is largely reminiscent of Asura's Six Paths: Kunitsukami . [131] This state allowed Naruto to infuse two massive Rasenshuriken with natural energy whose destructive capabilities rivalled that of Sasuke's most powerful jutsu, Indra's Arrow ; [132] the resulting explosion from the two techniques colliding created an enormous cyclone that was visible from outer space. [133]
Intelligence[
Naruto reveals himself after disguising as a Wind Release: Rasenshuriken.
While headstrong and often acting without thinking, Naruto's years as a prankster had given him a cunning imagination that was useful in split-second decision making, which has repeatedly proved invaluable in battle. He is a remarkable tactile learner , able to learn better through executing a task rather than understanding the theory of it. [134] [25] Jiraiya also considered him to have a good gambling instinct. [135] Once seen in action, even the likes of the Second Hokage revise their thoughts about Naruto's intellect and instinct in battle. [136] After meeting Hagoromo Ōtsutsuki, Naruto gained the innate ability to grasp the nature of chakra and comprehend all universal things, [137] allowing him to quickly master the new powers he received. By adulthood he had become a capable teacher, instructing students at Konoha's Ninja Academy . [138] [139] During his fight with Delta , Naruto showed his ability to think ahead by hiding his power and faking defeat in order to make Delta drop her guard and reveal her plans, although Delta was perceptive enough to see through his attempts. Naruto ultimately was able to find out the weakness of Delta's Shinobi-Ware absorbing eye and overtax it after seeing it in action repeatedly. [82]
Naruto's most famous mental skill is to deceive his opponents, as he made effective use of even the most simple techniques to trick the deadliest of opponents . [140] He could formulate multi-step plans or backup plans in the thick of battle, [141] and act quickly even when given new information. [142] He can also seemingly make himself predictable by creating a pattern, only to throw off his opponent by breaking it. He has even thrown in what others would call completely useless techniques at powerful opponents to create an opening for a counterattack. [143] Naruto is rather observant, able to notice details others may overlook and subsequently take advantage of them to overcome his opponents. [144] As an adult, Naruto proved to be a capable teacher in ninjutsu, quickly teaching the basics to Kawaki .
Naruto is protected by Iruka.
Failing once again to graduate from the Academy , a disappointed Naruto is advised by one of his instructors, Mizuki , to steal the Scroll of Seals and learn a technique from it in order to graduate. As Naruto struggled to learn the Shadow Clone Technique , Iruka Umino tracked him down and realised that Naruto was tricked by Mizuki into stealing the scroll. Mizuki attacked them and told Naruto about the Nine-Tails sealed within him, claiming that Iruka hated him because of it. When Iruka risked his life to protect Naruto, however, he saw through Mizuki's lies and used the Multiple Shadow Clone Technique to defeat him, prompting Iruka to happily grant Naruto his graduation from the Academy. Naruto would later befriend Konohamaru Sarutobi , grandson of the Third Hokage , and teach him several perverted or useful techniques.
Team 7's group photo.
Naruto was eventually assigned to Team 7 , partnered with Sasuke Uchiha and Sakura Haruno under the leadership of Kakashi Hatake . During their first meeting, Naruto shared his love of ramen, his hobbies, and his dream to become Hokage. To test their qualifications, Kakashi gave the team a bell test , stating that whichever of the three takes one of the two bells on his person will officially become genin . Instead of hiding like Sakura and Sasuke, Naruto tried to take the bells from Kakashi by force, only to be easily defeated, hung upside-down from a tree and tied to a wooden post in an attempt to steal lunch. After Sakura and Sasuke fail as well, Kakashi explains that the goal of the test was to use teamwork, to do together what none of them could do by themselves. He is persuaded to allow them to try again after lunch, but instructs Sasuke and Sakura not to feed Naruto. They feed him anyway, needing him in top-form if they're to work together. Kakashi sees this and, because they care more about the team than listening to his instructions, allows them all to pass.
Naruto and Sasuke team up against Zabuza.
After a series of uneventful D-rank missions, Naruto is able to secure a C-rank mission for Team 7: escorting Tazuna to the Land of Waves . Soon after leaving Konoha, they are attacked by the Demon Brothers . Naruto is paralysed with fear, forcing Sasuke to step in to disarm them and protect Tazuna until Kakashi can capture them. Tazuna confesses that assassins have been hired to kill him but that he couldn't afford the bodyguard detail he needs. Although the mission is now A-rank in nature - far beyond the skill of genin - Team 7 decides to continue with it. Angered by Sasuke's taunting of him, Naruto cuts his hand to bleed out the poison he received earlier, vowing to never waver again. When they arrive in the Land of Waves and are confronted by Zabuza Momochi , Naruto is overwhelmed by the battle between Kakashi and Zabuza before he is knocked aside by Zabuza's water clone . Remembering his vow, Naruto regained his confidence and teamed up with Sasuke to free Kakashi from Zabuza's Water Prison . In the end, Zabuza is seemingly killed by Haku , allowing Team 7 to escort Tazuna back to his house.
Kakashi finds Zabuza's death suspicious and decides to train the team in case he returns. He has them perform the Tree Climbing Practice to improve their chakra control, which will help them against Zabuza. Naruto becomes frustrated after several failures and asks for advice from Sakura, who herself mastered it from the start. Now rapidly improving, Naruto competes with Sasuke to finish the training, each determined to outdo the other. One day, Naruto encounters Haku (albeit unaware of his true identity) and they each discussed their dreams and desire to protect those precious to them. After Haku leaves, Naruto finishes the training with Sasuke but is left exhausted, so Team 7 leaves him behind the next morning as they resume their escort duties. Naruto awakens and arrives to assist Team 7 in fighting Zabuza and Haku, but, unaware of how Haku's Demonic Mirroring Ice Crystals work, he joins Sasuke within the prison.
Naruto's first use of the Nine-Tails' chakra.
Naruto cannot break free with his shadow clones and Sasuke cannot melt the ice with his fire. As Haku moves in to kill Naruto, Sasuke uses his body as a shield to protect Naruto and seemingly dies. Enraged by Sasuke's apparent death, Naruto unwittingly accesses the Nine-Tails' chakra for the first time, allowing him to destroy the ice mirrors and defeat Haku, breaking his mask. Realising his opponent was the boy he met before, Naruto calms himself. He is asked by Haku to kill him, since he feels of no further use to Zabuza. Before Naruto can do so, Haku immediately stops him and goes off to save Zabuza from being killed by Kakashi, sacrificing his own life. When Zabuza refuses to appreciate this, Naruto angrily scolds him, stating that Haku gave up his life to save someone precious to him. Touched by his words, Zabuza, using Naruto's kunai, killed Gatō and many of his henchmen before he himself dies. Sasuke soon awakens, and when their injuries heal, Team 7 leaves for home via Tazuna's newly-constructed Great Naruto Bridge .
Chūnin Exams[
Naruto refuses to give up from the Chūnin Exams.
Team 7 resumes its series of unremarkable missions. For their performance in the Land of Waves, however, Kakashi decides to enter them in the Chūnin Exams taking place in Konoha, which greatly excites Naruto. Because they've only recently graduated from the Academy, the three feel they must give strong showings to prove themselves. When they enter the exam hall, the team is met by Rock Lee , who challenges Sasuke to a fight; Naruto tries to attack Lee in jealousy, but is easily swept aside. The fight is interrupted by Might Guy , after which Naruto notes that the bandages around Lee's arms signify his arduous taijutsu training while also mocking Sasuke for his unability to best Lee.
During the exam's first stage, the participating genin are given a written test, the goal of which is to cheat without getting caught. Unaware of this, Naruto struggles to answer the questions, so Hinata Hyūga , who is seated next to him, offers to let him copy off her paper. Despite the temptation, Naruto declined Hinata's offer, claiming that he isn't the type to cheat and that they might be disqualified if they are caught. Before the tenth question can be given, the genin are presented with the opportunity to forfeit; Naruto refuses to do so, declaring his refusal to give up and his goal to still become Hokage. His determination to face the tenth question despite the potential consequences inspires the rest of the genin to do the same, and so they pass the first stage. It is later noted that he was the only one to hand in a blank sheet, though this did not prevent him from passing.
Naruto saves Sasuke from Orochimaru's snake.
For the second phase, teams enter the Forest of Death with the objective of obtaining a set of two scrolls, one of which they are given at the start. Naruto becomes separated from his team and is attacked and swallowed by a giant snake. He manages to kill it and regroups with his frightened teammates against Orochimaru . Angered by Sasuke's sudden cowardice and resignation, Naruto engages Orochimaru using the Nine-Tails' chakra, defeats his giant snake, and taunts Sasuke before Orochimaru suppresses the Nine-Tails' chakra, rendering Naruto unconscious. After he awakens, Team 7 continues its search for the second scroll, which they eventually gain by defeating Team Oboro , allowing them to pass the second stage.
Naruto defeats Kiba.
In the preliminary matches of the exam, Naruto was pitted against Kiba Inuzuka and his dog, Akamaru . Believing the match to be an easy victory, Kiba and Akamaru overwhelmed Naruto with many high-speed attacks, so Naruto tricks Kiba into knocking Akamaru out of the fight by using the Transformation Technique , shocking all spectators. Naruto then disorients Kiba by farting in his face and defeats him with the Naruto Uzumaki Combo (which he invented from watching Sasuke's Lion Combo ). When Neji and Hinata's match begins, Naruto is enraged by Neji's ruthless tirade against Hinata and cheers Hinata on to defeat Neji. Although Hinata is defeated, Naruto wipes up her blood and vows to defeat Neji in the finals.
Naruto meets the Nine-Tails.
During the month of training, Naruto first meets Jiraiya (who knocked out Ebisu , Naruto's original teacher) and trains under the Sannin to improve his chakra control. Recognising Naruto as the Nine-Tails' jinchūriki, Jiraiya removes the seal Orochimaru had placed on Naruto to ease his control and begins teaching him how to use the Nine-Tails' power by summoning toads . To accelerate Naruto's slow progress, Jiraiya pushes him over a cliff, causing Naruto to enter his subconscious and meet the Nine-Tails. Working past his fear, he bravely demands chakra from it as "rent" for living in his body. The Nine-Tails complies and Naruto summons Gamabunta , though he exhausts himself and ends up in the hospital , where he is visited by Shikamaru Nara . After talking, he and Naruto stop Gaara from killing Rock Lee in the next room and listen to Gaara's story of his childhood, which Naruto finds very similar to his own. Gaara prepares to kill them, but Might Guy intervenes and forces Gaara to retreat. On the day of the finals, Naruto meets Hinata at the Third Training Ground and expresses his doubts about his upcoming match with Neji. Hinata reassures Naruto that he never gave up because he always had the strength to overcome his own failures, admiring him for it. Reinvigorated, Naruto thanks Hinata and tells her even though he first thought she was weird, he now likes her.
Naruto vs. Neji.
Facing Neji in the first match of the finals, Naruto began by creating shadow clones to overwhelm Neji's with sheer numbers. Deeming Naruto a failure who could never defeat a genius like himself, Neji easily defeats Naruto's clones and seals his chakra with Eight Trigrams Sixty-Four Palms . Determined to prove Neji's ideals about fate wrong, Naruto tapped into the Nine-Tails' chakra and, revitalised, clashed with Neji. When the smoke cleared, Neji emerges and Naruto lies defeated. This, however, was only a shadow clone, and the real Naruto burst from the ground beneath Neji, defeating him with an uppercut. Before he is declared the winner, Naruto tells Neji that creating clones was once his shortcoming and that Neji needs to stop believing in inescapable fate. When Sasuke finally arrives for his match with Gaara, Naruto is envious of Sasuke's improvements, but is later put to sleep along with most of the audience, commencing the Konoha Crush .
Konoha Crush[
Naruto saves Sasuke from Gaara.
Sakura wakes up Naruto so they can pursue Sasuke, who was pursuing Gaara himself. They arrive in time for Naruto to kick Gaara away before he can kill Sasuke. Partially transformed into Shukaku , Gaara knocks Sakura unconscious and binds her to a tree, forcing Naruto to battle him, with little success. Naruto relates to Gaara's painful life as a jinchūriki, but he is not willing to let anything to happen to Sakura and Sasuke. Determined to protect his friends, Naruto creates an army of shadow clones to relentlessly batter Gaara, forcing him to fully transform into Shukaku, to which Naruto responds by summoning Gamabunta.
Naruto defeats Gaara.
Gaara puts himself to sleep to give control of his body to Shukaku, forcing Naruto and Gamabunta to figure out a way to end the jutsu. They do so by transforming into a giant fox (the Nine-Tails in the anime) to restrain Shukaku, allowing Naruto to awaken Gaara with a solid punch to the face. Shukaku's influence disappears, but Gaara regains control and traps Naruto with his sand. Naruto escapes by tapping into the Nine-Tails' chakra, and headbutts Gaara when he is close enough, destroying Shukaku's form. Exhausted from the fight, the two leap at each other for one final exchange, and Naruto punches Gaara, claiming victory.
Naruto and Gaara fell to the ground, unable to move. Slowly crawling towards Gaara, Naruto explained that he also suffered a painful and lonely life, but was later saved by having friends. To that end, he will do anything to protect them, even if it means killing Gaara. Understanding Naruto's true strength, Gaara retreated with Kankurō and Temari with a new outlook on life, while Naruto passes out from exhaustion and is returned to Konoha with Sasuke and a rescued Sakura. A few days later, Team 7 attended the Third Hokage 's funeral.
Search for Tsunade[
Main article: Search for Tsunade Jiraiya is tasked with finding Tsunade , a candidate for Fifth Hokage, and convinces Naruto to accompany him by promising to teach him a technique stronger than Sasuke's Chidori . Stopping at an inn in Shukuba Town , Naruto was approached by Kisame Hoshigaki and Itachi Uchiha of Akatsuki , who intend to capture the Nine-Tails. When Sasuke shows up and furiously attacks Itachi, Naruto gathers the Nine-Tails' chakra to help Sasuke, but it is absorbed by Kisame's Samehada . Jiraiya soon arrives and drives off Itachi and Kisame, but Sasuke is left mentally and physically damaged by Itachi. Might Guy appears and takes Sasuke back to Konoha, but not before giving Naruto a spare green jumpsuit.
Naruto and Tsunade face-off.
To prepare for the next encounter with Akatsuki, Naruto begins learning the Rasengan , completing two of its three learning steps. Taking a break from training, Naruto and Jiraiya eventually found Tsunade and her assistant Shizune at a restaurant. When Tsunade refuses the offer to become Hokage and insults all who held the title, an angry Naruto challenged her to a fight and attacked her with an incomplete Rasengan, only to be easily defeated. Impressed by his progress, however, Tsunade makes a bet with Naruto: if he can master the Rasengan in a week, he gets the First Hokage's Necklace ; if not, she gets his wallet . Naruto agreed and spent the week trying to perfect the Rasengan, but has no success and collapses from exhaustion. Once he recovers, Naruto heads out with Jiraiya and Shizune to stop Tsunade from meeting with Orochimaru.
Naruto defeats Kabuto.
They arrive to see Tsunade, who never intended to aid Orochimaru, in the midst of battle with Kabuto Yakushi . When Tsunade is incapacitated, Naruto fights Kabuto in her place and eventually defeats him with a perfected Rasengan, which he formed by using a shadow clone. Naruto collapses almost immediately afterwards, his heart muscles torn by Kabuto, but Tsunade successfully manages to heal him, gives him the necklace he wins, and accepts the position of Hokage. After Orochimaru and Kabuto are defeated, Naruto and the others return to Konoha, Tsunade confidently believing Naruto would someday become a great Hokage.
Land of Tea Escort Mission[
Naruto promises Sakura to return Sasuke to Konoha.
Naruto visits a recovering Sasuke at the hospital, but is immediately challenged to a fight, to which Naruto eventually agrees. The fight escalates quickly, culminating with Naruto using Rasengan and Sasuke using Chidori. Kakashi arrives and deflects their attacks into opposing water towers before they can clash, Naruto unknowingly doing more damage than Sasuke. Distressed by Sasuke's behaviour, Sakura informs Naruto of the cursed seal Sasuke received from Orochimaru, though Naruto assures Sakura that Sasuke would never abandon Konoha for power. Unfortunately, Sasuke does just that and Naruto joins the Sasuke Recovery Team in order to bring him back; he promises a tearful Sakura to do so before he leaves. En route to Sasuke, the team encounters members of the Sound Four , each of which battles a member of the recovery team, while Naruto engages Kimimaro . Overwhelmed by Kimimaro's taijutsu skills, Naruto is saved at the last minute by Rock Lee, who volunteers to fight Kimimaro while Naruto heads after Sasuke.
Naruto fights Sasuke.
Naruto finally meets Sasuke at the Valley of the End . His pleas for Sasuke to come back to Konoha and warns him that Orochimaru will take his body , but his pleadings fall on deaf ears. Naruto starts attacking him, ready to take him back to Konoha by force if necessary. Undeterred, Sasuke responds by tapping into his cursed seal and landing a series of heavy blows on Naruto. It becomes painfully clear to Naruto that Sasuke is fighting with an intent to kill, so Naruto utilises the Nine-Tails' chakra to overpower Sasuke. Naruto says that Sasuke is like a brother to him and that he will do anything to protect that bond. Sasuke vows to sever that bond, but acknowledges Naruto as an equal by putting on his forehead protector. They continue trading blows, with Naruto eventually manifesting a fox-shaped cloak and Sasuke entering his cursed seal 's second level. Naruto clashes his Rasengan with Sasuke's Chidori, and within the dome of resulting energy they trade final blows: Sasuke punches Naruto and Naruto scratches Sasuke's forehead protector.
Naruto defeated by Sasuke.
When the energy dissipates, Naruto lies defeated, but Sasuke spares him and continues his way to Orochimaru, leaving his scratched forehead protector behind. Kakashi and Pakkun arrive late and failing to retrieve Sasuke, leave with Naruto. In the hospital, Naruto once again promises Sakura to bring Sasuke back one day. Soon after, Jiraiya arrived with an offer to train Naruto for preparation against Orochimaru and Akatsuki in three years and to give up on Sasuke, as he is no different from Orochimaru. Naruto accepts Jiraiya's training, but refuses to give up on Sasuke, satisfying Jiraiya.
Original Anime Arcs[
Naruto leaving Konoha.
As in the manga, Naruto later departs with Jiraiya to begin his two and a half years of training, after making a determined gesture at the Fourth Hokage's statue. In the anime, this does not happen until about 3 months later as Jiraiya was occupied with important intel gathering about Akatsuki for Konohagakure. During the waiting period, Tsunade gives Naruto several missions with members of the Konoha 11 to keep him busy.
Interlude[
Naruto training with the Big Ball Rasengan.
In the anime, shortly after leaving Konoha, Jiraiya and Naruto discuss the fact that Naruto will need to learn how to counter genjutsu if he hopes to be a match against Sasuke the next time they meet. Naruto practises with Gamariki to dispel genjutsu, but he struggles with it and his chakra keeps hitting Gamariki, who doesn't appreciate it. Naruto follows Jiraiya to the Genjutsu Tree Village to try a different approach, but they discover the village has been taken over by Kandachi . [145] They free the villagers and then attack Kandachi, who Naruto eventually defeats with his newly-created Big Ball Rasengan . As they leave afterwards, Jiraiya is pleased by how similar Naruto is to Minato Namikaze and hugs him, which Naruto is bothered by. [146]
In Naruto's Footsteps: The Friends' Paths[
Main article: In Naruto's Footsteps: The Friends' Paths Two years into their training, Naruto's control of the Nine-Tails' chakra has improved significantly. Jiraiya tries to give him more access to the Nine-Tails' power and uses Gerotora to weaken Naruto's Eight Trigrams Sealing Style . Seizing the opportunity, the Nine-Tails mocked Naruto for his inability to save Sasuke, using Naruto's negative emotions to force him to enter a version 2 form with four tails. Not in control of his body, Naruto attacks Jiraiya and nearly kills him before he manages to suppress the Nine-Tails. Naruto has no memory of what happened and Jiraiya doesn't tell him, instead, shifting Naruto's training to other pursuits, including keeping his anger in check so that the Nine-Tails won't flare up again. [147]
Part II[
Naruto returns to Konohagakure.
Naruto and Jiraiya return to Konoha after two-and-a-half years of training, where Naruto becomes surprised by Tsunade's newly-formed statue on Hokage Rock . He greets his old friends afterwards: he gives Kakashi a copy of Icha Icha Tactics as a gift; he catches up with Sakura, whom he has become taller than; he gets back into a competition of Sexy Techniques with Konohamaru Sarutobi , only to be violently reprimanded by Sakura. Kakashi reforms Team 7 with them and gives them another bell test , but unlike last time, taking the bells from him is the real objective. As with last time, Naruto launches a first attack before the test officially begins, but this time it nearly succeeds. Despite their improved abilities, Naruto and Sakura were still unable to get a bell through conventional means, and it was only by Naruto's threat to spoil the latest Icha Icha novel that they distracted Kakashi long enough to take the bells.
While Team 7 tries without success to find a mission to go on that Naruto won't complain about, word reaches Konoha that Akatsuki has kidnapped Gaara , the Kazekage . Team 7 is sent to Sunagakure to assist in rescuing Gaara. On their way to Suna, Naruto explains that Gaara was kidnapped because he is the jinchūriki of the One-Tail , just as Naruto is the jinchūriki of the Nine-Tails . Upon arrival in Suna, Naruto defends Kakashi from Chiyo 's assault when she mistakes him for his father. Team 7 gathers what intel they can on Gaara's kidnappers and leave to go after them; Chiyo volunteers to escort them since they aren't familiar with the country around Suna. Naruto promises a recovering Kankurō to rescue Gaara before they leave.
Naruto pummels Deidara.
While en route to an Akatsuki lair, they are confronted by Itachi Uchiha , who traps Naruto in a genjutsu. Sakura and Chiyo release him, allowing Naruto to team up with Kakashi and defeat Itachi with a Big Ball Rasengan . The Itachi is discovered to be an impostor , so they continue to the Akatsuki lair, meeting up with Team Guy , who takes down the barrier over the entrance so that Team 7 can get in. They find Gaara's body finds with his kidnappers, Deidara and Sasori . Deidara flies off with Gaara's body with Naruto and Kakashi in pursuit, leaving Sasori to Chiyo and Sakura. Naruto, enraged, makes repeated failed attempts to rescue Gaara before he is calmed by Kakashi, who uses his new Mangekyō Sharingan to distract Deidara with Kamui . Naruto retrieves Gaara's body, but seeing it drives him over the edge: he furiously attacks Deidara and beats him mercilessly into the ground. Discovering that it was a Clay Clone , Naruto slips into his two-tailed form in rage, but is restored to normal by Kakashi via the Chakra-Suppressing Seal .
Gaara awakens, with Naruto by his side.
Deidara escapes, while Naruto and Kakashi regroup with Sakura, Chiyo, and Team Guy. Sakura attempts to revive Gaara, but the removal of Shukaku has caused him to die. Naruto breaks down in tears and angrily lashes out at Chiyo, saying she had no right to make Gaara not only a jinchūriki, but also lose his life because of it. As atonement and with Naruto's aid, Chiyo sacrifices her life to revive Gaara; as the jutsu nears completion, Chiyo voices her faith in Naruto's ability to save Gaara and to become Hokage. Naruto greets Gaara when he awakens, and a few days later, Teams 7 and Guy attend Chiyo's funeral in Suna. Before returning home, Naruto and Gaara shake hands (Gaara using his sand) as a sign of their close relationship.
Tenchi Bridge Reconnaissance Mission[
Naruto and Sai's first encounter.
During her fight with Sasori, Sakura learned of an opportunity to meet with a spy in Orochimaru's ranks in a few days' time, hoping it will lead them to Sasuke. Kakashi is left bedridden from his fight with Deidara, so Yamato leads Team 7 as his replacement. Replacing Sasuke on the team is Sai , whom Naruto actually encounters earlier and dislikes, declaring him an inferior version of Sasuke. Sai is happy for this distinction and proceeds to degrade Sasuke for defecting from Konoha, forcing Yamato to use his Wood Release to break up their fight. Naruto is constantly exasperated by Sai's lack of empathy and his ridicule of Sasuke, but resolves to work with Sai if it means saving Sasuke.
Team 7 confronts Orochimaru and Kabuto.
Yamato disguises himself as Sasori and goes to the Tenchi Bridge to meet the spy while Naruto, Sakura, and Sai hide nearby. The spy, Kabuto Yakushi , begins telling Yamato about Orochimaru's organisation, but they are interrupted by the arrival of Orochimaru, who teams up with Kabuto to fight Yamato, having intended to kill Sasori. Team 7 comes to his aid and Orochimaru, recognising them, taunts Naruto about Sasuke. Naruto is enraged and strikes him, using his version 1 form to make his attacks more devastating. Naruto's rage intensifies as he submits to the Nine-Tails' influence: he destroys the Tenchi Bridge and eventually advances to his version 2 form while fighting Orochimaru. Naruto is soon forced back to the destroyed bridge, where, unable to tell friend from foe, he unknowingly attacks Sakura when she approaches him.
A four-tailed Naruto attacks Orochimaru with Tailed Beast Ball.
Yamato restrains Naruto with his Wood Release and suppresses the Nine-Tails' influence, but its chakra leaves Naruto's body badly damaged. After Sakura heals him, Naruto wakes up unable to remember what happened, but is surprised by the devastated landscape. When they realise that Sai is missing, Yamato reports that he has joined with Orochimaru and Kabuto. On the way, Yamato secretly takes Naruto aside and tells him that he is the one who attacked Sakura. He encourages Naruto to use his own strength instead of the Nine-Tails in order to protect his loved ones. The team locates Sai, whom Yamato has placed a trace on, at Orochimaru's lair and capture him. Restrained, Sai asks why Naruto is determined to save him; Naruto replies that his bond with Sasuke is too precious to be broken and that he will do anything to protect it. Intrigued, Sai switches sides, helping them capture Kabuto and then searching the base for Sasuke on Naruto's behalf. While he's gone, Yamato goes through his belongings and finds evidence that Sai has been assigned to assassinate Sasuke.
Naruto encounters Sasuke.
When they find Sai, he explains that he truly does want to help retrieve Sasuke, and in fact has already found him: Naruto and Sakura are speechless to see Sasuke again. Sasuke reacts with indifference to them, but Naruto remarks he can't become Hokage without saving his friend. To demonstrate that they mean nothing to him, Sasuke quickly neutralises them all. As Naruto struggles to avoid the temptation of using the Nine-Tails, Sasuke suddenly appears in Naruto's subconscious using his Sharingan and suppresses the Nine-Tails. He then prepares to kill them, but is persuaded not to by Orochimaru and leaves without further comment. Naruto is upset at having failed once more to bring Sasuke home, but is reminded by Sakura that they need to become stronger and Team 7 returns to Konoha.
Twelve Guardian Ninja[
Main article: Akatsuki Suppression Mission
Naruto training with his clones.
Once Kakashi is done recuperating in the hospital, he assembles Naruto, Sakura, and Sai to discuss their failed mission to retrieve Sasuke. Kakashi believes the best way to match Sasuke is for Naruto to create a new jutsu . As the training began, Naruto discovers that his nature is wind and learns to use the wind nature. Ordinarily, such training would take months or years, but Kakashi advises that Naruto, by training alongside hundreds of shadow clones can do the same training in a mere fraction of the time. With Kakashi's instructions and the training grounds created by Yamato, Naruto quickly masters how to use the wind nature. The next step is more difficult for him: combining that nature with the Rasengan .
Naruto defeats Kakuzu.
Like Kakashi and Minato Namikaze before him, Naruto fails several times in trying to combine his nature with the Rasengan; his frustration evokes the Nine-Tails' chakra at times, which Yamato suppresses. With further advice from Kakashi, Naruto finds his solution using two shadow clones: one helps him form the Rasengan and the other adds his wind nature. When they receive news that Asuma died in battle with members of Akatsuki , they take a break to attend Asuma's funeral. Kakashi leaves Yamato in charge of overseeing Naruto's training so he could help Team 10 avenge Asuma. Having finished his jutsu, Naruto and Team Yamato went to provide assistance, arriving in time to save Kakashi and Team 10 from Kakuzu . Naruto engages Kakuzu alone with his newly-created Wind Release: Rasenshuriken , though it dissipates on its first use and Naruto is rescued by Kakashi and Yamato. The technique succeeds the second time, destroying two of Kakuzu's hearts and putting the last one on the brink of failure. Kakashi finishes off Kakuzu and they return to Konoha.
The Rasenshuriken injures Naruto's arm after use and he is forbidden to use the technique ever again. When they visit Ichiraku Ramen, Naruto has a hard time eating while his arm mends, so Sakura opts to help, before the responsibility falls to Sai, then to Kakashi. As they leave afterwards, they are met by Konohamaru, who demonstrates his Sexy: Girl on Girl Technique ; Naruto approves but Sakura is disgusted and violently reprimands him. In the manga, Konohamaru responds with Sexy: Boy on Boy Technique ; Sakura approves but Naruto is disgusted and violently reprimands him.
Three-Tails' Appearance[
The Eight Man Squad formed to pursue Itachi and Sasuke.
News reaches Konoha that Sasuke has killed Orochimaru. Realising that this is a good opportunity to try once again to reunite with Sasuke, Kakashi combines Teams 7 and 8 into an Eight Man Squad with the mission to find either Sasuke or his assumed target, Itachi. When they split up to search, Naruto, because he's a target of Akatsuki, is given a protective escort in the form of Hinata, Yamato, and Bull . Their group encounters Kabuto, who offers them intel on Akatsuki and its members, his thanks to Naruto "inspiring" him to overcome Orochimaru after absorbing his remains. Kabuto then escapes.
Tale of Jiraiya the Gallant[
Naruto and Itachi converse.
After regrouping and Kiba Inuzuka detects Sasuke's trail, Naruto creates shadow clones to search the area faster, one of which encounters Itachi. Itachi repels Naruto's attacks and insists he only wants to talk. He asks Naruto what Sasuke means to him and what he will do if Sasuke ever moves against Konoha. Naruto replies that he is Sasuke's brother – a better brother than Itachi is – and that if Sasuke ever attacks the village he will defend it without killing Sasuke. Itachi is happy with this answer and gives Naruto some assistance for this purpose: a special crow that he stores within Naruto's body. Itachi left, and Naruto continued his search, eventually finding Sasuke. [148]
As they near Sasuke's location they are intercepted by Tobi of Akatsuki, who prevents them from progressing and who is invulnerable to their attacks.
Fated Battle Between Brothers[
Main article: Fated Battle Between Brothers As the group continually tries to attack Tobi, he dodges the attacks with ease. Naruto tries several times to attack him with his Rasengan, but without success. Tobi attempts to use a hidden jutsu to attack the teams, but fails at it. Eventually, Zetsu comes to tell him about Sasuke and Itachi's fight. Tobi leaves when he receives news that Sasuke has killed Itachi, and Teams 7 and 8 try to reach Sasuke before he does. Unable to find where Tobi has taken Sasuke, they are forced to return to Konoha.
Six-Tails Unleashed[
Main article: Pain's Assault
Naruto mourns Jiraiya's death.
As Naruto contemplated his meeting with Itachi, he was called to the Hokage Residence to hear sombre news: his master Jiraiya was killed by Pain , the leader of Akatsuki. Grief-stricken, Naruto blamed Tsunade and spent the day mourning his teacher's death, depressed that Jiraiya cannot see him become Hokage. After being comforted by Iruka and Shikamaru , Naruto helped to decipher Jiraiya's dying message and eventually they succeed. Understanding that Jiraiya had bought him time for his own fight with Pain, Naruto went to train with the toads of Mount Myōboku to learn senjutsu . Naruto trained to harmonise with nature, a process he sped up by using a limited number of shadow clones. He rapidly progressed through the training stages and attained a perfect Sage Mode , which Jiraiya was unable to do. News of Pain's Assault on Konoha reached them, they began to mobilise for battle.
Naruto arrives to fight Pain.
As Naruto, Fukasaku , Gamaken , Gamahiro , Gamabunta , and Gamakichi were summoned to the centre of Konoha, the group was confronted by the Six Paths of Pain , who had just destroyed the village. After destroying the Asura Path before it could attack Tsunade, Naruto told her to make sure everyone left the battle to him. After a brief skirmish with Animal Path , Naruto and the toads defeated the Animal, Preta , and Human Paths before running out of senjutsu chakra. Naruto revealed that he had two shadow clones waiting back at Mount Myōboku to revitalise him with natural energy. Naruto went back on the offensive, dispatching the healed Preta and Naraka Path before the Deva Path regained its full power. Pain killed Fukasaku and used the opportunity to capture Naruto, pinning him down to the ground.
Naruto succumbs completely to the Nine-Tails' influence.
With Naruto restrained, Pain opened up his reasons for Akatsuki, their plan for the tailed beasts, and the peaceful world he wanted to create. Though Naruto rejected his notion that using a weapon to force peace, he could offer no alternative. Before Pain could depart with Naruto, he was attacked by Hinata Hyūga . Declaring her love for Naruto and vowing to protect him, she continued to fight against Pain before she was subdued and critically wounded. Believing Hinata to had been killed, an enraged Naruto erupted into his six-tailed form . Resisting the First Hokage's Necklace 's attempted to quell the transformation and destroying it, the Nine-Tails attacked Pain, forcing him out of the village to get close enough to his actual body to use the Chibaku Tensei , trapping Naruto within the small satellite. The technique was not enough to stop the Nine-Tails, however, as it simply progressed to eight-tailed form to force its way out of the satellite. Meanwhile within his subconscious, Naruto was tempted by the Nine-Tails to open its seal to save him from the pain of not having Pain's answer for peace. However, before Naruto could, Minato appeared, having left some of his chakra within the seal in case of an emergency to protect his son. Overjoyed at meeting his father, but angered that he would condemn him to life as a jinchūriki, Naruto listened to his father encouraging him, confident that he would find a way to break the cycle of hatred. After repairing the seal, Minato disappeared and the newly-inspired Naruto prepared to resume his battle with Pain.
Naruto defeats Pain.
Confidence restored, Naruto was greatly relieved to learn that not only had Hinata survived, but nobody was injured during his rampage. After clever use of shadow clones, Naruto destroyed the Deva Path with a Rasengan, defeating the last of Pain's Six Paths. Using one of Pain's Black Receivers , Naruto followed the chakra signal to Nagato and Konan 's position. Confronting Nagato, Naruto listened to Nagato's story that turned him into Pain and came to understand why he made the actions he did. Despite not forgiving him, he told Nagato he would not kill him and would instead try to create the better world that their teacher wished for. Moved by Naruto's determination to create a better world, Nagato decided to put his trust in Naruto and sacrificed his own life to revive all the people he had killed in Konoha. Naruto helped Konan retrieve Nagato and Yahiko 's bodies for burial in Amegakure , and Konan left Naruto a bouquet of paper flowers for him, symbolising their new alliance.
The village greets Naruto upon his return.
Naruto then created a memorial for Jiraiya and left the flowers and a copy of The Tale of the Utterly Gutsy Shinobi by a rock with the kanji for teacher (師, shi). While the exhausted Naruto walked back to the village, he was found by Kakashi who carried him the rest of the way. Upon arrival, Naruto was greeted as a hero by the villagers, his dream of acknowledgement being realised at last.
Past Arc: The Locus of Konoha[
Naruto willingly gets beaten by Karui.
Sakura informs Naruto that Tsunade fell into a coma and that there's nothing that can be done to bring her out of it. While they talk, they are approached by Tazuna and Inari , who have come to help rebuild Konoha. They ask about Sasuke, which Naruto avoids going into detail about so as to spare them and Sakura a discussion about Sasuke's defection. After Tazuna and Inari leave, they receive news that Danzō Shimura has become the next Hokage and that he has ordered Sasuke be killed as a traitor. Naruto and Sakura approach Sai to ask him how they can convince Danzō to change his mind, but Sai is unable to help. Omoi and Karui of Kumogakure overhear them talking about Sasuke and they ask for information about Sasuke, wishing to kill him for his role in Akatsuki's capture of Killer B . Naruto leads Omoi and Karui away to spare Sakura pain, but refuses to reveal anything about Sasuke. Instead, Naruto allows the Kumo-nin vent their anger by beating him, to which Karui obliges until Sai stops her and the Kumo-nin retreat.
Naruto unsuccessfully pleas the Raikage to forgive Sasuke.
Recovering later, Naruto asked Yamato and Kakashi to take him to the Land of Iron , so that he could ask Fourth Raikage to pardon Sasuke. Upon arrival, the Raikage rejected Naruto's request even with Kakashi and Yamato's assistance and berated him for defending a criminal. Naruto went to a local inn to ponder his next course of action, but was soon confronted by Tobi , who wanted to understand Nagato's change of heart. Naruto ignored the question and demanded to know about his plans with Sasuke. Tobi told him about the Sage of the Six Paths , the Uchiha clan, and the truth about the Uchiha Clan Downfall , all of which now drove Sasuke along a path of vengeance against Konoha and anyone else who would dare cross his path. Naruto insisted that he could still get through to Sasuke, but Tobi laughed and left, saying that Naruto and Sasuke were fated to fight again.
Naruto talks with Gaara about Sasuke.
While Naruto was practising his Sage Mode's sensory abilities to locate Sasuke, he was interrupted by the arrival of Sakura, Rock Lee , Kiba and Sai. Sakura attempted to dissuade Naruto in his attempts to bring Sasuke back to Konoha by falsely telling him that she loved him. However, Naruto knew she was lying and he rejected her confession and her proposal to abandon Sasuke, stating it had nothing to do with his promise to her. After Sakura's party left, Sai's ink clone revealed that the rest of the Konoha 11 had decided to kill Sasuke themselves to prevent another war, while Sakura planned to kill Sasuke herself, at Sai's unintended insistence. Gaara , who attended the Five Kage Summit that Sasuke attacked, arrived and revealed Tobi's declaration of the Fourth Shinobi World War , telling Naruto how they would be fighting Sasuke to protect Naruto, but he did advise Naruto to consider for himself what was the right thing to do. After hearing that most of his friends have turned against Sasuke, who now wanted to unleash his vengeance on just about everyone, Naruto hyperventilated and passed out. When he awoke, he was told by Yamato that Kakashi went to stop Sakura from dealing with Sasuke.
Naruto and Sasuke clash.
Using a shadow clone as a decoy, Naruto escaped from the inn and followed Kakashi, arriving just in time to save Sakura from being killed by Sasuke. He tried once more to reason with Sasuke, sympathising with his pain and acknowledging Itachi's sacrifice. However, Sasuke was unmoved and declared his resolve to destroy Konoha and sever the Uchiha's connection to the shinobi world. Naruto then clashed his Rasengan with Sasuke's Chidori, realising that everything in his life he could have easily gone down the same path of Sasuke. Despite his jealousy of him, he had come to like Sasuke and was glad to have met him. Undeterred, Sasuke gave Naruto two options: kill or be killed; Naruto chose neither. Tobi and Zetsu arrived and prepared to depart with Sasuke. Naruto resolved that if he and Sasuke were to battle again, they would kill each other, but he was willing to accept it as he would shoulder Sasuke's hatred alone. Sasuke vowed to kill Naruto first and left with Tobi and Zetsu, while Naruto and his teammates returned to Konoha, with the captive Karin . Naruto explained the situation to his friends and asked to fight Sasuke alone, determined to get stronger for their upcoming battle.
Power[
As Naruto was about to eat at Ichiraku, he was suddenly summoned back to Mount Myōboku by Fukasaku . He learns from the Great Toad Sage 's fortune that he would meet an " octopus " and would battle a " young man with powerful eyes ." When Gerotora was summoned to give Naruto the "key" to the Eight Trigrams Seal , Naruto knew he would need the Nine-Tails' power for the battles to come and accepted the key. Naruto was sent back to Ichiraku, where some of the villagers asked for his autograph. Naruto was unaware that the five Kage were planning to keep him from participating in the upcoming Fourth Shinobi World War . For his safety, Tsunade gave Naruto an "S-rank mission" on a remote island in the Land of Lightning with Yamato , Might Guy , Aoba Yamashiro , and other Konoha-nin as security.
Once at the island, Naruto met Killer B , the jinchūriki of Eight-Tails , and requested to train under him after marvelling at B's mastery of his tailed beast. B refused as he was on vacation, despite Naruto's best efforts to impress him. However, when Motoi heard Naruto bumped fists with B, he took Naruto was taken to Falls of Truth , where B trained to control the Eight-Tails. Following Motoi's instructions, Naruto sat on the platform in front of the waterfall and closed his eyes to see his true self: Dark Naruto, who berated Naruto on how quickly the Konoha villagers changed their opinions of him and exclaimed that the Nine-Tails liked him better. Inside his mind, Naruto fought his dark self, but found that they were evenly matched. Breaking out of meditation, Naruto questioned Motoi about B's history in order to learn how to conquer his inner darkness.
Naruto fights the Nine-Tails.
Naruto reminisced about how B and Gaara changed everyone's opinions about them and began to doubt if the Konoha villagers sincerely trusted him. After witnessing B save Motoi from a giant squid and resume their friendship, an inspired Naruto returned to the Falls of Truth and confronted Dark Naruto again. With Naruto now having faith in himself, Dark Naruto began to weaken as he asked what his reason for existing was. Naruto answered by hugging him, accepted Dark Naruto as a part of him while thanking him for pushing him to become a better person. Dark Naruto finally relented and faded. B led Naruto and Yamato to a special room in the secret temple behind the waterfall, where Naruto was prepared to fight the Nine-Tails for its chakra. Within his subconscious, Naruto unlocked the seal and engaged the Nine-Tails in battle using Sage Mode . Though he appeared to have the upper hand and drain the Nine-Tails' chakra, the fox instantly planted its own hatred within its absorbed chakra, consuming Naruto.
Naruto meets his mother.
Just before Naruto was completely consumed, the spirit of his mother, Kushina Uzumaki , appeared. Naruto believed that Kushina was the Nine-Tails in disguise, earning a hit on the head and an immediate apology from her, who hoped that he did not inherit her short-temper. Realising Kushina was his mother, he tearfully hugged her and the love-filled reunion purged the Nine-Tails' hatred within its drained chakra. With renewed confidence from hearing the story of his parents, Naruto battled the Nine-Tails once more. With his mother's assistance, Naruto successfully weakens the fox long enough to separate it from its chakra. Attaining the Nine-Tails Chakra Mode , Naruto imprisons the emaciated and infuriated Nine-Tails within a new, stronger seal , apologising to it as it faded into darkness. Afterwards, Naruto learned from Kushina about his heritage , the truth behind the Nine-Tails' attack on Konoha , and how his parents gave their lives to protect him. Naruto told his mother that he could finally understand what a parent's love felt like and that he didn't blame them for what happened, instead feeling glad to be their son. As she fades away, Kushina tearfully hugged Naruto, thanking him for letting her and Minato be his parents.
Naruto attacks Kisame.
In the real world, Naruto demonstrated his Nine-Tails Chakra Mode to B and Yamato before sensing Kisame Hoshigaki of Akatsuki hidden inside his Samehada via his negative emotions . When Kisame attempted to escape, Naruto used his blinding speed to quickly smash Kisame into the wall, though his foot gets stuck. Yamato helps Naruto out while B pursues Kisame and they regroup to see Kisame's defeat by Guy. Kisame is restrained for interrogation, though he breaks free of his confinements through sheer will and summons sharks inside a water prison to eat him alive. Shocked by Kisame's suicide, Naruto observes that even those in Akatsuki fight for their comrades. They examine the intel that Kisame was trying to send, which turns out to be booby-trapped: they are each caught in a water prison and are trapped alongside a shark. Another shark, meanwhile, is able to escape with Kisame's intel. After they escape, Naruto is tasked with evacuating the giant animals into the Island Turtle 's shell and logging the island's ecology as part of his "official" S-rank mission. He remains unaware that it is a ploy to keep him away from the war.
Fourth Shinobi World War: Confrontation[
Naruto returned to the Falls of Truth with B to start practising his Nine-Tails Chakra Mode , specifically learning how to use Tailed Beast Balls . Since Tailed Beast Balls couldn't be made without the Nine-Tails' cooperation, Naruto tried to create the Tailed Beast Rasengan as a workaround. While struggling to balance the jutsu's composition, he sensed a distant source of the Nine-Tails' chakra. Naruto left the Falls of Truth to investigate and was met by a contingent of Konoha-nin, amongst them Iruka Umino . Iruka tried to convince him to go back to his training, but Naruto bypassed them and, from entering Sage Mode, sensed the ongoing Fourth Shinobi World War . Naruto became angry that they would try to keep the war a secret from him and that they wouldn't let him help. Iruka apologised, yet still made an effort to restrain him. Naruto escaped and found a Self-Repairing Barrier , preventing him from leaving by himself. B, at Iruka's request, decided to join him, and together they broke through the barrier.
Naruto states his resolve to the Nine-Tails.
Shortly after, the Nine-Tails pulled Naruto into his subconscious, berating him for squandering its chakra and calling him naive for thinking he could stop the war by himself. When the Nine-Tails failed to once again tempt Naruto with power, the fox went off to claim that his attempt to put an end to hatred was futile, using his history with Sasuke as proof. Naruto responded by pinning the fox down, refuting that it was the one who was being naive and confidently exclaiming he would find a way to deal with Sasuke and end the war. Before he leaves, Naruto also promises to resolve the Nine-Tails' own hatred someday, unnerving the fox.
Naruto outpaces A.
On their way to the battlefield, Naruto and B were met by the Fourth Raikage and Tsunade , both intent on stopping the jinchūriki. B tried to convince the Raikage to let them go, and when that failed, Naruto tried to get around them, but the Raikage's Lightning Release Chakra Mode was too fast for that. The Raikage became increasingly aggressive in his determination to stop Naruto and B from joining the war effort, going so far as to threaten to kill Naruto if it would keep Akatsuki from capturing the Nine-Tails. First B and then Tsunade joined Naruto in arguing to allow them to fight, which the Raikage relented to once Naruto dodges his maximum speed. On Tsunade's orders, Shikaku Nara contacted Naruto and informed him about Akatsuki's White Zetsu Army and the accompanying Impure World Reincarnations . Naruto and B soon afterwards encountered a squad of seeming Allied forces, but with his Nine-Tails Chakra Mode's ability , it allowed him to detect them as disguised Zetsu. He quickly defeated them and sent shadow clones to various other battlefields to lend assistance.
Naruto fights Nagato.
Naruto and B soon ran into the reincarnated Itachi Uchiha and Nagato . They greeted Naruto and briefly caught up on what had happened since their deaths, but were quickly forced to attack by their summoner, Kabuto Yakushi . Nagato advised Naruto and B on how to counter his jutsu while Itachi, between his own attacks, recalled the crow he planted in Naruto during their last meeting. Itachi activated the Kotoamatsukami of the crow's Mangekyō Sharingan to release himself from Kabuto's influence. Itachi joined Naruto and B in fighting Nagato, first by neutralising the Rinnegan Summoning and then saving them from being killed by Nagato. Nagato, his personality now suppressed, tried capturing them with Chibaku Tensei , which the three combined efforts to destroy. While Nagato was distracted by their attack, Itachi sealed him with Susanoo . His personality restored, Nagato used his last moments to apologise and put his faith in Naruto. Afterwards, Itachi destroyed the crow, its Kotoamatsukami too valuable to let fall into the wrong hands. He left to find Kabuto so that he could end the Impure World Reincarnation, but not before telling Naruto to let his friends support him and leaving Sasuke's reform to him.
Naruto defeats the Third Raikage.
A shadow clone arrived at the site of the Fourth Division 's battle with various reincarnated Kage . Naruto was able to land a sneak attack on Mū , allowing the Third Tsuchikage to seal him before he could say anything. The Tsuchikage went to help Gaara fight the Second Mizukage , leaving Naruto to fight the Third Raikage along with the other members of the Fourth Division. Like the Fourth Raikage, the Third was very fast, easily dodging most attacks. The few attacks that did land had almost no effect, his body's natural defence was too high, and the Raikage's offences allowed him to break through every attempt to contain him. When Naruto noticed that the Raikage had a scar from his fight with the Eight-Tails years earlier, he contacted it via B to ask how the Raikage received the scar. Upon hearing the Eight-Tails' answer, Naruto surmises the scar was self-inflicted, confirming it as he manipulates the Third into piercing his own body. The Third is sealed and Naruto regroups with the Tsuchikage and Gaara, who already defeated the Second Mizukage.
As Naruto and B continued onwards, Naruto's shadow clones started arriving at various locations. In the anime, shadow clones were able to: save the members of the Sasuke Recovery Team from the reincarnated Sound Four 's Space–Time Technique Formula: Underworld Turnover ; [149] update Tatewaki about the fates of the children he was responsible for during life, granting him peace and allowing him to return to the afterlife; [150] run in to Yota , a childhood friend, and giving Yota a chance to play with him again before releasing himself from the Impure World Reincarnation; [151] [152] [153] assist Omoi in saving the Thundercloud Unit . [154]
Fourth Shinobi World War: Climax[
Main article: Fourth Shinobi World War: Climax Shadow clones arrived at all the remaining battlefields, securing Impure World Reincarnations, weeding out the Zetsu that had infiltrated the Alliance's ranks, and defeating any other remaining Zetsu. Victory seemed near when the Sensor Division detected a new threat near the Fourth Division: Mu, who split himself before his sealing, and the reincarnated Madara Uchiha . Shocked by this revelation, they all wondered who the masked man, Tobi , really was. Madara gave them little time to discuss it and attacked them immediately. He cut swaths through the Fourth Division's ranks and used his Rinnegan to avoid the clone's, the Tsuchikage's, and Gaara's counterattack. Wishing to eliminate them all at once, Madara dropped a meteorite on them.
Naruto receives help from the Nine-Tails.
While the survivors regroup, Madara tried to summon the Nine-Tails. Although it failed, the fox sensed the attempt and offered some chakra to help fight Madara, preferring Naruto over the Uchiha. The shadow clone used the Nine-Tails' chakra to counter Madara's Nativity of a World of Trees with Big Ball Spiralling Serial Zone Spheres , though the extended fighting left the clone exhausted afterwards. Madara moved in to capture it, but was parried by the arrival of Tsunade, the Fourth Raikage, and the Fifth Mizukage . The Five Kage vowed to deal with Madara themselves and asked that Naruto should instead focus on defeating Tobi. The clone dispersed just as the real Naruto converged on Tobi. Naruto and B clashed with Tobi's reincarnated jinchūriki , styled like a Six Paths of Pain . During the fighting, Naruto referenced another Madara and asked who Tobi really was. Realising his lie was exposed, Tobi refused to accept any particular identity, believing it to be irrelevant. Naruto was not satisfied with this answer and vowed to break Tobi's mask.
Naruto and B clash with the reincarnated jinchūriki.
B entered Tailed Beast Mode to clear the surrounding forest that was giving him and Naruto a disadvantage against the reincarnated jinchūriki. He then tried to seal the jinchūriki, but Tobi had them enter Version 2 forms to escape at the last second. The increased strength of the jinchūriki caused difficulties for Naruto and B. Tobi, taking advantage of the situation, nearly captured Naruto, but was blocked by the arrival of Kakashi and Guy. Their arrival balanced out the two sides, so Tobi had the Four-Tails and the Six-Tails enter Tailed Beast Modes as well. The Four-Tails captured Naruto in its mouth, allowing it to communicate with him. The Four-Tails, introducing itself with the name Son Gokū, was angered to be controlled by Tobi, but it doubted Naruto would be any better since humans had always sought to control it and its fellow tailed beasts. Naruto insisted he was different and Son Gokū, touched by his desire to help it, told him how to release it from Tobi's control. Naruto managed to break out of its mouth, locate the black receiver , and remove it.
Naruto and Kurama unite.
Son Gokū thanked Naruto for his help, but explained that it couldn't actually be saved, as it was still bound to the Demonic Statue of the Outer Path . Before it was pulled back into the Demonic Statue, Son Gokū gave some of its chakra to Naruto and wished him luck. Tobi, having lost the use of one tailed beast, forced the others to enter Tailed Beast Modes so that the battle could be brought to an end. The Nine-Tails remarked that Naruto couldn't possibly win without its help. Naruto stated that he was not up for taking its chakra by force at the moment and that he would figure something out. However, Naruto's earlier determination to help Son Gokū moved the Nine-Tails, reminding it of the many selfless things Naruto had done during his life and the perseverance he always displayed. The Nine-Tails no longer wanted to oppose Naruto and instead offered to join him as a partner, asking only that Naruto call it by name: Kurama.
Naruto meets the tailed beasts.
Naruto entered his own Tailed Beast Mode and went to save Kakashi and Guy, deflecting the other five beasts' Tailed Beast Balls. The Kurama avatar fought the beasts in close combat, forcing them to combine their Tailed Beast Balls into one against it. Kurama countered theirs with a single one of its own Tailed Beast Balls and Naruto then used the avatar's tails to grab and remove the beasts' black receivers. From the contact, Naruto was able to interface with the other beasts, who introduced themselves and, like Son Gokū, gave him portions of their chakra. Tobi recalled the beasts back into the Demonic Statue and, though irritated, remained confident in his eventual victory as he faced off with Naruto, B, Kakashi, and Guy. By the time night fell, however, Tobi was still unable to defeat them. A light eventually descended on the reincarnated jinchūriki that B had kept restrained, returning them to the afterlife and signalling that Itachi had finally defeated Kabuto.
Naruto destroys Tobi's mask.
With his options running out, Tobi deposited the Benihisago and the Kohaku no Jōhei (which contained portions of Kurama's chakra ) into the Demonic Statue which, combined with a fragment of the Eight-Tails, Gyūki 's, chakra he acquired previously, was enough to start the revival of the Ten-Tails . Naruto, B, Kakashi, and Guy started focusing on destroying it, but were constantly stopped by Tobi and his peculiar teleportation and intangibility abilities. From the fighting, however, Kakashi noticed that Tobi's abilities were seemingly linked to his own Kamui . To take advantage of this, Kakashi had one of Naruto's shadow clones attack Tobi and, just as the clone was about to be destroyed by one of Tobi's attacks, Kakashi used Kamui on it without Tobi noticing. Naruto then attacked with a Tailed Beast Ball, which Tobi escaped by retreating to Kamui's dimension . He found the clone waiting for him there and it destroyed his mask with a Rasengan.
When they saw his face, Guy and Kakashi recognised Tobi as their childhood friend, Obito Uchiha , whom they'd long thought dead. Obito declined to explain his actions to them and instead attacked, which attracted Madara, who escaped the release of the Impure World Reincarnation, to their location. Seeing Madara, Naruto asked what happened to the Kage, to which the elder Uchiha replied that they were in bad condition when he left them. From that and the conversation he overheard between Madara and Obito, particularly their manipulation of Nagato, Naruto attacked in a rage. Madara reflected him and then tried to capture him and B so that the Ten-Tails could be revived in its complete form. Naruto split his attention, he and B fighting Madara's wood dragon with their Tailed Beast Modes and one of his shadow clones trying to help Kakashi get over the revelation that Obito was alive.
Naruto with the Allied Shinobi Forces.
Obito tried to convince Naruto of the futility of resistance. Naruto insisted that protecting his comrades was always worthwhile, no matter how hopeless things may seem. His words brought Kakashi out of his slump, enabling him to start fighting Obito on his own, and energised Guy, who created an opening for Naruto and B to attack the Demonic Statue with a combined Tailed Beast Ball. The attack came too late, however, and the Ten-Tails was revived. Naruto, B, Kakashi, and Guy regrouped and coordinated an attack, but the Ten-Tails was too powerful and Madara and Obito, once they linked themselves to it, were able to deploy its powers effectively. Just before they could kill Naruto and the others, the combined remaining Allied Shinobi Forces arrived to help. Shikaku Nara, communicating to all of them from the Alliance's headquarters, staged an offensive to restrain the Ten-Tails. Although it failed, it was effective enough that Madara and Obito had the Ten-Tails destroy the distant headquarters, killing Shikaku and everyone else stationed there.
The Allies made individual attacks against the Ten-Tails, but none had any effect. At the same time, the Ten-Tails started raining wooden skewers all over the battlefield, killing many. When one was about to hit Naruto, Hinata shielded him with her body and Neji shielded her with his own. Dying, Neji collapsed on Naruto's shoulder, asking him to be more careful in the future since many lives, Hinata's particularly, now depend on his. With his last breath, he thanked Naruto for calling him a genius all those years ago. Naruto was deeply distraught by Neji's death, which Obito tried to use as an example of the needless death that resistance caused and that could be solved in the new world he wanted to create. Hinata brought Naruto back to his senses by reminding him of all the people who had given their lives to protect him and whose memories he would be insulting if he had given up now. As Naruto thanked her, he took her hand and coated her with some of Kurama's chakra.
Naruto gives chakra to the Allied Shinobi Forces.
Naruto shared Kurama's chakra throughout the Allied Forces, increasing their strength and protecting them from harm. They all manoeuvred into a formation that Shikaku was able to communicate to them before he died and, taking the form of a bird in memory of Neji, successfully removed the Ten-Tails from Obito and Madara's control. Forced to fend for themselves, Obito sought out Naruto, criticising him for wasting his energy protecting others. Naruto replied that protecting them actually gave him strength, motivating everyone within earshot. They then sensed the Ten-Tails was about to attack, which Kakashi tried to stop with Kamui. Obito intercepted him and they teleported away, leaving the others to endure the Ten-Tails' Tenpenchii . Kurama's chakra protected everyone, but it faded in the aftermath; Naruto was left quite beaten up, requiring Sakura to heal him. When the Ten-Tails attacked with another Tailed Beast Ball, the Allies mustered what little defence they could. Before it could reach them, however, the Tailed Beast Ball was suddenly teleported away and Naruto's reincarnated father, Minato Namikaze , appeared at Naruto's side.
Team 7 reunites.
The First , Second , and Third Hokage arrived soon afterward and, along with Minato, erected a barrier around the Ten-Tails to confine it. Sasuke arrived shortly too, at whose request the previous Hokage were reincarnated by Orochimaru and who now opposed Obito and Madara. Their fellow Rookie Nine had set aside their differences with Sasuke for the time being and joined forces in launching an attack against the Ten-Tails' cruft . On Sai's advice, Naruto, Sasuke, and Sakura all summoned their signature animals (Naruto calling on Gamakichi ) in order to focus directly on the Ten-Tails itself. Naruto and Sasuke successfully damaged the Ten-Tails' arm with a combined Scorch Release: Halo Hurricane Jet Black Arrow Style Zero , but it merely removed the arm to prevent the flames of Sasuke's Amaterasu from spreading.
Before they could attack again, Obito returned, landing on top of the Ten-Tails head and seemingly about to use the Samsara of Heavenly Life Technique to restore Madara to life. While everyone focused on stopping Obito, Naruto couldn't help but notice that the hand seals he was using were different from what Nagato used. Minato tried to cut Obito down, but discovered that it was too late as he sealed the Ten-Tails into his body, becoming its jinchūriki.
Birth of the Ten-Tails' Jinchūriki[
Naruto and Sasuke attack Obito.
Obito used his new power to destroy the barrier, forcing the Hokage to put the energy they were using toward the barrier into the fight instead. Because they had immortal bodies, they launched the first attack so that the others could learn what they could about Obito's new abilities, but they were quickly defeated. Naruto and Sasuke engaged him as well, but were nearly killed, saved only by Naruto using his chakra arms to link to Minato so he could teleport them to safety. Just as before, Naruto and Sasuke combined their attacks, having Minato and the Second Hokage coordinate teleports so that the attack would connect. Obito's Truth-Seeking Balls dissipated much of the attack and the damage that he did incur was quickly regenerated.
Naruto attacks Obito after discovering his weakness.
From the development and some of the previous exchanges, Minato concluded that Obito was able to neutralise ninjutsu . Gamakichi, wanting to make some final contribution to the fight before he was forced to return to Mount Myōboku , attacked with his Starch Syrup Gun . Minato took this opportunity to try and reason with Obito, reminding him of his former dream to become Hokage. Obito berated the title and those who had held it, as he had surpassed them. Naruto was insulted not only because that was a slight against his father, but also because he hadn't abandoned his dream of being Hokage like Obito had. The Second Hokage teleported him to Obito and he attacked with a Rasengan, which successfully damaged Obito; Naruto noticed that Gamakichi's attack wasn't neutralised and realised Obito was vulnerable to senjutsu .
Kurama and its jinchūriki join forces.
With a weakness discovered, Obito trapped the Alliance in a barrier and began charging multiple Tailed Beast Balls that he would use to wipe out everyone within its confines. Minato noted that he wouldn't be able to teleport them all away in time, so Naruto came up with a different approach: he linked his chakra with Minato and remotely restored the Alliance's chakra cloaks, networking everyone in with Minato's Flying Thunder God Technique , allowing him to teleport everyone out of the barrier. Minato did so and was afterwards very proud of his son, saying he wished they had more time to talk. Naruto replied that it was not necessary since he already met his mother and that she explained everything. Naruto and Minato each entered Tailed Beast Modes, with Naruto merging his with Sage Mode in order to imbue their shared Rasengan with senjutsu. The Second teleported them to Obito and they attacked, but he blocked it with his Truth-Seeking Balls.
A senjutsu-enhanced Naruto and Sasuke attack Obito.
To move ahead with his plans, Obito created a replica of the God Tree , the first step in performing the Infinite Tsukuyomi . The tree started absorbing chakra from those nearby until they die, a fate that Naruto nearly succumbed to until he was saved by the Third Hokage. Obito pointed to the growing number of casualties as further evidence that Naruto should stop resisting, an argument that Naruto was increasingly having trouble ignoring. Sasuke, unmoved by Obito's words, used Susanoo to hack through the tree and then mocked Naruto for giving up. Naruto was reminded of his desire to not lose Sasuke or anyone else for that matter and, reinvigorated, joined Sasuke in the offensive. Although their senjutsu-enhanced Tailed Beast Mode and Susanoo could compete with Obito, they were individually unable to defeat him. Obito continued trying to convince Naruto to stop, but he ignored him.
Naruto and Sasuke slash through Obito.
Sasuke then coated his Susanoo around Naruto's Tailed Beast Mode, granting the Kurama-avatar a sword and armour. Sensing that it was the final exchange, Obito created a sword and shield of his own out of Truth-Seeking Balls. Naruto created a Rasengan in each of the Kurama-avatar's tails, which his friends from Konoha guide in a coordinated assault to Obito's shield, destroying it. As soon as Naruto and Sasuke sliced through Obito with their sword, the tailed beasts then began to emerge from the Uchiha's body, giving Naruto and the combined Allied Shinobi Forces the opportunity to pull them out. The tug-of-war for the tailed beasts linked Naruto's consciousness with Obito's. Naruto reminded Obito of his earlier claim that he was nobody and set out to prove to him that he was Obito Uchiha, specifically the Obito Uchiha that Kakashi used to know. Naruto pointed out their similarities, how both were orphans and that, because of that, they wanted to be Hokage. Obito agreed that they were similar, but that was the reason why he has been trying so hard to convince Naruto that he was right, and insisted that the world he wanted to create was a better one because his vision of the future was clear, whereas the future of the current world was ambiguous. Naruto argued that was the point and that uncertainty, when faced with comrades, was worthwhile, and offered Obito his hand so that they might see what happened together.
Kurama is extracted from Naruto by Madara.
The Allies successfully removed the tailed beasts from Obito and he fell to the ground, defeated. Minato and Kakashi insisted that Obito be left to them while Naruto and the rest of the Alliance should focus on Madara. They did so, joining forces with the First Hokage against him, but right before he could seal him, Madara put one final fail-safe into effect: he had Black Zetsu force Obito to revive him. Madara quickly neutralised the First, fended off Naruto, Sasuke, and Sai, and then went after the freed tailed beasts. Naruto entered Tailed Beast Mode and assisted them with fighting him off. They were initially successful, but when Madara reacquired one of his Rinnegan , he easily defeated them with Limbo: Border Jail , sealing them all back into the Demonic Statue, including B's Gyūki and Naruto's Kurama.
Obito transfers his tailed beasts' chakra into Naruto.
The removal of Kurama from his body caused Naruto to pass out and placed his life in immediate danger. His Uzumaki heritage prevented him from dying instantly, but he required constant medical attention from Sakura in order to keep him alive. On the advice of Kurama right before it was extracted, Gaara took Naruto to Minato so that Minato's portion of Kurama's chakra could be sealed into him, saving him. Kakashi sent Naruto and Sakura to Kamui's dimension so that she could continue performing life support without interruption. Obito soon arrived to help her, having overcome both Black Zetsu and Madara in order to acquire Minato's half of Kurama and give it to Naruto, as his form of penance.
Naruto and Sasuke accept Hagoromo's power.
While on the border of life and death, Naruto was met by the Sage of Six Paths, Hagoromo Ōtsutsuki . He explained his past conflicts with his mother, Kaguya Ōtsutsuki , and the conflicts that emerged between his sons, Asura and Indra . His sons' conflict had continued through the centuries, with their chakra reincarnated every generation in new individuals to fight anew; Naruto was the current reincarnation of Asura, while Sasuke was the reincarnation of Indra. Naruto was not greatly surprised, having sensed something like that when he met Sasuke during the Five Kage Summit . Because of Madara's aims for the world, Hagoromo asked that he and Sasuke join forces to stop him, a task he was only encouraged by from the tailed beasts' positive words concerning Naruto. He gave Naruto the Six Paths Yang Power , half his chakra and Six Paths Sage Mode to help him in this goal.
Naruto and Sasuke strike Madara.
When Naruto woke up, he had Obito send him back to the real world. There, he stopped Madara from killing Might Guy and used Hagoromo's power to stabilise Guy's life force from using the Eight Gates Released Formation . Surprised by Naruto's sudden increase in power, Madara was hit by Naruto's Sage Art: Lava Release Rasenshuriken , which was fueled by Son Gokū's chakra and instantly cut down the giant tree Obito created earlier. When Sasuke arrived, Naruto entered Six Paths Sage Mode and they started overwhelming Madara. Realising his window was closing, Madara went after Kakashi and took his Mangekyō Sharingan, using it to follow Obito. Sakura appeared shortly afterward, sent by Obito so Madara wouldn't kill her. She could do nothing about Kakashi's eye, so Naruto used Hagoromo's power to restore the one he lost years ago.
Naruto's clones facing Madara's clones.
Madara soon returned, now having both his Rinnegan and Black Zetsu in control of Obito's body. Naruto and Sasuke immediately resumed their attack, but Madara had an easier time with them. He rose into the sky, raining Chibaku Tensei on them to keep them busy while he projected the Infinite Tsukuyomi on the world. While Naruto destroyed the remaining satellite-like constructs, Sasuke shielded him, Sakura, and Kakashi with Susanoo from the Infinite Tsukuyomi's gaze. He let them out once the illusion was finished casting and they emerged to find themselves alone, with the rest of the world being wrapped into Madara's God: Nativity of a World of Trees . As Madara confronted them and started explaining how he had saved the world, he was stabbed in the back by Black Zetsu. Black Zetsu then transferred to Madara's body from Obito's and forced him to absorb the world's chakra, converting him into a woman that Naruto and Sasuke recognised as Kaguya Ōtsutsuki.
Kaguya Ōtsutsuki Strikes[
Main article: Kaguya Ōtsutsuki Strikes Kaguya detected that Naruto and Sasuke as the reincarnations of Asura and Indra, and also that her son Hagoromo had given them the power to defeat her. Not wanting to further the damage the world that their fighting would cause, she shifted them all to one of her dimensions , placing them above a sea of lava. Sasuke summoned his hawk Garuda to save himself and Naruto, but ignored Naruto's pleas to save Sakura, Kakashi, and Obito too since only he and Naruto were vital to the fight. Kakashi was able to briefly stop their fall, but the heat burned the scroll he used to save them and it was only Naruto's sudden discovery that he was able to levitate that saved them from the lava. He left a shadow clone to hold onto them and engaged Kaguya, creating an opening for Sasuke to attack.
Kaguya thwarts Naruto and Sasuke's sealing attempt.
Sasuke's attack failed and Naruto must save him from the lava. With their attacks ineffective and the environment such a hazard, Naruto and Sasuke discussed what to do. Kaguya appeared behind them and paralysed them, binding them with Black Zetsu while she started absorbing their chakra. Black Zetsu took the opportunity to expand on the history earlier given by Hagoromo, painting Kaguya as the victim of her sons, Hagoromo and Hamura . Black Zetsu had for centuries been manipulating others toward the outcome of reviving her, and only then had it finally succeeded. It encouraged them to bask in the embrace of their oblivion, but Naruto refused, breaking himself and Sasuke free. Needing to take drastic action, Naruto used his "ultimate" jutsu: Sexy: Reverse Harem Technique . Kaguya was so distracted that she was nearly sealed, but she recomposed herself in time to shift dimensions again, freezing Naruto and Sasuke in place.
Naruto overwhelms Kaguya with shadow clones.
Because Naruto and Sasuke were only a threat to her when together, Kaguya sent Sasuke to a different dimension while she focused on Naruto. While Kaguya manipulated the ice dimension against him, his shadow clone explained to Kakashi, Sakura, and the now-awake Obito that his and Sasuke's powers were both necessary to defeat her. Obito offered to use his Kamui to try and explore Kaguya's dimensions to find Sasuke. To give Obito an opening, Naruto used Naruto Region Combo to overwhelm Kaguya, forcing her to retreat to another dimension to get her bearings. When she did so, Obito infiltrated the dimension Kaguya went to with Sakura and the shadow clone. The shadow clone faced her so that she wouldn't notice them while they look for Sasuke. Kaguya returned to the ice dimension and resumed her fight with the army of Naruto's clones. He kept her preoccupied until Obito returned with Sasuke.
Naruto separates Black Zetsu from Kaguya.
Increasingly frustrated, Kaguya shifted them to another dimension with powerful gravity to immobilise Naruto and Sasuke while she attacked with her All-Killing Ash Bones . Kakashi and Obito used themselves to shield the attack, with Obito then using Kamui to protect Kakashi, leaving Obito unable to defend himself. Naruto tried to heal the damage to his body, but even Hagoromo's power couldn't save him. While Sasuke fought Kaguya, Obito thanked Naruto for reminding him of who he was and made him promise to become Hokage for both their sakes. Naruto agreed and Obito's body crumbled. Black Zetsu ridiculed Obito for living an insignificant life and dying an insignificant death. Enraged, Naruto severed Kaguya's arm, in the sleeve of which Black Zetsu had been hiding, and then pinned it to the ground with his Truth-Seeking Balls.
Team 7 defeats Kaguya.
Naruto and his shadow clones attacked Kaguya with Sage Art: Super Tailed Beast Rasenshuriken . On impact, the tailed beasts' chakra within her began reacting and Kaguya started losing control of her form. She was able to reconfigure herself and prepared an Expansive Truth-Seeking Ball to destroy them. Kakashi interfered, using Susanoo (a last gift from Obito) to make an opening for Naruto and Sasuke. She tried to escape, but Sakura punched her to keep her in place, allowing Naruto and Sasuke to trigger Six Paths — Chibaku Tensei . The tailed beasts were removed from her, Madara was spat out, and she was entombed in her own dimension. Not wanting Black Zetsu to scheme for her release again, Naruto made a point to trap it with her but not before telling it that a spoiled brat like it has no right to compare itself with the men and women who truly shaped shinobi history.
Minato wishes happy birthday to Naruto.
Team 7 wondered how they would return to their world. Sensing their need, Hagoromo combined the efforts of the dead Kage to summon them, the tailed beasts, and Madara back. Hagoromo thanked them for saving the world, as did the tailed beasts for saving them. Naruto happily greeted to his original Kurama, asking if it missed him, to which the flustered fox denied. After Madara died from his ordeal, Naruto met with Minato who, as day broke, wished him a happy seventeenth birthday. As Hagoromo returned Minato's and the souls of the other dead Kage to the Pure Land , Minato voiced his pride in Naruto and promised to tell Kushina everything about him. The other Kage also gave words of parting, which Naruto tearfully accepted.
With all threats gone, Hagoromo explained that the Infinite Tsukuyomi could be released if Naruto and Sasuke combine their chakra. Sasuke agreed to this, but first he wanted to kill the Kage and destroy the tailed beasts, believing both were inhibitive to world peace. When he was unwilling to back down from his threat, the tailed beasts moved in to stop Sasuke, but he captured each in their own Chibaku Tensei. Hagoromo recognised that as a continuation of Indra's feud with Asura, but lacked the time and power to do anything about it. Sakura tried to reason with Sasuke, but he knocked her out and left. Naruto followed after him, promising to Hagoromo that he would bring him around and finally end the centuries-long feud.
Naruto and Sasuke begin their rematch at the Valley of the End.
Naruto and Sasuke ended up at the Valley of the End , where they fought years ago. Sasuke stated his willingness to bear the world's burdens by himself and live independently of the past, neither of which Naruto believed were possible, or at least wise. He tells Sasuke it's impossible to do everything alone like he plans to, pointing to the missteps Itachi made and their own successful teamwork against Kaguya. Sasuke replies that he only wants to remake a better world, one where he can, like Itachi before, be solely responsible for the difficult decisions that must be made so that nobody else needs to; this is what he believes a true "Hokage" to be. Naruto insists he will be Hokage, not Sasuke, because Sasuke is still going against what Itachi wanted for him and they start fighting.
Naruto and Sasuke's attacks collide.
After a brief exchange of blows reminiscent of their fight years ago, Naruto and Sasuke started trading punches with their Tailed Beast Mode and Susanoo respectively. Sasuke chastised Naruto for not attacking with an intent to kill, but Naruto, like last time, was unwilling to do so, not wishing for either of them to go without the other. Naruto then clashed his Tailed Beast Ball with Sasuke's Susanoo-supported Chidori, producing a large explosion that does noticeable but not debilitating damage to their respective avatars. Each therefore powered up the avatars, Sasuke by channelling the captured tailed beasts into his Susanoo and Naruto by merging his avatar with the avatars of two shadow clones. The two met attacks once again, creating a giant explosion that stripped away their avatars and left them with too little chakra to use practically. They instead resorted to taijutsu , kicking and punching each other into the night.
Naruto and Sasuke's final clash.
As the two battled near exhaustion, Kurama mustered enough chakra for Naruto to make one last attack, but Sasuke absorbed it. Having expected this, Naruto delivered a solid punch, finally irritating Sasuke over the endless repetition of their fight. Kurama gave the last of its chakra to Naruto, who used it to make a Rasengan to counter Sasuke's Chidori. Both woke up later to find that much of the Valley of the End had been destroyed, that they had each lost an arm, and that neither could move. Sasuke reflected that Naruto had been a constant obstacle to his goals, but that he was also the only person who never given up on him. Naruto's usual response that they were friends didn't convince Sasuke since it obviously went beyond, so Naruto elaborated that he experienced pain if he didn't have Sasuke. Sasuke was awed, knowing full well that Naruto had experienced various misfortunes in his life, smiled through all of them, yet would suffer without Sasuke.
Naruto and Sasuke reconnect.
When they woke up the next day, Sasuke admitted defeat for the first time in his life, as he came to accept that Naruto was just as vital to him as he was to Naruto. Kakashi and Sakura eventually tracked them down and Sakura healed them, though she couldn't do anything about their missing arms. Once they were able to walk, they returned to where the Allied Shinobi Forces were all trapped still, dispelled the Infinite Tsukuyomi according to Hagoromo's instructions, and Sasuke released the tailed beasts. With the war over, Naruto returns to the village, where he attends a mass funeral for the participants of the war. In the anime, while recovering from his injuries, Gaara and A approach Naruto and thank him for his effort during the war. Shikamaru later brings Naruto to the Academy to meet with Iruka and Kakashi, who is considering on promoting Naruto as a jōnin. However, because he never got to retake the Chūnin Exams, Naruto has to complete two years worth of studies, much to his dismay. However, Naruto is cheered up as Iruka offers to help him. [155]
Blank Period[
Naruto and Sasuke part ways.
Months after the war, Sasuke was pardoned for his crimes on the good word of Naruto and Kakashi (who had been selected to become the Sixth Hokage). Just before Sasuke left Konoha to wander the world, he was met by Naruto, who returned to him his forehead protector .
Kakashi Hiden: Lightning in the Icy Sky[
Main article: Kakashi Hiden: Lightning in the Icy Sky Nearly a year after the end of the Fourth Shinobi World War , Naruto and Sai were sent to the Land of Waves to capture Garyō , leader of the Ryūha Armament Alliance . Once they located the Alliance's hideout, Naruto launched an assault with multiple shadow clones; although he was still missing an arm, he had learned how to perform one-handed hand seals . He easily dealt with most of the Alliance's members, but was briefly stalled by the Ice Release of Garyō's bodyguard . Naruto distracted the bodyguard with a shadow clone for long enough to apprehend Garyō. Garyō tried to convince Naruto that the Alliance was doing good work by releasing the world from money's corruptive influence. Although sympathetic, Naruto couldn't abide their terrorist actions and escaped with Garyō on Sai's bird .
At some point within the next two months, Naruto received a prosthetic arm to replace the one he lost during the war. While eating at Ramen Ichiraku one day, he saw Kakashi walking by and asked him when he would officially take on the responsibilities of Hokage. He tried to convince Kakashi by listing the many shortcomings of Tsunade, unaware that she was standing behind him; she angrily knocked Naruto unconscious. Kakashi finally accepted the Hokage position shortly after the mission involving the Ryūha Armament Alliance and the Blood Prison . When Naruto learned about the mission, specifically that he was expressly forbidden from being informed about it at the time, Naruto started spreading rumours about Kakashi's relationship with the Blood Prison's new warden, Kahyō . Kakashi angrily attacked him and then bought him some ramen to apologise.
Shikamaru Hiden: A Cloud Drifting in Silent Darkness[
Main articles: Shikamaru Hiden (novel) and Shikamaru Hiden (anime) Naruto ran into Shikamaru early one morning and they discussed their heavy workloads for the Shinobi Union . Since Naruto's assignments were given to him by Shikamaru, he took the opportunity to complain. Shikamaru explained that Naruto, a prime candidate for an eventual Hokage position, needed to get used to it. Naruto later discussed what Shikamaru had said with Sakura , having sensed that there was something Shikamaru was keeping from him. Sakura reminded Naruto of all the work Shikamaru did to prepare Naruto for becoming Hokage and that it likely had something to do with that. Naruto was aware of all that Shikamaru did on his behalf, but wondered if he was worth Shikamaru's trouble.
A few days later, Naruto was approached by Temari , who was worried about Shikamaru's recent behaviour and now asked where he was. Naruto didn't know, and was troubled to find that neither did Chōji or Ino . He finally asked Kakashi, who admitted under pressure that Shikamaru was on a secret assignment to the Land of Silence . Naruto joined Temari's team of Suna ninja to go to the Land of Silence to provide assistance to Shikamaru. They interrogated the locals upon arrival and learned that Shikamaru had been captured by the Enlightened Ones . They attacked the prison where Shikamaru was being held and successfully freed him, enabling him to complete his mission by taking the country's leader, Gengo , into custody. Afterwards, Naruto demanded that Shikamaru never keep anything from him again, otherwise their future Hokage—advisor relationship would be very problematic. Shikamaru agreed and apologised. While Shikamaru returned to Konoha, Naruto and several other Konoha and Suna shinobi remain in the Land of Silence to help the country recover from Gengo's control.
The Last: Naruto the Movie[
Naruto vs. Toneri's puppets.
During the Rinne Festival , Naruto, being the hero of the village, was bombarded with gifts from various young Konoha residents. To distract Naruto from all the attention, Konohamaru invited him over to his grandfather 's storage, where Naruto found a scarf that his mother had knitted for him before she passed. He happily began wearing the scarf around the village, treating it as a precious memento. Naruto attempted to discuss his new-found attention to Hinata over ramen, but it made her uncomfortable and ran away with embarrassment, much to his confusion and leading him to chase after her. While looking for her, Naruto stumbled across a horde of puppets trying to abduct Hinata. After he rescued her, they were notified that Hinata's sister Hanabi was kidnapped by Toneri Ōtsutsuki , and were assigned on a team to rescue her.
Kakashi informed the team of the imminent crashing of the moon onto the Earth, and asked that they do what they can to stop it in case Toneri was connected in any way. They followed Hanabi's trail and were led into a cave. While traveling through it, they were caught in genjutsu formed from their own memories. From seeing events of his own past and some of Hinata's, Naruto was reminded of her feelings for him and realised that he felt the same way. Sakura released them from the genjutsu and they continued with the mission. After the team encountered the Gatekeeper , Naruto noticed that Hinata was missing and left to find her, only to discover that she was in a conversation with a disguised Toneri who he quickly defeated. Hinata wouldn't share what she discussed with the puppet, so Naruto vowed not to let her out of his sight again. They continued through the cave and eventually arrived in the moon's interior, which the team then split up to investigate the surrounding settlement .
Naruto confesses to Hinata.
After the team regrouped, Naruto watched Hinata as she repaired her ruined scarf. She expressed her concerns that she wasn't doing enough to save her sister, so Naruto reassured her and also told her how he felt. Toneri appeared before she could respond, prompting Hinata to give Naruto the scarf and departed with Toneri. Naruto chased after them, believing Hinata was being taken against her will. When Hinata did not deny Toneri's statement about them getting married, Naruto became too shocked to react. Toneri attacked him, destroying the scarf and leaving him badly injured. After three days of around-the-clock medical attention from Sakura, he woke up. Naruto was distraught, believing there was no reason to go on if Hinata had chosen Toneri. Sakura reassured him that Hinata couldn't really have feelings for Toneri as she loved Naruto too much, and had a reason for doing what she did. As his strength returned, Naruto vowed he would save Hinata and for her to wait for him.
Naruto fighting Toneri.
The team soon infiltrated Toneri's castle and after locating Hinata, Naruto went after her while the others rescued Hanabi. He arrived in time to interrupt Toneri's and Hinata's wedding ceremony. Toneri, who was controlling Hinata, had her attack Naruto, only for him to break his control and escape with her. Hinata led him to the Tenseigan that was controlling the moon's decent, which they individually tried to destroy to no success, but together they succeeded. After regrouping with the others, Hinata gave Naruto a piece of the scarf she knitted for him, which he graciously accepted. The team then attempted to flee the castle, but a furious Toneri appeared and separated the group, which gave him the opportunity to recapture Hinata. During their intense fight, Naruto managed to overcome Toneri's new power and overwhelm him by concentrating all his chakra into his fist and defeated him with a single punch, freeing Hinata in the process.
Naruto and Hinata kiss.
Toneri tried one final attack , but was unable to control its power, leading to Naruto to intervene and save him from drifting out into space. Afterwards, Hinata informed Toneri of Hamura's actual decree and he, regretful about what he did, allowed the team to return home. As they were returning to Earth, Naruto reaffirmed his feelings for Hinata and stated that he wanted to be with her for the rest of his life, much to her happiness, and the two later shared their first kiss.
Sakura Hiden: Thoughts of Love, Riding Upon a Spring Breeze[
One day, while Naruto was teaching a class of Academy students how to spar, he noticed Sakura, who was wandering around Konoha, looking distressed. Sensing that she needed a distraction, Naruto insisted that she help him, which took her mind off recent events. As thanks, Sakura informed Naruto of something she avoided telling him: there were rumours that Sasuke was trying to destroy Konoha. She didn't believe the rumours were true, but nobody had been able to get in touch with Sasuke to confirm. Naruto pointed out that Sasuke must not be worried by these rumours, otherwise he would respond to the messages he'd been sent. Sakura thought that was a good point and was put at ease.
When Naruto and Hinata later learned that Sakura had been kidnapped by Kido Tsumiki , they joined with Kakashi in going to rescue her. On finding her, however, they discovered that she had already defeated Kido. They congratulated her on her victory.
Konoha Hiden: The Perfect Day for a Wedding[
Naruto and Hinata preparing to be wed.
Naruto and Hinata decided to get married and invited their friends and family. Because his parents were dead, Naruto asked Iruka to attend as his father, which Iruka happily agreed to. On the day of the wedding, though, Naruto kept his real father in his thoughts, looking upon Minato 's face on the Hokage Rock with admiration as he and Hinata were about to walk down the aisle.
Sasuke Shinden: Book of Sunrise[
New Era: Part I[
Naruto and Hinata raising their children.
Shortly after their wedding, Naruto and Hinata had a son , and two years later they had a daughter . In the anime, over the years, Naruto was constantly busy, leading to him not taking the Chūnin Exams. Despite being a genin, Naruto was selected to succeed Kakashi and become the Seventh Hokage. [156] On the day of his inauguration, Boruto accidentally destroyed Himawari's toy, leading to Naruto stepping in to defend his son from Himawari's Gentle Fist -strike, but ended up taking the blow instead, rendering him unconscious. He ended up missing his own inauguration, forcing Konohamaru to impersonate him during the ceremony. [157] As Hokage, he hosted a Kage Summit in Konoha, in which Sasuke and Sakura attended alongside the four Kage and their bodyguards. During the meeting, Sasuke reported that a threat greater than Kaguya may still exist somewhere, which Naruto and the other Kage decided to keep the information between themselves to avoid causing a panic. [158]
Sasuke Retsuden: The Uchiha Descendants and the Heavenly Stardust[
Main articles: Sasuke Retsuden and Sasuke Retsuden (manga) When Naruto became afflicted with an unknown illness, Sasuke decided to go to the Land of Redaku when learning of stories that the Sage of Six Paths had the same illness and found a cure there. Naruto tried to talk Sasuke out of it, but he ignored his pleas.
Ultimately, Sasuke, with the help of Sakura and Kakashi, were able to find the cure, polar particles . Upon recovering, Naruto thanks his friends for their efforts
Academy Entrance Arc[
Main article: Academy Entrance Arc
Naruto welcoming the Academy students.
In the anime, Naruto partakes in the entrance ceremony at the Academy, which leads to him being mortified after Boruto arrives and damages the Hokage Rock . After the incident, Naruto learns from the Kaminarimon Company president that Boruto is having a positive impact on his son , leading to Naruto smiling. Later, as a mysterious presence continues to cause people in the village to randomly attack the citizens, Naruto decides to begin an investigation, which uncovers that victims are having their chakra severely drained to the point of hospitalisation.
Naruto and Hiashi discuss Boruto's training.
In the anime, as the mysterious attack began to happen throughout the village, Naruto's efforts to uncover the truth began to exhaust him and being insisted by Shikamaru to go home and rest. Upon arriving, he learned that Boruto was acting very strange recently. Once confronting his son about his new attitude, Boruto insisted that he had finally manifested his Byakugan, leading them to talk to Hiashi . Upon arriving at his household, Hiashi like Naruto had doubts that Boruto awakened the Byakugan. Deciding to test Boruto, Hanabi faces Boruto, which concluded that Boruto hadn't manifested the dōjutsu . Afterwards, Naruto talked with Hiashi about his grandchildren.
After assigning Sai to investigate the attacks in the village, he returned home late, and confided in Hinata about his ineptitude in interacting with his children, believing it to stem from his growing up without parents. Sometime later, Naruto saved civilians at the Konoha Purification Plant. As Boruto decided to check on his hospitalised friends, realising that his son was conducting his own investigation on the attacks, Naruto dragged Boruto to the surgery room, showing his son what was becoming of the victims of prolonged rampages. While hoping to sway Boruto into staying out of this matter, it only strengthened Boruto's resolve. Shino then appeared, encouraging Naruto to have faith in his son as the teacher himself was recently saved by Boruto's efforts. While still weary, Naruto decided to trust Shino's judgement.
While having dinner with his family and Mitsuki , Naruto abruptly departs to handle a matter involving strange chakra spreading across Konoha. Soon after, Sai discovered that the culprit behind these attacks was Sumire Kakei . Naruto learned from Kakashi that Sumire's intention was to unleash the Gozu Tennō on the village. Later, when Sai found Sumire, she unleashed the Nue . Naruto soon joined the unit to fend off the creature, but Kakashi warned Naruto to not get close, having realised that the endgame of this creature was to amass enough chakra to produce a powerful enough explosion to destroy the village. While the barrier team worked to keep the creature at bay, it suddenly teleported away. As Naruto attempted to find the creature with Sage Mode, Kakashi deduced that the creature worked differently from normal summonings, existing naturally in its own separate dimension.
Naruto meets up with Sasuke.
Upon Sumire turning herself in, Sai and Shikamaru notified him that it's due to Boruto appealing to Sumire's genuine love of her friends in the Academy, making Naruto relieved that decided to admit her in the first place. Later, he informs Boruto that while he must look to the welfare of the entire village and does not have absolute say, he promises to help Sumire. Ultimately, it was decided to pardon Sumire and let her return to the Academy. Later, Naruto sent a clone to meet up with Sasuke, giving him the research on the Gozu Tennō . Sasuke quickly deduced that this was an attempt on Danzō to recreate Kaguya's technique. Before Sasuke departs, he asks Naruto to apologise to Sakura for his continued absence, leading to Naruto feeling responsible for.
Sarada Uchiha Arc[
Naruto and Boruto having dinner at Ichiraku Ramen.
In the anime, when Himawari became sick due to a fever, Naruto hurried home worried about her in which Boruto pointed out that his Hokage cloak is inside out. When Naruto and Boruto began fighting over what Himawari should eat, Hinata became angry and kicked them both out of the house due to them being noisy. Naruto then invited Boruto to eat with him at Ramen Ichiraku to try to bond with him in which he accepted. As they ate, Naruto told his son about all the precious memories he had in the shop, such as being acknowledged by Iruka, hanging out with Team 7, and going on his first date with Hinata.
On the day of the Five Kage Summit in Konoha, Moegi Kazamatsuri and Udon Ise notify Naruto that Boruto had vandalised the Hokage Rock . Before Boruto could do any more damage, Naruto catches and stops him. Afterwards, he gives his son a lecture about how the whole village is his family. The ordeal leads to Naruto arriving late to the kage meeting, which he apologies for. [159]
As Boruto's graduation exam from the Academy was approaching, Naruto used a shadow clone to help him train. Meanwhile, the real Naruto received a report from Sasuke about a boy with the Sharingan. After he consulted with Kakashi about it, Naruto decided to accompany Sasuke to a meeting with Orochimaru , leaving behind a shadow clone to manage Konoha in his absence. He made a point to leave the village before Boruto could come to see him off, though he asked Shikamaru to apologise to Boruto on his behalf.
Naruto protecting Sarada and Chōchō from Shin's attack.
While on his way to the rendezvous point, Naruto sensed that he was being followed by Sarada Uchiha and Chōchō Akimichi . He initially tried to ignore them, but eventually decided it would be better to confront them than to let them continue coming after him. When he arrived to speak with them, however, he found them being attacked by the same boy from Sasuke's report. Although he was pleased that they were able to hold their own against their attacker, Naruto decided to get personally involved when he saw the boy had a Mangekyō Sharingan . The boy could do nothing against Naruto's Nine-Tails Chakra Mode, so he fled with a creature 's space–time ninjutsu . Because the boy was apparently after Sarada, Naruto allowed them to come with him so that he could keep them safe.
Naruto comforts Sarada.
While having lunch, Naruto told Sarada about what her father was like growing up and then informed both Sarada and Chōchō in what ways they take after their parents. Sarada was not only interested to hear about Sasuke, but also found she got along quite well with Naruto. As they got close to where they were supposed to meet up with Sasuke, Sarada used the bathroom as an excuse to sneek away from Naruto and Chōchō so that she could see him first. Naruto followed, and, on arrival, was reprimanded by Sasuke for bringing children with him. Sarada explained that she came without permission, as she wanted to know if Sakura was her real mother. Sasuke ignored the question, which only upset her and caused her to storm out. Naruto tried to comfort her, but his assurances that Sasuke meant well did not improve her mood. Before he could continue, he sensed the boy's return and defended Sarada as the boy and his father, Shin Uchiha , attack. Sasuke assisted in fighting off Shin and his son, but Shin was able to manipulate Sasuke's sword and used it to stab Naruto. Naruto continued attacking Shin despite his injury, though tried to use being impaled by the sword to win sympathy; Kurama ridiculed Naruto for allowing himself to be stabbed at all, but assured him that it wouldn't kill him. Sakura suddenly arrived to lend assistance and landed a fatal blow on Shin, forcing Shin to escape and took Sakura with him. Unable to detect where Shin had taken Sakura, they continued to Orochimaru's lair. Orochimaru informed them that Shin was an old experiment of his that he since lost control of. Naruto noticed Sarada sneaking off with Suigetsu Hōzuki during Orochimaru's explanation and followed them, listening in as Suigetsu ran a DNA test that suggested Sarada's real mother was actually Karin .
Not knowing what the truth was, Naruto was upset first with Sasuke for the secret he has seemingly been keeping, but also with Suigetsu for getting involved. He approached Sarada to discuss it with her, but she lashed out at him, believing he had been a knowing participant in the lie that Sakura was her mother. When she tried to insist that having no blood relation to Sakura meant they weren't family, Naruto took a firm stance: he wasn't related to most of Konoha's villagers, yet he still considered them his family because they were important to him. In the same way, Sakura and Sarada were family because they were important to each other. Sarada realised how much she loved Sakura and decided she wanted to help rescue her. They reunited with the others and head out for Shin's hideout.
Naruto facing a Shin clone.
Using Sasuke's Rinnegan , they were able to reach where Shin took Sakura, only to find Sakura faring fine on her own fighting him. With the numbers against him growing, Shin called in his sons (actually his clones) to assist, but they turned against him and killed him because he always mistreated them. The clones then turned their attention to Naruto and the others, which Naruto engaged with his own shadow clones. Because they were only children, he frightened them into surrendering by manifesting Kurama. After learning that Sakura indeed was her biological mother, Sarada reconciled with her parents, much to Naruto's happiness. Then, they all returned to Konoha, with Shin's clones being delivered to the Konoha Orphanage .
School Trip Arc[
Main article: School Trip Arc In the anime, to improve relationships with other villages and symbolically show the warring era was over, Naruto set up an official class trip for the Academy to go to Kirigakure. Working out the details with Chōjūrō , he also got a tour guide for the class.
Graduation Exams Arc[
Naruto training with Konoha-nin.
In the anime, as Academy classes began preparing for the graduation exams, the various students were interviewed about their future goals alongside a parent. Naruto however was unable to join his son as he was busy discussing matters with Orochimaru about his research on Danzō's old experiments. As Orochimaru delivered promising results to aid Sasuke in his own investigations, while Shikamaru voiced his still limited trust in Orochimaru, Naruto was more relaxed about Orochimaru roaming the village.
On Boruto's first day as a genin, Naruto managed to get some time to have breakfast with his family and see Boruto off to be assigned his team. After Boruto left, Shikamaru went to Naruto's house to collect him and inform him of his various duties for the day. Later on, Naruto was in a field testing a number of shinobi's skills in Barrier Ninjutsu to better protect the village with Mirai Sarutobi as his escort for the day. When Boruto and his teammates came to him, he was thinking that they want to change teams, but was pleasantly surprised when instead they want their team denomination to be changed to Team 7.
Genin Mission Arc[
Main article: Genin Mission Arc In the anime, as the recently promoted genin began to prepare for their first missions, Naruto prepared to present them, as it was customary. While Boruto began bragging about how easy it will, Naruto sternly warned him not to be so cocky. He presented Team 7 with a D-rank mission to aid the Green Banks Village who were being attacked by bandits for their crops. Naruto stressed that the team show team-work to complete the mission.
Byakuya Gang Arc[
Naruto quelling the protest.
In the anime, when the Byakuya Gang began conducting heists throughout Konoha, their act of distributing their stolen wealth to the poor began gaining much support from many of the villagers, leading to a protest breaking out after the group fooled the villages into believing the Kaminarimon Company was corrupt. After shinobi determined that the leaders of the protest were being manipulated by genjutsu and freed them, Naruto and his clones appeared before the crowds and began quelling them with his speech. Straight after, Naruto headed towards the Land of Fire's border where he apprehended Gekkō , who had used the riots as a distraction to steal the Magnum Opus from the Ninjutsu Research Centre .
Naruto Shinden: Parent and Child Day[
Naruto and Himawari spending Parent and Child Day together.
After announcing Parent and Child Day , Shikamaru took care of Naruto's paperwork, allowing him to spend time with Himawari. Despite being sleep deprived, Naruto accepted his daughter's wish and began searching for a Kurama doll with her. After being joined by Kiba during their unsuccessful search, he bought Himawari a Shukaku doll, to which she enjoyed. Later, with Himawari going to bed with Hinata, Naruto approached Boruto and apologised for not having spent any time during the holiday with his son. He gave Boruto a custom shuriken as a present and the two decided to spend the remainder of the evening training together.
Versus Momoshiki Arc[
Main articles: Boruto: Naruto the Movie and Versus Momoshiki Arc In the anime, on the day of Boruto's birthday, work got in the way, making him unable to attend, instead only arriving home late at night with only a birthday present as an apology. Later, as more investigations to the workings of Kaguya continued, a third Ōtsutsuki clan ruin tied to her was found. Determined to find out all he could, Naruto prepared to investigate it personally. One the way out, Naruto was approached by his son, demanding that his father promised he would show up for Himawari's birthday that was coming up, which he did.
Naruto exhausted from overusing his clones.
Later, Naruto remained busy with his Hokage duties and continued having a strained relationship with his son, Boruto. Konoha has grown into a large city under Naruto's leadership, although Naruto is overwhelmed with the responsibilities of being Hokage, leading him to create shadow clones to tend to his family and the villagers. When Boruto and his team report to Naruto after a mission, Naruto asked his son to address him as "the Seventh" instead of "Dad," and reminded him of the importance of teamwork, which annoyed his son, as he believed that he could handle anything on his own. Boruto warned his father to be home for Himawari's birthday party or else he will never forgive him. Katasuke Tōno then entered his office, requesting permission from Naruto to allow participants of the upcoming Chūnin Exams to use his new invention, the Kote . However Naruto refused on the grounds that it did not show one's true abilities as a shinobi. Naruto was unable to make it to his daughter's birthday party and sent a shadow clone instead. However, the clone ended up disappearing and dropping the cake when Naruto became fatigued, which enraged Boruto and caused him to throw Naruto's old, tattered jacket out the window. Naruto felt guilty for letting his family down and Shikamaru told him to go home and rest. The jacket was found by Sasuke, who returned to Konoha to ask for help in deciphering a scroll he found in Kaguya's abandoned castle. They met in Naruto's office where Sasuke mentioned his meeting with Boruto and this leads to them making a bet on whether the nature of a shinobi has changed in regards to Boruto, to which Sasuke says it hasn't and Naruto says it has.
Naruto exposes Boruto's cheating at the Chūnin Exams.
Naruto wasn't surprised when Boruto won the first test but after being advised by Shikamaru to reach out to Boruto, Naruto congratulated him via email, much to Boruto's annoyance. While the scroll was being deciphered, Naruto sent a clone to meet up with Sasuke and asked him if it was true that he was training Boruto. Naruto said that perhaps Sasuke was right concerning the nature of shinobi remaining the same, to which Sasuke agrees. Naruto was nervous about the outcome of the second test but after learning Boruto passed, Naruto was overjoyed. Later, he met with Boruto in his bedroom and personally congratulated him and told him not to lose against Shikadai. Naruto offered a fist bump, but Boruto only smiled as he didn't want his father to discover the Kote he was wearing. For the third test, Naruto chose to sit with Hinata and Himawari rather than with the other Kage as they watched Boruto fight in the third round and finally against Shikadai Nara . Near the end, Naruto suspected something was wrong after Boruto won. In the anime, he did not realise anything was amiss until Boruto's next match in the finals when he defeated Shinki . He asked Hinata to use her Byakugan and she noticed Boruto wearing a Kote (in the anime he realised the truth on his own). Realising that Boruto was using the exam-forbidden tool to advance his techniques, a disappointed Naruto confronted him in the arena, ordered that Boruto be disqualified from the exam and took Boruto's forehead protector from him, suspending his ninja status. He told Boruto they would talk about this at home, but Boruto lashed out at him that Naruto doesn't know how to give him a lecture when he's never home.
Naruto captured by Momoshiki.
Suddenly, Momoshiki and Kinshiki Ōtsutsuki appear and began attacking the arena. Naruto is knocked out of the arena by Momoshiki but he rushes back to defend his son when he is in danger and is shortly joined by Sasuke and Sarada. Sasuke informed Naruto that the two enemies are the new threat written about in the scroll. Naruto realises he is their target and demands to know what they want. After Momoshiki reveals he wanted Kaguya's chakra, and eventually Kurama's from the Seventh Hokage, Naruto and Sasuke combine Kurama and Susanoo to shield themselves and their children from the enemies' attacks. Naruto also dispatches shadow clones to protect civilians that hadn't managed to flee from the arena. Determined to protect his son and friends, Naruto ultimately decides to allow himself to be captured in Momoshiki's jutsu and asks Sasuke to take care of Boruto for him. Just before Naruto disappears, he looks over his shoulder and offers his son one last smile. Naruto was teleported to another dimension and bound by Momoshiki and Kinshiki to a God Tree. Naruto resisted as Momoshiki extracted half of Kurama's chakra from inside Naruto. The two debated the merits of instant strength and earned strength, causing Naruto to realise his own lack of effort in trying to understand Boruto, which is what drove him to cheat with the Shinobi Gauntlet. During the ordeal, Sasuke, Boruto, and the other Kage arrived to rescue him.
Naruto and Sasuke fighting Momoshiki's techniques.
Naruto, surprised to see Boruto wearing his old jacket, told his son that it was like looking at one of his shadow clones. When he tried to apologise to Boruto for not being there for him, Boruto replied that it was alright and he just wants to hear more about Naruto's past. After the other Kage failed to defeat Kinshiki, and the latter was absorbed by Momoshiki, Naruto and Sasuke joined forces to fight him and initially gained the upper hand until Naruto was briefly imprisoned by boulders and Sasuke was severely burned by Momoshiki's Lava Release . Naruto became enraged upon seeing Sasuke injured but was relieved to find he was all right and still able to fight after being healed by Kurama's chakra. By once again combining Kurama and Susanoo, they managed to defeat Momoshiki and cut his lava creature in half, but Katasuke rushed in and began firing ninjutsu attacks from his Kote at Momoshiki, which he absorbed and used to attack Naruto and the others. Naruto is restrained by black rods while Momoshiki prepares to eliminate the rest of the Kage. When Boruto used his Vanishing Rasengan against Momoshiki to free his father and the other Kage, Naruto was greatly surprised to find that his son was able to use the Rasengan. As they prepare their final assault, Naruto helps Boruto to create a Parent and Child Rasengan , which Boruto himself unleashes upon Momoshiki and ultimately kills him.
Naruto and Boruto reconcile.
After the battle ends, Naruto sits with Sasuke and Naruto agrees Sasuke won their bet. Naruto proudly looked on at his son and stated that he would always be there to watch Boruto grow as his father. After returning home, Naruto posed for a photograph with Boruto, Sasuke, and the four other Kage. In the anime, Naruto hosted a shared birthday party for Boruto and Himawari as an apology for his actions during Himawari's actual birthday and brought home a cake for the family to eat. After Boruto punched Naruto, thinking it was a shadow clone, Naruto began scolding him, while Himawari asked for a piggy back ride. Hinata maintained order by threatening to throw the cake away. The next morning, as Boruto left to meet with his team and Naruto left to go to work, both wished each other to do their best and bumped fists with each other. While Boruto was giving a live interview on Konoha TV, Naruto watches it proudly from his desk.
Chōchō Arc[
Main article: Chōchō Arc In the anime, when the two lead actors of a popular TV drama received a death threat, Naruto assigned Team 7 and Team 10 to protect them.
Mitsuki's Disappearance Arc[
Main article: Mitsuki's Disappearance Arc In the anime, when two guards were attacked by unknown assailants , the village was put on lockdown. Naruto and his advisers then oversaw Ino probe Uō's mind for answers, learning that Mitsuki had left willingly with the attackers. When Naruto revealed to the others Mitsuki was in fact Orochimaru's son, much outrage followed, prompting Naruto to give his rational on why he accepted Mitsuki into Konoha. Later, Naruto was informed that Boruto and Sarada left the village to find Mitsuki, leading to him dispatching Team 10 to retrieve the pair. When Naruto learned that the attackers were on route to the Land of Earth , he contacted Kurotsuchi , who promised to investigate the matter herself and return the Konoha genin pursing Mitsuki. While discussing Mitsuki's apparent betrayal, Konohamaru insisted he be the one to bring his student back, which Naruto reluctantly agreed to. Naruto later attempted to contact Kurotsuchi, but was told she wasn't available, leading to him becoming suspicious something was happening in Iwagakure .
Naruto attending Ōnoki's funeral.
Later, Naruto's fears were proven correct when Shikadai contacted his father via phone, revealing that Iwagakure was taken over as part of a plan by Ōnoki. Knowing that they couldn't act hastily, Naruto talks with the other officials and decided that he would join Shikamaru in meeting with the other daimyō to get their support on engaging this personal matter. After getting approval, Naruto and an escort moved out, and allowed his son's peers to come with him. Upon arriving at the batted village, Naruto applauded Konohamaru's work during the Iwa's internal struggle. Naruto stayed in the village and attended Ōnoki's funeral, prompting him to say the Tsuchikage left behind a grand legacy and lesson about perseverance. After returning to the village, while personally applauding Boruto and Sarada for loyally supporting Mitsuki, whose own efforts were revealed to have saved Iwa, he still was reluctantly forced to strip the Team 7 genin of their shinobi status as punishment for deserting the village. Later, Kurotsuchi's gratitude and recommendation convinced Naruto to reinstate them.
Konohamaru's Love Arc[
Main article: Konohamaru's Love Arc In the anime, due to Konohamaru spying on Asaki , a complaint was filed against him, prompting Naruto to place him under house arrest.
One-Tail Escort Arc[
Naruto meets with the tailed beasts to discuss Urashiki.
In the anime, after Sai delivered a sealed Shukaku in a tea kettle to Naruto as a result of Gaara being unable to protect it in the Land of Wind from Urashiki Ōtsutsuki , Shukaku explained it only made it to Konoha due to Boruto acting as a decoy against their pursuer. Informing Shikamaru he was going to the scene, Sasuke approached the pair and told him that wasn't necessary, as Sasuke had earlier protected Boruto and forced Urashiki to retreat. Three days later, Naruto and Gaara discussed the incident in his office. Afterwards, Naruto had a Shadow Clone see the Kazekage off at the Thunder Rail station. Some time later, Naruto brought Shukaku to his house until an official safe house was decided on. Later that evening, Naruto had a telepathic meeting with some of the other tailed beasts to discuss how to handle being targeted. As a result of guarding Shukaku, Naruto got to spend time with his family, before escorting Shukaku to his safe house.
Time Slip Arc[
A young Naruto and Boruto discussing Boruto's father.
In the anime, Naruto was notified that Urashiki was on the move again, being even more indiscriminate in his stealing of chakra. While pleased that all of the Five Great Shinobi Nations were on alert and willing to share all intel on Urashiki, Shikamaru voiced his concern about Mirai's sudden disappearance and also wondered what their enemy true goal was for gathering chakra. Later, Naruto decided to have the genin test new surveillance equipment designed to follow their location. During the field test, Urashiki was spotted in the area. This prompted most of the Konoha-nin in the village to engage, while Shikamaru stayed in the Hokage Office to help protect Naruto. Urashiki managed to get hold of a device that allowed him to travel into the past, prompting Sasuke and Boruto being sent back alongside him to the time period shortly after Sasuke's defection. A teenage Naruto and Jiraiya encountered the pair, who were disguising their identities and their occupations as travelling performers. As they were foreigners, Tsunade has Naruto and Jiraiya look over them. Spending time with Boruto, Naruto allowed him to sleep at his apartment, where Boruto vaguely talked about his father, speaking about both his feats and his flaws, where Naruto was intrigued to hear about, noting that Boruto enjoyed talking about his family, and inquired Boruto if he hated his father, to which Boruto denied.
Naruto training with Boruto.
The day after cleaning up a bathhouse together, Urashiki targeted Naruto. Failing at extracting Kurama's chakra, Urashiki instead captured him and trapped Boruto, Sasuke and Jiraiya in a rock prison before retreating. Using a cave for a hideout, Urashiki forced Naruto's seal to emerge and used his chakra in an attempt to forcibly extract Kurama' chakra from within Naruto. Urashiki's actions caused Kurama's chakra to leak out, forcing Naruto to undergo his Version 1 transformation. Arriving to rescue Naruto, Boruto attempted to reason with his father, but Naruto had since completely lost his common sense and attacked Boruto. Jiraiya managed to subdue the Nine-Tails' chakra with a seal, and Sasuke forced Urashiki to retreat. Afterwards, Jiraiya offered to train Naruto and Boruto to prepare them for Urashiki. The following day, Naruto began working with Boruto to synchronise their chakra to create a new cooperation ninjutsu under Jiraiya's guidance. After Boruto left to clear his head, Sasuke approached Naruto with food from Jiraiya, and told Naruto about how "a friend" struggled for years to help him after he lost his way, but never gave up until finally succeeding, which renewed Naruto's conviction.
Continuing his training the next day, the pair were approached by Sakura, who had found Sasuke's note from the future, and questioned why it Sasuke's name on it before shortly leaving with an answer. Naruto and Boruto resumed their training, which ultimately left them exhausted. They were then approached again by Urashiki, who subdued the pair. Jiraiya and Sasuke joined the fight. Deciding the foe's newest technique was too dangerous, Sasuke tackled himself and Urashiki over the ledge and into a river to let his allies escape. While tending to Jiraiya's wounds, the group tried to figure out how to deal with Urashiki. Boruto realised that in the fight, the blood splattered on Urashiki was drying much faster than Boruto's. After engaging the foe again to test a theory, they concluded that Urashiki's technique lets him warp into the past by several seconds, giving him a pseudo-clairvoyance from his experiences. Urashiki attacked the Konoha-nin again, where Jiraiya contained everyone in his Summoning: Toad Mouth Bind . During which, Naruto unleashed a continued barrage of clones on Urashiki. While he easily countered the assault with his technique, Urashiki inadvertently poisoned himself from the acidic vapours of the great toad's belly far sooner than the Konoha-nin due to his repeated time-warp. Once Jiraiya released the summoning, Naruto and Boruto then proceeded to knockout Urashiki with a Rasengan assault.
Naruto and Boruto facing Urashiki.
Enraged, Urashiki awoke and consumed all his accumulated chakra and his eyes, leading to him undergoing a transformation that strengthened him. Jiraiya and the two genin were quickly overwhelmed by Urashiki's continued assaults, even with the aid of the returning Sasuke. Urashiki deliberately held back on Naruto, hoping to anger him enough into unleashing the Nine-Tails' chakra. His efforts ultimately succeeded when Jiraiya took a hit that was intended for Naruto, triggering his transformation. Boruto, however, managed to reach Naruto and together were able to perfect their new collaboration technique . With the combined effort of Jiraiya and Sasuke, the two kids were able to plough through Urashiki's final attack and obliterate him. After the battle, both Naruto and Boruto lose consciousness due to their exhaustion. Days after Naruto and Boruto recovered at the Konoha hospital, he was upset to hear that Boruto and Sasuke would be leaving now that their mission was completed. Before they left, Naruto gave Boruto a gift. Sasuke used his Sharingan to erase everyone's memories of the events to preserve the timeline. On seeing the Sharingan, Naruto had what appeared to be a brief moment of recognising Sasuke before losing consciousness.
Upon the pair returning, Naruto was approached by Sasuke who explained the recent situation he and Boruto had. Naruto was amazed at such a tale. Later, while visiting Jiraiya's grave to pay his respect, he was approached by Boruto, who decided to share with Naruto the gift of special ramen given by his past self. Sometime later, Sumire was officially transferred to the Scientific Ninja Weapons Team . Naruto reached out to the Land of Iron and requested an exchange student to take Sumire's spot on Team 15 . Shikamaru was concerned about his experimental move of mixing shinobi with samurai, but Naruto insisted it would help close the gap between the two. Later, Naruto attended his father-in-law's birthday, impressed by Boruto getting past his aversion mushy feelings to suggest a regular family photo.
Sasuke Shinden: The Teacher's Star Pupil[
Mujina Bandits Arc[
Main articles: Mujina Bandits Arc and Shikamaru Shinden In the anime, Naruto set up a mission for Team 7 to infiltrate Hōzuki Castle to verify the information about the Mujina Bandits offered by Kokuri in exchange for protection. After losing contact from Mujō , the prison warder who was working with Konohagakure, Naruto sent Sai and a team to investigate. Ultimately, the succeeded in returning " Kokuri " to the village to question him about the Mujina Bandits before letting the man go free.
At the Hokage building, Naruto hosted a Kage Summit, during which the Kage bickered about topics concerning Konoha, leading to Kurotsuchi demanding Konoha to disclose all of its confidential information as the village's proof to peace by the next summit, and said Iwagakure would leave the Five Great Shinobi Country alliance if they didn't. Afterwards the summit ended. Naruto was told then by Shikamaru that the reason why Kurotsuchi was acting that way was because she was being pressured by the Earth Daimyō to invade the Land of Flowers for the corps they had to offer and expressed sadness that Kurotsuchi didn't tell them as he believed that the Shinobi Union would have definitely aided her when it came to food scarcity and other issues and the potential of another war, remembering the casualties of the last war and not wanting to use and introduce the next generation to the horrors of war. Naruto found hope, however, when Shikamaru said they could negotiate with her so the invasion won't happen. [65]
Unfortunately, in the next Kage Summit, Naruto's revelation of Kurotsuchi's true intentions only cause Darui to angrily threaten to kill Kurotsuchi and to add things worse, Naruto and Sasuke's strength were used as a boon for Kurotsuchi's cause, as they had the power to take over the continent and the imbalance in strength between Konoha and the other villages were thus immense. Despite Naruto's attempts to ensure Konoha would not try to take over the world, Shikamaru responded by paralysing and threatening to crush Kurotsuchi's neck, much to Naruto's horror and fury. Quickly, Naruto used his chakra to break out of Shikamaru's shadow and angrily put Shikamaru in place before attempting to plea for peace but he could not sway Kurotsuchi or Darui, who made it clear they would go to war if the invasion were to occur. Furious over the outcome, Naruto angrily confronted Shikamaru when they walked home but was rebuffed by his friend, who told him to think with his head and start responding harshly enough. [65]
Several months after the Hōzuki Castle mission, Naruto discussed Katasuke being under mind control with Sai and Ibiki, and had them continue their investigation while Shikamaru handled Katasuki. Afterwards, Mirai Sarutobi informed Naruto that Team Konohamaru successfully captured the Mujina Bandits, much to his joy. As Shojoji was discussed, Naruto told everyone that they had to hurry up and handle the missing-nin . [160] Shikamaru then informed Naruto of his upcoming meeting with the Fire Daimyō Ikkyū Madoka , which Naruto had forgotten was later during the day. During which, he discussed financial matter with Ikkyū. [65]
Kara Actuation Arc[
Main article: Kara Actuation Arc Later in the anime, Team 25 and Sasuke were sent to investigate the information extracted from the captured Shojoji about Kara's existence in Amegakure. Upon their return, they learned that Kara had long ago abandoned their facility in Amegakure and were performing biological experiments. They also learned that there were in fact civilians who sympathised with Kara and its goals. Naruto was concerned to learn that Amegakure was in shambles as it had yet to make any recovery since the Fourth Shinobi World War. He was determined to help the village.
Naruto learned that Victor , the president of the Land of Valleys ' premiere medical and research company, was a member of Kara who somehow obtained a sample of the First Hokage's cells. Naruto was greatly concerned that Team 7 was defeated by two Inners. Upon seeing Boruto in treatment, he was certain that Boruto would be fine. Afterwards, Naruto discussed with his advisers on the next move. Shikamaru offered to use his connections in the Land of Valleys to get permission to investigate Victor's company. Three days later, it was approved for Naruto to send Mugino and Konohamaru to stealthily investigate. Later, Naruto sent Team 10 on a joint mission with Team Shinki to retrieve Urashiki's puppet. He later listened to Shikadai's report on the mission which greatly concerned and disturbed him.
After Boruto recovered from his new training, Naruto gave his son permission to return to the Land of Valleys to return the wedding ring of their recent client's husband to her. Following the defeat of Victor and his amoral experiments, Naruto received a report on the events. Upon Konohamaru and Mugino's return, Konoha leadership discussed how to handle Kara, having learned influential figures like Victor were associated with the organisation and finding evidence in their investigation that Kara had spies all around. While many considered closing off the gates to Konohagakure to stop the flow of information, Naruto was torn on this, valuing the new peace between the village and the rest of the world. After talking various officials in the village, and witnessing Boruto and his friends work on an experiment to improve wireless communications, Naruto decided to not close the gates as it would deter cooperation with the outside world, instead deciding to reinforce security.
Ao Arc[
Naruto facing Boruto.
In the anime, Naruto attended the memorial service for the fallen people of the Fourth Shinobi World War. Later, Naruto joins his son in a sparring match at the Training Hall , to test out Katasuke's new invention that was fitted on his arm. During the match, Naruto defends himself from Boruto, and uses the invention to absorb his son 's techniques , before defeating him with a single kick. Afterwards at the Hokage's office, Naruto informs Boruto of the technology he used against him, which angered Boruto. Before Naruto could explain himself, Sasuke arrives and interrupts their conversation, calming Boruto down by pointing out the need for them with the coming danger of enemies like the Ōtsutsuki Clan .
Naruto also admitted to knowing about Boruto's mark on his right palm, which was another reason Naruto approved the development of this advanced weaponry. While Boruto still insisted they should rely solely on ninjutsu like in the Chūnin Exams, Naruto noted that the Chūnin Exams were to test one's growth as a ninja, where as they are now in a battle for survival. Katasuke then arrived to retrieve his prototype, to which Naruto assigned Team Konohamaru a C-rank mission to escort the lead scientist back to the lab in Ryūben City. While Boruto stormed off in a huff, Naruto asked his genin team-mates to watch over him should anything happen with his mark.
As Konohamaru failed to report from his mission, Naruto contacted Boruto's team at the Scientific Ninja Weapons Team 's lab, who were nearest to Konohamaru's last reported location. He instructed them to search the area but be careful and not recklessly engage any foes. While Shikamaru reminded him that Team Konohamaru were all very capable for their age, Naruto insisted that he was more concerned about the possibility of them running into the organisation Kara as Konohamaru's mission was to investigate a mysterious airship.
Kawaki Arc[
Main article: Kawaki Arc When Team 7 returned with news of Mugino's demise at the hands of Ao , who was in leagues with Kara, they also revealed a boy with ties to Kara named Kawaki . In the anime, he was detained at the Advanced Technology Research Institute in Ryūtan City, prompting Naruto and Sai to go immediately and meet the boy. On the train ride, Sai noted that it was risky to take such a mysterious boy back to the village. Naruto understood Sai's fear, knowing that Kara's desire of the boy could lead to the village becoming a battlefield again. Upon arriving in the station, they learned that Kawaki escaped and was on a rampage. Before Naruto and Sai could act, they met with Boruto and Sumire, the latter insisted to not hurt Kawaki. She noted that Kawaki's rampage stemmed from emotional scars due to his troubled past. Taking Sumire's words to heart, Naruto stopped Kawaki's passively, subduing him until he tired himself out and collapsed.
Naruto comforts Kawaki.
Naruto decided he was most suitable to monitor Kawaki, and held a Kage Summit to discuss the situation. Following the unanimous agreement from other Kage with Naruto, he took the boy to his house, during which he foiled Kawaki's attempts at fleeing. There, Kawaki attempting to escape, but Naruto intimidated him into submission. His escape attempt resulted in Himawari's vase being destroyed. Naruto intervened when Boruto and Kawaki began fighting, and later overheard Kawaki speaking of his hardship as a result of his Kāma. Afterwards, Naruto took Kawaki to Yamanaka Flowers to pick a new vase, where he hugged Kawaki after he had a panic attack. Sometime later, Naruto and Boruto sparred; he defeated his son, even while Boruto used his Kāma. Naruto offered for Kawaki to try sparring with Boruto next time, but Kawaki declined as he couldn't use chakra, prompting Naruto to insist that all can learn to do so and that having strong rivals will help one in accomplishing great things.
Later, Boruto decided to take Kawaki's offer of learning what he knows about their Kāma. Deciding to do so through sparring, the two children quickly activated their respective marks. While Boruto kept up in hand-to-hand combat, Kawaki's usage of his modified body put Boruto on the defensive. Kawaki then launched a blast at Naruto with the intent of him absorbing it like previously, only for Boruto to instead damage his hand. Naruto called off the match and told the two to perform the Seal of Reconciliation. The event made their marks react and caused Boruto's hand to instantly heal. Before pushing the subject, Naruto was alerted of an intruder. Naruto told his son to take Himawari away while he stayed with Kawaki, certain that the intruder was after Kawaki. His assumption proved correct as they were quickly met by Delta . She demanded Naruto hand over Kawaki to her, and Kawaki confirmed her identity as an Inner from Kara. Naruto instructed Boruto to protect Himawari and Kawaki to protect himself.
Naruto fighting Delta.
Fighting her, Naruto initially outperformed her with taijutsu, but she began making use of her shinobi-ware to launch sneak attacks and absorb his Rasengan. Naruto entered his Six Paths Sage Mode, but Delta was eventually able to stab him and pin him down. He tried to discern her motives for wanting Kawaki, but she saw through his deception, and noticed he was already healing, considering Naruto to be a monster as well. While Naruto was continually forced to hold back in fear of the spectators' safety, he continued to gradually wear down his foe, leading to Delta using her Destruction Beam against Naruto to combat his regenerative ability. Eventually, Delta targets Himawari, leading to Naruto blocking the attack with his body, but is uninjured as Kawaki sacrificed his right arm to block the attack. Enraged at her tactics, Naruto resumed the fight and quickly overwhelmed her. Naruto, having seen her return his Rasengan that she absorbed, deduces that there was a limit to how much chakra her eyes can absorb since the chakra or attack had to be stored somewhere in her body rather than dissipating and vanishing, prompting him to overpower and defeat Delta with his Super-Ultra-Big Ball Rasengan . Defeated, Delta's body self-destructed, forcing Naruto to flee the vicinity with the children.
Naruto training Kawaki.
Later, when bringing Kawaki to Katasuke to repair Kawaki's arm, the scientist informed him that the technology in Kawaki's body was too advanced for him to handle. Finding an alternate solution, Naruto gave Kawaki one of his prosthetic arms and channelled some of his chakra into Kawaki to make it work. Shocked at how sincere Naruto was at being nice, Kawaki asked to learn ninjutsu, which Naruto agreed to and began training him. Quite a while after Delta's defeat, while Naruto and Kawaki were at his house, he notices Kawaki in distress, resulting in his Kāma creating a portal which Jigen emerged from. Wanting to take his son back, Naruto attempted to attack him but was repelled away and impaled by chakra draining rods. Activating his chakra mode, Naruto kicks Jigen away from Kawaki. Jigen then proceeded to activate his Kāma. Fearing for the Hokage's safety, with Jigen's power entirely above Delta's and capable of either killing or severely injuring Naruto, Kawaki stepped in and submitted, agreeing to back willingly with Jigen if he spared Naruto. While Jigen agreed to the terms, Naruto refused to comply. Jigen responded by teleporting himself and Naruto to another dimension.
Naruto and Sasuke facing Jigen.
As Jigen attempted to strand Naruto there, he was attacked and stopped by Sasuke. Being away from Konoha and free to fight with all their power, the pair engaged in battle with Jigen, leading to Sasuke deducing their opponent's fighting style involved shrinking himself and his rods. Pressuring Jigen, the Kara member taped into his Kāma and grew a horn. Upon seeing Jigen's development, Sasuke revealed how he resembled an unknown Ōtsutsuki member, and that Jigen had ties with a juvenile Ten-Tails. As Sasuke also revealed that Jigen's goal was to drain the entire planet of all its chakra, the two shinobi decided to fight with their full power. Despite their strong avatar forms and team-work, Jigen ploughed through their defences. As he swiftly wore down and pummelled his foes, he restrained the pair with rods and decided to keep Naruto alive because of Kurama in him while killing Sasuke due to his Rinnegan's Space-Time Ninjutsu. Accepting the truth, Naruto had his clones hold off Jigen while he convinced Sasuke to escape despite his friend's protests. Jigen revealed that he was after Boruto Uzumaki for his Kāma and sealed Naruto in a giant pot which he shrunk, leaving Naruto trapped within the foreign dimension. Afterwards, Boro stood guard over the pot, during which Boruto and Kawaki used their Kama to transport Naruto's unconscious body out before killing the Kara member.
Returning to Konoha, they were all taken to the hospital for treatment. As Naruto made a quick recovery, he was impressed to hear of the genin's work, and joked that rebellious genin seemed to still be a thing. In the anime, they discussed the recent events. Kawaki informed them that each member of Kara was modified with Shinobi-Ware, granting them abilities besides ninjutsu. After everyone else left, Shikamaru discussed with Naruto on how best to deal with Kawaki, as his Kāma acted as a direct path to Konoha at any time for Kara. Upon learning of Boro's cult, Naruto assigned Sai and Konohamaru to investigate, hoping to discover new information on the new whereabouts of Kara's Ten-Tails. They returned and reported Boro's scheme for getting new cultists and using them as subjects for Kara's Vessel experiments, as well as that despite her defeat to Naruto, Delta was somehow still active, having destroyed the cult's base.
Naruto interrogates Amado.
Later, Naruto was informed by Ino of Shikadai being taken hostage by Amado . Though he wished to speak to Shikamaru, he was glad to learn of Naruto's rescue, and revealed he wished to defect to Konoha, offering intel on Kara, Jigen, their Ten-Tails, and the Ōtsutsuki. After Naruto gave his word as Hokage to not go back on the deal provided his intel was good, Amado began explaining all he knew. He revealed that how the Ōtsutsuki have since before recorded history been travelling from planet to planet, harvesting its chakra for the sake of evolving itself while destroying the planet in the process, using the Ten-Tails for the process. He revealed that Jigen himself was turned into an Ōtsutsuki from being branded by his Kāma of Isshiki. Amado also revealed to have sabotaged the blimp to free Kawaki and likewise ensure that Sasuke would get the intel of Isshiki. Amado's glasses began beeping. His glasses were taken off, revealing a holographic projection of Jigen talking with his accomplice Koji Kashin intended to kill Jigen. As Naruto was intrigued by Koji's techniques and battle tactics, Amado insisted that Naruto accept his request to officially join Konohagakure with full amnesty and protection in order to hear more of his secrets, which Naruto agreed. Amado carried on his explanation, sharing what he knew of Jigen, the Ōtsutsuki, and Kāma. He stressed how a full rebirth of the Ōtsutsuki must be avoided, and claimed he'd teach them how to kill an Ōtsutsuki. When Jigen's death triggered Isshiki's resurrection in his body, Amado explained this also erased Kawaki's Kāma to avoid duplicates, leading Shikamaru to realise that without any remaining Kāma, Isshiki was vulnerable to a permanent death.
Naruto halts Isshiki's search.
After Amado was officially made a citizen of Konohagakure, made aware of his rights and limitations, he warned them of Isshiki's immediate focus on rebranding Kawaki. He advised Naruto against taking the fight to Isshiki, and stressed that had to protect Kawaki against being rebranded. Naruto took his advice and ordered a civilian evacuation, as Isshiki would seek Kawaki in Konoha. Naruto was against Boruto staying to fight him, but where interrupted by an alert of Isshiki's arrival. Naruto ordered Boruto to join the evacuation as he went to confront Isshiki. Isshiki was surprised to see Naruto had escaped, but demanded for Kawaki. When Naruto refused, Isshiki began shrinking various targets in the village to destroy it. Naruto activated his Six Paths Sage Mode , but Isshiki easily overpowered him. Sasuke soon joined the fight, levelling the battlefield. He then launched his sword at Isshiki. As Isshiki attempted to shrink it, it was revealed to Boruto transformed . As Naruto was horrified by his son's arrival, Boruto activated his Kāma , teleporting himself and Isshiki to another dimension. Naruto and Sasuke followed through the latter's Rinnegan. As the Konoha-nin faced down Isshiki, he decided the best way to get Kawaki was to present Sasuke and Naruto's corpses to the village. The fight quickly resumed, with Naruto and Sasuke's team-work managing to push Isshiki on the defence as he began shrinking all their attacks. Quickly however, Isshiki demonstrated a new technique, manifesting and manipulating massive black cubes that separated the duo.
Naruto overwhelming Isshiki.
Realising he was running out of options, Kurama asked Naruto if he was really willing to sacrifice himself to stop Isshiki. Naruto confirmed it, and Kurama offered a last-ditch strategy which would have a high risk of death from using it. Accepting his duties as Hokage, Naruto faced Isshiki and took on a new form of Baryon Mode . Kurama explained to Naruto that the form is like nuclear fusion, consuming all their respective energy and that he must be careful not to make any unnecessary movements or thoughts. The new form baffled everyone with its sheer power. Naruto quickly began overwhelming Isshiki, constantly countering and dodging the foes various assaults. Soon after, the strain of Baryon Mode began catching up as Naruto began to tire. Kurama noted this form gradually drains away all life-forces, including Naruto's. However, it would also drain Isshiki's with each contact, meaning they just had to keep pressuring Isshiki until his already diminished lifespan ran out. As Isshiki began getting desperate, he took advantage of Naruto's chakra connection to Kawaki through the latter's prosthetic arm. From this, he teleported Kawaki to them with the goal of rebranding Kawaki before his time ran out. As Kawaki tried to escape Isshiki, he opted to use Kawaki's love for Naruto against him, assaulting the downed Hokage. Despite Naruto's insistence that Kawaki forget about him, Kawaki ultimately showed himself and attacked using the ninjutsu Naruto taught him. Isshiki easily negated it and branded Kawaki again, only for it to be revealed as a shadow clone.
Naruto watches Kurama's life fade away.
Finally, Isshiki's time ran out and he crumbled to dust. Sasuke then asked Naruto about his new power, but before he could answer, Boruto, being controlled by Momoshiki , suddenly stabbed Sasuke's left eye. Naruto attempted to help fighting Momoshiki, but collapsed, feeling heavy as lead, and passed out. Inside his subconscious, Naruto had a final conversation with Kurama. He told the kitsune that he had no ill will to Kurama despite the loss of his parents. As Naruto was prepared to die and voiced his concerns for the village, Kurama revealed that Naruto would awake soon and fine, as it was Kurama's life that was gambled from using Baryon Mode. Kurama assured Naruto that it never actually lied to Naruto, but knew the Hokage wouldn't risk Kurama's own life so he hid the truth. As Kurama's life began to fade, it warned Naruto that he would lose all access to Kurama's chakra and abilities, meaning he would have to be more careful from now on. Naruto desperately reached out for Kurama before waking up to see Boruto, Sasuke, and Kawaki standing over him.
Naruto comforts Boruto over his Kāma.
With Sasuke's Rinnegan and Kawaki's Kāma gone, it was up to Boruto to use his mark to bring everyone back with aid from Kawaki. Upon returning to the village, Naruto was relieved. In the anime, shortly after returning, Naruto was examined by Sakura and Katasuke for any remaining traces of Kurama's essence and capacities. The tests found nothing, confirming that Kurama's death would considerably drop Naruto's abilities and fighting potential. Naruto admitted that Kurama's power had felt like cheating, and despite the void left behind, he chose not to wallow on it, believing that Kurama would make fun of him over it. Afterwards, Naruto received confirmation that Boruto's Kāma was accelerating, and decided to inform Boruto himself. He vowed to do everything in his power to save Boruto. When Kawaki returned his prosthetic hand, having his natural one restored by Amado, Naruto offered to make him a genin.
Chūnin Re-Examination Arc[
Main article: Chūnin Re-Examination Arc
Naruto attending the chūnin ceremony.
In the anime, Naruto had the Chūnin Exam that Momoshiki interrupted reorganised, as a way to boost morale and promote more capable chūnin. Naruto acted as a proctor during the second portion of the exams, evaluating the genin's abilities. During the final exam, Naruto invited Kawaki to attended, and watched the matches alongside Sai and Shikamaru. Commentating on the matches, Naruto and Shikamaru agreed that Boruto and Mitsuki would be disqualified for being late to their match. After the event, he asked Kawaki what he thought, leading to him expressing interest in becoming a genin. Later, after assigning Konohamaru and Mirai a mission, Naruto allowed Konohamaru students to assist him when Mirai returned to the village alone and injured. After Team 7 succeeded in their mission, Naruto hosted the promotion ceremony for the new chūnin, assigning them as captains of their teams.
As Naruto decided to test Kawaki for qualification as a shinobi, Shikamaru voiced his concerns, feeling that his modified body would be a prime target for enemies to go after. Naruto however insisted that for Kawaki to grow, he needed to experience the outside world and make friends who could protect him. Because Kawaki fared poorly in D-rank missions with different teams, lacking team-work, Shikamaru deemed him unfit for being a shinobi. He and Naruto agreed to assign him a C-rank escort mission with Team 10 as a final chance to qualify as a genin. Konohamaru arrived and handed him intel on a recently discovered dead body. They wondered about a connection with five other similar incidents in other countries. They determined there was a connection, as all of them were from the Land of Calm Seas. As Team 10 was escorting a client there, Naruto sent Team 7 as backup, as they were out in a mission nearby. At the end of the mission, Boruto reported to Naruto how the Calm Seas Daimyō was exploiting his people. While Naruto couldn't directly interfere, he could send a medical team as a form of aid relief. Later, Kawaki asked for another chance to prove himself, but Naruto revealed that based on Shikadai's report, he passed the exam, and would take missions as a genin under him.
Great Sea Battle of Kirigakure Arc[
Main article: Great Sea Battle of Kirigakure Arc In the anime, the Land of Water faced a civil war against the Funato Clan . Team 5 and Team 7 accidentally found themselves caught in it. Aiding Kirigakure, the genin were able to help end the war peacefully. Upon the genin's return to Konohagakure, Naruto informed them of the aftermath from Chōjūrō. As Boruto asked about the fate of his new friend Ikada Funato , a ship-builder who was drawn to the war after his sister's death. Kawaki voiced that he deserved punishment as an enemy commander. Boruto insisted that Ikada was a good person and was key in ending the war. As Kawaki stormed off annoyed at Boruto, Naruto approached Boruto, commending him for his efforts in the war and sympathising with Boruto's new view. He encouraged Boruto to make up with Kawaki. Naruto soon after found the two boys instead coming to blows with each other. Naruto cheerfully watched the fight until the two collapsed against each other. Working off their aggression, the two put aside their differences. Naruto approached them, telling Boruto about Ikada's lenient punishment of surveillance under Kajiki 's care. Naruto treated them to some ramen.
Naruto and his family on vacation.
Naruto later went on a family vacation to a hot spring inn that Himawari won in a raffle, sending Konohamaru in his place to the filming of the next Kagemasa movie where he was to make a guest appearance and use the Rasengan on the climax. At the inn, he and Hinata beat Boruto and Kawaki at ping-pong due to their superior team-work. Naruto later lost to Himawari at a card matching game, and assured Kawaki he was part of the family.
Kawaki & Himawari Academy Arc[
Main article: Kawaki & Himawari Academy Arc In the anime, Naruto and Shikamaru assigned Kawaki a secret mission, to protect Princess Kae Yukiwari from the Land of Bamboo while she attended the Academy as an exchange student. They explained that Kae's father discovered an assassination plot targeting his daughter, and sent her there while he investigated the matter domestically, Kae herself unaware of the threat. Naruto picked Kawaki because of his lower profile with the public, and offered some advice on how to connect with the students. Naruto gave a speech during the opening ceremony, and was later pleased by Kawaki's report of having befriended Kae. He also felt that Kawaki had something to learn from attending the Academy, despite his advanced fighting skills.
Following a terrorist attack on the Academy that served as a diversion for an attempt on Kae's life, Konoha leadership learned that Kawaki didn't report the possibility of an attack, and removed him from the mission. Naruto told Kawaki to stay home until further notice. However, Kawaki later thwarted another attempt on Kae's life, and Naruto informed him that it allowed Batora to report his investigation and arrest the Land of Bamboo's minister as the mastermind behind the plot.
While reviewing background files, Hana Kaka was discovered to hail from the Land of Bamboo, leading to the full uncovering of the plot against Kae. After other conspirators were arrested by Sai and Team 25, Sai, Shikamaru, and Kawaki reported the events to Naruto. Naruto was amenable to Hana's wish to merely suppress her assassin personality in order to teach her to live for more than just her mission. Her wish to maybe one day be friends with it reminded him of his history with Kurama. Naruto was glad that Kawaki's time in the Academy helped him grow, and he was later pleased by how engrossed Himawari was with the Academy, despite still not having decided whether she wanted to be a shinobi or not.
Code's Assault Arc[
Naruto, Sai, and Shikamaru talking about Code's movements.
Later, Naruto and Shikamaru decided to indefinitely take Boruto off active-duty while deciding on how to deal with his Kāma, helping him pass time with various interviews from the media about his victory over Isshiki. After Amado finished restoring Kawaki's arm, he talked to Naruto about the remaining Kara-threats including their Ten-Tails seed as well as Code , who would inevitably seek out and kill all who were responsible for Isshiki's death. Hearing such a threat, Naruto requested Shikamaru to set up a Kage Summit. During the Kage meeting, they discussed Code, Amado's trustworthiness, and the issue of Momoshiki taking over Boruto, to which Naruto swore to handle it should the need arise. He later approached Amado to deal with Boruto's Kāma. He provided him with pills he developed as a means to defeat Jigen. As the Byakugan originates with the Ōtsutsuki, he theorised that weakening it might interfere with the Kāma's progress. As Boruto was given the pills and explained the nature of them, Naruto was horrified at how recklessly Boruto decided to take them. Later, Naruto and Konohamaru watched the Team 7 and Kawaki training together.
Naruto declares that Kawaki is his son.
Later, Naruto found Kawaki moping about his lack of acceptance in the village. Naruto brought him back home, where a welcome dinner party was held for Kawaki. Naruto and his family made it clear that he was welcomed to stay as long as he desired. Naruto further insisted that this was the very reason he became Hokage. While Kawaki was taking magazines out to the trash, Naruto dozed off on the dinner table. When Boruto discovered Kawaki's ruse to avoid surveillance, he exposed it to Naruto, who confirmed it with Nishi as Kawaki released his shadow clone. He notified Ino and Shikamaru of the development, and was against Boruto leaving to find Kawaki, as he was under surveillance for the same reason and returned to discussing the search with Ino. When Ino determined it was futile to search through sensing, Naruto thought back to Boruto's words and searched for him, and confirmed with Nishi he was nowhere nearby.
Naruto rescues Kawaki.
Using Sage Mode, Naruto was able to locate Boruto and Kawaki, alongside an unknown individual . Hinata attempted to join him, but he stressed she had to take care of Himawari if something happened to him. As Naruto left two shadow clones on standby to store up more senjutsu chakra, Shikamaru arrived, refusing to let Naruto leave the village against the threat without him since the Hokage now no longer had Kurama for additional power. Shikamaru reminded Naruto that he cannot maintain Sage Mode for long anymore, but Naruto insisted that he can maintain it longer on his own drawing from years of experience. They arrive in time to save Kawaki from having his arm broken by Momoshiki, who had taken over Boruto again. Naruto checked on Kawaki, who begged him to flee, fearing his death. Naruto refused to abandon anyone. Code took Shikamaru hostage, who in turn told Naruto to ignore him and attack. Momoshiki decided to help Code killing Naruto, who was also a problem for him, and attacked with an Ultra-Big Ball Rasengan . He was surprised to see Kawaki absorbing the jutsu with a new Kāma.
Naruto continued to watch in disbelief as Kawaki began attacking Momoshiki with no restraint, displaying Isshiki's jutsu in the process. Eventually, Naruto intervened, as Kawaki's attacked would have killed Boruto. He tried to reason with Kawaki, who remained committed to killing Momoshiki. Boruto managed to hold back Momoshiki's personality for a moment, and pushed Naruto out of the way, allowing Kawaki to strike through his chest. Code opted to leave and released Shikamaru. While Kawaki was overwhelming Code, he pulled Daemon through the Claw Mark of his face, reflecting Kawaki's attack and knocking him out before leaving. Shikamaru tried to snap Naruto out of his stupor, and began to consider how to deal with Kawaki, arguing with Naruto, who still wanted to support Kawaki. He was stunned when Boruto woke up, his injuries completely healed.
Omnipotence Arc[
Main article: Omnipotence Arc After everyone returned to the village, Naruto kept watch over Kawaki as Shikamaru had Sumire examine him. They and Ibiki discussed how to handle Kawaki, and Naruto intended to have a long talk with Kawaki when he wakes up. Sumire noticed the heavy atmosphere around Naruto and asked Shikamaru about it. He claimed Naruto was just exhausted from almost being killed.
When Kawaki woke up, he asked Naruto if he'd condemn him for killing Boruto. Naruto revealed Boruto was fine because of his Kāma. He added was grateful that Kawaki was there, otherwise they might all have died, and that Boruto felt the same. As Naruto reassured him that he belonged in Konoha and was family, Ino alerted him of Code and Ada 's invasion. Naruto feigned a previous appointment and left after confirming that Boruto was fine to a startled Sumire. After Code and Ada left taking Amado with them, Naruto listened as Shikamaru explained Ada's alluring ability and speculated on the other cyborg that Code employed in his battle the previous night. When Kawaki acted callous when considering Amado's possible death and deriding Shikamaru, Naruto censored him.
As Shikamaru briefed Team 7 on their new surveillance mission living with Ada and Daemon, Naruto discussed it with Sasuke, explaining how Shikamaru managed to covertly control Boruto and Kawaki into acting more cautiously by entrusting them with responsibility in the form of a mission. When Naruto noticed Sasuke noticing something, Sasuke dismissed it. After Ada and Daemon departed for their new home, Naruto joined Shikamaru in getting Amado to share everything he was still keeping secret. He listened as Amado explained the shinjutsu nature of Ada's and Daemon's abilities, their origins in Shibai Ōtsutsuki 's remains, and Amado's goal of using Kawaki's Kāma to resurrect his daughter Akebi . When Shikamaru asked Ada to confirm Amado's claims with her Senrigan , Naruto found it a bit excessive. He was satisfied with Amado's goal, and decided he wouldn't interfere in his matters with Kawaki if it didn't endanger Konoha. Naruto agreed to Ada's request to call it a day, as they had just arrived in the village.
While preparing for dinner with Hinata, they were joined by Kawaki, who asked Naruto not to inform the sensors of his presence. Naruto listened as Kawaki reiterated how much he changed because of Naruto, and how he came to think that shinobi and good people like Naruto would be the first to die in any conflict with Ōtsutsuki. When Kawaki said he'd eliminate all the Ōtsutsuki to protect Naruto, including Boruto, Naruto refused to let Kawaki do this. Not wanting to hurt Naruto, nor let him get in the way, Kawaki sent Naruto and Hinata away with Daikokuten , where they'd be suspended in time, unable to think, and requiring no air or sustenance.
New Era: Part II[
Naruto and Hinata trapped in Kawaki's dimension.
For the next three years, Naruto and Hinata remained unconscious and frozen in time within Daikokuten's dimension, where Kawaki could visit them. Due to Kawaki and Ada 's actions , Boruto was accused for killing the Hokage, with details of his absence not being public knowledge outside of Konoha, [161] and the incident angrily upsetting the village's citizens. [162]
Flashforward[
In the wake of Konoha's destruction four years after the Ōtsutsuki attack on the village, Kawaki tells Boruto that he will send him to where he sent the Seventh Hokage.
In Other Media[
Naruto the Movie: Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow[
Naruto the Movie: Legend of the Stone of Gelel[
Main article: Naruto the Movie: Legend of the Stone of Gelel Naruto, Sakura and Shikamaru are sent to track and bring a ferret back to its owner. However, when the group is attacked by mysterious soldiers, they embark on to something big.
Naruto the Movie: Guardians of the Crescent Moon Kingdom[
Naruto Shippūden the Movie[
Main article: Naruto Shippūden the Movie Naruto is assigned to protect the priestess Shion , who starts having visions of his death.
Naruto Shippūden the Movie: Bonds[
Main article: Naruto Shippūden the Movie: Bonds A group of ninja from the Land of the Sky launched a surprise attack on Konoha and to stop this new threat, Naruto and Sasuke join forces.
Naruto Shippūden the Movie: Will of Fire[
Naruto Shippūden the Movie: The Lost Tower[
Main article: Naruto Shippūden the Movie: The Lost Tower Naruto is sent on a mission to stop Mukade . However, during the mission Naruto is sent 20 years into the past.
Naruto the Movie: Blood Prison[
Main article: Naruto the Movie: Blood Prison Naruto gets framed for the attempted assassination of the Raikage. In his subsequent attempts to break out of the prison , he gradually discovers the prison's dark secrets.
Road to Ninja: Naruto the Movie[
Main article: Road to Ninja: Naruto the Movie Naruto and Sakura end up in an alternate reality in a test version of Project Eye of the Moon Plan where Naruto never lost his parents and many characters have different personalities.
Video Games[
Main article: List of video games As the main character of the series, Naruto is a playable character in every Naruto video game. As the series has progressed, Naruto has become playable in various forms, often with different move-sets for each. New video game-exclusive forms are also available at times, such as a version of Naruto wearing Might Guy 's jump suit, a version wearing Son Gokū's Turtle School Uniform , Naruto from Shippū! Konoha Gakuen Den! , and " Mecha-Naruto ." The video games also put some extra emphasis on his taijutsu; most of the time Naruto in the past fights akin to a brawler; while in his incarnation from The Last: Naruto the Movie, he instead fights more like a hand-to-hand boxer.
Naruto is featured in the online game, Fortnite , in his Part II outfit as a playable skin.
Live Spectacle Naruto[
Main article: Live Spectacle Naruto Koudai Matsuoka plays as Naruto in this stage play adaption.
Creation and Conception[
When creating Naruto, Masashi Kishimoto incorporated into the character a number of traits he felt made an ideal hero: a straightforward way of thinking, a mischievous side, and many of the attributes possessed by Son Gokū from the Dragon Ball franchise. He also made sure to keep Naruto "simple and stupid," since he does not like smart characters. Naruto himself is not modeled after anyone in particular, being conceived as childlike, with something of a dark side as a result of his harsh past. Despite this, he is always positive, making him unique in Kishimoto's eyes.
The first version of Naruto that Masashi Kishimoto drew.
Naruto's wardrobe is based on clothing Kishimoto wore when he was younger; according to Kishimoto, using a pre-existing design would not have made Naruto unique, whereas something original would have made him stand out too much. The orange colouring of his costume is used to make Naruto "pop," with blues often being used to complement the orange. Because Naruto is associated with spirals, swirl patterns are incorporated into his costume. Initial illustrations of Naruto had him wearing boots, but Kishimoto substituted these for sandals, because he likes drawing toes. The goggles that Naruto used to wear were also replaced with a forehead protector, because the goggles themselves were too time-consuming to draw. Kishimoto said that he felt glad that his character had blond hair and blue eyes. The editor of Shōnen Jump in the United States added that Kishimoto implied that the traits may have led the character to appeal to a Western audience. Kishimoto said that he most identifies with Naruto out of all of the Naruto characters (in an interview with the U.S. Shōnen Jump, Kishimoto stated that his childhood was like that of Naruto's years while he was enrolled in the Academy).
Naruto's appearances throughout the series.
In the Japanese versions of Naruto, Naruto often ends his sentences with the addendum " -ttebayo " (which gives a similar effect to ending a sentence with "you know?"). Kishimoto wanted to give Naruto a childlike catchphrase, and "dattebayo" came to mind. It complemented Naruto's character, and served as a verbal tic that showed him to be something of a brat. Throughout the beginning of the English anime , the dub replaced "dattebayo" and "-ttebayo" with the phrase "believe it!" to mirror the effect, as well as to match the character's lip movements.
Trivia[
According to the databook(s):
Naruto's hobbies are pulling pranks and watering plants.
Naruto's favourite foods are ramen from Ramen Ichiraku and oshiruko . His least favourite are fresh vegetables , which others, especially Kakashi (barring Hinata) have attempted to make him eat with little success. Outside the databook, he's known to enjoy ramen in general, often seen eating cup noodles.
Naruto has completed 16 official missions in total: 7 D-rank, 1 C-rank, 2 B-rank, 6 A-rank, 0 S-rank.
Naruto's favourite phrase is "a large serving of miso ramen with roasted pork fillet " (味噌チャーシュー大盛り, miso chāshū ōmori).
His attributes are: 120 in perception, 160 in dexterity, 170 in negotiations, 110 in strength, 90 in intelligence, and unknown in chakra.
He was also given a skill rating in these particular areas:
Evasion: ★★★★★
Manners: ★★☆☆☆
According to Hyō no Sho , while in the Academy , Naruto had an A in positivity, a B taijutsu, and an F in ninjutsu, genjutsu, cooperation, and classroom attitude.
October 10, Naruto's birthday, was Health and Sports Day in Japan when his character was conceived. The holiday, however, was later moved to the second Monday of October in 1999.
Naruto consistently ranked in the top two (taking first place twice) in the first five official Shōnen Jump character popularity polls. However, in the sixth character poll, he was ranked fourth. According to the third databook character poll, which adds up all the votes from the first six polls, Naruto took second place. In the most recent poll, Naruto regained his status and reached first.
Naruto is one of four characters to have always stayed in the top ten of every character popularity poll.
Naruto is the fourth known jinchūriki known to have survived the extraction of a tailed beast, along with Hagoromo Ōtsutsuki, Kushina Uzumaki, and Obito Uchiha. [77]
Naruto's mother was nicknamed the "Red Hot-Blooded Habanero" while his father was famed as the "Yellow Flash." Naruto's appropriate self-styled title of "Konoha's Orange Hokage" refers to the fact that the colour orange is a mixture of red and yellow.
When Naruto first became a genin, while using his Sexy Technique , his settei reveals that he is 160cm tall.
Kishimoto's various concept art of Naruto for The Last: Naruto the Movie showed that his height had gone through various changes: first 170cm, then 173cm, and finally 180cm.
Despite Naruto being a user of the Truth-Seeking Balls and gaining Hagoromo's power, both of which contain Yin-Yang Release, Yin Release is not listed as one of his natures in the fourth databook. [5]
Eiichiro Oda , author of One Piece , stated that his character Sanji 's name was originally going to be Naruto, but changed it because the Naruto series was about to become serialised and wanted to avoid confusion.
Naruto makes an undetailed background appearance on the cover page of the 766th chapter of One Piece, where the person behind Nami (who is wearing a changpao with the Konoha symbol) is implied to be Naruto. Also, both main characters are seen eating each others' respective favourite foods, as Naruto is eating meat, and Monkey D. Luffy is eating ramen. Additionally, this chapter was released on the same week as the release of the final two Naruto manga chapters.
In the 700th chapter of the Naruto manga, the symbol of the Straw Hat Pirates appears on the forehead protector of Naruto's statue as part of Boruto 's graffiti.
While Naruto was initially the shortest of the Konoha 11 , he ultimately becomes second tallest, after Shino.
In the original manga pilot, Naruto was actually a demon fox and lived his life as a human boy and the Nine-Tailed Fox that attacked the village was his father.
Although he was never raised by Minato, Naruto seemingly inherited his father's fighting style of almost never relying on hand seals, with the exception of his signature technique .
In the anime, Naruto is a lightweight drinker. [163]
Quotes[
(To Kakashi ) "And my future dream is to be the greatest Hokage ! Then the whole village will stop disrespecting me and start treating me like I'm somebody. Somebody important!" [164]
(To Ibiki ) "Don't underestimate me! I don't quit and I don't run! You can act tough all you want! You're not gonna scare me off! No way! I don't care if I do get stuck as a genin for the rest of my life! I'll still be Hokage someday!" [165]
(To Neji ) "I'm not gonna run away, I never go back on my word! That's my nindō : my ninja way!" [166]
(To Gaara ) "It's almost unbearable, isn't it… the pain of being all alone. I know that feeling; I've been there, in that dark and lonely place, but now there are others, other people who mean a lot to me. I care more about them than I do myself, and I won't let anyone hurt them. That's why I'll never give up. I will stop you, even if I have to kill you! They saved me from myself. They rescued me from my loneliness. They were the first to accept me as who I am. They're my friends." [167]
(To Pain ) "Just give up… on trying to make me give up!" [168]
(To Nagato , reciting a line from Jiraiya 's first book ) "Then I will break that curse. If there's such thing as peace, I will find it. I won't give up!" [39]
(To Sasuke ) "If you attack Konoha , I will have to fight you… So save up your hatred and take it all on me, I'm the only one who can take it! It's the only thing I can do! I will shoulder your hatred and die with you! Because I'm your friend!" [169]
(To his mother ) "Don't apologise… I had a lot of hard times growing up as a jinchūriki , but I never blamed you or Dad . I couldn't understand what a parent's love was like because you guys were never there… so I could only guess… But now I know… I live because you and Dad gave your lives for me and filled me up with love before the Nine-Tails was inside me! So here I am, happy and healthy! I'm glad I ended up being your son!" [170]
(To Kurama ) "You're not the monster fox anymore. You're one of my teammates from Konoha… Kurama." [171]
(To Obito ) "Quit it with your stupid reasoning! I meant to say that I'll stand any pain for my friends!! I'm not gonna give up on them!! It might just be me being selfish, but… not having my friends here… is the most painful thing for me!! Period!!!!" [172]
(About Hinata ) "Hinata… This big idiot finally understands… The real meaning of the scarf you gave to me when you went with Toneri … I know now, from the scarf you painstakingly knitted and took so long to finish, that your love can't be unravelled so easily… Wait for me… This whole time, you always loved me for the way I am… Now, as a man, there's something I must tell you… Hinata, I swear I will save you!" [21]
(To Hinata) "Hinata… Do you remember that lesson in class? The one with, "If the end of the world came, who would you spend your last day with?" I couldn't write anyone's name down. I didn't know my parents, and I didn't have any friends… But now, I know exactly whom I'd choose. I want to be with you. Now and forever, until I die… I want to be with you, Hinata!" [21]
(To his son ) "Boruto… with what I do now, all the people in this village are like a family. So there will be times that you won't be able to have me as a father all to yourself. I know this must be hard for you… but you must learn to endure it. You're a shinobi too, aren't you?" [173]
(To the village ) "However, I believe there are many who are dissatisfied. This village is still undergoing development. And during all this, there are those who are facing hard and demanding times. But I don't agree with that. Changing the things before us, a little by little, even one thing at a time, will make the world a better place. I want Konohagakure to be a place where people smile and enjoy their lives. Will you lend me your strength? Let's change Konohagakure together!" [174]
References[
↑ 9.0 9.1 Naruto chapter 437, page 7
↑ Naruto chapter 450, page 2
↑ Naruto chapter 491, page 5
↑ Naruto chapter 498, page 17
↑ Naruto chapter 700
↑ Naruto chapter 500
↑ Naruto chapter 501
↑ The Last: Naruto the Movie novelisation
↑ Naruto chapter 485, page 14
↑ Naruto chapter 487, page 2
↑ Naruto chapter 648, page 5
↑ 25.0 25.1 Naruto chapter 409, page 11
↑ Naruto chapter 645, pages 2-3
↑ Naruto chapter 98, pages 8-14
↑ Naruto chapter 440, page 13
↑ Naruto chapter 535, pages 2-5
↑ Naruto chapter 37, page 7
↑ Naruto chapter 641, page 3
↑ Naruto chapter 286, page 16
↑ Naruto chapter 262, pages 12-13
↑ Naruto chapter 693, pages 12-13
↑ Naruto chapter 4, page 6
↑ Naruto chapter 462, page 14
↑ Naruto chapter 617, page 19
↑ 39.0 39.1 Naruto chapter 448, page 2
↑ Naruto chapter 647, pages 14-19
↑ Naruto chapter 649, pages 14-17
↑ Naruto chapter 98, pages 13-14
↑ Naruto chapter 700+4, page 10
↑ Boruto episode 10
↑ Naruto chapter 492
↑ Naruto chapter 493
↑ Naruto chapter 495
↑ Naruto chapter 168
↑ Naruto chapter 572
↑ Naruto chapter 698
↑ Boruto episode 2
↑ Boruto episode 12
↑ Naruto chapter 488, page 8
↑ Rin no Sho , page 216
↑ Naruto chapter 490, page 11
↑ Naruto chapter 519, page 11
↑ Naruto chapter 90, pages 4-8
↑ Naruto chapter 698
↑ Kakashi Hiden
↑ 77.0 77.1 Naruto chapter 661, pages 16-21
↑ Naruto chapter 259, pages 8-11
↑ 79.0 79.1 Boruto chapter 26
↑ Boruto episode 38
↑ Naruto chapter 77, pages 3-4
↑ Naruto chapter 104, pages 16-17
↑ Naruto chapter 75, pages 11-13
↑ Naruto chapter 288, page 7
↑ Naruto chapter 433, page 5
↑ Naruto chapter 452
↑ Naruto chapter 697
↑ Boruto chapter 32
↑ Boruto episode 200
↑ Naruto chapter 617, page 5
↑ Naruto chapter 697, page 6
↑ Naruto chapter 610, page 8
↑ Naruto chapter 649, pages 7-8
↑ Naruto chapter 651, pages 7-9
↑ Naruto chapter 671, page 12
↑ Naruto chapter 692, page 4
↑ Shikamaru Hiden
↑ Naruto: Shippūden episode 91
↑ Naruto: Shippūden episode 63
↑ Naruto: Shippūden episode 476
↑ Naruto episode 194
↑ Boruto episode 135
↑ Naruto: Shippūden episode 478
↑ Sakura Hiden
↑ Naruto: Shippūden episode 187
↑ Naruto: Shippūden episode 188
↑ Naruto: Shippūden episode 409
↑ Naruto: Shippūden episodes 303-305
↑ Naruto: Shippūden episodes 309-310
↑ Naruto: Shippūden episode 313
↑ Naruto: Shippūden episode 314
↑ Naruto: Shippūden episode 315
↑ Naruto: Shippūden episode 320
↑ Naruto: Shippūden episode 479
↑ Naruto chapter 700+5, pages 9-11
↑ Naruto chapter 700
↑ Boruto chapter 11
↑ Boruto episode 18
↑ Boruto: Naruto Next Generations episode 46
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5 | what is the written dialogue portion of a musical called | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sung-through | Sung-through
Musical or opera with little or no spoken dialogue
A sung-through stage musical , musical film , opera , or other work of performance art is one in which songs entirely or almost entirely replace any spoken dialogue . Conversations, speeches, and musings are communicated musically, for example through a combination of recitative , aria , and arioso . Early versions of this include the Italian genre of opera buffa , a light-hearted form of opera that gained prominence in the 1750s. [1] [2]
A through-sung opera or other form of narrative work with continuous music may also be described as through-composed .
List of fully sung-through musicals
^ Richard Taruskin , (2009 ). Music in the Nineteenth Century: The Oxford History of Western Music. Oxford University Press
^ Lotte Eilskov Jensen, Joseph Theodoor Leerssen, Marita Mathijsen (eds). 2010. Free Access to the Past: Romanticism, Cultural Heritage and the Nation. Brill. p. 236.
Hummler, Richard (13 October 1982). "Cats" . Variety . Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
.
Sung-through
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5 | what is the written dialogue portion of a musical called | https://playbill.com/article/32-theatre-terms-everyone-should-know | By
Ruthie Fierberg
August 10, 2019
The theatre truly has its own vocabulary. But you can’t rely on Merriam-Webster to define show business colloquialisms—or let you know where they came from. Playbill put together this list of crucial terms to help you better navigate the world of the stage and theatre history.
While the list is not intended to be comprehensive, it will give you a start as to the meaning and origins of theatre staples. Why do we say “merde” to wish luck to dancers? Why is staging a show called “blocking”? The answers to these and more below:
Break a Leg“It’s bad luck to say good luck on opening night,” of course, but how did we land on “break a leg”? There are a few explanations. In Ancient Greece, audiences didn’t clap at performances, they stomped. The more they stomped, the more chance there was of breaking a leg; this tradition reappeared in Elizabethan England when audiences would stomp their chairs and, again, more stomping would break the leg of the chair. Wishing someone “break a leg” is wishing for thunderous applause.
MerdeTheatre performers opt for “break a leg,” but dancers commonly wish each other “merde,” which directly translates to “shit” in French. The origin of this tradition traces back to 19th-century Paris when attendees of the Paris Opera Ballet would pull up to the famed Palais Garnier in horse-drawn carriages. The more audience members the more carriages, the more horses, the more... merde.
Toi, Toi, Toi … In Bocca al Lupo … ChookasAround the world, there are yet more phrases to substitute for well wishes. “Toi, toi, toi” in Germany emanates from the German/Yiddish history of spitting to ward off evil spirits and bad luck. “In bocca al lupo” means “in the wolf’s mouth” and the correct response is “crepi il lupo,” which means “may the wolf die”—warding off a bad omen. Australians say “chookas,” which is believed to be a permutation of “chook” or chicken. In the old days, chicken was considered a delicacy; by saying “chookas” you are hoping the performance will go well and make money so that the performer can afford a gourmet meal.
In the limelightLimelight was the first gas lamp alternative for lighting theatres. Invented in the early 1800s, limelight was generated by heating calcium oxide with a blend of oxygen and hydrogen. Theatres first began using limelight in the 1830s as the first spotlight. Now, we continue to say that those in the limelight are the center of attention.
Wing itThis theatre phrase has now been incorporated into the greater colloquial lexicon, but when actors would “wing it” they were going on unprepared. It comes from the practice of playing a part without memorizing the lines, relying on the prompter in the wings or pages of text affixed to set pieces like the wing flats.
Dark Theatre or Dark DayThe majority of professional productions play eight shows over six days of the week. The day off is known as the theatre’s “dark day” for the simple fact that all the lights are off as there is no performance.
The Scottish PlayYou learned in Playbill’s “8 Rules Every Theatre Person Must Follow” never to say Macbeth inside a theatre, but to call it “The Scottish Play.” Of course, Shakespeare was a British playwright, but the euphemism refers to the Scottish setting. The superstition also extends to calling the title character the Scottish King or Scottish Lord and his wife the Scottish Lady. A wildly popular play, The Scottish Play was often put on in theatres with financial troubles to attempt to reverse their fate. Thus began the association of the work with failing theatres.
HouseThe “house” can refer to a couple of things in theatre: the actual auditorium, as well as the Front of House, which includes the lobby and box office and Front of House personnel like the house manager, box office attendants, and ushers. If you’re having a problem inside the theatre, you’ll want to speak to the house manager. You may have also heard the phrase “house seats”; these seats are reserved by producers (the heads of house). Typically in the orchestra and considered the best in the theatre, house seats don’t go on sale to the public unless they are unsold as the performance date approaches.
Upstage and DownstageWhile you probably know that upstage is farther away from the audience and downstage is closer to the edge of the stage, do you know why? Theatre pros coined the term due to the use of raked, or inclined, stages. The sloped architecture creates better sightlines and acoustics for audiences. But this also meant that as performers walked away from the house, they were hiking up the stage. (Speaking of stage directions: Stage Right and Stage Left always refer to the perspective of the performer when standing on the stage and facing the audience.)
BlockingThe precise staging of the actors, their path of movement in scenes, is known as blocking. The term came into popular use in the 1960s based on the tradition of 19th-century theatre directors who worked out their scenes on a mini model of the stage, using blocks to represent actors. Sir W.S. Gilbert was known for using blocks of different heights to represent men and women in his operas. The men were three inches high and the women two-and-a-half inches. The blocks were color-coded to illustrate the different voice parts—so Gilbert could create the correct sonic blend. Green and white were tenors, black and yellow were sopranos, red and green were contraltos.
VomNamed for the Latin vomitorium, a “vom” is a specific type of entranceway in theatre. They signify an entrance/exit for the actors that emerges beneath seating. In ancient Rome, vomitoriums were corridors built beneath or behind seats of a coliseum, stadium, theatre, or arena. The wide entryways were made to spew out or “vomit” people. (The Colosseum is designed so that 50,000 seats can be emptied in 15 minutes.) Broadway’s Circle in the Square Theatre as well as the Vivian Beaumont at Lincoln Center Theatre both use voms, which tend to be more common in thrust stages and in-the-round stages like these.
StrikeTo strike the set means to take down the set and make way for the next production. On a smaller scale, you can strike an object from the stage, as in “strike that ladder,” in order to remove it from the stage. This is actually one of the dozens of dictionary definitions for the word “strike,” meaning “to haul down; to dismantle and take away.”
SitzprobeAnother term with German origins, sitzprobe translates to “seated rehearsal.” This is typically the first rehearsal when the orchestra and the cast sing through the show in its entirety while sitting at music stands. A wandelprobe is a similar rehearsal, joining the instrumentalists and onstage performers, but as the actors wander through their blocking on stage.
OvertureA medley of tunes from the score of a musical, the overture plays after the lights go down and before the curtain goes up as an introduction to the show. The term comes from the French ouverture, which means “opening.”
11 O’Clock NumberBack in the day, shows typically began at 8:30 PM. When 11 o’clock rolled around, it was time for the big showstopping number, the penultimate song in the show. There are three general types of 11 o’clock numbers as TDF defines it: the soul-barer, the group toe-tapper, and the solo toe-tapper. A soul-barer like “Rose’s Turn” from Gypsy or Lola’s “Hold Me in Your Heart” from Kinky Boots marks a massive emotional shift or coming-to for the main character; the group toe-tapper is a trademark of older musicals like “Sit Down You’re Rocking the Boat” from Guys and Dolls or “Brotherhood of Man” from How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, and was the composer’s chance to give people a buoyant tune to hum on their way out of the theatre; the solo toe-tapper is even rarer nowadays, but includes songs like Hello, Dolly!’s “So Long Dearie.”
BASIC TERMINOLOGY
If you’re a newer theatre fan or have never been to the theatre, there are some additional 101 vocabulary to help you get acquainted.
Types of StagesProscenium StageThis is the most common orientation of a theatre. The stage is framed like a picture by the proscenium, with the stage on one side opposite the audience.
Thrust StageA stage “thrust” into the audience, with the audience on three sides. As mentioned in the description of a vom, Broadway hosts two thrust stages: the Circle in the Square and the Vivian Beaumont. Productions presented on these thrust stages are blocked with the three-sided audience in mind, so that you don’t miss any action. And while an actor may have his or her back to one side of the audience at times, directors work to balance face time, action, etc.
Arena StageAn arena is a central stage surrounded by audiences on all sides. In Washington, D.C., the Arena Stage is aptly named for its main playing space, The Fichlander Stage, which is a four-sided theatre. Technically, Broadway’s Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 took place on an arena stage, which was raised above the orchestra and converted the traditional proscenium stage to accommodate more seating.
Flexible Theatre or Black BoxIn a flexible theatre, the seating is not predetermined but can chance from production to production. Because of this, the rooms are often painted all black so that any side can convert to a backstage area. Hence, a black box. Off-Broadway’s MCC Theater recently opened a new flexible black box at The Robert W. Wilson MCC Theater Space.
Seating (based on a Proscenium stage)OrchestraThe ground level of seating, these tickets are closest to the stage. In fact, the stage is often raised above the orchestra, so sitting in the front row means you’ll be craning your neck a bit.
Mezzanine The mezzanine is a higher seating section that hangs over the orchestra. The mezzanine hangs over a different orchestra row in every theatre, so check the seating charts to see how far away the first row of the mezzanine is. The mezzanine is often as desirable as the orchestra. For shows with a lot of height (like The Lion King or Harry Potter and the Cursed Child), audiences may prefer the mezzanine.
BalconySome theatres only have an orchestra and a mezzanine while others have a third level: the balcony. These seats are the highest up and generally the farthest from the stage.
PerformersLeadThe main character in the story and generally a performer with multiple solo moments.
Ensemblist or chorus memberThis term is typically reserved for cast members in musicals—not plays. They are performers who create the background and the world of the show. They don’t necessarily have lines or solo songs, but appear in group scenes and musical numbers to give a sense of context. They’re also the ones singing harmonies and dancing for their lives.
UnderstudyA member of the ensemble who performs in their own role every performance but also knows the material for one or more leading roles. The understudy can be called upon when a lead actor is out of the show.
Swing If an understudy goes on in a principal role, that means they will not go on in their usual ensemble track. A swing knows every single ensemble track in a production and goes on when an ensemblist calls out or is moved up to a principal.
StandbyA standby is a performer who knows all of the material for a lead role—and goes on if the principal actor is out—but does not otherwise perform in the show.
PerformancesPreviews The first performances of a professional run (certainly on Broadway and Off-Broadway) are preview performances. These are full performances presented with all of the full elements of the show—the billed cast, costumes, lighting, sets, etc. Previews indicate that the show is in flux. The creative team may make changes to the show night to night. During this time, the company performs by night and rehearses by day. For example, on Wednesday night a director might realize a line is not getting the laugh it needs. He lets the musical’s book writer or playwright know. The next day the writer has a new script page with a new line. During Thursday rehearsal the performer practices the scene with the new line and Thursday night the cast performs the show with that change. There is no way to know how many changes will be made between the first preview and when the show is frozen and no more changes can be made, typically four days before opening night.
Opening NightAfter preview performances, there is an official opening night. This performance is the production as it will be performed from here on out. Reviews for productions are published only after the curtain goes up on opening night.
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5 | what is the written dialogue portion of a musical called | https://collider.com/8-musicals-where-every-single-line-of-dialogue-is-sung/ | 8 Musicals Where Every Single Line of Dialogue Is Sung
Les Misérables (2012)
Image via Universal Pictures
The 2012 version of Les Misérables is based on a 1980 musical, which itself was based on an 1862 novel. It tells an epic story of a police officer hunting down a thief seeking redemption after he breaks parole. This story crosses over with numerous other characters, most of them struggling with poverty and a desire to be free in an often cruel and difficult world.
At over 2.5 hours long, Les Misérables has a ton of singing, and not all of it's great, either. Russell Crowe gets most of the criticism for his gruff delivery of Javert's songs, but other actors - like Eddie Redmayne - sound just a bit off, too. The film has other problems, too, but it is ambitious, and admittedly some of it works. And it stands as one of the biggest and most expensive all-sung film musicals of all time, for what that's worth.
Pink Floyd – The Wall (1982)
Image via United International Pictures
Some may argue that Pink Floyd – The Wall is not a musical in the traditional sense, and maybe they'd have a point. It takes the famous Pink Floyd concept album of the same name and matches images to the music and further explains the album's narrative, playing out a bit like a feature-length music video in the process.
But there are songs the whole time, some of them are directly sung by the characters of the film, and it uses music as a way to present heightened emotions and tell a story. In that way, it is a musical... just not the first thing that would pop into most people's heads when they hear the term. It's also a great deal darker and more despairing than the average musical whilst also being an engaging and visually stunning watch that blends animation, rock music, and live-action footage into something thrillingly unique.
Hamilton (2020)
Hamilton , released on Disney+ in 2020, is a filmed version of the stage musical of the same name. The almost three-hour musical recounts the life story of American founding father Alexander Hamilton, with particular focus given to what he did during and after the American Revolution in the late 1700s.
Tommy (1975)
Musical version of The Who's album
Tommy's approach to the musical genre is similar to that of 1982's Pink Floyd – The Wall. It takes the classic 1969 album of the same name by The Who and transports it into the film world, shedding light on what is a pretty tough to grasp story, if you happen to listen to the album separate from the movie.
What makes the story tough to grasp? The whole premise, really, which involves a deaf, mute, and blind boy growing up to become both a pinball champion and the leader of a strange religious cult. It's out there and hard to explain, but the film's striking visuals and over-the-top performances from a great cast (including Jack Nicholson and Elton John!) make it a fun watch and another musical where all the dialogue is sung, this time through lyrics written by The Who.
Cats (2019)
Image via Universal Pictures
Cats is a fairly direct film adaptation of the famous stage musical of the same name. With the original stage version being a divisive but still popular musical, perhaps it would have been better off staying on the stage , as 2019's Cats became instantly infamous for being strongly disliked by just about everyone; even Cats fans.
From the lack of a story (it's just about cats doing cat things, and then after two hours of cats being cats, it ends) to the repetitive songs to the uncanny valley character designs to the awkward humor, Cats was a disaster, all in all. It could satisfy those who want to see something that's so bad it's good, but it's otherwise best to steer clear of it, even if it can claim to join the ranks of film musicals that are almost entirely free of spoken dialogue.
Interstella 5555: The 5tory of the 5ecret 5tar 5ystem (2003)
Interstella 5555: The 5tory of the 5ecret 5tar 5ystem is a science-fiction musical that uses the beloved Daft Punk album Discovery as its music. It ends up making Discovery something of a concept album, in hindsight, with a simple story about an interstellar pop band getting abducted by aliens. It's also definitely not to be confused with the similarly titled Christopher Nolan movie from 2014.
Interstella 5555 might not be a great watch for viewers who aren't big Daft Punk fans, but that's okay, because it's really made for fans of the French dance music duo; especially for fans who love Discovery as an album. It's a colorful and unique anime film that works well as a musical that uses the simple yet charming (and often sampled) lyrics of Daft Punk over any spoken dialogue.
Repo! The Genetic Opera (2008)
A darkly funny and gory genre-bending musical, Repo! The Genetic Opera depicts a dark future where widespread organ failure leads a sinister corporation named GeneCo to finance organ replacements through insurance, with the catch being people are murdered - and their organs forcefully removed and repossessed - if they fail to pay properly.
The Umbrellas of Cherbourg (1964)
Image via Parc Film
The Umbrellas of Cherbourg is a unique example of an all-sung musical, as not only does it lack spoken dialogue, it also lacks real, definable "songs". Instead, it feels almost like a single song extended over a 90-minute runtime, as characters "talk" back and forth to each other in a way that sounds halfway between talking and singing, with background music constantly behind them.
It's an interesting experiment that mostly works, and it suits the bittersweet tale about young love gained and then lost quite well. It's also proven to be influential and a classic of French cinema, with British director Edgar Wright being a big fan enough fan to write a musical screenplay that's apparently similar . Whether that one will ever see the light of day or go the way of Wright's Ant Man ? Only time will tell...
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Is there a name or distinction between musicals/broadway productions where (1) the entire dialogue is sung (eg RENT) and (2) the performers talk and then bust into song/dance, repeat?
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5 | what is the written dialogue portion of a musical called | https://themusicaltheatrereport.com/terminology/ | Book, Lyrics, and Music
The book of a stage musical comprises the dialogue, the structure, the characters, the environment, and even, to an extent, the musical routine. It is sometimes referred to as the libretto within the context of the legitimate musical stage. The lyrics are the sung words. The term “score” has come to mean the combination of lyrics and music.
Librettist, Lyricist, and Composer
The librettist, or book writer, is the author of the book; the lyricist is the author of the lyrics; and the composer is the author of the music. The functions of librettist, lyricist, and composer need not necessarily be performed by or limited to three individuals, and not all composers write their own music arrangements or orchestrations.
Story vs. Plot
Story refers to what a show is about. Plot refers to the typically chronological incidents and events that happen over the course of the story.
Show vs. Production
The show, or musical, is the property – book, lyrics, and music. The production is the presentation of any given show, or musical, by a specific cast and creative team. The original production can, to an extent, inform the show, but the show and the production are ultimately two different things.
Broadway
Today, Broadway refers to a relatively small collection of legitimate playhouses located within a specific quadrant around Times Square. (Lincoln Center’s Vivian Beaumont Theatre is the sole outlier.) Each playhouse is further required to have a seating capacity greater than 499. In the early 1900s, though, Broadway was a sprawling entertainment mecca encompassing vaudeville, nightclubs, burlesque, and legit. It even hosted a minstrel show from time to time. The term steadily narrowed in definition over the course of the 20th century and ultimately arrived at its present definition by the early 1980s.
Legitimate Stage
This term has been used historically to differentiate plays and musicals from other forms of stage entertainment (e.g. vaudeville, burlesque, cabaret).
Golden Age
This popular term, a bit of nostalgic sensationalism, has no common or consistent meaning. It is often used to denote the middle of the 20th century and what is incorrectly perceived to have been a particular style of show written and produced during that period. But the middle of the 20th century was defined by no one style, no one story, no one sound, and no one theme. Guys and Dolls (1950), for instance, is a very different show than Cabaret (1966), Lady in the Dark (1941), Little Me (1962), or My Fair Lady (1956). It has separately been suggested that the “Golden Age” was a unique period in the middle of the 20th century when the musical stage overlapped with popular culture. But the musical stage was popular culture prior to the rise of radio and talking pictures in the 1920s. What actually made the middle of the 20th century unique, specifically in terms of the legitimate musical stage, was the maturation of the American musical that took place through a pronounced creative movement, begun decades prior and brought to a close in the 1960s, to better the art of musical storytelling. (See: Timeline .)
Comedy vs. Camp
Camp, often characterized as a homosexual or queer sensibility, is a specific style of entertainment defined by artificial, affected, and untruthful performance. It began to flourish in the 1960s and 70s, led by the likes of Charles Ludlam’s Ridiculous Theatre Company and spurred on by the contemporaneous embrace of nostalgia, sneering parody, and antiquated show business glamour. The American musical comedy, as matured in the middle of the 20th century, is not inherently camp, nor is it inherently campy, no matter how big the characters or how great the buffoonery. These boisterous works, like Barefoot Boy with Cheek (1947), A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1962), and Wonderful Town (1953), are rooted in high stakes and honesty. George Abbott, who directed the original productions of these three particular musicals, was a master of comedy and farce. “A helluva lot of directors think you get fun by being funny,” he once professed. “If it’s a good show, you get fun by being real.” This very clear distinction extends to contemporary works of musical comedy as well. The exception, of course, would be a musical comedy specifically written as camp.
Revue
A revue is a scripted musical show without a story or a plot. It consists of original sketches, songs, and dances organized into a specific routine. Revue began to take shape in America in the 1890s and ultimately developed into a modern, sophisticated, and clearly articulated medium by the late 1920s. It was perhaps the most influential form of entertainment on the legitimate stage throughout the first half of the 20th century: sharp, dynamic, innovative, intelligent, exceptionally difficult, and exquisitely theatrical. But, revue experienced a steep decline in the 1950s and 60s. And, by the 1970s, the term had become a nondescript catch-all for anthologies, retrospectives, song cycles, concerts, and the like.
Burlesque
Burlesque is a boisterous stage style characterized by slapstick, travesty, and knockabout comedy. It is also an amorphous stage form now commonly associated with striptease and performance art. But, the form, prior to the 1930s, was, like the style, characterized by slapstick, travesty, and knockabout comedy. And, during the first three decades of the 20th century, burlesque established itself as a clean, cheery national institution with a home on Broadway at the Columbia Theatre. The Columbia, however, closed in 1930, and burlesque became synonymous with stripping thereafter.
Concept Musical
This term has no clear, practical meaning. The works, like Assassins (1991) and A Chorus Line (1975), that have been labeled as such are simply nontraditional in their storytelling. They often trace a theme or a psyche, often lack a purely linear plot, occasionally employ a framing device, and often find their composition heavily influenced by revue.
Jukebox Musical
This popular term, which caught on in the 21st century, has no common or consistent meaning. The Musical Theatre Report specifically defines the term as a story-driven musical with a score composed of preexisting songs unassociated with the stage that were written for popular consumption in a contemporary style relative to roughly the 1950s and beyond.
The Report is a creative-focused journal for artists and audiences covering the past, present, and future of the musical stage. It features interviews, fact checks, reviews, histories, opinions, and more.
All Rights Reserved
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6 | who had a cousin who was a strong supporter for independence | https://history.state.gov/milestones/1776-1783/declaration | Milestones: 1776–1783
NOTE TO READERS
“Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations” has been
retired and is no longer maintained. For more information, please
see the full notice .
The Declaration of Independence, 1776
By issuing the Declaration of Independence, adopted by the Continental Congress
on July 4, 1776, the 13 American colonies severed their political connections to
Great Britain. The Declaration summarized the colonists’ motivations for seeking
independence. By declaring themselves an independent nation, the American
colonists were able to confirm an official alliance with the Government of
France and obtain French assistance in the war against Great Britain.
The Declaration of Independence
Throughout the 1760s and early 1770s, the North American colonists found
themselves increasingly at odds with British imperial policies regarding taxation and frontier
policy . When repeated protests failed to influence British policies,
and instead resulted in the closing of the port of Boston and the declaration of
martial law in Massachusetts, the colonial governments
sent delegates to a Continental Congress to coordinate a colonial boycott of British
goods. When fighting broke out between American colonists and British forces in
Massachusetts, the Continental Congress worked with local groups, originally
intended to enforce the boycott, to coordinate resistance against the British.
British officials throughout the colonies increasingly found their authority
challenged by informal local governments, although loyalist sentiment remained
strong in some areas.
Despite these changes, colonial leaders hoped to reconcile with the British
Government, and all but the most radical members of Congress were unwilling to
declare independence. However, in late 1775, Benjamin Franklin, then a member of
the Secret Committee of Correspondence, hinted to French agents and other
European sympathizers that the colonies were increasingly leaning towards
seeking independence. While perhaps true, Franklin also hoped to convince the
French to supply the colonists with aid. Independence would be necessary,
however, before French officials would consider the possibility of an
alliance.
Throughout the winter of 1775–1776, the members of the Continental Congress came
to view reconciliation with Britain as unlikely, and independence the only
course of action available to them. When on December 22, 1775, the British
Parliament prohibited trade with the colonies, Congress responded in April of
1776 by opening colonial ports—this was a major step towards severing ties with
Britain. The colonists were aided by the January publication of Thomas
Paine’s pamphlet Common Sense, which
advocated the colonies’ independence and was widely distributed throughout the
colonies. By February of 1776, colonial leaders were discussing the possibility
of forming foreign alliances and began to draft the Model Treaty that would
serve as a basis for the 1778 alliance with France. Leaders for the cause of
independence wanted to make certain that they had sufficient congressional
support before they would bring the issue to the vote. On June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee introduced a motion in Congress to
declare independence. Other members of Congress were amenable but thought some
colonies not quite ready. However, Congress did form a committee to draft a
declaration of independence and assigned this duty to Thomas
Jefferson.
Thomas Paine
Benjamin Franklin and John Adams reviewed Jefferson’s draft. They preserved its original form, but struck
passages likely to meet with controversy or skepticism, most notably passages
blaming King George III for the transatlantic slave trade
and those blaming the British people rather than their government. The committee
presented the final draft before Congress on June 28, 1776, and Congress adopted
the final text of the Declaration of Independence on July 4.
The British Government did its best to dismiss the Declaration as a trivial
document issued by disgruntled colonists. British officials commissioned
propagandists to highlight the declaration’s flaws and to rebut the colonists’
complaints. The Declaration divided British domestic opposition, as some
American sympathizers thought the Declaration had gone too far, but in
British-ruled Ireland it had many supporters.
The Declaration’s most important diplomatic effect was to allow for recognition
of the United States by friendly foreign governments. The Sultan of Morocco
mentioned American ships in a consular document in 1777, but Congress had to
wait until the 1778 Treaty of Alliance with France for a formal recognition of
U.S. independence. The Netherlands acknowledged U.S. independence in 1782.
Although Spain joined the war against Great Britain in 1779, it did not
recognize U.S. independence until the 1783 Treaty of Paris . Under the terms of the treaty, which ended the
War of the American Revolution, Great Britain officially acknowledged the United
States as a sovereign and independent nation.
Table of Contents
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6 | who had a cousin who was a strong supporter for independence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_founders | List of national founders
List of people credited with creating the state
"Founding fathers" redirects here. For the founding fathers of the United States, see Founding Fathers of the United States . For the founding fathers of the European Union, see Founding fathers of the European Union .
"Founding Father" redirects here. For the short story by Isaac Asimov, see Founding Father (short story) .
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Saad Zaghloul is seen as the founder of independent Egypt. "Zaeem al Ummah (Leader of the Nation)"[ citation needed ]
The prevailing historical view is that Muhammad Ali (1769–1849) is the Father of Modern Egypt, being the first ruler since the Ottoman conquest in 1517 to permanently divest the Porte of its power in Egypt. While failing to achieve formal independence for Egypt during his lifetime, he was successful in laying the foundation for a modern Egyptian state. [3]
The Founder of Independent Egypt, Saad Zaghloul (1859–1927), was a politician who served in many ministries of the Egyptian government , and was imprisoned by the British government in Malta , but returned to Egypt to participate in the revolution of 1919 . Zaghloul then was able to make the Sultan of Egypt (later King) Fuad I convince the British to grant Egypt independence with a friendly British-Egyptian relationship and in 1922, Egypt was proclaimed an independent kingdom, the Kingdom of Egypt with Saad Zaghloul as its prime minister . British military presence in Egypt ended with nationalisation of Suez Canal in 1956.
Ngwane III was King of kaNgwane from 1745 to 1780. He is considered to be the first King of modern Eswatini.
Menelik I is claimed to be first the first Emperor of Ethiopia during the 10th century B.C (975–950 B.C). Yekuno Amlak founded the Solomonic dynasty and was the first emperor of the Ethiopian Empire from 1270 to 1285 A.D. Menelik II is the founder of modern Ethiopian state.
Kwame Nkrumah (1909–1972) led the nation to its independence from the United Kingdom in 1957.
Ahmed Sékou Touré (var. Ahmed Seku Turay) (1922–1984) was a Guinean political leader and President of Guinea from 1958 to his death in 1984. Touré was one of the primary Guinean nationalists involved in the independence of the country from France .
He is with Kwame Nkrumah one of the founders of the African Union , and the Guinean Diallo Telli was the first general secretary of the African Union.
Jomo Kenyatta served as the first Prime Minister (1963–1964) and President (1964–1978) of the Republic, after independence from the United Kingdom in 1963. He was the preeminent political figure for independence during the Mau Mau rebellion guerilla war for independence.
Joseph Jenkins Roberts (1809–1876) was born a free man of African American descent. He migrated to Liberia in 1829 with his family to join
thousands of other African Americans resettled from 1820 based on efforts of the American Colonization Society . In 1839, Roberts became Liberia's lieutenant governor and afterwards, its governor (1841–1848). He is known as the father of Liberia and officially declared Liberia's independence in 1847. [4] The descendants of Roberts and the African American settlers are the Americo-Liberian people .
King Idris Al-sanusi , also known as Idris I of Libya , (1889–1983) was the first and only king of Libya, reigning from 1951 to 1969, and the Chief of the Senussi Muslim order. Idris as-Senussi proclaimed an independent Emirate of Cyrenaica in 1949. He was also invited to become Emir of Tripolitania , another of the three traditional regions that now constitute modern Libya (the third being Fezzan ). [5] By accepting he began the process of uniting Libya under a single monarchy. A constitution was enacted in 1949 and adopted in October 1951. A National Congress elected Idris as King of Libya, and as Idris I he proclaimed the independence of the Kingdom of Libya as a sovereign state on 24 December 1951.
Sultan Mohammed V , who secured Moroccan independence in 1956, declared himself the first King of Morocco in 1957.
Andimba Toivo ya Toivo was the iconic figure of the Namibian Liberation struggle.
Hosea Kutako is considered by many as the Father of Namibian Nationalism.
Hendrik Witbooi was the Nama captain who led the early resistance against Germans in the late 1800s.
Jonker Afrikaner was the founder of the first rudimentary state in the territory of Namibia.
Al-Haji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (1912–1966) served as first Prime Minister of Nigeria from 1957 to 1966. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1960.
Sierra Leone
James Mancham served as first President of Seychelles from 1976 to 1977. He was one of the last White African presidents in the history of Africa. He considered himself the self-proclaimed "Founding Father"; however this title is often attributed to his socialist successor France-Albert René , who led the country to become one of the most democratic and most economically stable states in Africa .[ citation needed ]
The Somali Youth League played a major role for Somalia's independence since the 1940s, with two of its members having served as the first two Somali presidents , Aden Adde and Abdirashid Shermarke . There are several murals and monuments dedicated to the SYL's independence movement in Mogadishu .
Republic of Somaliland
Republic of South Africa
Other anti-apartheid activists include:
Habib Bourguiba , considered the founder of modern Tunisia , led Tunisia to independence from France in 1956 as prime minister, then abolished its monarchy and served as the country's first President from 1957 to 1987; during his leadership, he modernized Tunisia, built schools and hospitals, and gave Tunisian women better human rights than other countries, and these rights still continue to be exercised by Tunisian women to this day.[ citation needed ]
Milton Obote was a Ugandan political leader who led Uganda to independence from British colonial rule in 1962. Following the nation's independence, he served as prime minister of Uganda from 1962 to 1966 and the second president of Uganda from 1966 to 1971, then again from 1980 to 1985.
Abel Muzorewa (1925–2010) was the first black Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Rhodesia . Robert Mugabe (1924–2019) was the leader of ZANU-PF (Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front), who ruled Zimbabwe from 1980 to 2017.Others
The Argentine military commander José de San Martín is known as the " Liberator of Argentina, Chile and Peru". [10]
The military commander José de San Martín was one of the most important figures of the War of Independence (1810–1818) in Argentina, where he is known as the " Father of the Homeland " ( Spanish : Padre de la Patria) and the date of his death (or "Passage to Immortality"; "Pasaje a la Inmortalidad in Spanish) is commemorated as a national holiday. [11] One of the main libertadores of the Spanish American wars of independence , San Martín played a crucial role in the expulsion of royalist forces not only from Argentina but also from Chile and Peru, where he is thus also celebrated as a national hero. [12] One of his most celebrated feats is the 1817 Crossing of the Andes , when he crossed the mountain range from present-day Argentina to present-day Chile, in a surprise attack on royalist forces. [13]
Manuel Belgrano , another important leader of the War of Independence and creator of the flag of Argentina , is also widely regarded as a national hero. [14]
María Remedios del Valle , an Afro-Argentine camp follower turned soldier who participated in the War of Independence, is regarded as the "Mother of the Homeland" (Spanish: Madre de la Patria). [15]
Lynden Pindling is considered the "Father of the Nation". He served as first Prime Minister of the Bahamas from 1967 to 1992. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1973. [16]
Errol Barrow (1920–1987) is often referred to as the Father of Independence of Barbados . [17] Initially a World War II pilot and then a lawyer, he founded the Democratic Labour Party in 1955 after defecting from the Barbados Labour Party . He served as the third and final premier of Barbados (serving from 1961 to 1966) and lead Barbados to independence from the British Empire in 1966. He became the country's first prime minister and served two terms (1966–1976 and 1986–1987) and died in office from illness in 1987.
George Cadle Price (1919–2011) is considered to be the Father of the Nation of Belize. [18] [19] He served as head of government of British Honduras, later Belize from 1961 to 1984. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1981.[ citation needed ]
Pedro Álvares Cabral (1467/68–1520) commander of the first Portuguese fleet to arrive in South America.
José Bonifácio de Andrada (1763–1838), known as "Patriarch of Independence", is considered the maximum leader of the independence movement because of his intellectual mentorship and political prominence, and Pedro I of Brazil (1798–1834), son of the King João VI of Portugal , the symbol of the "center of force and union", according to the Bonifácio strategy.
Queen Victoria , who supported and encouraged this process, is known as the Mother of Confederation. She was the first Monarch under the 1867 Constitution and personally chose Ottawa as Canada's capital city. The political leaders who brought the other provinces into Confederation after 1867 are also referred to as "Fathers of Confederation". [21]
Caribbean Community
Bernardo O'Higgins (1778–1842) and José Miguel Carrera (1785–1821) are usually considered the founders of Chile. Diego Portales (1793–1837) is sometimes considered due to his influence in the 1833 Constitution.[ citation needed ]
Costa Rica
Carlos Manuel de Céspedes (1819–1874) is considered the Cuban Founding Father. In 1868, he freed his slaves and declared the independence of Cuba, which began the Ten Years' War (1868–1878).
José Martí is a Cuban national hero.
Dominican Republic
Matías Ramón Mella (1816–1864), Juan Pablo Duarte (1813–1876) and Francisco del Rosario Sánchez (1817–1861) are considered the Dominican Republic's Founding Fathers. Duarte is featured on the $1 coin and on the now discontinued $1 bill; Sanchez on the $5 coin and on the also discontinued $5 bill; Mella on the $10 coin and on the also discontinued $10 bill. [25]
Jose Joaquin Olmedo took this as a cue to declare Ecuador's independence at a junta in Guayaquil in 1820.
El Salvador
José Matías Delgado was a Salvadoran priest and doctor known as El Padre de la Patria Salvadoreña (The Father of the Salvadoran Fatherland). [26]
José Matías Delgado is considered to be the "Father of the Salvadoran Fatherland". [27]
In 1523, Pedro de Alvarado , a member of Hernán Cortés' group that conquered Mexico, was sent to conquer the area of land below Mexico that is known today as Guatemala.
Norman Manley is particularly noted for his role in securing universal suffrage for the country's population in 1944 along with founding the People's National Party . Manley also served as Chief Minister of Jamaica from 1955 to 1962. Alexander Bustamante was an influential union leader and as founder of the Jamaican Labour Party . Bustamante served as the then colony's first Chief Minister from 1953 to 1955 and later went on to lead Jamaica to independence from the United Kingdom in 1962, becoming the country's first Prime Minister.
José Anacleto Ordóñez (1778–1839) is recognised as the "First Popular Caudillo of Nicaragua", as he led the state to independence by revolting against the pro Mexican government in 1823. Later he served as Head of State of Nicaragua within the Federal Republic of Central America .
José Núñez (1800–1880) and Joaquín del Cossío (1789–unknown) were the most important figures in Nicaragua's Independence, as they started the first and second transitional governments that declared to the State's Independence from the FRCA in 1838.
Fruto Chamorro (1804–1855) is considered as "Founder of the Republic", as he initiated the 1854 Constitution which formally declared Nicaragua a Republic.
The first Spanish settlement in Panama was made in 1510. Then on 25 September 1513, Vasco Nunez de Balboa became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean (which he called the South Sea and which he claimed for Spain). Then in 1519 Pedro Arias de Avila founded Panama City.
José Gaspár Rodríguez de Francia is considered the founder of Paraguay. He was named perpetual dictator as of the country's formation. Although he was the one that ended up ruling the country, Rodríguez de Francia was not the only prócer of the 1811 revolution , others include: Fulgencio Yegros , Pedro Juan Caballero , Fernando de la Mora , Mauricio José Troche and Vicente Ignacio Iturbe. Yegros also served as consul alongside Francia, shortly before being deposed by him.
General Andrés Rodríguez was the first democratically elected president of Paraguay , shortly after leading the 1989 coup that ended Alfredo Stroessner's dictatorship . This is why he is often considered the father of modern Paraguay.
South America
José Gervasio Artigas is considered to be the founder of Uruguay . He was a staunch democrat and federalist, opposed to monarchism and centralism.
United States
George Washington , chief among the founders of the United States, called "the Father of his country" ( Pater Patriae )
The single person most identified as "Father" of the United States is George Washington , a general in the American Revolution and the 1st President of the United States. [35] [36] [37] Washington was part of a larger group of revolutionaries known as the " Founding Fathers ". Within the Founding Fathers, there are two key subsets, the Signers (who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776) and the Framers (who were delegates to the Federal Convention and took part in framing or drafting the proposed Constitution of the United States ). Some historians have suggested a revised definition of the "Founding Fathers", including a significantly broader group of not only the Signers and the Framers but also all those who, whether as politicians, jurists, statesmen, soldiers, diplomats, and ordinary citizens took part in winning U.S. independence and creating the United States of America. [38]
Simón Bolívar (1783–1830) is considered to be the founder not only of Venezuela , but of many of the region's countries as the Gran Colombia , which also included Panama , Ecuador , and Colombia . José Antonio Páez led the separation of Venezuela from the Gran Colombia and formed the modern statehood of the country. Scholars credit president Rómulo Betancourt as the founding father of modern democratic Venezuela, and Hugo Chávez as the founding father of modern democratic-dictatorship Venezuela.
Ahmad Shah Durrani (1723–1773) unified the Afghan tribes and founded Afghanistan in 1747. [39] His mausoleum is next to the Shrine of the Cloak in Kandahar, Afghanistan , where he is fondly known as Ahmad Shah Baba (Ahmad Shah the Father ).
However, the founding father of modern Afghanistan is Mohammad Zahir Shah , the last King of Afghanistan . Due to this, the Afghan parliament gave him the title of "Father of the Nation."
Hayk Nahapet is considered the traditional founder of Armenia to which he gave his namesake (Hayk/ Hayastan ) and occasionally as the ancestor to all Armenians . He was explained in the Movses Khorenatsi book " History of Armenia (book) to have established Armenia as a home for his people around Lake Van where Hayk and his people battled with and were then free from the tyranny of the Neo Assyrian Empire and Nimrod in 2492 BC.
Mammad Amin Rasulzade (Azerbaijani: Məhəmməd Əmin Axund Hacı Molla Ələkbər oğlu Rəsulzadə, Turkish: Mehmed Emin Resulzâde; (1884–1955) was an Azerbaijani statesman, scholar, public figure and one of the founding political leaders of Azerbaijan Republic (1918–1920). His expression "Bir kərə yüksələn bayraq, bir daha enməz!" ("The flag once raised will never fall!") became the motto of the independence movement in Azerbaijan in the 20th century.
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is considered by many as the founding leader of Bangladesh
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , known with the honorary title Bangabandhu, is considered by many as the founding leader of Bangladesh . [46] He led Bengali nation to the decade long struggle for independence against then autocratic rule of Pakistan , finally resulting in the Bangladesh Liberation War and the independence of Bangladesh in 1971. [47]
Abul Kasem Fazlul Huq , Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani are considered as three primary founders of Bangladesh, who shaped the Bengali nationalism since the days of British rule .
Ngawang Namgyal (1594–1651) fled Tibet and unified the fiefdoms of Bhutan . He established the dual system of shared power between secular and Buddhist leadership that continues as a tradition to the present.
According to local historiography, the country of Brunei was founded by Awang Alak Betatar , later to be Sultan Muhammad Shah, reigning around AD 1400.
Kaundinya I was the founder of ancient Khmer kingdom of Funan .
Jayavarman II (770–850) was the founder of the Khmer Empire .
Norodom Sihanouk (1922–2012) declared Cambodia 's independence from France in 1953 and is regarded as the nation's founding father.
For a list of founders of major Chinese dynasties, see Dynasties in Chinese history .
Yu the Great is conventionally regarded as having inaugurated dynastic rule in China by establishing the Xia dynasty , the first orthodox dynasty of China , in circa 2070 BC. [49]
In 221 BC, the State of Qin completed the conquest of the various Chinese kingdoms of the Warring States period and formed the first unified Chinese empire, the Qin dynasty . [50] Its monarch then took the title of Huángdì (皇帝; "Emperor") to reflect his prestigious status vis-à-vis prior rulers, thus becoming Qin Shi Huang . [50]
Sun Yat-sen was the founding father of the Republic of China and served as its first provisional president . He was officially conferred the title of Guófù (國父; "Father of the Nation") by the Nationalist government in AD 1940. [51] Today, he is still officially recognized as such in the Taiwan Area where the Republic of China continues to rule, while the People's Republic of China considers him the Gémìng Xiānxíngzhě (革命先行者; "Forerunner of the Revolution"). [52]
Mao Zedong is regarded as the founder of the People's Republic of China , [53] even though the state has yet to officially confer the title "Father of the Nation" upon anyone. [54]
Yellow Thearch
The 4 general founders of Indonesia are generally considered to be Sukarno , Mohammad Hatta , Sutan Sjahrir , and Tan Malaka . [60] Sukarno is considered to be a founding father by some Indonesians, although he had an authoritarian rule during the time of his presidency. Mohammad Hatta is generally considered as one of the more democratic founder of Indonesia . They both signed the Proclamation of Independence , proclaiming the independence of Indonesia from the Netherlands on 17 August 1945. A day later, they were elected respectively as the first President and Vice President of Indonesia.
As the Netherlands did not recognize the proclamation of independence immediately, both of them were prominent figures and were seen as symbol of unity among Indonesian people to fight against Dutch during the National Revolution from 1945 to 1949. In August 1949, Hatta headed a delegation to The Hague for a Round Table Conference which then led to the recognition of Indonesian independence by the Netherlands on 27 December 1949. [61]
Sukarno
Theodor Herzl is considered the founder of political Zionism , the modern ideology that institutionalized the longstanding Jewish desire to return to the homeland, which eventually lead to the founding of Israel decades later.
David Ben-Gurion was the first Prime Minister of Israel , and is often considered an important founding figure as well as a leader of Labor Zionism , Israel's founding ideology. Ben-Gurion lead Israel for a total of thirteen years and is today admired by both the left and the right.
Emperor Jimmu (神武天皇, Jinmu- tennō ) (traditional reign 660–585 BC) was the first emperor of Japan , [67] according to the traditional order of succession . [68] The Japanese national holiday National Foundation Day (建国記念の日, Kenkoku Kinen no Hi) is celebrated annually on 11 February in commemoration of the founding of the nation of Japan and the ascension of Emperor Jimmu to the imperial throne. [69]
Abdullah bin Al-Hussain was the founder and ruler of the Jordanian realm from 11 April 1921 until his assassination on 20 July 1951.
He was the Emir of Transjordan , a British protectorate , until 25 May 1946, [70] [71] after which he was the king of an independent Jordan. He was a 38th-generation direct descendant of Muhammad , as he belongs to the Hashemite family.
)
There is no law in the country which officially recognizes a single individual as the "Father of the Nation". Either title may be associated with any of the following prominent historical persons, owing to their impact on the country during their respective times.
Alikhan Bukeikhanov (1866–1937) was a Kazakh statesman, politician, publicist, teacher, writer and environmental scientist. He was leader and founder of the Alash Orda national liberation movement . He sided with the westernizers in the Kazakh political scene who were promoting the idea of the Western culture into the Kazakh steppe . In 1920, after the establishment of Soviet hegemony, Bukeikhanov joined the Bolshevik party and returned to scientific life. His earlier political activities caused the authorities to view him with suspicion, leading to arrests in 1926 and 1928. In 1926, Bukeikhanov was arrested on the charge of counter-revolutionary activity and put into Butyrka prison in Moscow . But due to the lack of evidence in the criminal case against him, he was released from prison. In 1930, the authorities banished him to Moscow, where he was arrested a final time in 1937 and executed.
Dinmukhamed Kunayev (1912–1993) was a Kazakh Soviet communist politician. He became first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan again in 1964 when Khrushchev was ousted and replaced by Brezhnev . He kept his position for twenty-two more years. He was an alternate member of the Politburo from 1967, and a full member from 1971 to 1987. During Kunayev's long rule, Kazakhs occupied prominent positions in the bureaucracy, economy and educational institutions. A Brezhnev loyalist, he was removed from office under pressure from Mikhail Gorbachev , who accused him of corruption. On 16 December 1986 the Politburo replaced him with Gennady Kolbin , who had never lived in the Kazakh SSR before. This provoked street riots in Almaty , which were the first signs of ethnic strife during Gorbachev's tenure. In modern Kazakhstan, this revolt is called Jeltoqsan , meaning December in Kazakh .
Nursultan Nazarbayev was elected the nation's first president following its independence from the Soviet Union in December 1991. In 2010 Parliament of Kazakhstan named him Елбасы (Elbasy) which means "Leader of the Nation".
North Korea
Kim Il-sung was the founder of North Korea. He ruled from 1948 to 1994. After his death, he was declared as the Eternal President of North Korea in 1998.
South Korea
The first recorded ruler of Kuwait was Sheikh Abu Salman Sabah . However, Sheikh Mubarak Al-Kabir is known as the founder of the modern state of Kuwait. He was instrumental in moving the country away from the Ottoman Empire and toward British influence.
Fa Ngum is widely considered a founding father of the Lao people. In present-day Laos , Kaysonne Phomvihane and Prince Souphanouvoung are considered the fathers of the Marxist–Leninist state.
Genghis Khan (c. 1162–1227), who by uniting the nomadic tribes founded the Mongol Empire , is generally regarded as the father of modern-day Mongolia .[ citation needed ] Although downcast during the communist-era , Genghis Khan's reputation surged after the democratic revolution in 1990 .
General Aung San is the founder of modern Burma (also known as Myanmar). Although he did not live to see the country's independence , he is credited in forming the basic structure of the independence movement and government. Aung San started his political career in 1930 as the editor of Rangoon University 's newspaper – where he accused one of the colonial administrators in Burma of misconduct. In late 1940 he went to Japanese controlled Taiwan and Xiamen to receive military training, and he led the Burma Independence Army , spearheading the Japanese invasion of Burma . Later, he switched sides to the Allies, and helped in the Burma campaign . After the war, he was appointed to the government of a returning British administration, and was able to negotiate Burma's independence. He helped organized the Panglong Agreement in February 1947, achieving independence for all Burmese territories. However, on Saturday, 19 July 1947, Aung San, along with his cabinet ministers, was assassinated at the secretariat building in Rangoon .
General Ne Win was one of the founders of Tatmadaw . On 1962, 15 years after the independence, he led a military coup that brought him to power. Ne Win established the Burmese Way to Socialism which ruled Burma for 26 years.
Pakistan's founder is Muhammad Ali Jinnah , who is hailed as Quaid-e-Azam or "Great Leader" and Baba-e-Qaum or Father of Nation. He founded not only the Islamic Republic of Pakistan but is credited for creating an entirely new nation state . Other prominent founders include the poet Muhammad Iqbal or spiritual Father, believed to be the first person to propagate the idea of a state for India's Muslims, Fatima Jinnah (Mother of nation) and members of Pakistan's first Cabinet such as Liaquat Ali Khan , A. K. Fazlul Huq , Abdul Rab Nishtar , Malik Feroze Khan Noon , Khwaja Nazimuddin and I. I. Chundrigar .
Some historians credit the Muslim reformist Sir Syed Ahmad Khan as a founder of Pakistan because he provided the Two-Nation Theory which played a central role in the perception of Pakistan and its Muslim nationalist ideology largely based on Iqbal's philosophy and views.
Beginning from 1983 onwards, Arafat based himself in Tunisia and switched to a tactic of negotiating with the Israeli government , acknowledging Israel's right to exist in a UN resolution and supporting a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict . Arafat engaged in a series of negotiations with the Israeli government to end the conflict between it and the PLO, including the Madrid Conference of 1991 , the 1993 Oslo Accords and the 2000 Camp David Summit . [77] In 1994, he returned to Palestine and promoted self-government for the Palestinian territories , receiving the Nobel Peace Prize the same year. Among Palestinians , Arafat is viewed as a martyr who symbolized the national aspirations of his people. [78]
)
There is no law in the Philippines which officially recognizes any single individual as the "Father of the Nation". Either title may be associated with any of the following prominent historical persons, owing to their impact on the country during their respective times: José Rizal (1861–1896) was a Filipino nationalist during the tail end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. An ophthalmologist by profession, Rizal became a writer and a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement which advocated political reforms for the colony under Spain. He was executed by the Spanish colonial government for the crime of rebellion after an anti-colonial revolution, inspired in part by his writings, broke out. Though he was not actively involved in its planning or conduct, he ultimately approved of its goals which eventually led to Philippine independence. He is widely considered one of the greatest heroes of the Philippines, and is implied by Philippine law to be one of the national heroes. He was the author of the novels Noli Me Tángere , and El Filibusterismo, and a number of poems and essays. Andrés Bonifacio (1863–1897) rebel leader during the Philippine Revolution in 1896, which saw armed resistance against the Spanish Empire. Emilio Aguinaldo (1869–1964) Military Leader with the highest rank of Generalissimo of the Philippine Revolution and first president of the Philippines through the 1899 Malolos Congress , which oversaw the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution . Manuel Roxas (1892–1948) served as first President of independent Philippines from 1946 to 1948.
Sheikh Jassim Bin Mohammed Bin Thani is the founder of the State of Qatar . He was a military leader, judge and scholar, knight and poet possessing both gallantry and magnanimity.
Saudi Arabia
Si Inthrathit (1238 - 1270) was the founder of Sukhothai Kingdom , the first Thai kingdom.
Atatürk , the founding father of the Republic of Turkey
Alp Arslan (1029–1072) was the second Sultan of the Seljuk Empire . He greatly expanded the Seljuk territory and consolidated his power, defeating rivals to the south and northwest, and his victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert , in 1071, ushered in the Turkoman settlement of Anatolia .
Mehmed the Conqueror (1432–1481), was an Ottoman sultan who ruled from August 1444 to September 1446, and then later from February 1451 to May 1481. When he ascended the throne again in 1451 he strengthened the Ottoman navy and made preparations to attack Constantinople. At the age of 21, he conquered Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul ) and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire .
Mahmud II (1785–1839) was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839. His reign is recognized for the extensive administrative, military, and fiscal reforms he instituted, which culminated in the Decree of Tanzimat ("reorganization"). Mahmud's reforms included the 1826 abolition of the conservative Janissary corps, which removed a major obstacle to his and his successors' reforms in the Empire. The reforms he instituted were characterized by political and social changes, which would eventually lead to the birth of the modern Turkish Republic.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938) was the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey . Following the First World War, the huge conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new states. The Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923), initiated by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues in Anatolia, resulted in the establishment of the modern Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti) in 1923. [79] He subsequently introduced many radical reforms with the aim of transforming the old multinational Ottoman state into a new secular republic. [80]
United Arab Emirates
In Uzbekistan , no single individual is officially recognized as the "Founder of the Nation." However, different figures have been viewed as founders of Uzbekistan during various eras throughout history.
Amir Timur is widely regarded as the main historical hero for modern Uzbekistan , as he founded the Timurid Empire and made significant contributions to the development of Uzbek Statehood.
Another significant historical figure, Muhammad Shaybani , is considered to be a significant founder of the nation due to his proximity in time to the establishment of the Uzbek state. He was an Uzbek leader who consolidated various Uzbek tribes and laid the foundations for their ascendance in Transoxiana and the establishment of the Khanate of Bukhara .
And Fayzulla Xoʻjayev was the founder of modern Uzbekistan. He first head of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic , which would later form part of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic . He became well known in the early 20th century as an advocate for Uzbekistani independence and as a leader of the Jadidist movement . This movement aimed to modernize and secularize Islamic society in Central Asia .
Khodzhayev's political career was marked by several challenges, including periods of exile and imprisonment. In 1920, he briefly served as the first prime minister of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic . As Prime Minister, Khodjaev implemented a series of reforms aimed at promoting industrialization and collectivization in Uzbekistan . He also supported efforts to promote Uzbek culture and language , including the establishment of a national theater and the publication of a national encyclopedia. Khodjaev's political career came to an abrupt end in 1937, when he was arrested as part of Joseph Stalin 's Great Purge . He was accused of espionage and treason and was executed in 1938. Today, Khodjaev is remembered as an important figure in the history of Uzbekistan and as a symbol of the complex relationship between the Central Asian republics and the Soviet Union . His legacy continues to be debated, with some seeing him as a progressive reformer and others as a Soviet stooge who contributed to the suppression of Uzbek national identity.
Karl Renner , who was the first Chancellor of Austria and the first post-war President of Austria after World War II , is often referred to as the "Father of the Republic" due to his leadership of the First Austrian Republic , and for playing a decisive role in establishing the present Second Austrian republic .
Kastuś Kalinoŭski was a revolutionary, publicist and poet, was one of the leaders of the failed January Uprising 1863 – 1864 on the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the territory of the Russian Empire .
Janka Kupała was a Belarusian poet and writer of the early 20th century, a major writer and one of the founders of Belarusian national literature . Author of the slogan Žyvie Bielaruś! , which is still used today.
Vaclaŭ Lastoŭski was a leading figure of the Belarusian independence movement in the early 20th century and the Prime Minister of the Belarusian Democratic Republic from 1919 to 1923
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Mythical rulers of Bulgaria date back as far as 3rd millennium BC.
Avitohol (?–453? AD), who researchers claim to be the mythical Attila , is the first name in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans . He was from the Dulo clan and was succeeded by his son Ernak or Irnik (the second name mentioned in the Nominalia). [81]
Kubrat (606–665) was the founder of the powerful Great Bulgaria in 632 AD.
Asparuh (around 640–701) is the most venerated national founder of Bulgaria . He was a son of Kubrat and started attacking and moving southwest of Old Great Bulgaria, towards the Lower Danube in Southeast Europe . Victorious over the Eastern Roman Empire , he established the First Bulgarian Empire in 680–681. Modern day Bulgaria is a direct successor of this state. Asparukh's brother Batbayan stayed ruling the core territories to the north, while Kotrag migrated further north and founded Volga Bulgaria .
Krum the Fearsome (8th century – 814) – prominent ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire. During his reign the Bulgarian territory doubled in size, spreading from the middle Danube to the Dnieper and from Odrin to the Tatra Mountains . His able and energetic rule brought law and order to Bulgaria and developed the rudiments of state organization, thus he is regarded as an important national founder. [82] [83]
Boris I (9th century-2 May 907) officially Christianized Bulgaria in 864, a significant event that shaped the History of Bulgaria and Europe . The historian Steven Runciman called him one of the greatest persons in history. [84] His son and grandson, tsar Simeon I the Great and tsar Petar I , are also considered as having an important role in the formation and strengthening of the Bulgarian state and nationality.
Samuil (997–1014) – energetic emperor ( tsar ) that restored Bulgarian might in Southeast Europe , and although the Empire was disestablished after his death, he is regarded as a heroic ruler in Bulgaria, [85] [86] as well as in North Macedonia . [87]
Euthymius of Tarnovo – Patriarch of Bulgaria between 1375 and 1393. Regarded as one of the most important figures of medieval Bulgaria , Euthymius was the last head of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church in the Second Bulgarian Empire . Arguably the best esteemed of all Bulgarian patriarchs, Euthymius was an authoritative figure in the Eastern Orthodox world of the time.
Višeslav was one of the first dukes of Croatia , and the early attested by name.
Tomislav is celebrated as the first king of Croatia and the founder of the first united Croatian state .
Ante Starčević , has been referred to as Father of the Nation due to his campaign for the rights of Croats within Austria-Hungary and his propagation of a Croatian state in a time where many politicians sought unification with other South Slavs.
Franjo Tuđman , first President of the Republic of Croatia 1990–99. [88] Sometimes referred to as and self-proclaimed "Father of the Nation". [89]
Czech Republic
Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia , main patron saint of the country. Anniversary of his murder on 28 September is celebrated as Statehood Day .
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor , King of Bohemia, who is known under honorific title Father of the Homeland.
Václav Havel , founder of the Civic Forum party that played a major role in the Velvet Revolution that in 1989 toppled the Communist system in Czechoslovakia , was the last (and first democratically elected) president of Czechoslovakia from 1989 until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1992, and the first president of the Czech Republic from 1993 to 2003.
Dan (king) (or Halfdan) is the name of the legendary earliest king of the Danes and Denmark , mentioned in medieval Scandinavian texts. He is said to be the progenitor of the nation and the Danish Royal House according to Saxo Grammaticus 's Gesta Danorum .
Gorm the Old , the first recorded ruler of Denmark, reigning from c. 936 to his death c. 958. The current King Frederik X of Denmark can trace his heritage back to Gorm the Old. He is called the founder of the kingdom of Denmark, though at the time he did not control the whole country, only Jutland .
Harald Bluetooth was the son of Gorm the old and the first to unite Denmark into a single country by uniting the tribes. Harald ruled as king of Denmark from c. 958 – c. 986. He was baptized and the first Christian king of Denmark and helped Christianize the Danes, which is proclaimed on the Jelling stone .
Niels Ebbesen was a Danish squire and national hero who liberated Denmark, which had been patented away to German barons and landlords. He is known for his killing of Gerhard III, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg in 1340, and in doing so returning control of Jutland and Funen back to the Danish king.
Frederick Barbarossa has, from time to time, been cited as the father and hero of the German people. According to a Germanic medieval legend, Barbarossa was not dead but asleep , and would awaken in the hour of Germany's greatest need and restore the nation to its former glory. [90] This idea gained prominence among German Nationalist movements in the 19th and 20th century. During the German Empire , Kaiser Wilhelm I was declared the reincarnation of Frederick. [91] [92] In 1937, Adolf Hitler praised Barbarossa as the emperor who first expressed Germanic cultural ideas and carried them to the outside world through his imperial mission; he would later name his invasion of the Soviet Union. [93]
Modern, democratic Germany was decisively shaped by the "Fathers of the Basic Law " in the 1948 Constitutional Convention at Herrenchiemsee , and by the first German Chancellor , Konrad Adenauer . For reunified Germany, the slogan " Wir sind das Volk! " ("We are the people!") became symbolic, thus making all Germans founders of modern Germany .[ citation needed ]
Hellen , mythical progenitor of the Greeks , who gives his name to both the people and the country in the Greek language .
Solon (594 BC) and Cleisthenes (508/7 BC), inventors of democracy and founders of the Athenian constitution .
Rigas Feraios , writer and revolutionary who is remembered as a national hero and the first victim of the uprising against the Ottomans .
Ioannis Kapodistrias , first head of state of independent Greece (1827–1831) and founder of the modern Greek state
Eleftherios Venizelos , eight-time Prime Minister of Greece, has been labelled as "The Maker of Modern Greece" [96] and is still widely known as the " Ethnarch ". [97]
According to Anonymus the fejedelem who made the Hungarians settle into the Carpathian Basin in 896 AD was Árpád , who was said to have descended from Prince Csaba , the forefather of the nation. He was elected nagyfejedelem (grand prince), and created a coherent Hungarian state in and around the Pannonian Basin and mingled with the inhabitants. His dynasty reigned over the Hungarian Kingdom from the ninth century until 1301. In Hungary Stephen I of Hungary is commonly regarded as the founder of the nation. He was Hungary's first king and united the Magyar people into the Kingdom of Hungary . Coloman the Learned first entered into a personal union with Croatia , bringing prosperity to the nations. Post-arpadian king Louis the Great established Hungary as a European power, and is remembered as a " knightking " for his military excellence. Among others, his military achievements include being the first European monarch to defeat a Ottoman imperial army in battle. The Habsburg era also gave rise to many great figures, such as Lajos Kossuth the Pater Patriae of Hungary. He is known as the leader of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 against the Habsburgs , being the creator of the April Laws (and an unenacted constitution) and helping in the establishment of the Hungarian State and therefore being founder of modern Hungary . An equally important figure is Ferenc Deák , one of the initiators of the Compromise , whose efforts led to the reunification of the Lands of the Holy Crown in 1868. Hungarian prime minister Mihály Károlyi would later be the one to officially dissolve the Austro-Hungarian Empire , creating a free Hungarian republic .
Jón Sigurðsson was the leader of the 19th century Icelandic independence movement . [98] He was the first president of the Althingi , restored as a legislative branch in 1875.
Romulus , was the legendary founder and first king of Rome , the capital of Italy . Roman myth held that their city was founded by Romulus , son of the war god Mars and the Vestal virgin Rhea Silvia , fallen princess of Alba Longa and descendant of Aeneas of Troy . Exposed on the Tiber river, Romulus and his twin Remus were suckled by a she-wolf at the Lupercal before being raised by the shepherd Faustulus , taking revenge on their usurping great-uncle Amulius , and restoring Alba Longa to their grandfather Numitor . The brothers then decided to establish a new town but quarrelled over some details, ending with Remus's murder and the establishment of Rome on the Palatine Hill .
Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate , Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war , and subsequently became dictator from 49 BC until his assassination in 44 BC. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire . After assuming control of government, Caesar began a program of social and governmental reforms, including the creation of the Julian calendar . He gave citizenship to many residents of far regions of the Roman Republic. He initiated land reform and support for veterans.
Scipio Africanus – he was a Roman general and statesman, most notable as one of the main architects of Rome's victory against Carthage in the Second Punic War . Often regarded as one of the best military commanders and strategists of all time, his greatest military achievement was the defeat of Hannibal at the Battle of Zama in 202 BC. This victory in Africa earned him the epithet Africanus, literally meaning "the African," but meant to be understood as a conqueror of Africa . Scipio Africanus is mentioned in Il Canto degli Italiani , the national anthem of Italy since 1946.
Augustus was the founder of the Roman Empire . He reigned as the first Roman emperor from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. The reign of Augustus initiated an imperial cult , as well as an era of imperial peace (the Pax Romana or Pax Augusta ) in which the Roman world was largely free of armed conflict. The Principate system of government was established during his reign and lasted until the Crisis of the Third Century . Augustus dramatically enlarged the empire, annexing Egypt, Dalmatia , Pannonia , Noricum , and Raetia , expanding possessions in Africa , and completing the conquest of Hispania , but he suffered a major setback in Germania . Beyond the frontiers, he secured the empire with a buffer region of client states and made peace with the Parthian Empire through diplomacy. He reformed the Roman system of taxation, developed networks of roads with an official courier system , established a standing army , established the Praetorian Guard as well as official police and fire-fighting services for Rome, and rebuilt much of the city during his reign.
Constantine the Great was a Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity . He played a pivotal role in elevating the status of Christianity in Rome, decriminalizing Christian practice and ceasing Christian persecution in a period referred to as the Constantinian shift . [99] This initiated the cessation of the established ancient Roman religion . Constantine is also the originator of the religiopolitical ideology known as Constantinianism , which epitomizes the unity of church and state, as opposed to separation of church and state . [100] He founded the city of Constantinople and made it the capital of the Empire, which remained so for over a millennium.
Cola di Rienzo led a revolt in Rome, became the Tribune and later attempted to unify Italy
Alberto da Giussano is a legendary character of the 12th century who would have participated, as a protagonist, in the battle of Legnano on 29 May 1176. [101] In reality, according to historians, the actual military leader of the Lombard League in the famous military battle with Frederick Barbarossa was Guido da Landriano . [102] Historical analyses made over time have indeed shown that the figure of Alberto da Giussano never existed. [103] In the past, historians, attempting to find a real confirmation, hypothesized the identification of his figure with Albertus de Carathe (Alberto da Carate ) and Albertus Longus (Alberto Longo), both among the Milanese who signed the pact in Cremona in March 1167 which established the Lombard League, or in an Alberto da Giussano mentioned in an appeal of 1196 presented to Pope Celestine III on the administration of the church-hospital of San Sempliciano . These, however, are all weak identifications, given that they lack clear and convincing historical confirmation. [101] [104] The battle of Legnano ended the fifth and last descent into Italy of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, [105] who after the defeat tried to resolve the Italian question by adopting a diplomatic approach. This resulted a few years later in the Peace of Constance (25 June 1183), with which the Emperor recognized the Lombard League and made administrative, political, and judicial concessions to the municipalities, officially ending his attempt to dominate northern Italy. [106] The battle is alluded to in the Canto degli Italiani by Goffredo Mameli and Michele Novaro , the national anthem of Italy since 1946, which reads: «From the Alps to Sicily , Legnano is everywhere» in memory of the victory of Italian populations over foreign ones. [107]
Cola di Rienzo , led a revolt in Rome, became the Tribune and later attempted to unify Italy. [108] In July 1347, in a decree, he proclaimed the sovereignty of the Roman people over the empire. But before this he had set to work on restoring the authority of Rome over the cities and provinces of Italy, of making the city again caput mundi . He wrote letters to the cities of Italy, asking them to send representatives to an assembly which would meet on 1 August, when the formation of a great federation under the headship of Rome would be considered. On the appointed day, a number of representatives appeared, and Cola issued an edict citing Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor and his rival Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor , and also the imperial electors and all others concerned in the dispute, to appear before him in order that he might pronounce judgment. [109] The following day, the festival of the unity of Italy was celebrated, but neither this nor the previous meeting had any practical result. Cola's power, however, was recognized in the Kingdom of Naples , and both Joan I of Naples and Louis I of Hungary appealed to him for protection and aid, and on 15 August with great pomp he was crowned Tribune. Ferdinand Gregorovius says this ceremony "was the fantastic caricature in which ended the imperium of Charles the Great . A world where political action was represented in such guise was ripe for overthrow, or could only be saved by a great mental reformation." [109]
Giuseppe Mazzini (left), highly influential leader of the Italian revolutionary movement; and Giuseppe Garibaldi (right), celebrated as one of the greatest generals of modern times [110] and as the "Hero of the Two Worlds" because of his military enterprises in South America and Europe, [111] who fought in many military campaigns that led to Italian unification
Victor Emmanuel II (left) and Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour (right), leading figures in unification, became respectively the first King and Prime Minister of unified Italy.
Alcide De Gasperi , first republican Prime Minister of Italy and one of the Founding fathers of the European Union
Napoleon Bonaparte was the first to use the title of President of the Italian Republic . Born on the island of Corsica to a family of Italian origin, Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military officer and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815. He was the leader of the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804, then of the French Empire as Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1814, and briefly again in 1815. The Napoleonic Italian Republic was a short-lived (1802–1805) republic located in Northern Italy . Its capital was Milan and it consisted of the same areas that had comprised the Cisalpine Republic, primarily Lombardy and Romagna . In 1805, following Bonaparte's assumption of the title of Emperor of the French, the Italian Republic was transformed into the Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia), with Napoleon as king and his stepson Eugène de Beauharnais as viceroy . The modern presidential standard of Italy standard recalls the colors of the flag of Italy , with particular reference to the standard of the historic Napoleonic Italian Republic .
Victor Emmanuel II was King of Sardinia (also known as Piedmont-Sardinia) from 23 March 1849 until 17 March 1861, when he assumed the title of King of Italy and became the first king of an independent, united Italy since the 6th century, a title he held until his death in 1878. Borrowing from the old Latin title Pater Patriae of the Roman emperors , the Italians gave him the epithet of Father of the Fatherland ( Italian : Padre della Patria). The Italian national Victor Emmanuel II Monument in Rome, containing the Altare della Patria , was built in his honour.
Giuseppe Garibaldi was a general, patriot, revolutionary and republican. He contributed to Italian unification (Risorgimento) and the creation of the Kingdom of Italy . Garibaldi is also known as the "Hero of the Two Worlds" because of his military enterprises in South America and Europe. [113] It is celebrated as one of the greatest generals of modern times [110] and fought in many military campaigns that led to Italian unification.
Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour was a politician , statesman , businessman , economist , and noble , and a leading figure in the movement towards Italian unification . [114] Cavour put forth several economic reforms in his native region of Piedmont , at that time part of the Kingdom of Sardinia , in his earlier years and founded the political newspaper Il Risorgimento . After being elected to the Chamber of Deputies , he quickly rose in rank through the Piedmontese government, coming to dominate the Chamber of Deputies through a union of centre-left and centre-right politicians. After a large rail system expansion program, Cavour became prime minister in 1852. As prime minister, Cavour successfully negotiated Piedmont's way through the Crimean War , the Second Italian War of Independence , and Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand , managing to manoeuvre Piedmont diplomatically to become a new great power in Europe, controlling a nearly united Italy that was five times as large as Piedmont had been before he came to power.
Giuseppe Mazzini was a politician, journalist, and activist for the unification of Italy (Risorgimento) and spearhead of the Italian revolutionary movement. His efforts helped bring about the independent and unified Italy in place of the several separate states, many dominated by foreign powers, that existed until the 19th century. [115] An Italian nationalist in the historical radical tradition and a proponent of a republicanism of social-democratic inspiration, Mazzini helped define the modern European movement for popular democracy in a republican state. [116] Mazzini's thoughts had a very considerable influence on the Italian and European republican movements, in the Constitution of Italy , about Europeanism and more nuanced on many politicians of a later period, among them American president Woodrow Wilson , British prime minister David Lloyd George , Mahatma Gandhi , Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru , Indian independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar , and Israeli prime minister Golda Meir . [117] [118]
Vittorio Emanuele Orlando was an statesman, who served as the prime minister of Italy from October 1917 to June 1919. Orlando is best known for representing Italy in the 1919 Paris Peace Conference with his foreign minister Sidney Sonnino . He was also known as "Premier of Victory" for defeating the Central Powers along with the Entente in World War I . [119] Italy entered into World War I in 1915 with the aim of completing national unity: for this reason, it is also considered the Fourth Italian War of Independence , [120] in a historiographical perspective that identifies in the latter the conclusion of the unification of Italy , whose military actions began during the revolutions of 1848 with the First Italian War of Independence . [121] [122] He was also the provisional president of the Chamber of Deputies between 1943 and 1945, and a member of the Constituent Assembly that changed the Italian form of government into a republic . Aside from his prominent political role, Orlando was a professor of law and is known for his writings on legal and judicial issues, which number over a hundred works. [123]
The anti-fascist members of the Constituent Assembly of Italy are considered the "fathers" of the modern Italian Republic , which replaced the Monarchy after a referendum in 1946 . The assembly was formed by the representatives of all the forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the liberation of Italy . [124] After WWII the Italian society was divided, and the economy all but destroyed—per capita income in 1944 was at its lowest point since 1900. [125] The aftermath left Italy angry with the monarchy for its endorsement of the Fascist regime, contributing to a revival of Italian republicanism. [126] Prominent members among them included the Christian democratic Alcide De Gasperi (also counted among the founding fathers of the European Union ), the communist Palmiro Togliatti , the social democratic Giuseppe Saragat , the liberal Enrico De Nicola (he later became the first president of Italy ), the republican Cipriano Facchinetti and the liberal Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (the "premier of victory" in WWI).. De Gasperi was the last prime minister of the Kingdom of Italy , serving under both Victor Emmanuel III and Umberto II . He was also the first prime minister of the Italian Republic , and also briefly served as provisional head of state after the Italian people voted to end the monarchy and establish a republic.
It is likely that the Kosovo Albanians regard Ibrahim Rugova as a key figure, since he was the one that brought an independence movement of Kosovo from the fall of Yugoslavia . Additionally, Rugova ruled Kosovo from the 1992 till 2006 as president of the nation, and ever since has been regarded as the National Hero of Kosovo , and led to further independence in 2008 from Serbia to which now 97 nations have recognised Kosovo as of September 2021.
Hans-Adam I purchased the domain of Schellenberg and the county of Vaduz which would eventually form the modern day Lichtenstein .
Johann I drafted the first constitution of Lichtenstein, in 1818.
The first and the only king (1251–1263) of Lithuania, Mindaugas , is seen as the founder of the Lithuanian state, as is commemorated on Statehood Day on 6 July. [127] Dr. Jonas Basanavičius , activist and proponent of the Lithuanian National Revival in the turn of the 19th century into the 20th, who participated in every major event leading to the independence of Lithuania, member of the Council of Lithuania which on 16 February 1918 declared Lithuania an independent state , is universally considered the " Patriarch of the Nation ". [128]
Petar I Petrović-Njegoš (1747–1830) acquired de facto independence for Montenegro from the Ottoman Empire and created the first Montenegrin law in the modern era .
Prince William I of Orange (1533–1584) or William the Silent, is known as the father of the Netherlands. He led the Dutch in their Revolt against Spain for their independence. Today he is often called Vader des Vaderlands ("Father of the Fatherland"). [132]
North Macedonia
King Harald Fairhair , who unified Norway and ruled c. 872–930, is often considered the founder of the nation.
Usually the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll in 1814, consisting of 112 men from most of the country, in Norway often referred to as Eidsvoll Men or the Fathers of the Constitution. [134]
Mieszko I (c. 920/45–992), the first historical ruler of Poland, Mieszko I is considered the de facto creator of the Polish state. He was a Duke of the Polans from about 960 until his death. Mieszko I's marriage in 965 to the Přemyslid princess Dobrawa and his baptism in 966 put him and his country in the cultural sphere of Western Christianity. According to existing sources, Mieszko I was a wise politician, a talented military leader and charismatic ruler. He successfully used diplomacy, concluding an alliance with Bohemia first, and then with Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire . In foreign policy, he placed the interests of his country foremost, even entering into agreements with former enemies. On his death, he left to his sons a country of greatly expanded territory, with a well-established position in Europe. Mieszko I also appeared as "Dagome" in a papal document from about 1085, called " Dagome iudex ", which mentions a gift or dedication of Mieszko's land to the Pope (the act took place almost a hundred years earlier).
Bolesław I Chrobry (967–1025), was Duke of Poland from 992 to 1025, and the first King of Poland in 1025. He was the son of Mieszko I of Poland by his wife, Dobrawa of Bohemia . He supported the missionary views of Adalbert , Bishop of Prague, and Bruno of Querfurt . The martyrdom of Adalbert in 997 and his imminent canonization were used to consolidate Poland's autonomy from the Holy Roman Empire . This perhaps happened most clearly during the Congress of Gniezno (11 March 1000), which resulted in the establishment of a Polish church structure with a Metropolitan See at Gniezno . This See was independent of the German Archbishopric of Magdeburg , which had tried to claim jurisdiction over the Polish church. Following the Congress of Gniezno , bishoprics were also established in Kraków , Wrocław and Kołobrzeg , and Bolesław formally repudiated paying tribute to the Holy Roman Empire . In the summer of 1018, in one of his expeditions, Bolesław I captured Kiev , where he installed his son-in-law Sviatopolk I as ruler. According to legend, Bolesław chipped his sword when striking Kiev's Golden Gate . Later, in honor of this legend, a sword called Szczerbiec ("Jagged Sword") would become the coronation sword of Poland's kings. Bolesław I was a remarkable politician, strategist , and statesman. He not only turned Poland into a country comparable to older western monarchies, but he raised it to the front rank of European states. Bolesław conducted successful military campaigns in the west, south and east. He consolidated Polish lands and conquered territories outside the borders of modern-day Poland, including Slovakia , Moravia , Red Ruthenia , Meissen , Lusatia , and Bohemia . He was a powerful mediator in Central European affairs. Finally, as the culmination of his reign, in 1025 he had himself crowned King of Poland . He was the first Polish ruler to receive the title of rex (Latin: "king").
Władysław II Jagiełło (c. 1352/1362 – 1434) was the Grand Duke of Lithuania (1377–1434) and then the King of Poland (1386–1434), first alongside his wife Jadwiga until 1399, and then sole King of Poland. He ruled in Lithuania from 1377. Born a pagan , in 1386 he converted to Catholicism and was baptized as Władysław in Kraków , married the young Queen Jadwiga, and was crowned King of Poland as Władysław II Jagiełło. In 1387 he converted Lithuania to Christianity. His own reign in Poland started in 1399, upon the death of Queen Jadwiga, and lasted a further thirty-five years and laid the foundation for the centuries-long Polish–Lithuanian union . The dynasty ruled both states until 1572, and became one of the most influential dynasties in late medieval and early modern Central and Eastern Europe. During his reign, the Polish-Lithuanian state was the largest state in the Christian world . The reign of Władysław II Jagiełło extended Polish frontiers and is often considered the beginning of Poland's Golden Age .
Tadeusz Kościuszko (1746–1817) was a Polish-Lithuanian military engineer , statesman, and military leader who became a national hero in Poland , Lithuania , Belarus , and the United States . He fought in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 's struggles against Russia and Prussia , and on the U.S. side in the American Revolutionary War . As Supreme Commander of the Polish National Armed Forces, he led the 1794 Kościuszko Uprising .
Gen. Józef Piłsudski (first on the left) Ignacy Jan Paderewski (next to Piłsudski in the a civil coat) and Stanisław Wojciechowski (behind Paderewski), future second President of Poland , during the opening ceremony of the Legislative Sejm , 9 February 1919.
Józef Piłsudski (1867–1935), was a Polish statesman who served as the Chief of State (1918–22) and First Marshal of Poland (from 1920). From World War I he had great power in Polish politics and was a distinguished figure on the international scene. He is viewed as a father of the Druga Rzeczpospolita Polska re-established in 1918, 123 years after the 1795 Partitions of Poland by Austria , Prussia and Russia .
Ignacy Jan Paderewski (1860–1941), was a Polish pianist and composer , freemason , politician , statesman and spokesman for Polish independence. He was a favorite of concert audiences around the world. His musical fame opened access to diplomacy and the media. Paderewski played an important role in meeting with President Woodrow Wilson and obtaining the explicit inclusion of independent Poland as point 13 in Wilson's peace terms in 1918, called the Fourteen Points . He was the Prime Minister of Poland and also Poland's foreign minister in 1919, and represented Poland at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 .
Wojciech Korfanty (1873–1939), was a Polish activist , journalist and politician , who served as a member of the German parliaments, the Reichstag and the Prussian Landtag , and later, in the Polish Sejm . Briefly, he also was a paramilitary leader, known for organizing the Polish Silesian Uprisings in Upper Silesia , which after World War I was contested by Germany and Poland. Korfanty fought to protect Poles from discrimination and the policies of Germanisation in Upper Silesia before the war and sought to join Silesia to Poland after Poland regained its independence .
Józef Haller von Hallenburg (1873–1960) was a lieutenant general of the Polish Army , a legionary in the Polish Legions , harcmistrz (the highest Scouting instructor rank in Poland ), the president of the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association (ZHP), and a political and social activist. After the Peace of Brest-Litovsk he arrived in France in July 1918, where on behalf of the Polish National Committee he created what was known as the Blue Army (from the color of its French uniforms, also known as Haller's Army). For the next few months his army, allied to the Entente , would fight against Germany.
Viriathus was the most important leader of the Lusitanian people that resisted Roman expansion into western Hispania or Iberia (as the Greeks called it). Today Viriathus is regarded as a national hero and an enduring symbol of Portuguese nationality and independence, portrayed by artists and celebrated by its people throughout the centuries.
Henry of Burgundy (1066–1112), was appointed Count of Portugal as a reward for military services to Kingdom of León , and with the purpose of expanding the territory southwards. And, more importantly, his son, Count Afonso I of Portugal (1109–1185), a Templar Brother who took control of the county after Henry died and was recognized by the Holy See , in 1179, as the first King of Portugal , through the Manifestis Probatum bull.[ citation needed ]
Burebista is considered the great king who unified all the Dacian tribes. He is also known for creating a powerful empire that stretched from west to the Adriatic Sea and Southern Germany , from east to the Black Sea , from north to Southern Poland and from south to Greek Macedonia and Eastern Thrace . He is considered by many Romanians as a national hero. The Dacian Kingdom under Burebista was the greatest territorial extent in Romania's history.
Decebalus and Trajan are considered to be the fathers of the Romanian people, as Roman veterans were settled on the present-day territory of Romania following Trajan's Dacian Wars .[ citation needed ]
Basarab I the Founder (c. 1270-1351/1352) was the great voivode of Wallachia. Basarab either came into power between 1304 and 1324 by dethroning or peacefully succeeding the legendary founder of Wallachia, Radu Negru, or in 1310 by succeeding his father, Thocomerius. In 1330 he defeated Charles I of Hungary at the battle of Posada , and the first independent Romanian state was consequently founded. He founded the Basarab dynasty and his descendants ruled Wallachia for more than three centuries. From the middle of the 14th century, some foreign chronicles used derivations of his name: "Basarab", when referring to Wallachia.
Michael the Brave (1558–1601) was the Prince of Wallachia (1593–1601), Prince of Moldavia (1600) and de facto ruler of Transylvania (1599–1600). He is considered one of Romania's greatest national heroes. Since the 19th century, Michael the Brave has been regarded as a symbol of the unity of all Romanians, as his reign marked the first time all states mainly inhabited by Romanians were under the same ruler.
Alexandru Ioan Cuza was elected as the first leader of the modern Romanian state. He presided over Wallachia and Moldavia in a personal union, which later became permanent even though he was forced to abdicate.
Ion C. Brătianu established the foundation of the modern Romanian State.
Mihail Kogălniceanu established the foundation of the modern Romanian State.
Ferdinand I was King of Romania when the country gained Transylvania and Bessarabia.
Boris Yeltsin was the first president of the Russian Federation as an independent state. He was first elected to the presidency in June 1991, while the Russian Federation was still a part of the USSR , and re-elected in 1996.
San Marino
Stefan Nemanja , grand prince of the medieval Serbian Grand Principality that would eventually evolve into the Serbian Kingdom and Serbian Empire . He is the founder of the Nemanjić dynasty .
Karađorđe , revolutionary who led the struggle for Serbia's liberation and independence from the Ottoman Empire during the First Serbian Uprising . He is the founder of the Karađorđević dynasty and bears the honorific title Father of the Nation. [135]
Miloš Obrenović , a revolutionary who led the struggle for Serbia's liberation and independence from the Ottoman Empire during the Second Serbian Uprising . He is the founder of the Obrenović dynasty and bears the honorific title Father of the Nation. [136]
Many Slovaks see Great Moravia as their ancestors, which would make Mojmír I a founder.
France Bučar is a Slovenian politician, legal expert and author. Between 1990 and 1992, he served as the first chairman of the freely elected Slovenian Parliament . He was the one to formally declare the independence of Slovenia on 25 June 1991. He is considered one of the founders of Slovenian democracy and independence. He is also considered, together with Peter Jambrek , as the main author of the current Slovenian constitution. Jože Pučnik was president of DEMOS and one of the main persons in the Slovenian fight for independence. The largest Slovenian airport is named Letališče Jožeta Pučnika (Jože Pučnik airport). Lojze Peterle was first prime minister of Slovenia and Milan Kučan was the first president. Janez Janša was the first minister of defense, and played a big role in the development of Slovenian Territorial Defence , together with Janez Slapar who was the first chief of staff. The first Minister of Interior was Igor Bavčar , who helped the Slovenian Territorial Defense defeat the Yugoslav Army with the police.
The Catholic Monarchs of Spain
While Sweden had existed as a monarchy of sorts long before his time, Birger Jarl , father of and regent for Valdemar, King of Sweden , can be said to have established Sweden as a nation. Birger was Jarl in the years 1248–66.
Gustav I of Sweden , who secured Sweden's independence from Denmark in 1523, is often considered a father of the nation.
In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky and Petro Doroshenko led the largest of the Cossack uprisings against the Commonwealth and the Polish king.
United Kingdom
Alfred the Great is generally considered the first King of England, while the modern English polity is often considered founded by William the Conqueror , William I of England following the Norman Conquest, and from which the present Royal Family continue to assert descent. The first Monarch to unite all of Scotland was Kenneth MacAlpin in 843. Ireland was brought under Norman English dominion in 1189 under Henry II of England , Wales was subdued between 1093 and 1293; before this Brian Boru in Ireland and Owain the Great in Wales had been figures of national importance in the context of fragmented polities. Scotland and England had a centuries long history of invasion and counter invasion, and the Scottish national heroes William Wallace and Robert the Bruce , as well as the Declaration of Arbroath , asserting Scottish nationhood and sovereignty, date from that period.
Scotland and England were finally united dynastically rather than militarily, and James VI and I was regarded by some as the first king of Great Britain (both England and Scotland). The sovereign United Kingdom of Great Britain, however, dates from the Acts of Union 1707 , under Queen Anne , while the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, later Northern Ireland, was created in 1801 by a further Act of Union - up to that point Great Britain and Ireland were de jure two separate kingdoms in personal Union. Robert Walpole is generally considered the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
Following Irish independence, the Northern Ireland Parliament operated largely autonomously from London, with the leaders Edward Carson and Sir James Craig , Lord Craigavon, considered by unionists to be its founding fathers. The reinstallment of the Scottish Parliament as a devolved institution in 1999 under the influence of Donald Dewar led to his recognition as the "Father of Scottish devolution" and "Father of the Nation".
Vatican City
Vatican City took on its modern form under the Lateran Treaty signed by Pope Pius XI .
Captain Arthur Phillip was the first Governor of New South Wales and founder of the first British colony in Australia. [137]
Governor Lachlan Macquarie is considered by historians to have had a crucial influence on the transition of New South Wales from a penal colony to a free settlement and therefore to have played a major role in the shaping of Australian society in the early nineteenth century.
William Wentworth advocated for the rights of emancipists and for representative self-government; he led the drafting of New South Wales' first self-governing constitution establishing the Parliament of New South Wales , Australia's first parliament. He was among the first colonists to promote a nascent form of Australian nationalism .
Late colonial and federation era
Sir Henry Parkes , colonial Australian politician, premier of New South Wales and "Father of Federation"
Sir Henry Parkes is often regarded as the "Father of Federation" in Australia. During the late 19th century, he was the strongest proponent for a federation of Australian territories. However, he died before Australia federated, and was never able to see his plan come to fruition. [138]
Andrew Inglis Clark is another founding father of Australia. He largely wrote the Australian Constitution in addition to developing the Hare-Clark system of voting and pushing for universal adult suffrage and other progressive ideals that would become law early in Australia's history.
Alfred Deakin also stands out as a significant founding father as he attended all the Federation Conferences, he gave up 10 years of senior political appointments to travel the country promoting federation and was Australia's first Attorney General. He was instrumental in securing Edmond Barton as the first Prime Minister while Deakin went on to be Australia's 2nd, 5th and 7th Prime Minister. Deakin was responsible for establishing the High Court, Australian Navy, and many other important acts of parliament. Sir Robert Menzies is on record for saying he was Australia's greatest Prime Ministers. [139]
John Dunmore Lang . Although passing away over two decades before federation , John Dunmore Lang was a strong advocate of a federation of the Australian colonies as a democratic republic, independent from the British Empire . [140] [141]
Federated States of Micronesia
Hammer DeRoburt dominated the political scene for the first two decades of the republic; he served as president for most of the post-independence period until being voted out of office in 1989. Thereafter, national politics was marked by a series of weak, short-lived governments; the presidency tended to be traded among a small number of politicians.
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
King George Tupou I , who united his country and established the contemporary Kingdom of Tonga, has been described as Tonga's "founding father". [156] [157]
Former states and other territories
After the Hijrah (622), the Islamic Prophet Muhammad (570–632) assumed political leadership over Yathrib, present day Medina . This feat in and of itself was unheard of, as the city consisted of both Jews and Arab pagans. Alongside consolidating his power in Medina, the Battle of Badr (624) saw the de facto leadership of Mecca destabilised. Eventually, at the Conquest of Mecca (629–630) Muhammad took leadership over his tribesmen. Furthermore, Muhammad oversaw delegations and armies sent across Arabia , including Yemen . The last Persian governor Badhan converted to Islam (628), thus including Southern Arabia under Islamic rule. Pre-Islamic Arabia was strife with tribalism and territoriality, therefore it was implausible for tribes to elect leaders let alone Arabia itself. Yet come Muhammad's death (632), Arabia was unified under one polity and religion.
Despite this state not possessing a specific name, it proved to be the platform for the Rashidun Caliphs (632–661) to eventually look beyond the Arabian Peninsula to the Byzantine and Sassanid Empires .
Although the first known ruler of Bohemia was Bořivoj I, Duke of Bohemia , the real unifier of various Slavic tribes in Bohemia and creator of nation was Duke Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia . Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor is regarded as the " Father of the Homeland " in the Czech Republic, because during his time the Kingdom of Bohemia experienced the greatest prosperity. Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1850–1937) is widely revered as the Liberator President who played the chief role in the 1918 melding of Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia and Ruthenia into the Czechoslovak Republic, and who served as President of the Republic from 1918 to 1935.
Republic of Biafra
Kingdom of England
Kingdom of Hawaiʻi
Ancient Korea
Ottoman Empire
Osman I , the founding father of the Turkish Empire
By the end of the 14th century, most of Anatolia was controlled by various Anatolian beyliks due to the collapse of the Seljuk dynasty in the area. The Seljuk dynasty had established both the Seljuk Empire , which was founded by Tughril and the Sultanate of Rum , with the first one being responsible for the Turkification of Anatolia. Osman I unified the beyliks under one banner, proclaiming the Ottoman Empire . [158]
Russian Empire
Oleg , Rurik's kinsman and successor; extended his realm from Novgorod south to the Dnieper River valley and later moved his capital to the more strategic Kiev , where he established Kievan Rus' (the modern peoples of Belarus , Ukraine , and Russia all have Kievan Rus' as their cultural heritage). [161]
Ivan the Terrible , Grand Prince of Moscow (also Prince of Novgorod) from 1533 to 1547 and Tsar of All the Russias from 1547 until his death in 1584. Ivan also claimed the historical title " Grand Prince of Kiev " for himself, but this was more of a flourish, since Kiev had never formed part of his realm and Moscow would not control the Kievan region until the Truce of Andrusovo (1667), but Kiev remained an important city in early Slavic history and culture.
Peter the Great , Tsar from 1682, officially proclaimed the establishment of the Russian Empire in 1721, following the Treaty of Nystad , and himself its first emperor. He instituted sweeping reforms and oversaw the transformation of Russia into a major European power, re-organising the state in the Western style. Founder of Saint-Petersburg
Vladimir the Great was the first Christian Prince of Kievan Rus.
Kingdom of Scotland
The fictionalising medieval poem The Wallace ( c. 1477) celebrated William Wallace (died 1305) as one of the founder-heroes of Scotland's struggle to preserve/re-establish independence from Plantagenet England . [163]
Serbia and Montenegro
Soviet Union
Vladimir Lenin, founder of the Soviet Union and the leader of the Bolshevik party .
Leon Trotsky, founder of the Red Army and a key figure in the October Revolution .
Vladimir Lenin – Officially one among many equal founders of the country, Lenin was, de facto , the paramount leader, founder of the Soviet Union and the CPSU . The party governed the Soviet Union initially through a coalition with the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries along with elected soviets but later as a one-party state over the course of the Russian Civil War and political uprisings . Lenin is also considered the founding father of the modern Russian state. He died soon after the country's founding and retained a special status of secular apotheosis for the rest of the country's history.
Leon Trotsky [164] – Founding Politburo member, head of the Red Army , commissar for foreign affairs, key organiser of the October Revolution . Trotsky was widely considered de facto second in command in the Soviet Union during Lenin's tenure. He was also nominated for the position of Vice-chairman of the Soviet Union on several occasions by Lenin. [165] [166] [167] [168] [169] Trotsky was outmaneuvered by Joseph Stalin during the succession struggle, exiled and eventually assassinated in 1940.
Republic of Texas
Magnus Maximus (c. 335–388). According to Welsh tradition, Magnus Maximus (Welsh: Macsen-Wledig) was a Roman general who was proclaimed Emperor of Rome by his soldiers in Britain in 383. As such, he was the first Romano-British ruler of Britain and the western portions of the Roman Empire . His mytho-heroic founding of Wales is celebrated in the modern Welsh anthem Yma o Hyd by Dafydd Iwan .[ citation needed ]
Hywel Dda (c. 880–950) was responsible for the codification of traditional Welsh Law , which, according to historian John Davies , "was a powerful symbol of [Welsh] unity and identity, as powerful, indeed, as their language". [170]
Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (r. 1039–63) was the first Welsh king to rule over the entire territory of Wales, from about 1057 until his death in 1063. [171]
Republic of Vietnam
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Union of South Africa
Louis Botha was the first Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa, and Jan Smuts , its second prime minister, was a prominent advocate of unification and seen in more recent polls as the Union of South Africa's greatest historical leader.
Jan van Riebeeck was treated as a South African founding father by the South African government during the apartheid era, being featured on statues and the country's currency (although the likeness was erroneous and was actually that of another man). [172] [173]
Mobutu Sese Seko was the founder of Zaire and its only president.
^ The 'Father of Modern Egypt' school includes: Henry Dodwell, The Founder of Modern Egypt: A Study of Muhammad Ali (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965); Arthur Goldschmidt, Jr., Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988); Albert Haurani, A History of the Arab Peoples (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002); Jean Lacouture and Simonne Lacouture, Egypt in Transition, trans. Francis Scarfe (New York: Criterion Books, 1958); P.J. Vatikiotis, The History of Modern Egypt: From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991). The following internet sources, while not necessarily scholarly, show how widespread this interpretation is. "History," The Egyptian Presidency, 2008,
"History" . Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
(accessed 29 October 2008); Metz, Helen, Chapin . "Muhammad Ali of Egypt 1805–48," Egypt: a Country Study, 1990, http://countrystudies.us/egypt/ (accessed 29 October 2008); "Muhammad Ali of Egypt 1805–48: The Father of Modern Egypt," Travel to Egypt – Egypt Travel Guide, 2007, http://www.travel-to-egypt.net/muhammad-ali.html (accessed 29 October 2008); "Muhammad Ali of Egypt," Answer.com, 2008, http://www.answers.com/topic/muhammad-ali (accessed 29 October 2008).
^ Joseph Roberts, Liberia's first President! Archived 23 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine The African American Registry
^ Diller, Daniel; Moore, John (1995). The Middle East. Congressional Quarterly. p. 308.
, originally published by Longman & Dalhousie University Press (1976).
^ John Lynch, San Martin: Argentine Soldier, American Hero (2009)
^ Library and Archives Canada. Fathers of Confederation . Collections Canada: Canadian Confederation.
Granger, David (16 February 2017). "The Spirit of Chaguaramas" . CARICOM. Georgetown, Guyana: Government of CARICOM. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
"Juan Mora Fernández" . Guiascostarica.com. 27 June 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
"Monumento de la Independencia" (PDF). MX: INAH, México. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
^ Timothy Anna, The fall of the royal government in Peru, pp. 237–238.
"Central & South America" . Gosouthamerica.about.com. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
.
"Father of His Country" . George Washington's Mount Vernon. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
^ R.B. Bernstein, The Founding Fathers Reconsidered (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
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Aram pasha, as he was known to friend and foe alike, had been a veritable founder of the Armenian republic.
Libaridian, Gerard J. (1991). Armenia at the crossroads: democracy and nationhood in the post-Soviet era: essays, interviews, and speeches by the leaders of the national democratic movement in Armenia. Watertown, Massachusetts: Blue Crane Nooks. p. 19. ISBN
.
Aram Manukian (1879–1919), a leading member of the Dashnaktustiune, organized the defense of Van in 1915 and Yerevan in 1918. He is considered the founder of the Republic of Armenia in 1918.
...20–րդ դարասկզբի հայոց ազգային–ազատագրական շարժման ականավոր ղեկավար, Վանի ինքնապաշտպանության ղեկավար, 1918թ. մայիսյան հերոսամարերի կազմակերպիչ, Հայաստանի Հանրապետության կերտող Արամ Մանուկյանի...
"...an Armenian national figure like Aram Manukyan, founder of the [1918] First Republic," Levon Shirinyan, who holds the chair of politics and history at Yerevan's teacher-training university.
.
;
;
; Reid (1973), p. 30
^ Amuzegar, The Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution, (1991), pp. 4, 9–12
^ Narrative of Awakening : A Look at Imam Khomeini's Ideal, Scientific and Political Biography from Birth to Ascension by Hamid Ansari, Institute for Compilation and Publication of the Works of Imam Khomeini, International Affairs Division, [no date], p. 163
^ Schmitt Achaemenid dynasty (i. The clan and dynasty)
^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, pp. 28–29.
.
^ Hashemite Monarchs of Jordan , "The Emirate of Transjordan was founded on 11 April 1921, and became the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan upon formal independence from Britain in 1946"
^ The Oslo Accords: international law and the Israeli-Palestinian peace agreements, By Geoffrey R. Watson, Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-19-829891-5 , page 33
– via Google Books.
^ Krum , Encyclopædia Britannica Online
^ Токушев, Д. "История на българската средновековна държава и право",
Сиби, С. 2009
^ Runciman, p. 152
^ Andreev, J. The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars (Balgarskite hanove i tsare, Българските ханове и царе), Veliko Tarnovo, 1996, p. 127, ISBN 954-427-216-X
^ There has been no Macedonian state since the days of the Ancient Macedon that was finally abolished in 148 BC and 1945, when Communist Yugoslavia established its constituent republic with such name. It is unlikely that the contemporary Republic of Macedonia founded in 1991, may establish credible historical link to the medieval Samuel's state. According to Encyclopædia Britannica, Columbia Encyclopedia, Collier's Encyclopedia, the Great Russian Encyclopedia, Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium and the Cambridge Medieval History, Samuel was Tsar of Bulgaria.
Predrag Matvejević; Vidosav Stevanović; Zlatko Dizdarević (1999). Gospodari rata i mira . Feral Tribune. p. 64. ISBN
.
On 15 June 1997 Franjo Tudjman, the self-proclaimed "Father of the Nation," was elected for another five-year term
Childers, Thomas (2017). The Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 470–471. ISBN
.
. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
Mayer, Arno J. (1989). Der Krieg als Kreuzzug: Das Deutsche Reich, Hitlers Wehrmacht und die Endlösung (in German). Reinbeck bei Hamburg: Rowolt. p. 340. ISBN
.
^ Carl A.P. Ruck and Danny Staples, The World of Classical Myth (Carolina Academic Press, 1994), ch. ix "Theseus:Making the New Athens" pp. 203–222
^ Brewer, David The Greek War of Independence, London: Overlook Duckworth, 2011 p. 130.
^ Schmidt, S. P. (2020). Church and World: Eusebius's, Augustine's, and Yoder's Interpretations of the Constantinian Shift. Church and World, 1-184.
^ Charles, J. D. (2014). Purifying Our Political Theology—Second Thoughts on the Received Wisdom Behind "Constantinianism".
^ a b Alberto da Giussano entry (in Italian) in the Enciclopedia Treccani
Grillo, Paolo (2010). Legnano 1176. Una battaglia per la libertà (in Italian). Laterza. pp. 157–163. ISBN
.
Grillo, Paolo (2010). Legnano 1176. Una battaglia per la libertà (in Italian). Laterza. p. 153. ISBN
"Fratelli d'Italia" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
Holland, Arthur William (1911). " Rienzi, Cola di ". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 323.
"Giuseppe Garibaldi (Italian revolutionary)" . Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
McGaw Smyth, Howard (September 1948). "Italy: From Fascism to the Republic (1943-1946)". The Western Political Quarterly. 1 (3): 205–222. doi : 10.2307/442274 . JSTOR 442274 .
Lyttelton, Adrian, ed. (2002). Liberal and fascist Italy, 1900–1945. Oxford University Press. p. 13.
"Italia". Dizionario enciclopedico italiano (in Italian). Vol. VI. Treccani . 1970. p. 456.
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ОТАЦ ОТАЏБИНЕ – КАРАЂОРЂЕ ПЕТРОВИЋ
да се на престо српски поврати њен ослободилац и оснивалац: Отац Отаџбине, Милош Обреновић Велики,
"John Dunmore Lang" . explore.moadoph.gov.au. Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
For all the salient differences between these three post-Soviet nations, they have much in common when it comes to their culture and history, which goes back to Kievan Rus', the medieval East Slavic state based in the capital of present-day Ukraine.
Moncrieffe, Iain ; Pottinger, Don (1956). Blood Royal. Thomas Nelson and Sons. pp. 42–43.
Lynch, Michael , ed. (2007). "Culture" . The Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford Reference. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 130. ISBN
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The Wallace (c. 1477) by Blind Harry (fl. 1470–92) mythologized a national founder-hero in decasyllabic couplets mixed with stanzaical, lyrical verse.
Brotherstone, Terence (1992). Trotsky's future. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds). Edinburgh University Press. p. 238. ISBN
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Van Riebeeck was the Dutch colonial administrator who established Cape Town in 1652, and is a significant figure in South African, and especially Afrikaner, history. Many Afrikaners view van Riebeeck as the father of the Afrikaner nation. Van Riebeeck also featured on the reverse of the R20 note, albeit indirectly, with an image of van Riebeeck's landing party (three ships) and the (old) South African Coat of Arms, with the Latin motto "Ex Unitate Vires" – "From Unity, Strength" (also translated as "Unity Creates Strength").
List of national founders
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6 | who had a cousin who was a strong supporter for independence | https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/17558/seven-historical-figures-who-married-their-cousins | Copy Article
I, like most of you, would never marry my cousin. I mean, nothing against the guy. He's pretty cool. I just"¦you know"¦find the whole concept to be pretty squicky in general. But wedding your cousin was rather common not too long ago. In fact, there are a whole slew of famous people "â intellectuals, even "â who married second, third and even first cousins, and lived happily ever after. Or didn't, in some cases.
1. Johann Sebastian Bach
Bach had 20 children, seven of them with his first wife and second cousin on his father's side, Maria Barbara Bach. They married in 1707; she died in 1720. Five of Bach's sons, including two with Maria Barbara, had thriving musical careers of their own. Not much is known about their marriage, but he remarried less than two years after her death.
2. Edgar Allan Poe
It's no wonder so much of Edgar Allan Poe's work is macabre: by the time he was two years old, his father had abandoned the family and his mother died of consumption. When he was 20, in 1829, he moved to Baltimore to live with his aunt, brother and cousin Virginia. Despite the fact that Virginia was only seven, he fell in love with her. They were married in 1835 when she had reached the ripe old age of 13 (although the marriage certificate lists her as 21). There were about seven years of relatively good times for their family "â Edgar was gaining fame for his writing and wrote some of his best-known pieces during this time period. In 1842, the couple was at a dinner party when Virginia started coughing up blood "â it was consumption, the same illness that killed Edgar's mother. She spent the next five years slowly dying, which contributed to Edgar's insanity and alcoholism. She succumbed to the disease in 1847 and he mysteriously followed in 1849. The cause of his death is still unknown and much debated.
3. Jerry Lee Lewis
4. Rudy Giuliani
Rudy had just graduated law school in 1968 when he married his third cousin, Regina Peruggi. Or so he thought. Accounts differ, but it seems that they figured out in 1982 that they were actually second cousins, which was just a little too close to home. Coincidentally enough, this discovery was made about the same time he met second wife Donna Hanover. Regina and Rudy divorced in 1982, the marriage was officially annulled by the Catholic church in 1983 and Rudy married Donna in 1984. Obviously, he's now running for president. Regina is the president of Kingsborough Community College in Brooklyn.
5. Charles Darwin
Yep, the Father of Evolution married his first cousin, Emma Wedgwood. They shared a grandfather, Josiah Wedgwood (who, incidentally, started the Wedgwood pottery empire). Darwin was decidedly unromantic "â when torn over whether to propose or not, he made a list of pros and cons. The pros included the fact that marriage would provide companionship better than that of a dog. The cons revolved mostly around his career "â marriage would provide less money for books and would take up a lot of his personal time. Ultimately, marriage won out. When he went to Emma to ask for her hand, though, he skipped the whole "endless love"Â mush and instead spent the evening discussing transmutation. The scientific talk must have really done it for Emma, though, because when they did eventually get married they had a prolific 10 children.
6. Franklin D. Roosevelt
One of America's most beloved President/First Lady pairs were cousins. Distant cousins, though. Although they had met as children, they became reacquainted after a dinner at the White House in 1902 held by Eleanor's uncle and Franklin's fifth cousin, President Teddy Roosevelt. FDR was 20 at the time and was attending Harvard. Eleanor was 17 and had just had her formal introduction into society with her debutante party. They were married on St. Patrick's Day, 1905, and had six children in a span of 10 years.
7. Albert Einstein
Yes, our very own beloved Einstein. He was actually somewhat of a philanderer "â he moved in with his second cousin, Elsa, in 1917"¦two years before his divorce from his first wife, Mileva. They were separated, though. He married Elsa in 1919, not too long after his divorce from Mileva was finalized. Letters in his own hand showed that he cheated on Elsa, though, and had at least half a dozen girlfriends while he was married to her. Elsa died in 1936 after coming down with heart and kidney problems and it would appear that his newfound bachelorhood suited Einstein just fine: he never married again and had plenty of girlfriends until his death in 1955.
A few other notables who married their cousins, distant or otherwise:
"¢ Jesse James "â first cousin Zerelda "Zee" Mimms
"¢ Thomas Jefferson "â third cousin Martha Wayles
"¢ H.G. Wells "â first cousin Isabel Mary Wells (he left her after just three years, though)
"¢ Igor Stravinsky - first cousin Katerina Nossenko
"¢ Carlo Gambino - first cousin Catherine Castellano
"¢ Lots of Royals, including Queen Elizabeth II (third cousin Prince Philip); Marie Antoinette (second cousin King Louis XVI) and Catherine the Great (second cousin Peter III of Russia).
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6 | who had a cousin who was a strong supporter for independence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement | Indian independence movement
Movement to end British rule in India
For independence movements of indigenous American people, see Native American self-determination .
The Indian independence movement was a series of historic events in South Asia with the ultimate aim of ending British colonial rule . It lasted until 1947, when the Indian Independence Act 1947 was passed.
The first nationalistic movement for Indian independence emerged in the Province of Bengal . It later took root in the newly formed Indian National Congress with prominent moderate leaders seeking the right to appear for Indian Civil Service examinations in British India, as well as more economic rights for natives. The first half of the 20th century saw a more radical approach towards self-rule.
Few leaders followed a more violent approach, which became especially popular after the Rowlatt Act , which permitted indefinite detention . The Act sparked protests across India, especially in the Punjab Province , where they were violently suppressed in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre .
The Indian independence movement was in constant ideological evolution. Essentially anti-colonial , it was supplemented by visions of independent, economic development with a secular, democratic, republican, and civil-libertarian political structure. After the 1930s, the movement took on a strong socialist orientation. It culminated in the Indian Independence Act 1947 , which ended Crown suzerainty and partitioned British India into the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan . On 26 January 1950, the Constitution of India established the Republic of India. Pakistan adopted its first constitution in 1956. [1] In 1971, East Pakistan declared its own independence as Bangladesh . [2]
The first European to reach India via the Atlantic Ocean was the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama , who reached Calicut in 1498 in search of spice. [3] Just over a century later, the Dutch and English established trading outposts on the Indian subcontinent, with the first English trading post set up at Surat in 1613. [4]
Over the next two centuries, the British [note 1] defeated the Portuguese and Dutch but remained in conflict with the French. The decline of the Mughal Empire in the first half of the eighteenth century allowed the British to establish a foothold in Indian politics. [5] During the Battle of Plassey , the East India Company's Army defeated Siraj ud-Daulah , the Nawab of Bengal , and the company established itself as a major player in Indian affairs. After the Battle of Buxar of 1764, it gained administrative rights over Bengal , Bihar and the Midnapur part of Odisha . [6]
After the defeat of Tipu Sultan , most of southern India came either under the company's direct rule, or under its indirect political control in a subsidiary alliance . The Company subsequently seized control of regions ruled by the Maratha Empire , after defeating them in a series of wars. Much of Punjab was annexed in the year 1849, after the defeat of Sikh armies in the First (1845–46) and Second (1848–49) Anglo-Sikh Wars. [7]
Robert Clive with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey . Mir Jafar's betrayal towards the Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah of Bengal in Plassey made the battle one of the main factors of British supremacy in the sub-continent.
Early Independence Movements
Maveeran Alagumuthu Kone was an early revolutionary against the British presence in Tamil Nadu. He became a military leader in the town of Ettayapuram and was defeated in battle against the British and Maruthanayagam's forces. He was executed in 1757. [8] [ better source needed ] Puli Thevar opposed the Nawab of Arcot , who was supported by the British. [9] Maruthanayagam Pillai was a commandant of the British East India Company's Madras Army . He was born in a Tamil Vellalar caste family in a village called Panaiyur in British India , what is now in Nainarkoil Taluk, Ramanathapuram District of Tamil Nadu , India. He converted to Islam and was named Muhammad Yusuf Khan. He was popularly known as Khan Sahib when he became a ruler of Madurai. He became a warrior in the Arcot troops, and later a commandant for the British East India Company troops. The British and the Arcot Nawab employed him to suppress the Polygar (a.k.a. Palayakkarar) uprising in South India . Later he was entrusted to administer the Madurai country when the Madurai Nayak rule ended. He later fought war against the British and the Arcot Nawab. A dispute arose with the British and Arcot Nawab, and three of Khan's associates were bribed to capture him. He was captured during his morning prayer (Thozhugai) and hanged on 15 October 1764 at Sammatipuram near Madurai. Local legends state that he survived two earlier attempts at hanging, and that the Nawab feared Yusuf Khan would come back to life and so had his body dismembered and buried in different locations around Tamil Nadu.
In Eastern India and across the country, Indigenous communities organised numerous uprising against the British and their fellow members, especially landlords and moneylenders. [10] [11] [12] One of the earliest of these on record was led by Binsu Manki around 1771 over the transfer of Jharkhand to the East India Company . [10] The Rangpur Dhing took place from 1782 to 1783 in nearby Rangpur, Bengal . [13] Following Binsu Manki's revolt in Jharkhand, numerous uprisings across the region took place, including the rebellion led by Tilka Manjhi in 1784; Bhumij Revolt of Manbhum from 1798 to 1799; the Chero Uprising of Palamu in 1800 under the leadership of Bhukan Singh, and two uprising of the Munda community in Tamar region, during 1807 led by Dukan Mank, and 1819–20 under the leadership Bundu and Konta. [10] The Ho Rebellion took place when the Ho community first came in contact with the British, from 1820 to 1821 near Chaibasa on the Roro River in West Singhbhum , but were defeated by the technologically enhanced colonial cavalry. [14] [15] A larger Bhumij Revolt occurred near Midnapur in Bengal, under the leadership of Ganga Narain Singh who had previously also been involved in co-leading the Chuar Rebellions in these regions from 1771 to 1809. [16] Syed Mir Nisar Ali Titumir was an Islamic preacher who led a peasant uprising against the Hindu Zamindars of Bengal and the British during the 19th century. Along with his followers, he built a bamboo fort (Bansher Kella in Bengali) in Narkelberia Village, which gained a prominent place into Bengali folk legend. After the storming of the fort by British soldiers, Titumir died of his wounds on 19 November 1831. [17] These rebellions lead to larger regional movements in Jharkhand and beyond such as the Kol Insurrection led by Singhray and Binray Manki, where the Kol ( Munda , Oraon , Bhumij and Ho communities) united to rebel against the "outsiders" from 1830 -1833. [10] [11] [14] [18]
Birsa Munda , leader of Munda rebellion (Ulgulan)
The Santhal Hul was a movement of over 60,000 Santhals that happened from 1855 to 1857 (but started as early as 1784) and was particularly led by siblings – brothers Sidhu, Kanhu , Chand and Bhairav and their sisters Phulo and Jhano from the Murmu clan in its most fervent years that lead up to the Revolt of 1857 . [19] [20] [21] [22] More than 100 years of such escalating rebellions created grounds for a large, impactful, millenarian movement in Eastern India that again shook the foundations of British rule in the region, under the leadership of Birsa Munda . Birsa Munda belonged to the Munda community and lead thousands of people from Munda, Oraon , and Kharia communities in "Ulgulaan" (revolt) against British political expansion and those who advanced it, against forceful conversions of Indigenous peoples into Christianity (even creating a Birsaite movement), and against the displacement of Indigenous peoples from their lands. [23] [24] [25] To subdue these rising tensions which were getting increasingly out of control of the British, they aggressively set out to search for Birsa Munda, even setting up a reward for him. They brutally attacked the Dombari Hills where Birsa had repaired a water tank and made his revolutionary headquarters between 7–9 January 1900, murdering a minimum of 400 of the Munda warriors who had congregated there, akin to the attacks on the people at Jallianwallah Bagh , however, receiving much less attention. [24] [26] The hills are known as "Topped Buru" today – the mound of the dead. [26] Birsa was ultimately captured in the Jamkopai forest in Singhbhum , and assassinated by the British in jail in 1900, with a rushed cremation/burial conducted to ensure his movement was subdued. [23] [24] [26]
Pazhassi Raja , fought the British in a series of continuous struggles for 13 years during the Cotiote War .
The toughest resistance the Company experienced was offered by Mysore. The Anglo-Mysore Wars were a series of wars fought in over the last three decades of the 18th century between the Kingdom of Mysore on the one hand, and the British East India Company (represented chiefly by the Madras Presidency ), and Maratha Confederacy and the Nizam of Hyderabad on the other. Hyder Ali and his successor Tipu Sultan fought a war on four fronts with the British attacking from the west, south, and east, while the Marathas and the Nizam's forces attacked from the north. The fourth war resulted in the overthrow of the house of Hyder Ali and Tipu (who was killed in the final war, in 1799), and the dismantlement of Mysore to the benefit of the East India Company, which won and took control of much of India. [27] Pazhassi Raja was the prince regent of the princely state of Cotiote in North Malabar, near Kannur , India between 1774 and 1805. He fought a guerrilla war with tribal people from Wynad supporting him. He was captured by the British and his fort was razed to the ground.
In 1766 the Nizam of Hyderabad transferred the Northern Circars to the British authority. The independent king Jagannatha Gajapati Narayan Deo II of Paralakhemundi estate situated in today's Odisha and in the northernmost region of the then political division was continuously revolting against the French occupants since 1753 as per the Nizam's earlier handover of his estate to them on similar grounds. Narayan Deo II fought the British at Jelmur fort on 4 April 1768 and was defeated due to superior firepower of the British. He fled to the tribal hinterlands of his estate and continued his efforts against the British until his natural death on the Fifth of December 1771.
Velu Nachiyar , was one of the earliest Indian queens to fight against the British colonial power in India.
Rani Velu Nachiyar (1730–1796), was a queen of Sivaganga from 1760 to 1790. Rani Nachiyar was trained in war match weapons usage, martial arts like Valari, Silambam (fighting using stick), horse riding and archery. She was a scholar in many languages and she had proficiency with languages like French, English, and Urdu. When her husband, Muthuvaduganathaperiya Udaiyathevar, was killed in battle with British soldiers and the forces of the Nawab of Arcot , she was drawn into battle. She formed an army and sought an alliance with Gopala Nayaker and Hyder Ali with the aim of attacking the British, whom she successfully challenged in 1780. When the inventories of the Britishers were discovered, she is said to have arranged a suicide attack by a faithful follower, Kuyili , dousing herself in oil and setting herself alight and walking into the storehouse. Rani formed a women's army named "Udaiyaal" in honour of her adopted daughter, who had died detonating a British arsenal. Rani Nachiyar was one of the few rulers who regained her kingdom, and ruled it for a decade more. [28] [29]
Veerapandiya Kattabomman was an eighteenth-century Polygar and chieftain from Panchalankurichi in Tamil Nadu , India who waged the Polygar war against the East India Company. He was captured by the British and hanged in 1799 CE. [30] Kattabomman refused to accept the sovereignty of East India Company, and fought against them. [31] Dheeran Chinnamalai was a Kongu Nadu chieftain and Palayakkarar from Tamil Nadu who fought against the East India Company. [32] After Kattabomman and Tipu Sultan's deaths, Chinnamalai sought the help of Marathas and Maruthu Pandiyar to attack the British at Coimbatore in 1800. The British forces managed to stop the armies of the allies, forcing Chinnamalai to attack Coimbatore on his own. His army was defeated and he escaped from the British forces. Chinnamalai engaged in guerrilla warfare and defeated the British in battles at Cauvery in 1801, Odanilai in 1802 and Arachalur in 1804. [33] [34]
In 1804 the King of Khordha , Kalinga was deprived of his traditional rights to the Jagannath Temple. In retaliation, a group of armed Paiks attacked the British at Pipili . Jayee Rajguru , the chief of Army of Kalinga requested a common alliance against the British. [35] After Rajguru's death, Bakshi Jagabandhu launched an armed revolution against the East India Company's rule in Odisha. This is now known as the Paik Rebellion , the first uprising against the British East India Company. [36] [37] [38]
Rebellion of 1857
The Indian war of independence of 1857 was a large uprising in northern and central India against the East India Company. [39] The conditions of service in the company's army and cantonments had increasingly come into conflict with the religious beliefs and prejudices of the sepoys . [40] The predominance of members from the upper castes in the army, perceived loss of caste due to overseas deployment, and rumours of secret designs of the government to convert them to Christianity led to growing discontent. [41] The sepoys were also disillusioned by their low salaries and the racial discrimination practised by British officers in matters of promotion and privileges. [42]
The indifference of the British towards native Indian rulers and the annexation of Oudh furthered dissent. The Marquess of Dalhousie 's policy of annexation, the doctrine of lapse and the projected removal of the Mughals from their ancestral palace at Red Fort also led to popular anger.
Map of India during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
The final spark was provided by the rumoured use of tallow (from cows) and lard (pig fat) in the newly introduced Pattern 1853 Enfield rifle cartridges. Soldiers had to bite the cartridges with their teeth before loading them into their rifles, ingesting the fat. This was sacrilegious to both Hindus and Muslims. [43]
Mangal Pandey was sepoy who played a key part in the events immediately preceding the outbreak of the Indian rebellion of 1857 . His defiance to his British superiors and later his execution ignited the fire for 1857 Indian Rebellion .
Lakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi , one of the principal leaders of the rebellion who earlier had lost her kingdom as a result of the Doctrine of Lapse .
On 10 May 1857, the sepoys at Meerut broke ranks and turned on their commanding officers, killing some of them. They reached Delhi on 11 May, set the company's toll house on fire, and marched into the Red Fort, where they asked the Mughal emperor , Bahadur Shah II , to become their leader and reclaim his throne. The emperor eventually agreed and was proclaimed Shahenshah-e-Hindustan by the rebels. [39] The rebels also murdered much of the European, Eurasian , and Christian population of the city, including natives who had converted to Christianity. [44]
Revolts broke out in other parts of Oudh and the North-Western Provinces as well, where civil rebellion followed the mutinies, leading to popular uprisings. [45] The British were initially caught off-guard and were thus slow to react, but eventually responded with force. The lack of effective organisation among the rebels, coupled with the military superiority of the British, brought an end to the rebellion. [46] The British fought the main army of the rebels near Delhi, and after prolonged fighting and a siege, defeated them and reclaimed the city on 20 September 1857. [47] Subsequently, revolts in other centres were also crushed. The last significant battle was fought in Gwalior on 17 June 1858, during which Rani Lakshmibai was killed. Sporadic fighting and guerrilla warfare , led by Tatya Tope , continued until spring 1859, but most of the rebels were eventually subdued.
Attack of the Mutineers on the Redan Battery at Lucknow, 30 July 1857
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a turning point. While affirming the military and political power of the British, [48] it led to a significant change in how India was to be controlled by them. Under the Government of India Act 1858 , the East India Company's territory was transferred to the British government. [49] At the apex of the new system was a Cabinet minister , the Secretary of State for India , who was to be formally advised by a statutory council ; [50] the Governor-General of India (Viceroy) was made responsible to him, while he in turn was responsible to the government.
In a royal proclamation made to the people of India, Queen Victoria promised equal opportunity of public service under British law, and also pledged to respect the rights of native princes. [51] The British stopped the policy of seizing land from the princes, decreed religious tolerance and began to admit Indians into the civil service. However, they also increased the number of British soldiers in relation to native Indian ones, and allowed only British soldiers to handle artillery. Bahadur Shah II was exiled to Rangoon where he died in 1862.
In 1876 the British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli proclaimed Queen Victoria the Empress of India . The British Liberals objected as the title was foreign to British traditions. [52]
Rise of organised movements
The decades following the Rebellion were a period of growing political awareness, the manifestation of Indian public opinion and the emergence of Indian leadership at both national and provincial levels. Dadabhai Naoroji formed the East India Association in 1866 and Surendranath Banerjee founded the Indian National Association in 1876. Inspired by a suggestion made by A.O. Hume , a retired Scottish civil servant, seventy-two Indian delegates met in Bombay in 1885 and founded the Indian National Congress. [54] They were mostly members of the upwardly mobile and successful western-educated provincial elites, engaged in professions such as law, teaching and journalism. At its inception, Congress had no well-defined ideology and commanded few of the resources essential to a political organisation. Instead, it functioned more as a debating society that met annually to express its loyalty to the British and passed numerous resolutions on less controversial issues such as civil rights or opportunities in government (especially in the civil service). These resolutions were submitted to the Indian government and occasionally to the British Parliament, but the Congress's early gains were slight. "Despite its claim to represent all India, the Congress voiced the interests of urban elites; [54] the number of participants from other social and economic backgrounds remained negligible. [54] However, this period of history is still crucial because it represented the first political mobilisation of Indians, coming from all parts of the subcontinent and the first articulation of the idea of India as one nation, rather than a collection of independent princely states. [54]
The first session of the Indian National Congress in 1885. The Congress was the first modern nationalist movement in the British Empire. [54]
Religious groups played a role in reforming Indian society. These were of several religions from Hindu groups such as the Arya Samaj , the Brahmo Samaj , to other religions, such as the Namdhari (or Kuka) sect of Sikhism . [55] The work of men like Swami Vivekananda , Ramakrishna , Sri Aurobindo , V. O. Chidambaram Pillai , Subramanya Bharathy , Bankim Chandra Chatterjee , Rabindranath Tagore and Dadabhai Naoroji , as well as women such as the Scots–Irish Sister Nivedita , spread the passion for rejuvenation and freedom. The rediscovery of India's indigenous history by several European and Indian scholars also fed into the rise of nationalism among Indians. [54] The triumvirate also is known as Lal Bal Pal ( Bal Gangadhar Tilak , Bipin Chandra Pal , Lala Lajpat Rai ), along with V. O. Chidambaram Pillai , Sri Aurobindo , Surendranath Banerjee , and Rabindranath Tagore were some of the prominent leaders of movements in the early 20th century. The Swadeshi movement was the most successful. The name of Lokmanya began spreading around and people started following him in all parts of the country.
The Indian textile industry also played an important role in the freedom struggle of India. The merchandise of the textile industry pioneered the Industrial Revolution in India and soon England was producing cotton cloth in such great quantities that the domestic market was saturated, and the products had to be sold in foreign markets.
On the other hand, India was rich in cotton production and was in a position to supply British mills with the raw material they required. This was the time when India was under British rule and the East India Company had already established its roots in India. Raw materials were exported to England at very low rates while cotton cloth of refined quality was imported to India and sold at very high prices. This was draining India's economy, causing the textile industry of India to suffer greatly. This led to great resentment among cotton cultivators and traders.
After Lord Curzon announced the partition of Bengal in 1905, there was massive opposition from the people of Bengal. Initially, the partition plan was opposed through press campaign. The total follower of such techniques led to the boycott of British goods and the people of India pledged to use only swadeshi or Indian goods and to wear only Indian cloth. Imported garments were viewed with hate. At many places, public burnings of foreign cloth were organised. Shops selling foreign cloths were closed. The cotton textile industry is rightly described as the Swadeshi industry. The period witnessed the growth of swadeshi textile mills . Swadeshi factories came into existence everywhere.
According to Surendranath Banerji, the Swadeshi movement changed the entire texture of Indian social and domestic life. The songs composed by Rabindranath Tagore, Rajanikanta Sen and Syed Abu Mohd became the moving spirit for the nationalists. The movement soon spread to the rest of the country and the partition of Bengal had to be firmly inhaled on the first of April 1912.
Cover of a 1909 issue of the Tamil magazine Vijaya showing "Mother India" ( Bharat Mata ) with her diverse progeny and the rallying cry " Vande Mataram ".
Rise of Indian nationalism
By 1900, although the Congress had emerged as an all-India political organisation, it did not have the support of most Indian Muslims. [56] Attacks by Hindu reformers against religious conversion, cow slaughter, and the preservation of Urdu in Arabic script deepened their concerns of minority status and denial of rights if the Congress alone were to represent the people of India. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan launched a movement for Muslim regeneration that culminated in the founding in 1875 of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh , Uttar Pradesh (renamed Aligarh Muslim University in 1920). Its objective was to educate students by emphasising the compatibility of Islam with modern western knowledge. The diversity among India's Muslims, however, made it impossible to bring about uniform cultural and intellectual regeneration.
The Hindu faction of the Independence movement was led by Nationalist leader Lokmanya Tilak , who was regarded as the "father of Indian Unrest" by the British. Along with Tilak were leaders like Gopal Krishna Gokhale , who was the inspiration, political mentor and role model of Mahatma Gandhi and inspired several other freedom activists.
Nationalistic sentiments among Congress members led to a push to be represented in the bodies of government, as well as to have a say in the legislation and administration of India. Congressmen saw themselves as loyalists, but wanted an active role in governing their own country, albeit as part of the Empire. This trend was personified by Dadabhai Naoroji , who went as far as contesting, successfully, an election to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom , becoming its first Indian member.
Dadabhai Naoroji was the first Indian nationalist to embrace Swaraj as the destiny of the nation. [57] Bal Gangadhar Tilak deeply opposed a British education system that ignored and defamed India's culture, history, and values. He resented the denial of freedom of expression for nationalists, and the lack of any voice or role for ordinary Indians in the affairs of their nation. For these reasons, he considered Swaraj as the natural and only solution. His popular sentence "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it" became the source of inspiration for Indians.
In 1907, Congress was split into two factions: The radicals, led by Tilak , advocated civil agitation and direct revolution to overthrow the British Empire and the abandonment of all British goods. This movement gained traction and huge following of the masses in the western and eastern parts of India. The moderates, led by leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale , on the other hand, wanted reform within the framework of British rule. Tilak was backed by rising public leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai , who held the same point of view. Under them, India's three great states – Maharashtra , Bengal and Punjab shaped the demand of the people and India's nationalism. Gokhale criticised Tilak for encouraging acts of violence and armed resistance. But the Congress of 1906 did not have public membership, and thus Tilak and his supporters were forced to leave the party.
Ghadar di Gunj , was Ghadar Party literature produced in the early stages of the movement. A compilation of nationalist literature, it was banned in India in 1913.
But with Tilak's arrest, all hopes for an Indian offensive were stalled. The Indian National Congress lost credibility with the people. A Muslim deputation met with the Viceroy, Minto (1905–10), seeking concessions from the impending constitutional reforms, including special considerations in government service and electorates. The British recognised some of the Muslim League 's petitions by increasing the number of elective offices reserved for Muslims in the Indian Councils Act 1909 . The Muslim League insisted on its separateness from the Hindu-dominated Congress, as the voice of a "nation within a nation".
The Ghadar Party was formed overseas in 1913 to fight for the Independence of India with members coming from the United States and Canada, as well as Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Singapore. [58] Members of the party aimed for Hindu, Sikh, and Muslim unity against the British. [59]
In colonial India, the All India Conference of Indian Christians (AICIC), which was founded in 1914, played a role in the Indian independence movement, advocating for swaraj and opposing the partition of India . [60] The AICIC also was opposed to separate electorates for Christians, believing that the faithful "should participate as common citizens in the one common, national political system". [61] [62] The All India Conference of Indian Christians and the All India Catholic Union formed a working committee with M. Rahnasamy of Andhra University serving as president and B.L. Rallia Ram of Lahore serving as general secretary. In its meeting on 16 and 17 April 1947, the joint committee prepared a 13-point memorandum that was sent to the Constituent Assembly of India , which asked for religious freedom for both organisations and individuals; this came to be reflected in the Constitution of India . [63] [62]
The temperance movement in India became aligned with Indian nationalism under the direction of Mahatma Gandhi , who saw alcohol as a foreign importation to the culture of the subcontinent. [64] [65]
Khudiram Bose was one of the youngest Indian revolutionaries tried and executed by the British. [66]
In July 1905, Lord Curzon , the Viceroy and Governor-General (1899–1905), ordered the partition of the province of Bengal . The stated aim was to improve administration. [67] However, this was seen as an attempt to quench nationalistic sentiment through divide and rule . The Bengali Hindu intelligentsia exerted considerable influence on local and national politics. The partition outraged Bengalis. Widespread agitation ensued in the streets and in the press, and the Congress advocated boycotting British products under the banner of swadeshi , or indigenous industries. A growing movement emerged, focussing on indigenous Indian industries, finance, and education, which saw the founding of National Council of Education , the birth of Indian financial institutions and banks, as well as an interest in Indian culture and achievements in science and literature. Hindus showed unity by tying Rakhi on each other's wrists and observing Arandhan (not cooking any food). During this time, Bengali Hindu nationalists like Sri Aurobindo , Bhupendranath Datta , and Bipin Chandra Pal began writing virulent newspaper articles challenging the legitimacy of British rule in India in publications such as Jugantar and Sandhya, and were charged with sedition.
The Partition also precipitated increasing activity from the then still Nascent militant nationalist revolutionary movement , which was particularly gaining strength in Bengal and Maharashtra from the last decade of the 1800s. In Bengal, Anushilan Samiti , led by brothers Aurobindo and Barin Ghosh organised a number of attacks of figureheads of the Raj, culminating in the attempt on the life of a British judge in Muzaffarpur. This precipitated the Alipore bomb case , whilst a number of revolutionaries were killed, or captured and put on trial. Revolutionaries like Khudiram Bose , Prafulla Chaki , Kanailal Dutt who were either killed or hanged became household names. [66]
The British newspaper, The Empire, wrote: [68]
Khudiram Bose was executed this morning;... it is alleged that he mounted the scaffold with his body erect. He was cheerful and smiling.
Prafulla Chaki was associated with the Jugantar . He carried out assassinations against British colonial officials in an attempt to secure Indian independence.
Bhupendranath Datta was an Indian revolutionary who was privy to the Indo-German Conspiracy .
Jugantar was a paramilitary organisation. Led by Barindra Ghosh , with 21 revolutionaries, including Bagha Jatin , started to collect arms and explosives and manufactured bombs.
Some senior members of the group were sent abroad for political and military training. One of them, Hemchandra Kanungo obtained his training in Paris. After returning to Kolkata he set up a combined religious school and bomb factory at a garden house in Maniktala suburb of Calcutta . However, the attempted murder of district Judge Kingsford of Muzaffarpur by Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki (30 April 1908) initiated a police investigation that led to the arrest of many of the revolutionaries.
Bagha Jatin was one of the senior leaders in Jugantar. He was arrested, along with several other leaders, in connection with the Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case . They were tried for treason, the charge being that they had incited various regiments of the army against the ruler. [69]
Alipore bomb conspiracy case
Delhi-Lahore conspiracy case
The Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy , hatched in 1912, planned to assassinate the then Viceroy of India , Lord Hardinge , on the occasion of transferring the capital of British India from Calcutta to New Delhi. Involving revolutionary underground in Bengal and headed by Rash Behari Bose along with Sachin Sanyal , the conspiracy culminated on the attempted assassination on 23 December 1912, when the ceremonial procession moved through the Chandni Chowk suburb of Delhi . The Viceroy escaped with his injuries, along with Lady Hardinge, although the Mahout was killed.
The investigations in the aftermath of the assassination attempt led to the Delhi Conspiracy trial. Basant Kumar Biswas was convicted of having thrown the bomb and executed, along with Amir Chand Bombwal and Avadh Behari for their roles in the conspiracy. [71] [72] [73] [74]
Howrah gang case
All India Muslim League
The All-India Muslim League was founded by the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference at Dacca (now Dhaka, Bangladesh ), in 1906. Being a political party to secure the interests of the Muslim in British India , the Muslim League played a decisive role behind the creation of Pakistan in the Indian subcontinent . [76]
In 1916, Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined the Indian National Congress, which was the largest Indian political organisation. Like most of the Congress at the time, Jinnah did not favour outright self-rule, considering British influences on education, law, culture, and industry as beneficial to India. Jinnah became a member of the sixty-member Imperial Legislative Council . The council had no real power or authority, and included a large number of unelected pro-Raj loyalists and Europeans. Nevertheless, Jinnah was instrumental in the passing of the Child Marriages Restraint Act, the legitimisation of the Muslim waqf (religious endowments) and was appointed to the Sandhurst committee, which helped establish the Indian Military Academy at Dehradun . [77] During the First World War , Jinnah joined other Indian moderates in supporting the British war effort.
First World War
The initial response throughout India to Lord Hardinge's announcement was, for the most part, enthusiastic support. Indian princes volunteered their men, money, and personal service. Support from the Congress Party was primarily offered on the hopes that Britain would repay such loyal assistance with substantial political concessions—if not immediate independence or at least dominion status following the war, then surely its promise soon after the Allies achieved victory. Contrary to initial British fears of an Indian revolt, Indians contributed considerably to the British war effort by providing men and resources. About 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while both the Indian government and the princes sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition. The major threat for the British Government in South Asia came from the armed tribes in North Western frontier and Afghanistan. The source of the second potential threat for the colonial government was the Indian Muslims whom the British believed shall sympathise with the Ottoman Empire.. Nationalism in Bengal, increasingly associated with the unrest in Punjab , was of significant ferocity to almost complete the paralysis of the regional administration. Meanwhile, failed conspiracies were triggered by revolutionaries lack of preparedness to organise a nationalist revolt. [78] [79]
None of the revolutionary conspiracies made a significant impact inside India. The prospect that subversive violence would have an effect on a popular war effort drew support from the Indian population for special measures against anti-colonial activities in the form of Defence of India Act 1915 . There were no major mutinies occurring during wartime, yet conspiracies exacerbated profound fears of insurrection among British officials, preparing them to use extreme force to frighten Indians into submission. [80]
Hindu–German Conspiracy
The Hindu–German Conspiracy , was a series of plans between 1914 and 1917 by Indian nationalist groups to attempt Pan-Indian rebellion against the British Raj during World War I, formulated between the Indian revolutionary underground and exiled or self-exiled nationalists who formed, in the United States, the Ghadar Party , and in Germany, the Indian independence committee , in the decade preceding the Great War . [81] [82] [83] The conspiracy was drawn up at the beginning of the war, with extensive support from the German Foreign Office , the German consulate in San Francisco, as well as some support from Ottoman Turkey and the Irish republican movement . The most prominent plan attempted to foment unrest and trigger a Pan-Indian mutiny in the British Indian Army from Punjab to Singapore . This plot was planned to be executed in February 1915 with the aim of overthrowing British rule over the Indian subcontinent . The February mutiny was ultimately thwarted when British intelligence infiltrated the Ghadarite movement and arrested key figures. Mutinies in smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed.
The public executions of convicted sepoy mutineers of the 1915 Singapore Mutiny at Outram Road , Singapore.
Ghadar Mutiny
The Ghadar Mutiny was a plan to initiate a pan-Indian mutiny in the British Indian Army in February 1915 to end the British Raj in India. The plot originated at the onset of World War I , between the Ghadar Party in the United States, the Berlin Committee in Germany, the Indian revolutionary underground in British India and the German Foreign Office through the consulate in San Francisco. The incident derives its name from the North American Ghadar Party , whose members of the Punjabi Sikh community in Canada and the United States were among the most prominent participants in the plan. It was the most prominent amongst a number of plans of the much larger Hindu–German Mutiny , formulated between 1914 and 1917 to initiate a Pan-Indian rebellion against the British Raj during World War I. [81] [82] [83] The mutiny was planned to start in the key state of Punjab , followed by mutinies in Bengal and rest of India. Indian units as far as Singapore were planned to participate in the rebellion. The plans were thwarted through a coordinated intelligence and police response. British intelligence infiltrated the Ghadarite movement in Canada and in India, and last-minute intelligence from a spy helping to crush the planned uprising in Punjab before it started. Key figures were arrested, mutinies in smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed.
Intelligence about the threat of the mutiny led to a number of important war-time measures introduced in India, including the passages of Ingress into India Ordinance, 1914 , the Foreigners act 1914, and the Defence of India Act 1915 . The conspiracy was followed by the First Lahore Conspiracy Trial and Benares Conspiracy Trial which saw death sentences awarded to a number of Indian revolutionaries, and exile to a number of others. After the end of the war, fear of a second Ghadarite uprising led to the recommendations of the Rowlatt Acts and thence the Jallianwala Bagh massacre .
Bagha Jatin after the final battle, Balasore , 1915.
1st Christmas Day and 2nd Christmas Day plot
The first Christmas Day plot was a conspiracy made by the Indian revolutionary movement in 1909: during the year-ending holidays, the Governor of Bengal organised at his residence a ball in the presence of the Viceroy, the Commander-in-Chief and all the high-ranking officers and officials of the Capital (Calcutta). The 10th Jat Regiment was in charge of the security. Indoctrinated by Jatindranath Mukherjee , its soldiers decided to blow up the ballroom and take advantage of destroying the colonial Government. In keeping with his predecessor Otto (William Oskarovich) von Klemm, a friend of Lokamanya Tilak , on 6 February 1910, M. Arsenyev, the Russian Consul-General, wrote to St Petersburg that it had been intended to "arouse in the country a general perturbation of minds and, thereby, afford the revolutionaries an opportunity to take the power in their hands." [84] According to R. C. Majumdar , "The police had suspected nothing and it is hard to say what the outcome would have been had the soldiers not been betrayed by one of their comrades who informed the authorities about the impending coup". [85]
The second Christmas Day plot was to initiate an insurrection in Bengal in British India during World War I with German arms and support. Scheduled for Christmas Day, 1915, the plan was conceived and led by the Jugantar group under the Bengali Indian revolutionary Jatindranath Mukherjee, to be coordinated with simultaneous uprising in the British colony of Burma and Kingdom of Siam under direction of the Ghadar Party , along with a German raid on the South Indian city of Madras and the British penal colony in Andaman Islands . The aim of the plot was to seize the Fort William, isolate Bengal and capture the capital city of Calcutta , which was then to be used as a staging ground for a pan-Indian revolution. The Christmas Day plot was one of the later plans for pan-Indian mutiny during the war that were coordinated between the Indian nationalist underground, the " Indian independence committee " set up by the Germans in Berlin, the Ghadar Party in North America, and the German Foreign office. [86] The plot was ultimately thwarted after British intelligence uncovered the plot through German and Indian double agents in Europe and Southeast Asia.
Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition
The Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition was a diplomatic mission to Afghanistan sent by the Central Powers in 1915–1916. The purpose was to encourage Afghanistan to declare full independence from the British Empire , enter World War I on the side of the Central Powers, and attack British India . The expedition was part of the Hindu–German Conspiracy , a series of Indo-German efforts to provoke a nationalist revolution in India. Nominally headed by the exiled Indian prince Raja Mahendra Pratap , the expedition was a joint operation of Germany and Turkey and was led by the German Army officers Oskar Niedermayer and Werner Otto von Hentig . Other participants included members of an Indian nationalist organisation called the Berlin Committee , including Maulavi Barkatullah and Chempakaraman Pillai , while the Turks were represented by Kazim Bey , a close confidante of Enver Pasha .
Britain saw the expedition as a serious threat. Britain and its ally, the Russian Empire , unsuccessfully attempted to intercept it in Persia during the summer of 1915. Britain waged a covert intelligence and diplomatic offensive, including personal interventions by the Viceroy Lord Hardinge and King George V , to maintain Afghan neutrality.
The mission failed in its main task of rallying Afghanistan, under Emir Habibullah Khan , to the German and Turkish war effort, but it influenced other major events. In Afghanistan, the expedition triggered reforms and drove political turmoil that culminated in the assassination of the Emir in 1919, which in turn precipitated the Third Afghan War . It influenced the Kalmyk Project of nascent Bolshevik Russia to propagate socialist revolution in Asia, with one goal being the overthrow of the British Raj. Other consequences included the formation of the Rowlatt Committee to investigate sedition in India as influenced by Germany and Bolshevism, and changes in the Raj's approach to the Indian independence movement immediately after World War I.
Nationalist response to war
In the aftermath of the First World War, high casualty rates, soaring inflation compounded by heavy taxation, a widespread influenza pandemic and the disruption of trade during the war escalated human suffering in India.
The pre-war nationalist movement revived moderate and extremist groups within the Congress submerged their differences in order to stand together as a unified front. They argued that their enormous services to the British Empire during the war demanded a reward to demonstrate Indian capacity for self-rule. In 1916, Congress succeeded in forging the Lucknow Pact , a temporary alliance with the All India Muslim League over the issues of devolution and the future of Islam in the region. [87]
British reforms
The British themselves adopted a "carrot and stick" approach in recognition of India's support during the war and in response to renewed nationalist demands. In August 1917, Edwin Montagu , Secretary of state for India, made an historic announcement in Parliament that the British policy was for: "increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration and the gradual development of self-governing institutions with a view to the progressive realisation of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire." The means of achieving the proposed measures were later enshrined in the Government of India Act, 1919 , which introduced the principle of a dual-mode of administration, or diarchy, in which both elected Indian legislators and, appointed British officials shared power. The act also expanded the central and provincial legislatures and widened the franchise considerably. The diarchy set in motion certain real changes at the provincial level: a number of non-controversial or "transferred" portfolios, such as agriculture, local government, health, education, and public works, were handed over to Indians, while more sensitive matters such as finance, taxation, and maintaining law and order were retained by the provincial British administrators. [88]
Gandhi in 1918, at the time of the Kheda Satyagraha and Champaran Satyagraha .
Gandhi arrives in India
Gandhi had been a leader of the Indian nationalist movement in South Africa . He had also been a vocal opponent of basic discrimination and abusive labour treatment as well as suppressive police control such as the Rowlatt Acts . During these protests, Gandhi had perfected the concept of satyagraha . In January 1914 (well before the First World War began) Gandhi was successful. The legislation against Indians was repealed and all Indian political prisoners were released by General Jan Smuts . [89] Gandhi accomplished this through extensive use of non-violent protests, such as boycotting, protest marching, and fasting by him and his followers. [90]
Gandhi returned to India on 9 January 1915, and initially entered the political fray not with calls for a nation-state, but in support of the unified commerce-oriented territory that the Congress Party had been asking for. Gandhi believed that the industrial development and educational development that the Europeans had brought were long required to alleviate many of India's chronic problems. Gopal Krishna Gokhale , a veteran Congressman and Indian leader, became Gandhi's mentor. Gandhi's ideas and strategies of non-violent civil disobedience initially appeared impractical to some Indians and their Congress leaders. In the Mahatma's own words, "civil disobedience is civil breach of immoral statutory enactments." It had to be carried out non-violently by withdrawing co-operation with the corrupt state. Gandhi had great respect for Lokmanya Tilak . His programmes were all inspired by Tilak's "Chatusutri" programme.
Sidney Rowlatt , best remembered for his controversial presidency of the Rowlatt Committee , a sedition committee appointed in 1918 by the British Indian Government to evaluate the links between political terrorism in India , the actions indirectly led to the infamous Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919.
The positive impact of reform was seriously undermined in 1919 by the Rowlatt Act , named after the recommendations made the previous year to the Imperial Legislative Council by the Rowlatt Committee . The commission was set up to look into the war-time conspiracies by the nationalist organisations and recommend measures to deal with the problem in the post-war period. Rowlatt recommended the extension of the war-time powers of the Defence of India act into the post-war period. The war-time act had vested the Viceroy's government with extraordinary powers to quell sedition by silencing the press, detaining political activists without trial, and arresting any individuals suspected of sedition or treason without a warrant. It was increasingly reviled within India due to widespread and indiscriminate use. Many popular leaders, including Annie Besant and Ali brothers had been detained. The Rowlatt Act was, therefore, passed in the face of universal opposition among the (non-official) Indian members in the Viceroy's council. The extension of the act drew widespread critical opposition. A nationwide cessation of work ( hartal ) was called, marking the beginning of widespread, although not nationwide, popular discontent.
The Martyrs' Well of Jallianwala Bagh massacre , at Jallianwala Bagh . 120 bodies were recovered from this well as per inscription on it. [91]
The agitation unleashed by the acts led to demonstrations and British repressions, culminating on 13 April 1919, in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre (also known as the Amritsar Massacre) in Amritsar , Punjab. In response to agitation in Amritsar, Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer blocked the main, and only entrance, and ordered troops under his command to fire into an unarmed and unsuspecting crowd of some 15,000 men, women, and children. They had assembled peacefully at Jallianwala Bagh, a walled courtyard, but Dyer had wanted to execute the imposed ban on all meetings and proposed to teach all protestors a lesson the harsher way. [92] A total of 1,651 rounds were fired, killing 379 people (as according to an official British commission; Indian officials' estimates ranged as high as 1,499 and wounding 1,137 in the massacre.) [93] Dyer was forced to retire but was hailed as a hero by some in Britain, demonstrating to Indian nationalists that the Empire was beholden to public opinion in Britain, but not in India. [94] The episode dissolved wartime hopes of home rule and goodwill and opened a rift that could not be bridged short of complete self-rule. [95]
Mahatma Gandhi.
From 1920 to 1922, Gandhi started the Non-Cooperation Movement. At the Kolkata session of the Congress in September 1920, Gandhi convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-co-operation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for dominion status. The first satyagraha movement urged the use of khadi and Indian material as alternatives to those shipped from Britain. It also urged people to boycott British educational institutions and law courts, resign from government employment, refuse to pay taxes, and forsake British titles and honors. Although this came too late to influence the framing of the new Government of India Act 1919 , the movement enjoyed widespread popular support, and the resulting unparalleled magnitude of disorder presented a serious challenge to foreign rule. However, Gandhi called off the movement because he was scared after the Chauri Chaura incident , which saw the death of twenty-two policemen at the hands of an angry mob that India would descend into anarchy.
In 1920, under Gandhi's leadership, the Congress was reorganized and given a new constitution, whose goal was swaraj. Membership in the party was opened to anyone prepared to pay a token fee, and a hierarchy of committees was established and made responsible for discipline and control over a hitherto amorphous and diffuse movement. The party was transformed from an elite organisation to one of mass national appeal. [96]
Gandhi was sentenced in 1922 to six years in prison, but was released after serving two. On his release from prison, he set up the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad . On the banks of the river Sabarmati , he established the newspaper Young India, introducing a series of reforms aimed at the socially disadvantaged within Hindu society — the rural poor, and the untouchables . [97] [98] This era saw the emergence of a new generation of Indians from within the Congress Party, including Maulana Azad , C. Rajagopalachari , Jawaharlal Nehru , Vallabhbhai Patel , Subhas Chandra Bose and others- who would, later on, come to form the most prominent voices of the Indian self-rule movement, whether keeping with Gandhian Values, or, as in the case of Bose's Indian National Army , diverging from it.
The Indian political spectrum was further broadened in the mid-1920s by the emergence of both moderate and militant parties, such as the Swaraj Party , Hindu Mahasabha , Communist Party of India and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh . Regional political organisations also continued to represent the interests of non- Brahmins in Madras , Mahars in Maharashtra , and Sikhs in Punjab. However, people like Mahakavi Subramanya Bharathi , Vanchinathan , and Neelakanda Brahmachari played a major role from Tamil Nadu in both self-rule struggle and fighting for equality for all castes and communities. Many women participated in the movement, including Kasturba Gandhi (Gandhi's wife), Rajkumari Amrit Kaur , Muthulaxmi Reddy , Aruna Asaf Ali , and many others.
Gandhi leading the famous 1930 Salt March , a notable example of satyagraha.
Result of movements by Gandhi
The mass movements sparked nationalist sentiment with the Indian populace and figures like Mahatma Gandhi united a nation behind his non-violence movement; philosophy and undoubtedly put crucial pressure on the British occupation. The movements failed in their primary objective, achieving independence for India, as they were often called off before they naturally concluded due to laws and punishment. While in the later years of the Raj economic factors like the reversing trade fortunes between Britain and India and the cost of fielding the Indian armed forces abroad lumped on the British taxpayer by the 1935 Government of India act, had mounting implications for British administration, united resistance further drew light on the growing disparity of the British failures to achieve solidarity over India.
On 14 July 1942 the Congress Working Committee (executive committee of Indian National Congress), whose president Abul Kalam Azad supported Gandhi, passed a resolution demanding complete independence from the British government, and proposed massive civil disobedience if the British did not accede to the demands. On 8 August 1942 the Quit India Movement (Bharat Chhodo Andolan) began, a civil disobedience movement in India in response to Mahatma Gandhi's call for immediate self-rule by Indians and against sending Indians to World War II . Other major parties rejected the Quit India plan, and most cooperated closely with the British, as did the princely states, the civil service, and the police. The Muslim League supported the Raj and grew rapidly in membership, and in influence with the British.
The British swiftly responded to the Quit India Movement with mass arrests. Over 100,000 arrests were made, massive fines were levied, and demonstrators were subjected to public flogging. Hundreds of civilians were killed in violence many shot by the police army. Tens of thousands of leaders were also arrested and imprisoned until 1945. Ultimately, the British government realised that India was ungovernable in the long run, and the question for the postwar era became how to exit gracefully and peacefully. [99] [100]
Purna Swaraj
V. K. Krishna Menon in 1928 founded India League in London and demanded total independence from the British rule.
Jawaharlal Nehru in 1929 demanded "complete independence from Great Britain."
Vallabhbhai Patel was appointed as the 49th President of Indian National Congress, organising the party for elections in 1934 and 1937 while promoting the Quit India Movement.
Congress leader and famous poet Hasrat Mohani and Communist Party of India leader Swami Kumaranand had demanded complete independence (Purna Swaraj) from the British in 1921 and put the resolution during an All-India Congress Forum at the Ahmedabad Session of AICC . [101] Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi supported the 'Purna Swaraj' motion demanded by Hasrat Mohani. [102]
In 1928, India League was established by V. K. Krishna Menon in London to demand total independence from the British rule. [103] [104] This organisation has been described as "the principal organisation promoting Indian nationalism in pre-war Britain". [105]
Following the rejection of the Simon Commission's rejections, an all-party conference was held at Mumbai in May 1928 to instill a sense of camaraderie. The conference appointed a committee under Motilal Nehru to create a constitution for India. The Kolkata session of the Indian National Congress asked the British government to accord India dominion status by December 1929, or face a countrywide civil disobedience movement.
Amid rising discontent and increasingly violent regional movements, a call for complete sovereignty and an end to British rule found greater support from the people. At the Lahore session in December 1929, the Indian National Congress adopted the aim of complete self-rule. It authorised the Working Committee to launch a civil disobedience movement throughout the country. It was decided that 26 January 1930 should be observed all over India as the Purna Swaraj (complete self-rule) Day.
The Gandhi–Irwin Pact was signed in March 1931, and the government agreed to release political prisoners. Mahatma Gandhi managed to have over 90,000 political prisoners released under this pact. [106] Though his appeal to terminate the death sentences of Bhagat Singh , Sukhdev Thapar and Shivaram Rajguru was not accepted by the British. For the next few years, Congress and the government negotiated until the Government of India Act 1935 emerged. The Muslim League disputed the claim of the Congress to represent all people of India, while the Congress disputed the Muslim League's claim to voice the aspirations of all Muslims.
The Civil Disobedience Movement launched a new chapter in the Indian independence movement. It did not succeed by itself, but it brought the Indian population together, under the Indian National Congress's leadership. The movement resulted in self rule being a talking point once again, and recruited more Indians to the idea. The movement allowed the Indian independence community to revive their inner confidence and strength against the British Government. In addition, the movement weakened the authority of the British and aided in the end of the British Empire in India. Overall, the civil disobedience Movement was an essential achievement in the history of Indian self-rule because it persuaded New Delhi of the role of the masses in self-determination . [107]
Jinnah with Mahatma Gandhi , 1944.
Elections and the Lahore resolution
The Government of India Act 1935 , the voluminous and final constitutional effort at governing British India , articulated three major goals: establishing a loose federal structure, achieving provincial autonomy, and safeguarding minority interests through separate electorates. The federal provisions, intended to unite princely states and British India at the centre, were not implemented because of ambiguities in safeguarding the existing privileges of princes. In February 1937, however, provincial autonomy became a reality when elections were held; the Congress emerged as the dominant party with a clear majority in five provinces and held an upper hand in two, while the Muslim League performed poorly.
In 1939, the Viceroy Linlithgow declared India's entrance into the Second World War without consulting provincial governments. In protest, the Congress asked all of its elected representatives to resign from the government. Muhammad Ali Jinnah , the president of the All-India Muslim League , persuaded participants at the annual Muslim League session at Lahore in 1940 to adopt what later came to be known as the Lahore Resolution , demanding the division of India into two separate sovereign states, one Muslim, the other Hindu; sometimes referred to as Two Nation Theory . Although the idea of Pakistan had been introduced as early as 1930, very few had responded to it.
A news photo from 1939, showing Nehru , Gandhi , and Sardar Patel (to the right, in the foreground, wearing the dhoti) in Bombay.
In opposition to the Lahore Resolution, the All India Azad Muslim Conference gathered in Delhi in April 1940 to voice its support for a united India. [108] Its members included several Islamic organisations in India, as well as 1400 nationalist Muslim delegates; [109] [110] the "attendance at the Nationalist meeting was about five times than the attendance at the League meeting." [111]
The All-India Muslim League worked to try to silence those Muslims who stood against the partition of India, often using "intimidation and coercion". [111] [110] The murder of the All India Azad Muslim Conference leader Allah Bakhsh Soomro also made it easier for the All-India Muslim League to demand the creation of Pakistan. [111]
Revolutionary movement
Bhagat Singh (left), Sukhdev (center), and Rajguru (right) are considered among the most influential revolutionaries of the Indian independence movement.
Front page of the Tribune (25 March 1931), reporting the execution of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev by the British.
Apart from a few stray struggles, revolutions against the British rulers did not occur before the beginning of the 20th century. The Indian revolutionary underground began gathering momentum through the first decade of the 20th century, with groups arising in Bengal , Maharashtra , Odisha , Bihar, Uttar Pradesh , Punjab , and the Madras Presidency including what is now called South India . More groups were scattered around India. Particularly notable movements arose in Bengal, especially around the Partition of Bengal in 1905, and in Punjab after 1907 . [113] In the former case, it was the educated, intelligent and dedicated youth of the urban middle class Bhadralok community that came to form the "classic" Indian revolutionary, [113] while the latter had an immense support base in the rural and military society of Punjab.
In Bengal, the Anushilan Samiti emerged from conglomerations of local youth groups and gyms (Akhra) in Bengal in 1902, forming two prominent and somewhat independent arms in East and West Bengal identified as Dhaka Anushilan Samiti in Dhaka (modern-day Bangladesh ), and the Jugantar group (centred at Calcutta ) respectively. Led by nationalists of the likes of Aurobindo Ghosh and his brother Barindra Ghosh , the Samiti was influenced by philosophies as diverse as Hindu Shakta philosophy propounded by Bengali literature Bankim and Vivekananda , Italian Nationalism , and Pan-Asianism of Kakuzo Okakura . The Samiti was involved in a number of noted incidences of revolutionary terrorism against British interests and administration in India within the decade of its founding, including early attempts to assassinate Raj officials whilst led by Ghosh brothers. In the meantime, in Maharashtra and Punjab arose similarly militant nationalist feelings. The District Magistrate of Nasik , A.M.T. Jackson was shot dead by Anant Kanhere in December 1909, followed by the death of Robert D'Escourt Ashe at the hands of Vanchi Iyer . [114]
Indian nationalism made headway through Indian societies as far as Paris and London. In London India House under the patronage of Shyamji Krishna Verma came under increasing scrutiny for championing and justifying violence in the cause of Indian nationalism, which found in Indian students in Britain and from Indian expatriates in Paris Indian Society avid followers. By 1907, through Indian nationalist Madame Bhikaji Rustom Cama 's links to Russian revolutionary Nicholas Safranski, Indian groups including Bengal revolutionaries as well as India House under V.D. Savarkar were able to obtain manuals for manufacturing bombs. India House was also a source of arms and seditious literature that was rapidly distributed in India. In addition to The Indian Sociologist, pamphlets like Bande Mataram and Oh Martyrs! by Savarkar extolled revolutionary violence. Direct influences and incitement from India House were noted in several incidents of political violence, including assassinations, in India at the time. [114] [115] [116] One of the two charges against Savarkar during his trial in Bombay was for abetting the murder of the District Magistrate of Nasik, A.M.T. Jackson, by Anant Kanhere in December 1909. The arms used were directly traced through an Italian courier to India House. Ex-India House residents M.P.T. Acharya and V.V.S. Aiyar were noted in the Rowlatt report to have aided and influenced political assassinations, including the murder of Robert D'Escourt Ashe. [114] The Paris-Safranski link was strongly suggested by French police to be involved in a 1907 attempt in Bengal to derail the train carrying the Lieutenant-Governor Sir Andrew Fraser . [117]
The activities of nationalists abroad is believed to have shaken the loyalty of a number of native regiments of the British Indian Army . [118] The assassination of William Hutt Curzon Wyllie in the hands of Madanlal Dhingra was highly publicised and saw increasing surveillance and suppression of Indian nationalism. [119] These were followed by the 1912 attempt on the life of Viceroy of India. Following this, the nucleus of networks formed in India House , the Anushilan Samiti , nationalists in Punjab, and the nationalism that arose among Indian expatriates and labourers in North America, a different movement began to emerge in the North American Ghadar Party , culminating in the Sedetious conspiracy of World War I led by Rash Behari Bose and Lala Hardayal .
However, the emergence of the Gandhian movement slowly began to absorb the different revolutionary groups. The Bengal Samiti moved away from its philosophy of violence in the 1920s, when a number of its members identified closely with the Congress and Gandhian non-violent movement. Revolutionary nationalist violence saw a resurgence after the collapse of Gandhian non-cooperation movement in 1922. In Bengal, this saw reorganisation of groups linked to the Samiti under the leadership of Surya Sen and Hem Chandra Kanungo . A spate of violence led up to the enactment of the Bengal Criminal Law Amendment in the early 1920s, which recalled the powers of incarceration and detention of the Defence of India Act. In north India, remnants of Punjab and Bengalee revolutionary organisations reorganised, notably under Sachindranath Sanyal , founding the Hindustan Republican Association with Chandrashekhar Azad in north India.
The HSRA had strong influences from leftist ideologies. Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) was formed under the leadership of Chandrasekhar Azad . Kakori train robbery was done largely by the members of HSRA. A number of Congress leaders from Bengal, especially Subhash Chandra Bose , were accused by the British Government of having links with and allowing patronage to the revolutionary organisations during this time. The violence and radical philosophy revived in the 1930s, when revolutionaries of the Samiti and the HSRA were involved in the Chittagong armoury raid and the Kakori conspiracy and other attempts against the administration in British India and Raj officials. Sachindra Nath Sanyal mentored revolutionaries in the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA), including Bhagat Singh and Jatindra Nath Das , among others; including arms training and how to make bombs. [120] Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb inside the Central Legislative Assembly on 8 April 1929 protesting against the passage of the Public Safety Bill and the Trade Disputes Bill while raising slogans of " Inquilab Zindabad ", though no one was killed or injured in the bomb incident. Bhagat Singh surrendered after the bombing incident and a trial was conducted. Sukhdev and Rajguru were also arrested by police during search operations after the bombing incident. Following the trial (Central Assembly Bomb Case), Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged in 1931. Allama Mashriqi founded Khaksar Tehreek in order to direct particularly the Muslims towards the self-rule movement. [121] Some of its members left for the Indian National Congress then led by Subhas Chandra Bose, while others identified more closely with Communism . The Jugantar branch formally dissolved in 1938. On 13 March 1940, Udham Singh shot Michael O'Dwyer (the last political murder outside India), generally held responsible for the Amritsar Massacre , in London. However, the revolutionary movement gradually disseminated into the Gandhian movement. As the political scenario changed in the late 1930s — with the mainstream leaders considering several options offered by the British and with religious politics coming into play — revolutionary activities gradually declined. Many past revolutionaries joined mainstream politics by joining Congress and other parties, especially communist ones , while many of the activists were kept under hold in different jails across the country. Indians who were based in the UK, joined the India League and the Indian Workers Association , partaking in revolutionary activities in Britain. [122]
Within a short time of its inception, these organisations became the focus of an extensive police and intelligence operations. Operations against Anushilan Samiti saw founding of the Special Branch of Calcutta Police . The intelligence operations against India House saw the founding of the Indian Political Intelligence Office which later grew to be the Intelligence Bureau in independent India. Heading the intelligence and missions against Ghadarite movement and India revolutionaries was the MI5(g) section, and at one point involved the Pinkerton's detective agency. Notable officers who led the police and intelligence operations against Indian revolutionaries, or were involved in it, at various time included John Arnold Wallinger , Sir Robert Nathan , Sir Harold Stuart , Vernon Kell , Sir Charles Stevenson-Moore and Sir Charles Tegart , as well as W. Somerset Maugham . The threat posed by the activities of the Samiti in Bengal during World War I , along with the threat of a Ghadarite uprising in Punjab , saw the passage of Defence of India Act 1915 . These measures saw the arrest, internment, transportations, and execution of a number of revolutionaries linked to the organisation, and was successful in crushing the East Bengal Branch. In the aftermath of the war, the Rowlatt committee recommended extending the Defence of India Act (as the Rowlatt act ) to thwart any possible revival of the Samiti in Bengal and the Ghadarite movement in Punjab.
In the 1920s, Alluri Sitarama Raju led the ill-fated Rampa Rebellion of 1922 –24, during which a band of tribal leaders and other sympathisers fought against the British Raj. Local people referred to him as "Manyam Veerudu" ("Hero of the Jungles"). After the passage of the 1882 Madras Forest Act, its restrictions on the free movement of tribal peoples in the forest prevented them from engaging in their traditional podu ( Slash-and-burn ) agricultural system, which involved shifting cultivation . Raju started a protest movement in the border areas of the Godavari Agency part of Madras Presidency (present-day Andhra Pradesh ). Inspired by the patriotic zeal of revolutionaries in Bengal, Raju raided police stations in and around Chintapalle , Rampachodavaram , Dammanapalli , Krishna Devi Peta, Rajavommangi , Addateegala , Narsipatnam and Annavaram . Raju and his followers stole guns and ammunition and killed several British Indian Army officers, including Scott Coward near Dammanapalli . [123] The British campaign lasted for nearly a year from December 1922. Raju was eventually trapped by the British in the forests of Chintapalli then tied to a tree and shot dead with a rifle. [123]
The Kallara-Pangode Struggle was one of some 39 agitations against the Government of India. The Home department has later notified about 38 movements/struggles across Indian territories as the ones that culminated in self-rule ended the British Raj .
Vanchinathan , in a letter found in his pocket, stated the following:
I dedicate my life as a small contribution to my motherland. I am alone responsible for this.
The mlechas of England having captured our country, tread over the Sanatana Dharma of the Hindus and destroy them. Every Indian is trying to drive out the English and get swarajyam and restore Sanatana Dharma. Our Raman, Sivaji, Krishnan, Guru Govindan, Arjuna ruled our land protecting all dharmas, but in this land, they are making arrangements to crown George V, a mlecha , and one who eats the flesh of cows. Three thousand Madrasees have taken a vow to kill George V as soon as he lands in our country. In order to make others know our intention, I who am the least in the company, have done this deed this day. This is what everyone in Hindustan should consider it as his duty. I will kill Ashe, whose arrival here is to celebrate the crowning of cow-eater King George V in this glorious land which was once ruled by great Samrats . This I do to make them understand the fate of those who cherish the thought of enslaving this sacred land.
I, as the least of them, wish to warn George by killing Ashe. Vande Mataram . Vande Mataram. Vande Mataram
When the Second World War started, Viceroy Linlithgow unilaterally declared India a belligerent state on the side of Britain, without consulting the elected Indian representatives. In opposition to Linlithgow's action, the entire Congress leadership resigned from the provincial and local governments. The Muslims and Sikhs, by contrast, strongly supported the war effort and gained enormous stature in London. Defying Congress, millions of Indians supported the war effort, and indeed the British Indian Army became the largest volunteer force, numbering 2,500,000 men during the war. [124]
Especially during the Battle of Britain in 1940, Gandhi resisted calls for massive civil disobedience movements that came from within as well as outside his party, stating he did not seek India's self-rule out of the ashes of a destroyed Britain. In 1942, the Congress launched the Quit India movement. There was some violence but the Raj cracked down and arrested tens of thousands of Congress leaders, including all the main national and provincial figures. They were not released until the end of the war was in sight in 1945.
The self-rule movement included the Kakori conspiracy (9 August 1925) led by Indian youth under the leadership of Pandit Ram Prasad Bismil and masterminded by Rajendra Lahiri ; and the Azad Hind movement, whose main protagonist Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose was a former leader of Congress. From its earliest wartime inception, Bose joined the Axis Powers to fight Britain.
Mahatma Gandhi discusses the Quit India Movement with Nehru
Quit India Movement
The Quit India Movement (also known as Bharat Chhodo Andolan) was a civil disobedience movement in India which commenced on 8 August 1942 in response to Gandhi 's call for immediate self-rule by Indians and against sending Indians to World War II. He asked all teachers to leave their schools, and other Indians to leave their respective jobs and take part in this movement. Due to Gandhi's political influence, his request was followed by a significant proportion of the population. In addition, Congress-led the Quit India Movement to demand the British to leave India and transfer the political power to a representative government.
During the movement, Gandhi and his followers continued to use non-violence against British rule. This movement was where Gandhi gave his famous message, "Do or Die!", and this message spread towards the Indian community. In addition, this movement was addressed directly to women as "disciplined soldiers of Indian freedom" and they had to keep the war for independence to go on (against British rule).
At the outbreak of war, the Congress Party had during the Wardha meeting of the working-committee in September 1939, passed a resolution conditionally supporting the fight against fascism, [125] but were rebuffed when they asked for self-rule in return. In March 1942, faced with an increasingly dissatisfied sub-continent only reluctantly participating in the war, and deteriorations in the war situation in Europe and South East Asia , and with growing dissatisfactions among Indian troops- especially in Europe- and among the civilian population in the sub-continent, the British government sent a delegation to India under Stafford Cripps , in what came to be known as the Cripps' Mission . The purpose of the mission was to negotiate with the Indian National Congress a deal to obtain total co-operation during the war, in return of progressive devolution and distribution of power from the crown and the Viceroy to elected Indian legislature. However, the talks failed, having failed to address the key demand of a timeframe towards self-government, and of the definition of the powers to be relinquished, essentially portraying an offer of limited dominion-status that was wholly unacceptable to the Indian movement. [126] To force the British Raj to meet its demands and to obtain definitive word on total self-rule, the Congress took the decision to launch the Quit India Movement.
The aim of the movement was to force the British Government to the negotiating table by holding the Allied war effort hostage. The call for determined but passive resistance that signified the certitude that Gandhi foresaw for the movement is best described by his call to Do or Die, issued on 8 August at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in Bombay, since renamed August Kranti Maidan (August Revolution Ground). However, almost the entire Congress leadership, and not merely at the national level, was put into confinement less than 24 hours after Gandhi's speech, and the greater number of the Congress were to spend the rest of the war in jail.
On 8 August 1942, the Quit India resolution was passed at the Mumbai session of the All India Congress Committee (AICC). The draft proposed that if the British did not accede to the demands, a massive Civil Disobedience would be launched. However, it was an extremely controversial decision. At Gowalia Tank, Mumbai , Gandhi urged Indians to follow non-violent civil disobedience. Gandhi told the masses to act as citizens of a sovereign nation and not to follow the orders of the British. The British, already alarmed by the advance of the Japanese army to the India–Burma border, responded the next day by imprisoning Gandhi at the Aga Khan Palace in Pune . The Congress Party's Working Committee, or national leadership was arrested all together and imprisoned at the Ahmednagar Fort. They also banned the party altogether. All the major leaders of the INC were arrested and detained. As the masses were leaderless the protest took a violent turn. Large-scale protests and demonstrations were held all over the country. Workers remained absent en masse and strikes were called. The movement also saw widespread acts of sabotage, Indian under-ground organisation carried out bomb attacks on allied supply convoys, government buildings were set on fire, electricity lines were disconnected and transport and communication lines were severed. The disruptions were under control in a few weeks and had little impact on the war effort. The movement soon became a leaderless act of defiance, with a number of acts that deviated from Gandhi's principle of non-violence. In large parts of the country, the local underground organisations took over the movement.
All the other major parties rejected the Quit India plan, and most cooperated closely with the British, as did the princely states, the civil service, and the police. The Muslim League supported the Raj and grew rapidly in membership, and in influence with the British. [127] [128]
There was opposition to the Quit India Movement from several political quarters who were fighting for Indian self-rule. Hindu nationalist parties like the Hindu Mahasabha openly opposed the call and boycotted the Quit India Movement. [129] Vinayak Damodar Savarkar , the president of the Hindu Mahasabha at that time, even went to the extent of writing a letter titled "Stick to your Posts", in which he instructed Hindu Sabhaites who happened to be "members of municipalities, local bodies, legislatures or those serving in the army...to stick to their posts" across the country, and not to join the Quit India Movement at any cost. [129]
The other Hindu nationalist organisation, and Mahasabha affiliate Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) had a tradition of keeping aloof from the anti-British Indian self-rule movement since its founding by K.B. Hedgewar in 1925. In 1942, the RSS, under M.S. Golwalkar completely abstained from joining in the Quit India Movement as well. The Bombay government (British) appreciated the RSS as such, by noting that,
The Sangh has scrupulously kept itself within the law, and in particular, has refrained from taking part in the disturbances that broke out in August 1942. [130]
The British Government stated that the RSS was not at all supporting any civil disobedience against them, and as such their other political activities(even if objectionable) can be overlooked. [131] Further, the British Government also asserted that at Sangh meetings organised during the times of anti-British movements started and fought by the Indian National Congress,
Speakers urged the Sangh members to keep aloof from the congress movement and these instructions were generally observed. [131]
As such, the British government did not crackdown on the RSS and Hindu Mahasabha at all.
The RSS head (sarsanghchalak) during that time, M.S. Golwalkar later openly admitted to the fact that the RSS did not participate in the Quit India Movement. However, such an attitude during the Indian independence movement also led to the Sangh being viewed with distrust and anger, both by the general Indian public, as well as certain members of the organisation itself. In Golwalkar's own words,
In 1942 also, there was a strong sentiment in the hearts of many. At that time too, the routine work of the Sangh continued. Sangh decided not to do anything directly. 'Sangh is the organisation of inactive people, their talks have no substance' was the opinion uttered not only by outsiders but also our own swayamsevaks. [132] [133]
A number of violent incidents against British officials also took place during the Quit India movement around the country. The British arrested tens of thousands of leaders, keeping them imprisoned until 1945. Ultimately, the British government realised that India was ungovernable in the long run, and the question for the postwar era became how to exit gracefully and peacefully.
Sikh soldiers of the Indian Legion guarding the Atlantic Wall in France in March 1944.
India's entry into the world war was strongly opposed by Subhas Chandra Bose . Bose had been elected President of the Congress in 1938 and 1939 but later resigned owing to differences of opinion with the Congress, however he remained emotionally attached to Congress for the remainder of his life. After his resignation he formed his own wing separated from the mainstream Congress leadership known as Forward bloc which was a loci focus for ex-congress leaders holding socialist views. [134] Bose then founded the All India Forward Bloc . In 1940 the British authorities in Calcutta placed Bose under house arrest. However, he escaped and made his way through Afghanistan to Nazi Germany to seek Hitler and Mussolini's help for raising an army to fight the British. The Free India Legion comprising Erwin Rommel 's Indian POWs was formed. After a dramatic decline in Germany's military fortunes, a German land invasion of India became untenable. Hitler advised Bose to go to Japan where a submarine was arranged to transport Bose, who was ferried to Japanese Southeast Asia, where he formed the Azad Hind Government . The Provisional Free Indian Government in exile reorganised the Japanese collaborationit unit Indian National Army composed of Indian POWs and volunteer Indian expatriates in South-East Asia, with the help of the Japanese. Its aim was to reach India as a fighting force that would build on public resentment to inspire revolt among Indian soldiers of the Raj.
While a number of Japanese officers, even those like Fujiwara , who were devoted to the Indian cause, observed Bose as a military incompetent as well as an unrealistic and stubborn man who sees only his own needs and problems and could not observe the larger picture of the war as the Japanese had to. [135]
The INA failed owing to disrupted logistics, poor supplies from the Japanese, and lack of training. [136] The Azad Hind Fauj surrendered unconditionally to the British in Singapore in 1945. Subhas Chandra Bose's death occurred from third-degree burns on 18 August 1945 after his overloaded Japanese plane crashed in Japanese-ruled Formosa (now Taiwan).
HMIS Hindustan at Bombay Harbour after the war, was occupied by mutineers during the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny .
The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny was a failed insurrection which encompassed a total strike and subsequent mutiny by Indian sailors of the Royal Indian Navy on board ship and shore establishments at Bombay ( Mumbai ) harbour on 18 February 1946. From the initial flashpoint in Bombay, the mutiny spread and found support throughout British India , from Karachi to Calcutta and ultimately came to involve 78 ships, 20 shore establishments and 10,000 sailors. [138] [139]
The agitations, mass strikes, demonstrations and consequently support for the mutineers, therefore continued several days even after the mutiny had been called off. Along with this, the assessment may be made that it described in crystal clear terms to the government that the British Indian Armed forces could no longer be universally relied upon for support in crisis, and even more it was more likely itself to be the source of the sparks that would ignite trouble in a country fast slipping out of the scenario of political settlement. [140]
The mutiny ended with the surrender of revolting the sailors to British officials. Congress and the Muslim League had convinced Indian sailors to surrender. They condemned the mutiny due to the political and military risks of unrest.
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India in 1947
Sovereignty and partition of India
Main articles: History of the Republic of India , Partition of India , and Pakistan movement
On 3 June 1947, Viscount Louis Mountbatten , the last British Governor-General of India , announced the partitioning of British India into India and Pakistan . With the speedy passage of the Indian Independence Act 1947 , at 11:57 on 14 August 1947 Pakistan was declared a separate nation. Then at 12:02 A.M., on 15 August 1947 India became a sovereign and democratic nation. Eventually, 15 August became Independence Day for India marking the end of British India. Also on 15 August, both Pakistan and India had the right to remain in or remove themselves from the British Commonwealth .
Violent clashes between Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims followed. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and deputy prime minister Vallabhbhai Patel had invited Mountbatten to continue as Governor General of India during the period of transition. He was replaced in June 1948 by Rajagopalachari . In May 1947, Nehru declared that any princely state which refused to join the Constituent Assembly would be treated as an enemy state. Patel took on the responsibility for bringing princely states into the Union of India, steering efforts by his "iron fist in a velvet glove" policies. India used military force to integrate Junagadh , Hyderabad State ( Operation Polo ) and Kashmir ( Instrument of Accession ) to India. [141]
The Hindustan Times reporting on Indian independence.
The Constituent Assembly , headed by the prominent lawyer, reformer and Dalit leader, B.R. Ambedkar was tasked heading the creation of the constitution of independent India. The Constituent Assembly completed the work of drafting the constitution on 26 November 1949; on 26 January 1950, the Republic of India was officially proclaimed. The Constituent Assembly elected Rajendra Prasad was the first President of India , taking over from Governor General Rajgopalachari. Subsequently, the French ceded Chandernagore in 1951, and Pondichéry and its remaining Indian colonies by 1954. Indian troops annexed Goa and Portugal's other Indian enclaves in 1961, and Sikkim voted to join the Indian Union in 1975 after the Indian victory over China in Nathu La and Cho La.
Following self-rule in 1947, India remained in the Commonwealth of Nations , and relations between the UK and India have since become friendly. There are many areas in which the two countries seek stronger ties for mutual benefit, and the two nations also have strong cultural and social ties. The UK has an ethnic Indian population of over 1.6 million. In 2010, Prime Minister David Cameron described Indian – British relations as a "New Special Relationship ". [142]
See also
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However, the book is a tribute to the role of one Muslim leader who steadfastly opposed the Partition of India: the Sindhi leader Allah Bakhsh Soomro. Allah Bakhsh belonged to a landed family. He founded the Sindh People's Party in 1934, which later came to be known as 'Ittehad' or 'Unity Party'. ...Allah Bakhsh was totally opposed to the Muslim League's demand for the creation of Pakistan through a division of India on a religious basis. Consequently, he established the Azad Muslim Conference. In its Delhi session held during April 27–30, 1940 some 1400 delegates took part. They belonged mainly to the lower castes and working class. The famous scholar of Indian Islam, Wilfred Cantwell Smith, feels that the delegates represented a 'majority of India's Muslims'. Among those who attended the conference were representatives of many Islamic theologians and women also took part in the deliberations ... Shamsul Islam argues that the All-India Muslim League at times used intimidation and coercion to silence any opposition among Muslims to its demand for Partition. He calls such tactics of the Muslim League as a 'Reign of Terror'. He gives examples from all over India including the NWFP where the Khudai Khidmatgars remain opposed to the Partition of India.
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Maclean, Kama. A Revolutionary History of Interwar India: Violence, Image, Voice and Text (Oxford University Press, 2015.)
Majumdar, Bimanbehari (1966). Militant nationalism in India and its socio-religious background (1897–1917). General Printers & Publishers. OCLC 8793353 .
Majumdar, Ramesh C (1975). History of the Freedom Movement in India. Vol. II. Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay. ISBN
Mitra, Subrata K. (July 1997). "Nehru's policy towards Kashmir: Bringing politics back in again". Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 35 (2): 55–74. doi : 10.1080/14662049708447745 .
Mukherjee, Prithwindra (2010). Les racines intellectuelles du mouvement d'indépendance de l'Inde (1893-1918). Editions Codex. ISBN
Patel, Hitendra (2008). Khudiram Bose: Revolutionary Extraordinaire . New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India. ISBN
Plowman, Matthew (Autumn 2003). "Irish Republicans and the Indo-German Conspiracy of World War I". New Hibernia Review. 7 (3): 81–105. doi : 10.1353/nhr.2003.0069 . S2CID 144632198 .
Yadav, B.D. (1992). M.P.T. Acharya: Reminiscences of an Indian Revolutionary. New Delhi: Anmol. ISBN
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Brown, Judith M. (2009). "Gandhi and Civil Resistance in India, 1917–47". In Roberts, Adam ; Ash, Timothy Garton (eds.). Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present. Oxford University Press. ISBN
Gonsalves, Peter (2012). Khadi: Gandhi's Mega Symbol of Subversion. Sage Publications. ISBN
Gopal, Sarvepalli (1975). Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography. Vol. One. Johnathan Cape. ISBN
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External links
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6 | who had a cousin who was a strong supporter for independence | https://www.npr.org/about-npr/688405012/independence | Daily
February 11, 20195:44 PM ET
To secure the public's trust, we must make it clear that our primary allegiance is to the public. Any personal or professional interests that conflict with that allegiance, whether in appearance or in reality, risk compromising our credibility. We are vigilant in disclosing to both our supervisors and the public any circumstances where our loyalties may be divided – extending to the interests of spouses and other family members – and when necessary, we recuse ourselves from related coverage. Under no circumstances do we skew our reports for personal gain, to help NPR's bottom line or to please those who fund us. Decisions about what we cover and how we do our work are made by our journalists, not by those who provide NPR with financial support.
Conflicts of interest
It's not always easy to detect when something we have a personal or professional stake in might conflict — or appear to conflict — with our duty to report to the public the fullest truth we can. Conflicts of interest come in many shapes — financial holdings, romantic relationships, family ties, book deals, speaking engagements, and others. It's important to regularly review how our connections are entangled with the subjects of our reporting, and when necessary, to take action.
In minor cases, we might satisfy an apparent conflict by prominently disclosing it, and perhaps explaining to the public why it doesn't compromise our work. When presented with more significant conflicts that might affect our ongoing work, our best response is to avoid them. But some conflicts are unavoidable, and may require us to recuse ourselves from certain coverage. More specific guidance on how to make these decisions appears in the sections below.
Guideline: We do not exploit our access to private information, or skew the news for our gain.
As journalists, we regularly acquire access to confidential information. The only acceptable use of that information is to inform the public. This means we must scrupulously avoid any appearance that we've skewed our journalism to enrich ourselves or our associates.
These considerations obviously apply in straightforward conflict-of-interest cases, such as when we own stock in a subject of news coverage, but we must also apply them when we discuss with supervisors any potential media products that emerge from our reporting, such as books or movie projects. Say a political reporter uncovers evidence of illegal activity by a presidential candidate, and the resulting media firestorm results in a book offer. That reporter should sit down with a supervisor before entertaining any such offer.
We do not share confidential information with anyone inside or outside of NPR who intends to use that information for personal or institutional gain, excepting standard journalistic practices such as sharing information as a member of a news "pool."
CASE STUDIES
A journalist convicted for using confidential information.
R. Foster Winans wrote the column "Heard on the Street" for the Wall Street Journal from 1982-1984. He was investigated by the SEC for using or leaking non-public information he gathered as a reporter for the purpose of making financial investments. He was criminally charged with insider trading. Winans had admitted that he made money from leaking info, but pleaded not guilty to criminal charges, claiming that the insider trading laws were not designed to target journalists. Several commentators have said that regardless of whether it was illegal (it was – his conviction was upheld by the Supreme Court in a 1987 case called Carpenter v. U.S.), it was certainly unethical. Winans himself, in his book Trading Secrets, acknowledged that the conduct was "technically unethical for a journalist."
Guideline: When to disclose, and when to recuse.
All NPR journalists, including those of us who work for the arts and music desks, must tell our supervisors in advance about potential conflicts of interest. When first assigned to cover or work on a matter, disclose to your immediate supervisors any business, commercial, financial or personal interests where such interests might reasonably be construed as being in actual, apparent or potential conflict with our duties. This includes situations in which a spouse, family member or companion is an active participant in a subject area that you cover. In the financial category, this does not include an investment by you or your spouse, family member or companion in mutual funds or pension funds that are invested by fund managers in a broad range of companies (unless, of course, the assignment concerns those specific funds).
When a spouse, family member or companion is involved in political activity, be sensitive to the fact that this could create real or apparent conflicts of interest. In such instances, advise your supervisor so that it can be determined whether you should recuse yourself from a certain story or certain coverage.
CASE STUDIES
When a spouse becomes involved in politics.
In October of 2011, All Things Considered host Michele Norris' husband accepted a position with President Obama's re-election campaign.
As Michele explained in a note to the NPR staff, she raised the potential conflict of interest before it became an issue:
"I need to share some news and I wanted to make sure my NPR family heard this first. Last week, I told news management that my husband, Broderick Johnson, has just accepted a senior adviser position with the Obama Campaign. After careful consideration, we decided that Broderick's new role could make it difficult for me to continue hosting ATC. Given the nature of Broderick's position with the campaign and the impact that it will most certainly have on our family life, I will temporarily step away from my hosting duties until after the 2012 elections. I will be leaving the host chair at the end of this week, but I'm not going far. I will be wearing a different hat for a while, producing signature segments and features and working on new reporting projects. While I will of course recuse myself from all election coverage, there's still an awful lot of ground that I can till in this interim role.
"This has all happened very quickly, but working closely with NPR management, we've been able to make a plan that serves the show, honors the integrity of our news organization and is best for me professionally and personally."
To review:
Michele recognized that her husband's position in the Obama campaign would unduly complicate ATC's coverage of the presidential election.
She appropriately raised the issue with senior management before her husband formally took the job.
A plan was put together that would allow her to continue being a key contributor to NPR's news operations, but would also separate her from its coverage of politics.
Interacting with funders
Our journalism is made possible by a diverse coalition of funding sources, including donations from members of the public, grants from foundations and government agencies, and paid sponsorships and underwriting. While we value all who support our work, those who fund us do so in the knowledge that our journalism serves only the public. We believe our strength as a business is premised solely on high-quality, independent journalism in the public interest. All NPR employees – journalists as well as sponsorship, communications and development staff – are committed first and foremost to that service.
At NPR, the journalists – including senior news managers – have full and final authority over all journalistic decisions. We work with all other divisions of the company towards the goal of supporting and protecting our journalism. This means we communicate with our sponsorship and development departments to identify areas where we hope to expand our reporting. It also means we may take part in promotional activities or events such as coordinated fund drives, listener support spots and public radio audience-building initiatives.
But we observe a clear boundary line: NPR journalists interact with funders only to further our editorial goals, not to serve the agendas of those who support us.
Guideline: Stick with storytelling. Steer clear of selling.
There's no one better than an NPR journalist to describe the value, impact and character of our journalism. So we may be called upon to talk about our work with those who might support it, whether over the air during a pledge drive or in person during a meeting with prospective funders. But in all our interactions with potential funders, we observe this boundary: We're there to tell our story, not to discuss the agendas of our supporters. This means we may describe the goals and ambitions of our editorial agenda, promote the value of our work and the worthiness of supporting it, or recount what we've experienced in our reporting.
Understand that donors may express opinions about the subjects we cover. Don't assent to those opinions or express your own.
These are nuanced lines to tread, and no NPR journalist should feel compelled to participate in meetings with prospective donors or foundations. Again, our sponsorship and development departments are there to support us in our service to the public, not vice versa. Part of the job of these departments is making our funders aware that we will be editorially blind to their support – that we'll conduct our journalism with no favor or slight to them or their interests. They also vet potential supporters to make sure their interests don't present an actual or apparent conflict with our mission.
We've often spoken of a "firewall" that separates NPR's journalists from our funders. Properly understood, the firewall is a useful metaphor. In engineering, a firewall isn't an impassable boundary, but rather a barrier designed to contain the spread of a dangerous or corrupting force. Similarly, the purpose of our firewall is to hold in check the influence our funders have over our journalism.
Guideline: When appropriate, disclose funding relationships in related reports.
NPR is fortunate to have hundreds of sponsors, funders and donors. At times, NPR reports stories about corporations, organizations or individuals who support our programming. As we outline throughout this handbook, we observe many boundaries to ensure that funding does not skew our coverage.
We are scrupulous in disclosing funding relationships that might foster the perception that our supporters have influenced our work. At the same time, a laundry list of disclosures would clutter our programs, rendering appropriate disclosures meaningless, so we avoid rote disclosures each time a supporter is mentioned in our coverage. Whether or not to disclose a funder during the course of a particular story is a careful judgment made by editors and producers on a case-by-case basis. As always, we act carefully and thoughtfully to strengthen the public's confidence in the independence of our work. For this reason, it's also important to note that NPR journalists do not read funding credits on-air or online.
Guideline: Don't enter contests by those who would influence our coverage.
We do not enter journalism contests or competitions or serve on award committees when groups that have an interest in influencing our coverage are sponsoring the honors. All entries for contests or competitions and awards committee memberships must be approved by supervisors.
We often receive honors we have not solicited. Of course, laurels are always welcome. But when an award – unsolicited or otherwise – comes with cash or other rewards attached, consult Ethics before accepting.
If the [business and editorial] sides of a news-providing organization are really working at cross purposes, the journalism tends to be on the side that is corrupted.
- Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenstiel, The Elements of Journalism
Owning our news agenda
Our work depends on both the cooperation of sources and the generosity of supporters. But we depend on a broad, diverse network of sources and supporters, and no party is so critical to our work that we would bend our news agenda to its ends.
Guideline: Don't allow sources to dictate our coverage.
We don't allow sources to dictate how a topic will be covered, or which other voices or ideas will be included in the stories we do. Nor do we pay for information from sources or newsmakers.
We avoid submitting questions to anyone in advance unless a senior news manager approves doing so after extensive discussion about why it may be necessary. This sometimes comes up when we are seeking interviews with foreign leaders. And parties in complicated legal cases may insist on having questions submitted in writing in order to give them a chance to gather all relevant documents. If questions are submitted in advance, this will be disclosed in our coverage.
Guideline: Our supporters do not shape our coverage.
NPR greatly appreciates the financial support it receives from individuals, from foundations and from corporations. Their support is essential. At the same time, NPR makes its own decisions about what stories to cover and how to report them. Neither the people and organizations who support NPR financially, the sources we come in contact with, our competitors nor any others outside NPR's newsroom dictate our thinking.
Guideline: Avoid previewing stories with sources.
For purposes of accuracy and fairness, there are times when we may want to review portions of a script with a source or read back a quotation to ensure we captured it correctly. We may also play audio or read transcripts of an interview to a third party if the purpose is to get that party's reaction to what another person has said. Otherwise, however, the public is the first audience for our work — we don't preview scripts or stories in advance of their broadcast or posting with sources, subjects of coverage or other parties outside NPR.
Guideline: Avoid non-disclosure agreements and be careful with embargoes.
We avoid non-disclosure agreements — contracts that would require us to withhold certain information — except in rare circumstances and with the approval of the appropriate senior manager (email Ethics). And as with any written agreement, we send non-disclosure agreements to our legal team for review (look for LegalAlert in the NPR internal email address book) before we sign them.
We, like other major news outlets, do often agree to "embargoes" on news. In such cases the information is not to be reported until an agreed-upon time in the near future. We reserve the right, however, to report the news if the embargo has been "broken" by another news outlet or if because of some development we judge that the public's interest would best be served by disclosing the information now instead of later.
Guideline: Use press releases and other handout materials carefully.
We must take into account that press releases and other handout materials (such as images) from organizations we cover are usually delivered with the intent of portraying the subject in the best possible light. We don't publish staged photos unless there's a compelling news reason for doing so. If there is, we disclose this fact to the audience.
Guideline: We own our reporting.
Our notes, audio and working materials from our journalistic work belong to NPR. We won't turn them over to government officials or parties involved in or considering litigation, nor will we provide information we've observed in the course of conducting journalism. If such materials or information are requested pursuant to governmental, administrative or other legal process, immediately consult your supervisor and the legal department.
Guideline: When posting or gathering material online, consider terms of service.
(Editor's note on July 27, 2017: Click here to go to an updated special section about the do's and don't's of social media.)
It's important to keep in mind that the terms of service of a social media site apply to what we post there and to the information we gather from it. Also: The terms might allow for our material to be used in a different way than intended. Additionally, law enforcement officials may be able to obtain our reporting on these sites by subpoena without our consent — or perhaps even our knowledge. Social media is a vital reporting resource for us, but we must be vigilant about keeping work that may be sensitive in our own hands.
Guideline: Be aware of other media, but exercise your own news judgment.
NPR journalists do not put their heads in the sand when good stories appear elsewhere. By the same token, we shouldn't be in the regular business of adopting other news organizations' assumptions about what's important in framing two-ways, shaping reporter assignments or bringing in commentaries.
(Source: Managing editor's note to staff, 1996.)
Outside work
NPR offers us the chance to reach huge audiences on the radio and on the Web. In exchange, as we said above, we agree to not compete with NPR and to make it the primary outlet for the journalism we do.
NPR also encourages us to take advantage of other opportunities – so long as they do not interfere or conflict with the work we do for the company. NPR journalists write books, magazine pieces and newspaper articles. We appear on panels and give speeches. Television discussion shows value our expertise. Universities ask us to teach and lecture. These are good things. They offer us the chance to stretch, to reflect on our work and to broaden the reach of our journalism.
But outside work can also present significant challenges. It places additional demands on our time, which is often precious. It requires working with organizations that have different goals and standards than NPR does. And it can sometimes present entanglements that conflict with our journalistic independence.
So we must be selective about these opportunities and vigilant about the challenges they pose. We must seek permission in writing from our supervisors for all outside freelance and journalistic work, whether paid or volunteered, from written articles to speaking appearances. (Details on seeking approval for outside work are below.) As we expressed at the outset of this handbook, keep in mind that we don't want our managers to be confronted with any rude surprises.
Guideline: We don't compete with NPR.
Because our primary professional responsibility is to NPR, we never work in direct competition with NPR. For example, we don't break a story for another news outlet before offering it to NPR. There are times when we may secure representation for ourselves from agents and publicists. In such cases, it's incumbent on us to ensure that our personal representatives are working closely with the communications department, which represents all NPR journalists.
Guideline: Avoid doing work for those we cover.
In general, we don't do outside work for government or agencies principally funded by a government, or for private organizations that are regularly covered by NPR. This includes work that would be done on leaves of absence.
This means we don't ghostwrite or co-author articles or books or write reports – such as annual reports – for government agencies, institutions or businesses that we cover or are likely to cover. We may permit exceptions for activities that don't seem to pose a risk of undermining our credibility. Speaking to groups that might have a relationship to a subject that NPR may cover requires high-level approval; contact Ethics.
Note: An NPR journalist who covers a specific topic generally cannot work for agencies or organizations even if they are not connected to his or her beat. In most cases the conflict is attached to NPR the organization, not the individual, and NPR's interest is in avoiding even the perception of bias.
Guideline: Book projects and recurring appearances require special attention and coordination.
Book projects can be of particular concern because they may require extended, unpaid leaves of absence. Such leaves need to be carefully coordinated with NPR management. If the book will be based on work we've done for NPR, we must discuss in good faith with NPR issues of rights.
Similarly, recurring appearances on shows outside of NPR can jeopardize our primary work, both by cutting into our available time and by subjecting us to the editorial agenda of producers who may not share our standards. If cleared by your supervisor to appear multiple times on another organization's program, you do not need to seek formal permission each time an invitation is extended. But do regularly check in with your supervisor to ensure that the time required doesn't interfere with our NPR duties. And if there is a significant change in the program's format or in the nature of what you're expected to say or do, talk it over with your supervisor again. Programs and times change. NPR can revoke its permission if senior management determines that the appearances harm either the organization's or the journalist's reputations.
We don't enter into contracts with other media outlets without approval from senior news management and NPR's legal department. Understand that in most cases permission will not be granted.
Guideline: How we respond to outside requests (appearances, interviews, etc.).
NPR journalists are in high demand. We get many requests for media appearances, interviews and other outside work. To manage these requests, we collaborate with our colleagues in NPR's Marketing and Communications Division. We value their judgment and support.
NPR seeks out opportunities for public appearances for NPR journalists, and also receives many requests for our journalists to make speeches or otherwise appear at events. These requests come from member stations, academic institutions, professional organizations and many others. NPR generally views these as opportunities to extend our work and foster valuable connections outside of our company.
In order to get the go-ahead for an appearance, you should seek approval from your supervisor. Supervisors, in turn, should consult with Talent Relations, the unit within Marketing and Communications that is charged with managing this entire process (look for "TalentRelations" in the internal email address book). They'll assist with everything from event vetting, to negotiating honorariums, arranging travel, and preparing journalists for appearances. Many requests, whether for a specific journalist or not, come first to Talent Relations. They gauge the appropriateness of each request, and then clear it with the journalist and his or her supervisor to ensure that it doesn't present ethical concerns or coverage conflicts. Then they invite the journalist to participate.
If an opportunity presents a new, complex or difficult ethical question, or if a supervisor and a journalist disagree about an event's ethical merit, it should be discussed with the Standards and Practices Editor.
Agents and event appearances: Several NPR journalists are represented by agents who book their appearances. These appearances also need to be approved by the journalist's supervisor and vetted through Talent Relations prior to confirming and publicizing the booking.
Work on NPR's behalf: Occasionally NPR will ask our journalists to make appearances to outside organizations because such appearances are valuable to NPR. In these cases, our journalists will not need to take time off.
Media requests: The role of NPR's Media Relations team is to field requests from outside media for interviews or media appearances with NPR journalists. In addition, Media Relations proactively pitches and places NPR journalists. When Media Relations receives an outside request, the team assesses the merits of the request and consults the relevant journalist and his or her supervisor for approval before clearing the request and setting up the opportunity. When Media Relations asks you to do an interview or make an appearance, you can assume that this has already been cleared with your supervisor.
NPR supervisors and the communications team will respond to requests as quickly as possible and in accordance with the union contract. We understand that they won't say "yes" to everything. And we know that NPR can revoke its permission if senior management decides that an appearance (or in some cases, recurring appearances) could harm either the organization's or the journalist's reputation.
Our goal is to encourage NPR journalists to be visible as ambassadors of NPR journalism, and to build their reputations as professionals while assuring that all appearances are consistent with NPR's ethical standards and our priorities.
Guideline: These situations require special permission.
A few special circumstances that require specific address:
Speaking agencies and agents: NPR journalists who enlist the services of agencies or agents to obtain paid speaking engagements or other opportunities must go through all the steps described above — like any other NPR staffer — before accepting any such offers.
Partisan events: We avoid appearances that call into question our impartiality, including situations where our appearance may appear to endorse the partisan agenda of a group or organization. This might include, for example, participating in political debates or forums sponsored by groups that advocate particular perspectives on issues NPR covers.
Charitable fundraisers: NPR journalists are frequently asked to speak or appear at charitable events. We typically turn down these requests. Even when a cause is charitable, it may still pose a conflict, or the organization might have political aims at odds with our commitment to impartiality.
Nonfiction writing for books or films: Any NPR journalist intending to write a non-fiction book or TV or movie script or other guiding documents for non-radio productions based in whole or substantial part on assignments they did for NPR must notify NPR in writing of such plans before entering into any agreement with respect to that work. NPR will respond as soon as possible as to whether it has any objections to the project.
Leaves of absence: While employed by NPR, including during leaves of absence, we do not perform work for those NPR covers, including ghostwriting or co-authoring materials or reports, making speaking appearances, or offering advice or consulting services. This extends both to private individuals and organizations we cover and to organizations and agencies principally funded by the government.
Public relations: In general, we do not engage in public relations work, paid or unpaid. Supervisors may grant exceptions for certain volunteer, nonprofit and nonpartisan activities, such as participating in the work of an institution of worship, or a professional or charitable organization, especially if the journalist is a member of the organization in question and the work would not conflict with NPR's journalism.
Endorsements: Just as we generally avoid engaging in p.r. work, we also refrain from marketing for books, movies, performances or other products that are not our own. This means that while we may offer reviews or praise for products we've encountered, we usually avoid offering promotional endorsements or blurbs, or serving as spokespersons. Supervisors may grant exceptions for endorsements that don't undermine or conflict with our work, meaning we have no financial interest in the endorsement and it doesn't present a conflict with any subject we cover. If we are granted such an exception, it bears stating that we read the book before commenting on it.
Promotional events: We avoid appearances at private industry or corporate functions, especially in settings where our appearance may be used to market a company's services or products. Supervisors may grant exceptions for appearances intended to promote NPR's journalism, promotions for works by NPR journalists (e.g. book tours), or promotions for those volunteer, nonprofit and nonpartisan organizations in which we claim membership — often, for example, organizations that promote and support journalistic endeavors.
KEY QUESTIONS:
How does it affect your work for NPR?
(Editor's note on July 27, 2017: Click here to go to an updated special section about the do's and don't's of social media.)
When considering an outside opportunity, ask how it might interfere with your work and whether it might damage your credibility or that of NPR. We avoid conflicts of interest — it probably would not be appropriate, for example, for an NPR news journalist to be paid to speak by a corporation or group that NPR covers. And we refrain from appearing on television discussion shows where the format is designed to produce heated, highly political debates. We go on TV to talk about our reporting and the news of the day, not to offer opinions (with the obvious exceptions of our music, arts and books critics — and, if any are hired, news commentators). If asked to offer opinions when on the air, we rely on our reporting and offer context — citing, for example, what public opinion polls signal about how an issue is playing rather than our personal opinions.
We let our reporting, not our personal opinions, guide our actions and comments in all types of public settings, from live appearances on TV to postings on social media sites.
Paying our own way
NPR pays the newsgathering expenses of its journalists. We don't allow sources or subjects of coverage to pick up the check for dinner or pay our travel expenses, we respectfully turn down gifts or other benefits from those we cover, and we don't sell materials sent to us for review.
There may be times when unusual circumstances lead us to make exceptions. For example, in combat zones, embedding with U.S. military units may be the only practical way to determine what's happening on the front lines. In some foreign settings, declining a meal or gift might be taken as a breach of respect.
But our journalism must not be tainted by suspicions of quid pro quo. At all times, we make clear to those we cover that their cooperation, charity or assistance – while appreciated – won't skew our efforts to fully report the truth. And we disclose to our audience any instances in which we've accepted from our sources anything but information.
Guideline: How to handle gifts, speaking fees and honorariums.
The people and organizations we include in our coverage are often appreciative of our work and happy to appear in it. But we don't accept compensation, including property or benefits of any kind, from people or institutions we cover or put on the air, except gifts of token value (hats, mugs, t-shirts, etc.). If we receive unsolicited gifts of significant value, we thank the sender, explain our policy and return the item (or, if it's perishable, direct it to a worthy cause unaffiliated with NPR).
Of course, it's not always easy to draw a line between a valuable gift and a small token of appreciation, and it's not always practical to decline or return the item. In some cultural settings, it may be an insult to decline a gift or a dinner invitation. In such situations, we trust our journalists to do the right thing.
In any event, we would not let our work be affected. And we act, as always, with the understanding that the perception of undue coziness with our sources can be as damaging as the reality. If there's any question of whether a gift rises above the token-value threshold, consult a supervisor.
In instances such as conferences and conventions where food is provided as a convenience for the press as a whole, it's acceptable to partake. With the approval of a supervisor, we may also accept honorariums, paid travel and meals for speaking engagements and awards ceremonies, but only from educational or nonprofit groups not engaged in significant lobbying or political activity. Determining whether a group engages in significant lobbying or political activity is the responsibility of the journalist seeking permission, and all relevant information must be fully disclosed to supervisors.
Guideline: Review materials are for reviews, not personal gain.
We may accept free event passes, copies of books or other materials for the purpose of doing reviews or stories. These items belong to NPR and may not be sold. In many cases, they will be kept for possible future use and reference. They also may be distributed to staff for personal use (including donations to charities) after they are no longer needed.
Working for NPR while keeping the public first
Although we work for NPR, our first loyalty is to the public. Because NPR is a prominent company with an important role in society, there are times when NPR is in the news. At such times – as in all others – NPR journalists keep the public's interest first and foremost.
Guideline: How we handle coverage of NPR.
NPR journalists cover NPR the same way they would cover any other company. Editorial decisions are made with an eye toward the news value of events at NPR just as editorial decisions are made regarding the news value of events at Sony or Apple or General Motors. This, of course, is much more easily said than done. Every journalist at NPR, from producers to editors to correspondents, has a stake in NPR's well-being, and it is impossible for any individual to completely isolate himself or herself from events at NPR. Still, when such events occur, the journalists involved in reporting on NPR separate themselves as best as possible from internal events, and any individuals in NPR's corporate leadership avoid imposing any influence on the journalists reporting on the company.
Any coverage of NPR itself is handled by NPR journalists with no involvement in the issue at hand. If necessary, a separate team is created by drawing members from desks or bureaus with no connections to the subject. They approach the story just as they would any other.
All editors and others who were "part of the story" are recused. This means that when an NPR journalist's actions or work are "news" — for good or bad — those who were involved in the assigning, reporting, editing and producing do not then play any part in the coverage.
This wall between those involved in the subject of the story and those who then cover it extends beyond NPR's journalists. No NPR employees from departments outside News — especially those who have had a hand in any official response to the subject from NPR — play any role in the organization's coverage of the situation.
Our goal is simple: to cover any such story just as we would if it involved another organization, and to take all such actions necessary to ensure that is possible.
CASE STUDIES
Covering the announcement of an NPR partnership
In January 2012, when NPR announced a partnership with Ford to install NPR's software in new cars, NPR editors decided the news warranted reporting. The editors involved took into consideration the concern that NPR could be perceived as using its news programming to further a corporate interest. They weighed that concern against the newsworthiness of the announcement, and made the decision to cover the announcement in a way that closely resembled coverage of similar technology announcements by other companies. Along with journalists at other news organizations, NPR journalists honored the embargo on the story, and made no effort to gain an inside advantage in reporting the announcement earlier or more completely than any other news organization.
Guideline: Promote NPR's work, not its business prerogatives.
High-quality journalism will always be the best way to promote NPR. We also value NPR journalists telling their story. With approval from supervisors, NPR journalists may take part in promotional activities or events involving supporters of NPR, such as our coordinated fund drives, listener support spots for stations and public radio audience-building initiatives. But our job is to promote and encourage support for NPR's journalism. NPR journalists do not advocate in support of NPR's business or political initiatives.
Update on April 14, 2015: Morning Edition Book Club guidelines.
NPR has issued guidelines that address how the club's editorial process will be insulated from NPR fundraising "by maintaining a strict firewall between the two activities." The guidelines are posted here .
Guideline: Coverage of books written by NPR staffers
May 21, 2015: The senior vice president for news, in a note to Ombudsman Elizabeth Jensen , laid out how we handle books written by NPR staff members. He said, in part, that:
"NPR's producers and editors use the same standard they apply to outside books to decide whether works by our own staff merit coverage and on which of our programs and platforms. That decision must be approved by the Senior Vice President for News. ... NPR staff members will not appear on their own shows to discuss outside books or other works unrelated to NPR coverage."
The key points:
The tests are the same as for any book. They include: Is it newsworthy? Is it of interest to our audience? The books desk, led by Ellen Silva, must be part of the discussion. So must the NPR News deputy managing editors.
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7 | who was the actor who played crocodile dundee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hogan | Paul Hogan
41 languages
Australian actor and comedian (born 1939)
For other people named Paul Hogan, see Paul Hogan (disambiguation) .
Paul Hogan
Born
Early life
At the start of his career, Paul Hogan said he was born in Lightning Ridge, New South Wales , to appear more interesting. He was actually born in Parramatta , a suburb in Greater Western Sydney , [4] and he is of Irish descent.
Hogan's first public appearance was on Australian television, the Nine Network 's amateur talent program New Faces in 1971. [9] Hogan had observed to his Harbour Bridge workmates that the program's entertainment value relied significantly on the judges ridiculing and belittling the performers, and suggested the judges deserved similar treatment. Hogan inveigled his way onto the program by claiming to be a "tap-dancing knife-thrower". Hogan appeared on stage in his work boots, holding elaborate prop "knives", and proceeded to make a series of jokes at the judges' expense; he finished by performing a rudimentary shuffle and throwing the knives onto the floor. Strong positive response from the viewing public saw Hogan invited back for repeated performances on New Faces; in another of these, he proposed to "play the shovels", which consisted of making a series of jokes before banging two shovels together a few times. Hogan's natural ability as a comedic performer attracted the attention of Mike Willesee , host of Nine's news magazine program A Current Affair . Willesee offered Hogan regular appearances on the series, during which Hogan would make humorous comment on some issue of the day. During this time, Hogan befriended A Current Affair producer John Cornell , who became Hogan's manager and business partner.
Hogan followed this with his own comedy sketch program The Paul Hogan Show , which he produced and wrote, and in which he played characters with Cornell and Delvene Delaney . The series, which ran for 60 episodes between 1973 and 1984, was popular in the UK, where it aired on the new Channel Four from 1982 and also in South Africa, and showcased his trademark light-hearted but laddish ocker humour. Hogan won the 1973 TV Week Logie Award for 'Best New Talent'. [10] The early series was on Channel Seven and, by 1975, it was screened on Channel Nine where it remained until the end of 1984.
In the 1970s, Hogan advertised Winfield cigarettes in television, print and billboard advertisements in which he wore a formal dinner suit. These ads always ended with the catchphrase "Anyhow, have a Winfield." During the early 1980s, Hogan filmed a series of television ads promoting the Australian tourism industry, which aired in the United States. An advertisement with the phrase " shrimp on the barbie ", which aired from 1984, was particularly successful. [11]
In 1985, Hogan appeared as an Australian World War I ' digger ' named Pat Cleary in the mini-series Anzacs , which aired on the Nine Network . Cleary was described as the quintessential Aussie larrikin , and series writer John Dixon wrote the part of Cleary with Hogan in mind. The series included a "who's who" of Australian television and film actors of the day, including Jon Blake , Andrew Clarke , Megan Williams , Tony Bonner , Bill Kerr , Ilona Rodgers , Vivean Gray and Robert Coleby .
Throughout the decade, Hogan appeared on British television in advertisements for Foster's Lager , in which he played an earthy Australian abroad in London. The character's most notable line (spoken incredulously at a ballet performance) "Strewth, there's a bloke down there with no strides on!", followed Hogan for years, and the popularity of its "fish out of water" humour was repeated with his next endeavour. In another advertisement from the same Foster's series, Hogan's character is approached in a London Tube station by a Japanese tourist who asks, "Do you know the way to Cockfosters ?" (referring to an area in North London), to which Hogan replies (with a puzzled look on his face): "Drink it warm, mate."
Hogan's breakout role was that of Mick "Crocodile" Dundee in the 1986 film Crocodile Dundee . Hogan also co-wrote the movie, which was a massive critical and commercial success in many countries. He won the 1987 Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and was also nominated for Best Actor at the BAFTAs . The screenplay was nominated for an Academy Award , a BAFTA and a Saturn Award . Along with Chevy Chase and Goldie Hawn , Hogan co-hosted the 59th Academy Awards , also in 1987. Hogan again portrayed Mick Dundee in the sequel Crocodile Dundee II , released in 1988. Hogan was also executive producer and co-writer with his son, Brett. Although less popular with critics than the first Crocodile Dundee, it was still a commercial success. The character made him popular in the United States, with phrases like, "That's not a knife... that's a knife!" entering the lexicon , though Hogan was troubled that the character was perceived as a cross between Chuck Norris and John Rambo , and turned down roles similar to those because of their violent nature, commenting:
"The movie scene is screaming out for the movie hero who doesn't kill 75 people...less of those commandos , terminators , ex-terminators and squashers. Mick's a good role model. There's no malice in the fellow and he's human. He's not a wimp or a sissy just because he doesn't kill people." [12]
Wax figure of Hogan as Crocodile Dundee
In the early 1990s, a Paramount executive pitched a concept of a Crocodile Dundee and Beverly Hills Cop crossover movie. [13] Hogan refused the starring role in the hit film Ghost , choosing instead to make Almost an Angel (1990). [14] In 1994, Hogan co-produced, wrote and starred in the Western comedy film Lightning Jack . In 1996, he starred in a remake of the 1963 film Flipper , a family-friendly movie about a dolphin. In 1998, he co-starred in the made-for-TV drama Floating Away, an adaptation of the Tim Sandlin book Sorrow Floats, and in which he played 'Shane', a recovering alcoholic. [15]
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Hogan was featured in advertisements for the Subaru Outback . In 2001, Hogan returned to the role that made him famous with Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles .
In 2004, Hogan starred in the Australian-produced comedy film Strange Bedfellows , about two firemen pretending to be in a homosexual relationship for financial benefit. Strange Bedfellows was written and directed by Hogan's friend Dean Murphy and was the highest-grossing Australian-made film of 2004. 2005 saw the release of Paul Hogan – Stand Up Hoges, a DVD compilation of Hogan's favourite live performances throughout his career. In 2009, Hogan starred in another of Murphy's films, Charlie & Boots , a road-movie concerning the relationship between a father (Hogan) and son ( Shane Jacobson ). It was the second-highest-grossing Australian-made film of 2009, after Mao's Last Dancer . [16] [17]
In 2013, 2014 and 2015, Hogan embarked on live stand-up performances throughout Australia. [18] The 2013 tour entitled An Evening with Hoges featured capital cities only, but the 2014 tour Hoges: One Night Only featured 25 locations including regional Australia. 2015's Hoges: Live saw performances in Hobart, Melbourne and Sydney only. Some of this material was shown in the 2014 documentary Hanging with Hoges , in which Hogan was interviewed about his life and career by Jacobson.
In 2016, Hogan received the Longford Lyell Award for an outstanding contribution to the Australian screen. Hogan joked he had only ever been a " one-hit wonder ". [19]
Australia's Seven Network commissioned a two-part miniseries based upon Hogan's life, entitled Hoges: The Paul Hogan Story which aired in February 2017. Australian actor Josh Lawson portrayed Hogan. In 2019, to celebrate Hogan's upcoming 80th birthday, Australia's ABC produced a two-part episode of Australian Story , entitled "A Fortunate Life – Paul Hogan", in which Hogan and his family reflect on his life and career. [20]
Following on from a 2018 Tourism Australia campaign, [21] in 2020 Hogan starred in The Very Excellent Mr. Dundee , with Hogan portraying himself as an aged, out-of-touch movie actor with his legendary character Mick Dundee now monetised and manipulated by others.
In 2023, Hogan took part in a live TV roast entitled The Roast of Paul Hogan. [22] [23] [24]
In 1986, he was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) "for service to tourism and entertainment". [27]
In 1987, Hogan won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy for Crocodile Dundee.
Logie Awards
Year
Year
Hogan and his first wife, Noelene Edwards, married in 1958. They separated and divorced in 1981 and remarried less than one year later. A second divorce, initiated in 1986, was considered one of Australia's ugliest celebrity divorces. [29] Hogan married his Crocodile Dundee co-star Linda Kozlowski in 1990. He has five children with his first wife and one with his second wife. In October 2013, Kozlowski filed for divorce from Hogan, citing irreconcilable differences, [30] with the divorce finalised in 2014. [31]
Paul Hogan has five sons (Brett, Clay, Scott, Todd, and Chance) and one daughter (Lauren).
Todd Hogan is the father of TV presenter Mylee Hogan and her brother Jake Hogan.
Tax problems
)
From February 2003 until all charges were dropped in November 2010, Hogan faced a series of legal issues while under investigation by the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) for tax evasion .
His legal troubles were made public in 2007 when Hogan was named as one of a group in connection to an AU$300 million Australian tax fraud investigation called Operation Wickenby, investigating 23 companies for allegedly using overseas companies to hide income. [32] In July 2008, Hogan commented to Network Ten that he had "paid plenty of tax" in Australia and that he had nothing to fear from the ATO investigation. [33]
In October 2008, Hogan scored a major victory in his tax fight with the Australian Crime Commission , who were forced to pay up to an estimated AU$5 million for legal bills dating back to 2006 and were required to return seized personal financial documents that they had admitted were irrelevant. [34] Hogan had not been charged in connection with the investigation, which began in 2003. [34]
On 18 June 2010, in the Australian High Court , Hogan lost a long-running legal battle to keep the contents of his tax documents secret, paving the way for details of his offshore accounts to be published. Earlier the same year, Australian media reported that the Australian Crime Commission was in the final stages of preparing to lay criminal charges of tax evasion against Hogan, film producer John Cornell and their accountant Anthony Stewart, who it suspected channelled millions of dollars from the proceeds of the film Crocodile Dundee and other films into offshore tax havens . The release of the documents was expected to help finalise the Tax Office's case. [35]
On 20 August 2010, Hogan returned to Australia to attend his mother's funeral. Upon arrival, he was issued a Departure Prohibition Order by the ATO, which prevented him from leaving the country until his alleged tax debt was paid or settled. The nation's tax office said he owed taxes on AU$37.5 million of undeclared income. On 3 September, Hogan was granted permission to return to the U.S. through an agreement between his lawyers and Australian tax officials. Hogan continued to deny any wrongdoing. [36]
In November 2010, the Australian Tax Office dropped its criminal investigation of Hogan and his business manager for tax evasion. [37]
In January 2011, Hogan's lawyer announced that Hogan was suing the Australian government, stating that Hogan's "earning potential and reputation has been decimated". [38] Hogan likened the Australian Tax Office to the Taliban [39] and referred to staff as "a-holes". [40]
In May 2012, it was announced that, following mediation before an ex–High Court judge, the entities settled with the Commissioner of Taxation in an agreement "without admission". The parties agreed that the terms of the settlement would remain confidential, but as part of the settlement, the Departure Prohibition Order was revoked by the Commissioner. [41] As of April 2013, Hogan's financial advisor Stewart remained in a dispute with the Australian Tax Office. [42]
Hogan reappeared in the media in April 2013, because of a AU$32.3 million issue with a Swiss bank run by the Geneva firm Strachans. Following the placement of the money in an offshore account for the purpose of tax avoidance, Hogan was unable to access the funds as of April 2013, and a United States court action by Hogan that sought AU$80 million in damages proved unsuccessful. [43] Hogan publicly stated that he believes that Philip Egglishaw, the principal of Strachans and a former tax advisor to Hogan, had absconded with the money, and Hogan's American legal representative Schuyler "Sky" Moore filed corresponding documents in a Californian court based on this statement. [42] On 18 April 2013, it was reported that Egglishaw denied the allegations of his former client. [44]
In May 2017, Chris Jordan, Commissioner of Taxation, implied that in spite of Hogan's claim of victory over the ATO in 2012, Hogan paid "tens of millions of dollars" to settle the matter. [45] In response, Hogan denied paying the ATO, and criticised Jordan for breaking the confidentiality clause of the 2012 agreement. [46]
Filmography
[ edit ]
Acting
[ edit ]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1986
TV
2013
TV special
Baker, Bill; Bendel, Peggy. "Come and Say G'Day!" . Travel Marketing Decisions (Summer 2005). The Association of Travel Marketing Executives. Archived from the original on 4 November 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
Davies, Ivor (4 June 1988). "Box office war". TV Week . p. 11.
.
"Paul Hogan AM" . Australian of the Year. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
"Hogan, Paul" . Australian Honours List. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
^ Multiple sources:
External links
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hair stylist: Australia (as Liz Fardon) / makeup artist: Australia (as Liz Fardon)
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7 | who was the actor who played crocodile dundee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile_Dundee | Crocodile Dundee
40 languages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
1986 film by Peter Faiman
Crocodile Dundee
26 September 1986 (1986-09-26) (United States)
Running time
Crocodile Dundee is a 1986 action comedy film set in the Australian Outback and in New York City. It stars Paul Hogan as the weathered Mick Dundee and American actress Linda Kozlowski as reporter Sue Charlton. [6] Inspired by the true-life exploits of Rod Ansell , the film was made on a budget of under $10 million as a deliberate attempt to make a commercial Australian film that would appeal to a mainstream American audience, but proved to be a worldwide phenomenon.
Released on 30 April 1986 in Australia, and on 26 September in the United States, it was the highest-grossing film of all time in Australia , the highest-grossing Australian film worldwide, the second-highest-grossing film in the United States in 1986 , the highest-grossing non-US film at the US box office ever and the second-highest-grossing film worldwide for the year. There are two versions of the film: the Australian version, and an international version, which had much of the Australian slang replaced with more commonly understood terms, and was slightly shorter. As the first film in the Crocodile Dundee film series , it was followed by two sequels: Crocodile Dundee II (1988) and Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles (2001), although both films failed to match the critical success of the original.
Sue Charlton is a feature writer for her father's newspaper Newsday , and is dating the editor Richard Mason. She travels to Walkabout Creek, a small township in the Northern Territory of Australia, to meet Michael J. "Crocodile" Dundee, a bushman reported to have lost half a leg to a saltwater crocodile before crawling hundreds of miles to safety. On arrival in Walkabout Creek, she cannot locate Dundee, but she is entertained at the local pub by Dundee's business partner Walter "Wally" Reilly. When Dundee arrives that night, Sue finds his leg is not missing, but he has a large scar which he refers to as a "love bite". While Sue dances with Dundee, a group of city kangaroo shooters make fun of Dundee's status as a crocodile hunter, causing him to knock the leader out with one punch.
At first, Sue finds Dundee less "legendary" than she had been led to believe, unimpressed by his pleasant-mannered but uncouth behaviour and clumsy advances towards her. She is later amazed when, in the Outback , she witnesses "Mick" (as Dundee is called) subduing a water buffalo , taking part in an Aboriginal ( Pitjantjatjara ) tribal dance ceremony, killing a snake with his bare hands, and scaring away the kangaroo shooters by tricking them into thinking one of the kangaroos is shooting back.
The next morning, offended by Mick's assertion that as a " sheila " she is incapable of surviving the Outback alone, Sue goes out alone to prove him wrong but takes his rifle with her at his request. Mick follows her to make sure she is okay, but when she stops at a billabong to fill her canteen with water, she is attacked by a large crocodile and is rescued by Mick. Overcome with gratitude, Sue finds herself becoming attracted to him.
Sue invites Mick to return with her to New York City on the pretext of continuing the feature story. At first Wally scoffs at her suggestion, but he changes his mind when she tells him the newspaper would cover all expenses. Once in New York, Mick is perplexed by local behaviour and customs but overcomes problematic situations including encounters with a pimp and attempted robberies. After this Sue realises her true feelings for him, and they kiss.
At a society dinner at her father's home in honour of Sue's safe return and of Mick's visit, Richard proposes marriage to Sue, and in a haze of confused emotions, she initially accepts in spite of Richard's having recently revealed his self-centered and insensitive "true colours" during a period of intoxication.
Mick, disheartened at Sue's engagement, decides to go " walkabout " around the United States, but Sue has a change of heart and, deciding not to marry Richard, follows Mick to a subway station. There, she cannot reach him through the crowd on the platform, but has members of the crowd relay her message to him, whereupon he climbs up to the rafters and walks to Sue on the heads and raised hands of the onlookers and kisses her, to the delight of the crowd, where they receive a round of applause.
Peter Turnbull as Trevor
Rik Colitti as Danny
Christine Totos as Rosita
The idea to make the film came to Paul Hogan (the lead actor and one of the story writers) when he was in New York. He wondered what it would be like if a Northern Territory bushman arrived in town. As Paul Hogan said:
There's a lot about Dundee that we all think we're like; but we're not, because we live in Sydney . He's a mythical outback Australian who does exist in part—the frontiersman who walks through the bush, picking up snakes and throwing them aside, living off the land, who can ride horses and chop down trees and has that simple, friendly, laid-back philosophy. It's like the image the Americans have of us, so why not give them one? ... We've always been desperately short of folk heroes in this country. Ned Kelly is pathetic. So are the bushrangers . [8]
The film's budget was raised through the 10BA tax concessions via Morgan Sharebrokers. Paul Hogan used his regular collaborators from TV, including John Cornell, Peter Faiman and Ken Shadie . Linda Kozlowski was imported to play the American reporter; Actors' Equity Australia objected to this but eventually relented. [8]
Principal photography began on 13 July 1985. [9] The first scenes were filmed in the small town of McKinlay in Queensland, where the hotel used has original warped and polished hardwood floors. Production decided to shoot in Kakadu National Park at the end of the dry season since crocodiles were less active in the filming locations. Areas such as Gunlom Falls , also known as the UDP Falls back in the 1980s, are also featured in the movie. The crocodile attack scene was filmed in Girraween Lagoon, just out of Darwin . Six weeks of filming were spent working out of Jaja, an abandoned uranium mining camp in Kakadu National Park in the Northern Territory with an additional week in Cloncurry . There was a further six weeks filming in New York City (including Newark Liberty International Airport , which serves the city). [4] Filming wrapped on 11 October 1985. [10]
When the filming finished, Hogan said he expected it would make millions of dollars around the world. Hogan also said of the film: "I'm planning for it to be Australia's first proper movie. I don't think we've had one yet—not a real, general public, successful, entertaining movie". [11] Crocodile Dundee was offered to 20th Century Fox and Warner Bros. for North American release before Paramount picked it up for US$6 million. [12]
The film was originally released on 30 April 1986 in Australia, and on 26 September 1986 in the United States.
Home media
Television broadcasts
The Encore Cut
In January 2025, a version of the film subtitled The Encore Cut premiered in Sydney, ahead of a wider theatrical release in May. Along with a 4K remaster , the film received a number of edits including the inclusion of a text land acknowledgement at the top of the film, extended scenes in Kakadu, and the removal of scenes that could be considered transphobic and homophobic . Production company Rimfire Films stated that the edits to the film were made at the request of Paramount Pictures . The Encore Cut will become the standard version for future releases. [16] [17]
Hogan defended The Encore Cut, arguing "it wasn’t about being woke...it’s better without [those scenes]". Faiman possessed a mixed response, arguing that while re-edits to films are not unprecedented, "I think that screwing around with history, in the arts particularly, is not a good idea." [18] The Encore Cut received criticism from some fans [19] and media outlets, including The Sydney Morning Herald and Seven News . [20] [21]
The film was a sleeper hit , grossing US$328 million [5] and surpassing Mad Max 2 as the highest-grossing Australian film at the worldwide box office. [22]
Crocodile Dundee opened with a record A$ 2,047,026 in its first week in Australia. [23] It went on to gross A$47,707,045 at the box office in Australia [24] and was the highest-grossing film of all time there after 11 weeks, surpassing E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial . [22] It was also the highest-grossing film of all-time in New Zealand, with a gross of $5.1 million. [25]
A number of minor changes were made to the film for its US release, [4] [26] where it was released theatrically by Paramount Pictures in September 1986. The film debuted at number one , grossing US$ 8 million in its opening weekend, [27] [28] and it remained at number one for nine weeks. [29] It grossed US$174,803,506 at the U.S. and Canadian box office, [5] being the second-highest-grossing film that year for both the studio and at the United States box office. [30] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 46 million tickets in North America. [31] The film was the highest-grossing non-American film at the US box office. [22]
It opened in London and Dublin on 12 December 1986 and was the highest-grossing film to open at only one cinema in the West End of London where it grossed £163,990 in its first week at the Leicester Square Theatre , beating the house record. Similar to its performance in Australia, by its third week of release the film had broken its own record, increasing its gross at the Leicester Square Theatre to £173,053 for the week. [32] Its three-week gross of £463,460 was the biggest ever for a cinema in the UK at the time. [33] It opened nationwide in the UK on 9 January 1987 where it became number one nationally , where it stayed for eight weeks to become one of the highest-grossing films of all-time with a gross of £20 million. [32] [34] [35] [36] It was the highest-grossing film of all-time in Ireland, with a gross of $2.8 million. [37]
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 89% based on 37 reviews, and an average rating of 6.8/10. The critics' consensus reads: "Infectiously easygoing charm and a leading man in the role he was born to play help Crocodile Dundee make the most of its familiar fish-out-of-water premise". [38] On Metacritic the film has a score of 62 out of 100 based on reviews from 13 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". [39] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average rating of "B+" on an A+ to F scale. [40]
Roger Ebert gave the film 2 stars out of 4 and wrote: "All of the cliches are in the right places, most of the gags pay off and there are moments of real amusement as the Australian cowboy wanders around Manhattan as a naive sightseer. The problem is that there's not one moment of chemistry between the two stars: Paul Hogan as 'Crocodile' Dundee and Linda Kozlowski as the clever little rich girl. The movie feels curiously machine-made, as if they had all the right ingredients and simply forgot to add the animal magnetism". [41] Nina Darnton of The New York Times thought that Paul Hogan was "delightful" in the title role, that the screenplay was "witty, with a fine sense of irony and the gift at poking fun at its own conceits", and that "Linda Kozlowski plays the reporter, Sue, very well", virtues which "go a long way toward compensating for the film's illogical plot and set-up situations". [42] Variety stated that director Peter Faiman "has problems with the pacing and a script (by Hogan and longtime TV colleague Ken Shadie) that has its flat, dull spots. Hogan is comfortable enough playing the wry, irreverent, amiable Aussie that seems close to his own persona, and teams well with Kozlowski, who radiates lots of charm, style and spunk". [43] Dave Kehr of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 3 stars out of 4 and wrote: "Handsomely directed by Peter Faiman, the film punches most of the right buttons at most of the right times and emerges as an effective crowd-pleaser". [44] [45] Paul Attanasio of The Washington Post said that the film "has a double 'fish out of water' structure—first she's the fish, then he's the fish—but the movie doesn't go anywhere with it, mostly because the characters are such nullities ... There's no drama in 'Crocodile Dundee' because there's no real conflict between these characters". [46] Michael Wilmington of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film "is nothing you can examine deeply or mull over afterward. It's simply an expert crowd-pleaser. It has such a sure, easy, confident touch that it's almost failure-proof—like a tip of the hat, a sip of beer, a quick, golden 'G'day'". [47] [48] Monthly Film Bulletin called it "as dull and lumbering as its hero". [49]
Although Crocodile Dundee was a hit both in Australia and abroad, it became controversial with some Australian critics and audiences who resented the image of Australians as being ocker . [50] Robert Hughes complained in 2000 that to Americans "Crocodile Dundee is a work of social realism", giving them a "'Wild West' fantasy" about Australia. [51] David Droga said in 2018, however, that "there has been no better ad for Australia than that movie". [52]
Accolades
[ edit ]
Award
Category
Subject
Result
Nominated
Tim Chau
A sequel titled Crocodile Dundee II was released in 1988.
A second sequel titled Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles was released in 2001.
"Crocodile Dundee" . Australia: Classification Board. 7 January 1986. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
"Crocodile Dundee" . United Kingdom: BBFC. 24 September 1986. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
^ a b c David Stratton, The Avocado Plantation: Boom and Bust in the Australian Film Industry, Pan MacMillan, 1990 p335–338
^ Baxter p29
"'Cop' Knocks 'Croc's Door". Variety . 1 July 1987. p. 36.
"1986 Domestic Grosses" . Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
"Crocodile Dundee (1986)" . Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
"Odeon First Choice For "Crocodile" Dundee (advertisement)". Screen International . 10 January 1987. p. 3.
"UK Leaders Nationwide". Screen International . 17 January 1987. p. 35.
"UK Leaders Nationwide". Screen International . 7 March 1987. p. 21.
"UK Top 50 Films in 1987". Screen International . 2 January 1988. p. 10.
"Ireland flocks to the flicks". Screen International . 25 April 1997. p. 27.
Ebert, Roger (26 September 1986). "Crocodile Dundee" . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 14 September 2019.
^ Darnton, Nina (26 September 1986). "Film: 'Crocodile Dundee'". The New York Times . C6.
^ "Film Reviews: Crocodile Dundee". Variety . 23 April 1986. 16.
Paul Attanasio (4 October 1986). "Crocodile Dundee" . The Washington Post .
^ Wilmington, Michael (25 September 1986). "Charm of 'Crocodile Dundee'". Los Angeles Times . Part VI, p. 1, 3.
Stratton, David (21 January 1987). "More About 'Crocodile' Plus Passing Glance at Other Ozpics". Variety . p. 34.
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Intrigued by the near-death experience of the rugged hunter, Michael J. "Crocodile" Dundee, after a close encounter with a monstrous saltwater crocodile, the New York City reporter, Sue Charlton, travels to Australia, to meet the legend in person. There, in the dusty hamlet of Walkabout Creek and the formidable outback, dangerous situations and unforeseen romantic complications await; however, Sue already knows that nothing compares to the urban jungle of the great Big Apple. So, like a fish out of water, Mick leaves Australia for the first time in his life for Manhattan's concrete maze, where he comes face-to-face with the complexities of modern life. But, will the unpretentious bushman ever adapt to the big city?
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250,000+ Ratings
A New York reporter heads to Australia to interview the living legend Mike Dundee (Paul Hogan). When she finally locates him, she is so taken with him that she brings him back with her to New York. In New York, Mike Dundee is amazed by the wonders of the city and the interesting people there.
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Crocodile Dundee
Critics Consensus
Infectiously easygoing charm and a leading man in the role he was born to play help Crocodile Dundee make the most of its familiar fish-out-of-water premise.
Critics Reviews
Nigel Andrews
Financial Times
The vote for the movie is a vote for human beings in a screen age elsewhere engulfed by ducks, chimps, puppets or aliens, and a vote for the "special effects" of a credible hero an: large in a credibly unnerving environment.
Dec 15, 2020
Full Review
David Robinson
Times (UK)
[Crocodile Dundee] serves to demonstrate how enthusiastically the public will still respond to comedy of die most simple, good-natured, old-fashioned soft -- and to a star of human scale.
Dec 15, 2020
Full Review
Bob Thomas
Associated Press
Crocodile Dundee demonstrates that Australians have a talent for comedy as well. It's a joyful movie, full of the wonder of vintage Frank Capra, with an ingenuous hero plunked down in the big, bad city.
Apr 1, 2019
Full Review
Dan Webster
Spokesman-Review (Washington)
Sure, it's predictable. But this comedy about an Australian mountain man at sea in the wilds of New York is saved by the sure hand of director Peter Faiman... and, last but not least, the acting charms of Paul Hogan.
Rated: 3.5/4
Full Review
Kristin Battestella
InSession Film
The classic New York scenery is also now sentimental, and multiple viewings are needed to pick up all the visual gags and winking bemusements culminating in a surprisingly pleasing subway confession.
Jul 25, 2023
Rated: 3/4
audience reviews
william s
I watched Crocodile Dundee for the first time the other day and was genuinely surprised by how little plot there is.
The premise, she’s writing a story about Dundee. This barely functions beyond giving her an excuse to hop over to Australia and then haul him back to New York. The film seems blissfully uninterested in fleshing this out any further.
Really, it plays like an hour and a half of fish-out-of-water gags, loosely stitched together with a love story and an undercooked love triangle.
Rated 2/5 Stars •
02/19/25
Rated 3.5/5 Stars •
12/25/24
Yoosik Ethan O
Leonard Maltin once said something along the lines of , ‘in a world of rehashes and rip-off’s , you sometimes get a rare fresh and original gem like Crocodile Dundee’. When I first saw it, I wasn’t familiar with him, but he grew on me as the film went on, like that old pal that’s so much fun to hang with. A fun time that gets even better when Dundee goes to NY with all the hilarious fish out of water scenarios. And that ending in the subway. I dare you to find an ending more happy and emotional than that one!
Rated 4.5/5 Stars •
11/11/24
Full Review
Audience Member
I do really like this movie, but it is a bit dated, and it did get kind of boring at some parts, but it is still something you should watch.
also to the guy who wrote the review saying "Australians must hate this franchise", mate, have you ever MET us Aussie blokes? I'm Australian and I like this movie.
Rated 3.5/5 Stars •
06/13/24
Full Review
Chance H
I'm shocked the audience reviews are so low. It's a funny, fish out of water movie.
Rated 4/5 Stars •
03/23/24
Full Review
Forged S
"That's not a knife... THAT'S a knife."
I'm sure if they were to remake 'Crocodile' Dundee today, they'd probably make a wacky, "fish out of water" romp. "Look at this idiot Australian doing stupid backwoods stuff, isn't it funny?" But, is that what the movie is about? Not really. Kinda? If anything, the movie's plot has more in common with a romantic comedy, than that of an antics-filled comedy. Plus, Mick, the titular character, represents the downtrodden and misunderstood. People in New York view his simple nature and lack of understanding, particularly of modern culture in the City, as something worth teasing and belittling. Yet, it's his genuine kindness that makes the character so appealing. Also, Mick is far from "stupid." Calling Mick stupid 'cause he doesn't know what a bidet is, is like making fun of a fish 'cause they can't walk on land.
Rated 3.5/5 Stars •
01/10/24
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Synopsis
A New York reporter heads to Australia to interview the living legend Mike Dundee (Paul Hogan). When she finally locates him, she is so taken with him that she brings him back with her to New York. In New York, Mike Dundee is amazed by the wonders of the city and the interesting people there.
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8 | what is the limit of resolution of the human eye in micrometers | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-02653-w | Advertisement
The optics of the human eye at 8.6 µm resolution
The optics of the human eye at 8.6 µm resolution
Abstract
Ocular optics is normally estimated based on up to 2,600 measurement points within the pupil of the eye, which implies a lateral resolution of approximately 175 µm for a 9 mm pupil diameter. This is because information below this resolution is not thought to be relevant or even possible to obtain with current measurement systems. In this work, we characterize the in vivo ocular optics of the human eye with a lateral resolution of 8.6 µm, which implies roughly 1 million measurement points for a pupil diameter of 9 mm. The results suggest that the normal human eye presents a series of hitherto unknown optical patterns with amplitudes between 200 and 300 nm and is made up of a series of in-phase peaks and valleys. If the results are analysed at only high lateral frequencies, the human eye is also found to contain a whole range of new information. This discovery could have a great impact on the way we understand some fundamental mechanisms of human vision and could be of outstanding utility in certain fields of ophthalmology.
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Introduction
Knowledge of the optics of the human eye has allowed us to broaden the understanding of the mechanism of human vision. It has led the current field of ophthalmology to a highly technical level where customized treatments and instrumentation-based diagnostics have become the norm. However, measuring the optics of the eye is not a trivial task. In 1961, Smirnov developed an advanced version of the Scheiner disk 1 to subjectively estimate the optical imperfections of the eye, also called aberrations or phase map, in a process named ocular aberrometry 2 . At that time, he anticipated that his invention would have no practical application, stating that “…the calculations take 10–12 h […] Therefore, it is unlikely that such detailed measurements will ever be adopted by practitioner-ophthalmologists.” He did not foresee that advances in computer science would greatly speed up calculations and that scientists would find the measurement of ocular aberrations an invaluable tool, progressing from a research instrument to a clinical application system. Indeed, some of modern ophthalmology could not be understood without the deep understanding of ocular optics that aberrometers have made possible.
Currently, there are several options for the estimation of ocular aberrations based on different techniques, i.e., Hartmann-Shack sensors (H–S) 3 , pyramidal sensors (P-S) 4 , interferometric techniques 5 , laser ray tracing 6 and curvature sensors 7 . Techniques based on H–S sensors are the most widely used in ophthalmology. However, they are restricted to sampling the phase map at up to 2,600 measurement points within the pupil of the eye (approximately 175 µm of lateral resolution for a 9 mm pupil diameter 8 ) and also suffer from a limited dynamic range 9 . These limitations constrain its usefulness in abnormal eyes, which are precisely the most interesting to characterize 10 . Currently, P-S offers the highest resolution in ocular aberrometry, up to 45,000 measurement points (approximately 37 µm theoretical lateral resolution for a 9 mm pupil diameter) 8 . Nevertheless, P-S generally suffers from non-linear behaviour, diffraction effects between its different pupil images, and a relatively limited dynamic range as a result of the trade-off between the slope accuracy and achievable spatial resolution 11 . These drawbacks cause the phase maps obtained to be somewhat fuzzy, and the details that can be visualized do not match the theoretical resolution 8 . Therefore, the H–S sensor is still considered the gold standard in ophthalmology.
Actual knowledge about the optics of the normal human eye can be roughly summarized as follows: it has relatively smooth optics with no optical patterns that diverge too greatly from a conical shape with some astigmatism. Its phase map is usually expressed as a decomposition of orthonormal polynomials within a circular pupil, in particular Zernike polynomials 12 , where most of the deformations can be described with the first two to three dozen terms 13 , 14 . Thus, up to 66 Zernike terms are usually considered sufficient to represent ocular optics with high quality even in pathological eyes, assuming a loss of high frequencies that is not considered to hide any relevant information 15 , 16 . However, some authors have already drawn attention to the inefficiency of this approach 17 .
In this work, we characterize the ocular optics of living human eyes with a lateral resolution of approximately 8.55 µm. This implies more than a million points of measurement for a pupil with a diameter of 9 mm, orders of magnitude higher than the current gold standard offered by the H–S sensor. We show evidence that when ocular optics are measured at a sufficiently high resolution, a series of phase patterns emerge. We hypothesize that this finding could have a great impact on some current ophthalmic surgical procedures and on the clarification of some fundamental mechanisms of human vision.
Methods
The phase sensor
To measure the phase map, we use the wavefront phase imaging (WFPI) sensor, which offers high resolution and has been used with success in other fields, such as semiconductor silicon metrology 18 . WFPI captures two intensity images around the pupil plane of the instrument using a standard image sensor, i.e., a charge-coupled device (CCD). Then, the phase gradients along two orthogonal directions are recovered from both the captured intensity distributions. A standard WFPI setup for transparent samples is depicted in Fig. 1 a. A collimated beam (with an almost flat phase map) from a light-emitting diode (LED) is used as the light source. In principle, any type of light can be used, but the use of incoherent light has the advantage of not producing speckle, which worsens the performance of the WFPI and should be avoided. The light beam passes through the sample, which modifies the shape of the beam according to the optical behaviour of the sample, thus generating a distorted outgoing phase map. An imaging telescope composed of a pair of converging lenses, \({L}_{1}\) and \({L}_{2}\), translates the plane of the sample, \(P\), into a conjugated plane, \(P^{\prime}\). The two required intensity images, \({I}_{1}\) and \({I}_{2}\), are acquired around \(P^{\prime}\) in equidistant planes along the z-axis. Choosing focal lengths of \({L}_{1}\) and \({L}_{2}\) appropriately allows us to adjust the sample size to the sensor size. This optical setup is similar to some proposals for curvature sensors 7 ; however, the mathematical treatment of the data in WFPI is completely different, as explained below.
Figure 1
(a) Basic optical setup of the wavefront phase intensity (WFPI) technique for transparent samples; (b) graphical representation of Eq. ( 1 ), (c) graphical representation of Eq. ( 2 ). P pupil plane, L lens, I intensity image, CCD charge-coupled device, P’ conjugated pupil plane.
Let \(H(x,y)\) be a continuous two-dimensional function defined for positive values of \(x,y\) and taking only positive numbers as values, and let \(V\) be an auxiliary transformation function acting on \(H\) as follows:
$$V({H}_{y,\alpha })(x)=\underset{0}{\overset{x}{\int }}H(x,\mathit{tan}\left(\alpha \right)x+y)\,\,for\,\, \left\{\begin{array}{c}x\in [0,\infty )\\ \forall y\in [0,\infty )\\ \forall \alpha \in \left\{-\pi /2, \pi /2\right\}\end{array}\right.$$
(1)
where \(\alpha\) is a variable composed of a set of \(k\) discrete angles uniformly distributed in the interval \([-\pi /2, \pi /2]\), each defining a line with its origin in \(y\) and an angular separation from the \(x-axis\) equal to \(\alpha\) (see Fig. 1 b). Then, for each pair of values \(y\) and \(\alpha\), \(V({H}_{y,\alpha })\)(x) is a one-dimensional function that represents the accumulated \(H(x,y)\) values along the defined line of \(H\). The graphical representation of \(V(x)\) for particular values of (\(y,\alpha )\) is similar to one of the coloured curves, green or red, in Fig. 1 c.
Let \(D\) be another auxiliary function that represents the distance on the abscissa axis between two unidimensional continuous functions represented by \(f\left(x\right)\) and \(g\left(x\right)\), defined for positive values of \(x\) and yielding only positive numbers. Figure 1 c shows a graphical representation of \(D\), which can be mathematically described as:
$$D\left(f,g\right)\left(x\right)=\underset{x}{\mathrm{argmin}}(f\left(x\right)-y)- \underset{x}{\mathrm{argmin}}\left(g\left(x\right)-y\right)\,\,for\,\, y\in \left[0,\infty \right).$$
(2)
Let \({I}_{1}\left(x,y\right)\) and \({I}_{2}(x,y)\) be two continuous bi-dimensional functions representing two different intensity maps from which it is desired to recover the phase map. The phase gradients in the horizontal and vertical directions, \({\varphi }_{h}\) and \({\varphi }_{v}\), are directly related to \({I}_{1}\mathrm{and }{I}_{2}\) as follows:
$${\varphi }_{h}\left(x,y\right)=\frac{1}{k}\sum_{\alpha =- \frac{\pi }{2}}^{\alpha =\frac{\pi }{2}}\mathit{cos}\left(\alpha \right)D\left(V({I}_{1\left(y,\alpha \right)},V({I}_{2\left(y,\alpha \right)}\right)\left(x\right)$$
(3)
$${\varphi }_{v}\left(x,y\right)=\frac{1}{k}\sum_{\alpha =- \frac{\pi }{2}}^{\alpha =\frac{\pi }{2}}\mathit{sin}\left(\alpha \right)D\left(V({I}_{1\left(y,\alpha \right)},V({I}_{2\left(y,\alpha \right)}\right)\left(x\right)$$
(4)
where \(k\) is the number of discrete angles considered, defined as:
$$k=\left|-\frac{\pi }{2},\frac{\pi }{2}\right|$$
(5)
Note that the units of \({\varphi }_{h}\) and \({\varphi }_{v}\) correspond to those of the input intensity images, i.e., pixels. To convert these units into physical units, i.e., metres, we apply a factor that takes into account the pixel size, \(s\), and the distance between the images, 2 \(\Delta z\):
$${\varphi }_{h}^{^{\prime}}\left(x,y\right)=\frac{{s}^{2}}{2\Delta z}{\varphi }_{h}\left(x,y\right)$$
(6)
$${\varphi }_{v}^{^{\prime}}\left(x,y\right)=\frac{{s}^{2}}{2\Delta z}{\varphi }_{v}\left(x,y\right)$$
(7)
Finally, numerical integration is required to obtain the phase map from its derivatives. In our case, we use the algorithm developed by Talmi and Ribak 19 ; however, very similar results can be obtained using other methods 20 .
For simplicity, the above mathematical equations have been made assuming continuous functions, but the same reasoning can be followed for a real implementation where \({I}_{1}\mathrm{and }{I}_{2}\) are discrete and finite intensity image maps. In this case, it would be necessary to apply affine transformations to functions D and V to be able to deal with the discrete nature of the real intensity images, which can be done computationally in an intuitive way through interpolation. Regarding the value of \(k\), we did not find a significant increase in the precision of the algorithm when \(k>120\) for resolution \(\le 4096\times 4096\) and pixel size \(\approx 9\mu m\). However, with other configurations, the optimal value of k should be studied. This is a generalized and formal explanation of the WFPI basis, and its computational implementation is simpler. We encourage the interested reader to consult the step-by-step explanation of the algorithm in patent PCT/EP2018/052533 21 , which is more focused on the computational and discrete aspects of the methodology.
The apparatus
Measurements were performed in a custom-developed double-pass optical setup incorporating a WFPI implementation. Its current configuration, outlined in Fig. 2 , has 4 different channels:
(1)
The illumination channel contains a single-mode superluminescent diode (SLD) (QSDM-780-15D, QPhotonics, LLC, Ann Arbor, USA) with a central wavelength (\(\lambda\)) of 780 nm and a spectral bandwidth of 20 nm. It works in combination with a control unit (CLD1015, Thorlabs, Newton, USA) that allows the maximum emission time to be set at 35 ms. The microscope objective focuses light into a pinhole that removes aberrant rays. Then, an achromatic lens is placed with its back focal point in the pinhole to obtain a collimated (nearly parallel) beam. After passing through a cold mirror and a non-polarizing 10:90 beam splitter, the beam is directed towards the eye with a beam diameter of approximately 800 µm. An offset of the beam from the centre of the pupil is introduced to avoid corneal reflections in the WFPI intensity images. The maximum permissible exposure in the pupil plane for 35 ms at \(\lambda\)=780 nm is 2.4 mW, which is calculated using the safety limits of the ANSI standards for the wavelength used 22 . We measured 0.78 mW in the pupil plane, which is well below the ANSI safety standards.
(2)
The pupil monitoring channel allows the position of the subject to be monitored during the measurements. It consists of a monochrome camera (UI-3370SE-M-GL, IDS, Obersulm, Germany) in combination with a camera lens that conjugates the pupil plane of the system with that of the camera. A ring with 18 small LEDs of \(\lambda\)=630 nm placed before the eye provides the illumination for this channel. Its light power measured in the corneal plane is orders of magnitude below the ANSI standard safety limits for the wavelength used.
(3)
The science channel. The retina spreads the incoming light from channel 1 from back to front. When the dispersed light beam emerges from the eye, it will carry the phase information for the entire eye, including the cornea and the lens. This beam is guided through a variety of converging lenses to adjust the beam size to the WFPI camera size and to correct for defocus in the Badal system in a range of [−10.00 +10.00] D. As the presence of defocus will change the size of the intensity images in the WFPI, its correction by the Badal system allows us to provide an almost constant lateral resolution between eyes with different spherical refractions. A monochromatic camera positioned in the retinal plane (UI-3370SE-M-GL, IDS, Obersulm, Germany) allows us to estimate the Badal position that offers the best spherical correction by maximizing the central intensity of the focused light beam. In the event of an error in the correction process of the Badal system, it is shown by specific measurements that residual defocus values can be characterized by the WFPI sensor in a range of ±6.00 D. An aperture is placed in a retina plane to reduce reflections within the system. To capture two intensity images around the pupil plane of the eye at a separation of 13.33 mm, a small system composed of a 50:50 beam splitter and a mirror divides the science beam into two parts, which are simultaneously captured by a low-noise, 11-megapixel cooled camera (Bigeye G-1100 Cool, Allied Vision Technologies, Stadtroda, Germany). The magnification of the apparatus is approximately 1.0523, and each pixel in the estimated phase map represents approximately 8.553 µm in the plane of the pupil of the eye. This channel was optically designed to prevent spurious light from reaching the science camera.
(4)
The fixation target channel consists of a modified liquid crystal display (LCD) retro-illuminated monochromatically at \(\lambda\)=620 nm. The projected image is a binary Maltese cross that can be more clearly observed by the experimental subject once the Badal system has made the spherical correction. The centre of the cross is coincident with the optical axis of the system, so that when the subject fixes on it, the optical axis of the system is aligned with the line of sight. Its light power measured in the corneal plane is orders of magnitude below the ANSI standard safety limits for the wavelength used.
Figure 2
Schematic diagram of a custom-made optical system with 4 different channels: (1) the illumination channel (pink line); (2) the pupil monitoring channel (yellow line); (3) the science channel (red line); and (4) the fixation target channel (green line). NIR near infrared light, MO microscope objective, PH pinhole, L lens, CM cold mirror, PO photographic objective, BS beam splitter, M mirror, AP aperture, H–S Hartmann–Shack sensor, VIS visible light.
For calibration and validation of the system (see next section), an H–S sensor (WFS20-5C, Thorlabs, Newton, USA) and/or a deformable mirror (DM) (DM140A-35-UP01; Boston Micromachines, Boston, USA) were placed in the pupil planes within the system, as depicted in Fig. 2 .
The optical setup was mounted on an x–y–z translation stage that was manually controlled by a joystick to align the pupil of the eye with the instrument using the pupil-monitoring channel. A conventional ophthalmic chinrest intended to position the experimental subject was attached to the table that supported the entire instrument.
All the optoelectronic and mechanical elements of the apparatus were automatically controlled and synchronized using custom-built software in C + + . All processing of the H–S and WFPI intensity images was performed using custom-built software in MATLAB (v2019a, MathWorks Inc., Natick, USA).
The WFPI software provides the phase map within the actual pupil of the measured element, which can be circular or not. When measuring at a high resolution, the fit to the Zernike polynomials does not provide a good physical representation of the object under study 17 . Nevertheless, in all cases, a Zernike adjustment was made for compatibility with the H–S sensor used for validation and to split the overall phase error into the main Zernike components. The required circular pupil defined for this fitting was the largest one inscribed within the real pupil when not specified otherwise.
Calibration and validation
For the calibration of the prototype, a custom-designed eye model, composed of an artificial retina rotating at 300 rpm, an artificial cornea (an achromatic doublet with a focal length of 40 mm), and an artificial pupil with a 7 mm diameter, was placed in the measurement position. All the components of the eye model shared the same optical axis. Its emmetropic condition, when needed, was calibrated with a shearing interferometer (SI100, Thorlabs, Newton, USA). A series of defocuses was induced by increasing or decreasing the distance between the retina and the cornea of the artificial eye, in a range of approximately -7.00 to 7.00 D in 13 steps. The defocus status of the artificial eye was determined by independent measurement (outside the apparatus) with the H–S sensor using a small optical assembly designed for this purpose. Additionally, cylindrical trial lenses of + 0.50, + 1.00, + 2.00 and + 3.00 D with axes of 90, 45, and 22° were centred in front of the emmetropic artificial eye with back vertex distances of 5 mm. The measurements were recorded with respect to the pupil plane and compared to the powers of the trial lenses, transferring the obtained power from the pupil plane to the trial lens plane. For both conditions, defocus and astigmatism, the phase map was estimated using the WFPI sensor by taking 3 consecutive measurements. The defocus or astigmatism in diopters was calculated from the obtained phase maps by decomposing it into Zernike polynomials and using the methodology proposed by Salmon et al. 23 , with the difference that half of the cylindrical value was not added to the value of the sphere to facilitate the determination of the origin of possible errors.
The repeatability of the instrument was tested by using the “continuous”-mode capturing option of the science camera, which acquires an intensity image approximately once per second (even though the exposure time can be much shorter). One hundred consecutive images were taken with the eye model with a 7 mm pupil diameter in which a slight fixed defocus was induced by manually moving the position of the retina. For the reproducibility tests, we made measurements under the same conditions, but two technicians took turns performing the measurements alternately, misaligning and realigning the device between each measurement. The results are reported in terms of the root-mean-square (RMS) error. Additionally, each individual phase map was decomposed into the first 66 Zernike polynomials according to the OSA standards 24 without considering the piston or the tip/tilt. The analysis in terms of the RMS error is shown for low-order (Zernikes 3 to 5), medium-order (Zernikes 6 to 14), and high-order (Zernikes from 15 to 65) aberrations.
For validation in the presence of higher frequencies (high-order aberrations), a DM was placed in a pupil plane (see Fig. 2 ) and directed with 800 phase maps with amplitudes uniformly ranging between 0.35 and 2.8 µm in 0.35 µm steps. The phase maps that fed the DM were composed of the random values of the first 66 Zernike polynomials (piston and tip/tilt were not included). For this test, the H–S sensor was placed in a pupil plane within the setup (see Fig. 2 ) to simultaneously estimate the phase. The pupil diameter was restricted to 4 mm due to the small size of the aperture of the DM (4.4 mm). To make comparisons between the sensors possible, the phase maps obtained by both sensors were resampled to the DM input resolution by bilinear interpolation. The images in each measurement were bias-subtracted and flat-fielded (with the DM in its resting position). The results in terms of RMS errors were statistically analysed in Microsoft Excel 2016 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA) by means of the two-tailed Student’s t-test (two-sided).
In vivo tests
Finally, five living human eyes belonging to five subjects aged between 27 and 38 years were tested monocularly with the apparatus and with the H–S sensor placed in the system, as depicted in Fig. 2 , in order to simultaneously obtain a reference map. The exposure time for each of the measurements was 30 ms. First, the repeatability/reproducibility in a real eye was estimated by taking 20 “consecutive” measurements, allowing the volunteer to blink between measurements, with a time between measurements of approximately 3 s. Second, simple measurements were taken with the apparatus for the remaining 4 eyes. All the eyes tested had a best corrected visual acuity of 20/20 or better and had no observable pathology. These eyes were not chosen for having any specific characteristics and correspond to volunteers from the research laboratory itself. As the instrument is capable of taking images in 30 ms, cycloplegia was not used, and nor was a bit-bar required to take the measurements. The images in each measurement were bias-subtracted and flat-fielded. The subjects were aligned with the instrument using the x–y–z stage, while the natural pupil was viewed on a monitor using the pupil camera. As in the previous case, a simple estimation of the sphero-cylindrical correction was carried out using the same methodology as described above.
When the results of both sensors, the WFPI and H–S, were compared, the phase map obtained by WFPI was resampled to the H–S resolution by bilinear interpolation, and both maps, the H–S and WFPI, were decomposed into the first 66 Zernike polynomials. Since the pupils of real eyes are not perfectly circular, the H–S edge microlenses and their corresponding areas in WFPI were removed from processing to ensure the measurement of an area completely covered by the microlenses.
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universitario de Canarias, was conducted in accordance with the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki, all volunteers were acquainted with the nature and possible consequences of the study, and provided written informed consent. Also, all subjects gave their informed consent for the publication.
Results
Calibration and validation
The apparatus was able to recover the defocus introduced by the artificial eye with good precision, as shown in Fig. 3 a. The error bars are not visible because the standard deviation was very low in all cases. The mean error was 0.04 ± 0.06 D (range [0.003 0.12]). Regarding the cylinder, introduced by means of + 0.50, + 1.00, + 2.00 and + 3.00 D cylindrical trial lenses with 90°, 45°, and 22° axes, the results are shown in Fig. 3 b for all the measurement conditions. The mean absolute error in the cylinder power was 0.05 ± 0.05 D (range [0 0.18]). The worst measurements were clearly those corresponding to the 2.00 D cylinder oriented at 90 degrees (error of 0.18 ± 0.005 D). We do not know why these specific measurements were not as accurate as the rest of the measurements at 90 degrees or with the 2.00 D lens. The mean error in the axis orientation was 1.67 ± 2.06 degrees (range [0 6.6]). This seems reasonably accurate, as the trial lenses were oriented following a manual procedure using the pupil camera as a reference. Small angular differences between the science camera and the pupil camera could also explain this apparent inaccuracy.
Figure 3
Calibration of the apparatus for different induced defocuses and astigmatisms. (a) Defocus induced in artificial eyes with different axial lengths versus defocus recovered by the apparatus. (b) Different cylindrical trial lenses in different orientations and their measurement with the apparatus. Three different measurements were taken in each condition, and the data were for a 7 mm pupil diameter.
Calculations of the repeatability were performed using 100 consecutive measurements on an artificial eye with a 7 mm pupil diameter and yielded an average phase RMS of 0.984 ± 0.014 µm, with a maximum RMS difference between any two phase maps of 0.063 µm. When the obtained phase maps were decomposed into the first 66 Zernike polynomials, the low-order RMS (Zernikes 3 to 5) was 0.57 ± 0.008 µm, with a maximum difference of 0.037 µm. The medium-order RMS (Zernikes 6 to 14) was 0.051 ± 0.004 µm, with a maximum difference of 0.019 µm. The high-order RMS (Zernikes 15 to 65) was 0.01 ± 0.001 µm, with a maximum difference of 0.005 µm.
The reproducibility calculations performed on 100 measurements on an artificial eye with a 7 mm pupil diameter yielded an RMS of 1.024 ± 0.028 µm, with 0.129 µm being the maximum difference between any two phase maps. When the obtained phase maps were decomposed into the first 66 Zernike polynomials, the low-order RMS (Zernikes 3 to 5) was 0.599 ± 0.02 µm, with a maximum difference of 0.092 µm. The medium-order RMS (Zernikes 6 to 14) was 0.055 ± 0.008 µm, with a maximum difference of 0.036 µm. The high-order RMS (Zernikes 15 to 65) was 0.011 ± 0.002 µm, with a maximum difference of 0.009 µm.
Figure 4 shows the validation of the apparatus in the presence of high frequencies induced by a DM for a 4 mm pupil diameter. The RMS error was calculated for each of the measurements by subtracting the phase obtained with each sensor from the reference map. To make this operation possible, each measured phase map was resampled to the resolution of the reference map using bilinear interpolation. As shown in Fig. 4 a, both sensors, the H–S and WFPI, showed similar behaviour, with the WFPI being statistically (p < 0.05) more precise for amplitudes between 0.35 and 1.75 µm. No significant outliers were observed in either of the two sensors. Small errors with respect to the reference map may be due to the resampling process by interpolation, or they may have a component associated with inaccuracies in the characterization of the response of the microactuators for complex input maps 25 . In Fig. 4 b, the first row shows the case in which the WFPI sensor yielded its best result (amplitude or peak to valley (P–V) 2.45 µm; RMS errors of 0.036 and 0.076 µm for the WFPI and H–S sensors, respectively), while the second row shows its worst result (P–V 2.1 µm; RMS errors of 0.202 and 0.124 µm for the WFPI and H–S sensors, respectively). The third row shows the case in which the H–S sensor gave its worst result (P–V 1.75 µm; RMS errors of 0.048 and 0.167 µm for the WFPI and H–S sensors, respectively). We do not show the best case for the H–S sensor, since WFPI also showed a very good result (P–V 1.05 µm; RMS errors of 0.047 and 0.032 µm for the WFPI and H–S sensors, respectively). The first column of Fig. 4 b shows the result of the WFPI sensor at full resolution. When measured at a high resolution, a mesh-like lattice emerges as a background image, as seen in Fig. 4 b. This background is compatible with the shape of the microactuators, so their individual influences on the phase can be estimated.
Figure 4
Instrument validation results using the WFPI sensor, a deformable mirror (DM), and a Hartmann-Shack sensor (H–S). (a) For a variety of different amplitudes or peak-to-valley values, the average root-mean-square (RMS) errors of the residual phase map calculated by subtracting the measured phase maps from the reference maps and the error bars corresponding to the standard deviation are shown. An asterisk, *, indicates a statistically significant difference between the two sensors (p-value < 0.05). (b) The first row shows the case in which the WFPI sensor yielded its best result, the second row shows the case in which the WFPI sensor yielded its worst result, and the third row shows the case in which the H–S sensor yielded its worst result. The first column shows the high-resolution result of the WFPI sensor. The data are for a 4 mm pupil diameter.
As a first step, repeatability/reproducibility was estimated in a real eye. It was a myopic eye with a spherical equivalent of approximately −6.21 D (eye #MVO in Figs. 5 and 6 ) and a naturally unusually large pupil size. 20 relatively consecutive measurements were taken. The subject was instructed to blink between measurements, with the approximate time between each being 3 s. As the measurements were performed without pharmacological dilation of the pupil, its diameter ranged from 7.3 to 7.7 mm during the test. Therefore, the analysis was restricted to a pupil diameter of 7.3 mm for all measurements. Piston and tip/tilt were removed from the measurements. The analysis of all obtained phase maps yielded a total RMS of 11.028 ± 0.32 µm, with the maximum difference between any two phase maps being 1.25 µm. When the obtained phase maps were decomposed into the first 66 Zernike polynomials, the low-order RMS (Zernikes 3 to 5) was 6.198 ± 0.196 µm, with a maximum difference of 0.801 µm. The medium-order RMS (Zernikes 6 to 14) was 0.109 ± 0.01 µm, with a maximum difference of 0.034 µm. The high-order RMS (Zernikes 15 to 65) was 0.012 ± 0.002 µm, with a maximum difference of 0.013 µm. These measurements can be understood as halfway between repeatability and reproducibility since accommodation is not paralyzed. Additionally, its activation could explain the variability in the total RMS and in the pupil diameter.
Figure 5
Measurements of 5 real eyes with the device. (a) Recovered phase map with the WFPI and with the H–S as well as its difference map together with its RMS value. On the right, the comparison of Zernike polynomials can be seen. For clarity, the defocus value (Zernike 4) is set to zero on the graph, and the numerical value is provided, along with the sphero-cylindrical refraction, in the upper box of each individual graph. (b) Example of intensity images captured with the WFPI sensor, corresponding to eye #MVO.
Figure 6
Measurements of 5 real eyes (the same as in Fig. 5 ) with the device and its analysis with a lateral resolution of 8.55 µm. The first column is the phase map retrieved by the apparatus. The second column is a group of 3 sub-images comprising the WFPI result within a circular pupil and without piston/tip/tilt, its fit to the first 66 Zernike polynomials, and the difference between the two. The third column is the same difference phase map as above but with its own colour map or scale. The fourth column is the first phase map of the second column, to which a Gaussian filter with sigma = 0.5 was applied, thus revealing the high-frequency components of the phase. Finally, the last column indicates the diameter of the pupil when considering a circular pupil (the largest inscribed pupil).
Figure 5 a shows the comparative measurements of both sensors in the apparatus, the WFPI and H–S, for the 5 different real eyes, both as phase maps together with a difference map and in terms of the Zernike polynomial decomposition. In the latter, the defocus value (Zernike 4 or Z(2,0)) was set to zero to allow a better visualization of the graph, as defocus was the predominant component in almost all the eyes. Nevertheless, its value is shown in the data included in the graph, which also shows the sphero-cylindrical refraction of the eyes calculated from the data of both sensors. To make these comparisons, the WFPI measurement in circular pupils was resampled at the resolution of the H–S sensor. The differences in RMS between the two sensors were on the order of those observed during the device validation process. However, in eye #MSC, a clinically significant difference (> 0.25 D) in refraction was detected in both the cylinder and defocus. We do not have a clear explanation of why this difference occurred, although we verified that our custom software for H–S data treatment detects high oblique astigmatisms poorly. Figure 5 b shows an example of what the intensity images captured by the instrument look like, corresponding to eye #MVO with a pupil diameter of 7.3 mm. Although we have not verified this, we believe that this type of intensity image could be useful in the diagnosis or monitoring of ocular pathologies that modify the amplitude, such as the presence of cataracts.
All of the above leads us to Fig. 6 , which is the main result of this work. These are the same eyes and measurements as those displayed in Fig. 5 , but the entire phase maps were analysed in depth, making use of the whole available lateral resolution, approximately 8.55 µm. The first column, labelled “WFPI natural pupil”, shows the measurement result as it is returned by the apparatus. Note that this measurement was performed on the subject's natural pupil, which in no case turned out to be completely circular. As these measurements include the piston and tip/tilt, the details are masked by their high amplitudes. The second column, labelled “WFPI/66 Zernikes/Difference”, is made up of 3 sub-figures. The first sub-figure shows the previous result but within a circular pupil (the largest circular pupil inscribed within the natural pupil). In addition, the piston and tip/tilt have been removed. The second subfigure shows the fit to the first 66 Zernike polynomials. The third sub-figure shows the difference between the two previous phase maps together with its RMS. The third column, labelled “Difference (own scale)”, shows the difference between the phase map adjusted to Zernikes and without the adjustment with its own colour map, that is, the third sub-figure of column 2 but with its own scale. This last image represents the information that cannot be captured with a decomposition in terms of the first 66 Zernike polynomials (similar to the information that is usually provided by commercial aberrometers) and is the main contribution of this work. In all cases, an optical pattern of peaks and valleys emerges with an approximate amplitude between 200 and 300 nm. The case of eye #SC is remarkable, as there were 0.24 µm of RMS that could not be characterized with a decomposition in terms of the first 66 Zernike polynomials, which is a significant quantity for the human eye. Finally, the last column, labelled “High-pass filter”, shows the result of the first sub-image of the second column, to which a Gaussian filter of sigma 0.5 was applied to reveal the high-frequency components of the phase map. There were notable differences between the 5 eyes. While some sort of vertical line is observed in eye #MVO (the most myopic), this pattern is not present in the rest of the eyes. Although we cannot be sure of the origin of these lines, they are compatible with the molecular arrangement of some macular components, such as the xanthophilic pigment of the macula lutea, which is arranged in parallel lines 26 , and this could have somehow been transmitted to the recovered phase map. Its origin could also be originated in tensions of the posterior capsule. Future studies will be necessary to clarify the origin of these lines, since we have already ruled out instrumental effects. In eye #SBG, a filamentous structure with an amplitude on the order of 0.4 nm can be seen that would be compatible with a floater in the vitreous body. Eye #JTS, the most emmetropic, is perhaps the most striking due to its differences with respect to the rest, since a mottling can be observed that covers the entire pupil. We hypothesize that this finding may be related to some degree of dry eye. Applying high-pass filters is somewhat tricky, and different filters can be applied that reveal different phase components. We applied this filter specifically because we think it reveals the underlying optical pattern well in most eyes. However, for the interested reader, we provide the raw phase maps as additional data (column 1 of Fig. 6 ). We encourage alternative analyses.
Discussion
In this work, we provided strong evidence that ocular optics are more complex than previously assumed and, below the previous resolution limits, there is a large amount of information that until now has been unknown. To visualize the optics with a lateral resolution of approximately 8.55 µm, we used the WFPI sensor. An exhaustive calibration and validation of the WFPI with the apparatus was carried out, focusing on ocular measurements, using all the tools at our disposal, and improving (by including more tests) the methodology used for the validation of other ocular aberrometer proposals 9 , 27 . At this point, it should not matter which phase sensor is used, and in fact, the same results should be obtained using any other sensor (i.e., H–S) adapted to measure with a similar resolution, perhaps in smaller areas within the pupil to be able to achieve this lateral resolution.
In this small sample of 5 healthy eyes, an optical pattern in the 200–300 nm range was clearly revealed in all cases. Since the phase map represents the integration of all ocular structures, it is still too early to say exactly where this pattern comes from. The next step will be the construction of a prototype capable of measuring in real time (we have had difficulties in getting a camera capable of measuring in real time with the characteristics of the one used.) In this way, in combination with cycloplegia or not or by measuring pseudophakic patients, it could be estimated whether this pattern comes from the tear, the lens, the cornea, other ocular media, or the retina. However, in the repeatability measurements for the real eyes, this pattern was consistent among all measures, suggesting that it did not come from the tear. When a high-pass filter was applied, another series of details were revealed, different for each eye, for which we still do not have a clear explanation. Especially striking is the case of the most myopic eye, #MVO, where a series of parallel and vertical lines appeared that cross the pupil.
The scope of this discovery is unknown. Most likely, it will take years of clinical studies to learn how to interpret this new information, associate it with different pathologies or conditions, and determine whether it has a real clinical application or is just a curiosity. The applications of ocular aberrometry are ubiquitous: they include refractive surgery (i.e., LASIK) 28 , the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases 29 , myopia control 30 , intraocular lenses 31 , light-adjustable intraocular lenses 32 , objective refraction 33 , intraoperative aberrometry 34 , and vision science 35 . Additionally, combining a wavefront sensor with a compensating element, such as a liquid crystal spatial light modulator, has dramatically improved in vivo observations of the human retina 36 . It has also enabled the possibility of improved visual perception, so-called super-vision, which is a visual acuity far beyond the normal values 37 . Although all of these are potential applications of this finding, it would be pure speculation to say at this point that it will have a significant impact on any of them (however, we are optimistic about it).
It is important to note that we are not using a commercial H–S sensor built expressly for ophthalmic measurements but a general-purpose sensor. Additionally, resampling the high-resolution phase map to the H–S resolution may not exactly represent what an H–S sensor would detect. We believe that the small differences between the measurements of the two sensors can be justified in this way. While different approaches could be taken to improve this aspect, especially regarding interpolation, it would be difficult to justify this, as such approaches would appear purposefully made to make the results appear accurate. For this reason, we preferred to perform a simple bilinear interpolation for the comparisons. We believe that the existence of differences between the two sensors after an exhaustive validation of WFPI is also valuable information, and it may be behind the typical errors of H–S sensors applied in ophthalmology 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 . However, analysing in detail what the H–S is not capable of detecting would deviate too much from the main objective of this work, which is to show the phase map of the human eye with high lateral resolution, and it will be the subject of future studies.
Conclusion
In this work, we showed that when the optics of the human eye are measured at a lateral resolution of 8.55 µm, a series of optical patterns with a pattern of peaks and valleys that appear in an amplitude range of 200 to 300 nm are revealed. Furthermore, the phase map of the human eye was shown to be rich in high frequencies when a high-pass filter is applied to the result at a high resolution. This is the first time this finding has been described, and it could have a significant impact on our understanding of some fundamental mechanisms of human vision as well as outstanding utility in certain fields of ophthalmology.
Data availability
The data used to generate Fig. 6 are included for anyone to use at https://bitbucket.org/wooptix/wfpi_data . The rest of the data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article. These additional data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
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Smirnov, M. S. Measurement of wave aberration in the human eye. Biophysics (English translation of Biofizika) 6, 52–64 (1961).
Born, M. & Wolf, E. Principles of Optics, Sec. 9.2 (Pergamon, 1975).
Porter, J., Guirao, A., Cox, I. G. & Williams, D. R. Monochromatic aberrations of the human eye in a large population. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 18(8), 1793–1803 (2001).
Carvalho, L. A. Accuracy of Zernike polynomials in characterizing optical aberrations and the corneal surface of the eye. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46(6), 1915–1926 (2005).
Trujillo-Sevilla, J. M., Gonzalez, O. C., Bonaque-González, S., Gaudestad, J., & Ramos, J. R. High-resolution wave front phase sensor for silicon wafer metrology. in Photonic Instrumentation Engineering VI. Vol. 10925. 109250I. (International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2019).
Talmi, A. & Ribak, E. N. Wavefront reconstruction from its gradients. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 23(2), 288–297 (2006).
Rodríguez-Ramos, JM., Lüke, JP., Trujillo-Sevilla, JM., & Fernández-Valdivia JJ. Method for determining the complex amplitude of the electromagnetic field associated with a scene. in Worlwide Patent PCT/ES2015/070936 (2015).
Delori, F. C., Webb, R. H. & Sliney, D. H. Maximum permissible exposures for ocular safety (ANSI 2000), with emphasis on ophthalmic devices. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 24(5), 1250–1265 (2007).
Horsley, D. A., Park, H., Laut, S. P. & Werner, J. S. Characterization of a bimorph deformable mirror using stroboscopic phase-shifting interferometry. Sens. Act. A Phys. 134(1), 221–230 (2007).
Markoulli, M. et al. Clinical utility of irx3 in keratoconus. Clin. Exp. Optom. (2020).
Vincent, S. J. et al. Higher order aberrations and axial elongation in combined 0.01% atropine with orthokeratology for myopia control. Ophthalmic. Physiol. Opt. 40(6), 728–737 (2020).
We thank José Luis Hernández-Afonso for his administrative and logistical assistance. We thank Jan Gaudestad for a critical review of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Wooptix S.L. Avda, Trinidad 61 Planta 7, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
Sergio Bonaque-González, Juan M. Trujillo-Sevilla, Miriam Velasco-Ocaña, Óscar Casanova-González, Miguel Sicilia-Cabrera, Alex Roqué-Velasco, Sabato Ceruso, Ricardo Oliva-García, Javier Martín-Hernández, Oscar Gomez-Cardenes, José G. Marichal-Hernández & José M. Rodríguez-Ramos
Rothschild Foundation Hospital, 29 Rue Manin, Paris, France
Damien Gatinel
Jack T. Holladay
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Miriam Velasco-Ocaña
Óscar Casanova-González
Miguel Sicilia-Cabrera
Alex Roqué-Velasco
Sabato Ceruso
Ricardo Oliva-García
Javier Martín-Hernández
Oscar Gomez-Cardenes
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Damien Gatinel
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Contributions
S.B.G. contributed to all stages of the project. J.M.T.S. contributed to all stages of the project. M.V.O. contributed to all stages of the project except the development of the WFPI algorithm. O.C.G. contributed as the main computer engineer. M.S.C. contributed as the main electronic engineer. A.R.V. contributed as the main mechanical engineer. S.C. contributed to the development of the WFPI algorithm. R.O.G. contributed to the processing software and hardware control. J.M.H. contributed to the hardware control. O.G.C. contributed to the hardware control. J.G.M.H. contributed to the processing software. D.G. contributed to the interpretation of data. J.T.H. contributed to the interpretation of data. J.M.R.R. contributed to the development of the WFPI algorithm and to the conception and design of the work.
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Bonaque-González, S., Trujillo-Sevilla, J.M., Velasco-Ocaña, M. et al. The optics of the human eye at 8.6 µm resolution. Sci Rep 11, 23334 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02653-w
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| 84 |
8 | what is the limit of resolution of the human eye in micrometers | https://stokes.byu.edu/teaching_resources/resolve.html | Resolving Power of the Eye
The figure shows two patterns, one made of vertical lines and one
which is simply gray. Download a postscript file, resolve.ps and print it on a laser printer. You
may need to adjust the darkness of the gray pattern, since different
printers make it look different. When you stand 5 meters or more from
the figure, the two patterns should look identical with the same shade
of gray. To change the darkness of the gray, edit the file,
resolve.ps, with a text editor like notepad. On the 10th line, you
will find a line, "0.900000 setgray". You can adjust the darkness of
the gray pattern by changing the number, 0.9. Decrease it to make the
gray darker (0 is black), and increase it to make the gray lighter (1
is white).
In the printed figure, the
lines are separated by 2 mm. Viewed at a distance, the two patterns
look identical, but as you approach them, there is a point at which
you can barely resolve the lines and tell the difference between the
two images. From this distance L, you can calculate the
angular resolution of your eyes:
angular resolution = (2 mm)/L (in radians).
Classroom demonstration: Hold up the figure and ask who can
see the lines in one of the patterns. Usually no one beyond 4 meters
will raise their hands. (This works best in a classroom which is 8
meters or more deep.) Using the above equation, L = 4 m
corresponds to an angular resolution of 0.03 degrees.
The diffraction limit of the eye can be calculated using Rayleigh's
criterion:
angular resolution = (1.22)(lambda)/D,
| 85 |
8 | what is the limit of resolution of the human eye in micrometers | https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/maximum-capacity-of-a-normal-human-eye-class-12-physics-cbse-5fba639b2afe2a6ade6eb2f7 | Answer
A. $10,000$ micrometer
B. $10$ micrometer
C. $100$ micrometer
D. $1000$ micrometer
468.9k+ views
Hint: The eyes are the sensory system's lungs. They have eyes for animals, the ability to acquire and process visual detail, as well as allowing multiple vision-independent picture response functions. Eyes sense light and turn it in neurons into electro-chemical impulses.
Complete step by step answer:
Contrary to what we would think, the human eye is not a perfect disc, it is made up of two parts, the cornea and the sclera, which have separate shapes. A ring called the limbus binds these two parts. The part of the eye that is seen is the colourful part of the eye, which is the iris. The pupil, the black dot that varies size, is in the centre of the iris. These components are hidden by the cornea, but are translucent.
The fundus is on the pupil's opposite side, but behind the eye and can not be seen without special equipment. The optic nerve is what transmits messages to the brain from the eye.
The key to one of our five senses is the human eye. The human eye is an organ that uses light to respond. It facilitates perception of light, colour vision, and perception of depth, but not all eyes are fine. Some ten million distinct shades can be seen by a typical human eye.
There are different refractive indexes for the various sections of the eye, and this is what bends the rays to form an image. The cornea provides the eye with two-thirds of its strength. The residual power is given by the lens. The image goes through multiple layers of the eye, but this is somewhat close to that of a convex lens in a way. It is reversed until the vision eventually enters the retina, but this can be corrected by the brain. The picture needs to be formed directly on the retina for the vision to be visible.
An average human eye's optimum ability for viewing tiny objects is $100$ micrometres.
So, the correct answer is “Option C”.
Note:
Depending on the range of human visibility diseases called myopia and hypermetropia are caused.
Based on the distance and size of the target, the focus has to be adjusted, just like a camera. The eye's lens is fluid, which changes shape. The focal length is affected by this.
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| 86 |
8 | what is the limit of resolution of the human eye in micrometers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_eye | Naked eye
36 languages
Human vision, unaided by optical instruments
For other uses, see Naked eye (disambiguation) . "Bare eye" redirects here. For the bird genus commonly known as "bare-eyes", see Phlegopsis .
Light pollution limits viewing of celestial sights, as in this night scene from Moscow
Naked eye, also called bare eye or unaided eye, is the practice of engaging in visual perception unaided by a magnifying , light-collecting optical instrument , such as a telescope or microscope , or eye protection .
In astronomy , the naked eye may be used to observe celestial events and objects visible without equipment, such as conjunctions , passing comets , meteor showers , and the brightest asteroids , including 4 Vesta . Sky lore and various tests demonstrate an impressive variety of phenomena visible to the unaided eye.
Basic properties
Some basic properties of the human eye are:
Quick autofocus from distances of 25 cm (young people) to 50 cm (most people 50 years and older) to infinity.[ citation needed ]
Angular resolution : about 1 arcminute , approximately 0.017° or 0.0003 radians, [1] which corresponds to 0.3 m at a 1 km distance.
Field of view (FOV): simultaneous visual perception in an area of about 160° × 175°. [2]
Ability to see faint stars up to +8 magnitude under a perfectly dark sky. [3]
Photometry (brightness) to ±10% or 1% of intensity – in a range between night and day of 1:10,000,000,000.[ citation needed ]
Symmetries of 10–20' (3–6 m per 1 km), see the measurements of Tycho Brahe .[ citation needed ]
Interval estimations (for example at a plan on paper) to 3–5%.[ citation needed ]
Visual perception allows a person to gain much information about their surroundings:
the distances and 3-dimensional position of things and persons
the vertical ( plumb line ) and the slope of plane objects
luminosities and colors and their changes by time and direction
In astronomy
A photographic approximation of a naked eye view of the night sky from a small rural town (top) and a metropolitan area (bottom). Light pollution dramatically reduces the visibility of stars .
The visibility of astronomical objects is strongly affected by light pollution . Even a few hundred kilometers away from a metropolitan area where the sky can appear to be very dark, it is still the residual light pollution that sets the limit on the visibility of faint objects. For most people, these are likely to be the best observing conditions within their reach. Under such "typical" dark sky conditions, the naked eye can see stars with an apparent magnitude up to +6m. Under perfect dark sky conditions where all light pollution is absent, stars as faint as +8m might be visible. [4]
The angular resolution of the naked eye is about 1′; however, some people have sharper vision than that. There is anecdotal evidence that people had seen the Galilean moons of Jupiter before telescopes were invented. [5] Uranus and Vesta had most probably been seen but could not be recognized as planets because they appear so faint even at maximum brightness; Uranus's magnitude varies from +5.3m to +5.9m, and Vesta's from +5.2m to +8.5m (so that it is only visible near its opposition dates). Uranus, when discovered in 1781, was the first planet discovered using technology (a telescope ) rather than being spotted by the naked eye.
Theoretically, in a typical dark sky, the dark adapted human eye would see the about 5,600 stars brighter than +6m [6] while in perfect dark sky conditions about 45,000 stars brighter than +8m might be visible. [4] In practice, the atmospheric extinction and dust reduces this number somewhat. In the center of a city, where the naked-eye limiting magnitude due to extreme amounts of light pollution can be as low as 2m, as few as 50 stars are visible. Colors can be seen but this is limited by the fact that the eye uses rods instead of cones to view fainter stars.
The visibility of diffuse objects such as star clusters and galaxies is much more strongly affected by light pollution than is that of planets and stars. Under typical dark conditions only a few such objects are visible. These include the Pleiades , h/χ Persei , the Andromeda Galaxy , the Carina Nebula , the Orion Nebula , Omega Centauri , 47 Tucanae , the Ptolemy Cluster Messier 7 near the tail of Scorpius and the globular cluster M13 in Hercules . The Triangulum Galaxy (M33) is a difficult averted vision object and only visible at all if it is higher than 50° in the sky. The globular clusters M 3 in Canes Venatici and M 92 in Hercules are also visible with the naked eye under such conditions. Under really dark sky conditions, however, M33 is easy to see, even in direct vision. Many other Messier objects are also visible under such conditions. [4] The most distant objects that have been seen by the naked eye are nearby bright galaxies such as Centaurus A , [7] Bode's Galaxy , [8] [9] [10] Sculptor Galaxy , [10] and Messier 83 . [11]
Five planets can be recognized as planets from Earth with the naked eye: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Under typical dark sky conditions Uranus (magnitude +5.8) can be seen as well with averted vision, as can the asteroid Vesta at its brighter oppositions. Under perfect dark sky conditions Neptune may be visible to the Naked eye only if Neptune is at its maximum brightness (magnitude +7.8). The Sun and the Moon—the remaining noticeable naked-eye objects of the solar system—are sometimes added to make seven "planets". During daylight only the Moon and Sun are obvious naked eye objects, but in many cases Venus can be spotted in daylight and in rarer cases Jupiter . Close to sunset and sunrise, bright stars like Sirius or even Canopus can be spotted with the naked eye as long as one knows the exact position in which to look.
Historically, the zenith of naked-eye astronomy was the work of Tycho Brahe (1546–1601). He built an extensive observatory to make precise measurements of the heavens without any instruments for magnification. In 1610, Galileo Galilei pointed a telescope towards the sky. He immediately discovered the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus , among other things.
Meteor showers are better observed by naked eye than with binoculars. Such showers include the Perseids (10–12 August) and the December Geminids . Some 100 satellites per night, the International Space Station and the Milky Way are other popular objects visible to the naked eye. [12]
On 19 March 2008, a major gamma-ray burst (GRB) known as GRB 080319B , set a new record as the farthest object that can be seen from Earth with the naked eye. It occurred about 7.5 billion years ago, the light taking that long to reach Earth.
In geodesy and navigation
The Babylonians , Mayans , ancient Egyptians , ancient Indians , and Chinese measured all the basics of their respective time and calendar systems by naked eye:
the length of a year and a month to ±0.1 hour or to better than 1 minute (0.001%)
the 24 hours of a day, and the equinoxes
the periods of the planets were calculated by Mayan astronomers, to within 5 to 10 minutes accuracy in the case of Venus and Mars.
In a similar manner star occultations by the moon can be observed. By using a digital clock an accuracy of 0.2 second is possible. This represents only 200 meters at the moon's distance of 385,000 km.
Small objects and maps
Environmental pollution
A clean atmosphere is indicated by the fact that the Milky Way is visible. Comparing the zenith with the horizon shows how the "blue quality" is degraded depending on the amount of air pollution and dust. The twinkling of a star is an indication of the turbulence of the air. This is of importance in meteorology and for the " seeing " of astronomy.
Light pollution is a significant problem for amateur astronomers but becomes less late at night when many lights are shut off. Air dust can be seen even far away from a city by its "light dome".
See also
Davidson, N.: Sky Phenomena: A Guide to Naked Eye Observation of the Heavens. FlorisBooks (208p),
Gerstbach G.: Auge und Sehen – der lange Weg zu digitalem Erkennen. Astro Journal Sternenbote , 20p., Vol.2000/8, Vienna 2000.
Kahmen H. (Ed.): Geodesy for Geotechnical and Structural Engineering. Proceedings, Eisenstadt 1999.
.
^ Wandell, B. (1995). "Foundations of Vision." Sinauer, Sunderland, MA as cited in Neurobiology of Attention. (2005). Eds. Laurent Itti, Geraint Rees, and John K., Tsotos. Chapter 102, Elder, J.H. et al. Elsevier, Inc.
^ Zezong, Xi, "The Discovery of Jupiter's Satellite Made by Gan De 2000 years Before Galileo", Chinese Physics 2 (3) (1982): 664–67.
"Vmag<6" . SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
Inglis Mike (2007). "Galaxies" . Astrophysics is Easy! An Introduction for the Amateur Astronomer. Patrick Moore's Practical Astronomy Series. pp. 157–189 . doi : 10.1007/978-1-84628-736-7_4 . ISBN
.
"Mars, 2099?" . ESO Picture of the Week. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
External links
| 87 |
8 | what is the limit of resolution of the human eye in micrometers | https://www.astroshop.eu/magazine/information/binocular-information/understanding-binoculars/resolving-power/i,1121 | Comparing binoculars’ resolution: this formula makes it really easy.
An important factor for binoculars and your observation is the achievable resolving power. By definition, this is the ability to perceive two points or details as still clearly separate objects. The resolving power depends on a combination of the human eye and the optics’ lens aperture.
The resolving power of the human eye
Under perfect conditions, the human eye has a resolving power of 60 arc seconds (60"). In an older person, however, the ability to resolve certain objects is somewhat reduced. This is mainly due to the reduced size of the pupil, but also to the constraints of anatomical and physiological vision.
A simple formula for resolving power
Resolving power is the ability to perceive fine details or to still be able to separately distinguish two adjacent objects. If the optics’ resolving power is not quite sufficient, two details can merge into one another.
With the rule of thumb: 115/D you can calculate the optics’ resolving power, where D is the lens aperture in millimetres. In the case of binoculars with an aperture of 50 mm, the resolving power is 2.3".
How important is resolution to me?
This measure is of minor importance for most nature-watchers, but we would still recommend that you compare the resolving power when selecting binoculars. When it comes to astronomical observation, this resolution threshold is far more important.
But whatever the resolving power, the lens aperture is not the only determining factor. It must always be considered together with the entire optical system. Other factors such as glass types and coatings, especially with regards to prisms, play an enormously important role in ensuring that these are not the cause of any reduction in sharpness.
You may also find these articles interesting:
| 88 |
9 | what jobs can you get with a police caution | https://help.usajobs.gov/faq/application/eligibility/ex-offender | Here's how you know
Here's how you know
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Can I work for the government if I have a criminal record?
Yes, you can work for the Federal Government if you have a criminal record and were formerly incarcerated.
People with criminal records are eligible to apply to most federal jobs, however there are some exceptions. You may not be eligible for certain federal jobs because specific statutes or laws prohibit employment depending on the crime committed.
For example:
Certain federal laws, like those prohibiting treason, carry with them a lifelong ban on federal employment.
Other federal laws prohibit federal employment for a certain number of years.
The Bond Amendment imposes restrictions related to national security positions.
People convicted of misdemeanor domestic violence crimes under Federal or State law are âprohibited from employment in any position requiring the individual: to ship, transport, possess, or receive firearms or ammunitionâ (Public Law 1-4-208 Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act of 1997.)
For most federal jobs, questions about your criminal history don't appear on the initial job application. However, if you receive a conditional offer of employment, you'll need to complete a Declaration for Federal Employment (OF 306) and undergo a background investigation to establish your suitability or fitness for employment. When deciding your suitability, federal agencies will consider the following:
Your character traits and conduct.
Potential conflicts between your criminal conduct and the core job duties.
Potential conflicts between your employment and interests of national security.
The nature, seriousness, and circumstance of your criminal activity.
How long it's been since your criminal activity.
Rehabilitation or efforts toward rehabilitation.
It's important that you provide all the required information about your criminal record when you apply to a federal job so the hiring agency can determine early if a specific prohibition exists.
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9 | what jobs can you get with a police caution | https://www.reddit.com/r/TheCivilService/comments/wke8bc/will_i_lose_my_job_because_of_a_caution/ | Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform.
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9 | what jobs can you get with a police caution | https://unlock.org.uk/advice/implications-accepting-police-caution/ | Search for something
Unlock exists to help people with criminal convictions. We can positively impact the most lives by changing the system that creates obstacles, and stigmatises those with a criminal record. Find out more about our systems change work
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Implications of accepting a police caution
Our mission is to support & advocate for people with criminal records to be able to move on positively in their lives. Find out more
Implications of accepting a police caution
Topics
Show answer
Aim of this page
This page sets out the implications that a caution can have in the future, particularly if you’re employed (or looking to work) in certain professions, such as teaching or nursing.
It may also be useful in identifying the things to consider before accepting a police caution.
It forms part of our section on understanding your criminal record and sits alongside our specific information on cautions .
Note that this page focuses on what are technically known as ‘simple cautions’. We have separate information on conditional cautions .
Why is this important?
Before you accept or refuse a caution it’s important to be aware of the possible consequences that it could have on you. Although a caution is ‘spent’ immediately (under the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act) ,it does form part of your criminal record and can come up on certain criminal record checks.
Our helpline regularly receives calls from people who have accepted a caution believing it wouldn’t affect them in the future, only to be disappointed when they’ve been refused a job or college/university place due to their caution being disclosed on a criminal record check.
When are cautions given?
A caution can be issued at the discretion of the police as a formal warning to somebody who admits to committing a criminal offence. Cautions can be a quick and useful tool for the police to give to first time offenders who have committed relatively minor offences. For an individual, accepting a caution means that they’ll be dealt with quickly and not need to go to court. So there are many instances where accepting a caution is definitely the best way forward.
Areas of life which may be affected by a caution
The police will often take the view that a caution is merely a ‘slap on the wrist’ and for many people this will certainly be the case with a caution having very little impact on their lives. For some however a caution will have more serious and ongoing consequences.
Employment - Jobs covered by the ROA - Basic level DBS
Show answer
If you’re applying for a job which is covered by the ROA , you wouldn’t need to disclose a caution and it will never appear on a basic criminal record check .
Employment - Jobs not covered by the ROA - Standard and enhanced level DBS
Show answer
If you’re currently employed or looking to work in a role that requires a DBS check then you’ll always need to disclose your caution to an employer or college/university unless it’s eligible for filtering .
Having an entry on a DBS certificate may result in you being refused a job, irrespective of how minor the offence and the disposal given. This is especially so if you’re applying for roles with some of the more risk averse employers (for example schools and hospitals).
If you’re already in work then before accepting a caution it would be worth considering whether:
Your contract of employment requires you to disclose any cautions/convictions received during your employment and if so, how your employer would deal with the disclosure. If you do need to disclose and you’ve been working for the employer for some time, then it’s probably unlikely to result in your being dismissed unless the caution is relevant to the work that you’re doing.
Your employer carries out regular criminal record checks on which the caution may be disclosed. If this is the case, then again you should give some thought to how your employer would deal with the disclosure.
If you’re considering applying for these types of job then before accepting a caution you should consider whether the caution:
Is relevant to the role you will be applying for and could prevent you from gaining employment.
Would be eligible for filtering in the future. If so, you may want to think about delaying when you apply for these types of jobs or college/university courses until the caution is filtered and no longer has to be disclosed.
Education
Show answer
A caution is unlikely to affect your ability to study at college or university for the majority of courses as you will usually only be asked to disclose unspent cautions/convictions.
However, if you’re considering applying for a course which would involve working with children or vulnerable adults and where an enhanced Disclosure and Barring Service check would be required, then you would need to disclose any caution which had not been filtered (cautions given to anybody under the age of 18 would be filtered immediately and wouldn’t need to be disclosed).
Insurance
Show answer
Cautions are spent immediately under the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act (ROA) and therefore irrespective of what type of insurance you’re buying, you will never need to disclose your simple caution to an insurer. This is the case no matter what question an insurer asks you.
Travel
Show answer
If you’re looking to travel or work overseas it’s possible that you’ll need to apply for a visa together with a police certificate . This certificate will include details of all convictions, reprimands, warnings and cautions unless they are eligible to be ‘stepped down’ . Depending on the nature of the offence, the disclosure of a caution may result in your visa being refused.
Further information about the entry requirements of other countries can be found here .
Future court appearances
Show answer
Court proceeding are exempt from the ROA and therefore if you’re attending court as either a defendant or a witness, your caution may be disclosed in any future court appearances.
When are cautions disclosed?
Basic criminal record checks
Under the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act, cautions become spent immediately and will therefore never be disclosed on a basic criminal record check .
Standard and enhanced DBS checks
Cautions will always be disclosed on standard and enhanced checks unless they’re eligible for filtering .
If your caution is eligible for filtering then after the relevant period (6 years if you were over 18 when you received it and immediately if under 18) it will be filtered from the standard/enhanced certificate and will no longer be disclosed.
What should the police advise before issuing a caution?
Although it is a police requirement to ask people to sign a form which sets out the implications of a simple caution, the use of varying formats and guidance across different police areas means that this isn’t always consistent across all forces.
The significance of the admission of guilt in agreeing to accept a caution must be fully and clearly explained to the individual before they are cautioned.
The police will often describe a caution as a ‘slap on the wrist’ and this may mean that individuals refuse legal advice and accept a caution for an offence they either didn’t commit or without properly understanding the implications of doing so. So before accepting a caution, think carefully about the impact it may have on you in the future.
What happens if I don’t accept a caution?
The evidence required by the police to issue a caution is the same as would be required to take a case to court. So, if you refuse to accept a caution, the police could decide to refer your case to the Crown Prosecution Service who may decide to charge you and take you to court. If you’re subsequently found guilty, you’re likely to receive a conviction which could have more severe implications than a caution.
If you’re offered a caution by the police, you should get legal advice from a solicitor who will be able to advise you whether to accept it or not.
What else can you do if you’re offered a caution?
If the police offer you a caution, always seek legal advice and if you’re currently employed or thinking about working in a role that will require a DBS check, tell the solicitor.
You (or your solicitor) could request that the police consider dealing with you in a way which wouldn’t have such a negative impact on your future. For example, if your offence was one relating to a public order offence, the police may be able to issue you with a Penalty Notice for Disorder (PND) or a Community Resolution Order if your offence related to shoplifting. These informal disposals are unlikely to appear on an enhanced DBS certificate unless the police believed them to be relevant in which case, they may be disclosed under the ‘additional information’ section of the enhanced certificate.
If a caution is the only way the police are willing to deal with you, then in certain circumstances your solicitor may be able to request that the caution is given for a lesser offence. For example, if the police are looking to caution you for Assault Occasioning Actual Bodily Harm (which wouldn’t be eligible for filtering), they may be happy for you to accept a caution for common assault or battery, both of which would be eligible for filtering.
Personal experiences
The personal stories below have been posted in the community section of the website.
Key sections include:
Useful links
Below you will find links to useful websites relating to this page. More specific details (including addresses and telephone numbers) of some of the organisations listed below can be found here .
ACRO Criminal Records Office – The Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) operate the Criminal Records Office (ACRO). They are responsible for subject access requests for most police forces as well as police certificates .
Disclosure and Barring Service – Government body established under the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 and merges functions previously carried out by the Criminal Records Bureau (CRB) and Independent Safeguarding Authority (ISA).
More information
To discuss this with others – Read and share your experiences on our online forum
Questions – If you have any questions about this, you can contact our helpline .
Get involved
Help us to add value to this information. You can:
Comment on this page (below)
Discuss your views and experiences with others on our online forum
This page was last fully reviewed and updated in September 2024. If you’ve spotted something that needs updating, please let us know by emailing the details to [email protected]
Comments
Hi
Before accepting a caution our advice would always be to get legal advice.
For many people, accepting a caution will be the best option for them but it’s always good to remember that if you are working in any job which is exempt from the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act (ROA) and which requires a standard or enhanced DBS check, then a caution will appear on your DBS certificate for a minimum of 6 years and would have to be disclosed to an employer if asked.
Under the ROA, cautions are spent immediately and never appear on a basic DBS certificate.
Best wishes
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| 91 |
9 | what jobs can you get with a police caution | https://workingchance.org/latest/more-than-a-warning-why-cautions-are-more-serious-than-you-might-think/ | Blog, Policy briefing | 04 May 2022
More than a warning: Why cautions are more serious than you might think
It was Kaitlyn’s first and only fight. She had recently had a baby when a friend who had assaulted her during the pregnancy showed up out of the blue. That friend antagonised Kaitlyn and didn’t allow her to leave the room. When Kaitlyn pushed past them, it turned into a fight and the police were called.
A few hours later, Kaitlyn was at the police station being advised by an officer to accept a caution to avoid the case going to court. Thinking of her baby at home, Kaitlyn was just relieved that social services wouldn’t be involved and that she could return home straight away. ‘He said to me, “A caution won’t affect you in any shape or form, you can go on and live your life.”
I thought ok, a caution just seems like a warning, you know?
Kaitlyn
But that was far from the end of it. In fact, despite the reassurances of police officers, a caution appears on a standard or enhanced criminal record check and can have serious consequences.
Unfortunately, Kaitlyn’s story is not uncommon. Many women accept a caution believing that it’s just a slap on the wrist. Television presenter Melanie Sykes recently raised awareness of the issue by speaking out about her experience accepting a caution.
It is often the case that women are not warned about the long-term implications of accepting a caution. Working Chance speaks to a lot of women who didn’t realise at the time that a caution would appear on their criminal record. It is often women’s first contact with the criminal justice system, and they follow the advice of the police to accept a caution to avoid going to court. When it comes to women, cautions very often arise from domestic or family disputes in which women are survivors of abuse.
For instance, Working Chance recently supported a woman who was in an abusive and coercive relationship when she snapped and threw a cup at her partner. She was subsequently arrested and ended up with a caution, while her husband did not.
In Kaitlyn’s case, her caution prevented her from re-entering the teaching profession. She had to apply to agency after agency before finding one that would give her a chance. Since teaching positions require an enhanced DBS check, Kaitlyn will have to disclose her caution for years.
‘It seems like a long punishment for something that only happened once,’ she said. ‘The police officer should have told me what a caution is and explained the repercussions.’
It seems a long punishment for something that only happened once. The police officer should have told me what a caution is and explained the repercussions.
Kaitlyn
Cautions: the policy context
The rules determining what shows up on a standard or enhanced DBS check – which are needed for jobs like teaching, nursing and other work involving children or vulnerable adults – are complex and don’t take individual circumstances into account. The details of what happened when Kaitlyn received her caution, and the efforts she’s made since to build a better life for herself and her child, will never be known by an employer who writes her off because of what’s on her DBS certificate. The only way to change these rules is by changing the law.
In November 2020, following a supreme court case and years of campaigning by organisations and individuals, some rules around filtering changed and more recently and more recently, there have been changes to spent periods , meaning some people won’t have to disclose their conviction for extended periods of time.
But as Kaitlyn’s story shows, there is still more to do. FOI requests made by the FairChecks campaign found that in the year since the 2020 changes took effect, more than 30,000 standard and enhanced checks revealed cautions. The true number of people affected by the lasting impact of a caution will be much higher; we can’t know how many people are put off applying for jobs in the first place, because they know they’ll have to disclose a mistake they made years ago.
Despite the progress in 2020, some of the government’s recent policy decisions appear to be making things worse when it comes to cautions. The Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts (PCSC) bill – currently in its final stages – is set to introduce a new type of caution which will be disclosed on basic checks for three months; the kind that any employer can do, for any job. This will hold people back at a crucial time, when the ability to gain secure employment could make the difference between someone getting their life back on track, or being dragged into further offending. The Nationality and Borders bill, which has been widely criticised by human rights groups, tightens the rules and will allow cautions to be considered in immigration cases.
The FairChecks movement, led by charities Unlock and Transform Justice, is working to raise awareness of our broken and unfair criminal records system – and change it. We’re calling for an end to the automatic disclosure of cautions on criminal record checks, to give people a fair chance at a fresh start. The only way to change the law is to convince politicians that the public believes in fairness. If you believe that one mistake shouldn’t define someone for life, add your voice today .
Unlock is an independent advocacy charity for anyone experiencing prejudice, stigma and discrimination because of a criminal record. Find information and advice at unlock.org.uk.
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9 | what jobs can you get with a police caution | https://www.pprune.org/interviews-jobs-sponsorship/402402-police-caution-affect-job-prospects.html | PPRuNe Forums
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Police caution affect job prospects?
Police caution affect job prospects?
Hi guys, I have a important question that's really been bugging me. If one has a police caution for something silly like kerb crawling once. Silly thing I know! Would this be a big barrier for getting my first job? Much advice appreciated guys thanks
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No, it won't prevent you from obtaining an airside pass. I believe I'm correct in saying that only a conviction comes to light through a Disclosure Scotland BD. Cautions, warnings etc, no. I've been cautioned many times ( mostly driving related and as a formality), and I hold a red airside pass, so I shouldn't worry yourself. But as for kerb crawling... you naughty boy! (or girl!)
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Hi Guys, Im just curious, how do I go about viewing my criminal record, I heard that the met police do it for you for a small fee, has anyone got the link. Cheers, Flyvirgin
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Halfbaked, thanks for the reply. So to confirm the only time this topic will come up is on the crb check? Do pilot application forms state as a question if one had any previous cautions and to state them? Any help appreciates thanks
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No just the usual "have you ever been convicted of a criminal offence" I believe.
This is what it says on the Police National Legal Database- "A caution is a formal warning that is given to an adult who has admitted the offence. If the person refuses the caution then they will normally be prosecuted through the normal channels for the offence. Although it is not technically classed as a conviction it can be taken into consideration by the Courts if the person is convicted of a further offence. Cautions are not covered by the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 so will never become spent. Depending on the type of offence they are 'stepped down' after a set period of time (5 or 10 years). This basically means that they will only be visible to police staff and not other agencies who do checks. The exception to this is if a person is the subject of an Enhanced Disclosure and then if relevant it will be disclosed. Even after five/ten years the caution can still be disclosed if you apply for certain types of jobs, i.e. police, teacher, or jobs working with children and vulnerable adults. It will be disclosed if it is relevant to the job you are applying for."
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flyVirgin - you go through your local Police Authority, go in and have a word with them at the local police station . This link has a few details: Metropolitan Police Service - Request Forms Cheers, BM
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10 | a 58-story skyscraper in san francisco is tilting and sinking | https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/leaning-san-francisco-skyscraper-tilting-3-inches-year-engineers-rush-rcna11389 | IE 11 is not supported. For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser.
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The 58-story, 645-foot tall tower — opened to residents in 2009 — is now tilting 26 inches north and west at Fremont and Mission Streets in the heart of San Francisco’s financial district, according to NBC Bay Area .
Residents were informed that the building is settling unevenly and more than anticipated in 2016 . The tower sits beside the Salesforce Transit Center, a bus terminal and potential future rail terminus for California’s high speed rail network currently under construction.
But efforts to stabilize the sinking and leaning skyscraper seemed to worsen matters. Engineers halted construction on the fix in summer 2021 so they could “determine why increased foundation movement was occurring and how this could be mitigated.”
To relaunch the stabilization, Hamburger on Thursday proposed slashing the number of support piles beneath the tower from 52 to 18 to "minimize additional building settlement."
A letter to the Millennium Tower’s general manager last month said the new, quicker fix was needed after engineers identified two potential causes for apparent worsening of the building’s settlement: “vibration of the soils associated with pile installation activity, and unintentional removal of excessive soil as the piles were installed.”
Hamburger said the 18 steel piles will be anchored into bedrock 250 feet under the tower, cutting through rapidly compressing clay and sand soil that the building's foundation sits upon today.
In a question and answer document, the engineer said if more than 18 piles are installed, "the construction schedule will be extended, and the building will settle and tilt a little more during this period."
"We judge that the 18-pile solution offers an optimal solution between additional settlement and benefit gained."
In an exclusive investigation, NBC Bay Area reported Wednesday that an expert review of the perimeter pile upgrade plan found there was a one- to four-day-long delay in summer 2021 between excavating the soil for the existing six pilings and injecting grout to minimize soil collapse.
That gap between excavating and injecting grout went against protocol and "could very well explain the comparatively rapid settlement and tilting that occurred during pile installation in August."
In an email, Douglas Elmets, spokesperson for the Millennium Tower Homeowners Association, said the perimeter pile plan won't stop the building's sinking "until the piles are driven into bedrock and attached to the foundation, which will occur later this year."
In a Thursday letter to the Millennium Tower Association, the San Francisco Department of Building Inspection said it approved a modified procedure to continue the preexisting pilot pile installation plan, and was reviewing Hamburger's revised retrofit proposal.
In a statement to NBC News, spokesperson Patrick Hannan said SFDBI and the Engineering Design Review Team are "currently reviewing the proposed revised plan — which we only recently received."
"Assuming we continue to receive information in a timely manner, we aim to complete our review by February 28 ... the new proposal will need a revised permit to proceed," Hannan added.
SFDBI said they would inspect between each additional pilot pile installation to ensure work was proceeding as expected.
NBC News reported in 2016 via a public records request that the Millennium Tower was previously expected by its builders to settle a maximum of 5.5 inches by the year 2028 .
| 94 |
10 | a 58-story skyscraper in san francisco is tilting and sinking | https://www.nbcnews.com/nightly-news/video/this-san-francisco-luxury-skyscraper-is-sinking-and-tilting-791626819864 | IE 11 is not supported. For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser.
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| 95 |
10 | a 58-story skyscraper in san francisco is tilting and sinking | https://www.thestructuralengineer.info/news/structural-flaws-in-san-francisco-skyscrapers | Structural flaws in San Francisco skyscrapers: Report for building code modifications
Create a free account and view content that fits your specific interests in structural engineering Learn More
Millenium Tower is continuously sinking into its base ground and is currently tilting about 15 inches toward adjacent skyscrapers. In addition, Salesforce Transit Center is closed due to large cracks that appeared in supporting beams.
At the same time, a group of engineers stated that San Francisco's building codes were not capable of dealing with a large earthquake, calling for the inspection and upgrapde of the existing skyscrapers. According to the report, skyscrapers should be designed with higher stiffness Current regulations allow a 300-foot building to oscillate 6 feet from side to side during a large temblor. This flexibility may be beneficial for the bearing structure but it causes major damage to other parts of the building like the walls or the elevator systems. The calculations showed that stiffness should increase by almost 100%. Mechanical and electrical facilities should also be improved. Lucy Jones, one of the state's most prominent earthquake specialists who has been advocating stronger building codes said: "What you are seeing here is the city's recognition that it cannot protect their citizens from the biggest earthquake without dealing with these issues." San Francisco's board of supervisors will soon evaluate the report and if its recommendations are accepted, they will be implemented in the next revision of the city's building code in September 2019.
San Francisco is an earthquake-prone zone surrounded by active faults (including San Andreas) that are capable of delivering massive earthquake and cause severe damage to constructions. The problem with the current regulations is that they created when San Fransisco was not such a populated area and the main focus was on protecting lives rather than establishing a secure building after a severe earthquake. The report states that it would need 2-6 months to fix a costruction designed with the current codes if it was struck by a tremblor. Nowadays, such a delay is inacceptable, especially in buildings that housecompanies and this is why numerous experts believe that the building codes should change, making San Fransisco the first city in the U.S. that applies such a construction design.
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10 | a 58-story skyscraper in san francisco is tilting and sinking | https://www.geoengineer.org/news/sinking-and-tilting-of-san-franciscos-millennium-tower-has-led-things-to-courts | Seequent, The Bentley Subsurface Company's Ground to Cloud: Understanding Louisiana DOTs strategic cloud migration and Latest Developments begins on Mar 12th 2025
SF GATE
In 2016, it became public that the 58–story skyscraper - the biggest residential building of San Francisco - was both sinking and tilting at non-acceptable rates. Blaming the building's inadequate foundation, the city of San Francisco and some of the homeowners have filed lawsuits against the scyscraper's developers, leading to one of the largest real estate litigations in the history of the U.S.
Built in 2009, Millennium Tower has already settled 16 inches, much more than the 4-6 inches that engineers had anticipated over the life of the project. The building also displays a two–inch northwest tilt at the base and an approximate six–inch tilt at the top. And it is continuing to sink at a rate of 2 inches per year, according to satellite imagery of the European Space Agency, which examined the building from orbit.
Millennium Tower is founded on a concrete slab built on 60–90 feet (18-27m) deep concrete friction piles driven into mudfill and sand; a quite poor ground type for supporting such structures. A number of other buildings in this part of San Francisco demanded the use of end-bearing piles, which load directly onto bedrock. If end-bearing piles were used for the Millennium Tower, they would have needed to be approximately 200 feet (60m) deep to bear onto bedrock, thus up to three times longer than the existing piling solution used. Transbay Joint Powers Authority (San Francisco's agency) blames the building's developers (Millennium Partners) for the problem, stating that the chosen foundation solution is inappropriate for such structures laying onto unstable mudfills.
On the other hand, Millennium Partners blames the sinking problem on the Transbay Joint Powers Authority (TJPA), stating that sinking was caused by pumping groundwater during the construction of the nearby Transbay Transit Center. However, the sinking problem had reportedly started before the initiation of the Transbay construction.
In a recent testimony last week, Jack Moehle, a professor of structural engineering at UC Berkeley, whom Millennium Partners had hired to conduct an independent peer review of the building design while it was being entitled, stated that he only reviewed the building's structural design; the foundation solution was not of his responsibility. However, no geotechnical engineer was ever hired by the developers of the building to do a geotechnical assessment.
A new city inspection at the beginning of 2017 has concluded that the building is still safe for occupancy, despite evidence that the skyscraper's uneven settlement has caused some strain on the building's foundation and electrical systems.
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10 | a 58-story skyscraper in san francisco is tilting and sinking | https://www.businessinsider.com/is-millennium-tower-safe-still-leaning-sinking-2017-9 | Share
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A tentative settlement was just reached over the notorious sinking and tilting of the Millennium Tower residential building in San Francisco, California.
Residents claimed they suffered losses to their properties' value as a result of bad press and the building's poor construction.
The $100 million plan involves securing the corrupted foundation using a "perimeter pile upgrade."
Residents will also receive "very significant" payouts , according to one attorney representing a group of Millennium Tower homeowners.
Millennium Tower in San Francisco is still sinking and leaning.
But there's finally a bit of good news for residents of the luxury building at 301 Mission Street, which has sunk 18 inches and tilted 14 inches since it was completed in 2008.
A tentative settlement was just reached that will require Millennium Partners and Transbay Joint Powers Authority (TJPA) to pay for the $100m plan to fix the building, according to a report by The Guardian . Residents will also be compensated for their financial losses due to the building's notoriety.
Though an inspection by the city in 2017 showed that Millennium Tower is safe to occupy, the situation has motivated some people to bail out. Residents previously said they sold their homes short of what they paid for them, with about 100 condos falling $320,000 in value on average in 2017.
Here's what we know about Millennium Tower.
Millennium Tower rises 58 stories above San Francisco's Financial District.
Millennium Tower. Vanguard Properties
The city's third-tallest skyscraper contains over 400 multimillion-dollar condo units. It soars 645 feet, giving residents panoramic views of the San Francisco Bay Area.
A view of San Francisco from the grand penthouse at Millennium Tower. Jacob Elliott
The pool inside Millennium Tower. Vanguard Properties
Famous tenants have called Millennium Tower home, including Joe Montana, the former San Francisco 49ers quarterback, and Tom Perkins, the late venture capitalist.
San Francisco 49ers quarterback Joe Montana flashes a confident grin as he warms up prior to the start of Super Bowl XIX, Sunday, Jan. 20, 1985 in Stanford, Ca., at Stanford Stadium. AP
Source: Business Insider
But residents weren't happy after learning in 2015 that the building is sinking. By 2018, the building sunk 17 inches and tilted 14 inches.
A person walks by the Millennium Tower on August 11, 2016 in San Francisco, California. Justin Sullivan/Getty
Millennium Partners, the real-estate developers behind Millennium Tower, have claimed that construction on a massive transit center nearby is to blame for any sinking or tilting.
The Salesforce Tower is reflected in the glass panes of Millennium Tower. Justin Sullivan/Getty
Millennium Tower and the Salesforce Transit Center. Google Earth; Melia Robinson/Business Insider
The $2.3 billion bus terminal, developed by the Transbay Joint Powers Authority, a transportation agency, includes a 60-foot hole for the train tunnel and an underground buttress.
In this Dec. 3, 2010 file photo, a wrecking ball at left takes some of the first swings against the front facade of the old Transbay Terminal building in San Francisco. Eric Risberg/AP
A founding partner of Millennium Partners said at a press conference that there was "only one issue" — construction for the new terminal pumped too much water out of the ground.
A wrecking ball takes some of the first swings against the front facade of the old Transbay Terminal building in San Francisco, Friday, Dec. 3, 2010. Eric Risberg/AP
Dewatering is removing groundwater or surface water from a construction site to provide a safe work environment and prevent soil erosion.
When the water levels under the Millennium Tower dropped, the sand compressed and caused the building to settle, according to Chris Jeffries , a founding partner of Millennium Partners.
The issue came to light in 2010 , five years before tenants were notified, when the Transbay Joint Powers Authority hired a consultant to find out how excavation could affect the tower.
The Transbay Joint Powers Authority maintains it is not at fault in the building's sinking.
The Transbay Transit Center, which reopened this past July. Lorin Eleni Gill/AP
The agency released a statement in October condemning the allegations against it as a "distraction from the exclusive cause" of the tower's tilt: "inadequate foundation."
The statement says Millennium Tower's vertical settlement began two years before the Transbay Joint Powers Authority began any underground work.
Millennium Tower sits on an array of nearly 1,000 pillars shoved into the ground.
Its weight, combined with the resistance of the soil underneath, should keep it in place under most conditions, a professor of architectural design told real-estate site Curbed .
The design isn't all that unusual. Some of the city's best-known buildings, including the Embarcadero Center and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, were built on sand instead of bedrock.
The biggest cause for concern is the looming possibility of an earthquake.
Sewage spreads past a car trapped in a sinkhole caused by liquefaction in a New Zealand suburb after a 5.8-magnitude earthquake struck in 2011. Simon Baker/Reuters
For years, scientists have warned that the Bay Area is overdue for a devastating earthquake.
Millennium Tower sits on land prone to liquefaction , the process by which loose sand and silt behave like a liquid in the event of an earthquake. The seismic activity causes water pressure in the sediment to increase and grains of sand to lose contact with each other, according to the US Geological Survey . The soil may give out under large, heavy structures.
Often, the solution for tall buildings in liquefaction zones is drilling down to bedrock. Millennium Tower's neighbors, the $1.1 billion Salesforce Tower and the luxury high-rise 181 Fremont, are both anchored to bedrock. They're still under construction.
There's good news and bad news for residents. A study released in January 2017 by the city's Department of Building Inspection found that the skyscraper was safe to live in.
A team of engineering geologists examining soil samples taken outside Millennium Tower. Eric Risberg/AP
"There was no evidence of life-safety concerns observed during the inspection," the report said .
Satellite images taken in 2016 that show Millennium Tower sinking suggested it will continue to sink at a rate of 2 inches a year. That's double what engineers estimated.
Data from the European Space Agency's Sentinel-1 satellites shows that Millennium Tower is sinking by about 40 millimeters a year in the direction they're looking at the building. European Space Agency
Gaps found in the walls of some units could also present risks in the event of a fire, according to a report commissioned by the building's homeowners association.
A view of San Francisco from the grand penthouse at Millennium Tower. Jacob Elliott
In 2017, the building's homeowners association hired the firm Allana Buick and Bers to investigate a unit owned by Paula Pretlow. She and several other residents had complained of "unexplained odors permeating their luxury units," NBC Bay Area reported .
The consultants discovered openings around pipes and ducts in the walls. Typically, gaps like these are sealed with fire-resistant caulking to contain fires where they start.
If a small fire were to break out in the unit below Pretlow's, the flames could more easily spread to her condo, or smoke could damage the walls, according to NBC Bay Area .
The report pertained only to Pretlow's unit, though others could be susceptible.
A group of Millennium Tower residents fought to get their money back — and it appears they've succeeded.
Jerry Dodson and his wife Pat stand inside their home on the 42nd floor of the Millennium Tower in San Francisco. AP/Eric Risberg
Roughly 250 tenants filed individual lawsuits against developer Millennium Partners and Transbay Joint Powers Authority , while the remaining 150 filed class-action lawsuits. According to Niall McCarthy, who spoke with the San Francisco Examiner , residents are set to receive "very significant payments" as a result of their losses due to the building's notoriety and loss of property value.
On August 30, a $100 million plan to stabilize the building with a "perimeter pile upgrade" was reported to be approved. According to the San Francisco Examiner , the process of stopping the building from sinking any further involves drilling "52 concrete piles down to the bedrock" in order to secure the tower's corrupted foundation.
A person walking in front of Millennium Tower. Justin Sullivan/Getty
The stigma and notoriety of the building, however, may stick, says Niall McCarthy , a legal attorney representing a group of Millennium Tower homeowners.
"Even with the fix, there's still going to be some stigma to the property," he said. "You see tour buses go down Mission Street that stop and point out Millennium Tower. At some point, when these people try and resell their units, the stigma from the sink and tilt will reduce the value of what it should be."
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11 | where is the world's highest battlefield located | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachen_Glacier | Siachen Glacier
43 languages
Glacier located in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalayas
"Siachen" redirects here. For the military conflict over this area, see Siachen conflict .
Siachen Glacier
Siachen Glacier
Location of the Siachen Glacier within the greater Karakoram region
Show map of Karakoram
Siachen Glacier
Siachen Glacier
Length
The Siachen Glacier is a glacier located in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalayas at about
35°25′16″N 77°06′34″E / 35.421226°N 77.109540°E / 35.421226; 77.109540 , just northeast of the point NJ9842 where the Line of Control between India and Pakistan ends. [3] [4] At 76 km (47 mi) long, it is the longest glacier in the Karakoram and second-longest in the world's non-polar areas . [5] It falls from an altitude of 5,753 m (18,875 ft) above sea level at its head at Indira Col on the India–China border down to 3,620 m (11,875 ft) at its terminus . The entire Siachen Glacier, with all major passes, has been under the administration of India as part of the union territory of Ladakh , located in the Kashmir region since 1984 . [6] [7] [8] [9] Pakistan maintains a territorial claim over the Siachen Glacier [10] and controls the region west of Saltoro Ridge , lying west of the glacier, [11] with Pakistani posts located 1 km below more than 100 Indian posts on the ridge. [12] [13]
The Siachen Glacier lies immediately south of the great drainage divide that separates the Eurasian Plate from the Indian subcontinent in the extensively glaciated portion of the Karakoram sometimes called the " Third Pole ". The glacier lies between the Saltoro Ridge immediately to the west and the main Karakoram range to the east. The Saltoro Ridge originates in the north from the Sia Kangri peak on the China border in the Karakoram range. The crest of the Saltoro Ridge's altitudes range from 5,450 to 7,720 m (17,880 to 25,330 feet). The major passes on this ridge are, from north to south, Sia La at 5,589 m (18,336 ft), Bilafond La at 5,450 m (17,880 ft), and Gyong La at 5,689 m (18,665 ft). The average winter snowfall is more than 1000 cm (35 ft) and temperatures can dip to −50 °C (−58 °F). Including all tributary glaciers, the Siachen Glacier system covers about 700 km2 (270 sq mi).
Etymology
UN map of the Line of Control in Kashmir, which ends at the point NJ980420
Historical map including Siachen Glacier ( AMS , 1953) [a]
Historical map including Siachen Glacier ( AMS , 1966) [b]
"Sia" in the Balti language refers to the rose family plant widely dispersed in the region. "Chen" refers to any object found in abundance. Thus the name Siachen refers to a land with an abundance of roses. The naming of the glacier itself, or at least its currency, is attributed to Tom Longstaff .
Dispute
Both India and Pakistan claim sovereignty over the entire Siachen region. [3] In June 1958, first Geological Survey of India expedition went to the Siachen glacier. [14] It was the first official Indian survey of Siachen Glacier by Geological Survey of India post-1947 and that was undertaken to commemorate the International Geophysical Year in 1958. The study included snout surveying of five glaciers namely Siachen, Mamostong , Chong Kumdan , Kichik Kumdan and Aktash Glaciers in Ladakh region. 5Q 131 05 084 was the number assigned to the Siachen glacier by the expedition. U.S. and Pakistani maps in the 1970s and 1980s consistently showed a dotted line from NJ9842 (the northernmost demarcated point of the India-Pakistan cease-fire line, also known as the Line of Control ) to the Karakoram Pass , [15] [16] [17] which India believed to be a cartographic error and in violation of the Simla Agreement . In 1984, India launched Operation Meghdoot , a military operation that gave India control over all of the Siachen Glacier, including its tributaries. [3] [18] Between 1984 and 1999, frequent skirmishes took place between India and Pakistan. [19] [20] Indian troops under Operation Meghdoot pre-empted Pakistan's Operation Ababeel by just one day to occupy most of the dominating heights on Saltoro Ridge to the west of Siachen Glacier. [21] [22] However, more soldiers have died from the harsh weather conditions in the region than from combat. [23] Pakistan lost 353 soldiers in various operations recorded between 2003 and 2010 near Siachen, including 140 Pakistanis killed in the 2012 Gayari Sector avalanche . [24] [25] Between January 2012 and July 2015, 33 Indian soldiers died due to adverse weather. [26] In December 2015, Indian Union Minister of State for Defence Rao Inderjit Singh said in a written reply in the Lok Sabha that a total of 869 Army personnel have died on the Siachen glacier due to climatic conditions and environmental and other factors from the date that the Army launched Operation Meghdoot in 1984. [27] In February 2016, Indian Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar stated that India will not vacate Siachen, as there is a trust deficit with Pakistan and also said that 915 people have died in Siachen since Operation Meghdoot in 1984. [28] According to official records, only 220 Indian soldiers have been killed by enemy bullets since 1984 in Siachen area. [29] Both India and Pakistan continue to deploy thousands of troops in the vicinity of Siachen and attempts to demilitarize the region have been so far unsuccessful. Prior to 1984, neither country had any military forces in this area. [30] [31] [32]
Aside from the Indian and Pakistani military presence, the glacier region is unpopulated. The nearest civilian settlement is the village of Warshi , 10 miles downstream from the Indian base camp. [33] [34] The region is also extremely remote, with limited road connectivity. On the Indian side, roads go only as far as the military base camp at Dzingrulma (
35°09′59″N 77°12′58″E / 35.1663°N 77.2162°E / 35.1663; 77.2162 ), 72 km from the head of the glacier. [35] [36] The Indian Army has developed various means to reach the Siachen region, including the Manali - Leh - Khardung La -Siachen route. In 2012, Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army General Bikram Singh said that the Indian Army should stay in the region for strategic advantages, and because a "lot of blood has been shed" by Indian armed personnel for Siachen. [37] [38] The present ground positions, relatively stable for over a decade, mean that India maintains control over all of the 76 kilometres (47 mi) Siachen Glacier and all of its tributary glaciers, as well as all the main passes and heights of the Saltoro Ridge [39] immediately west of the glacier, including Sia La , Bilafond La , Gyong La , Yarma La (6,100m), and Chulung La [ ceb ] (5,800m). [40] Pakistan controls the glacial valleys immediately west of the Saltoro Ridge. [41] [42] According to TIME magazine , India gained over 1,000 square miles (3,000 km2) in territory because of its 1980s military operations in Siachen. [43] India has categorically stated that India will not pull its army from Siachen until the 110-km long AGPL is first authenticated, delineated and then demarcated. [44] [45]
Sia plant in Khaplu . Balti people grow this rose family in their houses as decoration, and its bark is used in payo cha ( butter tea ) instead of green tea leaves in some areas
The 1949 Karachi agreement only carefully delineated the line of separation to point NJ9842 , after which, the agreement states, the line of separation would continue "thence north to the glaciers". [4] [46] [47] [48] [49] According to the Indian stance, the line of separation should continue roughly northwards along the Saltoro Range to the west of the Siachen glacier beyond NJ9842; [50] international boundary lines that follow mountain ranges often do so by following the watershed drainage divide [44] such as that of the Saltoro Range. [51] The 1972 Simla Agreement made no change to the 1949 Line of Control in this northernmost sector.
Drainage
Siachen glacier is a source to the Nubra River which later joins the Shyok River.
The glacier's melting waters are the main source of the Nubra River in the Indian region of Ladakh , which drains into the Shyok River . The Shyok in turn joins the 3000 kilometre-long Indus River which flows through Pakistan. Thus, the glacier is a major source of the Indus [52] and feeds the largest irrigation system in the world. [53]
Environmental issues
The glacier was uninhabited before 1984, and the presence of thousands of troops since then has introduced pollution and melting to the glacier. To support the troops, glacial ice has been cut and melted with chemicals.[ citation needed ]
Dumping of non- biodegradable waste in large quantities and the use of arms and ammunition have considerably affected the ecosystem of the region. [54]
Glacial retreat
Preliminary findings of a survey by Pakistan Meteorological Department in 2007 revealed that the Siachen glacier has been retreating for the past 30 years and is melting at an alarming rate. [55] The study of satellite images of the glacier showed that the glacier is retreating at a rate of about 110 metres a year and that the glacier size has decreased by almost 35 percent. [52] [56] In an eleven-year period, the glacier had receded nearly 800 metres, [57] and in seventeen years about 1700 metres. It is predicted that the glaciers of the Siachen region will be reduced to about one-fifth of their 2011 size by 2035. [58] In the twenty-nine-year period 1929–1958, well before the military occupation, the glacial retreat was recorded to be about 914 metres. [59] One of the reasons theorized for the recent glacial retreat is chemical blasting, to construct camps and posts . [60] In 2001 India laid oil pipelines (about 250 kilometres long) inside the glacier to supply kerosene and aviation fuel to the outposts from base camps. [60] [61] As of 2007, the temperature rise at Siachen was estimated at 0.2-degree Celsius annually, causing melting, avalanches, and crevasses in the glacier. [62]
Waste dumping
The waste produced by the troops stationed there is dumped in the crevasses of the glacier. Mountaineers who visited the area while on climbing expeditions witnessed large amount of garbage, empty ammunition shells , parachutes etc. dumped on the glacier, that neither decomposes nor can be burned because of the extreme climatic conditions. [63] About 1,000 kilograms (1.1 short tons) of waste is produced and dumped in glacial crevasses daily by Indian forces. [55] The Indian army is said to have planned a "Green Siachen, Clean Siachen" campaign to airlift the garbage from the glacier, and to use biodigestors for biodegradable waste in the absence of oxygen and freezing temperatures. [64] Almost forty percent (40%) of the waste left at the glacier is plastic and metal, including toxins such as cobalt, cadmium and chromium that eventually affect the water of the Shyok River (which ultimately enters the Indus River near Skardu ). The Indus is used for drinking and irrigation. [65] [66] Research is being done by scientists of The Energy and Resources Institute , to find ways to successfully dispose of the garbage generated at the glacier using scientific means. [67] Some scientists of the Defence Research and Development Organisation who went on an expedition to Antarctica are also working to produce a bacterium that can thrive in extreme weather conditions and can be helpful in decomposing the biodegradable waste naturally. [68]
Fauna and flora
The flora and fauna of the Siachen region are also affected by the huge military presence. [65] The region is home to rare species including snow leopard , brown bear and ibex that are at risk because of the military presence. [67] [69]
Border conflict
The glacier's region is the highest battleground on Earth, [70] where Pakistan and India have fought intermittently since April 1984. [71] Both countries maintain a permanent military presence in the region at a height of over 6,000 m (20,000 ft).
Both India and Pakistan have wished to disengage from the costly military outposts. India launched Operation Meghdoot to occupy Siachen Glacier in 1984. Then, due to the Pakistani incursions during the Kargil War in 1999, India abandoned plans to withdraw from Siachen, wary of further Pakistani incursions if they vacate the Siachen Glacier posts.
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh became the first Indian Prime Minister to visit the area, during which he called for a peaceful resolution of the problem. After that present Prime Minister Narendra Modi also visited this place. President of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari also visited an area near the Siachen Glacier called Gayari Sector during 2012 with Pakistan Army Chief Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani. [72] Both of them showed their commitment to resolve the Siachen conflict as early as possible. In the previous year, the President of India , Abdul Kalam became the first head of state to visit the area.
Since September 2007, India has opened up limited mountaineering and trekking expeditions to the area. The first group included cadets from Chail Military School , National Defence Academy , National Cadet Corps , Indian Military Academy , Rashtriya Indian Military College and family members of armed forces officers. The expeditions are also meant to show to the international audience that Indian troops hold "almost all dominating heights" on the key Saltoro Ridge and to show that Pakistani troops are nowhere near the Siachen Glacier. [73] Ignoring protests from Pakistan, India maintains that it does not need anyone's approval to send trekkers to Siachen, in what it says is essentially its own territory. [74] In addition, the Indian Army 's Army Mountaineering Institute (AMI) functions out of the region.
Peace Park proposal
Indian Army Jawans performing yoga, on the occasion of the 3rd International Day of Yoga – 2017, at Siachen on June 21, 2017
The idea of declaring the Siachen region a "Peace Park" was presented by environmentalists and peace activists in part to preserve the ecosystem of the region badly affected by the military presence. [75] In September 2003, the governments of India and Pakistan were urged by the participants of the 5th World Parks Congress held at Durban , to establish a peace park in the Siachen region to restore the natural biological system and protect species whose lives are at risk. [62] Italian ecologist Giuliano Tallone said the ecological life was at serious risk, and proposed setting up a Siachen Peace Park at the conference. [76] After a proposal of a transboundary Peace Park was floated, the International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (UIAA) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) organised a conference at Geneva and invited Indian and Pakistani mountaineers ( Mandip Singh Soin , Harish Kapadia , Nazir Sabir and Sher Khan). [77] The region was nominated for inclusion in the United Nations ' World Heritage List as a part of the Karakoram range, but this was deferred by the World Heritage Committee . [78] The areas to the east and west of the Siachen region have already been declared national parks: the Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary in India and the Central Karakoram National Park in Pakistan. [79]
Sandia National Laboratories organised conferences where military experts and environmentalists from both India and Pakistan and also from other countries were invited to present joint papers. Kent L. Biringer, a researcher at Cooperative Monitoring Center of Sandia Labs suggested setting up Siachen Science Center, a high-altitude research centre where scientists and researchers from both the countries can carry out research activities [76] related to glaciology, geology, atmospheric sciences and other related fields. [80] [81]
In popular culture
The Siachen glacier was mentioned in the 2018 Hollywood movie Mission: Impossible – Fallout starring Tom Cruise and Henry Cavill . In the movie's climax, rogue agent Walker (Cavill) plants nuclear bombs at the base of Siachen glacier. The scene however was actually filmed in Preikestolen , Norway because the Indian government denied the movie makers permission to film in Kashmir. [82]
Notes
^ From map: "THE DELINEATION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES ON THIS MAP MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AUTHORITATIVE"
^ From map: "THE DELINEATION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AUTHORITATIVE"
References
^ Siachen Glacier is 76 km (47 mi) long; Tajikistan's Fedchenko Glacier is 77 km (48 mi) long. The second longest in the Karakoram Mountains is the Biafo Glacier at 63 km (39 mi). Measurements are from recent imagery, supplemented with Russian 1:200,000 scale topographic mapping as well as the 1990 "Orographic Sketch Map: Karakoram: Sheet 2", Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research, Zurich.
Gokhale, Nitin A (2015). Beyond NJ 9842: The SIACHEN Saga. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 364. ISBN
Dettman, Paul (2001). India Changes Course: Golden Jubilee to Millennium. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. ISBN
"World's highest, biggest junkyard" . The Tribune. 29 August 1998. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
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Y. S. Rao (3 November 2011). "Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry for Glacier Movement Studies" . In Vijay P. Singh (ed.). Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers. Springer. pp. 1138–1142. ISBN
Asad Hakeem, Gurmeet Kanwal; Michael Vannoni; Gaurav Rajen (September 2007). "Demilitarization of the Siachen Conflict Zone: Concepts for Implementation and Monitoring" (PDF). Albuquerque, New Mexico: Sandia National Laboratories. p. 28. SAND2007-5670. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
Isa Daudpota; Arshad H. Abbasi (16 February 2007). "Exchange Siachen confrontation for peace" . The Hindu . Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 20 February 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
Harish Kapadia (1 December 2005). "Chapter 34: Siachen: A Peace Proposal" . In Yogendra Bali, R. S. Somi (ed.). Incredible Himalayas. Indus Books. pp. 213–217. ISBN
. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
Further reading
Myra MacDonald (2008) Heights of Madness: One Woman's Journey in Pursuit of a Secret War, Rupa, New Delhi
ISBN 8129112922 . The first full account of the Siachen war to be told from the Indian and Pakistani sides.
V. R. Raghavan , Siachen: Conflict Without End, Viking, New Delhi, 2002
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11 | where is the world's highest battlefield located | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts | Toggle List of current wars and conflicts subsection
33 languages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This page is subject to the extended confirmed restriction related to the Arab-Israeli conflict.
Map of ongoing armed conflicts (number of combat-related deaths in current or previous year):
Major wars (10,000 or more)
Minor wars (1,000–9,999)
Skirmishes and clashes (1–99)
The following is a list of ongoing armed conflicts that are taking place around the world.
Criteria
Conflict deaths in the 17 deadliest conflicts 2015–2020
This list of ongoing armed conflicts identifies present-day conflicts and the death toll associated with each conflict. The criteria of inclusion are the following:
Armed conflicts consist in the use of armed force between two or more organized armed groups, governmental or non-governmental. [1] Interstate, intrastate and non-state armed conflicts are listed.
Fatality figures include battle-related deaths (military and civilian) as well as civilians intentionally targeted by the parties to an armed conflict. Only direct deaths resulting from violence are included for the current and previous year; excess deaths indirectly resulting from famine, disease, or disruption of services are included along with violent deaths in the cumulative fatalities count when available.
Listed conflicts have at least 100 cumulative deaths in total and at least 1 death in current or in the past calendar year.
Fatality totals may be inaccurate or unavailable due to a lack of information. A figure with a plus symbol, indicates that at least that many people have died (e.g. 455+ indicates that at least 455 people have died).
Location refers to the states where the main violence takes place, not to the warring parties. Italics indicate disputed territories and unrecognized states .
A territorial dispute or a protest movement which has not experienced deliberate and systematic deaths due to state or paramilitary violence is not considered to be an armed conflict.
List of current wars and conflicts
Major wars (10,000 or more combat-related deaths in current or previous year)
The 6 conflicts in the following list have caused at least 10,000 direct, violent deaths per year in battles between identified groups, in the current or previous calendar year. [2]
Start ofconflict
Minor wars (1,000–9,999 combat-related deaths in current or previous year)
The 10 conflicts in the following list have caused at least 1,000 and fewer than 10,000 direct, violent deaths in the current or previous calendar year. [2] Conflicts causing at least 1,000 deaths in one calendar year are considered wars by the Uppsala Conflict Data Program . [35]
Start ofconflict
Conflicts (100–999 combat-related deaths in current or previous year)
The 16 conflicts in the following list have caused at least 100, and fewer than 1,000, direct, violent deaths in the current or previous calendar year.
Start ofconflict
Skirmishes and clashes (fewer than 100 combat-related deaths in current and previous year)
The 9 conflicts in the following list have caused fewer than 100 direct, violent deaths in the current or previous calendar year.
Start ofconflict
Rank
^ Combined estimated death tolls of each conflict since 2003
References
Marshall, Monty G. (15 June 2017). "Major Episodes of Political Violence 1946–2019" . Center for Systemic Peace. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
"Conflict Index 2024" . Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED). Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
Khalidi, Noor Ahmad (1 January 1991). "Afghanistan: Demographic consequences of war, 1978–1987". Central Asian Survey. 10 (3): 101–126. doi : 10.1080/02634939108400750 . ISSN 0263-4937 . PMID 12317412 – via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.
. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 29 August 2021 – via Google Books.
"Somali Civil War" . theowp.org. 13 January 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
John Campbell. "Nigeria Security Tracker" . Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
"Social Violence in Nigeria" . Connect SAIS Africa. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
"ACLED data" . Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
Karen Allen (30 November 2006). "Eastern DR Congo rebels to disarm" . BBC News. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
"Realtime Data (2017)" . ACLED. Archived from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
"Uganda (1987– 2010)" . Project Ploughshares. Archived from the original on 21 May 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
"Mexico" . ucdp.uu.se. UCDP – Uppsala Conflict Data Program. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
"Haiti" . ucdp.uu.se. UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
ŞENER, Nedim (4 September 2020). "PKK'nın kanlı bilançosu" . www.hurriyet.com.tr. Archived from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
Kosinski, L.A.; Elahi, K.M. (2012). "1 Introduction" . Population Redistribution and Development in South Asia. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 6. ISBN
"Jundallah: Iran's Sunni rebels" . Al Jazeera. 20 June 2010. Archived from the original on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
"Guide to the Philippines conflict" . BBC News. 10 August 2007. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
"Bangladesh" . ucdp.uu.se. UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
See chart "Number of deaths" from 1999
"Fatalities-Islamist Terrorism 2005–2019" . www.satp.org. Archived from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
4,700 rebel supporters died and 2,100 are missing, with unconfirmed similar casualty figures on the opposing side.
Kuperman, Alan (18 February 2019). "Obama's Libya Debacle" . Foreign Affairs (March/April 2015). Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
the conflict killed at least 500 people a year in 2012 and 2013.
"Violent Deaths in 2014 & 2015" . Libya Body Count. Archived from the original on 22 October 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
"Mais um ataque em Mocimboa da Praia" . Voz da América Português (in Portuguese). 4 December 2017. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
"Mozambique: Three Islamist Attacks Reported Over Weekend" . Agência de Informação de Moçambique. Maputo. 25 April 2018. Archived from the original on 3 June 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
"Mozambique 'jihadists behead' villagers" . BBC News. 29 May 2018. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
"Cabo Ligado: 23–29 November 2020" . ACLED. 1 December 2020. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
"Peru Shining Path Arrests: 24 Seized" . BBC News. 10 April 2014. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
.
Solano, Gonzalo; Molina, Gabriela (13 January 2024). "Casi 900 detenidos y 5 delincuentes abatidos en Ecuador ante despliegue militar y alza de impuestos" [Almost 900 detainees with 5 criminals killed in Ecuador following military deployment after tax increases]. Associated Press (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
External links
CrisisWatch – Monthly bulletin, interactive map and database on ongoing conflicts by the International Crisis Group .
Conflict Barometer Archived 9 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine – Describes recent trends in conflict development, escalations, and settlements
Insight on Conflict Archived 1 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine – Database on peace-building initiatives in areas of conflict
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11 | where is the world's highest battlefield located | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachen_conflict | Siachen conflict
23 languages
1984–2003 territorial conflict between India and Pakistan in Kashmir
Siachen conflict
Labelled map of the greater Kashmir region; the Siachen Glacier lies in the Karakoram Range and its snout is situated less than 50 km (31 mi) north of the Ladakh Range
Date
13 April 1984 (1984-04-13) – 25 November 2003 (2003-11-25) [1] [2] (19 years, 7 months, 1 week and 5 days)
Location
Territorialchanges
India gains control of 2,500 km2 (970 sq mi) [3] of territory in the glacier region, incorporates it into the state of Jammu and Kashmir (now Ladakh )
Strength
36 casualties during initial conflict [6] [7]
200 casualties during initial conflict [7] [12]
Causes
UN map of Siachen
The Siachen Glacier is the highest battleground on earth, [18] [19] where India and Pakistan have fought intermittently since 13 April 1984. Both countries maintain a permanent military presence in the region at a height of over 6,000 metres (20,000 ft). More than 2000 people have died in this inhospitable terrain, mostly due to weather extremes and the natural hazards of mountain warfare .[ citation needed ]
The conflict in Siachen stems from the incompletely demarcated territory on the map beyond the map coordinate known as NJ9842 (
Paragraph B 2 (d) of Karachi Agreement
Following the UN-mediated ceasefire in 1949, the line between India and Pakistan was demarcated up to point NJ9842 at the foot of the Siachen Glacier. The largely inaccessible terrain beyond this point was not demarcated, [20] but delimited as thence north to the glaciers in paragraph B 2 (d) of the Karachi Agreement.
Paragraph B 2 (d) of 1949 Karachi Agreement states:
(d) From Dalunang eastwards the cease-fire line will follow the general line point 15495, Ishman, Manus, Gangam, Gunderman, Point 13620, Funkar (Point 17628), Marmak, Natsara, Shangruti (Point 1,531), Chorbat La (Point 16700), Chalunka (on the Shyok River), Khor, thence north to the glaciers. This portion of the cease-fire line shall be demarcated in detail on the basis of the factual position as of 27 July 1949, by the local commanders assisted by United Nations military observers.
Later, following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 , and the Simla Agreement in July 1972, the ceasefire line was converted into the "Line of Control" extending from the "Chhamb sector on the international border [to] the Turtok-Partapur sector in the north." [20] The detailed description of its northern end stated that from Chimbatia in the Turtok sector "the line of control runs north-eastwards to Thang (inclusive to India), thence eastwards joining the glaciers." This vague formulation further sowed the seed for the bitter dispute to follow. [20]
The UN document number S/1430/Add.2. [22] is the second addendum to the 1949 Karachi Agreement, and shows the CFL marked on the Map of the State of Jammu and Kashmir as per the explanation of CFL in paragraph 'B' 2 (d) of the Karachi Agreement.
U.N. map of ceasefire line
Title of UN document number S/1430/Add.2 which illustrates the CFL as per the Karachi Agreement reads:
Map of the State of Jammu and Kashmir showing the Cease Fire Line as Agreed Upon in the Karachi Agreement, Ratified by the Governments of India and Pakistan on 29 and 30 July Respectively. (See Annex 26 to the third Interim Report of the United Nation Commission for India and Pakistan) [23] [24]
Page-1 of U.N. Map Number S/1430/Add.2 to Karachi Agreement 1949
Page-2 of U.N. Map Number S/1430/Add.2 showing the CFL
Page-3 U.N. Map Number S/1430/Add.2 showing the CFL up to Point NJ 9842
Present Map of Indian territory of Ladakh including entire Siachen glacier
A UN map showing CFL alignment superimposed on a satellite image depicts the CFL terminating at NJ9842. [25] The extension of this line "thence north to the glaciers" never appeared on any authoritative map associated with either the 1948 or 1972 agreements, just in the text.
Oropolitics
In 1949, a Cease-Fire Line Agreement (CFL) was signed and ratified by India, Pakistan and the UN Military Observer Group that delineated the entire CFL. In 1956–58, a scientific team led by the Geological Survey of India recorded its findings publicly including information about the Siachen and other glaciers. [26]
After Pakistan ceded the 5,180 km2 (2,000 sq mi) Shaksgam Valley to China in a boundary agreement in 1963, Pakistan started giving approval to western expeditions to the east of mountain K2 . [26] In 1957 Pakistan permitted a British expedition under Eric Shipton to approach the Siachen glacier through the Bilafond La, and recce Saltoro Kangri . [27] [ page needed ] Five years later a Japanese-Pakistani expedition put two Japanese and a Pakistani Army climber on top of Saltoro Kangri . [28] [ page needed ] These were early moves in this particular game of oropolitics .
In June 1958, first Geological Survey of India expedition went to the Siachen glacier. [29] It was the first official Indian survey of Siachen Glacier by Geological Survey of India post-1947 and that was undertaken to commemorate the International Geophysical Year in 1958. The study included snout surveying of five glaciers namely Siachen, Mamostong , Chong Kumdan , Kichik Kumdan and Aktash Glaciers in Ladakh region. 5Q 131 05 084 was the number assigned to the Siachen glacier by the expedition. In the 1970s and early 1980s several mountaineering expeditions applied to Pakistan to climb high peaks in the Siachen area due in part to US Defense Mapping Agency and most other maps and atlases showing it on the Pakistani side of the line. Pakistan granted a number of permits. This, in turn, reinforced the Pakistani claim on the area, as these expeditions arrived on the glacier with a permit obtained from the Government of Pakistan . Teram Kangri I (7,465 m or 24,491 ft) and Teram Kangri II (7,406 m or 24,298 ft) were climbed in 1975 by a Japanese expedition led by H. Katayama, which approached through Pakistan via the Bilafond La. [30] [ full citation needed ]
In 1978 a German Siachen-Kondus Expedition under the leadership of Jaroslav Poncar (further members Volker Stallbohm and Wolfgang Kohl, liaison officer major Asad Raza) entered Siachen via Bilafond La and established the base camp on the confluence of Siachen and Teram Shehr. The documentary "Expedition to the longest glacier" was shown on the 3rd channel of WDR (German TV) in 1979. [31]
Prior to 1984 neither India nor Pakistan had any permanent presence in the area. Having become aware of US military maps and the permit incidents, Colonel Narendra Kumar , then commanding officer of the Indian Army's High Altitude Warfare School , mounted an Army expedition to the Siachen area as a counter-exercise. In 1978 this expedition climbed Teram Kangri II, claiming it as a first ascent in a typical "oropolitical" riposte. Unusually for the normally secretive Indian Army, the news and photographs of this expedition were published in The Illustrated Weekly of India , a widely circulated popular magazine. [32]
The first public acknowledgment of the maneuvers and the developing conflict situation in the Siachen was an abbreviated article titled "High Politics in the Karakoram" by Joydeep Sircar in The Telegraph newspaper of Calcutta in 1982. [33] The full text was re-printed as "Oropolitics" in the Alpine Journal, London , in 1984. [34] [ page needed ]
Historic maps of Siachen Glacier
Maps from Pakistan, the United Nations and various global atlases depicted the CFL ending at NJ9842 until the mid 1960s. [26] United States Defense Mapping Agency (now National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency ) began in about 1967 to show a boundary on their Tactical Pilotage Charts as proceeding from NJ9842 east-northeast to the Karakoram Pass at 5,534 m (18,136 ft) on the China border. [35] This line was replicated on US, Pakistani and other maps in the 1970s and 1980s, [36] [37] [38] which India believed to be a cartographic error . [32]
Map showing Siachen Glacier as part of Pakistan
Map showing Siachen Glacier as part of Pakistan
Military expeditions
In 1977, an Indian colonel named Narendra Kumar , offended by international expeditions venturing onto the glacier from the Pakistani side, persuaded his superiors to allow him to lead a 70-man team of climbers and porters to the glacier. [3] They returned in or around 1981, climbed several peaks and walked the length of Siachen.
Major combat operations
At army headquarters in Rawalpindi, the discovery of repeated Indian military expeditions to the glacier drove Pakistani generals to the idea of securing Siachen before India did. This operation was called Operation Ababeel. In the haste to pull together operational resources, Pakistan planners made a tactical error, according to a now-retired Pakistani army colonel. "They ordered Arctic-weather gear from a London outfitter who also supplied the Indians," says the colonel. "Once the Indians got wind of it, they ordered 300 outfits—twice as many as we had—and rushed their men up to Siachen". The acquisition of key supplies needed for operations in glaciated zones marked the start of major combat operations on the glacier. [5]
A memorial at the headquarters of the Dogra Regiment of the Indian Army in remembrance of members of the regiment who died or served in the Siachen Conflict.
April 1984 Operation Meghdoot : Indian Army under the leadership of Lt. Gen. Manohar Lal Chibber , Maj. Gen. Shiv Sharma, and Lt. Gen. P. N. Hoon learned of the plan by Pakistan Army to seize Sia La, and Bilafond La, on the glacier. Indian Army launched an operation to preempt the seizure of the passes by the Pakistan Army. Men of the Ladakh Scouts and Kumaon Regiment occupy Bilafond La on 13 April and Sia La on 17 April 1984 with the help of the Indian Air Force . Pakistan Army, in turn, learned of the presence of Ladakh Scouts on the passes during a helicopter recon mission. In response to these developments, Pakistan Army initiated an operation using troops from the Special Services Group and Northern Light Infantry to displace the three hundred or so Indian troops on the key passes. This operation led by the Pakistan Army led to the first armed clash on the glacier on 25 April 1984. [39]
June – July 1987: Operation Rajiv : Over the next three years, with Indian troops positioned at the critical passes, Pakistan Army attempted to seize heights overlooking the passes. One of the biggest successes achieved by Pakistan in this period was the seizure of a feature overlooking Bilafond La. This feature was named "Qaid Post" and for three years it dominated Indian positions on the glacier. Pakistani Army held Qaid post overlooked Bilafond La area and offered an excellent vantage point to view Indian Army activities. On 25 June 1987 Indian Army under the leadership of Brig. Gen. Chandan Nugyal, Major Varinder Singh, Lt. Rajiv Pande and Naib Subedar Bana Singh launched a successful strike on Qaid Post and captured it from Pakistani forces. [40] For his role in the assault, Subedar Bana Singh was awarded the Param Vir Chakra – India's highest gallantry award. The post was renamed Bana Post in his honour. [41]
September 1987: Operation Vajrashakti /Operation Qaidat : The Pakistan Army under Brig. Gen. Pervez Musharraf (later President of Pakistan ) launched Operation Qaidat to retake Qaid peak. For this purpose units from Pakistan Army SSG (1st and 3rd battalions) assembled a major task force at the newly constructed Khaplu garrison. [42] Having detected Pakistani movements ahead of Operation Qaidat, the Indian Army initiated Op Vajrashakti to secure the now renamed Bana Post from Pakistani attack. [43] [44]
Feb – May 1989: Operation Chumik/Operation Ibex :
In February Indian troops launched an attack on Pakistani positions and in response Pakistan started operation Chumik successfully capturing Kamran top and destroying an Indian military base [45] .In March 1989 Operation Ibex by the Indian Army attempted to seize the Pakistani post overlooking the Chumik Glacier. The operation was unsuccessful at dislodging Pakistani troops from their positions. Indian Army under Brig. R. K. Nanavatty launched an artillery attack on Kauser Base, the Pakistani logistical node in Chumik and successfully destroyed it. The destruction of Kauser Base induced Pakistani troops to vacate Chumik posts concluding Operation Ibex. [46]
28 July – 3 August 1992: Battle of Bahadur post : Indian Army launched Operation Trishul Shakti to protect the Bahadur post in Chulung when it was attacked by a large Pakistani assault team. On 1 August 1992, Pakistani helicopters were attacked by an Indian Igla missile and Brig. Masood Navid Anwari (PA 10117) then Force Commander Northern Areas and other accompanying troops were killed. This led to a loss of momentum on the Pakistani side and the assault stalled. [47]
May 1995: Battle of Tyakshi Post: Pakistan Army NLI units attacked Tyakshi post at the very southern edge of the Saltoro defense line. The attack was repulsed by Indian troops. [48]
June 1999: Indian Army under Brig. P. C. Katoch, Col. Konsam Himalaya Singh seized control of pt 5770 (Naveed Top/Cheema Top/Bilal Top) in the southern edge of the Saltoro defense line from Pakistan troops. [49]
Ground situation
Red dotted line is AGPL, right of which is Siachen Glacier controlled by Indian army.
In his memoirs , former Pakistani president General Pervez Musharraf states that Pakistan lost almost 986 square miles (2,550 km2) of territory that it claimed. [50] TIME states that the Indian advance captured nearly 1,000 square miles (2,600 km2) of territory claimed by Pakistan. [13]
Further attempts to reclaim positions were launched by Pakistan in 1990, 1995, 1996 and even in early 1999, just prior to the Lahore Summit .[ citation needed ]
The Indian army controls all of the 76 kilometres (47 mi) and 2553sq km area long Siachen Glacier and all of its tributary glaciers, as well as all the main passes and heights of the Saltoro Ridge [51] immediately west of the glacier, including Sia La , Bilafond La , and Gyong La —thus holding onto the tactical advantage of high ground. [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] Indians have been able to hold on to the tactical advantage of the high ground... Most of India's many outposts are west of the Siachen Glacier along the Saltoro Range . In an academic study with detailed maps and satellite images, co-authored by brigadiers from both the Pakistani and Indian military, pages 16 and 27: "Since 1984, the Indian army has been in physical possession of most of the heights on the Saltoro Range west of the Siachen Glacier, while the Pakistan army has held posts at lower elevations of western slopes of the spurs emanating from the Saltoro ridgeline. The Indian army has secured its position on the ridgeline."[ This quote needs a citation ]
The line between where Indian and Pakistani troops are presently holding onto their respective posts is being increasingly referred to as the Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL). [57] [58]
Reception
Despite the high cost India maintains presence, as Pakistani control of Siachen would allow them to put radar and monitor all Indian airforce activity in Ladakh. It would also unite the Chinese and Pakistani front and allow them to launch a combined attack on India in case of a conflict. It saves Indian army from heavy cost of building defence infrastructure in the Nubra valley . While stakes are high for India, Pakistan cannot be threatened with Indian control of Siachen as the terrain does not allow India to launch an offensive on Pakistan but is a big question on Pakistan's ability to defend its territory claims. 1999 Kargil war was also an attempt to restrict supply route to Ladakh and Siachen.
Both sides have shown desire to vacate the glacier as there are environmental and cost concerns. There are numerous negotiations between both parties but have shown no significant progress, the process was further complicated when Pakistan violated ceasefire line in 1999 and built bunkers on Indian side and started artillery fire on Indian strategic highways resulting in 1999 Kargil War. Even if both sides agree to demilitarize a Pakistani occupation similar to 1999 will make it extremely difficult and expensive for India to reoccupy the glacier. The steady Chinese advancement in Himalayas is also a concern since 2020 Galwan Incident as the border understanding was violated and a similar incident, though unlikely is possible inflicting heavy cost on India.
Siachen is seen as a major military setback by the Pakistani Army. [59] [60] Pakistani generals view the Siachen glacier as their land, which has been stolen by India. [61] When India occupied the Saltoro Ridge in April 1984, Benazir Bhutto publicly taunted the Pakistan Army as "fit only to fight its own citizens". [62] When, in June 1987, the Indian Army captured the 21,153 foot high " Quaid Post " and renamed it to "Bana Top", in honour of Naib Subedar Bana Singh , Bhutto once again publicly taunted the Pakistani generals, telling them to wear bangles if they cannot fight on the Siachen. [62] [63] [64]
American observers say that the military conflict between India and Pakistan over the Siachen Glacier "made no military or political sense". [61] An article in the Minneapolis Star Tribune stated: "Their combat over a barren, uninhabited world of questionable value is a forbidding symbol of their lingering, irreconcilability." [61] Stephen P. Cohen compared the conflict to "a struggle between two bald men over a comb. Siachen is a symbol of the worst aspects of their relationship." [61]
In the book Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict, Khan, Lavoy and Clary wrote:
The Pakistan army sees India's 1984 occupation of the Siachen Glacier as a major scar, outweighed only by Dhaka's fall in 1971. The event underscored the dilution of the Simla Agreement and became a domestic issue as political parties, led by Benazir Bhutto's Peoples Party, blamed an incompetent military government under Zia ul-Haq for failing to defend Pakistani-held territory — while Zia downplayed the significance of the loss. [65]
General Ved Prakash Malik , in his book Kargil from Surprise to Victory, wrote:
Siachen is considered a military setback by the Pakistan Army. That the Indians dominate the area from the Saltoro Ridge and Pakistani troops are nowhere near the Siachen Glacier is a fact never mentioned in public. The perceived humiliation at Siachen manifests itself in many ways. It is synonymous with Indian perfidy and a violation of the Shimla Agreement ... In Pakistan, Siachen is a subject that hurts, just like a thorn in its flesh; it is also a psychological drain on the Pakistani Army. Pervez Musharraf had himself once commanded the Special Services Group (SSG) troops in this area and made several futile attempts to capture Indian posts. [59]
The cost of presence on glacier is heavy for both countries but it account for a larger portion of Pakistan's economy. India over the years has built permanent positions on ground.
Severe conditions
A cease-fire went into effect in 2003. Even before then, more soldiers were killed every year due to severe weather conditions than enemy fire. The two sides by 2003 had lost an estimated 2,000 personnel primarily due to frostbite , avalanches and other complications. Together, the nations have about 150 manned outposts along the glacier, with some 3,000 troops each. Official figures for maintaining these outposts are put at ~$300 and ~$200 million for India and Pakistan respectively. India built the world's highest helipad on the glacier at Point Sonam , 21,000 feet (6,400 m) above the sea level, to supply its troops. The problems of reinforcing or evacuating the high-altitude ridgeline have led to India's development of the Dhruv Mk III helicopter, powered by the Shakti engine , which was flight-tested to lift and land personnel and stores from the Sonam post , the highest permanently manned post in the world. [66] India also installed the world's highest telephone booth on the glacier. [67]
According to some estimates, 97% of the casualties in Siachen have been due to weather and altitude, rather than actual fighting. [68] [ page needed ] In 2012, an avalanche hit Pakistan's Gayari military base, killing 129 soldiers and 11 civilians . [69] [70]
Kargil War
One of the factors behind the Kargil War in 1999 when Pakistan sent infiltrators to occupy vacated Indian posts across the Line of Control was their belief that India would be forced to withdraw from Siachen in exchange of a Pakistani withdrawal from Kargil. [71] After the Kargil War, India decided to maintain its military outposts on the glacier, wary of further Pakistani incursions into Kashmir if they vacate from the Siachen Glacier posts. [72] [ page needed ]
Visits
On 12 June 2005, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh became the first Indian Prime Minister to visit the area, calling for a peaceful resolution of the problem. In 2007, the President of India , Abdul Kalam became the first head of state to visit the area. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Siachen on 23 October 2014 to celebrate Diwali with the troops and boost their morale. [73]
The Chief of Staff of US Army, General George Casey on 17 October 2008 visited the Siachen Glacier along with Indian Army Chief, General Deepak Kapoor . US General visited for the purpose of "developing concepts and medical aspects of fighting in severe cold conditions and high altitude". [74] [75]
Since September 2007, India has welcomed mountaineering and trekking expeditions to the forbidding glacial heights. The expeditions have been meant to show the international audience that Indian troops hold "almost all dominating heights" on the important Saltoro Ridge west of Siachen Glacier, and to show that Pakistani troops are nowhere near the 43.5-mile (70 km) Siachen Glacier and from 2019 the Indian Army And The Indian Government has allowed the tourists to visit the Siachen Glacier's Indian Army Post. [76]
In popular culture
The Siachen glacier and its conflict was depicted in a 48-page comic book, Siachen: The Cold War, released in August 2012. Later its sequel, Battlefield Siachen, was released in January 2013. [77] [78] [79] [80]
The TV show Alpha Bravo Charlie had an extended multi-episode arc about one of the main characters being deployed to Siachen and losing his leg. [81] [82]
List of post-ceasefire avalanches and landslides
2010–2011
On 11 February 2010, an avalanche struck an Indian army post in the Southern Glacier, killing one soldier. A base camp was also struck, that killed two Ladakh scouts. The same day, a single avalanche hit a Pakistani military camp in Bevan sector, killing 8 soldiers. [83]
In 2011, 24 Indian soldiers died on the Siachen glacier from the climate and accidents. [84] On 22 July, two Indian officers burned to death when a fire caught on their shelter. [85]
2012–2014
In the early morning of 7 April 2012, an avalanche hit a Pakistani military headquarters in the Gayari Sector, burying 129 soldiers of the 6th Northern Light Infantry battalion and 11 civilian contractors. [86] [87] In the aftermath of the disaster, Pakistan's army chief General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani suggested India and Pakistan should withdraw all troops from the contested glacier. [88]
On 29 May, two Pakistani soldiers were killed in a landslide in the Chorbat Sector. [89]
On 12 December, an avalanche killed 6 Indian soldiers in the Sub Sector Hanif in Turtuk area, when troops of the 1st Assam regiment were moving between posts. [90] [91] In 2012, a total of 12 Indian soldiers died of hostile weather conditions. [84]
In 2013, 10 Indian soldiers died due to weather conditions. [84]
2015
On 14 November 2015, an Indian captain from the Third Ladakh scouts died in an avalanche in the Southern Glacier while 15 others were rescued. [92]
2016
On 4 January 2016, four Indian soldiers of the Ladakh Scouts , were killed in an avalanche on the Southern Glacier while on patrol duty in Nobra Valley. [93]
On the morning of 3 February 2016, ten Indian soldiers including one Junior commissioned officer of the 6th Madras battalion were buried under the snow when a massive avalanche struck their post in the Northern Glacier at a height of 19,600 feet, on the Actual Ground Position Line . [94] Pakistani officials offered their help in search and rescue operations 30 hours after the incident, although it was declined by Indian military authorities. [95] During the rescue operations, the Indian army found Lance Naik Hanumanthappa alive, though in a critical condition, after being buried under 25 feet snow for 6 days. He was taken to Army Research and Referral Hospital in Delhi. His condition became critical later on due to multiple organ failure and lack of oxygen to brain and he died 11 February 2016. [96]
On 27 February, a civilian porter working with the Indian army in the Northern Glacier, fell to his death in a 130-foot crevasse. [97]
On 17 March, two Indian soldiers from the Chennai-21 regiment were killed, and bodies recovered in 12-feet deep ice. [98]
On 25 March, two Indian jawans died after they were buried in an avalanche in the Turtuk sector while on patrol. [99]
On 1 April, Indian General Dalbir Singh and General D. S. Hooda of the Northern Command visited the Siachen glacier in order to boost morale after 17 of its soldiers died in 2016. [100]
2018 – 2019
On 14 July 2018, 10 Indian Army soldiers were killed as result of Avalanche in Siachen. [101]
On 19 January 2019, 7 Indian Army soldiers were killed as result of an avalanche in Siachen. [102]
On 3 June 2019, Indian defense minister Rajnath Singh visited the Indian army's forward posts and base camp in Siachen. He interacted with the Indian soldiers deployed in Siachen and commended their courage. He claimed that more than 1,100 Indian soldiers have died defending the Siachen glacier. [9] [8] [103]
From 18 to 30 November 2019, 6 Indian soldiers and 2 Indian civilians porters were killed as result of an avalanche in the northern and southern part of Siachen glacier. [104] [105]
References
Citations
Siachen conflict (1984—2003)Victorious: India / Defeated: Pakistan
Rajnath Singh also paid tribute to the martyred soldiers who sacrificed their lives while serving in Siachen. He went on to say, "More than 1,100 soldiers have made supreme sacrifice defending the Siachen glacier. The nation will always remain indebted to their service and sacrifice."
Wirsing, Robert (15 November 1991). Pakistan's security under Zia, 1977–1988: the policy imperatives of a peripheral Asian state. Palgrave Macmillan, 1991. ISBN
^ VAUSE, Mikel. Peering Over the Edge: The Philosophy of Mountaineering, p. 194.
^ CHILD, Greg. Mixed Emotions: Mountaineering Writings, p. 147.
^ Modern world history- Chapter-The Indian subcontinent achieves independence/The Coldest War.
Treaty Series (PDF) (Volume 81 ed.). United Nations Treaty Collection. p. 274. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
"CFL marked on U.N. Map superimposed on satellite image" . Pakistan Defence. 24 May 2015. Archived from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
^ Himalayan Journal Vol. 21
^ Himalayan Journal Vol. 25
^ SANGAKU 71
Dutta, Sujan (15 May 2006). "The Telegraph Calcutta : Nation" . The Telegraph (India). Calcutta, India. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ Alpine Journal, 1984
"TPC G-7D" . US Defense Mapping Agency. 1967. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
Kunal Verma (2012). "XIV Op Rajiv" . The Long Road to Siachen. Rupa. pp. 415–421. ISBN
(pp. 39)
^ The fight for Siachen Archived 2 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine , Brig. Javed Hassan (Retd) 22 April 2012, The Express Tribune
Harish Kapadia . Siachen Glacier: The Battle of Roses. Rupa Publications Pvt. Ltd. (India).
^ Endgame at Siachen Archived 3 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine , Maj Gen Raj Mehta, AVSM, VSM (Retd) 2 December 2014, South Asia Defence and Strategic Review
(pp. 68–69)
Detailed description of Indian forces taking control of Bilafond La in 1987
"War" . Globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
Contrary to the oft-copied misstatement in the old error-plagued summary
Hakeem, Asad; Gurmeet Kanwal; Michael Vannoni; Gaurav Rajen (1 September 2007). "Demilitarization of the Siachen Conflict Zone" (PDF). Sandia Report. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
Shukla, Ajai (20 January 2013) [First published 7 March 2011]. "In Siachen, Dhruv proves a world-beater" . Business Standard. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
.
After Kargil the Indian Army would resist any suggestion of a withdrawal from the world's highest battlefield for fear Pakistani troops would take over its vacated positions
Vijetha S.N (11 September 2012). "Siachen war comes alive in a comic book" . The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
"Huge search for trapped Pakistani soldiers" . Al Jazeera. 7 April 2012. Archived from the original on 9 April 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
"Two soldiers killed in Siachen landsliding" . geo.tv. Archived from the original on 19 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
AFP (16 December 2012). "Politics" . livemint.com/. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
"Six Army soldiers killed in Siachen avalanche, one missing" . NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
Hooda, Deepshikha (14 July 2018). "Siachen avalanche tragedy: Names of deceased soldiers released" . The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 8 February 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
Bibliography
Lavoy, Peter R., ed. (2009). Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict. Cambridge University Press. ISBN
Malik, V. P. (2006). Kargil from Surprise to Victory. HarperCollins Publishers India. ISBN
Gokhale, Nitin A (2015). Beyond NJ 9842: The SIACHEN Saga. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN
Further reading
Siachen: Conflict Without End by V.R. Raghavan
Myra MacDonald (2008) Heights of Madness: One Woman's Journey in Pursuit of a Secret War, Rupa, New Delhi ISBN 81-291-1292-2 . The first full account of the Siachen war to be told from the Indian and Pakistani sides.
.
External links
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Today’s Armed Conflicts
Our Rule of Law in Armed Conflict Online Portal (RULAC) classifies all situations of armed violence that amount to an armed conflict under international humanitarian law.
Today, it monitors more than 110 armed conflicts and provides information about parties, the latest developments, and applicable international law. Some of these conflicts make the headlines, others do not. Some of them started recently, while others have lasted for more than 50 years.
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‘CAR is on the top of the list with several NIACs involving multiple armed groups. The Government is involved in NIACs against a wide array of rebel groups, including the anti-Balaka and the ex-Séléka. There are also parallel non-international armed conflicts due to the infighting between various armed groups’ underlines Dr Redealli .
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11 | where is the world's highest battlefield located | https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/highest-battlefield | When
1984
Since 1984 the Indian and Pakistani armies have faced each other on the Siachen Glacier, in the disputed territory of Kashmir, at a height of up to 6,700 m (22,000 ft), in temperatures as low as -60°C (-76°F). At this altitude, they are higher than climbers standing at the summits of the tallest mountains in Africa, North America, Australasia, Europe, and Antarctica.
Reports suggest that Pakistan spends as much as $588,000 (£354,000) a month and India about $1 million (£603,355) a month maintaining troops on the glacier.
Almost all of the war's 2,000 personnel casualties (between 1984-1997) have been due to the extreme weather conditions.
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15-30383
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12 | keh do keh do dil ki baatein mp3 download | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Lata_Mangeshkar | List of songs recorded by Lata Mangeshkar
2 languages
Mangeshkar in 1953
Lata Mangeshkar (born Hema Mangeshkar; 28 September 1929 – 6 February 2022) was an Indian legendary playback singer , music producer and music director who made music in Hindi and other Indian languages. Many of her old songs have featured in various new films ( Bollywood or Indian films) and have also been credited. But such songs, unless re-recorded, are not enlisted below.
NOTE: This article does not contain all songs sung by Mangeshkar.
Hindi songs
K. Dutta
Sanwariya o basuriya o bajaai gayo re
Datta Daavjekar
Chalo Ho Gayi Taiyar
Paigankar and Karnard
Anil Biswas
Ira Nagrath
Mere phoolon men chhipi hai
Yaad rakhna chand
Yaad rakhna chand
Khemchand Prakash
Door jaye re raah meri aaj teri raah se
Ek moorat manohar meri ankhiyan ko tarse
Kit jaye base he murari tohe dhoondhat radha
Premnath
Mukund Masurekar
Gyan Dutt
Kab tak kategi zindagi kinare kinare
Preetam tera mera pyar
Aziz Khan
Ghulam Haider
Purushottam
K. Dutta
C. Ramchandra
C. Ramchandra
Ghulam Haider
Ghulam Haider
Madam Mohan
Khemchand Prakash
Jadu kar gai kisi ke naina
Rooth gaye more shyam sakhi re
Tujhe o bewafa hum zindagi ka aasra
Ye kaun aaya re karke ye
Aa bhie jaa janewale
Aaiye aao chale wahan
Shaukat Haidri
Naushad
P. Ramakant
Shankar Jaikishan
Jiya beqarar hai chhayi bahaar hai
Mujhe kisi se pyar ho gaya
Meri ankhon men bas gaya koi
Ab mera kaun sahara
Patli kamar hai
Shyam Sunder
Aye dil unko yaad na karna
Zara sunlo hum apne pyar
Rajkumari
Husnlal Bhagatram
Chup chup khade
Yeh duniya kehti hai koi faryaad na kare
Chahe chori chori aao chahe chup chup
Itna bhi beshav ko na aasmaan sataye
Shyam Sunder
Hansraj Behl
Too humse juda hai par tere liye phir bhi
Ghulam Mohammad
Naushad
Do din ki bahar hai pyar kar
Mohabbat hamari zamana hamara
Mil mil ke gayenge
Vinod
Ab haal e dil
Anil Biswas
Baar baar tum soch
Husnlal Bhagatram
Mohammed Rafi
Anil Biswas
M. Acharya
Gharibon ka hissa gharibon men
Jai jai prem devta
Bedard zamane kya teri mehfil men
Toote hue armano ki ek dunia
Us dil ki kismat kya kehiye
Umeed ke rangeen jhoole men ek aas
Duniya hamare pyar ki yunhi
Karan Dewan
Pandit Gobindram
Tune jahan bana kar ehsaan kya kiya
Namoona
Mhari gali men aave jo
Zulm tumhare seh na sake
Tadpake mujhe ab chodd
Vasant Desai
Nazare
Ghulam Mohammad
Shakeel Badayuni
N. A. Jolagonkar
Ek baar chale aao phir chahe na aana
C. Ramchandra
Pyar ke jahan ki nirali
Shamshad Begum
Mohammed Rafi
C. Ramchandra
Husnlal Bhagatram
Dil kisi ne cheen liya pehli mulaqat men
Sudhir Phadke
Husnlal Bhagatram
Teri ankhiyan sajan chor chor
Tum bin raja nehin man ka chain
Kaleja thaam lo
C. Ramchandra
Aaram ke the saathi kya kya jab waqt para to
Chalo ghunghat men guiyaan
Ghulam Mohammad
Do bichhare hue dil aapas men
G.M. Durrani
Vasant Desai
Patjhad ke din beet gaye
Raat jaa rahi neend aa rahi hai
Rangeen gagan peeche choota
Saraswati Devi
Hansraj Behl
Sajan ki or leke
1950s
[ edit ]
1950
[ edit ]
Film
Song
Composer(s)
Writer(s)
Co-artist(s)
1951
[ edit ]
Film
Song
Composer(s)
Writer(s)
Co-artist(s)
Awaara
Mukesh
Manna Dey
1952
[ edit ]
Film
Song
Composer(s)
Writer(s)
Co-artist(s)
Daag
Shin Shinaki Boobla Boo
Takka Lai Kali Dai
Kaise Hain Mizaj Kahiye
Saain Re Ghar Ghar Mein Ek Chor
Ek Baar Jo Parde Se Phir Chham Se Tera Aana Ho
Kushiro Kumar
Shin Shinaki Boobla Boo
"O Aasmanwale"
"Jaag Dard-E-Ishq Jaag, Dil Ko Bekarar Kar Chhedke Aansuon Ka Raag"
Hemant Kumar
Jo Main Jaanti
Mann Mor Machave Shor
Salil Chowdhury
Manna Dey
1954
[ edit ]
Film
Song
Composer(s)
Writer(s)
Co-artist(s)
Nagin
Jadugar Saiyan
Oonchi Oonchi Duniya Ki Deewarein
Mayurpankh
Shakeel Badayuni
"Peeke Daras Ko Taras"
C. Ramchandra
Usha Mangeshkar
Hemant Kumar
"Raag Malika"
Manna Dey
"Rut Basant"
Uran Khatola
"Dooba Tara Ummeedon"
"Sitaron Ki Mehfil"
Zindagi Bahar Hai
Are Koi Jao Ri Piya Ko Bulao Ri"
Na Bure Na Bhale Hum Garib Gham Ke Pale
Tu Maane Ya Na Maane Balam Anjaane
Ae Zamin Ae Aasman Itna Bata
Keh Do Ji Keh Do
Talat Mahmood
Phoolon Ke Mele
Yeh Chand Kal Jo
1957
[ edit ]
Film
Song
Composer(s)
Writer(s)
Co-artist(s)
Kathputli
Mini Mini Chichi
Itne Bade Jahan Mein Ae Dil
So Ja Re So Ja
Tumko Salaam Hain
Aise Vaise Thikane Pe Jana Bura Hai
Yu hasrato ke dag
"O More Saanwre Salone Piya, Tose Milne Ko Tarse Jiya"
Shankar Jaikishan
Ni Baliye Rut Hai Bahaar Ki, Kuchh Mat Puchho Kaise Bitin"
Mukesh
O Kanhayyaa Aaj Aanaa Kvaab Men
Saawan Aawan Keh Gaye Dil Mein Sama Ke Milne Na Aaye"
"Kahaan Hai Kahaan Hai Kanhaiya, Samjhe Na Pyar Mera
1960s
[ edit ]
1960
[ edit ]
Film
Song
Composer(s)
Writer(s)
Co-artist(s)
Mera Dil Ab Tera Ho Sajna
Sheesha-e-Dil
Yeh Bansi Kyun Gaaye
Mere Man Ke Diye
"Mohabbat Ki Jhooti"
"Khuda Nigehbaan"
"Do Hanson Ka Joda Bichhad Gayo Re"
"Jhanan Ghoongar Baaje"
Madan Mohan Kohli
Rang Birangi Rakhi Leke Aayi
Woh Dekho, Jala Ghar Kisi Ka
Jiya Le Gayo Ji Mora
Tera mera pyar amar
Ab Aur Na Kucch Bhi Yaad Raha
Do Ankhiyan Jhuki Jhuki Si
Roshan
Asha Bhosle
Yaad Mein Teri
Chhod Kar Tere Pyaar Kaa Daaman
Saiyaan Beimaan
Ye Samaa Samaa Hai Pyar Ka
1966
[ edit ]
Film
Song
Composer(s)
Writer(s)
Co-artist(s)
Laxmikant-Pyarelal
"Dil Humne De Diya, Kyun Tumne Le Liya"
Kishore Kumar
"Sunle Pyar Ke Dushman Duniya Dilwalon Ke Afsane, Chal Pade Jo Dhoon Mein To Phir Kab Rukte Hai Deewane"
Asha Bhosle, Kishore Kumar, Manna Dey
1967
[ edit ]
Film
Song
Composer(s)
Writer(s)
Co-artist(s)
Milan
Bol Gori Bol Tera Kaun Piya (Revival)
Aaj Dil Pe Koi (Revival)
Hum Tum Yug Yug Se (Revival)
Mukesh
Aaj Dil Pe Koi Zor Chalta Nahin
Tohe Sanwariya
Mohammed Rafi
R D Burman
Mohammed Rafi
1970s
[ edit ]
1970
[ edit ]
Film
Song
Composer(s)
Writer(s)
Co-artist(s)
Shankar–Jaikishan
"Aaha Le Gai O Jiya Le Gai, Chavi Sunder Salone Gopal Ki"
Asha Bhosle
"Hole Hole Ek Bhi Na Ghungru Bole"
Sudha Malhotra, Geeta Dutt
Manna Dey
Sonik Om
Verma Malik
Mohammed Rafi
Rahul Dev Burman
Kishore Kumar
Ravi
So Jaa Mere Laal So Jaa Madhur Suron Mein Nindiya Gaaye"
Kishore Kumar
R. D. Burman
solo
"Duniya Ka Mela"
1973
[ edit ]
Film
Song
Composer(s)
Writer(s)
Co-artist(s)
Jugnu
"Jab Bhi Jee Chaahe"
Minoo Purushottam
S. D. Burman
Laxmikant Pyarelal
Mohammad Rafi
R. D. Burman
Naushad
Manna Dey
Kishore Kumar
Vitalbhai Patel
Hasrat Jaipuri
Kalyanji Anandji
S. D. Burman
Mukesh
Mohammed Rafi
solo
Sham Suhani Ayi Khusiya Banke Pahli Bar
Mahendra Kapoor, Shailendra Singh
Khayyam
"Surkh Jode Ki Yeh Jagmagahat"
Pamela Chopra
Husn Hazir Hai"
Madan Mohan, Jaidev
Mohammed Rafi
"koi pathar se na mare mere deewane Ko
solo
Laxmikant Pyarelal
Anand Bakshi
"Ranjhe Ki Aankhon Se Dekho Heer Ko, Mujhko Chhedo
Kishore Kumar
Kalyanji Anandji
"Aadhi Aadhi Raat Meri Payaliya Bhaje"
R. D. Burman
solo
Laxmikant Pyarelal
Mohammad Rafi
R. D. Burman
Manna Dey, Kishore Kumar
"Mashook Apne Shabab Mein"
Kalyanji Anandji
Gulshan Bawra
Kishore Kumar
"Maa Kabhi Main Bhi Piya Ghar
1977
[ edit ]
Film
Song
Composer(s)
Writer(s)
Co-artist(s)
Laxmikant–Pyarelal
Anand Bakshi
Asha Bhosle
Kalyanji Anandji
Mukesh
Kishore Kumar
Kalyanji-Anandji
R. D. Burman
Kishore Kumar
Laxmikant Pyarelal
Anand Bakshi
Asha Bhosle
solo
"Mat Ro Behna"
Kalyanji–Anandji
Kishore Kumar
Rajesh Roshan
Anand Bakshi
Kishore Kumar
Laxmikant-Pyarelal
Khayyam
Dhoom Mache Dhoom"
R. D. Burman
Laxmikant–Pyarelal
Amanda Bakshi
Kishore Kumar
Hum Bhi Raahon Mein Khade Hain Yaar, Idhar Dekh Lo"
R. D. Burman
Laxmikant–Pyarelal
Anand Bakshi
Mahendra Kapoor
Ravindran Jain
Mohammed Rafi
Laxmikant-Pyarelal
Looie Shama Sha
Nitin Mukesh, Manna Dey, Mahendra Kapoor, Shailendra Singh
Pilaa De Saaqi, Maaraa Thumakaa
Anand Bakshi
"Teri Meri Dosti Ho Gayi, Sari Duniya Se Dushmani Ho Gayi"
Kishore Kumar
"Sare Shahar Mein Ek Haseen Hai, Aur Woh Main Hoon"
Khayyam
Gulzar
Shankar Jaikishan
Vithalbhai Patel
Singhar
1981
[ edit ]
Film
Song
Composer(s)
Writer(s)
Co-artist(s)
Naseeb
Rang Jamake Jayenge, Chakkar Chalake Jayenge, Jhumke, Ghumke Sabko Ghumake Jayenge"
Kishore Kumar, Mohammed Rafi, Shailendra Singh, Asha Bhosle, Usha Mangeshkar
R D Burman
Khayyam
Laxmikant–Pyarelal
Kishore Kumar
"Tere Long Da Piya Lashkara"
Mohammed Rafi
Anu Malik
Hridaynath Mangeshkar
Sahir Ludhianvi
Suresh Wadkar
Mahendra Kapoor
Laxmikant Pyarelal
"Badal Yun Garajta Hai"
Manhar Udhas
R D Burman
Tu Jo Kahe To"
Rajesh Roshan
Laxmikant Pyarelal
Kishore Kumar
R. D. Burman
Laxmikant Pyarelal
Kishore Kumar
Shiv Hari
Kishore Kumar
Kishore Kumar
Laxmikant Pyarelal
R D Burman
Suresh Wadkar
R D Burman
Gulshan Bawra
Kishore Kumaar
Suresh Wadkar
Laxmikant Pyarelal
Shabbir Kumar
Laxmikant Pyarelal
Mata Parkat Ho, Devi
Mai To Sang Jaaun Banwas
1988
[ edit ]
Film
Song
Composer(s)
Writer(s)
Co-artist(s)
Namumkin
Kabrastan
Kishore Kumar
"Yun Lagne Lagi"
"Dil deewana bin sajna ke" [17]
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
"Antakshari"
"Tum ladki ho, main ladka hu" [20]
Raamlaxman
Anu Malik
R. D. Burman
Anand Bakshi
"Main Ek Sadi Se"
"Kabhi Main Kahoon"
Mohammad Aziz
Amit Kumar
S.P. Balasubrahmanyam
Bappi Lahiri
S.P. Balasubrahmanyam
"Sajna Tere Bina Kya Jeena"
Prem Dharm
"Babul Chhodi Na Jaye"
Roop Kumar Rathod
Shabbir Kumar
Udit Narayan
"Aakey Teri Bahon Mein, Har Shyam Lagey Sindoori"
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
Mere Sirhane Jalao Sapne
Dilip Sen, Sameer Sen
Udit Narayan
"Mere Sathiya Mere Sath Chal Aisa Na Ho Jaye"
Abhijeet
Abhijeet
"Aaj Radha Ko Shyam"
"Balma Arzi Meri"
Udit Narayan
"Dil Karata Hai Dur Chale Kahin"
Shyam Surender
Kumar Sanu
Janeman Janeja
"Bholi Si Surat"
"Phul Mai Bheju Dil"
Suresh Wadkar
Kumar Sanu
Jatin–Lalit
Anand Bakshi
Kumar Sanu
Udit Narayan
"Pyaara Sa Gaon"
"Zinda Rehti Hain Mohabbatein"
Udit Narayan
2002
[ edit ]
Film
Song
Composer(s)
Writer(s)
Co-artist(s)
"The Medley"
2005
[ edit ]
Film
Song
Composer(s)
Writer(s)
Co-artist(s)
Bewafaa
Shamir Tandon
Sandeep Nath
Vinay Tiwari
Hindi non-film songs
Asha Bhosle
Dard Se Mera Daaman
Jagjit Singh
Meri Tasveer Mein Rang
Jagjit Singh
Mili Hawaon Mein Udne
"Soja Rajkumari"
Anil Mohle
"Piya Milan Ko Jana" (Tribute To Pankaj Mullick)
"Yeh Raaten Yeh Mausam"
"Tumse Jo Kahungi"
"Aye Chand Chup Najana"
Asha Bhosle, Chitra Singh, Jagjit Singh
Marathi songs
Year
Film
Song
Composer(s)
Writer(s)
Co-artist(s)
1951
solo
"Tujhi Majhi Preet"
1995
Pani
"Tir Bendha Pakhi"
Hemanta Mukherjee
Hemanta Mukherjee
Pulak Banerjee
"Bodhua Ke Jeno Go"
"Ke Jeno Go Dekechhe Amay" (duet)
Hemanta Mukherjee
Bireswar Sarkar
Bireswar Sarkar
Hemanta Mukherjee
Pulak Banerjee
R D Burman
Bappi Lahiri
Pulak Banerjee
Bappi Lahiri
R D Burman
chorus
1992
Swapan Chakraborty, Anjan Chowdhury
Salil Chowdhury
Salil Chowdhury
Salil Chowdhury
Hridaynath Mangeshkar
Salil Chowdhury
Salil Chowdhury
Salil Chowdhury
Salil Chowdhury
2014
Single
Traditional
"Mehndi Rang Lagyo"
Kannada songs
"Kanjeri Rahi Kanjri"
Shamshad Begum
"Indru Endhan Nenjil Sakhi"
Album Khusus Soneta Volume 1 - Lata Mangeshkar Ratu Dangdut Dunia
List of songs recorded by Lata Mangeshkar
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About Dil Ki Baatein
Listen to Dil Ki Baatein online. Dil Ki Baatein is
a
Hindi language song and is sung by Anirudh Sharma.
Dil Ki Baatein, from the album Dil Ki Baatein, was released in the year 2021. The duration of the song is 5:03.
Download Hindi songs online from JioSaavn.
When was Dil Ki Baatein released?
Dil Ki Baatein is a hindi song released in 2021.
Dil Ki Baatein is a hindi song released in 2021.
Which album is the song Dil Ki Baatein from?
Dil Ki Baatein is a hindi song from the album Dil Ki Baatein.
Dil Ki Baatein is a hindi song from the album Dil Ki Baatein.
Who is the music director of Dil Ki Baatein?
Dil Ki Baatein is composed by Anirudh Sharma.
Dil Ki Baatein is composed by Anirudh Sharma.
What is the duration of Dil Ki Baatein?
The duration of the song Dil Ki Baatein is 5:03 minutes.
The duration of the song Dil Ki Baatein is 5:03 minutes.
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You can download Dil Ki Baatein on JioSaavn App.
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13 | where was the new pete's dragon filmed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete's_Dragon_(2016_film) | Pete's Dragon (2016 film)
Film by David Lowery
Pete's Dragon
August 12, 2016 (2016-08-12) (United States)
Running time
Pete's Dragon premiered at the El Capitan Theatre on August 8, 2016, and was theatrically released in the United States on August 12, 2016, by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . [4] The film received positive reviews from critics and was also a commercial success, grossing over $143 million worldwide against a $65 million production budget. [2]
In 1977, 5-year-old Pete Healy is on a road trip with his parents when their car flips over after nearly colliding with a deer . Pete's parents are killed but he survives and is pursued into the forest by a wolf pack, then saved by a large dragon with wings, green fur, and yellow eyes. Pete grows attached to the dragon and names him Elliot after a character in his favorite book.
Six years later, in 1983, Pete spots a lumberjack crew chopping down trees near his home. Natalie, the daughter of ethical site foreman Jack, spots and pursues him. When she accidentally falls from a tree, her screams attract Jack and his girlfriend, park ranger Grace Meacham. Pete tries to run away, but Gavin, Jack's ruthless brother, accidentally knocks him unconscious. After realizing that Pete has vanished, Elliot stumbles around looking for him and ends up knocking over a tree near the lumber camp , leading Gavin to organize a hunting party to find him. Meanwhile, Pete awakens in a local hospital ; he escapes and tries to return to the forest.
Gavin and his men locate Pete and Elliot's treehouse, but when they try to search it, Elliot reveals himself and scares them away. He follows them to town trying to find Pete. When he sees Pete settling in with Grace's family, he leaves. Pete gives Grace a drawing of Elliot and she shows her father, Conrad, who says he discovered the same dragon as a young man. He advises her to trust Pete and find Elliot.
The next day, Pete, Grace, Natalie, and Conrad travel to the forest to meet Elliot. A group of hunters led by Gavin surprise Elliot and shoot him with tranquilizer darts, then lock him up in Jack's warehouse . Before the authorities can inspect the dragon, Pete and Natalie free him from his chains and escape on a lumber truck with Conrad.
Angered, Gavin sets up a roadblock at the bridge to stop them. When Elliot tries to fly, he crashes into the truck, damaging its brakes and it goes through the barricade. Confused and frightened, Elliot perches on top of the bridge and starts breathing fire at the lead truck driven by Grace and Jack. The bridge begins to collapse under the intense heat, causing Grace and Jack's truck to fall through, Gavin then abandons his attack and tries to save them from death. Elliot emerges from the ravine with Grace and Jack riding safely on his back. With a firefighting helicopter approaching, Pete flees with Elliot back to the woods.
Pete pleads with Elliot to let him stay so he can protect him from his attackers, just as Elliot protected him. However, Elliot concludes that as long as they stay close together, Pete will always be in danger. He points out Pete's book to encourage him to return to stay with Grace and Jack. Pete is reluctant, and worried for Elliot's safety, but ultimately trusts the dragon's judgment. After a very tearful hug, Elliot returns to the mountains and Pete returns to live with Grace and Jack as his new family.
In the years that follow, Grace and Jack marry and adopt Pete as their son. Not only has Elliot slowly faded from the town's memory, but Gavin has learned to be more scrupulous and has moved on from the experience. Pete and his family eventually go on vacation and see that Elliot is finally reunited with his fellow dragons.
Bryce Dallas Howard as Grace Meacham, a forest ranger and Jack's girlfriend later second wife.
Oakes Fegley as Pete Healy, a young orphan who lives in the forest with a dragon named Elliot.
Levi Alexander as 5-year-old Pete
Wes Bentley as Jack Magary, a widowed lumber mill owner who is Natalie's father, Gavin's brother and Grace's boyfriend - later husband.
Karl Urban as Gavin Magary, a hunter and lumberjack who is Jack's brother and Natalie's uncle. [5]
Oona Laurence as Natalie Magary, Jack's daughter and Gavin's niece.
Robert Redford as Conrad Meacham, Grace's widowed father who has been telling stories about the dragon.
Marcus Henderson as Woodrow, a lumberjack and one of Gavin's men.
Aaron Jackson as Abner, a lumberjack and one of Gavin's men.
Phil Grieve as Bobby, a lumberjack and one of Gavin's men.
Jim McLarty as Ranger Wentworth, a forest ranger and co-worker of Grace
Ian Harcourt as Deputy West, a deputy who works for Sheriff Dentler
Steve Barr as Deputy Smalls, a deputy who works for Sheriff Dentler
John Kassir as the vocal effects for Elliot
In March 2013, Walt Disney Pictures announced it would remake Pete's Dragon , as a non-musical, dramatic film to be written by David Lowery and Toby Halbrooks, and directed by Lowery. Disney intended to rework the core story as a dramatic story, rather than a musical . It set the new work in the Pacific Northwest of the early 1980s, rather than the Northern New England of the early 1900s in the 1977 film. [6] [7]
Live-action shots were filmed using Panavision Panaflex cameras , while Elliot the dragon was animated entirely by Weta Digital using CGI , rather than the hand-drawn animation of the 1977 original. [8] [9]
On September 19, 2014, Disney cast Oakes Fegley and Oona Laurence to star as Pete and Natalie. [10] On October 2, Barrie M. Osborne was set to be the executive producer for the film. [11] On October 16, Robert Redford was in early talks to play a local storyteller who remembers seeing a dragon in the woods. [8] On November 20, Bryce Dallas Howard was in talks for the female lead role, a forest ranger who finds the boy and does not believe his stories about a dragon. [12] On January 7, 2015, Wes Bentley joined the cast of the film to replace Casey Affleck . [13] On January 9, Michael C. Hall was also added to the cast. [14] On January 29, Karl Urban replaced Hall. [15]
Principal photography commenced in January 2015 in New Zealand , with Lowery directing. [16] Rehearsals began early January 2015, [17] while news reported the beginning of the shooting on January 26, 2015, set to last through April. [8] [18] Live-action filming locations included Bay of Plenty , Taupō and Wellington , while CGI was done at Stone Street Studios. [19] On February 10, 2015, a press release confirmed that principal photography had commenced. [9] Shooting took place in and around Wellington and Rotorua , before transferring to Tapanui , where the old Blue Mountain Lumber mill was used as the mill in the film, and the main street became Millhaven for two weeks. [20] [21] Production concluded on April 30, 2015. [22]
Pete's Dragon grossed $76.2 million in North America and $67.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $143.7 million, against a budget of $65 million. [2]
In the United States and Canada, Pete's Dragon opened on August 12, 2016, across 3,702 theaters, of which 2,884 were in 3D , and 150 were premium large-format screens, as well as in 57 D-Box and 16 Dolby Cinema sites. [24] It was projected to gross $20–25 million in its opening weekend. [25] The film did not have Thursday night previews, and made $7 million on its first day, Friday. [26] In its opening weekend, it earned $21.5 million, finishing third at the box office, behind Suicide Squad and Sausage Party . [27] The opening was reminiscent of Disney's July release The BFG , which also carried strong reviews into the weekend only to deliver $18.7 million in its first three days, [28] and far from the $67–116 million debuts of other Disney live-action adaptations, such as Cinderella , Maleficent , Oz the Great and Powerful , The Jungle Book and Alice in Wonderland . However, many box office critics did not worry about the opening figure, given the film's modest budget, and the fact that the film is not anywhere near as well known as those films' respective source material. [26] [29] Disney's distribution chief Dave Hollis was optimistic that film would become profitable by saying, "People who are coming out of the theater are just loving it and their advocacy is going to help us put together a nice, solid run." [30] Forbes noted that the film did not have any box office draws other than the stellar reviews and the notion of another Disney "live-action fairy tale." [26] Although the film witnessed a steep decline on its second Friday (-55%), it fell just by 47.2% on its second weekend, grossing $11.3 million. [31] On its third weekend, it fell just by 35%, grossing $7.3 million. [32] The following weekend, Pete's Dragon declined only 14.7%, grossing $6.5 million and moved up to fourth place. [33] [34]
Outside North America, Pete's Dragon received a scattered release pattern. [35] The film was released day-and-date in conjuncture with its U.S. premiere in 12 markets (roughly 30% of the overseas market), including the United Kingdom, Italy, and Russia. [24] It earned a total of $5.3 million, with Russia ($1.5 million), Italy ($1.4 million) and the U.K. ($1.1 million) representing its largest takings. [35] Moreover, it also opened in France ($1.8 million). [36] It had just a 1% drop in attendance in the U.K. in its second weekend. [36] It expanded to Germany the following weekend and continued its roll out in Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Korea throughout September, and finally Japan on December 23, 2016. [25] [35]
Critical response
The film was well received. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 88% based on 246 reviews with an average rating of 7.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Pete's Dragon continues Disney's current live-action winning streak with an update that gives the original a visual overhaul without overwhelming its sweet, soulful charm." [37] On Metacritic , the film has a score of 71 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". [38] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A". [39] [40]
Kyle Smith of The New York Post gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars, and called it, "A cinematic enchantment" as well as, "one of the year’s best movies." [41] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote, "Thanks to director David Lowery's humanizing magic, this tale of an orphan boy and a dragon is that rare family film you really can take to heart." [42] Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News gave the film a "B+" and said that while the remake, "may owe more to E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial , along with a dash of The Jungle Book than it does to the original Pete's Dragon," she overall concluded that "this story of two vulnerable souls who help each other find their way works, too." [43] Barry Hertz of The Globe and Mail praised the film for its sincerity as well as its "honest effort to entertain and enthrall" audiences rather than simply being a cash grab. [44]
Glenn Kenny of The New York Times felt mixed about the film in his review saying, "It is slightly unfair to say that this reboot of Pete's Dragon is middling on a larger scale, but it's not entirely inaccurate either." [45] Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film two out of four stars and wrote, "While Pete's Dragon does a fine job of evoking the delight one might feel at flying over hill and dale on the back of a mythological creature, it is less successful in rendering real human emotion." [46]
Truly Moving Picture Award
Bulbeck, Pip (August 17, 2015). "New Zealand Merges Film Agencies" . The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
Caranicas, Peter (October 2, 2014). "Below the Line Bookings" . Variety. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
It was the only movie to receive a solid A CinemaScore this weekend with families accounting for 66% of this reboot's business.
External links
Pete's Dragon (2016 film)
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13 | where was the new pete's dragon filmed | https://giggster.com/guide/movie-location/where-was-pete-s-dragon-filmed | 1977
Location Types
About Pete's Dragon
Step into a magical blend of live-action and animation with Pete's Dragon, an enchanting 1977 American musical fantasy film. Directed by the astute Don Chaffey, this film encapsulates a beautiful blend of enchantment and adventure. A stellar cast, including Helen Reddy, Sean Marshall, Mickey Rooney, Jim Dale, and Red Buttons, with Jeff Conaway, Shelley Winters, and the captivating voice of Charlie Callas bringing the lovable dragon, Elliott, to life, enhance the cinematic experience.
The story revolves around Pete, a young orphan whose life turns extraordinary when he befriends a giant, cartoonish, green dragon named Elliott. Their adventures take them through the quaint town of Passamaquoddy, weaving a captivating tale of friendship and courage.
Released on November 3, 1977, Pete's Dragon received mixed reviews from critics. While some celebrated its innovative animation and riveting performances, others felt the film's length and depiction of alcohol consumption were contentious.
However, the film's true shine was when it garnered two nominations at the 50th Academy Awards for Best Original Song and Best Original Score. The captivating "Candle on the Water," performed by Helen Reddy, received a notable mention, earning an Academy Award nomination.
Regarding commercial success, Pete's Dragon soared moderately high, accumulating an estimated gross of $36 million against a budget of $10 million. This unique blend of live-action and animation continues to charm audiences, its captivating tale making it a timeless classic in the fantasy films genre.
Pete's Dragon Locations
A classic Disney movie was filmed primarily in the sun-soaked state of California. The dramatic lighthouse scenes, pivotal to the film's storyline, were captured on a rugged outcrop at Morro Bay, a charming coastal city known for its striking volcanic rock formations. A set was meticulously constructed for these scenes, complete with a functioning lamp courtesy of the Coast Guard.
The quaint town, brimming with character, was brought to life on the Walt Disney Studios backlot, where existing sets underwent extensive reimagination. Meanwhile, Disney's Golden Oak Ranch in Santa Clarita, California, provided the backdrop for the idyllic landscapes and iconic covered bridge. This sprawling ranch has been a backdrop for many other popular films and TV shows, making it a destination worth visiting for any film enthusiast.
While California served as the setting for most scenes, the fictional town depicted in the film draws inspiration from the real-life Passamaquoddy Bay. This large inlet of the Bay of Fundy is between the U.S. state of Maine and the Canadian province of New Brunswick. The town's name, Passamaquoddy, is derived from the indigenous people who reside in this region, renowned for their tradition of spearing pollock.
A trip to the filming locations of Pete's Dragon offers a chance to walk in the footsteps of Pete and his dragon, Elliott, and an opportunity to explore the diverse landscapes of California. From the picturesque coastal city of Morro Bay to the sprawling ranches of Santa Clarita, these locations offer a wealth of natural beauty and cinematic history that makes the journey worthwhile.
The lighthouse scenes in Pete's Dragon
Morro Bay, California, USA
Nora (Helen Reddy), the headstrong daughter of Lampie (Mickey Rooney), comes looking for her father in a tavern. She gets caught up in the lampooning atmosphere of the tavern before she takes Lampie back to their home, the Passamaquoddy lighthouse. After settling him down, Nora spots a young boy, Pete (Sean Marshall), walking along the beach, piquing her curiosity.
The lighthouse scenes, pivotal to the film's storyline, were captured on a rugged outcrop at Morro Bay, California. This coastal city, known for its striking natural beauty, is a fitting backdrop for these scenes. Though the exact filming locations aren't specified, fans of the film can explore Morro Bay and find landscapes that mirror those seen in the movie.
Morro Bay offers stunning beaches, breathtaking nature, engaging activities, and fresh seafood, making it a worthy destination for any traveler. A must-visit is Morro Rock Beach, renowned for its wavy ocean, sandy dunes, and the iconic Morro Rock, which has earned the city the nickname "the Gibraltar of California."
You can take a scenic drive along California's Central Coast to get to Morro Bay. If you're coming from Los Angeles, it's approximately a four-hour drive north on US-101 N. From San Francisco, it's about a three-and-a-half-hour drive south on US-101 S.
Doc Terminus and Hoagie arrive in Passamaquoddy scene in Pete's Dragon
The Walt Disney Studios, 500 S Buena Vista St, Burbank, CA 91521, USA
Doc Terminus, a sly snake oil salesman (Jim Dale), and his accomplice Hoagie (Red Buttons) arrive in the small seaside town of Passamaquoddy. Initially, the townsfolk expressed anger at Terminus's return, having been duped by him. However, through his cunning salesmanship and charm, Terminus placates the mob and sets up shop again to peddle his wares.
This scenario takes place in a picturesque town brought to life on the Walt Disney Studios backlot. The standing sets were extensively redressed to recreate the quaint and charming atmosphere of Passamaquoddy, contributing significantly to the authenticity and visual appeal of the scene.
The Walt Disney Studios lot has numerous sound stages, a backlot, and an array of production facilities dedicated to movie-making. These facilities support Walt Disney Studios' motion picture production processes. In addition to these, the complex also accommodates offices for various company divisions. However, Pixar Animation Studios operates from its base in Emeryville, Lucasfilm has its headquarters in San Francisco, and 20th Century Studios continues to operate from its original lot in the neighboring Century City.
Members of D23, the official Disney fan club, are offered the unique chance to partake in a two-and-a-half-hour guided tour of The Walt Disney Studios. This exclusive journey includes visiting Walt Disney's office suite and the esteemed Disney Archives.
Reaching the Walt Disney Studios Park is relatively straightforward. If you're in the Los Angeles area, it's a short drive north on I-5 N. From there, take the Alameda Avenue exit and turn right onto Alameda Avenue. Continue straight, turn left onto Buena Vista Street, and the park will be on your right.
Pete helps Nora prepare for the storm scene in Pete's Dragon
Point Buchon, California, USA
Pete (Sean Marshall) assists Nora (Helen Reddy) in preparing the lighthouse for an impending storm. The lighthouse stands as a beacon for a sailing ship that is finding its way to Passamaquoddy. Onboard, the ship's captain relies on Paul (Cal Bartlett), who is well-versed in local waters and lighthouse keepers, for guidance. Concurrently, the cunning Doc Terminus (Jim Dale) takes advantage of the situation by luring Pete to the town's boathouse, and his accomplice Hoagy (Red Buttons) does the same with the dragon, Elliott (Charlie Callas).
This memorable sequence was filmed at Point Buchon, a cape in San Luis Obispo County, CA. This area, renowned for its Point Buchon State Marine Reserve and Marine Conservation Area, was named by the Coast Survey during the Civil War. The lighthouse scenes, in particular, were shot against the backdrop of the picturesque Point Buchon Trail. This trail, open to the public since 2007, offers some of the most scenic views of the Central Coast coastline, with its beautiful headlands and offshore sea stacks.
Fans wishing to visit this iconic filming location can reach Point Buchon by heading to Montana De Oro State Park. From Los Angeles, take US-101 N to Los Osos Valley Rd in San Luis Obispo County. Follow Los Osos Valley Rd and Pecho Valley Rd to the parking lot. From there, the Point Buchon Trail begins at the southern end of the Bluff Trail.
The goodbyes scene in Pete's Dragon
Golden Oak Ranch, 19802 Placerita Canyon Rd, Newhall, CA 91321, USA
Elliott (Charlie Callas) shares some heartbreaking news with Pete (Sean Marshall). Since Pete is now safe and surrounded by a loving family, Elliott must leave him to assist other needy children. As they bid their farewells, Pete implores Elliott to stay invisible, echoing the line "There really is a dragon," as uttered by Paul.
The filming for this touching sequence and other significant scenes featuring Pete and Elliott took place at Disney's Golden Oak Ranch in Santa Clarita, California. This location boasts an array of beautiful landscapes and a unique covered bridge, which adds to the film's charm.
During the latter half of the 1950s, Walt Disney took on a lease for The Golden Oak Ranch. This was mainly to film the Spin and Marty segments of the beloved program, The Mickey Mouse Club. This decision enhanced the viewing experience and underscored Disney's reputation for groundbreaking storytelling. Recognizing the range of natural landscapes the ranch offered, the Studio purchased the property in 1959. Over time, it has grown to encompass nearly 900 acres.
Despite the ranch being closed to the public, industry professionals can gain access for scouting and filming purposes. You can get there by car via US-101 N and I-5 N or using a public bus from Los Angeles.
Conclusion
Pete's Dragon is a charming Disney classic that weaves an enchanting and humane fable around an animated dragon, which quickly becomes the lovable star of the show. This delightful film was crafted with immense care by a team of talented Disney animators led by Ken Anderson and Don Bluth. The storyline may be simple, but it is a perfect backdrop for the film's real star, the endearing dragon.
The performances in Pete's Dragon are commendable, with Sean Marshall delivering an excellent portrayal of Pete. His performance, though underrated, adds depth to the character and the film as a whole. Helen Reddy shines as Nora, and Mickey Rooney's whimsical portrayal of Lampie adds a layer of humor to the mix. Jim Dale stands out as Doc Terminus, and Red Buttons convincingly plays his sidekick, Hoagy.
The film's script brilliantly balances humor, adventure, and emotion, creating a captivating tale that appeals to audiences of all ages. That said, "Candle On the Water" and "There's Room for Everyone" have become timeless classics in their own right.
Shot primarily in California, Pete's Dragon utilizes a range of stunning locations. The dramatic lighthouse scenes at Morro Bay and the quaint town recreated on the Walt Disney Studios backlot contribute significantly to the film's visual appeal. These meticulously chosen locations enhance the story's charm and make the audience feel like they're entering a magical world.
Despite its minor shortcomings, Pete's Dragon is worth watching. It offers a heartwarming story, commendable performances, and stunning visuals that captivate viewers. This film is a delightful journey that will leave you with a warm, fuzzy feeling, making it a must-watch for Disney enthusiasts and casual moviegoers.
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13 | where was the new pete's dragon filmed | https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/visit-the-new-zealand-filming-locations-of-petes-dragon | Visit the New Zealand Filming Locations of Pete’s Dragon
New Zealand provides the spectacular backdrops for the new Disney movie
By Elizabeth Stamp
August 10, 2016
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Pete’s Dragon, the beloved 1977 movie about an orphaned boy and his magical best friend, has been revived for a new generation. The remake, which opens in theaters Friday, was helmed by director David Lowery and stars Bryce Dallas Howard, Robert Redford , and Oakes Fegley as Pete. While the original was set in New England and filmed in California, the 2016 version takes place in the fictional Pacific Northwest logging town of Millhaven, home of woodcarver Mr. Meacham (Redford), known for his tall tales about a dragon living in the nearby woods, and his daughter, Grace (Howard), a forest ranger who discovers Pete. When Pete describes his companion Elliot, a green dragon that sounds like the one from her father’s stories, Grace becomes determined to find the truth.
Shooting took place in New Zealand , where the redwood forests and mountains provided the perfect backdrop for Elliot’s flights. Production designer Jade Healy turned the small town of Tapanui (population: 900) on the country’s South Island into Millhaven. Many of the local businesses were transformed, and the crew also utilized the nearby Blue Mountain Lumber Mill.
Photo: Disney Studios
For scenes in the forest, the production used several locations on the North Island. The Rotorua Redwood Forest became Pete and Elliot’s home and provided an ideal match for the Pacific Northwest.
Photo: Disney Studios
Mount Victoria, near Wellington, was also used for forest scenes (and was previously seen in the Lord of the Rings films). The location is close to Wellington’s Stone Street Studios, where production began, and Weta Digital, the visual effects company founded by filmmakers Peter Jackson and Richard Taylor that brought Elliot to life.
Photo: Rob Suisted
Queenstown’s mountainous landscape was captured both on the ground and from above. Aerial footage taken by helicopter was used to depict Elliot’s flight.
Photo: Disney Studios
Photo: Tourism New Zealand
Elizabeth Stamp is a freelance lifestyle and design writer and editor based in Los Angeles. For AD, she reports on everything from cutting-edge architecture to far-flung destinations to the homes of the royal family. She previously worked on staff at Architectural Digest and ELLE DECOR and has contributed to CNN ... Read more
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13 | where was the new pete's dragon filmed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete's_Dragon_(1977_film) | Pete's Dragon (1977 film)
1977 American musical fantasy comedy by Don Chaffey
Pete's Dragon
The project was initially conceived in 1957 as a two-part episode of the Disneyland television series, but it was shelved until it was revived as a musical film in 1975. The film was released on November 3, 1977, to mixed reviews from critics, though some praised the animation.
The film received two nominations at the 50th Academy Awards , for musical scoring and original song. Capitol Records released a single of Reddy performing " Candle on the Water " (with a different arrangement from that in the film) that reached #27 on the Adult Contemporary charts.
The film spawned a live-action remake made by Walt Disney Pictures and released in 2016.
In Maine in the early 1900s, an orphan named Pete flees from the Gogans – a horrible and abusive farm family that had previously purchased him – with the assistance of an unseen force he calls Elliott. They call for him to return and promise they will treat him better, while also intending to punish him severely. After they abandon their search, he falls asleep. The next morning, he awakens and Elliott is revealed to be a green dragon that can turn invisible.
Pete and Elliott visit Passamaquoddy , where the invisible Elliott's clumsiness causes Pete to be labeled a source of bad luck. Lampie, the lighthouse keeper, stumbles out of a tavern and encounters him. Elliott makes himself visible and Lampie, terrified, runs to the townspeople. They dismiss his claims as a drunken rant. In a seaside cave, Pete reprimands Elliott for causing trouble. As they make up, Lampie's daughter, Nora, appears, warning that Pete is not safe there because of the incoming tide. After realizing he is an orphan and not from the area, she offers him shelter at the lighthouse, and they bond. He learns the story of her fiancé, Paul, whose ship was lost at sea the year before, and promises to ask Elliott to try to locate him.
Itinerant quack Dr. Terminus and his assistant, Hoagy, win over the gullible townspeople, who are angered by their return. After Lampie takes Hoagy to the cave where Elliot resides to prove that he is real, their encounter with him goes awry and they flee. Hoagy tries to tell Dr. Terminus about Elliott, but he does not believe him. The next day, the local fishermen complain about the scarcity of fish, believing it's Pete's fault. Nora says the fishing grounds shift from time to time and Pete should be welcomed into town. That night, Nora and Lampie argue over Lampie's claims of seeing Elliott and Nora's belief that Paul will return.
Nora takes Pete to start school, where the teacher, Miss Taylor, punishes him for Elliott's antics. Enraged, Elliott smashes into the schoolhouse, leaving his shape in the wall and frightening the townspeople. Dr. Terminus, now convinced Elliott is real, discovers from a book that any physical property from dragons can be used for remedies and tonics, and conspires with Hoagy to exploit Elliott for medical profit. Pete accepts Nora and Lampie's invitation to live with them. When the Gogans arrive in town and demand he be returned, they brandish a document proving they had legally bought him for fifty dollars (plus fees), but Nora refuses to surrender him. As the Gogans chase them in a boat, Elliott sinks it, saving Pete. Dr. Terminus makes a deal with the Gogans to capture Pete and Elliott, even convincing the townspeople that capturing Elliott will solve their problems.
That evening, a storm blows in, while at sea, a ship approaches Passamaquoddy with Paul on board. Dr. Terminus lures Pete to the boathouse while Hoagy does the same to Elliott, who gets caught in a net, but frees himself. He retrieves Pete in a confrontation with the Gogans, who flee after he destroys their document. Dr. Terminus attempts to harpoon him, but his leg gets caught in the rope and he is sent catapulting through the ceiling, ending up dangling upside down near a utility pole. Elliott saves the Mayor, Miss Taylor, and the members of the Town Board from a falling utility pole, revealing himself to them. At the lighthouse, the lamp has been extinguished by a rogue wave . Elliott lights it with his fire, revealing himself to Nora and saving the ship.
The next morning, the Mayor and townspeople praise Elliott for his help, and Nora is reunited with Paul. He explains he was the sole survivor of a shipwreck at Cape Hatteras and suffered amnesia, but something knocked him out of bed and restored his memory. Elliott reveals to Pete that since he has a family now, he must move on to help another child in trouble, and will not see Pete again. Soon accepting this, Pete says goodbye to him as he and his family watch him fly away, with Pete reminding him that he is supposed to be invisible as he disappears into the sky.
Helen Reddy as Nora, the kind daughter of the local lighthouse keeper.
Jim Dale as Dr. Terminus, a scheming quack and showman.
Mickey Rooney as Lampie, the local lighthouse keeper and Nora's father.
Red Buttons as Hoagy, the assistant of Dr. Terminus.
Shelley Winters as Lena Gogan, the matriarch of the Gogans.
Sean Marshall as Pete, an orphan escaping the cruel Gogans.
Jane Kean as Miss Taylor, the strict, no-nonsense, and abusive teacher.
Jim Backus as the Mayor of Passamaquoddy.
Charles Tyner as Merle Gogan, the patriarch of the Gogans.
Gary Morgan as Grover Gogan, Merle and Lena's older sadistic son.
Jeff Conaway as Willie Gogan, Merle and Lena's younger sadistic son.
Cal Bartlett as Paul, a sailor who disappeared at sea and Nora's fiancé.
Walter Barnes as the Captain of the ship Paul returns home on.
Charlie Callas as the vocal effects for Elliott, a dragon who befriends Pete.
No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length
1.
Chorus
12.
In December 1957, Walt Disney Productions optioned the film rights to the short story "Pete's Dragon and the U.S.A. (Forever After)" that was written by Seton I. Miller and S.S. Field, in which Miller was hired to write the script. [3] [4] Impressed with his performance in Old Yeller , Walt Disney had child actor Kevin Corcoran in mind to star in the project as a feature-length film. [5] [6] However, Disney considered the project to be more appropriate for his Disneyland anthology program, [6] by which it was slated to be filmed as a two-part episode in the following year. [3] In February 1958, Variety reported that filming was scheduled to begin in October. By the following spring, veteran screenwriter Noel Langley had completed his draft of the script. However, Disney was still unsure of how to approach the project, and the project was placed in turnaround . [6]
In 1968, writers Bill Raynor and Myles Wilder were hired to write the script, and completed their outline in October. They submitted their outline to the studio for review, but the project continued to languish in development. [3] In 1975, producer Jerome Courtland re-discovered the project and hired writer Malcolm Marmorstein to write the script. [3] For his script, Marmorstein revised the story from being in contemporary time into a period setting, and had the dragon changed from being wholly imaginary into a real one. In earlier drafts, Elliott was mostly invisible aside from one animated sequence, in which Dr. Terminus would chop up the dragon for his get-rich scheme. However, veteran Disney artist Ken Anderson felt the audience would "lose patience" with the idea and lobbied for Elliott to be seen more in his visible form during the film. [7] In retrospect, Marmorstein conceded that "We tried a completely invisible dragon, but it was no fun. It was lacking. It's a visual medium, and you're making a film for kids." He also named the dragon "Elliott" after actor Elliott Gould (who was a friend from his theater days), and named the town "Passamaquoddy" after the real Native American tribe in Maine . [8]
In October 1975, the songwriting duo of Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn were assigned to compose the musical score. [9] The production was directed by British filmmaker Don Chaffey , who had made two smaller films for Disney in the early 1960s between directing larger fantasy adventures ( Jason and the Argonauts , One Million Years B.C. ) for others.
The lighthouse for the film was built on Point Buchon Trail in Montana De Oro State Park located south of Los Osos, California , [4] substituting for Maine. It was equipped with such a large beacon that Disney had to get special permission from the Coast Guard to operate it, since doing so during filming would have confused passing ships. Pacific Gas and Electric opened the Point Buchon Trail and allows hikers access to where filming took place (
The film is the first involving animation in which none of the Nine Old Men —Disney's original team of animators—were involved. One technique used in the movie involved compositing with a yellowscreen that was originally used in Mary Poppins and similar to today's greenscreen compositing, whereby up to three scenes might be overlaid together – for example, a live foreground, a live background, and an animated middle ground containing Elliott. Ken Anderson, who created Elliott, explained that he thought it would be appropriate to make him "a little paunchy" and not always particularly graceful at flying. [10] [11] Don Hahn , who was an assistant director to Don Bluth on Pete's Dragon, gained some experience working with a combination of live-action and animation before later going on to work on Who Framed Roger Rabbit . [12]
Pete's Dragon premiered on November 3, 1977 at the Radio City Music Hall , in which the film ran 134 minutes. For its general release, it was edited down to 121 minutes. It was later re-released on March 9, 1984, shortened from 121 minutes to 104 minutes. The film's movie poster was painted by artist Paul Wenzel . [13] [14]
A soundtrack recording (Disneyland 3138) was released that told much of the story and added a narrator, but unlike many other Disney book and records, used the actual dialogue recorded for the film, which the book presented in script format. The inclusion of story led to the omission of several songs, including "The Happiest Home in These Hills," "There's Room for Everyone," and "Bill of Sale," while "Brazzle Dazzle Day" is included only in instrumental.
Home media
The film was released on VHS in early 1980. It was re-released on VHS on October 28, 1994 as a part of Masterpiece Collection. It was originally slated to be released in the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection line-up on December 5, 2000, [15] but it was pushed back to January 16, 2001. The DVD includes bonus features such as two animated shorts Lighthouse Keeping and Man, Monsters and Mysteries, two vintage excerpts from the Disney Family Album episode on Ken Anderson and "The Plausible Impossible" from Disneyland , and both theatrical trailers for the film.
The film was re-released in a "High-Flying Edition" DVD on August 18, 2009. The DVD includes a half-hour documentary feature, a deleted storyboard sequence, original demo recordings of the songs, and several bonus features transferred from the Gold Classic Collection release. [16] It was released on the 35th-anniversary edition Blu-ray on October 16, 2012.
Janet Maslin of The New York Times praised the film declaring it "the most energetic and enjoyable Disney movie in a long while." She noted, "Sean Marshall doesn't sing well, but Helen Reddy does, so she often accompanies his vocals. Miss Reddy is serviceable but undistinguished as an actress—she has a tendency to behave as if she were a very bright light bulb in a very small lamp—but she so often finds herself in the company of Messrs. Rooney, Dale or Buttons that her scenes work well." However, she was critical of the film's length and the excessive alcohol consumption. [17]
Kathleen Carroll of the New York Daily News gave the film three stars out of four, criticizing the score and the live-action footage, but praising the animation of the dragon and the performances, writing "Sean Marshall, as Pete, looks and acts natural on camera which makes him a refreshing change from those sweet little cherubs usually cast in Disney movies. Miss Reddy plays her role with crisp efficiency and fortunately receives strong support for the rest of the cast, particularly Dale, so slick and funny as the conniving medicine man he nearly upstages the cuddly dragon." [18]
Variety wrote the film was "an enchanting and humane fable which introduces a most lovable animal star (albeit an animated one)." They praised the combination of live-action and animation as "never before more effectively realized" and commented that the film suffered "whenever Elliott is off screen." [19]
John Skow of Time wrote the film was "likeable fantasy", but dismissed the musical numbers as "a good opportunity to line up for more popcorn." [20]
Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "At 2 hours 7 minutes it is a trying span for small sitters. The animated excitements keep stopping for songs by Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn, but they are not showstoppers in the grand sense. Bland, perfunctory and too numerous is more like it." [21]
Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two stars out of four and wrote that "we get the same tired Disney formula: a gooey-faced kid in a phony sound-stage world populated by old actors required to perform ancient vaudeville routines ... Compared to the great Disney animation classics, 'Pete's Dragon' is just TV fare on the wide screen." [22]
Gary Arnold of The Washington Post wrote that the film "was apparently meant to be a big, rousing musical comedy-fantasy, but it's staged and photographed without musical-comedy energy, flair or coordination ... Perhaps children can be counted on to enjoy Elliott's mugging and the slapstick interludes that occasionally interrupt the tedium, but parents will see this one more as a chore." [23]
Critic Leonard Maltin observed that Disney made several attempts to recreate the appeal and success of Mary Poppins (1964), and that Pete's Dragon did not come close on that score. However, he added that it might please children, and that "the animated title character is so endearing that it almost compensates for the live actors' tiresome mugging." [24]
Thomas J. Harris, in his book Children’s Live-Action Musical Films: A Critical Survey and Filmography, heavily criticized the story as well as the compositing of the animated Elliott; he also found the "Mary Poppinsish ending" to be "thoroughly unmotivated", because Pete's life before meeting Elliott is never fleshed out. [25]
In 2006, Elliott was ranked fifth on a top 10 list of movie dragons by Karl Heitmueller for MTV Movie News. [26]
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 56% based on 27 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10. The site's consensus states: "Boring and slow, this is a lesser Disney work, though the animation isn't without its charms." [27] Metacritic gave film a score of 46 based on 5 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". [28]
Box office
Awards and honors
Nominated
"Yablans to produce independent film" (Subscription required). The Mercury . October 18, 1957. Archived from the original on August 28, 2018. Retrieved August 27, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
Ken Anderson. Pete's Dragon. Bonus Features: "Disney Family Album" (Excerpt) (DVD). Buena Vista Home Entertainment.
"Paul Wenzel" . Cinematerial.com. Archived from the original on August 14, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
"Pete's Dragon: High-Flying Edition DVD Review" . DVDizzy. August 10, 2009. Archived from the original on July 1, 2018. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
Maslin, Janet (November 4, 1977). "Film: 'Dragon' at Music Hall:Sweet, Green Fire" . The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 28, 2018. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
Carroll, Kathleen (November 4, 1977). "Opening: a Dragon, a Voyage, and Children" . New York Daily News. Archived from the original on July 19, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
"Film Reviews: Pete's Dragon" . Variety. November 9, 1977. Archived from the original on August 28, 2018. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
Skow, John (December 5, 1977). "Cinema: Scaly Tale" . Time. Vol. 110, no. 23. Archived from the original on July 19, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
^ Champlin, Charles (December 16, 1977). "Smoke, But No Fire in 'Dragon'". Los Angeles Times . Part IV, p. 22.
Arnold, Gary. "Invisible 'Dragon' Without Fire". The Washington Post . p. D7.
.
"Big Rental Films of 1978". Variety. January 3, 1979. p. 17.
Krämer, Peter (September 2002). "'The Best Disney Film Disney Never Made': Children's Films and the Family Audience in American Cinemas since the 1960s". In Neale, Steve (ed.). Genre And Contemporary Hollywood . London, UK: British Film Institute. p. 189 . ISBN
.
Korkis, Jim (February 27, 2016). "The Story Behind "Pete's Dragon" (1977)" . Cartoon Research. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
"Pete's Dragon (film)" . D23. Archived from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
Koenig, David (1997). Mouse Under Glass: Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks. Bonaventure Press. ISBN
LR
Pete's Dragon (1977 film)
| 131 |
14 | who played the wicked witch in wicked on broadway | https://playbill.com/article/see-the-iconic-witches-of-wicked-over-the-course-of-15-years-on-broadway | By
Hannah Vine
October 23, 2018
The untold story of the witches of The Wizard of Oz, Wicked, opened at the Gershwin Theatre October 30, 2003. Idina Menzel (who won a Tony Award for her performance) and Kristin Chenoweth starred as Elphaba and Glinda, respectively, with veteran Joel Grey as the Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Since then many different actors have stepped into the iconic roles of the witches, including current stars Jessica Vosk and Amanda Jane Cooper.
Wicked won Tony Awards for Best Actress in a Musical (Menzel), Best Costume Design (Susan Hilferty), and Best Scenic Design (Eugene Lee).
Wicked features a score by Stephen Schwartz, a book by Winnie Holzman, direction by Joe Mantello, and musical staging by Wayne Cilento. The creative team also includes scenic design by Eugene Lee, costume design by Susan Hilferty, lighting design by Kenneth Posner , sound design by Tony Meola, projections by Elaine J. McCarthy, wig and hair design by Tom Watson, music supervision and arrangements by Stephen Oremus, orchestrations by William David Brohn and dance arrangements by James Lynn Abbott.
The Gershwin Theatre is located in Manhattan at 222 West 51st Street. For more information visit wickedthemusical.com.
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Look Through the Actors Who Have Taken on the Iconic Witches as Wicked Celebrates 15 Years on Broadway
Look Through the Actors Who Have Taken on the Iconic Witches as Wicked Celebrates 15 Years on Broadway
The Tony-winning show opened October 30, 2003.
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Joan Marcus
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Stephanie J. Block in Wicked
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Katie Rose Clarke, Mandy Gonzalez and the company of Wicked
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Jennifer DiNoia in Wicked
Jessica Vosk and Amanda Jane Cooper
Amanda Jane Cooper and Jessica Vosk
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14 | who played the wicked witch in wicked on broadway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicked_(musical) | Wicked (musical)
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
2003 musical by Stephen Schwartz
This article is about the musical. For the Broadway cast recording, see Wicked (musical album) . For the two-part film adaptation, see Wicked (2024 film) and Wicked: For Good .
Wicked
Music
Basis
Productions
2003 San Francisco (tryout)2003 Broadway 2005 1st U.S. tour2006 West End 2009 2nd U.S. tour2013 1st UK / Ireland tour2017 2nd UK/Ireland tour2023 3rd UK/Ireland Tour
Awards
Wicked: The Untold Story of the Witches of Oz, or simply Wicked, is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Schwartz and a book by Winnie Holzman . It is loosely adapted from Gregory Maguire 's 1995 novel Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West , which in turn is based on L. Frank Baum 's 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and its 1939 film adaptation . The musical is told from the perspective of two witches, Elphaba and Glinda , before and after Dorothy Gale 's arrival in Oz . The story explores the complex friendship between Elphaba (who becomes the Wicked Witch of the West ) and Galinda (who becomes Glinda the Good). Their relationship is tested by their contrasting personalities, conflicting viewpoints, shared love interest, reactions to the corrupt rule of the Wizard of Oz , and ultimately, Elphaba's tragic fate at the accidental hands of Dorothy.
The original Broadway production won a total of three Tony Awards and seven Drama Desk Awards , while its original cast album received a Grammy Award . The success of the Broadway production has spawned many productions worldwide, including a long-running West End production. Wicked has broken box-office records around the world, holding weekly-gross-takings records in Los Angeles, Chicago, St. Louis, and London. In the week ending January 2, 2011, the Broadway, London, and both North American touring productions simultaneously broke their respective records for the highest weekly gross. [2] [3] In the final week of 2013, the Broadway production broke this record again, earning US$3.2 million. [4] In 2016, Wicked surpassed $1 billion in total Broadway revenue, joining The Phantom of the Opera and The Lion King as the only Broadway shows to do so. In 2017, Wicked surpassed The Phantom of the Opera as Broadway's second-highest grossing musical, trailing only The Lion King. [5]
A two-part film adaptation was directed by Jon M. Chu and starred Cynthia Erivo as Elphaba, Ariana Grande as Glinda, Jonathan Bailey as Fiyero, and Jeff Goldblum as the Wizard. The first part , featuring extended cameos by Menzel and Chenoweth, was released on November 22, 2024, to critical and commercial success, as well as 10 Academy Award nominations including Best Picture . [6] The second part, Wicked: For Good , is scheduled for release on November 21, 2025.
Inception and development
Composer and lyricist Stephen Schwartz discovered Gregory Maguire 's 1995 novel Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West while on vacation and saw its potential for a dramatic adaptation. [7] However, Maguire had released the rights to Universal Pictures , which had planned to develop a live-action feature film. [8] In 1998, Schwartz persuaded Maguire to release the rights to a stage production [9] while also making what Schwartz himself called an "impassioned plea" to Universal producer Marc Platt to realize Schwartz's own intended adaptation. Persuaded, Platt signed on as joint producer of the project with Universal and David Stone. [8]
The novel, described as a political, social, and ethical commentary on the nature of good and evil, takes place in the Land of Oz , in the years surrounding Dorothy 's arrival. The story centers on Elphaba , a misunderstood, smart, and fiery girl with emerald-green skin, who grows up to become the Wicked Witch of the West and Galinda, the beautiful, blonde, popular girl who grows up to become Glinda the Good . The story is divided into five scenes, based on the locations where Elphaba lives during her life; it presents events, characters, and situations adapted from L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) and its 1939 film adaptation . The novel addresses some serious and dark adult themes, including sexual assault, political unrest, infidelity, racism and the role of religion in society. [10] It prompts the reader to think about what it really is to be "Wicked", and whether good intentions with bad results are the same as bad intentions with bad results. Schwartz considered how best to condense the novel's dense and complicated plot into a sensible script. [9] To this end, he collaborated with writer Winnie Holzman to develop the outline of the plot over the course of a year, [11] while meeting with producer Marc Platt to refine the structural outline of the show, creating an original stage piece rather than a strict adaptation of Maguire's work. [9]
While the draft followed Maguire's idea of retelling the story of the 1939 film from the perspective of its main villain, the storyline of the stage adaptation "goes far afield" from the novel. Holzman observed in an interview with Playbill that: "It was [Maguire's] brilliant idea to take this hated figure and tell things from her point of view, and to have the two witches be roommates in college, but the way in which their friendship develops—and really the whole plot—is different onstage." [12] Schwartz justified the deviation, saying: "Primarily we were interested in the relationship between Galinda—who becomes Glinda—and Elphaba... the friendship of these two women and how their characters lead them to completely different destinies." [13] Other major plot modifications include Fiyero's appearance as the Scarecrow , Elphaba's survival at the end, Nessarose using a wheelchair instead of being born without arms, Boq having a continuing love interest for Glinda and eventually becoming the Tin Woodman instead of Nick Chopper, cutting Elphaba's years in the Vinkus, the deletion of Liir's birth, Fiyero not having a wife and children, Doctor Dillamond being fired instead of being murdered, and Madame Morrible going to prison instead of dying. [14]
The Curran Theatre in San Francisco, where Wicked made its debut
The book , lyrics, and score for the musical were developed through a series of readings. [9] In these developmental workshops, Kristin Chenoweth , the actress whom Schwartz had in mind while composing the music for the character, [15] joined the project as Glinda. Stephanie J. Block played Elphaba in the workshops (she played Elphaba in the first national tour and later as a Broadway cast replacement) before Idina Menzel was cast in the role in late 2002. Earlier that year, the creators recruited New York producer Stone, who began planning the Broadway production. Joe Mantello was engaged as director and Wayne Cilento as choreographer, while designer Eugene Lee created the set and visual style for the production inspired by W. W. Denslow 's original illustrations for Baum's novels and Maguire's concept of the story being told through a giant clock. [15] Costume designer Susan Hilferty created a "twisted Edwardian " style in building more than 200 costumes, while lighting designer Kenneth Posner used more than 800 lights to give each of the 54 distinct scenes and locations "its own mood". [15] By April 2003, the show was in rehearsals. [15]
Following the out-of-town tryout in San Francisco in May and June 2003, which received mixed critical reception, the creative team made extensive changes before its transfer to Broadway. [15] Holzman recalled:
Stephen [Schwartz] wisely had insisted on having three months to rewrite in-between the time we closed in San Francisco and when we were to go back into rehearsals in New York. That was crucial; that was the thing that made the biggest difference in the life of the show. That time is what made the show work. [16]
Elements of the book were rewritten, while several songs underwent minor changes. [15] "Which Way is the Party?", the introductory song to the character Fiyero, was replaced by "Dancing Through Life". [17] Concern existed that Menzel's Elphaba "got a little overshadowed" by Chenoweth's Glinda, [18] with San Francisco Chronicle critic Robert Hurwitt writing, "Menzel's brightly intense Elphaba the Wicked Witch [needs] a chance of holding her own alongside Chenoweth's gloriously, insidiously bubbly Glinda." [19] As a result, the creative team set about making Elphaba "more prominent". [18] In making the Broadway revisions, Schwartz recalled, "It was clear there was work to be done and revisions to be made in the book and the score. The critical community was, frankly, very helpful to us." [18]
Fabi Bang making Glinda's first entrance, Brazil 2016
Flashing back many years earlier, Elphaba arrives at Shiz University with her younger paraplegic sister Nessarose, where she is ostracized for her green skin and sarcastic personality ("Dear Old Shiz"). The school's headmistress, Madame Morrible, assigns Elphaba to room with the popular Galinda Upland. Recognizing Elphaba's magical potential, Morrible decides to privately tutor Elphaba in sorcery (" The Wizard and I "), making Galinda intensely jealous and the two girls come to loathe each other ("What Is this Feeling?"). Meanwhile, Dr. Dillamond, the only animal professor at Shiz, informs Elphaba of a conspiracy to stop all animals from speaking ("Something Bad").
A roguish prince, Fiyero, begins attending Shiz and arranges a party for his fellow students. Galinda becomes immediately enamored with him, and convinces her admirer, the Munchkin Boq, to take Nessarose to the party instead so that she can go with Fiyero. At Nessarose's urging, Elphaba asks Morrible to begin teaching Galinda sorcery. When Elphaba is mocked at the party for wearing an ugly hat Galinda gave her as a practical joke, Galinda has a change of heart and decides to dance with Elphaba ("Dancing Through Life"). In their room, the girls finally bond and Galinda gives Elphaba a makeover ("Popular"). The next day, Dillamond tells the class he can no longer teach. His human replacement introduces "the cage", designed to stop animals from speaking. Elphaba, furious, frees the lion cub imprisoned within it and escapes with Fiyero. They share a private moment, but Elphaba laments that Fiyero could never love her ("I'm Not That Girl").
Morrible tells Elphaba that the Wizard of Oz wants to meet her, and she goes with Galinda, who changes her name of Glinda in honour of Dillamond (who mispronounced her name as such), to the Emerald City ("One Short Day"). The two meet the Wizard and are surprised to discover his mortal nature ("A Sentimental Man"). Morrible appears and announces she is the Wizard's new press secretary. After being tricked into enchanting the Wizard's monkey servants to sprout wings painfully, Elphaba deduces that the Wizard is behind the suppression of animals and is a fraud who uses parlor tricks and lies to stay in power. Elphaba flees his chambers, and while Glinda begs her to apologize, Elphaba refuses and declares that she must do what is right. An empathetic Glinda declines to leave with her, and the two friends bid farewell before Elphaba enchants a broom to fly away from the Emerald City, vowing to fight the Wizard with all of her power (" Defying Gravity ").
Act Two
Myra Ruiz as Elphaba, Brazil 2016
Elphaba visits Nessarose, who is now the governor of Munchkinland following their father's death and has removed the Munchkins' few rights to prevent Boq from leaving her. Feeling guilty, Elphaba enchants Nessa's silver shoes to allow her to walk, but Boq takes this as proof that Nessarose no longer needs him and attempts to leave her for Glinda. An infuriated Nessarose attempts to cast a love spell on him, but pronounces the incantation wrong and shrinks his heart instead. Elphaba tries to save him, but can only transform him into a tin man who does not need a heart to live ("The Wicked Witch of the East"), and Boq flees as Nessarose blames Elphaba.
Elphaba returns to the Emerald City to free the Wizard's monkey servants, but the Wizard discovers her. He once again tries to convince Elphaba to work with him, explaining he is an ordinary man who became revered by the citizens of Oz ("Wonderful"), and voluntarily frees the monkeys. Elphaba is won over until she discovers Dillamond, who has lost the ability to speak, and vows to continue her fight against the Wizard. Fiyero helps Elphaba escape and decides to go with her, leaving Glinda heartbroken, privately lamenting that Fiyero always loved Elphaba ("I'm Not That Girl (Reprise)"). Glinda convinces the Wizard and Morrible a way to lure Elphaba out of hiding by spreading a rumor that Nessarose is in danger. Unbeknownst to Glinda, Morrible and the Wizard decide a mere rumor would not fool Elphaba, and Morrible proposes "a change in the weather".
Hidden in the forest, Elphaba and Fiyero confess their love for each other (" As Long As You're Mine "), but their moment is shattered when Elphaba senses that Nessarose is in danger. Her premonition is correct; a house has fallen from a tornado and crushed her sister to death. Elphaba is distraught and furious that Glinda has given Nessarose's enchanted shoes to the house's occupant, Dorothy Gale , and the two get into a physical fight that the Wizard's guards eventually break up. Fiyero arrives and allows Elphaba to escape, but gets captured. At Kiamo Ko castle, Elphaba casts a spell to try to save Fiyero; presuming him dead, she laments that she will never be seen as good and finally embraces her reputation as the Wicked Witch of the West (" No Good Deed ").
As the Citizens of Oz declare war on Elphaba ("March of the Witch Hunters"), Glinda realizes that Morrible summoned the tornado that killed Nessarose and is horrified, but Morrible reminds Glinda that she has been complicit in all of Morrible and the Wizard's plans to further her own goal of becoming a powerful figure in Oz. Meanwhile, Elphaba has captured Dorothy to try to obtain Nessarose's shoes, until Glinda arrives to warn Elphaba of her danger. Elphaba accepts that she must surrender, and the two friends embrace for the last time before sharing a tearful goodbye (" For Good "). Glinda watches from the shadows as the mob throws a bucket of water on Elphaba, melting her and leaving only her hat and a bottle of Green Elixir that had belonged to her mother.
Glinda confronts the Wizard with the elixir, which he recognizes as his own; he was the man Elphaba's mother had an affair with, thus her biological father. The Wizard decides to leave Oz, leaving Glinda in charge, who arrests Morrible. Meanwhile, Fiyero (now a Scarecrow as the result of Elphaba's spell) arrives at Kiamo Ko Castle, where Elphaba emerges from a trap door, having faked her death. Elphaba and Fiyero depart Oz together, as Glinda informs everyone that the Wicked Witch is dead before reluctantly joining Oz in celebrating ("Finale").
Musical numbers
Act I
"No One Mourns the Wicked" — Glinda and Citizens of Oz
"Dear Old Shiz" — Students and Glinda
" The Wizard and I " — Madame Morrible and Elphaba
"What Is this Feeling?" — Glinda, Elphaba and Students
"Something Bad" — Doctor Dillamond and Elphaba
"Dancing Through Life" — Fiyero, Glinda, Boq, Nessarose, Elphaba and Students
"One Short Day" — Elphaba, Glinda and Ozians
"A Sentimental Man" — The Wizard
" Defying Gravity " — Elphaba, Glinda, Madame Morrible and Ozians
Act II
"Thank Goodness" — Glinda, Madame Morrible and Citizens of Oz
"The Wicked Witch of the East" — Elphaba, Nessarose and Boq [a]
"Wonderful" — The Wizard and Elphaba
"I'm Not That Girl" (Reprise) — Glinda
" For Good " — Elphaba and Glinda
"Finale" — Glinda, Elphaba and Ozians
Music and recordings
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The score of Wicked is heavily thematic , bearing in some senses more resemblance to an opera than a traditional musical score. While many musical scores employ new motifs and melodies for each song with little overlap, Schwartz integrated a handful of leitmotifs throughout the production. Some of these motifs indicate irony—for example, when Glinda presents Elphaba with a "ghastly" hat in "Dancing Through Life", the score reprises a theme from "What Is this Feeling?" a few scenes earlier. [32]
Two musical themes in Wicked run throughout the score. Although Schwartz rarely reuses motifs or melodies from earlier works, the first—Elphaba's theme—came from The Survival of St. Joan , on which he worked as musical director . "I always liked this tune a lot and I never could figure out what to do with it," he remarked in an interview in 2004. The chord progression that he first penned in 1971 became a major theme of the show's orchestration. By changing the instruments that carry the motif in each instance, Schwartz enables the same melody to convey different moods. In the overture, the tune is carried by the orchestra's brass section , with heavy percussion. The result is, in Schwartz' own words, "like a giant shadow terrorizing you." When played by the piano with some electric bass in " As Long as You're Mine ", however, the same chord progression becomes the basis for a romantic duet. And with new lyrics and an altered bridge , the theme forms the core of the song "No One Mourns the Wicked" and its reprises. [32]
Schwartz uses the "Unlimited" theme as the second major motif running through the score. Although not included as a titled song, the theme appears as an interlude in several of the musical numbers. In a tribute to Harold Arlen , who wrote the score for the 1939 film adaptation , the "Unlimited" melody incorporates the first seven notes of the song " Over the Rainbow ." Schwartz included it as an inside joke:
According to copyright law , when you get to the eighth note, then people can come and say, 'Oh you stole our tune.' And of course obviously it's also disguised in that it's completely different rhythmically. And it's also harmonized completely differently.... It's over a different chord and so on, but still it's the first seven notes of 'Somewhere Over the Rainbow'. [32]
Schwartz further obscured the motif's origin by setting it in a minor key in most instances. This also creates contrast in the songs in which it forms a part, for example in "Defying Gravity", which is written primarily in the key of D-flat major . [33] In the song "The Wicked Witch of the East", however, when Elphaba finally uses her powers to let her sister walk, the "Unlimited" theme is played in a major key . [32]
A cast recording of the original Broadway production was released on December 16, 2003, by Universal Music . All of the songs featured on stage are present on the recording with the exception of "The Wizard and I (Reprise)", "A Sentimental Man (Reprise)" and "The Wicked Witch of the East". The short reprise of "No One Mourns the Wicked" that opens Act II is attached to the beginning of "Thank Goodness". [34] The music was arranged by Stephen Oremus , who was also the conductor and musical director , and James Lynn Abbott, with orchestrations by William David Brohn . [34] The recording received the Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album in 2005 [35] and was certified platinum by the RIAA on November 30, 2006. [36] The album was certified double platinum on November 8, 2010. [37] A fifth-anniversary special edition of the original Broadway cast recording was released on October 28, 2008, with a bonus CD including tracks from the Japanese and German cast recordings, "Making Good"—a song later replaced by "The Wizard and I"—sung by Stephanie J. Block with Schwartz at the piano, "I'm Not That Girl" by Kerry Ellis (featuring Brian May on guitar), Menzel's dance mix of "Defying Gravity" and "For Good" sung by LeAnn Rimes and Delta Goodrem . [38]
A German recording of the Stuttgart production was released on December 7, 2007, featuring a track listing and arrangements identical to those of the Broadway recording. [39] The Japanese cast recording was released on July 23, 2008, featuring the original Tokyo cast. It is notable for being the first (and so far the only) Cast Album of the show that includes Glinda's Finale dialogue. [40]
The original Broadway production has been at the Gershwin Theatre since its opening in 2003.
Wicked officially opened on June 10, 2003, at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco, after previews began on May 28. [41] The cast included Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda, Idina Menzel as Elphaba, Robert Morse as the Wizard, Norbert Leo Butz as Fiyero, Michelle Federer as Nessarose, Carole Shelley as Madame Morrible, John Horton as Doctor Dillamond, and Kirk McDonald as Boq . [15] [20] Stephanie J. Block , who originally read the role of Elphaba during the show's workshop stage, was Menzel's standby during tryouts, but left before the show moved to Broadway. She would then lead the 1st National Tour opposite Kendra Kassebaum as Glinda. [42] The tryout closed on June 29, 2003, and after extensive retooling, [15] the musical began previews on Broadway at the Gershwin Theatre on October 8, 2003, and made its official premiere on October 30. Most of the original production team and cast members remained with the show. Principal casting changes included Joel Grey as the Wizard, William Youmans as Doctor Dillamond and Christopher Fitzgerald as Boq. [43]
On March 12, 2020, the show temporarily suspended production due to the COVID-19 pandemic . [44] Performances resumed on September 14, 2021, with Lindsay Pearce as Elphaba and Ginna Claire Mason as Glinda. Chenoweth made a pre-curtain speech before the grand reopening of the show. [45] [46] [47]
North American productions (2005–present)
On 31 March 2005, the first national tour of Wicked (called the "Emerald City Tour" by the producers) [48] started in Toronto, Ontario , and went on to visit numerous cities throughout the United States and Canada . [15] The original touring cast included Kendra Kassebaum as Glinda, Stephanie J. Block as Elphaba, Derrick Williams as Fiyero, Jenna Leigh Green as Nessarose, Carol Kane as Madame Morrible, Timothy Britten Parker as Doctor Dillamond, Logan Lipton as Boq, and David Garrison as the Wizard. The tour concluded at the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles on March 15, 2015, after 4,160 performances, with Jennifer DiNoia as Elphaba and Chandra Lee Schwartz as Glinda. [48]
A sit-down production of Wicked ran at the Orpheum Theatre in San Francisco, California for more than a year.
Following a limited engagement of the first national tour from April 29 to June 2005, a sit-down production of Wicked opened at the Oriental Theatre in Chicago immediately following the tour, using the original set of the tour. [49] The cast included Ana Gasteyer as Elphaba, Kate Reinders as Glinda, Rondi Reed as Madame Morrible, Kristoffer Cusick as Fiyero, Telly Leung as Boq, Heidi Kettenring as Nessarose and Gene Weygandt as the Wizard. [23] The production closed on January 25, 2009, after 1,500 performances with Dee Roscioli as Elphaba and Annaleigh Ashford as Glinda. [50]
An open-ended production also appeared in Los Angeles , California, at the Pantages Theatre . Performances began on February 10, 2007, with an official opening on February 21. The cast included Megan Hilty as Glinda, Eden Espinosa as Elphaba, Carol Kane as Madame Morrible, Timothy Britten Parker as Doctor Dillamond, Jenna Leigh Green as Nessarose, Adam Wylie as Boq, Kristoffer Cusick as Fiyero, and John Rubinstein as the Wizard. [51] The show closed on January 11, 2009, with the same leads, after 791 performances and 12 previews. [52]
A San Francisco production of Wicked officially opened February 6, 2009, at SHN's Orpheum Theatre . [53] The cast included Teal Wicks as Elphaba, Kendra Kassebaum as Glinda, Nicolas Dromard as Fiyero, Carol Kane as Madame Morrible, David Garrison as the Wizard, Deedee Magno Hall as Nessarose, Tom Flynn as Doctor Dillamond, and Eddy Rioseco as Boq. [54] [27] The production closed on September 5, 2010, with Marcie Dodd as Elphaba and Alli Mauzey as Glinda, after 660 performances and 12 previews. [55]
The second national tour of Wicked (called the "Munchkinland Tour") [48] began on 12 March 2009 at the Barbara B. Mann Performing Arts Hall in Fort Myers, Florida . [56] The original cast starred Marcie Dodd as Elphaba, Heléne Yorke as Glinda, Colin Donnell as Fiyero, and Tom McGowan as the Wizard. [57] The production was suspended in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic [58] and resumed performances on August 3, 2021, with Talia Suskauer as Elphaba, Allison Bailey as Glinda and Curt Hansen as Fiyero. [59] The production celebrated its 5,000th performance on July 30, 2022. [60]
London (2006–present)
Since its opening, the London production has played at the Apollo Victoria Theatre
The original West End (London) production began previews at the Apollo Victoria Theatre on September 7, 2006, with an opening night on September 27. [61] The show celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2016 with a special curtain call featuring former West End cast members. [62] The British production was tailored slightly for a British audience, including minor creative changes to dialogue, choreography and special effects. A majority of them were later incorporated into all productions of Wicked, including the Broadway production and the two US national tours. [63]
The London production reunited the show's original creative team. Original London cast members included the return of Idina Menzel as Elphaba, [64] Helen Dallimore as Glinda, Miriam Margolyes as Madame Morrible, Adam Garcia as Fiyero, Martin Ball as Doctor Dillamond, James Gillan as Boq, Katie Rowley Jones as Nessarose and Nigel Planer as the Wizard. [24] After her limited engagement, which ended on December 30, 2006, Menzel was succeeded on January 1, 2007, by Kerry Ellis , who became the first British actress to play Elphaba. [65]
The production suspended performances on March 16, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. [66] It resumed performances on September 15, 2021, in time for the production's 15th anniversary. [67] Sophie Evans reopened the show in the role of Glinda and left when the cast changed on January 30, 2022. [68] [69] Helen Woolf returned from maternity leave then and Lucie Jones took over as Elphaba. [70]
The musical became the tenth-longest-running show in West End history during its 6,762nd performance on April 24, 2024. [71]
UK/Ireland tours (2013–present)
Wicked began its first UK/Ireland tour on September 12, 2013, at the Palace Theatre in Manchester . It then toured the UK and Ireland before concluding the run in Salford on July 25, 2015. [29]
A second UK/Ireland tour began in December 2017, opening at the Theater 11 in Zurich , then making it first official UK/Ireland Tour stop in January 2018 at the Bristol Hippodrome . The tour ended at the Palace Theatre in Manchester in January 2019. [72] The cast included Amy Ross as Elphaba, Helen Woolf as Glinda, Aaron Sidwell as Fiyero, and Steven Pinder as the Wizard/Doctor Dillamond. [73]
A third UK/Ireland tour began on 7 December 2023 at the Edinburgh Playhouse , in Edinburgh where it played to 14 January 2024. It then toured the UK and Ireland before ending its run at the Palace Theatre in Manchester in January 2025. Laura Pick returned to lead the tour as Elphaba with Sarah O'Connor as Glinda and Carl Man as Fiyero. Simeon Truby played the Wizard/Dillamond with Donna Berlin as Madame Morrible, Jed Berry as Boq and Megan Gardiner as Nessarose. [74]
Mexican production (2013–2015)
In 2013, for Wicked 10th anniversary, the first Spanish adaptation of the show was announced to open in Mexico City , [75] with book and lyrics fully translated by Marco Villafán, titled Wicked, la historia jamás contada de las brujas de Oz. Ana Cecilia Anzaldúa and Danna Paola were alternating in the role of Elphaba with Cecilia de la Cueva as Glinda. [76] Danna Paola made her stage debut becoming the youngest actress to ever portray Elphaba, at just 18 years old. [77] The show was produced by OCESA Teatro , and opened on 17 October 2013 at the Teatro Telcel, closing in January 2015. [78]
In late August 2024, with the release of the new Wicked movie, it was announced that Danna Paola and Cecilia de la Cueva will dub the voices and singing of Elphaba and Glinda respectively, in Spanish, reprising the roles they both played on stage in 2013. [79]
German productions (2007–2011; 2021–2022)
Renamed Wicked: Die Hexen von Oz (Wicked: The Witches of Oz), the German production of Wicked began previews on November 1, 2007, and opened on November 15, at the Palladium Theater in Stuttgart . Willemijn Verkaik played Elphaba and Lucy Scherer Glinda. The show was produced by Stage Entertainment and closed on January 29, 2010, transferring to Oberhausen [80] where previews began at the Metronom Theater on March 5, 2010, with an opening night of March 8. Joana Fee Würz took over the role of Glinda. [81] The show closed on September 2, 2011.[ citation needed ]
On September 5, 2021, a brand new production of Wicked opened at the Neue Flora Theatre in Hamburg , produced by Stage Entertainment again, which previously had presented the show in Stuttgart, Oberhausen, and The Hague. [82] Vajèn van den Bosch and Jeannine Wacker were cast as Elphaba and Glinda respectively. [83]
Australian and New Zealand productions
An Australian production of the show officially opened on July 12, 2008, with previews commencing June 27 at the Regent Theatre in Melbourne . [84]
Amanda Harrison was originally cast as Elphaba , with Lucy Durack as Glinda. The original cast consisted of Rob Mills as Fiyero, Anthony Callea as Boq, Rob Guest as the Wizard, Maggie Kirkpatrick as Madame Morrible, Penny McNamee as Nessarose and Rodney Dobson as Doctor Dillamond. [85] Guest unexpectedly died of a stroke months into the Melbourne season, with the role being taken up by Bert Newton . [86]
Closing in Melbourne August 9, 2009, the show transferred to Sydney 's Capitol Theatre . Previews began on September 5, 2009, with the official opening on September 12. Shortly into the run, Harrison was forced to leave the role of Elphaba due to an illness, so current standby Jemma Rix and Australian theatre veteran Pippa Grandison began to share the role, each appearing in four shows per week. [87] Eventually, it was confirmed that Harrison would not be returning to the cast. [88]
Closing in Sydney September 26, 2010, the production then embarked on a national Australian tour starting at the QPAC Lyric Theatre in Brisbane . After a two-week delay due to the Queensland floods , performances began January 25, 2011, and ran until April 2. Rix became the sole lead Elphaba [89] with David Harris joining as the new Fiyero. [90] The touring production then moved to the Festival Centre in Adelaide , running from April 14 until June 4, 2011, with the final leg of the tour playing the Burswood Theatre in Perth , from June 19 to September 11, 2011, after three years of performances in Australia. [28]
The show made its premiere in New Zealand in 2013, with previews taking place on September 17, and official opening night on September 21. The Auckland run concluded on November 24, 2013, where it played the Civic Theatre. [91] The cast then moved on to the Main Theater of the Cultural Center of the Philippines in Manila on a limited run from January 22 [92] through March 9, 2014 after having been extended from its original closing date. [93]
At the time of the Wicked's 10th Anniversary on Broadway (2013), the show announced it would return to Australia for a commemorative national tour, beginning in Melbourne on May 10, 2014. [94] Durack returned as Glinda, and Rix as Elphaba. [95] The final cast included Mathers (who had returned once Durack announced her pregnancy) [96] [97] as Glinda, Rix as Elphaba, Steve Danielsen as Fiyero, Simon Gallaher as the Wizard, Edward Grey as Boq, Emily Cascarino as Nessarose, Glen Hogstrom as Doctor Dillamond and original cast member Maggie Kirkpatrick as Madame Morrible. After seven years and close to 2,000 performances across 8 different cities internationally, Wicked closed indefinitely at the Burswood Theatre in Perth on June 28, 2015. [98]
In 2023, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the original Broadway production the show returned to Australia once again, to the Sydney Lyric Theatre where it opened on September 7. The cast included Sheridan Adams as Elphaba, Courtney Monsma as Glinda, Robyn Nevin as Madame Morrible, Todd McKenney as the Wizard, Liam Head as Fiyero, Adam Murphy as Dr. Dillamond, Shewit Belay as Nessarose, and Kurtis Papadinis as Boq. [99] In October 2023, it was announced that the production would return to the Regent Theatre in Melbourne opening on March 7. [100] In March 2024, the production announced that they would then be transferring to the QPAC Lyric Theatre in Brisbane in September 2024 and in May 2024, they confirmed that it would tour to the Crown Theatre in Perth from December 2024. [101] [102] In August 2024, it was announced that following the conclusion of the Australian tour in late January 2025, the production will transfer to Singapore at the Sands Theatre in Marina Bay opening from March 19, 2025. [103]
International tour (2016–2018)
Other international productions
A full Japanese production of Wicked by the Shiki Theatre Company opened in Tokyo, Japan, on June 17, 2007, and subsequently moved to Osaka , Fukoka and Nagoya , before closing in Sapporo on November 6, 2016. [106] [107] [108] To celebrate their 70th anniversary, the company produced a Japanese revival of the show from October 2023 to January 2024. [109] An Asian tour began at Singapore 's Grand Theater on December 6, 2011, with Australian actresses Suzie Mathers as Glinda and Jemma Rix as Elphaba. [110] [111] [112] It closed on October 6, 2012.[ citation needed ]
Renault Theater, stage of the Portuguese version of Wicked in São Paulo , Brazil
A Dutch-language production began previews at the Circustheater in The Hague on October 26, 2011, and was produced by Joop van den Ende Theaterproducties/ Stage Entertainment . Official opening took place on November 6. Willemijn Verkaik reprised her role of Elphaba from the German productions, becoming the first actress to play the role in two different languages. [113] The first Korean-language production began performances in Seoul on November 22, 2013. It ran at the Charlotte Theater until October 5, 2014. [114] In November 2015, the company "Time For Fun", a leading company in the entertainment market in Latin America, announced the first Portuguese adaptation of the musical to open in Brazil. [115] The show debuted in March 2016 at the Renault Theatre in São Paulo and is performed on the largest stage that the musical has been mounted on yet. [116] The production closed on December 18, 2016.[ citation needed ]
At the end of 2020, while all Wicked productions worldwide were halted due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 virus, a third Korean production of the show was announced on November 14. The show started previews in Seoul 's Blue Square Theater three months later on February 12, 2021, and was the first Wicked performance worldwide after the COVID-19 shutdown. The production opened on February 16, 2021, and played until May 2, 2021. It then transferred to Busan 's Dream Theater, where it ran from May 20, 2021, until its closing date on June 27, 2021. [117]
Two days ahead of the release of the movie adaptation, a Norwegian production was announced, set to premiere at Folketeateret, Oslo in March 2025. [118] It will the first Norwegian production of the musical [119] and a replica production of 2024 Danish production. [120] Norwegian singer Alexandra Rotan has been cast as Glinda. [121]
Non-replica productions
A condensed thirty-minute version of Wicked played at Universal Studios Japan in Osaka , Japan in 2006. Australian actress Jemma Rix was once again part of the original cast of the show, alternating the role of Elphaba with Jillian Giaachi and Taylor Jordan. The show opened on July 12, 2006, and featured the preliminary storyline of Act 1 but the characters of Fiyero, Madame Morrible, Boq, Nessarose and Doctor Dillamond were absent, with considerable changes in the show's sets and costumes. [122] It closed on January 11, 2011.[ citation needed ]
Another new staging opened at the City Theatre in Helsinki , Finland, on August 26, 2010. Directed by Hans Berndtsson and choreographed by Rebecca Evanne, the cast included Maria Ylipää as Elphaba and Anna-Maija Tuokko as Glinda. [123]
The second European production ran in Copenhagen, Denmark from January 12 until May 29, 2011, and was presented by Det Ny Teater . It starred Maria Lucia Heiberg Rosenberg as Elphaba and Annette Heick as Glinda. [124] [125]
A revival in Brazil had a limited run, starting March 9, 2023, at the Santander Theater, in São Paulo , produced by Atelier de Cultura. Lead actresses from the 2016 run Myra Ruiz and Fabi Bang reprised their roles as Elphaba and Glinda, respectively. Their co-stars included Tiago Barbosa as Fiyero, Marcelo Médici as The Wizard, Diva Menner as Madame Morrible, Cleto Baccic as Doctor Dillamond, Nayara Venancio as Nessarose and Dante Paccola as Boq. [126] Ruiz and Bang voiced Elphaba and Glinda in the dubbing for the 2024 film adaptation of the show. [127]
A Swedish production premiered on September 16, 2023, at the Gothenburg opera house , starring Anna Salonen as Glinda and Feline Andersson as Elphaba; the production is directed by Samuel Harjanne with translations done by Calle Norlén . [128]
A new Danish production starred Johanne Milland as Glinda and Nanna Rossen as Elphaba. It opened September 16, 2024 at Fredericia Musicalteater. The production transferred to the Tivoli Concert Hall from October 11 until 19 before returning to Fredericia Musicalteater for the remainder of its run. The production also starred Diluckshan Jeyaratnam as Fiyero, Anders Gjellerup Koch as The Wizard, Cecilie Thiim as Madame Morrible, Christian Lund as Dr. Dillamond, Marie Louise Hansen as Nessarose, and Jens Kau Wahlers Nielsen as Boq. [129] [130]
A Polish production is set to open at ROMA Musical Theatre in Warsaw in the spring of 2025. It will be directed by Wojciech Kępczyński and translated by Michał Wojnarowski. [131] [132]
A Spanish-language production is set to open at the Nuevo Teatro Alcalá in Madrid , Spain , on October 3, 2025. [133]
Eugene Lee 's Tony Award winning set design for Wicked at the Sydney Lyric
The original Broadway production of Wicked was nominated for ten Tony Awards in 2004, including Best Musical , Book , Orchestrations , Original Score , Choreography , Costume Design , Lighting Design , Scenic Design while receiving two nominations for Best Actress – for Menzel and Chenoweth . [134] Menzel won the Best Actress award, and the show also won the Award for Best Scenic Design and Best Costume Design, notably losing Best Book, Original Score and ultimately Best Musical to Avenue Q . [135] The same year, the show also won 6 Drama Desk Awards out of 11 nominations, including Outstanding Musical , Book , Director , and Costume Design . [136] [137]
Subsequent productions have received awards and nominations as well. The West End production received five Laurence Olivier Award nominations, including Best Director, Best Set Design and Best Costume Design [138] and later won the Audience Award for Most Popular Show at the 2010 and 2015 Olivier Awards. [139] The original Australian production received six Helpmann Awards out of 12 nominations, including Best Musical . Wicked was named the Best Musical of the Decade by Entertainment Weekly magazine and hailed "a cultural phenomenon" by Variety magazine. [140] While not technically an "award", the character of Elphaba was named 79th on Entertainment Weekly's list of The 100 Greatest Characters of the Past 20 Years. [141]
Critical reception
Touring cast members in the curtain call at a show in Omaha, Nebraska
In its out-of-town tryout in San Francisco, audience reaction was generally positive, and although critics tended to compliment the aesthetic and spectacle of the show, they disparaged the book, score, and choreography. [142] Dennis Harvey of Variety praised the production as "sleekly directed", "snazzily designed", and "smartly cast", but disliked its "mediocre" book, "trite" lyrics, and "largely generic" music. [143] Karen D'Souza of the San Jose Mercury News wrote that "style over substance is the real theme in this Emerald City". [142]
The Broadway production opened on October 30, 2003, to mixed reviews. [144] [145] [146] [147] However, Chenoweth and Menzel received acclaim for their performances. [147] Richard Zoglin of Time wrote: "If every musical had a brain, a heart and the courage of Wicked, Broadway really would be a magical place." [148] Elysa Gardner of USA Today described it as "the most complete, and completely satisfying, new musical I've come across in a long time". [149] Conversely, Ben Brantley in the New York Times loved the production but panned the show itself, calling it a "sermon" that "so overplays its hand that it seriously dilutes its power", with a "generic" score. He noted that Glinda is such a showy role that the audience ends up rooting for her rather than the "surprisingly colorless" Elphaba, who is "nominally" the hero. [150] Despite these mixed reviews, interest in Wicked spread quickly by word-of-mouth, leading to record-breaking success at the box office. Speaking to The Arizona Republic in 2006, Schwartz said, "What can I say? Reviews are reviews.... I know we divided the critics. We didn't divide the audience, and that's what counts." [149] [151]
The West End production opened to a slightly more upbeat response. The majority of critics have appreciated the spectacle of the lavish production, and the "powerhouse" performances of actors in the roles of the two witches. However, contemporaries have characterized the production as overblown, occasionally preachy, and suffering from more hype than heart. Although Charles Spencer of The Daily Telegraph described it as "at times... a bit of a mess," he praised Holzman's script, described Kenneth Posner's lighting design as "magical" and lauded Menzel's Elphaba and Helen Dallimore's Glinda. [152] Michael Billington of The Guardian gave it three out of five stars and remarked on the competence of all the lead actors; however, he complained that Wicked was "all too typical of the modern Broadway musical: efficient, knowing and highly professional but more like a piece of industrial product than something that genuinely touches the heart or mind." [153] Paul Taylor of The Independent called the topical political allegory "well-meaning but also melodramatic, incoherent and dreadfully superficial" and criticized the acting, songs and book, concluding that "the production manages to feel at once overblown and empty". [154]
A review of a Chinese production in the Shanghai Review of Books was very favorable. [155]
Commercial reception
Playing at the Oriental Theatre for more than three years, the Chicago production continually broke box-office records.
Since its opening in 2003, the original Broadway production of Wicked has broken the house record at the Gershwin Theatre twenty times. It regularly grosses in excess of $1.6 million each week, making it one of the most lucrative productions on Broadway. [156] [157] With a $14 million capitalization , the Broadway production took 15 months to break even, earning back its initial investment by December 21, 2004. [15] In its first year, it grossed more than $56 million. [158] In the week ending January 1, 2006, Wicked broke the record, previously held by the musical The Producers , for the highest weekly box office gross in Broadway history, earning $1,610,934. [159] It has gone on to break its own record numerous times, reaching $1,715,155 in November 2006, [160] $2,086,135 for the week ending November 29, 2009 [161] and over $2.2 million in the week ending January 2, 2011. [162] In the first week of 2012, the Broadway production broke a record again, earning $2.7 million. In the final weekend of 2013, Wicked became the first musical to gross $3 million in one week. [4]
Wicked's productions across North America and abroad have been equally financially successful. The Los Angeles production took the local weekly gross record, again from a performance of The Producers, bringing in $1,786,110 in the week ending March 4, 2007, [163] with records also set in Chicago ($1,418,363), [164] and St Louis ($2,291,608), [165] to bring the collective gross of the seven worldwide productions to a world record-breaking $11.2 million. [166] A new suite of records were set over Christmas 2010, with house records broken in San Francisco ($1,485,692), Providence ($1,793,764) and Schenectady ($1,657,139) as well as Broadway, bringing the musical's one-week gross in North America alone to $7,062,335. [167]
Wicked played to more than 2 million visitors in Chicago with a gross of over $200 million, making it the highest-grossing show in Chicago history by June 2007. [168] [169] With an opening-week gross of $1,400,000, it continually set records and became the longest-running Broadway musical in Chicago history. [170] [171] Producer David Stone told Variety , "we thought it [the Chicago production] would run 18 months, then we'd spend a year in Los Angeles and six months in San Francisco... but sales stayed so strong that the producers created another road show and kept the show running in Chicago." [172] The Los Angeles production grossed over $145 million and was seen by more than 1.8 million patrons. [173] Over the 672 performances of the San Francisco production, Wicked sold over 1 million tickets with a cumulative gross of over $75 million. [174] While its Broadway production welcomed its 5 millionth audience member on September 29, 2010. [175]
The Los Angeles production played at the Pantages Theatre for almost two years, grossing more than $145 million.
Although West End theatres do not publish audited weekly grosses, [176] the West End production of Wicked said it had set the record for highest one-week gross in December 2006, taking £761,000 in the week ending December 30. [177] [178] On June 23, 2008, the producers reported that over 1.4 million people had seen the London production, and grosses had topped £50 million. [179] The same reports stated that the show had consistently been one of the two highest-grossing shows in the West End. [178] For the week commencing December 27, 2010, the London production grossed £1,002,885, the highest single-week gross in West End theatre history, [180] with over 20,000 people attending the nine performances of Wicked that week. [181] The Melbourne production broke Australian box-office records, selling 24,750 tickets in three hours during pre-sales and grossing over $1.3 million on the first business day after its official opening. [182] On April 27, 2009, the production passed the milestone of 500,000 patrons. [183] When it transferred to Sydney, the production broke "all previous weekly box office records for a musical at the Capitol Theatre , grossing $1,473,775.70 in one week during October 2009. [184]
By seats sold on Broadway, Wicked ranks third of all time. [185] The show celebrated its 7,486th performance on Broadway on April 11, 2023 (the show's 20th anniversary year), surpassing Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Cats as the fourth-longest-running Broadway show in history . [186] [187] [188] Several other productions have also reached milestones such as the West End show in London , reaching 6512 performances on 22 September 2023, [189] the North American tour surpassing 4,160 performances [190] and the Australian run of the show, that reached 1,000 performances. [191]
Marketing and promotion
Legacy and anniversary tributes
PBS special
Film adaptation
Official logo of the two-part film adaptation of the musical
A film adaptation of Wicked had been discussed since 2004. In July 2010, it was reported that J. J. Abrams , James Mangold , Ryan Murphy , and Rob Marshall were under consideration to direct. [198] By July 2012, Universal Studios was reported to be producing the film, [199] with Stephen Daldry as director and Winnie Holzman , who wrote the musical's book, to pen the screenplay. [200] Universal announced in 2016 that the film would be released in theaters on December 20, 2019, with Daldry still attached to direct, and the script to be co-written by the musical's creators, Holzman and Schwartz . [201] In May 2017, Schwartz stated that the film would feature "at least two" new songs. [202] On August 31, 2018, Universal put the film on hold, due to production scheduling, and gave the film adaptation of Cats , which became a box office bomb , the release date formerly held by the film. [203] On February 8, 2019, Universal announced a new release date of December 22, 2021, for the Wicked film. [204]
On April 1, 2020, Universal put the film on hold once again due to Universal shifting release dates amidst the COVID-19 pandemic , and gave Sing 2 the 2021 release date. [205] On October 20, 2020, it was announced that Daldry had left the production due to scheduling conflicts. [206] In February 2021, Deadline reported that Jon M. Chu had signed on to direct the film adaptation. [207] In July 2021, Schwartz stated that filming would begin in late 2021 in Georgia , but filming was later postponed to March 2022 and again to June 2022. [208] In November 2021, Ariana Grande and Cynthia Erivo were cast as Glinda and Elphaba respectively, with Jonathan Bailey confirmed to have been cast as Fiyero a year later. [209] Production was originally set to begin in mid 2022 in the United Kingdom. [210] [211]
Jonathan Bailey , Cynthia Erivo , and Ariana Grande (L:R) portrayed Fiyero, Elphaba, and Galinda respectively in the two-part film adaptation
In April 2022, it was announced the film would be released in two parts, the first on November 22, 2024, and the second on November 21, 2025. Jon M. Chu explained that it "became impossible to wrestle the story of 'Wicked' into a single film without doing some real damage to it", so he made the decision to make two movies, to allow for more time to get to know the characters and not make any omissions from the source material. [212] [213]
The first film received praise from critics and was an immediate commercial success, making it the highest worldwide opening weekend grosser for a film based on a stage musical since Les Misérables (2012), and later became the highest-grossing musical film in the history of Universal Pictures and the highest-grossing musical film adaptation of all time, surpassing Mamma Mia! (2008). [214] [215] It also became the first musical film to win Best Film at the National Board of Review since Moulin Rouge! (2001), as well as the first fantasy film to win this award. [216] It would go on to earn ten nominations at the 97th Academy Awards , including Best Picture . [217]
In popular culture
The success of Wicked has made several of the show's songs popular and has resulted in references to the show, characters, and songs in popular culture. The Broadway production has been featured in episodes of television programs, including Brothers & Sisters , Rules of Engagement , and The War at Home . [218] For filming purposes, the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles doubled for the Gershwin Theatre on Broadway in Ugly Betty [219] in the episode " Something Wicked This Way Comes " in which Betty , the show's protagonist, goes to see Wicked on a date. [220]
"Defying Gravity" is featured in the Glee episode " Wheels ," where Rachel ( Lea Michele ) and Kurt ( Chris Colfer ) sing it separately in a competition for the lead solo from the first season. [221] It was featured again in " 100 ", the hundredth episode in the series. Media as diverse as the anime series Red Garden , the daytime drama Passions and the Buffy the Vampire Slayer graphic novels have all parodied Wicked's songs and characters. [222] [223]
The satiric musical The Book of Mormon also openly nods to Wicked, particularly in the song "You and Me (But Mostly Me)", presenting two rivals-to-friends and notably ending with Elder Cunningham holding a tune reminding of the famous ending of Elphaba's "Defying Gravity". [224] The Oscar-winning song " Let It Go " from the successful 2013 Disney feature film Frozen , that also won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, had been compared to "Defying Gravity" due to its similar theme and similar singing style, [225] and was sung by the original Elphaba Idina Menzel .
See also
^ "The Wicked Witch of the East" is the only major piece not to be featured on the cast recording, as the producers felt "the song included too much dialogue and would give some of the plot away to people who have not seen the show."
"Wicked – Script" . MusicalSchwartz.com. Retrieved November 8, 2007.
^ Wicked Internet Broadway database, accessed November 2, 2019
Kleiman, Kelly. "Wicked" . Aisle Say Chicago. Retrieved January 11, 2008.
^ a b "West End Cast" broadwayworld.com, accessed November 2, 2019
"Defying Gravity" . Musicnotes. Retrieved November 8, 2007.
Wicked: Die Hexen von Oz (CD liner). Ensemble Palladium Theater Stuttgart. Universal Music . 2007.
They're going to implement the changes made for [the] London [production of Wicked] in the L.A. company.
oscar (October 4, 2013). "Wicked" . Cartelera de Teatro CDMX (in Spanish). Retrieved October 11, 2024.
"Wicked - Das Musical" . WICKED - Das Musical (in German). Retrieved December 16, 2020.
Troy Dodds (December 30, 2009). "Amanda Harrison will return" . Aussie Theatre. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
Le Cross, Alannah (October 19, 2023). "Wicked" . Timeout. Retrieved November 4, 2023.
Ward, Sarah (March 22, 2024). "Wicked" . Concrete Playground. Retrieved June 29, 2024.
"劇団四季 四季なびgation 02 - ウィキッド" (in Japanese). Shiki Theatre Company. February 25, 2009. Archived from the original on May 7, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2009.
"Ongoing Productions" . shiki.jp. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved July 24, 2013.
McRae, Ross. "Magical farewell as Wicked closes" . Yahoo7. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
"Official Singapore Website" . Wicked Singapore. Archived from the original on May 3, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
"WICKED" . Folketeateret (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved December 20, 2024.
Andreassen, Andreas (December 19, 2024). "Fredericia Musicalteater sælger WICKED til Norge" . fredericiaavisen.dk (in Danish). Retrieved December 20, 2024.
"Wicked" . fredericiamusicalteater.dk (in Danish). November 8, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
"Wicked" . Tivoli. Retrieved October 8, 2024.
"Wicked" . Teatr Muzyczny Roma - Odkryj świat musicali! (in Polish). Retrieved October 22, 2024.
"Realizatorzy i obsada - Wicked" . Teatr Muzyczny Roma - Odkryj świat musicali! (in Polish). Retrieved October 22, 2024.
Broadway Staff (June 12, 2003). "Were Critics Wicked to B'way-Bound Tuner?" . Broadway.com. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
Harvey, Dennis (June 12, 2003). "Wicked" . Variety . Retrieved August 21, 2011.
"Wicked reviews" . New York Theatre Guide. Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. Retrieved November 8, 2007.
"Wicked" . Talkin' Broadway. Retrieved November 8, 2007.
... reviews for this Stephen Schwartz-Winnie Holzman show skewed mixed to negative. But the notices for the stars, Kristin Chenoweth and Idina Menzel, were rapturous.
Billington, Michael (September 28, 2006). "Wicked: The Musical" . The Guardian . Retrieved November 8, 2007.
Taylor, Paul (September 28, 2006). "First Night: Wicked, Apollo Victoria, London" . The Independent. London. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
Li, Hansong (August 25, 2022). "李汉松评音乐剧《魔法坏女巫》︱善恶秩序的颠覆和重建_上海书评_澎湃新闻-The Paper" . Thepaper.cn . The Paper (澎湃). Shanghai Review of Books (上海书评). Retrieved September 8, 2022.
"Behind the Emerald Curtain" . Broadway in Chicago. Archived from the original on January 21, 2008. Retrieved January 11, 2008.
"Matriarchy". Brothers & Sisters . Season 1. Episode 23. May 20, 2007.
"Wicked Gets Ugly" . London Theatre Direct. October 30, 2007. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
"'Frozen': Defying meteorology" . Chicago Tribune. November 26, 2013. Archived from the original on November 27, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
External links
Official production sites
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14 | who played the wicked witch in wicked on broadway | https://wickedthemusical.com/cast-creative/ | Elphaba
MK is honored to be the 25th woman to play Elphaba full time on Broadway. She believes in the transformative power of musical theater and its capacity to change lives for good. “Theater is like a gym for empathy” – B.English. MK spent a decade touring through 92 cities with Wicked (Elphaba), Mean Girls (Janis), and Hair (Sheila), before making her Broadway Debut last year as the Elphaba Standby. Syracuse University. Massive thanks to the best support team: Morrissey’s of 804, CGF Talent, DNW, the Glinda’s & Chistery’s who’ve seen me this far, and my leading man, Trevor. @maryspacekate
Alexandra Socha
Glinda
Broadway: Head Over Heels, Brighton Beach Memoirs, Spring Awakening Encores!: Mabel in Mack & Mabel, Paint Your Wagon Off-Broadway: Actually (MTC), Fun Home (The Public, Lortel nomination), Death Takes a Holiday and Dream of the Burning Boy (Roundabout, Drama League nomination) Regional: Papermill Playhouse, Williamstown, Yale Repertory. Television: Skye on Amazon’s “Red Oaks”, “Mrs. Maisel”, “Evil”, “The Big C”, and many more. Many thanks to Lindsay Porter and Erica Tuchman for all their support over the years and to Dad for buying us tickets to Wicked 20 years ago. My heart belongs to Etai and our beautiful baby boy. For Mom, you’d be proud.
Donna McKechnie
Madame Morrible
Donna received a Tony Award for her performance in A Chorus Line. Other Broadway: How to Succeed…; The Education of Hyman Kaplan; Promises, Promises; Company; Sondheim: A Musical Tribute (actor and choreographer); On the Town; State Fair (Fred Astaire Award); The Visit. Bob Fosse invited Donna to play the lead in his last production, the National tour of Sweet Charity (Helen Hayes nom). She has starred in and choreographed numerous productions regionally and productions in London’s West End, Paris and Tokyo. TV: “Hullaballoo”, “Fame”, “Cheers”, “Dark Shadows” and HBO Specials. Film: The Little Prince, Every Little Step. Donna’s memoir, “Time Steps – My Musical Comedy Life” was published by Simon and Schuster. In 2019 Donna was inducted into the Theatre Hall of Fame. She couldn’t be happier to join this Wicked family!
Brad Oscar
The Wizard
BDWY: Mrs. Doubtfire; Something Rotten! (Tony nomination); Big Fish Nice Work…; The Addams Family Spamalot The Producers (Tony nomination) Jekyll & Hyde; Aspects of Love. WEST END: The Producers. NAT’L TOUR: The Phantom of the Opera; Young Frankenstein; Jekyll & Hyde.”OFF-BDWY: Little Shop of Horrors; Broadway Bounty Hunter; Sweeney Todd; Forbidden Broadway. REGIONAL: Arena Stage, Old Globe, La Jolla, McCarter, more. FILM: Ghost Town; The Producers. TV: “Smash” “The Good Wife” and three “Law & Orders”.
Jordan Litz
Fiyero
Broadway debut! Jordan comes directly from the national tour after playing the Winkie Prince for over a year and a half. Credits: Radio City Christmas Spectacular, Legally Blonde, numerous productions with Walt Disney World. Jordan hails from California where he was a competitive swimmer, winning collegiate national championships and competing in the 2012 US Olympic Trials. Forever thankful for his family, Josh and darling wife, Julie. @litzjordan
Jake Pedersen
Boq
Broadway: Parade (Frankie Epps). National Tours: Wicked (Boq), Escape to Margaritaville (Ensemble). Regional: Writing Kevin Taylor (Meadow Brook Theatre), Newsies (Crutchie, NLBP). New Works: The Last Day (Sarah Schlesinger/Mike Reid), The Lucky Boy (Kristen Childs). B.F.A Musical Theatre Penn State. “Endless gratitude to the entire Wicked team, HCKR, my amazing Mom and Dad, and Will.” www.jakepedersen.com @Jake.ped
Natalie Ortega
Nessarose
Broadway debut! Big thanks to the entire Wicked team for making this childhood dream come true. Regional: In the Heights, Buddy: The Buddy Holly Story (The Kimmel Center.) Film/TV: “Search Party” (Max,) “Maybe I Do.” Thank you to Pat, Craig, and everyone at Telsey. Endless gratitude and love to Mom, Dad, Taylor, Chris, Kent, and Anna. Momma, we did it! @itsnatortega
William Youmans
Doctor Dillamond
William Youmans is thrilled to return to Wicked. He originated Doctor Dillamond on Broadway. Also on Broadway: Billy Elliot, Farnsworth Invention, The Little Foxes (Elizabeth Taylor), Big River, Titanic, Pirate Queen, Finian’s Rainbow, Baz Luhrmann’s La Boheme, Carousel, To Kill a Mockingbird. Movies & TV: Birdman, Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close, Nadine, Mrs. Soffel, Fresh Horses, Ten Minutes to Midnight, Compromising Positions, “Law and Order.”
Lissa DeGuzman
Elphaba Standby
Lissa deGuzman is thrilled to be back in Oz. Broadway: King Kong, Aladdin. National Tour: Wicked (Elphaba), Aladdin (Jasmine). Regional: Drury Lane (Cinderella), Cape Playhouse (Camelot), KC Starlight (Legally Blonde), The 5th Avenue Theatre (Bliss), MUNY (Fiddler on the Roof), Studio Tenn (West Side Story). Belmont University. “Endless love and gratitude to the Wicked Team, Telsey, Matt & DGRW, and my wonderful family & friends.” Salamat! @lissadeguz
Jennafer Newberry
Glinda Standby
Jennafer is thrillified to be making her Broadway debut after playing Glinda in the National Tour of Wicked! Regional: Disney’s Freaky Friday (La Jolla Playhouse), Nemo in Finding Nemo: The Musical (Walt Disney World), and Clara in The Light in the Piazza. BFA NYU Tisch. Endless love and gratitude to God, Terrific Talent, The Mine, Telsey, and the entire Wicked team. For Mom, Dad, my husband Zach, and my daughter Parker. @jennafernewberry
Alicia L. Albright
Swing; Witch's Mother/Midwife u/s
Grateful to be back in OZ! Broadway: Frozen (OBC), Wicked. Tours: Wicked, All Shook Up, A Chorus Line, Jesus Christ Superstar, Seven Brides… and more. IG: aliciaalbright . When not onstage teaching mindfulness and empowerment. Much love to Eric and Family.
Ixchel Cuellar
Ensemble; Witch's Mother/Midwife u/s
Broadway: Mean Girls, Finding Neverland. Tours: Hamilton (& Peggy Co). Regional: The Muny, KC Starlight, PCLO, Sacramento Music Circus, Fulton Theatre. BFA Penn State. Thank you to DGRW, Peyton, Dc’s, Craig, and my unbelievable friends and family. @itsixchel
Olivia Dei Cicchi
Ensemble
Pinch me! I’m making my Broadway debut with Wicked! National tour: Les Misérables (u/s Cosette & Fantine). Film/TV: She Came to Me, “SNL.” Endless gratitude to DGRW, Telsey, the Wicked team, my incredible friends and mom & dad, for putting music in my veins.
Matthew Deloch
Ensemble
Broadway debut, ur kidding! Recently, Radio City Christmas Spectacular, Super Bowl LV, “Up Here” (Hulu), “Mariah Carey: Merry Christmas to All”, “Blues Big City Adventure” (Paramount). All the love to my family and friends! @matthewdeloch
Meg Doherty
Ensemble; Morrible u/s
Broadway debut! Regional: Hairspray, Tommy, The Full Monty, Crazy for You and The Star Wars Ballet. Graduate of The Boston Conservatory. Proud member of Actors’ Equity. Love to her amazing supportive family in Maine and in NYC, especially Julio. The perfect family, no one is missing.
Tyler James Eisenreich
Ensemble
is absolutely thrilled to be thrilled about something for once. Broadway: The Who’s Tommy (u/s Tommy), Moulin Rouge! the Musical, West Side Story (u/s Tony). City Center: The Life, Sweet Gwen Suite (Fall For Dance). Tour: Moulin Rouge! The Musical
Matt Farcher
Swing; Wizard/Dillamond/Witch’s Father/Ozian Official u/s
My heart is doing the happy dance! Original Broadway cast of Pretty Woman The Musical. Thank you forever to The Farcher Family, The Wolf Talent Team, Craig and The Telsey Office for the endless support. 大好きPhilWithLove.Org
Lisa Finegold
Dance Captain/Swing; Witch's Mother/Midwife u/s
Broadway: Head Over Heels, Rock of Ages. Tours: Hamilton, Wicked, and more. Off Broadway: Trip of Love. Boston Conservatory graduate. Thanks to her supportive family, wonderful friends and Sofia at CESD!
Dan Gleason
Ensemble; Fiyero u/s
Thrilled to be back with Wicked! Other credits: American Idiot (Tunny u/s), Miss Saigon (Chris u/s), Goodspeed Opera House, Kansas City Starlight, Transcendence Theatre Company, Pennsylvania Centre Stage, Mount Gretna Theatre. Penn State graduate, BFA. Love to Julia and Gus!
Josh Daniel Green
Jeff Heimbrock
Ensemble; Boq u/s
Broadway/NYC: The Book of Mormon, Thoroughly Modern Millie (Actors’ Fund), The Golden Apple (Encores!). Tour: Newsies (Spot Conlon), The Book of Mormon (L.A./ Chicago). Training: Pace University, The School at Steppenwolf. @jheimbrock
Stephen Hernandez
Ensemble; Chistery u/s
Honored to be joining the Wicked Family. Broadway: Moulin Rouge! The Musical, Hello, Dolly!. National Tours: Hamilton, Newsies The Musical, We Will Rock You. Thank you to my family, Sofia at CESD, and my partner Reed for your endless love and support. @stevohernandez
Celia Hottenstein
Ensemble; Glinda/Nessarose u/s
National tour: Wicked (Glinda), The Phantom of the Opera (Christine Daaé alternate). Off-Broadway: Desperate Measures. BFA, The Boston Conservatory. Thanks to Craig, The Telsey Office, and the Wicked team, especially Dan, Marcia, and Lisa for believing in me. Endless love and gratitude to Mom, Dad, Booey, and Travis. @celiahottenstein
Alison Jantzie
Witch’s Mother/Ensemble
Broadway/New York: Gigi, Radio City Rockettes, Fiorello! (City Center Encores!). National Tour: Wicked. Select Regional: Anything Goes (Goodspeed), Roman Holiday (Golden Gate Theatre). I am beyond grateful for the fam, the Wolff Pack, this team, and Eric! Thank you!
Jesse JP Johnson
Swing; Boq u/s
Featured in the vocal ensemble of the “Wicked” Movie. Played Boq in Wicked Broadway/1st Nat. tour. SpongeBob SquarePants Broadway/Live On Stage!/Cast Rec. (SpongeBob u/s, Swing), Glory Days Broadway/Cast Rec. (Jack), Altar Boyz Off-Broadway/1st Nat. tour (Luke), Xanadu Broadway (Sonny u/s, Thalia), Grease 1st Nat. tour (Doody). Love to my Starrs! @jessejpjohnson
Kelsey Kaufman
Swing; Witch’s Mother/Midwife u/s
Broadway debut! Wicked (national tour), An American in Paris (u/s Lise, Cape Playhouse), A Chorus Line (Maggie). BFA from Pace University. Endless thanks to her mentors, MSA, Telsey, the Wicked team and her wonderful family and friends. @ kelseykaufman_
Cajai Kennedy
Ensemble
Frozen Broadway, The Met Gala 2021, High Button Shoes City Center Encores!. The Metropolitan Opera: The Merry Widow, La Traviata, Aida, Adriana Lecouvreur (Venus). The Houston Grand Opera: Carmen. The Lion King 1st National Tour. Knicks City Dancer ‘17-’18. IG: @cajmahal
Colby Q. Lindeman
Swing; Chistery u/s
Happy to be back at the Gershwin! Credits: The Cher Show, An American in Paris, Trip of Love, Standard Time at the Duke, Radio City Christmas Spectacular, Urban Cowboy, “Smash,” “Boardwalk Empire,” “Vinyl.” OCU. AEA. Thanks to The Telsey Office, MSA, and the Wicked team. Love!
Yando Lopez
Ensemble; Boq u/s
Broadway debut! Regional: Steppenwolf, Goodman, Paramount, Marriott, Drury Lane, Skylight, Porchlight. TV: “The Thing About Harry”. BA: Northwestern University. Thank you to Telsey, Wicked, DDO, my Chicago family, Los Lopez and Adrian. @yandolopez & yandolopez.com
Chase Madigan
Chistery/Ensemble
West Side Story (Broadway), Wicked (national tour), Radio City Christmas Spectacular, The New York Spectacular, Rock the Ballet (international tour), danced w/ artists like Elton John and Carly Rae Jepsen. Wicked Broadway is a dream! Love to mom and dad! @chase_madigan
Micaela Martinez
Swing; Nessarose/Midwife u/s
Incredibly grateful to be back on stage! Most recently touring the country with the national tour of Wicked. Others include first national tour of Sister Act (ensemble, u/s Mary Robert), The Addams Family (Wednesday), and Spring Awakening (Wendla). @micccccmart
Hunter Mikles
Swing
National tour: Wicked, Dirty Dancing. International tour: An American in Paris. NYC: Dance Lab New York. Select regional: Pittsburgh CLO, Fulton Theatre. Point Park ’16. Endless gratitude to family, friends and LDC. @hunter_mikles
Dashi’ Mitchell
Dance Captain/Swing; Chistery u/s
Dashi Mitchell, an 11 year alumnus of Wicked, is excited to return back home to Wicked on Broadway. Recently finished two companies of Hamilton and West Side Story with Carnegie Hall. Grateful to be performing again! @dashi1989
Alicia Newcom
Ensemble
Broadway debut! National tours: Wicked, 42nd Street. NYC: Radio City Rockettes. BPA: Oklahoma City University. Thanks to Avalon Artists Group and the Wicked team. Endless love and gratitude to James and my incredible family, given and chosen! @alicia_newcom
David Scott Purdy
Ensemble
Broadway/Off-Broadway: Merrily We Roll Along, Brigadoon (Encores!) A Christmas Story (Madison Square Garden). Touring: Wicked, A Gentleman’s Guide to Love and Murder. TV: The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel, Law & Order: SVU. Thanks to Kate, Jay, and Mom. @dav3purdy
Emily Rogers
Ensemble; Elphaba u/s
Broadway debut! National tour: If/Then. NYC: Jasper in Deadland, Unlock’d. Most recently: Sophie in Mamma Mia! (ACT of CT). Endless thanks to the Wicked team, Craig, Carson Adler and Taylor. For Mom and Dad. @e.e.rogers
Gabriela M. Soto
Ensemble
Gabriela is thrilled to be making her Broadway debut. Theatre: Brigadoon (Encores!), In The Heights (Regional). TV/Film: “The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel,” Steven Spielberg’s West Side Story. Thank you mom for believing in my dreams! @gabrielamsoto_
Travis Taber
Ensemble; Fiyero u/s
Broadway debut! First national tour: Priscilla Queen of the Desert. Broadway national tours: Mamma Mia! and Wicked. NY theatre: For Lovers Only. So much love and thanks to my family, Craig, Bernadette and the team at Telsey. @tgtaber
Michael Thatcher
Witch’s Father/ Ozian Official; Wizard/Dillamond u/s
Broadway: The Play That Goes Wrong. Off-Broadway: TPTGW, Julius Caesar (NYSF). Tours: TPTGW (1st, 2nd National), Guys & Dolls, A Christmas Story. TV: “Quantico.” West Chester University of PA. MFA University of Houston. @Thatched44
Jeremy Thompson
Ensemble
Jeremy Thompson is thrilled to be making his Broadway debut! Credits include Wicked (national tour), The Music Man (Tommy Djilas), Gypsy, South Pacific, RhetOracle Dance Co., Tokyo Disney, and Disneyland. Huge thanks to The Telsey Office and Mom! @remy_dunham
Christianne Tisdale
Ensemble/Midwife; Morrible u/s
Welcome back Broadway! Beauty and the Beast, Triumph of Love, Les Misérables, One Touch of Venus (West End), Sousatzka (Toronto). TV: “The Blacklist,” “30 Rock,” “Wallflowers,” “Ghost Lights: Reclaiming Theater in the Age of AIDS” (producer). IG @BaxAndTheCity
Nicky Venditti
Swing; Chistery u/s
Nicky is thrilled to be back in Oz! Broadway: Wicked. Off Broadway: Radio City Xmas Spectacular, Trip Of Love. Tours: Wicked, A Chorus Line, Contact, Swing. When not on stage, Nicky helps others thrive as a functional exercise and health coach. @nicky_venditti
Michael Williams
Ensemble
Broadway/National Tour: Diana, My Fair Lady, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, On the Town, Wicked, Come Fly Away, the revival of West Side Story. Love to Mrs. W and H.
Peyton Taylor Becker
PRODUCTION STAGE MANAGER
Broadway & Select Favorites: Six, Boop, The Prom, School of Rock, Something Rotten! National Tours: Mean Girls, LCT’s The King and I, Dirty Dancing. UNCSA. For my mom and her unwavering support. Grateful to my dads for watching over me. Students and early career Stage Managers, let’s connect @peytonbecker
Stephen Milosevich
STAGE MANAGER
Broadway: Beetlejuice; David Byrne’s American Utopia; Derren Brown: Secret; True West; Frozen; School of Rock – The Musical; Time and the Conways; Sunday in the Park with George; Something Rotten!; Long Day’s Journey Into Night; Fun Home; Rocky. Love to Erin and his family.
Jonathan Bach
ASSISTANT STAGE MANAGER
Broadway: A Christmas Carol, Straight White men; Off-Broadway: Love Life, Dragon Spring Phoenix Rise, A Parallelogram, Revolution in the Elbow…; Love to Mom, Dad, Maya, Marybeth, Gregg, Lauren. To every mentor, thank you. UNCSA Alum.
Saori “Cel” Yokoo
ASSISTANT STAGE MANAGER
Broadway: The Inheritance. Regional: Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil (The Goodman). Selected Tour: On Your Feet!, Dirty Dancing, Bring It On: The Musical, 42nd Street. Selected others: Kennedy Center Honors, Phish NYE Gag at MSG. To my parents and the Wicked team, Arigatou Gozaimasu.
Stephen Schwartz
Music and Lyrics
Has contributed music and/or lyrics to Godspell, Pippin, The Magic Show, The Baker’s Wife, Working (which he adapted and directed), Rags, Children of Eden and the opera Séance on a Wet Afternoon. For films, he collaborated with Alan Menken on the scores for Disney’s Pocahontas, The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Enchanted and wrote the songs for the DreamWorks animated feature The Prince of Egypt. Mr. Schwartz is artistic director of the ASCAP Musical Theatre Workshops and serves on the Council of the Dramatists Guild. He is a member of the Theater Hall of Fame, the Songwriters Hall of Fame, and has been given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Awards include three Academy Awards, four Grammy Awards, the Isabelle Stevenson Tony Award and a tiny handful of tennis trophies Defying Gravity, a book about his professional career, is available from Applause Books.
Book
Received a Tony nomination and a Drama Desk Award for Wicked. She created the memorable television drama “My So-Called Life” which starred Claire Danes. Holzman got her start writing for the acclaimed drama “thirtysomething” and later executive produced (again with Marshall Herskovitz and Edward Zwick) “Once and Again.” Other theatre work includes the musical Birds of Paradise (with composer David Evans) and a ten-minute play called Post-Its: Notes on a Marriage which she wrote with her husband, actor Paul Dooley. Features include ‘Til There Was You. Also an actress, Ms. Holzman appeared in Jerry Maguire and as Larry’s wife’s therapist on “Curb Your Enthusiasm.” Most recently she teamed with her daughter, Savannah Dooley, to write and produce the ABC Family series, “Huge.” She is a graduate of Princeton University, received an MFA from the NYU Musical Theatre Program and serves on the board of the Writers Guild Foundation.
Gregory Maguire
Author of Original Novel
Published a dozen novels for children before writing his first adult novel, Wicked. A devotee of children’s fantasy, Maguire’s subsequent novels for adults are variations-on-a-theme: Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister considers Cinderella as a seventeenth-century maid from Haarlem; Lost evokes the ghost of Charles Dickens’s Scrooge; and Mirror Mirror features a High Renaissance Snow White daunted by the wickedest stepmother, Lucrezia Borgia. Maguire’s novel Son of a Witch, a sequel to Wicked, is followed by volume III of the Wicked Years, A Lion Among Men, and concludes with the final novel in the Wicked Years, Out of Oz. He lives in Massachusetts and Vermont with his husband, the painter Andy Newman, and their three children.
Joe Mantello
Director
Broadway: Hillary and Clinton, The Boys in the Band, Three Tall Women (Tony nom.), Blackbird, The Humans, Airline Highway, The Last Ship, Casa Valentina, I’ll Eat You Last, The Other Place, Other Desert Cities, Pal Joey, 9 to 5, November, The Ritz, Laugh Whore, Three Days of Rain, The Odd Couple, Glengarry Glen Ross, Assassins (Tony Award), Take Me Out (Tony Award), Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune, Design for Living, Proposals, Love! Valour! Compassion! Off-Broadway: Dogfight, The Pride, A Man of No Importance, The Vagina Monologues, Corpus Christi. As an actor: The Glass Menagerie, The Normal Heart (Tony nom. and on HBO) and Angels in America (Tony nom.). Recipient of Outer Critics Circle, Drama Desk, Lucille Lortel, Helen Hayes, Clarence Derwent, Obie and Joe A. Callaway awards. He is a member of The Theater Hall of Fame.
Wayne Cilento
Musical Staging
Broadway: Sweet Charity (Tony nom.), Aida, The Who’s Tommy (Tony, Drama Desk, Astaire awards), How to Succeed… (Tony nom.), Dream: The Johnny Mercer Musical(director/choreographer; Tony nom., Best Choreography), Jerry’s Girls, Baby (Tony nom.). West End: The Who’s Tommy (Olivier nom.). Other credits: Off-Broadway’s A Hot Minute and Angry Housewives, national tour of Spirit, …Forum at La Jolla (San Diego Drama Critics and Drama-Logue awards). Performer credits: A Chorus Line (Mike, original cast), The Act, Seesaw, Perfectly Frank, Irene, Big Deal, Rachel Lily Rosenblumand Dancin’ (Tony nom.). He has done musical staging for Liza Minnelli, Barry Manilow, Chita Rivera, Billy Joel, Donna Summer and Pete Townshend.
Eugene Lee
Scenic Designer
Eugene is the production designer of “Saturday Night Live,” “The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon” and “Late Night With Seth Meyers.” Other Broadway credits: Bright Star, Ragtime, Show Boat and Sweeney Todd. Film credits: Coppola’s Hammett, Huston’s Mr. North, Malle’s Vanya on 42nd Street and Demme’s A Master Builder. BFA: Art Institute of Chicago, Carnegie Mellon. MFA: Yale School of Drama. Three honorary PhDs. Awards: Tony, Drama Desk, Lucille Lortel, Emmy Awards; Elliot Norton Award for Sustained Excellence; Pell Award; DesignxRI Lifetime Achievement Award, New York Theater Hall of Fame. He lives in Providence, RI, with his wife, Brooke, where he is resident designer at Trinity Rep.
Susan Hilferty
Costume Designer
Has designed costumes and scenery for over 300 productions around the world. Her Broadway credits include Present Laughter, Spring Awakening, Lestat and Into the Woods (all Tony-nominated). Her many directorial collaborations include Athol Fugard, Joe Mantello, James Lapine, Michael Mayer, Robert Falls, Tony Kushner, JoAnne Akalaitis, Des McAnuff, Christopher Ashley, Yaël Farber, Rebecca Taichman and the late Garland Wright. In addition to her work in theatre, Susan has designed opera (Rigoletto and La Traviata for the Met), dance (Love Stories for Alvin Ailey), and live music events (Taylor Swift’s Speak Now world tour). Susan is chair of the design department at NYU Tisch School of the Arts. Her many accolades include Tony, Drama Desk and Outer Critics Circle awards for Wicked.
Kenneth Posner
Lighting Designer
Has more than 50 Broadway play and musical theatre credits. He designs extensively Off-Broadway, for resident theatres and touring productions throughout the United States as well as internationally. Selected Broadway credits: Beetlejuice, Mean Girls, War Paint, On Your Feet!, Disgraced, If/Then, Hairspray, Kinky Boots, Pippin, Dirty Rotten Scoundrels, Legally Blonde, The Coast of Utopia — Shipwrecked, Other Desert Cities, Harvey, The Best Man, The Merchant of Venice, The Royal Family, The Odd Couple, Glengarry Glen Ross, The Goat, Uncle Vanya, Side Man, The Little Foxes and The Rose Tattoo. He is the recipient of Tony, Drama Desk, Outer Critics Circle and Obie awards.
Tony Meola
Sound Designer
Broadway: Come From Away (associate producer), Lysistrata Jones (associate producer as well as sound design); …Drood (Drama Desk Award); First Date (associate producer); Pal Joey; The Ritz; Laugh Whore; Man of La Mancha; Sweet Smell of Success; Copenhagen; Kiss Me, Kate; Footloose; The Lion King (Drama Desk Award); The Sound of Music; Steel Pier; Forum; The King and I; Moon Over Buffalo; Smokey Joe’s Cafe; Guys and Dolls; Five Guys Named Moe; She Loves Me; The Red Shoes; Anything Goes. London: Kiss Me, Kate; The Lion King; Smokey Joe’s Cafe; and Anything Goes. National and international: The Lion King, Les Misérables, Mozart, Der Gloeckner von Notre Dame. Tony is a graduate of Ithaca College’s Department of Theatre Arts. Thanks, Dick.
Elaine J. McCarthy
Projection Designer
Recent Broadway designs include The People in the Picture, Impressionism, Thurgood, Spamalot, Assassins, Man of La Mancha, Into the Woods, and Judgment at Nuremberg. Opera designs include Great Scott, Everest, Iolanta, Tristan and Isolde, Moby Dick (Dallas Opera); Dead Man Walking (Houston Opera); Mazeppa (Metropolitan Opera); War and Peace (Kirov and Met Opera); Tan Dun’s The Gate; and Peter Sellar’s The Peony Pavilion. Off-Broadway designs include Frequency Hopping (set and projection), Embedded, The Stendhal Syndrome, Suitcase, Speaking in Tongues, and The Thing About Men. Regional designs include Distracted (set and projection), Limonade Tous les Jours, Fran’s Bed, Once in a Lifetime, Cobb, and Hair. She received an Eddy Award in 2003.
Tom Watson
Hair and Wig Designer
Is head of the wig and makeup department at the Metropolitan Opera. He has designed wigs for more than 80 Broadway productions. Current and recent Broadway designs include Wicked, Rock of Ages, How to Succeed…, The Addams Family, Annie, Act One, You Can’t Take It With You, The King and I, The Sound of Music national tour, Dames at Sea, Thérèse Raquin, Fiddler on the Roof (current revival), Bright Star and Long Day’s Journey Into Night.
Joe Dulude II
Makeup Designer
Broadway/West End: Wicked, Beautiful. Broadway: Beetlejuice, The Rose Tattoo, Torch Song, SpongeBob SquarePants, Summer, Sunday in the Park With George, Anastasia, Allegiance, If/Then, Follies, etc. Off-Broadway: Sweet Charity, Into the Woods, The Wild Party, Show Boat. Television: “Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert” (Emmy nomination), “The SpongeBob Musical: Live on Stage,” “Castle Rock.” Film: The Discovery, Central Intelligence, Ghostbusters. joe2design.com
Stephen Oremus
Music Supervision/Music Arrangements
Broadway: Frozen; Kinky Boots (Tony Award for Best Orchestrations; Grammy Award); The Book of Mormon (Tony and Drama Desk Awards for Best Orchestrations; Grammy Award); 9 to 5: The Musical; All Shook Up, Avenue Q and Wicked. Off-Broadway: tick, tick…BOOM!; The Wild Party. Vocal arranger and conductor for the Disney films Frozen and Frozen 2; String arrangements/conductor for several of Lady Gaga ’s television and film appearances, including “I’ll Never Love Again” from A Star Is Born . Music director/conductor for Rufus Wainwright ’s concerts Rufus Does Judy and House of Rufus. TV credits include: music director of the 2015 Oscars, “The Wiz Live!” (NBC) and “Rent Live!” (FOX).
William David Brohn
Orchestrations
Received the 1998 Tony Award for Best Orchestrations for Ragtime. Other credits include Half a Sixpence (Chichester Festival Theatre); Mary Poppins, Curtains, Miss Saigon, The Secret Garden, Show Boat, Crazy for You, Carousel, Sweet Smell of Success, Oklahoma! (B’way); Mary Poppins, Oliver!, The Witches of Eastwick, My Fair Lady and South Pacific (London). He has provided arrangements for Marilyn Horne, James Galway, Placido Domingo and West Side Story Suite for Violin and Orchestra.
Alex Lacamoire
Music Arrangements
Is a four-time Grammy, three-time Tony, and Emmy winner for his work on Dear Evan Hansen, Hamilton, In The Heights, and FX’s mini-series “Fosse/Verdon.” His credits as music director, arranger, and/or orchestrator include: Message in a Bottle (London), The Wrong Man (Off-Broadway), Annie (2011 Broadway Revival), Bring It On, The People in the Picture, 9 to 5 (Drama Desk and Grammy noms), Legally Blonde, High Fidelity, Wicked, Bat Boy, and Godspell (2001 National Tour). Film/television credits FX’s “Fosse” (supervising music producer), The Greatest Showman (executive music producer), Incredibles 2 (arranger/orchestrator), “Sesame Street” (Emmy-nominated composer) and WB’s In The Heights (executive music producer).
The Telsey Office
Casting
With offices in both New York and Los Angeles, The Telsey Office casts for theatre, film, television and commercials. The Telsey Office is dedicated to creating safe, equitable and anti-racist spaces through collaboration, artistry, heart, accountability and advocacy.
Lauren Samuels
Elphaba
Lauren is an English actress and singer who rose to prominence on the BBC TV series “Over the Rainbow.” West End: Grease (Sandy), We Will Rock You (Scaramouche), Bend It Like Beckham (Jules—WhatsOnStage Best Actress nomination), Vanities (Mary). Off/regional: The Last 5 Years (Cathy), The Wizard of Oz (Dorothy), The Water Babies (Ellie), Henry V (Princess Kathrine), Groan Ups (Katie). Lauren can be seen in the upcoming short film Key of Genius and is delighted to be making her U.S. debut in the role of Elphaba. Download her album Chasing Rainbows, Finding Judy and follow socials for updates: @laurensamuels88
Austen Danielle Bohmer
Glinda
Austen is truly delighted to be traveling the country by bubble! Broadway: Diana (u/s Diana, OBC Ensemble). Off-Broadway: Days of Rage at Second Stage. TV: “FBI: Most Wanted.” Regional: Paper Mill Playhouse, Lyric Opera of Chicago, Broadway at Music Circus, PCLO, Barrington, Goodspeed, St. Louis Rep. Proud international teaching artist with Arts Ignite ( artsignite.org ). BFA Acting: Webster Conservatory. RADA, London. You can listen to her original music on all streaming platforms under the name Plain Austen. Big time thanks to Telsey, CGF, Established Artists, steadfast friends & fiercely loving fam. @plainausten // austendaniellebohmer.com
Aymee Garcia
Madame Morrible
Miami, FL native! Credits include Broadway: Jack’s Mother in Into the Woods, Mama Bear in Shrek the Musical and Madame Thénardier in Les Misérables. TV/film credits include “Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock” as Marjory the Trash Heap and Ma Gorg, “Slumberkins” as Kit the Fox, “Sesame Street” as Rosa, Abuela and Marisol, as well as Dear Evan Hansen. Dedicated to mom and Brandon.
Blake Hammond
The Wizard
Broadway: Edna, Hairspray; Pumbaa, Disney’s The Lion King; Waiter, First Date; Mr. Braithwaite, Billy Eliott; Chadwick, Elf; Jacey Squires, The Music Man; Bruce, Living on Love; Ernie, Sister Act; Phillip, Kiss Me Kate; Uperman/ MC, On the Town. Tours: 8 national companies including Nostradamus, Something Rotten; Uncle Fester, The Addams Family; Sebastian, Cinderella; Rudolph, Hello, Dolly! Other Credits and Awards: When Pig’s Fly, LA Critics Award; At Wit’s End, Florida Carbonell and Chicago After Dark Awards; The Producers, Joseph Jefferson Nomination; Then We Got Help, Webseries, Indy Soap Award. Thanks for supporting live theatre!
Erica Ito
Nessarose
Erica is stoked to be here in Munchkinland! She can be heard as Clara on the My Heart Says Go Studio Cast Recording and as the co-host of Seaweed Brain: A Percy Jackson Podcast. BFA: University of Michigan. Mahalo nui loa to the family at Telsey, Buchwald, and home. @ericaito_ @seaweedbrainpodcast
Kingsley Leggs
Doctor Dillamond
Broadway: Pretty Woman, Sister Act, The Color Purple, Miss Saigon. Off-Broadway: Little Shop of Horrors, The Bubbly Black Girl…. Touring: The Gershwins’ Porgy and Bess, Sister Act, Miss Saigon, Ragtime, It Ain’t Nothing but the Blues, Forbidden Hollywood. Film/TV: Hello Again, “The Americans,” “The Good Wife,” “Law & Order: SVU,” “One Life to Live,” “City of Angels.”
Xavier McKinnon
Fiyero
Tours: Disney’s Aladdin (First National Tour), Rent (Benny), Kinky Boots. Regional Credits: Aida (Radames Cover), Once on This Island (Daniel), Jersey Boys (Riverside Theatre), Rock of Ages, Hairspray. “Grateful to Avalon Artist Group, Telsey (Alex, Craig, Jimmy), Erik, Antoinette, Britt, Frank & Aunt Lorrie.” @xmckinnon
Alex Vinh
Boq
Alex is “just a mere Munchkin” who is overjoyed to join the company of Wicked! Broadway: Kimberly Akimbo. Off-Broadway/Selected Regional: Snow in Midsummer (Classic Stage Company), Kimberly Akimbo (Atlantic Theater Company), Spring Awakening (TUTS). TV: Apple TV+’s WeCrashed and Hulu’s Only Murders in the Building. BFA from Texas Christian University. Endless gratitude to family, friends, the team at Bloc, and the Telsey Office. IG: @alexhvinh
Carly Augenstein
Elphaba Standby
Carly is beyond thrilled to be making her Oz debut! Off-Broadway: Fancy Nancy the Musical. Tours: A Christmas Carol, The Civil War. Syracuse University ’11. Endless thanks to Telsey and the Wicked team. Love to her ever-supportive family, friends, pets and husband Eric. @carleesi
Jennifer Mariela Bermeo
Ensemble
Jennifer’s resume spans film, television, music and theater. A first-generation Ecuadorian from N.J., she most recently toured with The Weeknd. Jennifer’s thrilled to join Wicked. “Live your dreams.” jennifermarielabermeo.com. @ jennifermariela .
Anthony Lee Bryant
Swing, Chistery U/S
Excited to join the Wicked family! Credits: The Lion King, Cathy Rigby is Peter Pan, LA Dance Project, Jacob Jonas The Company. UNCSA Alum, Juilliard BFA. Thanks and love to Mom, Pam, Ed and family!
Sean Burns
Ensemble, Boq U/S
National Tour: Hello, Dolly! (Barnaby), Jersey Boys (Joe Pesci, u/s Frankie Valli), Peter Pan 360 (Michael). “Thanks to Telsey and the Wicked Team, The Hybrid Agency, and Laura. Endless gratitude for Mom, Dad, and Tina.” @sean_burns_actor
Matt Densky
Ensemble, Boq U/S
NYC: How the Grinch… (Young Max u/s, MSG), Kris Kringle (Sky, Town Hall). Regional: The Little Mermaid, Rock of Ages, Fully Committed, SantaLand Diaries. B.F.A.—CCM. Thanks to Cooper Company/MSA. Love to Mom, Dad and Chris. MattDensky.com
Kelley Dorney
Midwife/Ensemble; Madame Morrible U/S
National Tour debut! Regional: The Secret Garden (Ahmanson), Cinderella (Broadway Sacramento), Annie (Hollywood Bowl), and A Gentleman’s Guide… (Gateway). Originated the role of Hillary Clinton in 44: The Obama Musical. Thanks Avalon and my family!
Kayla Goldsberry
Witch's Mother; Ensemble
Beyond excited and blessed to make my Broadway Tour debut with Wicked! BFA from USC Kaufman School of Dance, my work spans concert, commercial, and theater spaces. So much love to my family, mentors, and team. @kaylagoldsberry , kaylagoldsberry.com
Rose Iannaccone
Ensemble
Rose Iannaccone is wicked excited to be in this company! Favorite credits: Cats First National Tour (Rumpleteazer). Regional: Broadway Sacramento, Ogunquit Playhouse, Arts Center of Coastal Carolina, Gateway Playhouse. IAMT ’18. “Thanks mom!” @riannaccone98
Mattie Tucker Joyner
Swing; Nessarose U/S
Regional credits: Lyric Theatre of Oklahoma, Broadway Rose and VMT. BFA: University of Oklahoma. “Gratitude to Mom, Dad, Caroline, and to my loves Sean and Sunshine! Gran-Gran and Papa, this is for you!” IG: @emteejay
David Kaverman
Swing, Witch's Father/Ozian Official/The Wizard/Doctor Dillamond U/S
National tours: Miss Saigon, Motown: The Musical (Smokey Robinson). Training: Otterbein University BM and Manhattan School of Music MM. Thankful for his SuperMama, The Mine, the Wicked team and The Telsey Office. @deighvidk
Kelly Lafarga
Dance Captain, Swing
Feels honored to join Wicked. Film: Step Up 2: The Streets, Step Up 3D. TV: “Glee,” “Bones,” “How I Met Your Mother,” “DWTS.” Tours: Eve, Donnie Klang. Marymount Manhattan College. Thanks Mom, Nin and Sasha for your endless love and support. Dad, I love and miss you always.
Marina Lazzaretto
Swing
Thrilled to be back with the Wicked Family! Broadway: An American In Paris, West Side Story. First National Tours: Cats, An American In Paris, Wicked, Come Fly Away. Television: “Schmigadoon,” “Fosse/Verdon,” “The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel,” “SNL.” Representation: The Hybrid Agency @ marinalazz
Colin LeMoine
Ensemble, U/S Fiyero
National Tour: Hadestown (u/s Orpheus), Hello, Dolly! (Ambrose Kemper), NY: Pirates of Penzance Concert (Roundabout) Regional: Flat Rock, Jacob’s Pillow, MT Wichita. BFA MT IU Bloomington. “Thanks to my parents, Wicked, Telsey and Terrific Talent.” @colin_lemoine
Tiffany Rae Mallari
Ensemble
Tiffany Rae Mallari is excited to be reunited with her Wicked family. She is so grateful for a long career thus far with accolades that include Rock of Ages Hollywood, Cirque Du Soleil’s Viva Elvis, and Disney’s High School Musical 3. She’d like to thank her family and her husband, Jon Hall, for always supporting her passion to perform!
Adelina Mitchell
Ensemble, U/S Elphaba
National Tour debut in the first Broadway show she ever saw! Regional: The Music Man (Marian in ASL production), World Premiere of A.D. 16 (Ruth), Signature Theatre, The Muny! Grateful for the Wicked Team, Telsey, DGRW & her incredible support system! www.adelinamitchell.com | @ adelinamitchell_
Brayden Newby
Ensemble
Broadway: Moulin Rouge! The Musical. National Tours: Moulin Rouge! The Musical, Cats (Plato/Macavity). Regional: Ogunquit Playhouse, Tuacahn Center for the Arts. Additional credits: “MTV VMAs,” “The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel,” “Saturday Night Live,” “RuPaul’s Drag Race All Stars.” Gratitude to Pepe, my family, and CESD.
Allsun O’Malley
Ensemble; Glinda/Nessarose U/S
Broadway: Wicked (Swing, Nessarose u/s). Regional: Chasing Rainbows (Deanna Durbin u/s, Paper Mill Playhouse), A Christmas Carol (Belle), Singin’ in the Rain (Kathy Selden), Newsies (Katherine). BFA, Penn State. Endless thanks to the Wicked team, Telsey, Henderson Hogan, and my incredible friends and family. @allsunomalley
Madison Claire Parks
Ensemble, Glinda U/S
Wicked debut! Off-Broadway: The Fantasticks (Luisa), The Baker’s Wife (Genevieve). Regional: The Light in the Piazza (Clara), 9 to 5 (Doralee). “Thank you Professional Artists and Telsey/Wicked team. For Mom and Dad.” madisonclaireparks.com
Taylor Quick
Anastasia First National Tour; Frozen (Anna), Fulton; Newsies (Katherine), Steel Magnolias (Shelby), Stages STL; 42nd Street (Peggy) Maltz Jupiter; Oklahoma! (Laurey) Ogunquit; Thoroughly Modern Millie (Millie) Goodspeed; Thankful for family, Ben, DGRW, & Telsey. Rejoice Always. @taylorlquick
Kat Rodriguez
Ensemble, Madame Morrible U/S
Kat is grateful to be making her professional debut in Wicked. Big love to her moms, The Mine, LINK and her first Elphaba for inspiring the dream. katrodriguez.com
Derek Schiesel
Ensemble
National Tour Debut. Thrilled to be in Oz! Minnesota Native. Credits: Mariah Carey, Christina Aguilera, The Weeknd, Jason Mraz, VMA’s, LA Philharmonic Orchestra, “Dear White People,” “Jane the Virgin.” @DerekSchiesel
Wayne Schroder
Witch's Father/Ozian Official, The Wizard/Doctor Dillamond U/S
Broadway: 9 to 5, A Christmas Carol. Tours: 9 to 5. Off-Broadway: Prince and the Pauper, Mimi le Duck. Film: The Producers the Musical, Brando, Welcome Home. Television:“Guiding Light,” “All My Children.” Concert: Kristina at Carnegie Hall and Royal Albert Hall in London.
DJ Smart
Chistery/Ensemble
Awards: 2006 NAACP ACT-SO National Dance Gold Medalist. 2007 National YoungArts Winner. UArts Stella Moore Prize Recipient. Edge Magazine’s “Person of the Week.” Credits: Apple, Cher, The Jacksons, Twenty-One Pilots, Tinashe, AGT, SYTYCD (USA and Ukraine). djsmartjr.com @djsmartjr
Brett Stoelker
Ensemble, U/S Fiyero, Witch's Father, Ozian Official
National tour: Pretty Woman, Les Misérables, Rock of Ages (Stacee Jaxx), Joseph…Dreamcoat. Select regional: Jesus Christ Superstar (Jesus), Next to Normal (Gabe). Thankful for Jillian, Mom and Dad, DGRW and Craig/The Telsey Office. IG @brettstoelker .
Ben Susak
Dance Captain, Swing, Chistery U/S
Is very grateful to be back with the Munchkinland family! Credits: Cirque du Soleil, “SYTYCD,” Lady Gaga, Britney Spears, Florence + the Machine, Ke$ha, Kelly Clarkson, “American Music Awards,” “Video Music Awards,” “Billboard Awards,” “DWTS,” “American Idol,” San Francisco Ballet.
Nicky Venditti
Swing, Chistery u/s
Nicky is thrilled to be back in Oz! Broadway: Wicked. Off Broadway: Radio City Xmas Spectacular, Trip Of Love. Tours: Wicked, A Chorus Line, Contact, Swing. When not on stage, Nicky helps others thrive as a functional exercise and health coach. @nicky_venditti
Justin Wirick
Ensemble
Pennsylvania native and proud member of the Wicked National Tour since January 2010 (4,000+ shows). Travel Enthusiast, Event Planner, Fundraising Coordinator, and self-proclaimed Wicked Historian. “So much love and gratitude to my parents, Brian and Linda. Say hello to them working one of the Wicked merchandise stands.” Follow along: @justinwirick88
Dawn Fenton
Production Stage Manager
Dawn Fenton is thrilled to be in Oz! Broadway: Kinky Boots. Tours: Moulin Rouge! The Musical First National Tour, Kinky Boots First National Tour. Off-Broadway/regional: Blue Man Group (PSM for the Chicago and Las Vegas productions); Arizona Theatre Company, Arkansas Repertory Theatre, Chicago Shakespeare Theater, Cleveland Play House and over 20 musicals at Seaside Music Theater. IG: @Dawnita10
Michelle Dunn
Stage Manager
Broadway: Disney’s The Lion King. Tours: Mean Girls, Miss Saigon, The Phantom of the Opera, Disney’s The Lion King. Other: Houston Ballet. “Thank you to my family for your never ending love and support. For Dad.”
Joseph Heaton
Assistant Stage Manager
Broadway: A Bronx Tale: The Musical, Miss Saigon, Fully Committed, Machinal; Tours: Les Misérables. All my thanks to EE, BJ, & OB! IG: @touringstagemanager TikTok: @touringstagemgr
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14 | who played the wicked witch in wicked on broadway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Hamilton_(actress) | Margaret Hamilton (actress)
For other people named Margaret Hamilton, see Margaret Hamilton .
Margaret Hamilton
Notable work
Margaret Brainard Hamilton (December 9, 1902 – May 16, 1985) was an American actress, vaudevillian [1] and educator, whose fifty-year career in entertainment spanned theatre, film, radio and television. [2] She often played villains and was best known for her portrayal of the Wicked Witch of the West and her Kansas counterpart Almira Gulch in the 1939 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film The Wizard of Oz . [2]
A former schoolteacher, she worked as a character actress in films for seven years before she was offered the role that defined her public image. In later years, Hamilton appeared in films and made frequent cameo appearances on television sitcoms and commercials . She also gained recognition for her work as an advocate of causes designed to benefit children and animals and retained a lifelong commitment to public education.
Her role as the Wicked Witch of the West is ranked by the American Film Institute as Hollywood's fourth-greatest villain of all time and the all time greatest female villain.
Early life
Hamilton was born in Cleveland , Ohio, the daughter of W.J. Hamilton and Jennie Adams, [1] and practiced her craft doing children's theater while she was a Junior League of Cleveland member. She attended Hathaway Brown School . [3]
Hamilton began her acting career at the Cleveland Play House as an ensemble member in a production of The Brothers Karamazov, while studying acting and Pantomime under Maria Ouspenskaya . Her first major role at the Play House was as the First Witch in a production of Macbeth . She would go on to play numerous comedic roles, including circus performer Charlotta Ivanovna in Chekov's The Cherry Orchard , and the sultry Miss Prosperine Garnett in Candida. She was praised in the press for her range as both a comedian and a serious actress. [4]
In December of 1929, she starred in a musical vaudeville act titled Heartrending and Humorous Songs of 1840, 1890, and 1929. [1] Before she turned to acting exclusively, her parents insisted she attend Wheelock College in Boston , which she did, later becoming a kindergarten teacher. [5]
Film career
Hamilton co-starred opposite Buster Keaton and Richard Cromwell in a 1940s spoof of the long-running local melodrama The Drunkard, titled The Villain Still Pursued Her. Later in the decade, she was in a little-known film noir , titled Bungalow 13 (1948), in which she again costarred opposite Cromwell. She appeared regularly in supporting roles in films until the early 1950s and sporadically thereafter.
Opposite Bud Abbott and Lou Costello , she played a heavily made-up witch in Comin' Round the Mountain , where her character and Costello's go toe-to-toe with voodoo dolls representing each other. She appeared, uncredited, in Joseph L. Mankiewicz 's People Will Talk (1951) as Sarah Pickett. In 1960, producer/director William Castle cast Hamilton as a housekeeper in his 13 Ghosts horror film, in which 12-year-old lead Charles Herbert 's character taunts her about being a witch, including the final scene, in which she is holding a broom in her hand.
On stage and screen, she was known for her rapid fire deadpan delivery, Midwestern accent, and her dark Contralto singing voice. [4] Despite standing at only five feet tall with a slight build, Hamilton's commanding stage presence led to a successful career playing villains. [9]
The Wizard of Oz
In 1939, Hamilton played the role of the Wicked Witch of the West , opposite Judy Garland 's Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz , her most famous role, and one of the screen's most memorable villains. Hamilton was cast after Gale Sondergaard , who was first considered for the role, albeit as a more glamorous witch with a musical scene, declined the role when the decision was made that the witch should appear ugly. [10]
On December 23, 1938, Hamilton suffered a second-degree burn on her face and a third-degree burn on her hand during a second take of her fiery exit from Munchkinland , in which the trap door's drop was delayed to eliminate the brief glimpse of it seen in the final edit. Hamilton had to recuperate in a hospital and at home for six weeks after the accident, before returning to the set to complete her work on the film. She refused to have anything further to do with fire for the rest of the filming.
After she recuperated, she said, "I won't sue, because I know how this business works, and I would never work again. I will return to work on one condition – no more fireworks!" Garland visited Hamilton while the latter recuperated at home looking after her son. [11] Studio executives cut some of Hamilton's more frightening scenes, worrying they would frighten children too much. Later in life, she would comment on the role of the witch in a light-hearted fashion. During one interview, she joked:
I was in need of money at the time, I had done about six pictures for MGM at the time, and my agent called. I said, 'Yes?' and he said 'Maggie, they want you to play a part on the Wizard.' I said to myself, 'Oh, boy, The Wizard of Oz! That has been my favorite book since I was four.' And I asked him what part, and he said, 'The Witch', and I said, 'The Witch?!' and he said, 'What else?' [12]
Hamilton's stand-in and stunt double for the Witch, Betty Danko , also suffered an on-set accident, on February 11, 1939. Danko made the fiery entrance to Munchkinland, not Hamilton. She was severely burned during the "Surrender Dorothy!" skywriting sequence at the Emerald City . Danko sat on a smoking pipe configured to look like the Witch's broomstick. The pipe exploded on the third take of the scene. She spent 11 days in the hospital and her legs were permanently scarred. The studio hired a new stunt double, Aline Goodwin, to finish the broomstick-riding scene for Danko. [13]
When asked about her experiences on the set of The Wizard of Oz, Hamilton said her biggest fear was that her monstrous film role would give children the wrong idea of who she really was. In reality, she cared deeply about children, frequently giving to charitable organizations. She often remarked about children coming up to her and asking her why she had been so mean to Dorothy. She appeared on an episode of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood in 1975 where she explained to children she was only playing a role and showed how putting on a costume "transformed" her into the witch. [14] She also made personal appearances, and Hamilton described the children's usual reaction to her portrayal of the Witch:
Almost always they want me to laugh like the Witch. And sometimes when I go to schools, if we're in an auditorium, I'll do it. And there's always a funny reaction, like 'Ye gods, they wish they hadn't asked.' They're scared. They're really scared for a second. Even adolescents. I guess for a minute they get the feeling they got when they watched the picture. They like to hear it but they 'don't' like to hear it. And then they go, 'Ooooooh ... !' The picture made a terrible impression of some kind on them, sometimes a ghastly impression, but most of them got over it, I guess ... because when I talk like the Witch, and when I laugh, there is a hesitation and then they clap. They're clapping at hearing the sound again. [15]
In By Your Leave (1934), she played his housekeeper, and in Saratoga (1937), she has a colloquy with Morgan regarding a cosmetic product he invented, with side glances and eye rolls by Morgan as to its effect on her "beauty"). Hamilton's line from The Wizard of Oz – "I'll get you, my pretty, and your little dog, too!" – was ranked 99th in the 2005 American Film Institute survey of the most memorable movie quotes . Her son, interviewed for the 2005 DVD edition of the film, commented that Hamilton enjoyed the line so much, she sometimes used it in her real life.
A few months after filming Oz, she appeared in Babes in Arms (1939) as Jeff Steele's aunt, Martha, a society do-gooder who made it her goal to send the gang of child actors, led by Mickey Rooney and Judy Garland , to a work farm. In 1945, she played the domineering sister of Oz co-star Jack Haley in George White's Scandals , comically trying to prevent him from marrying actress Joan Davis , even going so far as to throw a hatchet at her. Hamilton and Ray Bolger were cast members in the 1966 fantasy film The Daydreamer , a collection of stories by Hans Christian Andersen . A few years later, they were reunited on Broadway for the short-lived musical Come Summer .
Radio, television, and stage career
In the 1940s and 1950s, Hamilton had a long-running role on the radio series Ethel and Albert , or The Couple Next Door, in which she played the lovable, scattered Aunt Eva, with her name later changed to Aunt Effie. In 1957, she appeared in two episodes of The Phil Silvers Show . During the 1960s and 1970s, Hamilton appeared regularly on television. She did a stint as a What's My Line? mystery guest on the popular Sunday night CBS-TV program. She played Morticia Addams's mother, Hester Frump, in three episodes of The Addams Family (1965–66). Hamilton had been offered the role of Grandmama, but turned it down.[ citation needed ]
In 1962, Hamilton played Leora Scofield, a suffragist who arrives in Laramie, Wyoming , to bolster feminist causes in a territory where women had already obtained the right to vote, in the episode "Beyond Justice" of NBC 's Laramie .
Having started on the stage in the early 1930s, Hamilton began to work extensively in the theater after leaving Los Angeles. She appeared on Broadway in the musical Goldilocks opposite Don Ameche and Elaine Stritch , gave a lighter touch to the domineering Parthy Anne Hawks in the 1966 revival of Show Boat , dancing with David Wayne . In 1968, she was the tender Aunt Eller in the Lincoln Center revival of Oklahoma! . Hamilton toured in many plays and musicals, even repeating her role of the Wicked Witch in specially written stage productions of The Wizard of Oz. For her last stage role, she was cast as Madame Armfeldt in the Stephen Sondheim musical A Little Night Music , singing the song "Liaisons" for the national tour costarring with Jean Simmons as her daughter Desiree.
Even with her extensive film career, Hamilton took roles in whatever medium she could get if she was free, making her soap opera debut as the nasty Mrs. Sayre on Valiant Lady , who schemed to prevent her daughter from marrying the heroine's son. In the 1960s, Hamilton was a regular on another CBS soap opera, The Secret Storm , playing the role of Grace Tyrell's housekeeper, Katie. For ABC's short-lived radio anthology Theatre-Five , she played a manipulative, ailing Aunt Lettie to Joan Lorring as the unhappy niece Maude in "Noose of Pearls". [16]
Hamilton with Oscar the Grouch on episode #0847 of Sesame Street , 1976. The episode elicited negative reception among kids and parents, which led to it not being rebroadcast for over forty years, and was even believed to have been lost . [17]
In the early 1970s, Hamilton joined the cast of another CBS soap opera, As the World Turns , on which she played Miss Peterson, Simon Gilbey's assistant. She had a small role in the made-for-television film The Night Strangler (1973) and appeared as a befuddled neighbor on Sigmund and the Sea Monsters , a friend of the character played by Mary Wickes . In The Paul Lynde Halloween Special (1976), she portrayed Lynde's housekeeper, reprising the Wicked Witch role, as well as introducing Lynde to the rock group Kiss . When Hamilton reprised her role as the Wicked Witch in a 1976 episode of Sesame Street , "the show's producers were flooded with letters from parents saying it was too frightening for children." [16]
She appeared as herself in three episodes of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood , between 1975 and 1976, because Fred Rogers wanted his viewers to recognize the Wicked Witch was just a character and not something to be afraid of. [16] Hamilton continued acting regularly until 1982. Her last roles were two guest appearances as veteran journalist Thea Taft in 1979 and 1982, on Lou Grant .
Throughout the 1970s, Hamilton lived in New York City's Gramercy Park neighborhood and appeared on local (and some national) public-service announcements for organizations promoting the welfare of pets. Her most visible appearances during this period were as general store owner, Cora, in a national series of television commercials for Maxwell House coffee. [18] On October 30, 1975, she guest-starred on the radio revival series CBS Radio Mystery Theater . In the episode, entitled "Triptych for a Witch", Hamilton played the title role.
Hamilton as Madame Armfeldt in the national tour of A Little Night Music , 1974
In 1973, Hamilton produced the stage production of An Evening with the Bourgeoisie. Her other mid-1970s stage productions, as the producer, were The Three Sisters and House Party.[ where? ]
Personal life
Hamilton married Paul Boynton Meserve on June 13, 1931, and made her debut on the New York City stage in 1932. While her acting career developed, her marriage began to fail; the couple divorced in 1938. Their separation was publicized, with Hamilton accusing Meserve of physical abuse, including him hitting her and punching her in the face. These allegations were corroborated by the couple's housekeeper, who sued Meserve after alleging he physically attacked her. [4] They had one son, Hamilton "Tony" Wadsworth Meserve, whom she raised on her own after getting sole custody. Hamilton had three grandchildren, Christopher, Scott, and Margaret. She never remarried. Bruce Vilanch, who worked with her later in life, stated that she told him she identified as a lesbian. [19]
Her Gramercy Park neighbor Sybil Daneman reported that Hamilton loved children, but they were often afraid to meet her because of her portrayal of the Wicked Witch of the West in The Wizard of Oz. Daneman's nephew refused to meet Hamilton, because even though he understood she was an actress, he thought it was still possible she really was like the character in the movie.
Margaret Hamilton, Ray Bolger , and Jack Haley reunited in 1970, a year after the death of co-star Judy Garland
Hamilton became close friends with The Wizard of Oz castmate Judy Garland, acting as a mentor and confidant. While filming Babes in Arms the same year with Garland, Garland would ask Hamilton to spend time in her dressing room with her, as her mother wouldn't berate her in the presence of another adult. Garland affectionately referred to Hamilton as "my witch". [4] Hamilton also remained a lifelong friend of The Wizard of Oz castmate Ray Bolger (who played the Scarecrow ). Hamilton was a regular parishioner of the Presbyterian church. [20] A Republican , she supported the campaign of Dwight Eisenhower during the 1952 presidential election . [21]
Final years and death
Hamilton's early experience as a teacher fueled a lifelong interest in educational issues. She served on the Beverly Hills Board of Education from 1948 to 1951 and was a Sunday school teacher during the 1950s. Hamilton lived in New York City for most of her adult life, and summered in a cottage on Cape Island, Southport, Maine . [22] In 1979, she was a guest speaker at a University of Connecticut children's literature class. [23]
Hamilton later moved to Millbrook, New York . She was admitted to a nursing home in Salisbury, Connecticut , six months before her death. She died of a heart attack on May 16, 1985, at the age of 82. [2] Hamilton's remains were cremated . [24]
Filmography
[ edit ]
Film
[ edit ]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1933
1952
1953
A String of Blue Beads
Mrs. Loomis
Television film
1954
1955
2 episodes
Miss Scugg
Television film
Lizzie Allen
Mrs. Grundy
Television film
Car 54, Where Are You?
Miss Pownthleroy
The Patty Duke Show
1964–67
1970
Emma Proctor
Television film
1975–76
Reprisal for a Halloween Special
1979
^ 1634–1699:
1700–1799:
Harmetz, Aljean (December 2, 1998). The Making of the Wizard of Oz: Movie Magic and Studio Power in the Prime of MGM. New York City: Hyperion Books. p. 123. ISBN
.
.
^ Morning News, January 10, 1948, Who Was Who in America (Vol. 2)
^ Motion Picture and Television Magazine, November 1952, page 34, Ideal Publishers
^ Zack, Suzanne. "From 'Kiddie Lit' to Children's Literature: The Biography of Francelia Butler." UConnToday, April 23, 2013.
.
Billie, Don (2024). Margaret Hamilton: From Cleveland, Ohio to the Land of Oz. Don Billie. ISBN
Margaret Hamilton (actress)
| 135 |
14 | who played the wicked witch in wicked on broadway | https://wicked.fandom.com/wiki/Idina_Menzel | Idina Menzel
Born
)New York, NY, U.S.
Children
1
Website
http://idinamenzel.com
Idina Kim Menzel is an American actress and singer known for her role as the original Elphaba in Wicked: The Untold Story of the Witches of Oz on both Broadway and in the West End (making her the first actress to perform for two production companies). Idina is also featured on the original Broadway cast recording of the musical. Besides Wicked, Idina has had several other acting and singing roles in her career.
Biography[
Idina was born on 30th of May 1971. She was born as Adinah Kim Mentzel in New York, and later grew up in Syosset. Her mother, Helene, is a therapist, and her father, Stuart Mentzel, worked as a pyjama salesman. Menzel's family is Jewish. Her grandparents emigrated from Russia and elsewhere in Eastern Europe.
She changed the spelling of her surname to Menzel to better reflect the pronunciation the Mentzel family had adopted in America. She was friends with actor Adam Pascal before they worked together in Rent.
Theatre Career[
In 1995, Menzel auditioned for Rent, which became her first professional theatre job and her Broadway debut. Her final performance in the musical was on 1 July 1997. Following the success of Rent, Menzel released her first solo album entitled Still I Can't Be Still on Hollywood Records. Idina also originated the role of Dorothy in Summer of '42 at Goodspeed Opera House in Connecticut, starred as Sheila in the New York City Center Encores! production of Hair and appeared on Broadway as Amneris in Aida. Her other off-Broadway credits include the pre-Broadway run of Rent and The Vagina Monologues.
Wicked on Broadway[
Idina Menzel in "No Good Deed"
In 2003, Idina starred with actress and singer Kristin Chenoweth on Broadway in Wicked, of which she received the 2004 Tony Award for Best Leading Actress in a Musical for her portrayal of Elphaba . During her penultimate performance of Wicked on 8 January 2005, she fell through a trap door and cracked a lower rib. The injury prevented her from performing in her final show on 9 January. Menzel did, however, make a special out-of-costume appearance at that performance, performed her final song, and received a five-minute standing ovation. Idina was replaced by Elphaba standby Shoshana Bean .
Wicked in the West End[
Idina reprised the role as Elphaba in the West End production of Wicked when it opened at London's Apollo Victoria Theatre on 7 September 2006. During her run, she was the highest-paid female performer in the West End at £30,000 per week. Menzel finished her West End run on 30 December 2006. Where she was succeeded by Elphaba standby Kerry Ellis (and Broadway lead in 2008).
Rehearsal with Kristin Chenoweth
After Wicked[
On 28 February 2013, it was announced that Idina would make her return to the Broadway stage, starring as Elizabeth in the new Tom Kitt and Brian Yorkey musical If/Then. Following the out-of-town tryout, the show moved to the Richard Rodgers Theatre on Broadway and began previews on March 4, 2014. It officially opened on March 30, 2014. For her performance, Menzel was nominated for her second Tony Award for Best Leading Actress in a Musical.
Film, Television, Recording and Singing Career[
Menzel's film roles include appearances in Just a Kiss, Kissing Jessica Stein, The Tollbooth, Water, Ask the Dust, Enchanted, Frozen, Dancin: Its Still Pretty Much On and Rent, in which she and five other original cast members reprised their stage roles. As a singer, Menzel is known for her wide vocal range and her use of the 'belt' technique.
Her second album, Here, was released independently by Zel Records in 2004.
In 2005, Menzel reprised her role as Maureen Johnson in the movie version of "Rent" along with five of her original cast mates. The film debuted on 23 November 2005.
Her third solo album, I Stand, was released on 29 January 2008.
On 19 July 2010, Menzel performed "Defying Gravity" and "What I Did For Love" in front of President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama at A Broadway Celebration: In Performance at the White House.
Menzel later voiced Elsa in the movie Frozen, which was released on 22 November 2013. She was invited to perform "Let It Go" at the 86th Academy Awards in March 2014, where the song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. She reprised her role as Elsa for short Frozen Fever, which was released on 13 March 2015, Lego Frozen: Nothern Lights, which aired on Disney Channel on 9 December 2016, short Olaf's Frozen Adventure, which was released on 22 November 2017 and movie Frozen II, which was released on 22 November 2019.
Menzel was honoured with the Breakthrough Artist award at the 2014 Billboard Women in Music awards ceremony.
Menzel announced her new solo album, idina. , on August 5th, 2016 and it released September 23rd, 2016. Along with the announcement of the album, she performed one of the songs, I See You, on Facebook live.
Later, Menzel was chosen as the role of Rachel's mom Sandy in the DCOM(Disney Channel Original Movie) Dancin' Its Still Pretty Much On. Alongside Rachel Ramos, Owen Rossman, Amber Dolan, Daniel Goldstein, Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, and Bill Hader.
Gallery[
Idina Menzel and Helen Dalimore in the West End 2006
Idina Menzel as Elizabeth in If/Then
Idina Menzel is Disney Film Enchanted
Idina Menzel performing Let It Go at the 86th Academy Awards
Idina as Elphaba on Broadway in 2003
Idina singing Defying Gravity
Idina's final Broadway appearance for Wicked, the day after her accident
Adam Garcia and Idina Menzel singing As long as you're mine in London 2006
Elphaba and the guards - London 2006
Getting Greenified
Idina Menzel with Kristin Chenoweth, Meinhardt Raabe and Joel Grey
The Original Elphaba and Glinda meeting Broadway's current Elphaba and Glinda
Meeting Prince Charles at the 2006 Royal Variety Performance with Helen Dallimore
1/20
Trivia[
During the 2014 Oscar Awards, John Travolta introduced her as "the wickedly talented Adele Dazeem" right before she sang "Let It Go" from Disney's Frozen.
Idina enjoyed singing " No Good Deed " a lot because the chants reminded her of her Bar Mitvah when she was younger.
Idina's last name is actually spelled Mentzel, but she changed it to Menzel when people started pronouncing her name with the tin it.
Idina was the first actress to portray Elphaba on both Broadway and the West End.
It is alleged that on Idina's final performance of Defying Gravity in London, she changed the lyrics to 'Look to the West End sky', rather than 'Look to the Western sky'. The West End refers to the part of London in which most professional theatres are situated.
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15 | when did the subway open in new york | https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/new-york-city-subway-opens | This Day In History: October 27
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This Day in History: 10/27/1904 - New York City Subway Opens
At 2:35 on the afternoon of October 27, 1904, New York City Mayor George McClellan takes the controls on the inaugural run of the city’s innovative new rapid transit system: the subway.
While London boasts the world’s oldest underground train network (opened in 1863) and Boston built the first subway in the United States in 1897, the New York City subway soon became the largest American system. The first line, operated by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT), traveled 9.1 miles through 28 stations. Running from City Hall in lower Manhattan to Grand Central Terminal in midtown, and then heading west along 42nd Street to Times Square, the line finished by zipping north, all the way to 145th Street and Broadway in Harlem. On opening day, Mayor McClellan so enjoyed his stint as engineer that he stayed at the controls all the way from City Hall to 103rd Street.
New York City
At 7 p.m. that evening, the subway opened to the general public, and more than 100,000 people paid a nickel each to take their first ride under Manhattan. IRT service expanded to the Bronx in 1905, to Brooklyn in 1908 and to Queens in 1915. Since 1968, the subway has been controlled by the Metropolitan Transport Authority (MTA). The system now has 36 lines and 472 stations in operation; the longest line, the 8th Avenue “A” Express train, stretches more than 31 miles, from the northern tip of Manhattan to the far southeast corner of Queens.
Every day, more than 3 million passengers take the subway in New York. With the exception of the PATH train connecting New York with New Jersey and some parts of Chicago’s elevated train system, New York’s subway is the only rapid transit system in the world that runs 24 hours a day, seven days a week. No matter how crowded or dirty, the subway is one city institution few New Yorkers—or tourists—could not do without.
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| 137 |
15 | when did the subway open in new york | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway | New York City Subway
Rapid transit system in New York City
New York City Subway
Overview
Owner
Number of stations
October 27, 1904; 120 years ago (1904-10-27)( Original subway )
July 3, 1868; 156 years ago (1868-07-03) [7] (first elevated, rapid transit operation)
October 9, 1863; 161 years ago (1863-10-09)(first railroad operation) [note 6]
Operator(s)
Technical
System length
248 mi (399 km) [10] (route length)665 mi (1,070 km) [10] (track length, revenue)850 mi (1,370 km) [11] (track length, total)
Average speed
Top speed
System map
The New York City Subway is a rapid transit system in New York City serving the boroughs of Manhattan , Brooklyn , Queens , and the Bronx . It is owned by the government of New York City and leased to the New York City Transit Authority , [14] an affiliate agency of the state -run Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). [15] Opened on October 27, 1904, the New York City Subway is one of the world's oldest public transit systems, one of the most-used, and the one with the most stations, [16] with 472 stations in operation [17] (423, if stations connected by transfers are counted as single stations). [1]
The system has operated 24/7 service every day of the year throughout most of its history, barring emergencies and disasters. By annual ridership, the New York City Subway is the busiest rapid transit system in both the Western Hemisphere and the Western world , as well as the eleventh-busiest rapid transit rail system in the world. [18] The subway carried 2,040,132,000 unlinked, non-unique riders in 2024. [6] : 2 [note 5] Daily ridership has been calculated since 1985; the record, over 6.2 million, was set on October 29, 2015. [20]
The system is also one of the world's longest. Overall, the system consists of 248 miles (399 km) of routes, [10] comprising a total of 665 miles (1,070 km) of revenue track [10] and a total of 850 miles (1,370 km) including non-revenue trackage . [11] Of the system's 28 routes or "services" (which usually share track or "lines" with other services), 25 pass through Manhattan, the exceptions being the G train, the Franklin Avenue Shuttle , and the Rockaway Park Shuttle . Large portions of the subway outside Manhattan are elevated, on embankments , or in open cuts , and a few stretches of track run at ground level; 40% of track is above ground. [21] Many lines and stations have both express and local services. These lines have three or four tracks. Normally, the outer two are used by local trains, while the inner one or two are used by express trains. [11]
As of 2018 [update] , the New York City Subway's budgetary burden for expenditures was $8.7 billion, supported by collection of fares, bridge tolls, and earmarked regional taxes and fees, as well as direct funding from state and local governments. [22]
Some old pictures from the New York City Subway (1910)
Alfred Ely Beach built the first demonstration for an underground transit system in New York City in 1869 and opened it in February 1870. [23] [24] His Beach Pneumatic Transit only extended 312 feet (95 m) under Broadway in Lower Manhattan operating from Warren Street to Murray Street [23] and exhibited his idea for an atmospheric railway as a subway. The tunnel was never extended for political and financial reasons. [25] Today, no part of this line remains as the tunnel was completely within the limits of the present-day City Hall station under Broadway. [26] [27] [28] [29] The Great Blizzard of 1888 helped demonstrate the benefits of an underground transportation system. [30] A plan for the construction of the subway was approved in 1894, and construction began in 1900. [31] Even though the underground portions of the subway had yet to be built, several above-ground segments of the modern-day New York City Subway system were already in service by then. The oldest structure still in use opened in 1885 as part of the BMT Lexington Avenue Line in Brooklyn [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] and is now part of the BMT Jamaica Line . [37] The oldest right-of-way, which is part of the BMT West End Line near Coney Island Creek , was in use in 1864 as a steam railroad called the Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Rail Road . [38] [39] [40]
The first underground line of the subway opened on October 27, 1904, almost 36 years after the opening of the first elevated line in New York City (which became the IRT Ninth Avenue Line ). [41] [42] The 9.1-mile (14.6 km) subway line, then called the "Manhattan Main Line", ran from City Hall station northward under Lafayette Street (then named Elm Street) and Park Avenue (then named Fourth Avenue) before turning westward at 42nd Street . It then curved northward again at Times Square , continuing under Broadway before terminating at 145th Street station in Harlem . [43] Its operation was leased to the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT), and over 150,000 passengers [44] paid the 5-cent fare ($2 in 2024 dollars [45] ) to ride it on the first day of operation. [46]
By the late 1900s and early 1910s, the lines had been consolidated into two privately owned systems, the IRT and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT, later Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation , BMT). The city built most of the lines and leased them to the companies. [47] The first line of the city-owned and operated Independent Subway System (IND) opened in 1932. [48] This system was intended to compete with the private systems and allow some of the elevated railways to be torn down but stayed within the core of the city due to its small startup capital. [14] This required it to be run 'at cost', necessitating fares up to double the five-cent fare of the time, or 10¢ ($3 in 2024 dollars [45] ). [49]
In 1940, the city bought the two private systems. Some elevated lines ceased service immediately while others closed soon after. [50] Integration was slow, but several connections were built between the IND and BMT. [51] [52] [53] These now operate as one division, called the B Division . Since the former IRT tunnels are narrower, have sharper curves, and shorter station platforms, they cannot accommodate B Division cars, and the former IRT remains its own division, the A Division . [54] Many passenger transfers between stations of all three former companies have been created, allowing the entire network to be treated as a single unit. [55]
During the late 1940s, the system recorded high ridership, and on December 23, 1946, the system-wide record of 8,872,249 fares was set. [56] : 73
The New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA), a public authority presided by New York City, was created in 1953 to take over subway, bus, and streetcar operations from the city, and placed under control of the state-level Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1968. [55] [57]
Graffiti became a notable symbol of declining service during the 1970s.
Organized in 1934 by transit workers of the BRT, IRT, and IND, [58] the Transport Workers Union of America Local 100 remains the largest and most influential local of the labor unions. [59] Since the union's founding, there have been three union strikes over contract disputes with the MTA: [60] 12 days in 1966 , [61] 11 days in 1980 , [62] and three days in 2005 . [63] [64]
By the 1970s and 1980s, the New York City Subway was at an all-time low. [65] [66] Ridership had dropped to 1910s levels, and graffiti and crime were rampant. Maintenance was poor, and delays and track problems were common. Still, the NYCTA managed to open six new subway stations in the 1980s, [67] [68] make the current fleet of subway cars graffiti-free, as well as order 1,775 new subway cars. [69] By the early 1990s, conditions had improved significantly, although maintenance backlogs accumulated during those 20 years are still being fixed today. [66]
The Cortlandt Street station partially collapsed as a result of the collapse of the World Trade Center .
Entering the 21st century, progress continued despite several disasters. The September 11 attacks resulted in service disruptions on lines running through Lower Manhattan, particularly the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line , which ran directly underneath the World Trade Center . [70] Sections of the tunnel, as well as the Cortlandt Street station, which was directly underneath the Twin Towers, were severely damaged. Rebuilding required the suspension of service on that line south of Chambers Street. Ten other nearby stations were closed for cleanup. By March 2002, seven of those stations had reopened. Except for Cortlandt Street, the rest reopened in September 2002, along with service south of Chambers Street. [71] [72] [73] Cortlandt Street reopened in September 2018. [74]
In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy flooded several underwater tunnels and other facilities near New York Harbor , as well as trackage over Jamaica Bay . The immediate damage was fixed within six months, but long-term resiliency and rehabilitation projects continued for several years. The recovery projects after the hurricane included the restoration of the new South Ferry station from 2012 to 2017; the full closure of the Montague Street Tunnel from 2013 to 2014; and the partial 14th Street Tunnel shutdown from 2019 to 2020. [75] Annual ridership on the New York City Subway system, which totaled nearly 1.7 billion in 2019, declined dramatically during the COVID-19 pandemic and did not surpass one billion again until 2022. [76]
Construction methods
A stretch of subway track on the 7 Subway Extension
When the IRT subway debuted in 1904, [41] the typical tunnel construction method was cut-and-cover . [77] The street was torn up to dig the tunnel below before being rebuilt from above. [77] Traffic on the street above would be interrupted due to the digging up of the street. [78] Temporary steel and wooden bridges carried surface traffic above the construction. [79]
Contractors in this type of construction faced many obstacles, both natural and human made. They had to deal with rock formations and groundwater, which required pumps. Twelve miles of sewers, as well as water and gas mains, electric conduits, and steam pipes had to be rerouted. Street railways had to be torn up to allow the work. The foundations of tall buildings often ran near the subway construction, and in some cases needed underpinning to ensure stability. [80]
This method worked well for digging soft dirt and gravel near the street surface. [77] Tunnelling shields were required for deeper sections, such as the Harlem and East River tunnels, which used cast-iron tubes. Rock or concrete-lined tunnels were used on segments from 33rd to 42nd streets under Park Avenue ; 116th to 120th Streets under Broadway ; 145th to Dyckman Streets (Fort George) under Broadway and St. Nicholas Avenue ; and 96th Street and Broadway to Central Park North and Lenox Avenue . [77]
About 40% of the subway system runs on surface or elevated tracks, including steel or cast-iron elevated structures , concrete viaducts , embankments , open cuts and surface routes. [81] As of 2019 [update] , there are 168 miles (270 km) of elevated tracks. [82] All of these construction methods are completely grade-separated from road and pedestrian crossings, and most crossings of two subway tracks are grade-separated with flying junctions . The sole exceptions of at-grade junctions of two lines in regular service are the 142nd Street [83] and Myrtle Avenue junctions, whose tracks intersect at the same level, as well as the same-direction pairs of tracks on the IRT Eastern Parkway Line at Rogers Junction . [84] [85]
The 7,700 workers who built the original subway lines were mostly immigrants living in Manhattan. [31] [86]
Second Avenue Subway Community Information Center
Since the opening of the original New York City Subway line in 1904, [41] multiple official and planning agencies have proposed numerous extensions to the subway system. One of the more expansive proposals was the " IND Second System", part of a plan to construct new subway lines in addition to taking over existing subway lines and railroad rights-of-way. The most grandiose IND Second Subway plan, conceived in 1929, was to be part of the city-operated IND, and was to comprise almost 1⁄3 of the current subway system. [95] [96] By 1939, with unification planned, all three systems were included within the plan, which was ultimately never carried out. [97] [98] Many different plans were proposed over the years of the subway's existence, but expansion of the subway system mostly stopped during World War II . [99]
Though most of the routes proposed over the decades have never seen construction, discussion remains strong to develop some of these lines, to alleviate existing subway capacity constraints and overcrowding, the most notable being the proposals for the Second Avenue Subway . Plans for new lines date back to the early 1910s, and expansion plans have been proposed during many years of the system's existence. [53] [95]
After the IND Sixth Avenue Line was completed in 1940, [100] the city went into great debt , and only 33 new stations have been added to the system since, nineteen of which were part of defunct railways that already existed. Five stations were on the abandoned New York, Westchester and Boston Railway , which was incorporated into the system in 1941 as the IRT Dyre Avenue Line . [101] Fourteen more stations were on the abandoned LIRR Rockaway Beach Branch (now the IND Rockaway Line ), which opened in 1955. [102] Two stations ( 57th Street and Grand Street ) were part of the Chrystie Street Connection , and opened in 1968; [103] [104] the Harlem–148th Street terminal opened that same year in an unrelated project. [105]
Lines and routes
A digital sign on the side of a Bombardier R142 train on the 5
Many rapid transit systems run relatively static routings, so that a train "line" is more or less synonymous with a train "route". In New York City, routings change often, for various reasons. Within the nomenclature of the subway , the "line" describes the physical railroad track or series of tracks that a train "route" uses on its way from one terminal to another. "Routes" (also called "services") are distinguished by a letter or a number and "lines" have names. Trains display their route designation. [17]
There are 28 train services in the subway system, including three short shuttles . Each route has a color and a local or express designation representing the Manhattan trunk line of the service. [120] [121] New York City residents seldom refer to services by color (e.g., "blue line" or "green line") but out-of-towners and tourists often do. [17] [122] [123]
Though the subway system operates on a 24-hour basis , [17] during late night hours some of the designated routes do not run, run as a shorter route (often referred to as the "shuttle train" version of its full-length counterpart) or run with a different stopping pattern. These are usually indicated by smaller, secondary route signage on station platforms. [121] [125] Because there is no nightly system shutdown for maintenance, tracks and stations must be maintained while the system is operating. This work sometimes necessitates service changes during midday, overnight hours, and weekends. [126] [127] [note 8]
When parts of lines are temporarily shut down for construction purposes, the transit authority can substitute free shuttle buses (using MTA Regional Bus Operations bus fleet ) to replace the routes that would normally run on these lines. [128] The Transit Authority announces planned service changes through its website, [129] via placards that are posted on station and interior subway-car walls, [130] and through its Twitter page. [131]
The official New York City Subway map from June 2013. This is not the current map.
Current official transit maps of the New York City Subway are based on a 1979 design by Michael Hertz Associates . [135] The maps are not geographically accurate due to the complexity of the system (Manhattan being the smallest borough, but having the most services), but they do show major city streets as an aid to navigation. The newest edition took effect on June 27, 2010, and makes Manhattan bigger and Staten Island smaller, with minor tweaks happening to the map when more permanent changes occur. [124] [136]
Earlier diagrams of the subway, the first being produced in 1958, had the perception of being more geographically inaccurate than the diagrams today. The design of the subway map by Massimo Vignelli , published by the MTA between 1972 and 1979, has become a modern classic but the MTA deemed the map flawed due to its placement of geographical elements. [137] [138]
A late night-only version of the map was introduced on January 30, 2012. [139] On September 16, 2011, the MTA introduced a Vignelli-style interactive subway map, "The Weekender", [140] an online map that provides information about any planned work, from late Friday night to early Monday morning. [141] [142] In October 2020, the MTA launched a digital version of the map showing real-time service patterns and service changes, designed by Work & Co . [143] [144]
Several privately produced schematics are available online or in printed form, such as those by Hagstrom Map . [145]
Late night subway service map
A map of line elevation in relation to the ground. Underground segments are in orange. Above-ground segments are in blue, whether they are elevated, embanked, graded or open cut
Out of the 472 stations , 470 are served 24 hours a day. [note 9] Underground stations in the New York City Subway are typically accessed by staircases going down from street level. Many of these staircases are painted in a common shade of green, with slight or significant variations in design. [146] Other stations have unique entrances reflective of their location or date of construction. Several station entrance stairs, for example, are built into adjacent buildings. [146] Nearly all station entrances feature color-coded globe or square lamps signifying their status as an entrance. [147] The current number of stations is smaller than the peak of the system. In addition to the demolition of former elevated lines, which collectively have resulted in the demolition of over a hundred stations, other closed stations and unused portions of existing stations remain in parts of the system. [148]
Many stations in the subway system have mezzanines . [149] Mezzanines allow for passengers to enter from multiple locations at an intersection and proceed to the correct platform without having to cross the street before entering. Inside mezzanines are fare control areas, where passengers physically pay their fare to enter the subway system. [149] [150] In many older stations, the fare control area is at platform level with no mezzanine crossovers. [151] Many elevated stations also have platform-level fare control with no common station house between directions of service. [37]
Upon entering a station, passengers may use station booths (formerly known as token booths) [152] or vending machines to buy their fare, which is currently stored in a MetroCard or OMNY card. Each station has at least one booth, typically located at the busiest entrance. [153] After swiping the card at a turnstile, customers enter the fare-controlled area of the station and continue to the platforms. [17] Inside fare control are "Off-Hours Waiting Areas", which consist of benches and are identified by a yellow sign. [17] [154] [155]
A typical subway station has waiting platforms ranging from 480 to 600 feet (150 to 180 m) long. Some are longer. [49] [156] Platforms of former commuter rail stations—such as those on the IND Rockaway Line , are even longer. With the many different lines in the system, one platform often serves more than one service. Passengers need to look at the overhead signs to see which trains stop there and when, and at the arriving train to identify it. [17]
There are several common platform configurations. On a double track line, a station may have one center island platform used for trains in both directions, or two side platforms , one for each direction. For lines with three or four tracks with express service, local stops will have side platforms and the middle one or two tracks will not stop at the station. On these lines, express stations typically have two island platforms, one for each direction. Each island platform provides a cross-platform interchange between local and express services. Some four-track lines with express service have two tracks each on two levels and use both island and side platforms. [17]
Street elevator serving as one of three accessible entrances to the 14th Street/6th Avenue station
Since the majority of the system was built before 1990, the year the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) went into effect, many New York City Subway stations were not designed to be accessible to all. [157] Since then, elevators have been built in newly constructed stations to comply with the ADA. (Most grade-level stations required little modification to meet ADA standards.) Many accessible stations have AutoGate access. [17] [158] In addition, the MTA identified "key stations", high-traffic and/or geographically important stations, which must conform to the ADA when they are extensively renovated. Under plans from the MTA in 2016, the number of ADA accessible stations would go up to 144 by 2020. [159] As of January 2025 [update] , there were 150 ADA-accessible stations. [160]
Over the years, the MTA has been involved in a number of lawsuits over the lack of accessibility in its stations. The Eastern Paralyzed Veterans Association filed what may have been the first of these suits in 1979, based on state law. [161] The lawsuits have relied on a number of different legal bases, but most have centered around the MTA's failure to include accessibility as a part of its plans for remodeling various stations. [162] As of January 2022 [update] , ADA-accessibility projects are expected to be started or completed at 51 stations as part of the 2020–2024 Capital Program. [163] [164] This would allow one of every two to four stations on every line to be accessible, so that all non-accessible stops would be a maximum of two stops from an accessible station. [165] : 39
In 2022, the MTA agreed in a settlement to make 95 percent of subway and Staten Island Railway stations accessible by 2055. [166] By comparison, all but one of Boston's MBTA subway stations are accessible, the Chicago "L" plans all stations to be accessible in the 2030s, [167] the Toronto subway will be fully accessible by 2025, [168] and Montreal Metro plans all stations to be accessible by 2038. [169] Both the Boston and Chicago systems are as old or older than the New York City Subway, though each of these systems has fewer stations than the New York City Subway. [170] [171] Newer systems, such as the Washington Metro and Bay Area Rapid Transit , have been fully accessible from their opening in the 1970s. [172]
Rolling stock
Driver's cab of an R160B subway car on the N train
In November 2016, the New York City Subway had 6712 cars on the roster. [note 10] A typical New York City Subway train consists of 8 to 11 cars, although shuttles can have as few as two, and the train can range from 150 to 600 feet (46 to 183 m) in length. [173]
The system maintains two separate fleets of cars, one for the A Division routes and another for the B Division routes. [174] A Division equipment is approximately 8 feet 9 inches (2.67 m) wide and 51 feet 4 inches (15.65 m) long, whereas B Division equipment is about 10 feet (3.05 m) wide and either 60 feet 6 inches (18.44 m) or 75 feet (22.86 m) long. [175] 75-foot cars cannot be used over the BMT Eastern Division in regular service due to tight turning radii on Eastern Division lines; [176] [177] the turning radii for curves on Eastern Division lines are as tight as 175 feet (53 m). [176]
Cars purchased by the City of New York since the inception of the IND and the other divisions beginning in 1948 are identified by the letter "R" followed by a number; e.g.: R32 . [174] This number is the contract number under which the cars were purchased. [178] Cars with nearby contract numbers (e.g.: R1 through R9 , or R26 through R29 , or R143 through R179 ) may be relatively identical, despite being purchased under different contracts and possibly built by different manufacturers. [179]
As part of the 2017–2020 MTA Financial Plan, 600 subway cars will have electronic display signs installed to improve customer experience. [183]
Riders pay a single fare to enter the subway system and may transfer between trains at no extra cost until they exit via station turnstiles; the fare is a flat rate regardless of how far or how long the rider travels. Thus, riders must swipe their MetroCard or tap a contactless payment card or smartphone on an OMNY reader upon entering the subway system, but not a second time upon leaving. [184]
As of August 2023 [update] , nearly all fares are paid by MetroCard or OMNY. [185] As of August 2023, the base fare is $2.90. Fares can be paid with most credit or debit cards using the OMNY readers, with a reusable MetroCard, [184] or with single-use tickets. The MTA offers 7-day and 30-day unlimited ride programs that can lower the effective per-ride fare significantly. [186] Reduced fares are available for the elderly and people with disabilities. [17] [187]
Fares were stored in a money room at 370 Jay Street in Downtown Brooklyn starting in 1951, when the building opened as a headquarters for the New York City Board of Transportation . [188] The building is close to the lines of all three subway divisions (the IRT, BMT, and IND) and thus was a convenient location to collect fares, including tokens and cash, via money trains . Passageways from the subway stations, including a visible door in the Jay Street IND station, lead to a money sorting room in the basement of the building. [189] [190] The money trains were replaced by armored trucks in 2006. [189] [190] [191]
In June 1993, a fare system called the MetroCard was introduced, which allows riders to use magnetic stripe cards that store the value equal to the amount paid to a subway station booth clerk or vending machine. [192] The MetroCard was enhanced in 1997 to allow passengers to make free transfers between subways and buses within two hours and several MetroCard-only transfers between subway stations were added in 2001. [193] [194] With the addition of unlimited-ride MetroCards in 1998, the New York City Transit system was the last major transit system in the United States with the exception of BART in San Francisco to introduce passes for unlimited bus and rapid transit travel. [195] As of 2024 [update] , MetroCard is to be retired at an undetermined date. [196]
OMNY will eventually replace the MetroCard
On October 23, 2017, it was announced that the MetroCard would be phased out and replaced by OMNY , a contactless fare payment system by San Diego -based Cubic Transportation Systems , with fare payment being made using Apple Pay , Google Pay , debit/credit cards with near-field communication technology, or radio-frequency identification cards. [197] [198] As of December 31, 2020, OMNY is available on all MTA buses and at all subway stations. [199]
Since the late 20th century, the MTA has started several projects to maintain and improve the subway. In the 1990s, it started converting the BMT Canarsie Line to use communications-based train control , utilizing a moving block signal system that allowed more trains to use the tracks and thus increasing passenger capacity. [200] After the Canarsie Line tests were successful, the MTA expanded the automation program in the 2000s and 2010s to include other lines. [201] [202] As part of another program called FASTRACK, the MTA started closing sections of lines during weekday nights in 2012,
in order to allow workers to clean these lines without being hindered by train movements. [203] It expanded the program beyond Manhattan the next year after noticing how efficient the FASTRACK program was compared to previous service diversions. [204] In 2015, the MTA announced a wide-ranging improvement program as part of the 2015–2019 Capital Program. Thirty stations would be extensively rebuilt under the Enhanced Station Initiative , and new R211 subway cars would be able to fit more passengers. [205] [206]
The MTA has also started some projects to improve passenger amenities. It added train arrival "countdown clocks" to most A Division stations (except on the IRT Flushing Line , serving the 7 and <7> trains) and the BMT Canarsie Line ( L train) by late 2011, allowing passengers on these routes to see train arrival times using real-time data. [207] A similar countdown-clock project for the B Division and the Flushing Line was deferred [208] until 2016, when a new Bluetooth -based clock system was tested successfully. [209] Beginning in 2011, the MTA also started "Help Point" to aid with emergency calls or station agent assistance. [210] The Help Point project was deemed successful, and the MTA subsequently installed Help Points in all stations. [211] Interactive touchscreen "On The Go! Travel Station" kiosks, which give station advisories, itineraries, and timetables, were installed starting in 2011, [212] with the program also being expanded after a successful pilot. [213] Cellular phone and wireless data in stations, first installed in 2011 as part of yet another pilot program, [214] was also expanded systemwide due to positive passenger feedback. [211] Finally, credit-card trials at several subway stations in 2006 and 2010 [215] [216] led to proposals for contactless payment to replace the aging MetroCard. [217]
Safety and security
Wayside block signaling
Example of a wayside block signal at the 34th Street–Hudson Yards station
The system currently uses automatic block signaling with fixed wayside signals and automatic train stops to provide safe train operation across the whole system. [219] The New York City Subway system has, for the most part, used block signaling since its first line opened, and many portions of the current signaling system were installed between the 1930s and 1960s. These signals work by preventing trains from entering a "block" occupied by another train. Typically, the blocks are 1,000 feet (300 m) long. [220] Red and green lights show whether a block is occupied or vacant. The train's maximum speed will depend on how many blocks are open in front of it. The signals do not register a train's speed, nor where in the block the train is located. [221] [222]
Subway trains are stopped mechanically at all signals showing "stop". To make train stops safe and effective, wayside trippers must not be moved to trip ("stop") position until the train has fully passed. [220] [223]
Communications-based train control
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the MTA began automating the subway by installing CBTC, which supplements rather than replaces the fixed-block signal system; it allows trains to operate more closely together with lower headways . The BMT Canarsie Line , on which the L train runs, was chosen for pilot testing because it is a self-contained line that does not operate in conjunction with other lines. CBTC became operational in February 2009. [224] Due to an unexpected ridership increase, the MTA ordered additional cars, and increased service from 15 trains to 26 trains per hour, an achievement beyond the capability of the block system. [225] The total cost of the project was $340 million. [220]
After the success of the BMT Canarsie Line automation, the IRT Flushing Line , carrying the 7 and <7> trains, was next chosen to get CBTC. [226] Estimated to cost US$1.4 billion, [227] the project was completed in November 2018. [228] : 11–12 By 2018, CBTC was in the process of being installed on several other routes as well, particularly the IND Queens Boulevard Line ( E , F , <F> , M , and R trains) and IND Culver Line ( F , <F> , and G trains). [228] The total cost for the entire Queens Boulevard Line is estimated at over $900 million, [229] and the Queens Boulevard CBTC project was completed in 2022. [183] Funding for CBTC on the IND Eighth Avenue Line is also provided in the 2015–2019 capital plan, [230] and the IND Crosstown Line [231] and IND Fulton Street Line were also being equipped with CBTC as of 2022 [update] . [232] The widespread installation of CBTC includes retrofitting many newer subway cars and replacement of older cars. [233]
Eventually, the MTA has plans to automate a much larger portion, using One Person Train Operation (OPTO) in conjunction with CBTC. At the current pace of installation, it would take 175 years for CBTC to be installed at a cost of $20 billion. [220] The Flushing line operated at almost 30 trains an hour using the signal system installed when the line was built, but after the CBTC installation it became possible that an additional two trains per hour could be operated. [234] In March 2018, New York City Transit Authority president Andy Byford announced a new plan for resignaling the subway with CBTC, which would only take 10 to 15 years, compared to the previous estimate of 40 years. This would cost $8 to $15 billion. [235] [236]
The New York City Subway uses a system known as Automatic Train Supervision (ATS) for dispatching and train routing on the A Division [237] (the Flushing line and the trains used on the 7 and <7> services do not have ATS.) [237] ATS allows dispatchers in the Operations Control Center (OCC) to see where trains are in real time, and whether each individual train is running early or late. [237] Dispatchers can hold trains for connections, re-route trains, or short-turn trains to provide better service when a disruption causes delays. [237]
Train accidents
Passenger safety
Track safety and suicides
A portion of subway-related deaths in New York consists of suicides committed by jumping in front of an oncoming train. Between 1990 and 2003, 343 subway-related suicides were registered out of a citywide total of 7,394 (4.6%) and subway-related suicides increased by 30%, despite a decline in overall suicide numbers. [240]
Due to increase in people hit by trains in 2013, [241] in late 2013 and early 2014 the MTA started a test program, with four systems installed and strategies instituted to eliminate the number of people hit by trains. Closed-circuit television cameras , a web of laser beams stretched across the tracks, radio frequencies transmitted across the tracks, and thermal imaging cameras focused on the station's tracks were installed. [242] The tests were successful enough that the 2015–2019 capital program included similar installations system-wide. [243]
The MTA also expressed interest in starting a pilot program to install platform edge doors . [244] Several planned stations in the New York City Subway may possibly feature platform screen doors , including at future stations such as those part of the Second Avenue Subway . [245] In October 2017, it was announced that as part of a pilot program , the Third Avenue station would be refitted with platform screen doors during the 14th Street Tunnel shutdown in 2019–2020. [246] The $30 million for the platform edge door pilot program was diverted to another project in 2018. [247] Following a series of incidents, MTA announced another PSD pilot program at three stations in February 2022: the 7 and <7> trains' platform at Times Square ; the E train's platform at Sutphin Boulevard–Archer Avenue–JFK Airport ; and the Third Avenue station. [248] Numerous challenges come with platform doors. Some subway lines operate multiple subway car models, and their doors do not align. [249] Many platforms are not strong enough to hold the additional weight of a platform barrier, thus requiring extensive renovations if they were to be installed. [249]
Crime rates have varied, but there was a downward trend from the 1990s to 2014. [250] To fight crime, various approaches have been used over the years, including an "If You See Something, Say Something" campaign [251] and, starting in 2016, banning people who commit a crime in the subway system from entering the system for a certain length of time. [252]
In July 1985, the Citizens Crime Commission of New York City published a study showing riders abandoning the subway, fearing the frequent robberies and generally bad circumstances. [253] Crime rates in the subway and the city dropped in 1993, part of a larger citywide decrease in crime. [254] Michael Bloomberg stated in a November 2004 press release: "Today, the subway system is safer than it has been at any time since we started tabulating subway crime statistics nearly 40 years ago." [255] Although ridership decreased by 40 percent from 2019 to 2022, the number of crimes in the system remained roughly the same, prompting riders to express concerns over increased crime. [256] [257] The subway recorded eight murders in 2021, the highest annual total in 25 years; [258] by October 2022, nine people had been murdered that year alone. [259] [260]
The subway system has been the target of some mass attacks, though such attacks are relatively rare. [261] On December 11, 2017, there was an attempted bombing at the Times Square–42nd Street station , injuring four people including the attacker. [262] On April 12, 2022, a shooting attack occurred on the N train , injuring 29 people including 10 who were shot. [263]
After the September 11, 2001, attacks, the MTA exercised extreme caution regarding anyone taking photographs or recording video inside the system and proposed banning all photography and recording in a meeting around June 2004. [264] Due to strong response from both the public and from civil rights groups, the rule of conduct was dropped. In November 2004, the MTA again put this rule up for approval, but was again denied, [265] though many police officers and transit workers still confront or harass people taking photographs or videos. [266] On April 3, 2009, the NYPD issued a directive to officers stating that it is legal to take pictures within the subway system so long as it is not accompanied with suspicious activity. [267]
As of 2021 [update] , the MTA Rules of Conduct, Restricted Areas and Activities section states that anyone may take pictures or record videos, provided that they do not use any of three tools: lights, reflectors, or tripods. These three tools are permitted only by members of the press who have identification issued by the NYPD. [268]
Terrorism prevention
On July 22, 2005, in response to bombings in London , the New York City Police Department introduced a new policy of randomly searching passengers' bags as they approached turnstiles. The NYPD claimed that no form of racial profiling would be conducted when these searches actually took place. The NYPD has come under fire from some groups that claim purely random searches without any form of threat assessment would be ineffectual. Donna Lieberman, executive director of the NYCLU , stated, "This NYPD bag search policy is unprecedented, unlawful and ineffective. It is essential that police be aggressive in maintaining security in public transportation. But our very real concerns about terrorism do not justify the NYPD subjecting millions of innocent people to suspicionless searches in a way that does not identify any person seeking to engage in terrorist activity and is unlikely to have any meaningful deterrent effect on terrorist activity." [269] The searches were upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in MacWade v. Kelly. [270]
On April 11, 2008, MTA received a Ferrara Fire Apparatus Hazardous Materials Response Truck , which went into service three days later. It will be used in the case of a chemical or bioterrorist attack. [271]
Najibullah Zazi and others were arrested in September 2009 and pleaded guilty in 2010 to being part of an al-Qaeda plan to undertake suicide bombings on the New York City subway system. [272] [273]
28th Street station after the W train was discontinued in mid-2010. Note the dark grey tape masked over the W bullet. (This sign has since been replaced due to the restoration of the W in 2016.)
The MTA faced a budget deficit of US$1.2 billion in 2009. [274] This resulted in fare increases (three times from 2008 to 2010) [275] and service reductions (including the elimination of two part-time subway services, the V and W ). Several other routes were modified due to the deficit. The N was made a full-time local in Manhattan (in contrast to being a weekend local/weekday express before 2010), while the Q was extended nine stations north to Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard on weekdays, both to cover the discontinued W . The M was combined with the V , routing it over the Chrystie Street Connection , IND Sixth Avenue Line and IND Queens Boulevard Line to Forest Hills–71st Avenue on weekdays instead of via the BMT Fourth Avenue Line and BMT West End Line to Bay Parkway. The G was truncated to Court Square full-time. Construction headways on eleven routes were lengthened, and off-peak service was lengthened on seven routes. [276]
2017–2021 state of emergency
In June 2017, Governor Andrew Cuomo signed an executive order declaring a state of emergency for the New York City Subway [277] after a series of derailments, [278] [279] track fires, [280] [281] and overcrowding incidents. [280] [282] On June 27, 2017, thirty-nine people were injured when an A train derailed at 125th Street , [283] [284] damaging tracks and signals [278] then catching fire. [278] [285] On July 21, 2017, the second set of wheels on a southbound Q train jumped the track near Brighton Beach , with nine people suffering injuries [279] due to improper maintenance of the car in question. [286] [287] To solve the system's problems, the MTA officially announced the Genius Transit Challenge on June 28, where contestants could submit ideas to improve signals, communications infrastructure, or rolling stock. [288] [289]
On July 25, 2017, Chairman Joe Lhota announced a two-phase, $9 billion New York City Subway Action Plan to stabilize the subway system and to prevent the continuing decline of the system. [290] [291] [292] [293] The first phase, costing $836 million, consisted of five categories of improvements in Signal and Track Maintenance, Car Reliability, System Safety and Cleanliness, Customer Communication, and Critical Management Group. The $8 billion second phase would implement the winning proposals from the Genius Transit Challenge and fix more widespread problems. [291] [292] [293] Six winning submissions for the Genius Transit Challenge were announced in March 2018. [294]
In October 2017, city comptroller Scott Stringer released an analysis that subway delays could cost up to $389 million or $243.1 million or $170.2 million per year depending on the length of the delays. [295] In November 2017, The New York Times published its investigation into the crisis. It found that the crisis had arisen as a result of financially unsound decisions by local and state politicians from both the Democratic and Republican parties. According to the Times, these decisions included overspending; overpaying unions and interest groups; advertising superficial improvement projects while ignoring more important infrastructure; and agreeing to high-interest loans that would have been unnecessary without these politicians' other interventions. By this time, the subway's 65% average on-time performance was the lowest among all major cities' transit systems, and every non-shuttle subway route's on-time performance had declined in the previous ten years. [296] The state of emergency ended on June 30, 2021, after previously being renewed 49 times. [297] As of October 2021 [update] , on-time performance across all routes is at 80.6 percent. [298] Worsening subway reliability and service cuts in the early 2020s have been attributed to chronic mismanagement at the agency and a botched restructuring plan that was implemented under former Governor Andrew Cuomo . [299]
Capacity constraints
The interior of a Q train during afternoon rush hour
Several subway lines have reached their operational limits in terms of train frequency and passengers, according to data released by the Transit Authority. By 2007, the E, L, and all A Division services except the 42nd Street Shuttle were beyond capacity, as well as portions of the N train. [300] [301] In April 2013, New York magazine reported that the system was more crowded than it had been in the previous 66 years. [302] The subway reached a daily ridership of 6 million for 29 days in 2014, and was expected to record a similar ridership level for 55 days in 2015; by comparison, in 2013, daily ridership never reached 6 million. [303] In particular, the express tracks of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line and IND Queens Boulevard Line are noted for operating at full capacity during peak hours. [300] [304] The Long Island Rail Road East Side Access project, which opened in January 2023, [305] was expected to bring many more commuters to the Lexington Avenue Line. [306] [307] The Second Avenue Subway was built to relieve pressure on the Lexington Avenue Line ( 4 , 5 , 6 , and <6> trains) by shifting an estimated 225,000 passengers. [233] Following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City in 2020, there was enough of a ridership decrease that these routes were no longer crammed to capacity during rush hours, although they still experienced some crowding. [308]
By early 2016, delays as a result of overcrowding were up to more than 20,000 every month, four times the amount in 2012. The overcrowded trains have resulted in an increase of assaults. With less platform space, more passengers are forced to be on the edge of the platform resulting in the increased possibility of passengers falling on the track. The MTA is considering platform screen doors , which exist on the AirTrain JFK to prevent passengers falling onto the tracks. [309] As of February 2022 [update] , platform screen doors were planned to be installed in three stations, following an increase in people being pushed onto the tracks. [248] [310]
Expanding service frequency via CBTC
Service frequency and car capacity
Mockup of the proposed experimental open-gangway configuration for the R211T subway car
As part of the R211 subway car order, the MTA is planning to test a train of 10 open-gangway experimental prototype cars, which could increase capacity by up to 10% by utilizing space between cars. The order could be expanded to include up to 750 open-gangway cars. [315] [316] [317]
Platform crowd control
The MTA is also testing smaller ideas on some services. Starting in late 2015, 100 "station platform controllers" were deployed for the F , 6 , and 7 trains, to manage the flow of passengers on and off crowded trains during morning rush hours. There were a total of 129 such employees, who also answer passengers' questions about subway directions, rather than having conductors answer them and thus delaying the trains. [318] [319] [320] [321] In early 2017, the test was expanded to the afternoon peak period with an increase of 35 platform conductors. [183] [322] In November of the same year, 140 platform controllers and 90 conductors gained iPhone 6S devices so they could receive notifications of, and tell riders about, subway disruptions. [323] Subway guards, the predecessors to the platform controllers, were first used during the Great Depression and World War II . [309]
Shortened "next stop" announcements on trains were being tested on the 2 and 5 trains. "Step aside" signs on the platforms, reminding boarding passengers to let departing passengers off the train first, were tested at Grand Central–42nd Street , 51st Street , and 86th Street on the Lexington Avenue Line. [321] [324] Cameras would also be installed so the MTA could observe passenger overcrowding. [233] [325] [326]
In systems like the London Underground , stations are simply closed off when they are overcrowded; that type of restriction is not necessary yet on the New York City Subway, according to MTA spokesman Kevin Ortiz. [309]
Subway flooding
Rain from drainage pipes entering a subway car
Service on the subway system is occasionally disrupted by flooding from rainstorms, even minor ones. [327] Rainwater can disrupt signals underground and require the electrified third rail to be shut off. Every day, the MTA moves 13 million gallons of water when it is not raining. [328] The pumps and drainage system can handle a rainfall rate of 1.75 inches (44 mm) per hour. [328] [329] : 10 Since 1992, $357 million has been used to improve 269 pump rooms. By August 2007, $115 million was earmarked to upgrade the remaining 18 pump rooms. [330]
Despite these improvements, the transit system continues to experience flooding problems. On August 8, 2007, after more than 3 inches (76 mm) of rain fell within an hour, the subway system flooded, causing almost every subway service to either be disabled or seriously disrupted, effectively halting the morning rush. [331] On September 1, 2021, when 3 to 5 inches (76 to 127 mm) of rain per hour fell during Hurricane Ida , service on the entire subway system was suspended. [332]
As part of a $130 million and an estimated 18-month project, the MTA began installing new subway grates in September 2008 in an attempt to prevent rain from overflowing into the subway system. The metallic structures, designed with the help of architectural firms and meant as a piece of public art, are placed atop existing grates but with a 3-to-4-inch (76 to 102 mm) sleeve to prevent debris and rain from flooding the subway. The racks will at first be installed in the three most flood-prone areas as determined by hydrologists: Jamaica , Tribeca , and the Upper West Side . Each neighborhood has its own distinct design, some featuring a wave-like deck which increases in height and features seating (as in Jamaica), others with a flatter deck that includes seating and a bike rack. [333] [334] [335]
In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy caused significant damage to New York City , and many subway tunnels were inundated with floodwater. The subway opened with limited service two days after the storm and was running at 80 percent capacity within five days; some infrastructure needed years to repair. A year after the storm, MTA spokesperson Kevin Ortiz said, "This was unprecedented in terms of the amount of damage that we were seeing throughout the system." [336] [337] The storm flooded nine of the system's 14 underwater tunnels, many subway lines, and several subway yards, as well as completely destroying a portion of the IND Rockaway Line and much of the South Ferry terminal station. Reconstruction required many partial or total closures on several lines and tunnels. [338] Heavy flooding also occurred in September 2021 during Hurricane Ida [339] and in September 2023 during the aftermath of Tropical Storm Ophelia . [340]
Flooding at 125th Street after a water main break
Pump train in the Cranberry Street Tube after Hurricane Sandy
Full and partial subway closures
On August 27, 2011, due to the approach of Hurricane Irene , the MTA suspended subway service at noon in anticipation of heavy flooding on tracks and in tunnels. It was the first weather-caused shutdown in the history of the system. [347] Service was restored by August 29. [348] [349]
On October 29, 2012, a full closure was ordered before the arrival of Hurricane Sandy . [337] All services on the subway, the Long Island Rail Road and Metro-North were gradually shut down by 7:00 P.M. to protect passengers, employees, and equipment from the coming storm. [350] The storm caused serious damage to the system, especially the IND Rockaway Line , upon which many sections between Howard Beach–JFK Airport and Hammels Wye on the Rockaway Peninsula were heavily damaged, leaving it essentially isolated from the rest of the system. [351] [352] This required the NYCTA to truck in 20 R32 subway cars to the line to provide some interim service (temporarily designated the H ). [353] [354] [355] Also, several of the system's tunnels under the East River were flooded by the storm surge. [356] South Ferry suffered serious water damage and did not reopen until April 4, 2013, by restoring service to the older loop-configured station that had been replaced in 2009; [357] [358] the stub-end terminal tracks remained out of service until June 2017. [359] [360] [361] [362]
Since 2015, there have been several blizzard-related subway shutdowns. On January 26, 2015, another full closure was ordered by New York Governor Andrew Cuomo due to the January 2015 nor'easter , originally projected to leave New York City with 20 to 30 inches (51 to 76 cm) of snow; this was the first shutdown in the system's history to be ordered due to snow. [363] The next day, the subway system was partially reopened. [364] [365] Several residents criticized the decision to shut down the subway system due to snow, as the nor'easter dropped much less snow in the city than originally expected, totaling only 9.8 inches (25 cm) in Central Park . [366] [367] For subsequent snowstorms, the MTA published a winter underground-only subway service plan. When this plan is in effect, all above-ground stations would be closed and all above-ground service suspended, except at 125th Street and Broadway , where 1 trains would run above ground but skip the station. Underground service would remain operational, except at a small number of stations that would be closed because of their proximity to above-ground portions of the system. [368] This plan was first used on January 23, 2016, during the January 2016 United States blizzard ; [369] it was also used on March 14, 2017, due to the March 2017 nor'easter . [370] On August 4, 2020, service at above-ground stations was suspended due to the high wind gusts brought by Tropical Storm Isaias . [371]
Starting on May 6, 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City , stations were closed between 1:00 a.m. and 5:00 a.m. for cleaning and disinfecting. [372] [373] Nevertheless, over 500 trains continued running every 20 minutes between 1 a.m. and 5 a.m., carrying only transit workers and emergency personnel. The trains kept running because there was not enough space in the system to store all trains simultaneously, and also so that they could easily resume service upon the start of rush hour at 5 a.m. [374] In February 2021, the overnight closures were shortened to between 2 and 4 a.m., [375] [376] and in May 2021, Cuomo announced that 24-hour service would resume on May 17. [377] [378] This was the longest shutdown in the subway's history. [379]
Snow removal during the 2014 snow storm
Closed turnstiles during the COVID-19 pandemic
Fallen tree during Hurricane Isaias
Litter and rodents
Litter accumulation in the subway system is perennial. In the 1970s and 1980s, dirty trains and platforms, as well as graffiti, were a serious problem. The situation had improved since then, but the 2010 budget crisis, which caused over 100 of the cleaning staff to lose their jobs, threatened to curtail trash removal. [380] [381] Every day, the MTA removes 40 tons of trash from 3,500 trash receptacles. [382]
The New York City Subway system is infested with rats . [383] Rats are sometimes seen on platforms, [384] and are commonly seen foraging through garbage thrown onto the tracks. They are believed to pose a health hazard, and on rare instances have been known to bite humans. [385] Subway stations notorious for rat infestation include Chambers Street , Jay Street–MetroTech , West Fourth Street , Spring Street and 145th Street . [386]
Decades of efforts to eradicate or simply thin the rat population in the system have been a failure. In March 2009, the Transit Authority announced a series of changes to its vermin control strategy, including new poison formulas and experimental trap designs. [387] In October 2011, they announced a new initiative to clean 25 subway stations, along with their garbage rooms, of rat infestations. [388] That same month, the MTA announced a pilot program aimed at reducing levels of garbage in the subways by removing all garbage bins from the subway platforms. The initiative was tested at the Eighth Street–New York University and Flushing–Main Street stations. [389] As of March 2016, stations along the BMT Jamaica Line , BMT Myrtle Avenue Line , and various other stations had their garbage cans removed due to the success of the program. [390] In March 2017 the program was ended as a failure. [391]
The old vacuum trains that are designed to remove trash from the tracks are ineffective and often broken. [390] A 2016 study by Travel Math had the New York City Subway listed as the dirtiest subway system in the country based on the number of viable bacteria cells. [392] In August 2016, the MTA announced that it had initiated Operation Track Sweep, an aggressive plan to dramatically reduce the amount of trash on the tracks and in the subway environment. This was expected to reduce track fires and train delays. As part of the plan, the frequency of station track cleaning would be increased, and 94 stations would be cleaned per two-week period, an increase from the previous rate of 34 stations every two weeks. [382] The MTA launched an intensive two-week, system-wide cleaning on September 12, 2016. [393] Several vacuum trains were delivered in 2018 and 2019. [394] The operation planned to also include 27 new refuse cars. [395]
Typical subway car exterior in the late 1970s
Measures against rats
Rolling stock on the New York City Subway produces high levels of noise that exceed guidelines set by the World Health Organization and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . [396] In 2006, Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health found noise levels averaged 95 decibel (dB) inside subway cars and 94 dB on platforms. [396] Daily exposure to noise at such levels for as little as 30 minutes can lead to hearing loss. [396] Noise on one in 10 platforms exceeded 100 dB. [396] Under WHO and EPA guidelines, noise exposure at that level is limited to 1.5 minutes. [396] A subsequent study by Columbia and the University of Washington found higher average noise levels in the subway (80.4 dB) than on commuter trains including Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) (79.4 dB), Metro-North (75.1 dB) and Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) (74.9 dB). [397] Since the decibel scale is a logarithmic scale , sound at 95 dB is 10 times more intense than at 85 dB, 100 times more intense than at 75 dB, and so forth. [397] In the second study, peak subway noise registered at 102.1 dB. [397]
For the construction of the Second Avenue Subway, the MTA, with the engineering firm Arup, worked to reduce the noise levels in stations. In order to reduce noise for all future stations starting with the Second Avenue Subway, the MTA is investing in low-vibration track using ties encased in concrete-covered rubber and neoprene pads. Continuously welded rail, which is also being installed, reduces the noise being made by the wheels of trains. The biggest change that is going to be made is in the design of stations. Current stations were built with tile and stone, which bounce sound everywhere, while newer stations will have the ceilings lined with absorbent fiberglass or mineral wool that will direct sound toward the train and not the platform. With less noise from the trains, platform announcements could be heard more clearly. They will be clearer with speakers spaced periodically on the platform, angled so that announcements can be heard by the riders. The Second Avenue Subway has the first stations to test this technology. [398]
Public relations and cultural impact
The subway is a popular venue for busking . A permit is not required to perform, but certain codes of conduct are required. [399] Some buskers are affiliated with Music Under New York (MUNY), a part of the Arts & Design program by the MTA. Since 1987, MTA has sponsored the MUNY program [400] in which street musicians enter a competitive contest to be assigned to the preferred high traffic locations. Each year, applications are reviewed and approximately 70 eligible performers are selected and contacted to participate in live auditions held for one day. [401] [402] [403] [404]
Miss Subways
From 1941 to 1976, the Board of Transportation/ New York City Transit Authority sponsored the "Miss Subways" publicity campaign. [405] In the musical On the Town , the character Miss Turnstiles is based on the Miss Subways campaign. [406] [407] The campaign was resurrected in 2004, for one year, as "Ms. Subways". It was part of the 100th anniversary celebrations. The monthly campaign, which included the winners' photos and biographical blurbs on placards in subway cars, featured such winners as Mona Freeman and prominent New York City restaurateur Ellen Goodman . The winner of this contest was Caroline Sanchez-Bernat, an actress from Morningside Heights . [408]
Subway Series
Subway Series is a term applied to any series of baseball games between New York City teams, as opposing teams can travel to compete merely by using the subway system. Subway Series is a term long used in New York, going back to series between the Brooklyn Dodgers or New York Giants and the New York Yankees in the 1940s and 1950s. Today, the term is used to describe the rivalry between the Yankees and the New York Mets . During the 2000 World Series , cars on the 4 train (which stopped at Yankee Stadium ) were painted with Yankee colors, while cars on the 7 train (which stopped at Shea Stadium ) had Mets colors. [409]
Holiday Nostalgia Train
Holiday Nostalgia Train at Second Avenue station in 2016
Since 2003, the MTA has operated a Holiday Nostalgia Train on Sundays in November and December, from the first Sunday after Thanksgiving to the Sunday before Christmas Day, [410] except in 2011 and 2023, when the train operated on Saturdays instead of Sundays. [411] This train is made of vintage cars from the R1–9 fleet , which have been preserved by Railway Preservation Corp. and the New York Transit Museum . Until 2017, the train made all stops between Second Avenue in Manhattan and Queens Plaza in Queens via the IND Sixth Avenue Line and the IND Queens Boulevard Line . In 2017, the train ran between Second Avenue and 96th Street via the newly opened Second Avenue Subway . [412] Since 2018, the northern terminal is now located at 145th Street , except for 2024, which had its northern terminal at 96th Street–Second Avenue. [413]
The contract, car numbers (and year built) used generally comprises R1 100 (built 1930), R1 103 (1930), R1 381 (1931), R4 401 (1932), R4 484 (1932) – Bulls Eye lighting and a test P.A. system added in 1946, R6 -3 1000 (1935), R6 -1 1300 (1937), R7A 1575 (1938) – rebuilt in 1947 as a prototype for the R10 subway car, and R9 1802 (1940). [414]
Full train wraps
Since 2008, the MTA has tested full train wraps on 42nd Street Shuttle rolling stock. In full train wraps, advertising entirely covers the interiors and exteriors of the train, as opposed to other routes, whose stock generally only displays advertising on placards inside the train. [415] [416] While most advertisements are well received, a few advertisements have been controversial. Among the more contentious wraps that were withdrawn are a 2015 ad for the TV show The Man in the High Castle , which featured a Nazi flag , [417] [418] and an ad for Fox Sports 1 , in which a shuttle train and half of its seats were plastered with negative quotes about the New York Knicks , one of the city's NBA teams. [419] [420]
Other routes have seen limited implementation of full train wraps. For instance, in 2010, one R142A train set on the 6 route was wrapped with a Target advertisement. [421] In 2014, the Jaguar F-Type was advertised on train sets running on the F route. [422] [423] Some of these wraps have also been controversial, such as a Lane Bryant wrap in 2015 that displayed lingerie models on the exteriors of train cars. [424]
LGBT Pride-themed trains and MetroCards
MetroCard for Pride Month in June 2019
The New York City Subway system commemorates Pride Month in June with Pride-themed posters. [425] The MTA celebrated Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019 in June 2019 with rainbow-themed Pride logos on the subway trains as well as Pride-themed MetroCards. [426]
Guerrilla art
The New York City Subway system has been a target for unauthorized or "guerrilla" art since the 1970s, beginning with graffiti and tagging. Originally thought of as vandalism, the art form eventually emerged as an authoritative typology in the 1980s, especially with the release of the 1983 documentary Style Wars . Prominent pop-artist Keith Haring got his start tagging blank billboards on subway platforms with chalk art. [427] In 2019–2020, the Bronx Museum mounted an exhibition of graffiti-tagged subway cars. [428]
More contemporary installations have taken place as well. In 2014, artist London Kaye yarn-bombed the L train, wrapping metal hand poles in knit fabric. [429] In 2019, artist Ian Callender used projectors to show accurate views of the cityscape above moving 6 trains on the ceilings of entire cars. [430] In 2021, illustrator Devon Rodriguez went viral for his drawings of fellow commuters. [431]
No Pants Ride
See also
^ These are the physical tracks that a train "service" runs on. See New York City Subway nomenclature for more information.
The Second Avenue Line has 3 active stations [2] and 13 planned stations. [3]
The Tenth Avenue station will be constructed as an in-fill station once funding for it is secured. [4]
Permanently closed stations are not counted. [5]
Both the Chambers Street–World Trade Center (IND Eighth Avenue Line) and Canal Street (BMT Broadway Line) stations are considered two stations each by the MTA. [5] If both of them are counted as one station each, the number of stations in the New York City Subway is 470 stations (or 423 by international standards).
^ a b This figure represents unlinked ridership, meaning one ride is counted each time a passenger boards a vehicle. The MTA reports a 2023 ridership of 1,151,998,158 based on linked ridership, meaning each complete journey from beginning to end is counted as one ride, regardless of the number of different vehicles used. [19]
^ The IRT main line , which is considered to be the first New York City "subway" line, opened in 1904; the Ninth Avenue Line , a predecessor elevated railroad line, operated its first trial run on July 3, 1868, according to Facts and Figures 1979–80, published by the New York City Transit Authority See also nycsubway.org Archived October 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ; and the West End Line , which opened in 1863. A small portion of the latter line's original right-of-way, part of an extension opened in 1864, is still in daily use near Coney Island . thethirdrail.net Archived May 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^ See:
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^ *R142/A:
R143:
R160:
R179:
R188:
R211:
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See also:
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Rosenthal, Brian M.; Fitzsimmons, Emma G.; LaForgia, Michael (November 18, 2017). "How Politics and Bad Decisions Starved New York's Subways" . The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
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Aaron Feis, Sabrina Ford & Jennifer Fermino (August 27, 2011). "Hurricane Irene halts NY, NJ mass transit" . The New York Post. News Corp. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
"NYC's subway service running OK Monday after Irene" . The Washington Post. August 29, 2011. Archived from the original on July 14, 2019. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
Mann, Ted (March 8, 2013). "Downtown, Old Stop on Subway to Reopen" . The Wall Street Journal & Company. New York. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
Bayen, Ann (March 29, 1976). "Token Women" . New York Magazine. p. 46.
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Further reading
Hood, Clifton. 722 Miles: The Building of the Subways and How They Transformed New York. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.
External links
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New York City Subway
| 138 |
15 | when did the subway open in new york | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway | History of the New York City Subway
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The first underground line opened on October 27, 1904, [11] almost 35 years after the opening of the first elevated line in New York City, which became the IRT Ninth Avenue Line . [12] By the time the first subway opened, the lines had been consolidated into two privately owned systems, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT, later Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation , BMT) and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). After 1913, all lines built for the IRT and most lines for the BRT were built by the city and leased to the companies. The first line of the city-owned and operated Independent Subway System (IND) opened in 1932, intended to compete with the private systems and replace some of the elevated railways. It was required to be run "at cost", necessitating fares up to double the five-cent fare popular at the time. [13]
The city took over running the previously privately operated systems in 1940, with the BMT on June 1 and the IRT on June 12. Some elevated lines closed immediately while others closed soon after. Integration was slow, but several connections were built between the IND and BMT, which now operate as one division called the B Division . Since IRT infrastructure is too small for B Division cars, it remains as the A Division .
The NYCTA, a public authority presided over by New York City, was created in 1953 to take over subway, bus, and streetcar operations from the city. [14] In 1968 the state-level MTA took control of the NYCTA, and in 1970 the city entered the New York City fiscal crisis . It closed many elevated subway lines that became too expensive to maintain. Graffiti, crime, and decrepitude became common. To stay solvent, the New York City Subway had to make many service cutbacks and defer necessary maintenance projects. In the 1980s an $18 billion financing program for the rehabilitation of the subway began.
The September 11 attacks resulted in service disruptions , particularly on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line , which ran directly underneath the World Trade Center . Sections were crushed, requiring suspension of service on that line south of Chambers Street. By March 2002, seven of the closed stations had been rebuilt and reopened, and all but one on September 15, 2002, with full service along the line. [15] [16]
Since the 2000s, expansions include the 7 Subway Extension that opened in September 2015, [17] [18] and the Second Avenue Subway , the first phase of which opened on January 1, 2017. [19] [20] However, at the same time, under-investment in the subway system led to a transit crisis that peaked in 2017.
Charles Harvey demonstrating his elevated railroad design on Greenwich Street in 1867
Even though there was an earlier, underground railroad called the Atlantic Avenue Tunnel since 1844, it had no underground subway stops. [21] [22] [23] Construction of this tunnel, which was built mainly to create a grade-separated right of way for the Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad (now the Long Island Rail Road 's Atlantic Branch ), began in May 1844, and the tunnel was open by December 1844. This led to South Ferry at the foot of Atlantic Avenue , where passengers could catch ferries to Manhattan. [24] This extension, running under Cobble Hill , was closed by 1861. The tunnel was reopened for tourism in 1982, [25] and closed again in 2010. [26] [27]
The beginnings of the actual Subway came from various excursion railroads to Coney Island and elevated railroads in Manhattan and Brooklyn. At that time, New York County (Manhattan Island and part of the Bronx), Kings County (including the cities of Brooklyn and Williamsburg ), and Queens County were separate municipal entities. Competing steam-powered elevated railroads were built over major avenues. The first elevated line was constructed from 1867 to 1870 by Charles Harvey and his West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway company along Greenwich Street and Ninth Avenue (although cable cars were the initial mode of transportation on that railway). More lines were built on Second , Third and Sixth Avenues. None of these structures remain today, but these lines later shared trackage with subway trains as part of the IRT system. [28]
In Kings County, elevated railroads were built by several companies over Lexington , Myrtle , Third and Fifth Avenues, Fulton Street and Broadway . These also later shared trackage with subway trains operated by the BRT and BMT. Most of these structures have been dismantled, but some have been rebuilt and upgraded. These lines were linked to Manhattan by various ferries and later the tracks along the Brooklyn Bridge (which originally had their own line and were later integrated into the BRT/BMT). Also in Kings County, six steam excursion railroads were built to various beaches in the southern part of the county; all but one (the Manhattan Beach Line) eventually fell under BMT control. [29]
Beach Pneumatic Transit
Beach Pneumatic Transit
The Beach Pneumatic Transit was the first attempt to build an underground public transit system in New York City. In 1869, Alfred Ely Beach and his Beach Pneumatic Transit Company of New York began constructing a pneumatic subway line beneath Broadway . Funneled through a company he set up, Beach put up $350,000 of his own money to bankroll the project. [30] Built in only 58 days, [31] its single tunnel, 312 feet (95 m) long, 8 feet (2.4 m) in diameter, was completed in 1870 and ran under Broadway from Warren Street to Murray Street. [32]
It remained little more than a curiosity, running only a single car on its one-block-long track to a dead-end at its terminus. Passengers would simply ride out and back, to see what the proposed subway might be like. During its first two weeks of operation, the Beach Pneumatic Transit sold over 11,000 rides, with 400,000 rides provided during its first year of operation. [33] [34] Although the public showed initial approval, Beach was delayed in getting permission to expand it. By the time he finally gained permission in 1873, public and financial support had waned, and the subway was closed down. [35]
The final blow to the project was a stock market crash in 1873 which caused investors to withdraw support. [36] After the project was shut down, the tunnel entrance was sealed, and the station, built in part of the basement of the Rogers Peet Building , was reclaimed for other uses. The entire building was lost to fire in 1898. [37] In 1912, workers excavating for the present-day BMT Broadway Line dug into the old Beach tunnel; today, no part of this line remains as the tunnel was completely within the limits of the present day City Hall Station under Broadway. [38]
Beginnings and rapid expansion
In 1898, New York, Kings and Richmond Counties, and parts of Queens and Westchester Counties and their constituent cities, towns, villages, and hamlets, were consolidated into the City of Greater New York . During this era the expanded City of New York resolved that it wanted the core of future rapid transit to be underground subways but realized that no private company was willing to put up the enormous capital required to build beneath the streets. [39] [40]
Planning for the system began with the Rapid Transit Act, authorized by the New York State Legislature on May 22, 1894, which created the Board of Rapid Transit Railroad Commissioners. The act provided that the commission would lay out routes with the consent of property owners and local authorities, either build the system or sell a franchise for its construction, and lease the operation to a private firm. A line through Lafayette Street (then Elm Street) [41] to Union Square was considered, but at first a more costly route under lower Broadway was adopted. A legal battle with property owners along the route led to the courts denying permission to build through Broadway in 1896. [42]
The Elm Street route was chosen later that year, cutting west to Broadway via 42nd Street . This new plan, formally adopted on January 14, 1897, consisted of a line from City Hall north to Kingsbridge and a branch under Lenox Avenue and to Bronx Park , to have four tracks from City Hall to the junction at 103rd Street. The "awkward alignment...along Forty-Second Street", as the commission put it, was necessitated by objections to using Broadway south of 34th Street . Legal challenges were resolved in 1899. [42]
Subway construction in the Bowery, 1901
Tubes for subway line under Harlem River , being sunk, 1904
The city decided to issue rapid transit bonds outside of its regular bonded debt limit and build the subways itself; it contracted with the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (which by that time ran the elevated lines in Manhattan) to equip and operate the subways, sharing the profits with the city and guaranteeing a fixed five-cent fare. [43]
Starting in 1899, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT; 1896–1923) and Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT; 1923–1940) operated rapid transit lines in New York City — at first only elevated railways and later also subways.
The BRT was incorporated on January 18, 1896. [44] It took over the bankrupt Long Island Traction Company in early February, [45] acquiring the Brooklyn Heights Railroad and the lessee of the Brooklyn City Rail Road . It then acquired the Brooklyn, Queens County and Suburban Railroad . [46] The BRT took over the property of a number of surface railroads, the earliest of which, the Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Railroad or West End Line , opened for passenger service on October 9, 1863, between Fifth Avenue at 36th Street at the border of Brooklyn City and Bath Beach in the Town of Gravesend, New York . A short piece of surface route of this railroad, the BMT West End Line (today's D train) on the west side of the Coney Island Complex north of the Coney Island Creek , is the oldest existing piece of rapid transit right-of-way in New York City and in the U.S., having opened on June 8, 1864. [47]
On January 30, 1899, the Brooklyn Union Elevated Railroad was incorporated; it acquired the property of the bankrupt Brooklyn Elevated Railroad on February 17. The BRT gained control a month later, on March 25, [48] and leased the elevated company to the Brooklyn Heights Railroad, which was until then solely a street railway company. The other elevated company in Brooklyn, the Kings County Elevated Railway , was sold under foreclosure to the BRT on July 6, 1899. [49] Initially the surface and elevated railroad lines ran on steam power, but between 1893 and 1900 the lines were converted to run on electricity. An exception was the service on the Brooklyn Bridge . Trains were operated by cables from 1883 to 1896, when they were converted to electric power. [50]
Routes in 1897
By 1900, The BRT had acquired virtually all of the rapid transit and streetcar operations in its target area. Only the Coney Island and Brooklyn Railroad and the short Van Brunt Street and Erie Basin Railroad remained independent; the former was acquired in 1913 or 1914. [51] The incorporated lines were:
Sea Beach Railway , acquired in November 1897 [52] and leased to the BHRR
Sea View Railroad (Coney Island Elevated), acquired in November 1897 [52] and leased to the BHRR
The BRT became bankrupt by 1918. The New York Consolidated Railroad and New York Municipal Railway were merged in June 1923, the same month that the BRT was reorganized as the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation, to form the New York Rapid Transit Corporation. [60]
1906 IRT map
A contract, later known as Contract 1, was executed on February 21, 1900, between the commission and the Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont , for the construction of the subway and a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. The project was divided into fifteen sections on which subcontractors submitted construction bids. [61]
August 1904 announcement that construction on the subway was complete
Ground was broken in a ceremony at City Hall on March 24, celebrated at the time as "Tunnel Day". [62] A plan for an extension from City Hall to the Long Island Rail Road 's Flatbush Avenue terminal station (now known as Atlantic Terminal) in Brooklyn was adopted on January 24, 1901, and Contract 2, giving a lease of 35 years, was executed between the commission and the Rapid Transit Construction Company on September 11, with construction beginning at State Street in Manhattan on November 8, 1902. Belmont incorporated the IRT in April 1902 as the operating company for both contracts; the IRT leased the Manhattan Railway Company , operator of the four elevated railway lines in Manhattan and the Bronx, on April 1, 1903. Operation of the subway began on October 27, 1904, with the opening of all stations from City Hall to 145th Street on the West Side Branch. [11] [63]
Service was extended to 157th Street on November 12, 1904. The West Side Branch was extended northward to a temporary terminus of 221st Street and Broadway on March 12, 1906. [64] This extension was served by shuttle trains operating between 157th Street and 221st Street. [65] The original system as included in Contract 1 was completed on January 14, 1907, when trains started running across the Harlem Ship Canal on the Broadway Bridge to 225th Street , [64] meaning that 221st Street could be closed. Once the line was extended to 225th Street , the structure of the 221st Street was dismantled and was moved to 230th Street for a new temporary terminus. Service was extended to the temporary terminus at 230th Street on January 27, 1907. An extension of Contract 1 north to 242nd Street at Van Cortlandt Park was approved in 1906 [66] and opened on August 1, 1908. [67]
The original plan had been to turn east on 230th Street to just west of Bailey Avenue, at the New York Central Railroad 's Kings Bridge station. [68] When the line was extended to 242nd Street, the temporary platforms at 230th Street were dismantled, and were rumored to be brought to 242 Street to serve as the station's side platforms. There were two stations on the line that opened later; 191st Street and 207th Street . 191st Street was not open until January 14, 1911, because the elevators and other work had not yet been completed. 207th Street was completed in 1906, but since it was located in a sparsely occupied area, the station was opened in 1907.
The initial segment of the IRT White Plains Road Line opened on November 26, 1904, between East 180th Street and Jackson Avenue. Initially, trains on the line were served by elevated trains from the IRT Second Avenue Line and the IRT Third Avenue Line , with a connection running from the Third Avenue local tracks at Third Avenue and 149th Street to Westchester Avenue and Eagle Avenue. Once the connection to the IRT Lenox Avenue Line opened on July 10, 1905, trains from the newly opened IRT subway ran via the line. [69] Elevated service via this connection was resumed on October 1, 1907, when Second Avenue locals were extended to Freeman Street during rush hours. [70]
The line was then extended to Fulton Street on January 16, 1905, [71] to Wall Street on June 12, 1905, [72] and to Bowling Green and South Ferry on July 10, 1905. [73] In order to complete Contract 2, the subway had to be extended under the East River to reach Brooklyn. The tunnel was named the Joralemon Street Tunnel, which was the first underwater subway tunnel connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn, and it opened on January 9, 1908, extending the subway from Bowling Green to Borough Hall. [74] On May 1, 1908, the construction of Contract 2 was completed when the line was extended from Borough Hall to Atlantic Avenue near the Flatbush Avenue LIRR station . [75] When the IRT extension to Brooklyn opened, riders on the BRT's elevated and trolley lines over the Brooklyn Bridge began using the new subway. [76]
Triborough plan
A 1924 BMT map
After the statutory debt ceiling for the now-united city of New York had been raised, there were more plans for subway construction until 1908. The Triborough plan comprised three new lines:
An IRT line from South Ferry–Whitehall Street in Manhattan, with the IRT Lexington Avenue Line to Pelham Bay Park and Woodlawn in the Bronx
The BRT Nassau Street Loop , later the BMT Nassau Street Line . The BRT's track went over the Brooklyn , Manhattan , and Williamsburg Bridges ; the Nassau Street Line was to connect to the Brooklyn Bridge, but never did. The connections to the other two bridges were built, but with the 1967 opening of the Chrystie Street Connection , the Manhattan Bridge connection was eliminated.
The BRT lines were built to wider profiles because the BRT did not want to use IRT trackage, which was narrower by comparison and carried far fewer passengers per hour. The design was inspired by the cars built for the Cambridge subway (MBTA Red Line) which were designed after studies were conducted on the design and operation of a subway car that could carry the most passengers the most efficiently. The rolling stock , however, had to be the same track gauge so the trains could interoperate under the Dual Contracts . The Fourth Avenue and Sea Beach lines were opened on June 19, 1915, after years of delays for building of these lines and the Nassau Street Line. The first BRT section, however, had opened on September 16, 1908, from Essex Street across the Williamsburg Bridge , but using narrow-width cars. [79]
Until the completion of the Fourth Avenue Line, there was a tram across the Manhattan Bridge which did not connect to any tracks in the New York City Subway. The track was called " Manhattan Bridge Three Cent Line " because the fare was three cents. Along with the Brooklyn and North River Railroad , the two streetcar companies began operations on those tracks. When trackage was connected to the bridge in 1915, the trolleys were moved to the upper level roadways until 1929, when service was discontinued. [80]
Dual Contracts
The BRT, which just barely entered Manhattan via the Brooklyn Bridge, wanted the opportunity to compete with the IRT, and the IRT wanted to extend its Brooklyn line to compete with the BRT. This led to the city's agreement to contract for future subways with both the BRT and IRT.
The expansion of rapid transit was greatly facilitated by the signing of the Dual Contracts on March 19, 1913. Contract 3 was signed between the IRT and the city; the contract between the BRT and the city was Contract 4. The majority of the present-day subway system was either built or improved under these contracts. [43] The Astoria Line and Flushing Line were built at this time and were for some time operated by both companies. Under the terms of Contracts 3 and 4, the city would build new subway and elevated lines, rehabilitate and expand certain existing elevated lines, and lease them to the private companies for operation. The cost would be borne more-or-less equally by the city and the companies. The city's contribution was in cash raised by bond offerings, while the companies' contributions were variously by supplying cash, facilities, and equipment to run the lines. [43]
The track layout of Queensboro Plaza was complex because the Contracts necessitated two different types of rolling stock and two different fare control areas.
As part of the contracts, the two companies were to share lines in Queens: a short line to Astoria called the Astoria Line ; and a longer line reaching initially to Corona , and eventually to Flushing , called the Corona Line . The lines operated jointly and began from Queensboro Plaza . The IRT accessed the station both from the 1907 Steinway Tunnel and an extension of the Second Avenue Elevated from Manhattan over the Queensboro Bridge . The BRT fed the Queens lines from a new tunnel from the 60th Street Tunnel to Manhattan. Technically the line was under IRT ownership, but the BRT/BMT was granted trackage rights in perpetuity, essentially making it theirs also. [81] [82]
Both lines were built to IRT specifications. This meant that IRT passengers had a one-seat ride to Manhattan destinations, whereas BRT passengers had to make a change at Queensborough Plaza. This came to be important when service was extended for the 1939 World's Fair , as the IRT was able to offer direct express trains from Manhattan, and the BRT was not. This practice lasted well into the municipal ownership of the lines and was not ended until 1949. [81] [82]
Several provisions were imposed on the companies: the fare was limited to five cents, and this led to financial troubles for the two companies after post- World War I inflation; the city had the right to "recapture" any of the lines it built and run them as its own; and the city was to share in the profits. This eventually led to their downfall and consolidation into city ownership in 1940. [81] [82]
As part of the Dual Contracts, the operations of the original IRT system changed drastically. Instead of having trains go via Broadway, turn onto 42nd Street, and finally turn onto Park Avenue, there were two trunk lines connected by the 42nd Street Shuttle . The system was changed from a "Z" system to an "H" system. The first trunk line, the Lexington Avenue Line assumed the portion of the original IRT system south of Grand Central. The line was extended northward with a new station at Grand Central and turned onto Lexington Avenue, where the line remained as four tracks. The line had connections to the new IRT Pelham Line and IRT Jerome Avenue Line in the Bronx, in addition to a new connection to the IRT White Plains Road Line. [83]
The second trunk, the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line assumed the portion of the original IRT system north of Times Square, and it extended southward with a new station at Times Square, running down Seventh Avenue, Varick Street and West Broadway. It was predicted that the subway extension would lead to the growth of the Lower West Side, and to neighborhoods such as Chelsea and Greenwich Village . South of Chambers Street, two branches were constructed. The first branch ran to the Battery via Greenwich Street, while the second branch turned eastward under Park Place and Beeckman Street and down William Street, running under the East River through a tunnel before running under Clark Street and Fulton Street until it reached a junction at Borough Hall with the existing Contract 2 IRT Brooklyn Line. [83]
A poster informing the public about the new Interborough Subway Service between Brooklyn and Manhattan, via the Clark Street Tunnel , 1919
On June 3, 1917, the first portion of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line south of Times Square–42nd Street , a shuttle to 34th Street–Penn Station , opened; a separate shuttle service, running between 42nd and 34th Streets, was created. [84] This short extension was opened even though the rest of the route was not yet completed in order to handle the mass of traffic to and from Pennsylvania Station . Only the northern part of the station was opened at this time, and piles of plaster, rails, and debris could be seen on the rest of the platforms. [85] This shuttle was extended south to South Ferry , with a shorter shuttle on the Brooklyn branch between Chambers Street and Wall Street , on July 1, 1918. [86]
The new portion of the Lexington Avenue Line from Grand Central to 125th Street opened on July 17, 1918. [87] Until the evening of August 1, 1918, it ran as a shuttle on the local tracks only, terminating at 42nd Street and at 167th Street on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line (where the connection from the elevated IRT Ninth Avenue Line merged). The new "H" system was implemented on August 1, 1918, joining the two halves of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, and the two halves of the Lexington Avenue Line. [88]
An immediate result of the switch was the need to transfer using the 42nd Street Shuttle. The completion of the "H" system doubled the capacity of the IRT system. [83] The local tracks ran to South Ferry, while the express tracks used the Brooklyn Branch to Wall Street, extended into Brooklyn to Atlantic Avenue via the Clark Street Tunnel on April 15, 1919. [89]
The Dual Contracts resulted in the expansion of New York City; people moved to the newly built homes along the newly built subway lines. These homes were affordable, about the same cost as the houses in Brooklyn and Manhattan. [82] : 7 The population in Manhattan below 59th Street decreased between the years of 1910 and 1920. [90] People were allowed to move to better parts at the same cost and could have a better and more comfortable life in the suburbs. [82] : 7
Independent System
Mayor John F. Hylan was a strong advocate of public operation of the subway. He was fired from the BRT after working as a motorman for some time, and he wanted to avoid having to spend more money to recapture the IRT and BRT, so he tried to push the two operators out of business. To that end, Hylan had denied allocating money for the BRT by refusing to build new lines, refusing to raise fares (thereby putting the BRT in more debt), denied building permits so that some major building work lasted longer than planned, and even refused to build a new subway yard for the BRT. The Malbone Street Wreck in 1918 contributed to the losses incurred by the two companies, which led to the bankruptcy of the BRT in 1918. The BRT, however, was reorganized into the BMT. The IRT was almost bankrupt, but managed to complete the line to Flushing by 1928. Subsequently, Hylan drew up plans for a third subway network that would be city-built and -operated, in contrast to the existing subway lines, which were privately operated. [81]
On the other hand, New York City had grown to over five and a half million inhabitants and urgently needed new subway lines. The dual system could not keep pace with this ever-increasing ridership. So, a compromise solution was finally found that would allow Hylan's plans as well as the interests of private operators to be considered. However, the city's and Hylan's long-term goal was the unification and consolidation of the existing subway, with the city operating a unified subway system. The city, bolstered by political claims that the private companies were reaping profits at taxpayer expense, determined that it would build, equip and operate a new system itself, with private investment and without sharing the profits with private entities. This led to the building of the Independent City-Owned Subway (ICOS), sometimes called the Independent Subway System (ISS), the Independent City-Owned Rapid Transit Railroad, or simply The Eighth Avenue Subway after the location of its premier Manhattan mainline . After the city acquired the BMT and IRT in 1940, the Independent lines were dubbed the IND to follow the three-letter initialisms of the other systems. [91]
The original IND system, consisting of the Eighth Avenue mainline and the Sixth Avenue , Concourse , Culver , and Queens Boulevard branch lines, was entirely underground in the four boroughs that it served, with the exception of the Smith–Ninth Streets and Fourth Avenue stations on the Culver Viaduct over the Gowanus Canal in Gowanus, Brooklyn . [91]
As the first line neared completion, New York City offered it for private operation as a formality, knowing that no operator would meet its terms. Thus the city declared that it would operate it itself, formalizing a foregone conclusion. The first line opened without a formal ceremony. The trains began operating their regular schedules ahead of time, and all stations of the Eighth Avenue Line , from 207th Street in Inwood to Hudson Terminal (now World Trade Center), opened simultaneously at one minute after midnight on September 10, 1932. [92]
On January 1, 1936, a second trunk line—the Sixth Avenue Line —opened from West Fourth Street (where it splits from the Eighth Avenue Line) to East Broadway . [93] [94] [95] The new subway line's construction required the suspension of streetcars on the avenue. The city, wanting to save money by not having to underpin the IRT Sixth Avenue Line before the elevated line was closed, bought the line for $12.5 million and terminated operations on December 5, 1938. [96] To help compensate for the loss in service, service on the Ninth Avenue Elevated was increased. [97]
The first section of the Queens Boulevard Line, west from Roosevelt Avenue to 50th Street , opened on August 19, 1933. [98] E trains ran local to Hudson Terminal (today's World Trade Center) in Manhattan, while the GG (predecessor to current G service) ran as a shuttle service between Queens Plaza and Nassau Avenue on the IND Crosstown Line . [99] [100] [101] [102] [103] An extension east to Union Turnpike opened on December 31, 1936. [104] [105] : 416–417 [106] [98] The line was extended to Hillside Avenue and 178th Street, with a terminal station at 169th Street on April 24, 1937. [99] [105] [107] [108] That day, express service began on the Queens Boulevard Line during rush hours, with E trains running express west of 71st–Continental Avenues, and GG trains taking over the local during rush hours. [101] [109] The initial headway for express service was between three and five minutes. [110] 23rd Street–Ely Avenue station opened as an in-fill station on August 28, 1939. [111] [112] Upon its extension into Jamaica, the line drew Manhattan-bound passengers away from the nearby BMT Jamaica Line subway and the Long Island Rail Road . [113]
On July 1, 1937, a third trunk line, the Crosstown Line , opened from Nassau Avenue to Bergen Street . [91] Two years later, on December 15, 1940, local service was begun along the entire IND Sixth Avenue line, including its core part through Midtown Manhattan. [91]
Meanwhile, on the East Side, the need for the Second Avenue Subway had been evident since 1919, when the New York Public Service Commission launched a study at the behest of engineer Daniel L. Turner to determine what improvements were needed in the city's public transport system. The Great Depression resulted in soaring costs, and the expansion became unmanageable, so it was not built along with the other three IND trunk lines. Construction on the first phase of the IND was already behind schedule, and the city and state were no longer able to provide funding. A scaled-down proposal including a turnoff at 34th Street and a connection crosstown was postponed in 1931. [91]
Further revision of the plan and more studies followed. By 1939, construction had been postponed indefinitely, and Second Avenue was relegated to "proposed" status. The 1939 plan for subway expansion took the line not only into the Bronx (by now as a single line to Throggs Neck ) but also south into Brooklyn, connecting to the stub of the IND Fulton Street Line at Court Street . Construction of the line resumed in 1972 but was ended during the 1975 fiscal crisis, and work was again restarted in 2007. [91]
Expansion plans
Since the opening of the original New York City Subway line in 1904, various official and planning agencies have proposed numerous extensions to the subway system. One of the better known proposals was the "Second System," which was part of a plan by the Independent Subway to construct new subway lines in addition and take over existing subway lines and railroad right-of-ways. Though most of the routes proposed over the decades have never seen construction, discussion remains strong to develop some of these lines, to alleviate existing subway capacity constraints and overcrowding, the most notable being the Second Avenue Subway . Plans for new lines date back to the early 1910s. [114] [115]
On August 28, 1922, Mayor John Francis Hylan announced that his new system would comprise 100 miles (160 km) of currently operating routes and another 100 miles of new routes, to be completed by December 31, 1925, and in competition with the IRT and BMT. [116] [117]
In 1926, a loop subway service was planned to be built to New Jersey . [118]
The most grandiose plan, conceived in 1929, was to be part of the city-operated IND. By 1939, with unification planned, all three systems were included. As this grandiose expansion was not built, the subway system is only 70% of what it was planned to be. Magnificently engineered, almost entirely underground, with 670 feet (200 m) platforms and flying junctions throughout, the IND system tripled the city's rapid transit debt, contributing to the demise of plans for an ambitious expansion proposed before the first line of the first system was even opened.
After the IND Sixth Avenue Line was completed, only 28 new stations were built. Five stations were on the abandoned NYW&B -operated IRT Dyre Avenue Line , fourteen stations were on the abandoned LIRR Rockaway Beach Branch (now the IND Rockaway Line ), six were on the Archer Avenue Lines and 63rd Street Lines (built as part of a 1968 plan), two stations ( 57th Street and Grand Street ) were part of the Chrystie Street Connection , and the Harlem–148th Street terminal. Four MTA Capital Construction -funded stations (the 34th Street station on the 7 Subway Extension and the three stations on the Second Avenue Subway ) have been constructed with up to 14 more planned. The city's subway construction costs are the highest in the world, which has slowed the pace of expansion. [119]
In June 1940, the IND's operator, the New York City Board of Transportation, took over the transportation assets of the IRT and BMT. [14] In June 1953, the New York City Transit Authority, a state agency incorporated for the benefit of the city, now known to the public as MTA New York City Transit, succeeded the BoT. [14] [120] A combination of factors had this takeover coincide with the end of the major rapid transit building eras in New York City. [121] The city immediately began to eliminate what it considered redundancy in the system, closing several elevated lines including the IRT Ninth Avenue Line [122] and most of the IRT Second Avenue Line in Manhattan, [123] and the BMT Fifth and Third Avenue Lines and most of the BMT Fulton Street Line [124] [125] [126] in Brooklyn.
Division differences
Despite the unification, a distinction between the three systems survives in the service labels: IRT lines (now referred to as A Division ) have numbers and BMT/IND (now collectively B Division ) lines use letters. [127] There is also a physical and less widely noticed difference, as A Division cars are narrower than those of B Division by 18 inches (46 cm) [128] and shorter by 9 feet (2.7 m) to 24 feet (7.3 m). [128] [129] Because the A Division lines are of lower capacity for a given capital investment, all new extensions and lines built between World War II and 2007 [130] [131] [132] have been for the B Division. A Division cars can travel on B Division lines when necessary but are not used for passenger service on those lines because of the dangerously wide gap between the car and the station platform. This stems from the IRT and BRT's long-standing disagreement where the BRT intentionally built cars that were too wide for the IRT. [81]
The interior of an IRT Third Avenue Line car before the line's demolition in the 1950s.
The original IRT subway lines (those built before the Dual Contracts) were built to modified elevated line dimensions. Whereas the IRT lines were originally equipped with cars that were 47 feet (14 m) long, the cars designed for the IRT subway measure 51.3 feet (15.6 m) long. Both sets of lines did not permit cars wider than 9 feet (2.7 m). The clearances and curves on these lines are too narrow and too sharp for any IND or BMT equipment. The later extensions of the IRT, constituting the bulk of the IRT system, were built to wider dimensions, and so are of a profile that could support the use of IND/BMT sized equipment. [133] [43]
B Division equipment could operate on much of A Division if station platforms were trimmed and trackside equipment moved, thus letting A Division service carry more passengers. However, there is virtually no chance of this happening because the older, narrower portions of A Division are centrally situated, such that it would be impossible to put together coherent through services. The most that can be reasonably hoped for is that some branch lines of Division A might be resized and attached to B Division lines. This was done with the BMT Astoria Line in Queens [133] which had formerly been dual-operated with normal IRT trains and special narrow BMT shuttles. [43]
Post-unification expansion and reorganization
New York hoped that the profits from the remaining formerly privately operated routes would support the expensive and deficit-ridden IND lines and simultaneously be able to repay the systems' debts, without having to increase the original fare of five cents. But during World War II , which gave a reprieve to the closure of most rail transit in the U.S., some closures continued, including the remainder of the IRT Second Avenue Line in Manhattan (1942) [123] and the surviving BMT elevated services over the Brooklyn Bridge (1944). [134] The Second World War also caused renewed inflation, which finally caused a fare increase to ten cents in 1947 and six years later to 15 cents. [81]
Ridership skyrocketed during the late 1940s, and on December 23, 1946, the system-wide record of 8,872,249 fares was set. [135] : 73
Because the consolidation dragged in the first years after unification, some improvements in operational processes were rather slow, and soon the question of organization was raised. The outsourcing of subway operations to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was favored at one point. On June 15, 1953, the NYCTA was founded with the aim of ensuring a cost-covering and efficient operation in the subways. [81]
There was a need to overhaul rolling stock and infrastructure of the once-private routes, especially for the IRT, where nearly all of the infrastructure was aged. The oldest cars came there from the time the subway opened in 1904, and the oldest subway cars of BMT in 1953 dated from the system's first years, in 1913. Therefore, a total of 2,860 cars for the A Division were delivered between 1948 and 1965, which constituted the replacement of almost the entire prewar IRT fleet. On the B Division, 2,760 cars were ordered. Platforms were doubled in length systemwide. At some stations, gap fillers were installed because the station extensions were curved. Also in this period, the BMT replaced their signals. The Main Line R36 cars were the first equipment to be equipped with two-way radio as delivered standard equipment in 1965, with the first use of radio in the subway system on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line in May 1965. The first successful air conditioned train ( R38 ) was placed into service in July 1967. [136]
In 1946, Mayor William O'Dwyer initiated a program to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car trains. The first contract, which was completed in August 1946, extended the platforms at 125th Street, 207th Street, 215th Street, 225th Street, 231st Street and 238th Street on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line for $423,000. Additional platform extensions were completed on the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line in October 1946. On this date the platform extensions at 103rd Street, 110th Street, 116th Street, 137th Street, 145th Street, 157th Street, 168th Street, 181st Street, 191st Street and Dyckman Street were completed. This project cost $3.891 million. The platform extensions at the Hoyt Street station on the IRT Eastern Parkway Line opened in November 1946, being completed for $733,200. Stations along the IRT Lexington Avenue Line were next to receive the improvements. [137]
In January 1947, the 23rd Street, 28th Street and 33rd Street platform extensions were completed, costing $4.003 million. Work was subsequently completed at the Bleecker Street and Spring Street stations for $1.97 million. The $1.992 million contract to lengthen the platforms at the Canal Street and Worth Street stations to the south was completed in April 1947. In September 1947, a contract extending the platforms for stations in the Bronx was completed. The first stage of the plan was completed in June 1949, lengthening the platforms at Prospect Avenue, Jackson Avenue, Intervale Avenue, Simpson Street, Freeman Avenue, 174th Street and 177th Street on the IRT White Plains Road Line for $315,000. In September 1949, the Chairman of the Board of Transportation, William Reid, announced that the program to lengthen 32 IRT stations had been completed for $13.327 million. Reid also announced that the Board had created a five-year plan to lengthen all remaining BMT and IRT stations to accommodate ten-car trains. [137]
An A train on the IND Rockaway Line , opened in 1956 as one of two major expansions of the system in the mid-20th century
Only two new lines were opened in this era, [120] the IRT Dyre Avenue Line in 1941 [138] and the IND Rockaway Line in 1956, [139] [140] [141] [142] with an extension of the latter to Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue in 1958. [143] Both of these lines were rehabilitations of existing railroad rights-of-way rather than new construction. The former line was the City portion of the New York, Westchester and Boston Railway , an electrified commuter line closed in 1937, [138] and the latter a line obtained from the Long Island Rail Road . [144] While the latter is a long and substantial line, it consists mostly of a long right-of-way crossing Jamaica Bay with a single station on Broad Channel island and two branches on a peninsula that is only several city blocks wide. [145] For a time, the IND Rockaway Line was considered its own subway division. [91]
The 169th Street station on the IND Queens Boulevard Line provided an unsatisfactory terminal setup for a four track line, and this required the turning of F trains at Parsons Boulevard, and no storage facilities were provided at the station. Therefore, the line was going to be extended to 184th Place with a station at 179th Street with two island platforms, sufficient entrances and exits, and storage for four 10-car trains. The facilities would allow for the operation of express and local service to the station. [146] [147] Construction on the extension started in 1946 with planned completion in 1949. [147] The extension was completed later than expected and opened on December 11, 1950. [148] This extension was delayed due to the Great Depression and World War II . Both E and F trains were extended to the new station. [148] [149]
The Culver Ramp was completed in 1954
Soon after the Culver Ramp was completed, parts of the ex- BMT Culver Line were demolished. This is a stub to the former line
The originally planned IND system was built to the completion of its original plans after World War II ended, but the system then entered an era of deferred maintenance in which infrastructure was allowed to deteriorate. In 1951 a half-billion dollar bond issue was passed to build the Second Avenue Subway , but money from this issue was used for other priorities and the building of short connector lines, namely a ramp extending the IND Culver Line over the ex-BMT Culver Line at Ditmas and McDonald Avenues in Brooklyn (1954), allowing IND subway service to operate to Coney Island for the first time, [120] the 60th Street Tunnel Connection (1955), linking the BMT Broadway Line to the IND Queens Boulevard Line , [120] and the Chrystie Street Connection (1967), linking the BMT line via the Manhattan Bridge to the IND Sixth Avenue Line . [150]
By January 1955, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority could theoretically raise $1.25 billion effective immediately (equivalent to $14,672,000,000 in 2024). In his 1974 book The Power Broker , Robert A. Caro estimated that this amount of money could modernize both the Long Island Rail Road for $700 million and the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad for $500 million, with money left over to build the Second Avenue Subway as well as proposed extensions of subway lines in Queens and Brooklyn. [151] : 928–929 However, Robert Moses , the city's chief urban planner at the time, did not allow funding for most mass transit expansions in the New York City area, [151] : 930–933 instead building highways and parkways without any provisions for mass transit lines in the future. [151] : 939–958 Caro noted that the lack of attention to mass transit expansions and routine maintenance contributed to the decline of the subway: "When Robert Moses came to power in New York in 1934, the city's mass transportation system was probably the best in the world. When he left power in 1968 it was quite possibly the worst." [151] : 933
Soon after, the city entered a fiscal crisis. Closures of elevated lines continued. These closures included the entire IRT Third Avenue Line in Manhattan (1955) and the Bronx (1973), as well as the BMT Lexington Avenue Line (1950), much of the remainder of the BMT Fulton Street Line (1956), the downtown Brooklyn part of the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line (1969), and the BMT Culver Shuttle (1975), all in Brooklyn, and the BMT Jamaica Line in Queens starting in 1977. [152] The BMT Archer Avenue Line was supposed to replace the BMT Jamaica Line's eastern end, but it was never completed to its full extent, and opened in 1988 as a stub-end line, terminating at Jamaica Center. [120]
Much of the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line in Brooklyn was demolished. Pictured is the remaining portion in 1974
Construction and maintenance of existing lines was deferred, and graffiti and crime were very common. Trains frequently broke down, were poorly maintained, and were often late, while ridership declined by the millions each year. As in all of the city, crime was rampant in the subway in the 1970s. Thefts, robberies, shootings and killings became more frequent. The rolling stock was very often painted with graffiti or vandalized both inside and outside. As the New York City Police Department was completely overwhelmed, the public reacted with unease, and the subway was deliberately avoided. Around 1980, the reliability of the vehicles was a tenth of their reliability in the 1960s, and 40 percent of the network required speed restrictions. Because there had been no further studies of the subway since 1975, one third of the fleet was out of use during rush hours due to serious technical defects. In addition, signs were fitted incorrectly, and spare parts were missing or were bought in too large quantities, could not be found, or could not be installed due to lack of repairmen. [152]
The New York City Subway tried to keep its budget balanced between spending and revenue, so deferred maintenance became more common, which drew a slow but steady decline of the system and rolling stock. Furthermore, the workers were consolidated into the Transport Workers Union in 1968. A pension was set up, and workers were allowed to retire after 20 years of service without any transitional period. About a third of the most highly experienced staff immediately retired, resulting in a large shortage of skilled workers. [152]
Rehabilitation started in the 1980s as part of a $18 billion financing program. Between 1985 and 1991 over 3,000 subway cars were overhauled and fitted with air conditioning to increase comfort, reliability and durability while deferring car purchases. The TA only replaced the oldest cars in each division, so it bought only 1,350 new vehicles. Increased patrols and fences around the train yards offered better protection against graffiti and vandalism. [153] At the same time, the TA began an extensive renovation of the routes. Within ten years the tracks were thereby renewed almost systemwide. The Williamsburg Bridge and the Manhattan Bridge, which had strong corrosion damage, were refurbished over the years. [153]
The renovation of the stations was initially limited to security measures, fresh paint, new lighting and signs, but the TA also tried to improve the service that had been neglected. This ranged from new uniforms and training for the staff to correct destination signs on the rolling stock. Some subway services were also adapted to the changing needs of customers. [153] Another stated goal was to reduce crime or at least an improvement in the subjective sense of security. At night, the railway police and members of the citizens' initiative Guardian Angels , formed in 1979, patrolled in the subway trains. [153] In the 1990s, the crime in the city and its subway declined significantly.
Late 1950s and early 1960s
In 1956, the NYCTA chairman, Charles Patterson, proposed removing the seats from the trains on the 42nd Street Shuttle to increase the passenger load. [154]
On May 1, 1957, a standard maximum interval of 20 minutes between trains was put into place during late nights, with the exception of the Rockaway lines where it was 24 minutes. Some lines had service run as infrequently as 30 minutes. Also on this date, BMT express service was extended to 57th Street from 42nd Street. Earlier in 1957, local service on the BMT Jamaica Line was extended to Crescent Street from Eastern Parkway, and rush hour service was increased to run every 5 minutes. [155]
Under a $100 million rebuilding program, increased and lengthened service was implemented during peak hours on the 1 train. Switching at a junction north of 96th Street, delayed service as trains from the Lenox Avenue Line which ran local switched from the express to the local, while trains from the Broadway Branch that ran express switched from the local to the express. This bottleneck was removed on February 6, 1959. All Broadway trains were locals, and all Lenox Avenue trains were expresses, eliminating the need to switch tracks. All 3 trains began to run express south of 96th Street on that date running to Brooklyn. 1 trains began to run between 242nd Street and South Ferry all times. Trains began to be branded as Hi-Speed Locals, being as fast as the old express service was with 8-car trains consisting of new R21s and R22s on the line. [156]
On November 15, 1962, the express platforms at Lexington Avenue–59th Street opened to reduce transfer congestion at Grand Central–42nd Street , and to allow transfers between the express trains and BMT trains to Queens . Even before the express platforms were added, this station was the busiest on the line. [157] Construction on the express station had begun on August 10, 1959. [158]
Program for Action
In the mid-1960s, US$ 600,000,000 was made available to the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) of New York City for a large subway expansion proposed by then-Mayor John Lindsay . About $1.23 billion was spent to create three tunnels and a half-dozen holes as part of construction on the Second Avenue and 63rd Street Lines . [153] [152] Construction for the lines stopped in 1975 because the city almost went bankrupt, yet none of the lines were done when federal payments were suspended in 1985. [159] The two-phase Program for Action was funded as follows: [160]
Phase I was to cost $1.6 billion and be completed over the span of a decade. [153]
Phase II came after Phase I and cost $1.3 billion. Phase II was composed of mostly extensions of existing lines and Phase I-built lines. [153]
The Program for Action also called for supplanting elevated structures with new subways. The eastern end of the BMT Jamaica Line was to be replaced with the BMT Archer Avenue Line , while the IRT Third Avenue Line was to be demolished to make way for a subway route parallel to the Metro-North tracks at Park Avenue. [153]
Deferred maintenance
A typical graffiti-tagged car in 1979
In 1973, the city's graffiti epidemic surged so that nearly every subway car was tagged with graffiti. [161] It was worsened by the budgetary restraints on New York City, which limited its ability to remove graffiti and perform transit maintenance. [162] Mayor John Lindsay declared the first war on graffiti in 1972, but it would be a while before the city was able and willing to dedicate enough resources to that problem to start impacting the growing subculture. [162] [163] The MTA tried rubbing the graffiti off with an acid solution, but maintaining the cars to keep them relatively graffiti-free was costing them around $1.3 million annually. In the winter of 1973, the car-washing program was stopped. Attempts to wash cars with an acid solution in September 1974 were detrimental to the fleets' upkeep. [153]
As graffiti became associated with crime, many demanded that the government take a more serious stance toward it, particularly after the popularization of the Fixing Broken Windows philosophy in 1982. [163] [164] [165] By the 1980s, increased police surveillance and implementation of increased security measures (razor wire, guard dogs) combined with continuous efforts to clean it up led to the weakening of the New York's graffiti subculture. [161]
An extensive car-washing program in the late 1980s ensured the elimination of graffiti throughout the system's rolling stock. In 1984 the NYCTA began a five-year program to eradicate graffiti. The years between 1985 and 1989 became known as the "die hard" era. [162] A last shot for the graffiti artists of this time was in the form of subway cars destined for the scrap yard . [162] With the increased security, the previous elaborate "burners" on the outside of cars were now marred with simplistic marker tags which often soaked through the paint. [120] [162] [163] By mid-1986 the NYCTA were winning their "war on graffiti". On May 10, 1989, the rolling stock was made 100% graffiti-free, [166] with the washing of the last train in the subway system that still had graffiti. [167] [168] As the population of artists lowered so did the violence associated with graffiti crews and "bombing". [162]
Ridership and service cuts
Ridership in 1975 had decreased to a point last seen in 1918, with ridership decreasing by 25 million or more per year. The MTA reduced the length of trains during off-peak periods, and canceled work on several projects being built as part of the Program for Action, including the Second Avenue Subway and an LIRR line through the 63rd Street Tunnel to a Metropolitan Transportation Center in East Midtown, Manhattan . Ridership kept dropping rapidly, having decreased by 25 million passengers between June 30, 1976, and June 30, 1977; in the previous eight years, 327 million passengers had stopped using the subway. [153] The proportion of the fleet that was in service during the morning peak period was reduced, and train headways were increased: on four local services, trains were reduced from once every four minutes to once every five minutes. [153] [169]
On May 27, 1975, the NYCTA announced that in September of that year 94 daily IRT trips would be discontinued, accounting for 4 percent of then-existing service on the IRT. The trips were to be discontinued to cut operating deficits. Express service on the 7 train was to be discontinued between the hours of 9:30 a.m. and 3:30 p.m. and was to be replaced by more frequent local service. [170] During the same month, the NYCTA was considering making the A train a local at all times except rush hours, when it would remain an express. [171]
On December 17, 1975, the MTA announced that a 4.4 percent cutback of rush hour train service would take place on January 18, 1976. The cutbacks, the third of the year, trimmed 279 train runs from the previous 6,900. Service was most drastically reduced on the Lexington Avenue Line, with seven fewer southbound express trains during the morning rush hours. The cuts were the first of a three-phase program that was put in effect between January and July 1976. The cuts permitted a savings of $12.6 million a year for the NYCTA, which had an increasing deficit. Other subway services were changed or discontinued as part of the plan. On January 19, F trains were planned to stop running express in Brooklyn, and the GG was to be cut back to Smith–Ninth Streets . [172]
In April 1975 it was planned that all rush hour 1 trains would begin running to 242nd Street ; these runs had previously terminated at 137th Street . During midday hours, trains on the 1 were to be shortened to five cars. In July, it was planned that the EE would be discontinued; N trains were to have been extended to Continental Avenue via the Queens Boulevard Line to replace it. Manhattan-bound N trains were to continue running express, while in the opposite direction they would run local. N trains would alternate between terminating at Whitehall Street or Coney Island during rush hours. CC trains, in July, were planned to be extended from Hudson Terminal to Rockaway Park replacing the E, which was to have been cut back to Hudson Terminal. The K was planned to be discontinued in July. [172]
The changes that were supposed to take place in July instead took effect on August 30 with 215 more runs eliminated that date. In 1967 there were 8,200 daily trips, and on August 30, 1976, there were 6,337 daily trips. [169]
On December 14, 1976, the NYCTA proposed another package of service cuts. The cuts, planned to take effect in January 1977, would have eliminated service on the Bowling Green–South Ferry Shuttle, the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, and AA service, which would be replaced by the A during late nights. GG service would be truncated to Queens Plaza during late evenings and late nights. B and N service would have been cut back to shuttles, running between 36th Street and Coney Island on their respective lines. It was also proposed that during off-peak hours 10-car trains would be cut to eight, six or four car trains. [173]
In 1986, the NYCTA launched a study to determine whether to close 79 stations on 11 routes, spread across all four of the boroughs that the subway system served, due to low ridership and high repair costs. [174] [175] Numerous figures, including New York City Council member Carol Greitzer , criticized the plans. [175] [176]
The BMT Sea Beach Line . Note the single express track; the other express track was removed in the 1980s due to deferred maintenance
The R46s , the newest cars in the system in 1976, broke down the most due to their cracked trucks
The subway had been gradually neglected since the 1940s, and its situation had been exacerbated by the low fare. On May 20, 1970, two people died at the Jackson Heights–Roosevelt Avenue station in the worst subway collision since the 1928 Times Square derailment . Following the 1970 accident, New York Magazine highlighted the subway system's condition in a lengthy expose . [177] Even though each of the approximately 7,200 subway cars were checked once every six weeks or 7,500 miles (12,100 km) of service, four or five dead motors were allowable in a peak-hour 10-car train, according to some transit workers' accounts. About 85.8% of trains were on schedule in 1970, with 1,142 equipment-related delays in April 1970. [177] However, issues such as broken lights, fans, and signs; defective doors, wheels, and brakes; and subway cars that often became uncoupled or "pulled apart", were still prevalent. One out of three IRT stations did not have running water in case of emergency. In addition, the system's staff were leaving in massive numbers, with 5,655 workers having retired or quit from early 1969 to mid-1970. [177]
The system also had many slow-speed areas because of obstacles that could cause derailments, and every subway car had graffiti; fleet availability during rush hours declined from 5,557 in 1976 to 5,025 in 1977, and to 4,900 in May 1978. Mean Distance Between Failures (MDBF) rates were at all time lows, as the MDBF rate system-wide was 6,000 miles by 1980. In 1979, 200 retired R16 cars were reactivated because the newest rolling stock in the system, the R46 , had cracked trucks, and were only allowed to operate during rush hours while they were sent for rehabilitation. [153]
At the height of the transit crisis in 1983, on-time performance dropped below 50%. [178] Hundreds of trains never made it to their destination and in 1981, 325 train runs were abandoned on a typical day. [178] Additionally, cars caught fire 2,500 times every year. [178]
In December 1978 a New York Daily News article highlighted the worst parts of the subway. The Grand Central–42nd Street station was the worst underground station and the Middle Village–Metropolitan Avenue station was the worst elevated station. The subway cars in the worst condition were the R10s . The subway line with the worst signals was the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line , so the signals were upgraded in the 1980s. The BMT Sea Beach Line had the worst track; its infrastructure had not been upgraded since its opening in 1915. [152] Despite $800 million being allocated by the state in 1978, the TA had spent less than half of the $600 million allocated in 1967. The agency made some infrastructure improvements, though because they were not cosmetic improvements, the public still assumed that the subway had high crime, even during periods of decreased crime. [153]
Due to deferred maintenance, the condition of the subway system reached dangerous conditions in the early 1980s, and the TA considered abandoning the Archer Avenue and 63rd Street projects. Structural defects were found in elevated structures systemwide and on the Manhattan and Williamsburg Bridges , causing frequent closures or delays on many subway lines during the 1980s. Reroutes from both bridges were necessitated; while the Manhattan Bridge, between 1986 and 2004, had two of its four tracks closed at a time for construction, the Williamsburg Bridge needed a shutdown from April to June 1988 for emergency structural repairs to be made. [153] Federal funding for the repair of the BMT Jamaica Line was deferred throughout the 1980s due to the extremely bad state of the Williamsburg Bridge. Pigeon droppings corroded the bridge's steel, there were over 200 broken suspender cables, and concrete in the bridge began to come off and leave large holes. [153]
Due to low ridership and the increasing shabbiness of the subway, parts or most of several lines—the BMT Canarsie Line ; the IND Crosstown Line ; the IRT Jerome Avenue Line or IND Concourse Line north of 161st Street–Yankee Stadium ; and the BMT Jamaica Line east of either Broadway Junction or Cypress Hills —were proposed for closure and abandonment in 1981. Other lines proposed for closure included the remaining part of the IND Culver Line , the BMT West End Line , the IRT Dyre Avenue Line , part of the IND Rockaway Line , part of the IRT White Plains Road Line , and the remaining part of the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line . [179] The BMT Jamaica Line was demolished, mainly as part of the Program for Action, but also due to low ridership. [153] Officials also proposed shutting the subway at night between midnight and 6 a.m. in order to reduce crime. [180] Off-peak train trips, as well as trips on the branches outside the city's core, were reduced sharply. [181]
Operations in 1981 had deteriorated so that: [182] [183]
One day in January saw
1⁄3 of the fleet out of service, and the first two weeks had 500 canceled trips per day
A 10-minute trip in 1910 took 40 minutes in 1981.
The previous year, there had been 30 derailments.
The A Division's fleet of 2,637 cars had never been renovated, and MDBF rates were a quarter of that in 1970.
The newest fleet, the R44s and R46s , made up 1⁄4 of the B Division's fleet of 4,178 cars, and constantly broke down. [153]
Furthermore, a sample of 50 cars in 1980 showed that half had serious maintenance problems, such as a flammable undercoat of metal film, flattened wheels, burned out lights, and defective/missing emergency switches. [184]
In 1986, the MTA and Regional Plan Association again considered closing 26 miles (42 km) of above-ground lines to follow population shifts. They included the Jerome Avenue, Dyre Avenue, Franklin Avenue, Crosstown, and Rockaway lines, as well as parts of the Myrtle and Jamaica lines. The south end of the Culver Line and the north ends of the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue and White Plains Road Lines were also proposed for closure, as was all of the BMT Sea Beach Line . However, unlike the 1981 proposal, this plan called for a net expansion of the subway system, as 37 miles (60 km) of new underground and surface lines would also be built. [185] [175] Numerous figures, including New York City Council member Carol Greitzer , criticized the 1986 plans. [175] [176]
In the 1960s, mayor Robert Wagner ordered an increase in the Transit Police force from 1,219 to 3,100 officers. During the hours at which crimes most frequently occurred (between 8:00 p.m. and 4:00 a.m.), the officers went on patrol in all stations and trains. In response, crime rates decreased, as extensively reported by the press. [186] Due to another crime increase in the subway, the rear cars of subway consists were shut at night beginning in July 1974. [187]
However, during the subway's main era of decline following the city's 1976 fiscal crisis, there were daily reports of crime. Two hundred were arrested for possible subway crimes in the first two weeks of December 1977 under an operation dubbed "Subway Sweep". [152] Violence on the subway increased drastically in the last week of 1978, and six murders occurred in the first two months of 1979, compared to nine during the entire previous year. The IRT Lexington Avenue Line was known to frequent muggers, so in February 1979, Curtis Sliwa 's Guardian Angels group began patrolling the 4 train during the night. By February 1980, there were 220 Guardian Angels across the system. [188]
To attract passengers, in September 1978 the TA introduced the " Train to the Plane ", a premium-fare service that provided limited stops along Sixth Avenue in Manhattan from 57th Street to Howard Beach , where passengers could transfer to a shuttle bus to JFK Airport. The service was staffed by a transit police officer, and the additional fare was paid on board. This was discontinued in 1990 due to low ridership and the high cost of its operation. [189] [190] [191]
The increase of crime in the subway led to the firing of Transit Police Chief Sanford Garelik . [152] There were about 250 felonies (equivalent to 13,000 per year) occurring in the system every week by September 1979; some police officers had to stop patrolling quality of life crimes and look only for violent crimes. Among other problems included:
MTA police radios and New York City Police Department radios transmitted at different frequencies, so they could not coordinate with each other. Subway patrols were also adherent to tight schedules, and felons quickly knew when and where police would make patrols. Public morale of the MTA police was low at the time. so that by October 1979, additional decoy and undercover units were deployed in the subway. [152]
While daily felonies were nearly halved between 1979 and 1980, decreasing from 261 to 154, overall crime increased by 70% in the same period. [192] A series of window-smashing incidents on subway cars started in 1980 on the IRT Pelham Line and spread throughout the rest of the system, causing delays when damaged trains needed to be taken out of service. [193] Over a thousand pieces of damaged windows were replaced between January 27 and February 2, 1985. [194] Other actions included increasing the 60-cent fare to 65 cents to pay the salaries of additional transit police; [192] putting a subway-crimes court in the Times Square station; and stationing a police officer in each car during night hours. [195]
Richard Ravitch , chairman of the MTA, said that even he was scared of going on the subway. [196] Despite the MTA discussing methods to increase ridership, the 1982 figures fell to levels last seen in 1917. [197] Within less than ten years, the MTA had lost around 300 million passengers, mainly because of fears of crime. In July 1985, the Citizens Crime Commission of New York City published a study showing this trend, fearing the frequent robberies and generally bad circumstances. [198] As a result, the Fixing Broken Windows policy, which proposed to stop large-profile crimes by prosecuting quality of life crimes, was implemented. [164] [199] Along this line of thinking, the MTA began a five-year program to eradicate graffiti from subway trains in 1984, and hired one of the original theorists of Broken Windows policing, George L. Kelling , as a consultant for the program in 1985. [200] [201] [202]
In the early afternoon of December 22, 1984, Bernhard Goetz shot four young African American men from the Bronx on a New York City Subway train. The incident got nationwide media coverage. That day, the men—Barry Allen, Troy Canty, Darrell Cabey (all 19), and James Ramseur (18)—boarded a downtown 2 train ( Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line express ) carrying screwdrivers, apparently on a mission to steal money from video arcade machines in Manhattan. [203] When the train arrived at the 14th Street station in Manhattan, 15 to 20 other passengers remained with them in R22 subway car 7657 , [204] [205] the seventh car of the ten-car train. [206] [207]
At the 14th Street station, Goetz entered the car through the rearmost door, crossed the aisle, and took a seat on the long bench across from the door. After Canty asked Goetz how he was, Goetz replied affirmatively, at which point the four boys supposedly moved over to the left of Goetz, blocking Goetz off from the other passengers in the car. They then asked Goetz for money. He fired five shots, seriously wounding all four men. Nine days later he surrendered to police and was eventually charged with attempted murder , assault , reckless endangerment , and several firearms offenses. A jury found him not guilty of all charges except for one count of carrying an unlicensed firearm, for which he served eight months of a one-year sentence. [208]
The incident sparked a nationwide debate on race and crime in major cities, the legal limits of self-defense , and the extent to which the citizenry could rely on the police to secure their safety. [209] Although Goetz, dubbed the "Subway Vigilante" by New York City's press, came to symbolize New Yorkers' frustrations with the high crime rates of the 1980s, he was both praised and vilified in the media and public opinion. The incident has also been cited as a contributing factor to the groundswell movement against urban crime and disorder. [210]
In 1989, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority asked the transit police (then located within the NYCTA) to focus on minor offenses such as fare evasion. In the early nineties, the NYCTA adopted similar policing methods for Penn Station and Grand Central Terminal . In 1993, crime rates in the subway dropped, part of a larger decrease across the city. [211]
On April 2, 1995, the New York City Police Department and the Transit Police Department merged. [120]
Effects of the Program for Action
The IRT Third Avenue Line in the Bronx was a casualty of the Program for Action
Ironically, the Program for Action forced the closure of a large number of subway lines. The Bronx remnant of the IRT Third Avenue Line closed in 1973, to be provisionally replaced by a new subway under the Metro-North Railroad tracks on Park Avenue, one block to the west. The single-tracked Culver Shuttle between Ditmas Avenue and Ninth Avenue , once a three-tracked line, closed on May 11, 1975. [212] [213] [214] [215] On August 27, 1976, the GG service was truncated from Church Avenue to Smith–Ninth Streets , while service was discontinued on the K and EE routes. On December 15, 1976, GG service at the other terminal was shortened to Queens Plaza . The BMT Jamaica Line was truncated from 168th Street to 121st Street between September 11, 1977, and the early 1980s, replaced by the BMT Archer Avenue Line in 1988. [153]
Debris falling from and on the tracks
Fare evasion
Fare evasion seemed a small problem compared to the graffiti and crime; however, fare evasion was causing the NYCTA to lose revenue. [216] NYCTA's strategy for restoring riders' confidence took a two-pronged approach. In 1981, MTA's first capital program started system's physical restoration to a State-of-Good-Repair. Improving TA's image in riders' minds is as important as overcoming deferred maintenance. Prompt removal of graffiti [217] and prevention of blatant fare evasion would become central pillars of the strategy to assure customers that the subway is "fast, clean, and safe": [218]
Similarly, fare evasion was taken seriously. The NYCTA began formally measuring evasion in November 1988. When TA's Fare Abuse Task Force (FATF) was convened in January 1989, evasion was 3.9%. After a 15-cent fare increase to $1.15 in August 1990, a record 231,937 people per day, or 6.9%, didn't pay. The pandemonium continued through 1991. [219] To combat the mounting problem, FATF designated 305 "target stations" with most evaders for intensive enforcement and monitoring. Teams of uniformed and undercover police officers randomly conducted "mini-sweeps", swarming and arresting groups of evaders. [220] Special "mobile booking centers" in converted city buses allowed fast-track offender processing. [221] Fare abuse agents covered turnstiles in shifts and issued citations. Plainclothes surveyors collected data for five hours per week at target locations, predominantly during morning peak hours. In 1992, evasion began to show a steady and remarkable decline, dropping to about 2.7% in 1994. [222]
The dramatic decrease in evasion during this period coincided with a reinvigorated Transit Police, a 25% expansion of City police, and a general drop in crime in U.S. cities. In the city, crime rate decline begun in 1991 under Mayor David Dinkins and continued through next two decades under Mayors Rudolph Giuliani and Michael Bloomberg . Some observers credited the "broken windows" approach of law enforcement [223] where minor crimes like evasion are routinely prosecuted, and statistical crimefighting tools, whereas others have indicated different reasons for crime reduction. [224] [225] Regardless of causality, evasion checks resulted in many arrests for outstanding warrants or weapons charges, likely contributing somewhat to public safety improvements. Arrests weren't the only way to combat evasions, and by the early 1990s NYCTA was examining methods to improve fare control passenger throughputs, reduce fare collection costs, and maintain control over evasions and general grime. The AFC system was being designed, and evasion-preventing capability was a key consideration.
TA's queuing studies concluded that purchasing tokens from clerks was not efficient. Preventing ' slug ' use required sophisticated measures like tokens with metal alloy centers and electronic token verification devices. To provide better access control, the NYCTA experimented with floor-to-ceiling gates and "high wheel" turnstiles. Prototypes installed at 110th Street/Lexington Avenue station during a "target hardening" trial reduced evasions compared to nearby "control" stations. [226] However, controls consisting entirely of "high-wheels" created draconian, prison-like environments, with detrimental effects on station aesthetics. Compromises with more secure low-turnstile designs were difficult, as AFC did not prevent fare evasion. [227]
Production Automated Fare Collection (AFC) implementation began in 1994. New turnstiles, including unstaffed high wheels, and floor-to-ceiling service gates, featured lessons learned from trials. As AFC equipment was rolled out, evasion plummeted. Fare abuse agents, together with independent monitoring, were eliminated.
Rehabilitation and rising trend
Ridership increased 4% between 1978 and 1979, mainly because of the improving economy. [228] Numerous improvements were touted in a 1979 Daily News report, including air conditioning and closed-circuit television . As part of the Urban Mass Transit Act, $1.7 billion would be provided by the state and the Port Authority . [228] Aesthetics chairperson Phyllis Cerf Wagner announced a program called "Operation Facelift", which entailed aesthetic improvements such as repainting and relighting the platforms, quicker replacement processes for windows and doors, and expanding the number of seats on platforms. [228]
During the mid-1980s, reconstruction began. Stations were refurbished and rolling stock was repaired and replaced. "Neighborhood maps" for wayfinding were added in subway stations starting in 1985. [229] Maintenance of the subway began to improve: while 21 trains derailed while in passenger service during 1983, there were 15 such incidents in 1984 and three in 1985. "Red tag" areas, where trains reduced speed to 10 mph due to dangerous maintenance conditions, were almost entirely eliminated by 1986. [230] The 325 R62 cars had a MDBF rate of 50,000 miles, more than five times higher than the other fleet, with the newly overhauled World's Fair R36 equipment on the Flushing Line averaging over 30,000 miles in 1986–87. [231] The MDBF of many rolling stock increased from 6,000 miles in 1980 to 10,000 miles in September 1986, and hundreds cars were overhauled or cleaned of graffiti. Speedometers were also installed on existing and new rolling stock. [228]
On January 1, 1982, the MTA implemented the first of its five-year Capital Improvement programs to repair the existing system. [120] Scheduled Maintenance Services were formed to proactively replace components, and the MTA conducted general overhauls of the R26 through R46 fleets. Older equipment (any car classes with contract numbers below R32s on the B Division and R26s on the A Division) were retrofitted with air conditioning. The red tag areas were incrementally repaired and replaced with welded rail . At the end of the century, the MDBF rates for the entire system were at record highs and steadily increasing. The Franklin Avenue Shuttle , however, was worse in 1989 than it was in 1980, and necessitated a complete renovation by 1998, because the MTA planned to abandon the line by the end of the century. [228]
Projects during this time
Starting in the early 1970s, there were plans for improving the subway system.
In 1976, the MTA proposed abandoning the Franklin Avenue Shuttle to save money, but dropped the plan due to community pushback. [91] The possibility of the discontinuation was revisited again in 1998, but again, fierce community opposition to it forced the MTA to rehabilitate the line. [232]
In 1977, the Linden Shops opened in Brooklyn, enabling the MTA to build track panels indoors throughout the year, among other objects. [91]
On January 16, 1978, the MTA opened three transfer stations: [91]
In April 1981, the following projects were considered by the MTA: [233]
Switching the northern ends of the N and RR trains
Adding a non-stop express from 59th Street and the World Trade Center , which was ultimately untenable because of capacity constraints
In 1981, the MTA began installing welded rails on a few underground portions of the system. [91]
In June 1983, the following projects were considered by the MTA: [234] [235]
The JFK Express would be extended to Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street , and the $5 fare and the special guard would be eliminated, making it like any other subway line. Trains would be 8 cars long instead of 4 cars long, and the headway between trains would be 18 minutes, instead of 20 minutes.
During rush hours, the CC would terminate at Euclid Avenue, instead of serving the Rockaways.
B train service would run all day from Coney Island to 168th Street, instead of terminating at 57th Street during non-peak hours.
AA service, which operated during non-rush hours, would be eliminated.
A new shuttle service, named H, would run between 57th Street and World Trade Center.
On March 25, 1986, the Regional Plan Association (RPA) proposed several changes. [236] A major part of the plan was eliminating parts of the system and expanding the system to reflect population shifts. The plan called for eliminating 26 miles of elevated lines and building 17 miles of new subway lines, and 20 miles of new surface lines. The RPA also suggested buying new subway cars; implementing One Person Train Operation outside of rush hours; giving reduced fares to city residents using the Long Island Rail Road or Metro-North Railroad to travel to Midtown Manhattan ; adding premium-fee express services; closing 10% of stations; and doubling off-peak services. [237] The RPA also suggested: [236]
Building the Second Avenue Subway
Restoring the Rockaway Beach Branch
Building a subway line under Jewel Avenue in Queens, to branch off the IND Queens Boulevard Line
Building a tunnel under the Hudson River to extend the IRT Flushing Line to New Jersey
Complete the LIRR tunnel to Midtown
Provide the East Side Access to Grand Central Terminal via the lower level of the 63rd Street Line at a cost of $1.4 billion (to be completed in the early 2020s)
Purchase 500 new subway cars at a cost of $500 million.
In April 1986, the New York City Transit Authority began to study the possibility of eliminating sections of 11 subway lines because of low ridership. The segments are primarily located in low-income neighborhoods of the Bronx, Brooklyn and Queens, with a total of 79 stations, and 45 miles of track, for a total of 6.5 percent of the system. The lines were first identified in the first part of a three-year project, the Strategic Plan Initiative, which started in April 1985, by the MTA to evaluate the region's bus, subway, and commuter rail systems. The eleven segments all had low ridership, needed expensive rebuilding, and duplicated service on parallel lines. The lines being studied included the following lines: [237]
The IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line from 215th Street to 242nd Street, which was duplicated by buses.
The IRT White Plains Road Line from East 180th Street to 241st Street, which was duplicated by buses.
The entire IRT Dyre Avenue Line, which was duplicated by buses.
The IRT Jerome Avenue Line from 167th Street to Woodlawn, which was paralleled by the IND Concourse Line .
The entire IND Rockaway Line south of Howard Beach, due to low ridership.
The IND Culver Line south of Avenue U, due to low ridership and duplication by buses.
The entire IND Crosstown Line, due to low ridership and duplication by buses.
The BMT Jamaica Line between Crescent Street and 121st Street, due to low ridership and duplication by buses.
The entire BMT Myrtle Avenue Line, which was duplicated by buses.
The entire BMT Sea Beach Line, which ran close to the BMT West End Line .
The entire BMT Franklin Avenue Line, due to major deterioration.
By August 1989, the MTA was considering these projects: [238]
Connecting the IND 63rd Street Line to the IND Queens Boulevard Line
Adding signals to the Queens Boulevard Line's express tracks so that trains could operate in both directions, and adding 250 subway cars
700 subway cars for the IRT
Three storage yards, two in Brooklyn and one in Queens
Expanding the terminal tracks at Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College station
In December 1988, three transfers were opened between existing stations, and three brand-new stations were opened. The transfer points were: [239]
The new stations were Sutphin Boulevard – Archer Avenue – JFK Airport , Jamaica Center – Parsons/Archer , and Jamaica – Van Wyck . [120] Other service changes were implemented that day. Skip-stop service on the J/Z trains was also started on December 11, 1988. Additionally, IND Fulton Street Line express service was extended from weekdays only to all times except late nights. Discontinuous services on the B , D , and Q trains over the Manhattan Bridge were replaced by continuous services.
New subway cars were also purchased: the R62 and R62A fleets for the A Division and the R68 and R68A fleets for the B Division. The R62 in particular was the first New York City Subway car class built by a foreign manufacturer. [240] These were all delivered between 1983 and 1989. The R10 , R14 , R16 , R17 , R21 , and R22 car classes all were retired with the deliveries of the R62/As and R68/As. On May 10, 1989, the last train with graffiti was taken out of service; [166] the subway has been mostly graffiti-free since this point. [167]
On October 29, 1989, the IND 63rd Street Line was opened. It was nicknamed the "tunnel to nowhere" due to its stub end at 21st Street–Queensbridge , and also due to the fact that the three-station extension lay dormant for over a decade after completion. [120] [241] The 3.2 mile line included three new stations and cost a total of $868 million. The line was viewed as an enormous waste of money. [242]
Revitalization and recent history
Subway ridership increased through the 1990s. Throughout David Dinkins 's mayoralty from 1989 to 1993, the city went from being in debt to having a $200 million surplus, which was achieved by raising taxes. However, Dinkins's tax plans were unpopular, and he lost the 1993 election to Rudy Giuliani . [105] : 360 Giuliani wanted to demonstrate that he could successfully run New York City without raising taxes, so he eliminated $400 million from the MTA's capital budget in 1994. He did not suggest any transit improvements, however. [243] State lawmakers also reduced MTA funding in the 1990s, which remained mostly unchanged through the 2000s. [243]
In 1998, a large portion of the New York City Subway system was nominated for addition to the National Register of Historic Places . The nomination encompassed 48 stations, 11 electrical substations, six signal towers, four station head houses , three buildings in storage yards, and one tunnel. The MTA supported the listing, which would increase the agency's chances of receiving more federal funding. [244]
September 11, 2001
The September 11 attacks resulted in service disruptions on lines running through Lower Manhattan. Tracks and stations under the World Trade Center were shut down within minutes of the first plane crash. All remaining New York City Subway service was suspended from 10:20am to 12:48pm. [245] Immediately after the attacks and more so after the collapses of the Twin Towers , many trains running in Lower Manhattan lost power and had to be evacuated through the tunnels. Some trains had power, but the signals did not, requiring special operating procedures to ensure safety.
The IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line , which ran below the World Trade Center between Chambers Street and Rector Street was the most destroyed. Sections of the tunnel as well as Cortlandt Street were badly damaged and had to be rebuilt. Service was immediately suspended south of Chambers Street and then cut back to 14th Street . There was also subsequent flooding on the line south of 34th Street–Penn Station . After the flood was cleaned up, express service was able to resume on September 17 with 1 trains running between Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street and 14th Street, making local stops north of and express stops south of 96th Street , while 2 and 3 trains made all stops in Manhattan (but bypassed all stations between Canal Street and Fulton Street until October 1). 1/9 skip-stop service was suspended.
After a few switching delays at 96th Street, service was changed on September 19. The 1 train resumed local service in Manhattan, but was extended to New Lots Avenue in Brooklyn (switching onto the express tracks at Chambers Street) to replace the 3, which now terminated at 14th Street as an express. The 2 train continued to make local stops in Manhattan and service between Chambers Street and South Ferry as well as skip-stop service remained suspended. Normal service on all four trains was restored September 15, 2002. [246] [15] The Cortlandt Street station needed extensive reconstruction, and after a total rebuild costing $158 million, it reopened on September 8, 2018. [247] [248]
Service on the BMT Broadway Line was also disrupted because the tracks from the Montague Street Tunnel run adjacent to the World Trade Center and there were concerns that train movements could cause unsafe settling of the debris pile. Cortlandt Street station, which sits under Church Street , sustained significant damage in the collapse of the towers. It was closed until September 15, 2002, for removal of debris, structural repairs, and restoration of the track beds, which had suffered flood damage in the aftermath of the collapse.
Starting September 17, 2001, the N and R service was suspended and respectively replaced by the M (which was extended to Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue via the BMT Montague Street Tunnel , BMT Fourth Avenue Line , and BMT Sea Beach Line ) and the J (also extended via Fourth Avenue to Bay Ridge–95th Street ). In Queens, the Q replaced the R while the W replaced the N . All service on the BMT Broadway Line ran local north of Canal Street except for the Q, which ran normally from 57th Street to Brighton Beach via Broadway and Brighton Express. J/Z skip-stop service was suspended at this time. Normal service on all seven trains resumed on October 28.
The only subway line running between Midtown and Lower Manhattan was the IRT Lexington Avenue Line , which was overcrowded before the attacks and at crush density until the BMT Broadway Line reopened. Wall Street was closed until September 21.
The IND Eighth Avenue Line , which has a stub terminal serving the E train under Five World Trade Center was not damaged, but covered in soot. E trains were extended to Euclid Avenue , Brooklyn, replacing the then suspended C train (the A and D trains replaced it as the local north of 59th Street–Columbus Circle on nights and weekends, respectively. The B train, which ran normally from 145th Street or Bedford Park Boulevard to 34th Street–Herald Square via Central Park West Local, also replaced C trains on weekdays). Service was cut back to Canal Street when C service resumed on September 21, but Chambers Street and Broadway–Nassau Street remained closed until October 1. World Trade Center remained closed until January 2002. [15] [16]
Later 2000s
Ridership increases
Generally, ridership kept rising as the subway system improved in its maintenance, cleanliness, frequency, and on-time ratio; ridership started to increase as graffiti and crime rates dropped heavily after 1989. From 1995 to 2005, ridership on city buses and subways grew by 36%, compared with a population gain in the city of 7%. [249] With dramatic increases in fuel prices in 2008, as well as increased tourism and residential growth, ridership on buses and subways grew 3.1% up to about 2.37 billion trips a year compared to 2007. This is the highest ridership since 1965. [250]
By 2013, ridership had reached 1.7 billion riders per year (despite closures related to Hurricane Sandy ), a level not seen since 1949. [251] In April 2013, New York magazine reported that the system was more crowded than it had been in the previous 66 years. [252] The subway reached a daily ridership of 6 million for 29 days in 2014, and was expected to record a similar ridership level for 55 days in 2015; by comparison, in 2013, daily ridership never reached 6 million. [253]
Several expansions started construction or were opened during the mayoralty of Michael Bloomberg from 2001 to 2013. [243] The IND 63rd Street Line 's connection to the IND Queens Boulevard Line was first, opened on December 16, 2001. To serve the new connection, the F train was rerouted via the 63rd Street Line, and to replace the F along 53rd Street, a new V train was created–running between Forest Hills–71st Avenue and Second Avenue via the Queens Boulevard and Sixth Avenue local tracks. The G , to allow for room to operate the V, was cut back to Court Square. Two out-of-system transfers were put into place; the first was to allow F passengers to continue to have a free transfer to the Lexington Avenue Line, which was lost when the line was rerouted–the transfer connects the Lexington Avenue/59th Street station and the Lexington Avenue–63rd Street stations. The second one connected the Court Square station with the 45th Road–Court House Square station. [254] [255] [256]
In 2003, money was allocated for the construction of a new station at South Ferry , and in 2005, construction commenced on the new station. [257] Initially, the station's construction had been opposed because of the high cost and low perceived time savings. [258] The South Ferry loop station only accommodates the first five cars of a train, so that the rear five cars of a 10-car 1 train cannot load or unload. [259] Because of the curve at the station gap fillers are required, and as a result the new station was built as a two-track, full (10-car)-length island platform on a less severe curve, permitting the operation of a typical terminal station . [259] [260] The MTA claimed that the new station saved four to six minutes of a passenger's trip time and increased the peak capacity of the 1 service to 24 trains per hour, as opposed to 16 to 17 trains per hour with the loop station. [259]
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, talk began to circulate about taking up the construction of the Second Avenue Subway . Most New Yorkers regarded these plans with cynicism, since citizens were promised the line since well before the Third Avenue elevated was torn down in 1955. Funds have been set aside and environmental impact reports have been completed. A tunnelling contract was awarded to the consortium of Schiavone/Shea/ Skanska (S3) by the MTA on March 20, 2007. [261] This followed preliminary engineering and a final tunnel design completed by a joint venture between AECOM and Arup . [262] [263] A ceremonial groundbreaking for the subway was held on April 12, 2007, and contractor work to prepare the project's initial construction site at 96th Street and Second Avenue began on April 23, 2007. [261] [264]
In October 2007, the 7 Subway Extension construction contract was awarded, extending the IRT Flushing Line to 34th Street . [131] Groundbreaking began in June 2008 and the tunnels were completed by 2010. The project, which was the first one funded by the city in over 60 years, [265] was intended to aid redevelopment of Hell's Kitchen around the West Side Yard of the Long Island Rail Road . [266]
Budget cuts
2010s and 2020s
The old South Ferry loop station closed between March 16, 2009, and April 4, 2013. It closed permanently in June 2017.
Hurricane Sandy caused serious damage to the IND Rockaway Line and isolated one part of the line from the rest of the system, requiring the NYCTA to truck in 20 subway cars to the line to provide some interim service in the Rockaways. This shows one of the cars being loaded onto a flatbed to be carried to the Rockaways.
On October 28, 2012, a full closure of the subway was ordered the day before the arrival of Hurricane Sandy . All services on the subway, the Long Island Rail Road and Metro-North were gradually shut down that evening. [270] The storm caused serious damage to the system, especially the IND Rockaway Line , which had many sections between Howard Beach–JFK Airport and Hammels Wye on the Rockaway Peninsula heavily damaged, leaving it essentially isolated from the rest of the system. This required the NYCTA to truck in 20 R32 subway cars to the line to provide some interim service, which was temporarily designated the H . [271] [272] The H ran between Beach 90th Street and Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue, where passengers could transfer to a free shuttle bus. [273] The line reopened on May 30, 2013, with a new retaining wall along the line to prevent against future storm surges. [274] [275] [276]
Several of the system's tunnels under the East River were flooded by the storm surge. [277] The South Ferry station suffered serious water damage, and on April 4, 2013, the older loop-configured station reopened to provide temporary service. [278] [279] The first tunnel to be repaired, the Greenpoint Tube under Newtown Creek , was fixed during a series of weekend closures in 2013 and a full closure during summer 2014. [280] The second tunnel, the Montague Street Tunnel , was closed completely from August 2013 [281] [282] to September 2014. [283] [284] [285]
Hurricane Sandy also damaged the Clark Street Tubes, necessitating a full closure on weekends between June 2017 and June 2018, thus affecting 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 service. [286] The new South Ferry station reopened on June 27, 2017, in time to accommodate the Clark Street closures. [287] [288] A week after South Ferry reopened, the MTA closed the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line for ten months to rebuild two of the line's viaducts, the 310-foot-long (94 m) approaches to the line's junction with the BMT Jamaica Line and Fresh Pond Bridge over the Montauk Branch in Queens. This was in preparation for a reconstruction of the BMT Canarsie Line tunnels under the East River . [289] [290] [291] [292]
The MTA also planned to completely close the BMT Canarsie Line west of Bedford Avenue for 18 months between early 2019 and mid-2020. [293] [294] [295] In April 2017, the shutdown was shortened to 15 months. [296] The closure was changed to a night and weekend shutdown in January 2019. [297] [298] [299]
Other rehabilitation projects included:
Covering over 3,200 openings at ground level. As of March 2019 [update] , there are 19 contracts in progress and 11 contracts pending. [300] In addition, a preventive measure, 68 subway entrances in Lower Manhattan are also receiving fabric plugs that are intended to keep flood water out. [301] : 44 In 2017, 3,000-pound (1,400 kg) waterproof doors and curtains were installed in 24 Lower Manhattan locations at a cost of $30,000 each. [302] [303]
Adding flood mitigation measures, like barriers, to the Coney Island , 207th Street , and Lenox subway yards [300] : 44
Adding flood mitigation measures to the IND Rockaway Line [300] : 44
Rebuilding other tubes. As of March 2019 [update] , the Steinway , 53rd Street, Cranberry, and Joralemon tunnels had been repaired, in addition to the Crosstown, Montague Street, and Clark Street tunnels. The Rutgers Street Tunnel was pending repairs. [300] : 44
Expansions open
2017 state of emergency
Underlying the fanfare of expansions, however, there was a gradual decline in maintenance of the subway, and consequently, fewer trains started arriving to their destinations on time. Maintenance spending declined before rising again from the 1990s to 2012, but on-time performance slowly eroded during that same time period. By 2017, only 65% of weekday trains reached their destinations on time, the lowest rate since the transit crisis of the 1970s. [243] In the summer of that year, the subway system was officially put in a state of emergency after a series of derailments, [315] [316] track fires, [317] [318] and overcrowding incidents. [317] [319]
To solve the system's problems, the MTA officially announced the Genius Transit Challenge on June 28, 2017, where contestants could submit ideas to improve signals, communications infrastructure, or rolling stock. [320] [321] On July 25, 2017, Chairman Joe Lhota announced a two-phase, $9 billion New York City Subway Action Plan to stabilize the subway system and to prevent the continuing decline of the system. [322] [323] [324] [325] The first phase, costing $836 million, consisted of five categories of improvements; the $8 billion second phase would implement the winning proposals from the Genius Transit Challenge and fix more widespread problems. [323] [324] [325] Six winning submissions for the Genius Transit Challenge were announced in March 2018. [326]
In October 2017, city comptroller Scott Stringer released an analysis of the effect of subway delays on the economy and on commuters. The study found that based on a normal wait time of 5 minutes and an average wage of $34 per hour in 2016, "worst-case" subway delays of more than 20 minutes could cost up to $389 million annually in lost productivity. [327] By comparison, "mid-case" delays of between 10 and 20 minutes could cost $243.1 million per year, and "best-case" delays of between 5 and 10 minutes could cost $170.2 million per year. [328]
In November 2017, The New York Times published its investigation into the crisis. It found that the crisis had arisen as a result of financially unsound decisions by local and state politicians from both the Democratic and Republican parties. By this time, the subway's 65% average on-time performance was the lowest among all major cities' transit systems, and every non-shuttle subway route's on-time performance had declined in the previous ten years. [243]
Several improvements were made in response to the transit crisis. In the short term, signals, trains, and tracks were improved under the "Fast Forward" program. [329] [330] Further, the MTA's 2020–2024 capital plan called for adding elevators and ramps to 66 subway stations and adding modern signaling systems to parts of six more physical lines, to be funded by congestion pricing in Manhattan . [331] [332] Additionally, several other changes were proposed to improve service. For instance, in February 2019, several politicians wrote a letter to the MTA, asking the agency to consider splitting the R train in half to increase reliability. [333] [334] In January 2020, Stringer sent a letter to NYCTA president Andy Byford stated that the "abundance" of shuttered entry points along subway routes was contributing to severe overcrowding and longer commute times, and requested that the MTA develop and publicize plans for restoring closed entry points. [335] The state of emergency ended on June 30, 2021, after previously being renewed 49 times. [336]
Planning of new lines
In November 2016, the MTA requested that the Second Avenue Subway's Phase 2 project be entered into the Project Development phase under the Federal Transit Administration's New Starts program. [344] The FTA granted this request in late December 2016; [345] The line will eventually comprise four phases, running as far north as 125th Street in East Harlem during Phase 2, and south to Hanover Square in Lower Manhattan in Phases 3 and 4. [346] The MTA began soliciting bids in July 2023 for the first Phase 2 construction contract. [347] [348]
COVID-19 pandemic and crime concerns
The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic to the New York City area in March 2020 resulted in mass closures of gathering spaces. [349] After the MTA recommended that only essential workers use the New York City Subway, ridership started to decrease. [350] [351] Part-time services were temporarily suspended. [352] Starting on May 6, 2020, stations were closed overnight for cleaning, in what became the first planned overnight closure in the subway's history. The overnight closures were to be suspended once the pandemic was over, and bus service was added. [353] In early May 2021, Governor Cuomo announced that the overnight subway closures would end on May 17, 2021, with 24-hour service resuming on that date. [354] [355]
In February 2021, the New York City Subway removed benches from several stations in an effort to reduce the number of homeless persons sleeping on them, which during the COVID-19 pandemic was considered to be unsanitary. This move drew considerable backlash from riders who alleged that the removal of the benches amounts to disenfranchising disabled people and senior citizens, as well as being unfair to homeless populations. [356] [357]
Although ridership decreased by 40 percent from 2019 to 2022, the number of crimes in the system remained roughly the same, prompting riders to express concerns over increased crime. [358] [359] There had been six murders in the subway in 2020; the following year, the subway recorded eight murders, the highest annual total in 25 years. [360] During the pandemic, the subway system experienced several high-profile incidents, including a January 2022 shoving death of a passenger in Times Square and an April 2022 mass shooting in Brooklyn. [359] As of October 2022 [update] , crime in the system had increased 40 percent from the previous year; the number of crimes recorded to date was roughly the same as in 2019, when ridership was much higher. [361] [362] In response, governor Kathy Hochul and mayor Eric Adams announced a plan to increase police presence within the subway system. [363] Amid an increase in violent crimes in the subway system, Hochul deployed National Guard and New York State Police forces to the subway in March 2024, as part of Joint Task Force Empire Shield . [364]
Further upgrades and improvements
Incidents and accidents
Only accidents that caused injuries, deaths, or significant damage are listed.
Aftermath of F train derailment in May 2014
August 22, 1938: A collision at the 116th Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line) killed 2 and injured 51. [374] [377]
September 26, 1957: A motorman and three passengers were killed at an accident at 231st Street . [374]
November 28, 1962: A crane fell in Coney Island, killing three. [374]
December 29, 1969: A southbound train derailed near East 180th Street in the Bronx, injuring 48. [374]
February 27, 1970: A 6 train hit a bumper block at the Pelham Bay Park station, injuring 7. [378]
May 20, 1970: Two Brooklyn-bound GG trains crashed west of Roosevelt Avenue , killing 2 and injuring 77. [374]
July 17, 1970: A Manhattan-bound E train ran into an A train at Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets , injuring 37. [379]
August 1, 1970: A fire in the tunnel near Bowling Green killed one and injured 50. [374]
May 27, 1971: A 7 train was stuck in the Steinway Tunnel and one person died of a heart attack. [380]
July 16, 1971: A fire took place south of 14th Street on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, injuring 11. [381]
August 28, 1973: A 7 train was hit by falling concrete in the Steinway Tunnel, killing one and injuring 18. [382] [374] [383]
October 4, 1973: Three passengers were injured when a Lexington Avenue Express train derailed 900 feet south of the Bergen Street station. [384]
October 25, 1973: A fire in two train cars at Longwood Avenue led to a rear-end accident. [382] [374]
December 1, 1974: Six people were injured as a Franklin Avenue Shuttle train consisting of R32s derailed at the same spot of the Malbone Street Wreck hitting the wall leaving a massive gash in the side of one of the cars. [385] [386] [387] [388]
April 12, 1977: Two passengers were injured when an N train derailed between the Manhattan Bridge and DeKalb Avenue. [389]
June 30, 1978: Three people were injured when an L train derailed, with nine of the cars leaving the track, damaging the track and platform. [390]
December 13, 1978: A CC train derailed south of 59th Street Columbus Circle crashing into the tunnel wall, injuring 16 of 100 passengers. [391]
November 20, 1980: A 2 train derailed as it entered Chambers Street injuring 16 passengers. [392]
January 12, 1981: A D train derailed on the BMT Brighton Line near Kings Highway injuring 10 passengers. [393]
July 3, 1981: A motorman was killed and 135 passengers are injured as a Manhattan bound train plowed into the rear of a second train halted for a failed signal between Sutter Avenue and Utica Avenue. [394]
April 25, 1986: An out of service F train crashed into the bumper blocks at 179th Street , and the motorman died of a heart attack. [395] [382] [374]
July 26, 1990: A B train and an M train collided on the BMT West End Line , injuring 36 people. [374]
December 28, 1990: An electrical fire occurred in the Clark Street Tunnel , killing 2 and injuring 188. [396]
August 28, 1991: In a derailment at Union Square , five people were killed and more than 200 were injured when a southbound 4 train derailed due to a drunk motorman. [382] [374] [397]
October 7, 1993: Two L trains collided at the Graham Avenue station; 45 were injured. [374] [397]
August 15, 1994: A southbound B train derailed near Ninth Avenue in Brooklyn, injuring 11. [382] [374]
December 21, 1994: A bomb made by Edward Leary detonated in a subway car, injuring him and 47 others. [398]
February 9, 1995: An M train and a B train collided near the Ninth Avenue station. Seven people on the B train were injured, and the motorman of the M train was culpable. [374] [397]
June 5, 1995: In a collision on the Williamsburg Bridge , a Manhattan-bound J train crashed into a stopped Manhattan-bound M train after passing a red light at high speed, killing one and injuring 50. [374] [397]
August 23, 1995: A 6 train collided with another at Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall station, injuring 87. [374] [397]
July 3, 1997: A Queens-bound A train derailed in Harlem, near the 135th Street station, injuring 15 people. [382]
July 14, 1997: The last car of a southbound 2 train derailed near Franklin Avenue , injuring four people. [382]
November 20, 1997: A Forest Hills-bound R train rear-ended a G train in a tunnel near the Steinway Street station, injuring 40, none seriously. [374]
April 12, 2000: A northbound 5 train derailed near 68th Street , injuring nine people. [382]
June 21, 2000: A southbound B train derailed just after leaving the DeKalb Avenue station in Brooklyn, injuring more than 80 people. Officials said the third car jumped off the track, pulling the second car along. [399] [382]
May 2, 2014: A Manhattan-bound F train with 1,000 people on board derailed near 65th Street , injuring at least 19 people. [400] [382]
September 10, 2015: A southbound G train with approximately 80 people on board derailed near Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets , injuring at least five people. [401]
June 27, 2017: A southbound A train derailed then caught fire near 125th Street . [402] The derailment, caused by improperly secured replacement rails, [403] resulted in 39 minor injuries. [404]
March 27, 2020: A northbound 2 train caught fire in the Central Park North–110th Street station , killing the motorman and injuring at least 16 other people. [405] [406] Since several other fires had been observed in nearby stations, the incident was investigated as a possible arson. [407] [408]
September 20, 2020: A northbound A train derailed at 14th Street/Eighth Avenue station when a homeless man clamped wooden planks onto the roadbed causing the train to derail. Three passengers were injured. [409] [410] [411]
Additionally, in an accident recorded before 1918, a derailment happened on the Ninth Avenue Elevated in Manhattan on September 11, 1905, resulting in 13 deaths and 48 serious injuries. [415] [416]
Other disasters
Other accidents in the history of the subway do not involve trains; [417] [418] [419] several people have been fatally electrocuted by the subway's third rails , [420] [421] and yet others have been fatally pushed onto the tracks. [422] [423] Fatal pushing incidents include the 2022 death of Michelle Go at the Times Square station. [424]
In 1960, a person nicknamed the Sunday Bomber set off a series of bombs in the New York City Subway during Sundays and holidays, killing one woman and injuring 51 other commuters. [425] [426] [427] The bomber also set off bombs in ferries. [428] On April 12, 2022, a mass shooting attack occurred on the N train , injuring at least 29 people. [429]
See also
"Atlantic Av Tunnel" . March 4, 2016. Archived from the original on June 25, 2014. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
^ Multiple sources:
"The Atlantic Avenue Tunnel" . New York City Subway Transit Scenes. Archived from the original on February 6, 2007. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Hood, Clifton (1995). 722 Miles . The Johns Hopkins University Press; First Edition (September 1, 1995). p. 59. ISBN
"Transit in Possession of Brooklyn Elevated". Brooklyn Daily Eagle . Brooklyn, NY . March 25, 1899. p. 1.
"Of the Nassau-Transit Railroad Consolidation Deal". Brooklyn Daily Eagle . Brooklyn, NY . November 6, 1898. p. 30.
"Rapid Transit Company Gets Brighton Beach R.R.". Brooklyn Daily Eagle . Brooklyn, NY . March 21, 1899. p. 1.
"Transit Truths" . BMT-Lines.com. Archived from the original on May 14, 2014. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
"Subway at Fulton Street Busy" (PDF). The New York Times. January 17, 1905. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
"Another Centennial–Original Subway Extended To Fulton Street" . New York Division Bulletin. 48 (1). New York Division, Electric Railroaders' Association. January 2005. Retrieved August 31, 2016 – via Issu.
Wilson, Tracy (March 22, 2007). "How Subways Work" . HowStuffWorks.com. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
Feinman, Mark; Darlington, Peggy; Pirmann, David; Brennan, Joseph (2012). "BMT 4th Avenue Line" . www.nycsubway.org. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
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"Subway Station Opens Aug. 28" (PDF). The New York Times. August 5, 1939. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
"NYC Subway" . Banksofthesusquehanna.com. Archived from the original on May 15, 2014. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
"Top New York Projects" (PDF). New York Construction. June 2008. p. 27. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
^ "New York City Transit Authority: Facts & Figures 1979", New York City Transit Authority, 1979., pg. 17 (PDF) http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/pages/FileBrowser.aspx?LinkToFile=FILES_DOC/WAGNER_FILES/06.021.0058.060284.11.PDF
"To Rockaways: Beach Trains In Operation" . Greenpoint Weekly Star. Old Fulton New York Postcards. June 29, 1956. p. 2. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
Report including analysis of operations of the New York City transit system for five years, ended June 30, 1945. New York City: Board of Transportation of the City of New York. 1945. hdl : 2027/mdp.39015020928621 .
^ * "IRT Will Open Express Station at Lexington and 59th Thursday", New York Times; November 9, 1962; page 37
"IRT Express Stop Opens at 59th St.", New York Times; November 16, 1962; page 22
^ a b David Grazian, "Mix It Up", W W Norton & Co Inc, 2010, ISBN 0-393-92952-3 , p.14
Edmonds, Richard (January 28, 1982). "City cites a rail improvement" . New York Daily News. p. 23. Retrieved May 12, 2020 – via newspapers.com .
Edmonds, Richard (January 25, 1981). "Source for all the bullets: Can We Save Our Subways". New York Daily News. pp. 7 , 62 – via newspapers.com .
Rosen, Richard (October 26, 1980). "Riding for a fall?" . New York Daily News. p. 8. Retrieved May 12, 2020 – via newspapers.com .
Brooke, James (April 29, 1986). "Subway Aides to Weigh Cuts on 11 Routes" . The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved February 17, 2018.
Reel, William (January 18, 1980). "The Subway Savages" . New York Daily News. p. 32. Retrieved May 12, 2020 – via newspapers.com .
Linder, Bernard (December 2008). "Sixth Avenue Subway Service Changes" . New York Division Bulletin. 51 (12). Electric Railroaders' Association: 2–4. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
York, Marva (January 9, 1981). "TA cracks down on subway vandals". New York Daily News. pp. 416 , 418 – via newspapers.com .
Seaton, Charles (February 17, 1985). "Vandals on the Rails". New York Daily News. pp. 331 , 333 – via newspapers.com .
^ "Cops Are Night Riders", New York Daily News, front page picture caption, June 6, 1985.
Edmonds, Richard (January 21, 1982). "The Fear Hits Home: Ravitch Kin Are Not Night Riders" . New York Daily News. p. 4. Retrieved May 12, 2020 – via newspapers.com .
Liff, Mark (October 1, 1982). "Subway Ridership Hits 65 Year Low" . New York Daily News. p. 7. Retrieved May 12, 2020 – via newspapers.com .
Citizens Crime Commission of New York City; Regional Plan Association (1986). "Downtown Safety Security and Economic Development (Paperback)" . Downtown Safety Security and Economic Development. New York, NY, USA: Downtown Research & Development. p. 148. Retrieved November 24, 2009.
Glazer, Nathan (1979). "On Subway Graffiti in New York City" (PDF). National Affairs. No. 54. pp. 3–12. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 17, 2015. Retrieved November 24, 2009.
"DON'T DO IT (1988)" . MTA.info (YouTube). January 9, 2010. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
.
Kelling, George L.; Wilson, James Q. (March 1, 1982). "Broken Windows" . The Atlantic.
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Fletcher, George P. (June 1990). A Crime of Self-Defense: Bernhard Goetz and the Law on Trial. University of Chicago Press . ISBN
Brooks, Michael (1998). "Stories and Verdicts: Bernhard Goetz and New York in Crisis". College Literature. 25 (1): 77–93. JSTOR 25112354 .
"Behavior: Low Profile for a Legend Bernard Goetz" . Time. January 21, 1985. Archived from the original on June 11, 2008.
Wolff, Craig (November 12, 1993). "Subway Crime Declining, New Transit Figures Show" . The New York Times. New York, NY, USA. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
^ Weidner, Robert R. Target Hardening at a New York City Subway Station: Decreased Fare Evasion – at What Price? In Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 6, Criminal Justice Press, Monsey, N.Y., 1996.
^ Rivera, Joseph. Vandal Squad – Inside the New York City Transit Police Department 1984–2004. Brooklyn, N.Y., 2008.
^ Metropolitan Transportation Authority. The 1980 "Train to the Plane" TV Commercial, from the Transit Museum Archives, New York, N.Y., 1980. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qkL1LIUsmqc on June 27, 2010.
^ Sims, Calvin. Despite Curbs, Fare Beating Is Surging Again in Subways. In the New York Times, August 16, 1991.
^ Bratton, William and P. Knobler. Ch. 9. In The Turnaround: How America's Top Cop Reversed the Crime Epidemic. Random House, New York, N.Y., 1998.
^ Sims, Calvin. Fare Beaters in Subway Pay in the End, in Sweat. In New York Times, February 18, 1991.
^ Hom, Keith J. Reinventing Transit: the Twenty-Year "Overnight" Success Story of NYC Transit. Presented at the Metropolitan Conference on Public Transportation Research, Chicago, Ill., June 11, 1999.
^ Kelling, George L., and J. Q. Wilson. Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety. In Atlantic Monthly, March 1982.
^ Levitt, Steven D., and S. J. Dubner. Ch. 4: Where Have All the Criminals Gone. In Freakonomics: A Rouge Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. New York, N.Y. 2005.
^ Langan, Patrick A., and M. R. Durose. The Remarkable Drop in Crime in New York City. Presented at the International Conference on Crime, the Italian National Institute of Statistics, Rome, December 3~5, 2003. Retrieved from http://www.istat.it/istat/eventi/2003/perunasocieta/ Archived July 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine relazioni/Langan_rel.pdf on October 4, 2010.
^ Weidner, Robert R. Target-Hardening at a New York City Subway Station: Decreased Fare Evasion – at What Price? In Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 6, Criminal Justice Press, Monsey, N.Y., 1996.
^ Strom, Stephanie. Cheats Outfox New Turnstile For Subways. In New York Times, May 16, 1991.
^ a b c d e The Bulletin, New York Division Electric Railroaders' Association, January 1987, page 5.
Dunlap, David W. (December 17, 1985). "New Maps to Help Rider Gain His Journey's End" . The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved February 14, 2018.
^ "Wheels of Fortune: Case in Point 1 – Looking for Mr. Goodcar", New York Daily News Magazine, March 23, 1986, page 26.
^ "R36 MDBFs", R36 Preservation, Inc. http://www.coronayard.com/r36preservation/r36mdbf.html
^ The Bulletin, New York Division Electric Railroaders' Association, August 1989, page 1.
"lower left front" . railfanwindow.com. Archived from the original on July 22, 2018. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
Lueck, Thomas J. (August 24, 2006). "M.T.A. Ridership Grows Faster Than Population" . The New York Times. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
Chan, Sewell (February 20, 2009). "Subway and Bus Ridership Sets Record" . The New York Times. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
"About FTA" . FTA. December 3, 2003. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
Young, Dana. "Opposition to South Ferry subway project grows" . DOWNTOWN EXPRESS | The Newspaper of Lower Manhattan. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
"No. 7 Subway Extension" . Hudson Yards Development Corporation. Archived from the original on February 9, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
Neuman, Sewell Chan and William (November 10, 2008). "M.T.A. Faces $1.2 Billion Deficit" . City Room. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
"G Line Review" . mta.info. Archived from the original on November 7, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
{{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link )
Newman, Andy; Goodman, J. David (September 15, 2014). "The R Roars Back" . New York Times. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
"Capital Program Oversight Committee Meeting" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. April 2017. p. 62. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
See also:
"MTA: Every NYC Subway Station Now Equipped With OMNY Contactless Payment System" . CBS New York – Breaking News, Sports, Weather, Traffic And The Best of NY. December 31, 2020. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
"The Mayor to Begin B.R.T Inquiry Today" (PDF). The New York Times. New York City, NY. November 1, 1918. p. 24. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
Prial, Frank J. (May 28, 1971). "Hazards Cited in Rescuing Stranded IRT Passengers" . The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved December 25, 2016 – via New York Times Archive.
Newman, Andy (June 21, 2000). "Train Derails In Brooklyn, Injuring Scores" . The New York Times. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
^ Robert C. Reed, The New York Elevated, South Brunswick, NJ and New York: Barnes, 1978, ISBN 0-498-02138-6 , p. 138.
^ "Catastrophe on New York 'L': Worst Accident in its History", The Summary, Elmira, NY, September 16, 1905 .
New York Media, LLC (June 15, 1970). New York Magazine – Internet Archive . New York Media, LLC. p. 41 . Retrieved May 13, 2014.
subway death.
New York Media, LLC (July 27, 1981). New York Magazine – Google Books . Retrieved May 13, 2014.
New York Media, LLC (January 23, 1995). New York Magazine – Google Books . Retrieved May 13, 2014.
Further reading
.
Includes numerous construction photos.
.
Lange, Tod (2011). New York Subways and Stations, 1970–1990. Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. ISBN
.
History of the New York City Subway
| 139 |
15 | when did the subway open in new york | https://guides.loc.gov/chronicling-america-new-york-city-subway | New York City Subway: Topics in Chronicling America
On October 27, 1904, the New York City Subway officially opens as one of the oldest public transit systems. This guide provides access to material related to "New York City Subway" in the Chronicling America digital collection of historic newspapers.
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About Chronicling America
Chronicling America is a searchable digital collection of historic newspaper pages through 1963 sponsored jointly by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Library of Congress.
Read more about it!
Follow ChronAm by subscribing to email alerts and RSS feeds.
Also, see the Directory of U.S. Newspapers in American Libraries , a searchable index to newspapers published in the United States since 1690, which helps researchers identify what titles exist for a specific place and time, and how to access them.
Introduction
The New York City Subway is an exemplar of public transportation in the United States, and even in the world. It is one of the world’s oldest public transit systems, one of the world’s longest subway systems, the largest rapid transit system in the world by number of stations, and furthermore, one of the world’s most-used metro systems. Thousands of tourists and locals ride the trains every day of the year, at every hour of the day. Now an iconic staple of New York City, many New Yorkers cannot even imagine their lives without the subway system. Read more about it!
The information in this guide focuses on primary source materials found in the digitized historic newspapers from the digital collection Chronicling America .
The timeline below highlights important dates related to this topic and a section of this guide provides some suggested search strategies for further research in the collection.
Timeline
November 1, 1903
During subway construction, people and animals tumble into the open ditch, dogs are made crazy by the explosions, and people complain of “subway’s knee.”
September 4, 1904
As construction approaches completion, New Yorkers take greater interest in the subway.
October 9, 1904
The New York subway, prior to opening, is lauded as the “greatest thing of its kind” and is expected to solve the city’s transportation problem.
October 27, 1904
November 13, 1904
Health concerns are raised about poor subway ventilation and sanitation, as well as exposure to bacilli. Electricity and fans are proposed as solutions.
October 5, 1910
Gimbel Brothers opens a department store in the subway, dubbed the “Subway Store.”
May 25, 1911
The Interborough Company plans on extending the City Subway and offers reduced fares to Manhattan.
December 28, 1913
The subway stimulates New York City economy as demand for property along the subway line skyrockets.
September 29, 1914
A serious accident occurs when two trains collide, causing a fire and three deaths.
September 25, 1915
Premature explosion of dynamite causes a cave-in leading to hundreds of injuries and seven deaths.
January 1915
Burning of two electric cables result in partial asphyxiation of hundreds of passengers and one death.
August 2, 1918
The opening of a new section in the Manhattan subway causes thousands of passengers to become lost at Times Square as their routes are changed.
August 28, 1922
Mayor Haylor plans on providing 126 miles of new lines as well as six new tunnels, an extremely costly plan.
| 140 |
15 | when did the subway open in new york | https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/issue/summer19/article/first-new-york-city-subway-system-was-designed-college-grad | The First New York City Subway System Was Designed by a College Grad
William Barclay Parsons CC 1879, SEAS 1882 was a pioneering figure in New York City’s subway system.
SCOTT RUDD
William Barclay Parsons CC 1879, SEAS 1882 was a pioneering figure in New York City’s subway system. In 1894, Parsons became the first chief engineer of the New York Rapid Transit Commission; as part of his work he designed the original plan for the Interborough Rapid Transit subway — the city’s first underground transit system. The original IRT line opened in 1904, and 116 Street - Columbia University (now a 1 train stop) was part of the first wave of stations that ran from City Hall to 145th Street at Broadway. At Columbia, Parsons was both a co-founder of Spectator and class president.
Issue Contents
Cover Story
| 141 |
16 | who has the most catches in nfl history | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NFL_career_receptions_leaders | List of NFL career receptions leaders
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The 1,000 Catch Club is a group of 15 National Football League players with at least 1,000 career receptions . The list consists of 12 wide receivers and 3 tight ends . [1]
Players with at least 1,000 receptions
Jerry Rice is the all-time receptions leader.
Travis Kelce is the most recent player to reach the 1,000 reception milestone.
Through the 2024 season
Rank
Player
Team(s)
Receptions
16
Through semifinals round of 2024 playoffs. [2]
Rank
Player
List of NFL career receptions leaders
| 147 |
16 | who has the most catches in nfl history | https://www.pro-football-reference.com/leaders/rec_career.htm | All-Time Receptions Leaders
Leaders
Details on the Pro Football Reference Win Probability
Logos were compiled by the amazing SportsLogos.net.
Data Provided By
The SPORTS REFERENCE, STATHEAD, IMMACULATE GRID, and IMMACULATE FOOTY trademarks are owned exclusively by Sports Reference LLC. Use without license or authorization is expressly prohibited.
| 148 |
16 | who has the most catches in nfl history | https://www.statmuse.com/nfl/ask?q=most+receptions+of+all-time | Jerry Rice has the most career catches, with 1,549 catches.
Interpreted as:
NAME
REC
GP
TRG
Related Searches
| 149 |
16 | who has the most catches in nfl history | https://www.marca.com/en/nfl/2025/02/24/67bbb1a8268e3e7e558b4577.html | Siempre que entres en Marca.com se cargará esta edición
ES (España)
EN (English)
MX (México)
US (USA)
Travis Hunter must have learned from coach deion sanders
Hunter's footwork is particularly noteworthy. As a receiver, his precise footwork allows him to run crisp routes, create separation from defensive backs, and make contested catches. This same agility translates seamlessly to his defensive role, enabling him to mirror receivers' movements, maintain tight coverage, and break on the ball with explosive speed. His ability to change direction quickly and maintain balance is essential for a two-way player, allowing him to transition smoothly between offensive and defensive responsibilities.
Unreal! Travis Hunter is going to destroy the NFL as a two/way player
Coupled with his refined footwork is Hunter's exceptional speed. This raw athleticism is a game-changer, both offensively and defensively. As a receiver, his speed allows him to stretch the field, create big plays, and outrun defenders after the catch. On defense, his speed is equally valuable, enabling him to cover ground quickly, recover from mistakes, and make plays on balls thrown deep. This combination of speed and agility makes him a nightmare matchup for opposing players, regardless of which side of the ball he's on.
Furthermore, Hunter's experience playing a significant number of snaps on both offense and defense at the college level has prepared him for the rigors of the NFL. He has demonstrated the stamina and mental fortitude required to handle the demands of playing both ways, a testament to his exceptional conditioning and dedication to the game. While the NFL presents a higher level of competition, Hunter's proven ability to manage a heavy workload in college suggests he's capable of making the transition.
Deion Sanders, Hunter's coach at Colorado, has been a vocal advocate for his two-way potential. 1 Sanders, a Hall of Famer and arguably one of the best two-way players ever, understands the physical and mental demands of playing both receiver and cornerback at a high level. He has instilled in Hunter the importance of conditioning, technique, and mental preparation, equipping him with the tools necessary to succeed in the NFL.
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16 | who has the most catches in nfl history | https://www.statmuse.com/nfl/ask/most-receptions-career-active-players | Toggle Theme
Travis Kelce has made the most career catches by an active player, with 1,004 receptions.
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17 | all languages follow the rules of a grammar. true false | https://atlasls.com/grammar-differences-between-different-languages/ | September 10, 2020
By Atlas LS
English vs. Spanish
In the English language, descriptive adjectives come before the noun they are describing, such as “good actor” or “lively pet.” In Spanish, these adjectives tend to come after the noun. In certain words, descriptive adverbs and adjectives are placed before the noun and change the emotional meaning. The word “dulce” means “good” when it’s placed before the noun and “sweet” when it’s placed after it. In English, adverbs can be placed before or after an action word without changing its meaning. An example is “he talks loudly” or “he loudly talks.”
English vs. Japanese
English grammar has several types of verb tenses: past, present and future. Each type of tense has several forms: simple, perfect, progressive and perfect progressive. In the Japanese language , the grammar has only the past and present verb tense that breaks down into the formal and informal form.
The order of the words differs between English and Japanese. Most English is read and written from left to right and from top to bottom. Traditional Japanese is written in columns from right to left, and some books are read starting from the back. Arabic language is also written from right to left.
English vs. German
German lacks several verb tenses that are not found in English. When learning English, many Germans have trouble speaking in the correct tense. They usually speak in the present perfect tense when talking about the past. Also, Germans use more inflected words, such as prefixes or suffixes, to modify words that are used in specific parts of speech.
German punctuation rules are stricter and require more punctuation, such as commas that may appear like comma splices in English sentences. Additionally, there are more capitalization requirements for the nouns.
Even in countries where the same language is spoken, there are many grammar, spelling and vocabulary differences. In Britain, the same words are pronounced with an accent and certain words like “color” are spelled differently than in America. Similarly, there are significant grammar differences that affect how you translate the source language into the target language. Learning more about the specific differences will help you to avoid making common translation mistakes. It’s also important to work with a professional company that provides high-quality legal interpretation , and business conference translation services .
FAQs
What is a major difference between English and Spanish grammar?
In English, descriptive adjectives typically come before the noun, such as in “good actor.” In Spanish, adjectives often come after the noun, and their placement can change the emotional meaning of the word.
How do verb tenses in English differ from those in Japanese?
English has several types of verb tenses, including past, present, and future, each with simple, perfect, progressive, and perfect progressive forms. Japanese grammar primarily uses past and present tenses, which break down into formal and informal forms.
How does the order of words differ between English and Japanese?
English is generally read and written from left to right and top to bottom. Traditional Japanese is written in columns from right to left, with some books read starting from the back. Arabic is also written from right to left.
What are some differences in verb tense usage between English and German?
German lacks several verb tenses found in English, leading many Germans to use the present perfect tense when talking about the past. German also uses more inflected words to modify specific parts of speech.
How does punctuation and capitalization differ between English and German?
German punctuation rules are stricter and require more commas, which may appear as comma splices in English sentences. Additionally, German has more capitalization requirements, particularly for nouns.
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17 | all languages follow the rules of a grammar. true false | https://open.maricopa.edu/essentialsoflinguistics/chapter/1-5-fundamental-properties-of-language/ | This unit addresses some of the common myths that people believe about languages, and responds to these misconceptions with fundamental truths about human language:
All languages have a grammar.
All languages & grammars are equally valid, in linguistic terms.
All languages have some universal properties in common.
Every language changes over time.
Most of our knowledge of the mental grammar of our language is unconscious.
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Because everybody speaks a language, just about everybody has opinions about language. But there are lots of things that are commonly believed about language that just aren’t true.
You might have heard someone say that a given language has no grammar. I’ve heard people try to argue that Chinese has no grammar, that English has no grammar, that the languages spoken by Indigenous people who live in what is currently Canada have no grammar, even that Swiss German has no grammar.
When people say this, they might mean a few different things. Sometimes they just mean that there’s not much variation in the forms of words, which is true of Chinese, but the grammar of Chinese has lots of complexity in its sound system.
But sometimes people who argue that a language has no grammar are actually trying to claim that that language is inferior in some way.
The truth is that all languages have grammar. All languages have a sound system, a system for forming words, a way of organizing words into sentences, a systematic way of assigning meanings. Even languages that don’t have writing systems or dictionaries or published books of rules still have speakers who understand each other; that means they have a shared system, a shared mental grammar.
When we’re investigating mental grammar, it doesn’t matter whether a language has a prestigious literature or is spoken by powerful people. Using linguists’ techniques for making scientific observations about language, we can study the phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics of any language.
Another opinion that you might have heard about language is that some languages are better than others. Maybe you’ve heard someone say, “Oh, I don’t speak real Italian, just a dialect,” implying that the dialect is not as good as so-called real Italian. Or maybe you’ve heard someone say that Québec French is just sloppy; it’s not as good as the French they speak in France. Or maybe you’ve heard someone say that nobody in Newfoundland can speak proper English, or nobody in Texas speaks proper English, or maybe even nobody in North America speaks proper English and the only good English is the Queen’s English that they speak in England.
The truth is that all languages are equally valid. Just as we said that all languages have grammar, it’s also the case that there’s no way to say that one grammar is better or worse than another grammar. Remember that linguistics takes a scientific approach to language, and scientists don’t rate or rank the things they study. Ichthyologists don’t rank fish to say which species is more correct at being a fish, and astronomers don’t argue over which galaxy is more posh. In the same way, linguists don’t assign a value to any language or variety or dialect.
It is the case, though, that plenty of people do attribute value to particular dialects or varieties, and sociolinguistic research tells us that there can be negative or positive social consequences for people who speak certain varieties. When people say that British English is better than American English, for example, they’re making a social judgment, based on politics, history, economics, or snobbery. But there is no linguistic basis for making that value judgment.
One of the common misconceptions about language arose when scholars first started doing linguistics. At first, they focused on the languages that they knew, which were mostly the languages that were spoken in Europe. The grammars of those languages had a lot in common because they all evolved from a common ancestor, which we now call Proto-Indo-European. When linguists started learning about the languages spoken in other parts of the world, they thought at first that these languages were so unfamiliar, so unusual, so weird, that they speculated that these languages had nothing at all in common with the languages of Europe.
Linguists have now studied enough languages to know that in spite of the many differences between languages, there are some universal properties that are common to all human languages. The field of linguistic typology studies the properties that languages have in common even across languages that they aren’t related to. Some of these universal properties are at the level of phonology, for example, all languages have consonants and vowels. Some of these universals are at the level of morphology and syntax. All languages make a distinction between nouns and verbs. In nearly all languages, the subject of a sentence comes before the verb and before the object of the sentence. We’ll discover more of these universals as we proceed through the chapters.
A very common belief that people have about language is something you might have heard from your grandparents or your teachers. Have you heard them say, “Kids these days are ruining English! They should learn to speak properly!” Or if you grew up speaking Mandarin, maybe you heard the same thing, “Those teenagers are ruining Mandarin! They should learn to speak properly!” For as long as there has been language, there have been people complaining that young people are ruining it, and trying to force them to speak in a more old-fashioned way. Some countries like France and Germany even have official institutes that make prescriptive rules about what words and sentence structures are allowed in the language and which ones aren’t allowed.
The truth is that every language changes over time. Languages are spoken by humans, and as humans grow and change, and as our society changes, our language changes along with it. Some language change is as simple as in the vocabulary of a language: we need to introduce new words to talk about new concepts and new inventions. For example, the verb google didn’t exist when I was an undergraduate student, but now googling is something I do every day. Language also changes in they we pronounce things and in the way we use words and form sentences. In a later chapter, we’ll talk about some of the things that are changing in Canadian English.
Another common belief about language is the idea that you can’t learn a language unless someone teaches you the rules, either in a language class or with a textbook or a software package. This might be partially true for learning a language as an adult: it might be hard to do it on your own without a teacher. But think about yourself as a kid. Whatever language you grew up speaking, whether it’s English or French or Mandarin or Arabic or Tamil or Serbian, you didn’t have to wait until kindergarten to start speaking. You learned the language from infancy by interacting with the people around you who spoke that language. Some of those people around you might have taught you particular words for things, but they probably weren’t teaching you, “make the [f] sound by putting your top teeth on your bottom lip” or “make sure you put the subject of the sentence before the verb”. And by the time you started school you were perfectly fluent in your language. In some parts of the world, people never go to school and never have any formal instruction, but they still speak their languages fluently.
That’s because almost everything we know about our language — our mental grammar — is unconscious knowledge that’s acquired implicitly as children. Much of your knowledge of your mental grammar is not accessible to your conscious awareness. This is kind of a strange idea: how can you know something if you’re not conscious of knowing it? Many things that we know are indeed conscious knowledge. For example, if I asked you, you could explain to me how to get to your house, or what the capital of Canada is, or what the difference is between a cow and a horse. But our mind also has lots of knowledge that is not fully conscious. You probably can’t explain very clearly how to control your muscles to climb stairs, or how to recognize the face of someone you know, or how to form complex sentences in your native language, and yet you can do all of these things easily and fluently, and unconsciously. A lot of our job when we study Linguistics is to make explicit the things that you already know implicitly. This is exactly what makes linguistics challenging at first, but it’s also what makes it fun!
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17 | all languages follow the rules of a grammar. true false | https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/UsefulNotes/GrammarInForeignLanguages | Unlike what you would see in many works of fiction , languages of the real world can work in wildly different ways, enough to make them sound like Starfish Language to a non-native. A common remark of people studying linguistics is to scratch their heads and remark, "Go home, language, you are drunk." In fact, for every property that has ever been proposed as a "universal" characteristic of human language, there is at least one known non-artificial human language that doesn't have it, or has its exact opposite.
Western audiences and authors generally find the Indo-European language family the most familiar in terms of grammar and vocabulary. This family includes most (but not all) of the languages spoken in modern Europe (already quite diverse; compare Russian to English to Italian) but also roughly half of the many languages spoken in India and what used to be called the "Near East" (Turkey, Persia, etc). And Indo-European is only one of dozens of such families. Wikipedia has more details .
Real human languages very often differ from what Benjamin Whorf has called " Standard Average European " in that they can:
Lack articles such as a, an, or the, such as Russian and Latin (IE), and Japanese and Chinese (non-IE).
Have definite articles but no indefinite articles, such as Irish and Icelandic (both IE), Esperanto (a Conlang based mostly on IE languages), and (all forms of) Arabic (non-IE)
Have indefinite articles, but express definite forms with a suffix (Scandinavian languages and Romanian, IE)
Have finicky rules about when things can be definite or indefinite (Literary Arabic: not "a leader of the community," but rather "one leader among the leaders of the community")note Literary Arabic has a marker for indefiniteness that is not an article. Colloquial Arabic has dropped the marker altogether.; even closely related languages such as English and German sometimes use inverse rules when it comes to abstracts, for example. note The German equivalent of "in love and war" literally is "in the love and the war"
Somewhat related as well is being finicky about whether definite articles or possessives should be used in describing a noun. For example, in Spanish, any verb phrase that is constructed where what one would perceive as the 'object' in English is actually the subject and vice versa (e.g. "me duele el corazón" ("My heart hurts") or "se me perdió la bolsa" ("I left my purse behind")), you would never hear anyone worth their salt use a possessive, because it is already implied by the indirect object pronoun. And of course, there are many common constructions like these, like saying "se me olvidó" ("I forgot"), "se me cayó" ("It fell" in an unexpected way), "se me derramó" ("It spilled"), and so on.
Have many more articles than English. German articles change according to gender, number, and case of the noun, resulting in 16 possible combinations for the definitive article (although those are only expressed through 6 formsnote der, die, das, des, dem, den).
Have no direct or single equivalent of verbs like 'to be' , 'to have', or 'to do' which are kind of a defining feature of IE languages. It's often not just non-Indo-European languages. Irish, the Ibero-Romance languages (Spanish, Portuguese, Galician, etc.) as well as Catalan (Gallo-Romance) have two copulas ('be') (one of the Romance ones usually deriving from the Latin word for "to stand"). Irish and Russian have no auxiliary verb "have". note have as in "Have you seen my new boots?" not as in, "I have a new pair of boots."
Arabic, meanwhile, has both "to be" and "to have" (in the possessive sense), but uses them far less frequently than English does. "To be" is almost always omitted in the present tense; you would say "I Egyptian" rather than "I am Egyptian". The equivalent of "to have" is almost never used for normal possession, because it implies not just possession, but sovereignty. You would say "to/at me there is an umbrella," not "I have an umbrella."
The same is mostly true of Russian, where the usual wording is "at me is an umbrella" and the verb "have", imet' is pretty much only used in formal speech (in colloquial speech it can be used as an euphemism for "fuck", leading to many puns).
Spanish, in particular, also has an auxiliary verb in haber, which is sort of a mixture of "to be", "to have", and "to exist". It's used in almost all 'perfect' verb forms (indicating an action happened right before another action) by conjugating it to whatever tense and placing the past participle of the action afterwards, taking the 'to have' meaning ("Ella había comido antes de ir al cine." ("She had eaten before going to the movies.")). However, it's not usable as "to be" as in "I am from Texas.", but only as qualifying existence ("Hay una granja en la colina." ("There is a farm on the hill.")) Basically, it's a weirdo verb.
In Polish, "To have" ("mieć") is never used as an auxilliary verb - Polish only has one past tense (with two aspects, if you want to be technical) and the vestigial plusquamperfectum uses "to be".
Do not mark nouns for number (Japanese, Chinese), or, alternatively, have more number markers than simply singular and plural. Many languages have separate dual or even trial ('three') numbers. There is even at least one language that has marks for zero (I have no cookies), fractional (I have half of a cookie), singular (I have one cookie), dual (I have two cookies), paucal (I have a few cookies), and large-scale plural (I have lots of cookies)! Most Indo-European languages have lost their duals; Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, and Old Church Slavonic had them, and there are still traces of them in some of the Balto-Slavic languages (usually in a unique declension for the number two, and different noun forms used with certain numbers). English has some leftovers from a former dual/plural distinction in the dual-only words both, either, neither, and between, which correspond to all, any, none, and among when referring to more than two objects. Latin also had one, which survived in the irregular declension of the word "duo", while Slovene still makes full use of it. Old English possessed the vestiges of a dual, but only in the pronouns. Come Middle English, this dual number was gone.
Have a more limited set of cardinal numbers — the so-called "one-two-many" phenomenon, although some languages may hit "many" at a point other than three. Note that this does not necessarily prevent accurate counting above "many"; it may just change the nomenclature. The Trolls of the Discworld , for instance, have a cardinality based on powers of 4: "one" (1), "two" (2), "three" (3), "many" (4) and "lots" (16), which can then be combined to express other quantities (like English does for concepts like "twenty-one" and "one hundred fifty-two"). Then again, a culture that is truly innumerate may not be able to distinguish between different quantities of "many".
Conversely, linguistic evidence suggests that many languages started out with "one-two-many" cardinals before gaining more terms for numbers above two; one of the telling pieces of such evidence is that the first two ordinal numbers in most languages ("first" and "second", in English) are not related to their corresponding cardinals ("one" and "two"), whereas ordinals for three and above ("third", "fourth", etc.) are clearly constructed from their cardinals. An alien language might well go further into the ordinals before one encounters the first ordinal derived from a cardinal, suggesting a larger range of early numeracy than humanity generally demonstrated.
You may think a race with an inherent grasp of mathematical concepts might never derive ordinals from cardinals, but you can't just bust out a new word whenever you need a high enough number; at some point you're gonna have to start building your numbers on earlier numbers (say, twenty-one; that way you can also round 3104393 to three million). That said, an alien language might follow a completely different repeating pattern in ordinals and cardinals.
Have nouns with grammatical gender. French has two (masculine and feminine), German has three (masculine, feminine, neuter), and some languages assign "gender" according to whether the topic of the subject is visible, known to be near, or far away. Some languages have a simple animate vs. inanimate. Some confusingly combine these (e.g. Arabic, which arbitrarily divides non-human objects into masculine and feminine, and proceeds to ignore that division by making all inanimate plurals "singular feminine"; questionable implications aside, it's really confusing—confusing enough that many colloquial varieties have shifted to giving inanimate plurals plural agreement (verbs in most colloquial varieties have lost the unique feminine conjugation in the plural)). Other languages differentiates gender by properties of the noun, at which point linguists generally stop calling it "gender" and instead use the term "noun class"; Swahili has a different "gender" (noun class) for people, animals, tools, liquids and so on.note This is a characteristic of the Bantu language family more generally—Swahili's distant relatives like isiZulu in South Africa and Lingala in the Congo Basin also have it. Or alternatively, are more gender-neutral than English, like the Uralic Languages. Imagine having "he" and "she" be the same word, as well as "him" and "her." It's also possible for languages not to distinguish gender or animacy in their pronouns. Basically, everything is "it", whether it's a man, a woman, a dog or a bit of navel lint.
On the subject of animacy, Spanish distinguishes sentient vs non sentient direct objects by putting the word a before the object: golpeo la mesa (I hit the table) vs golpeo a la persona (I hit the person). Even English reserves the possessive marker (-'s) for animate nouns: The man's legs sounds better to a native English speaker than the legs of the man, although both make sense.
There can also be grammatical gender for numbers. In Hebrew, there is a male and female form (the latter is the one commonly used for plain numbers - probably because the male form is often a syllable longer). Sometimes, it's worse, when there are further divisions due to the object type. There is a story about a Nivkh child who had trouble subtracting five buttons from thirty and adding six trees to seven - because the shape of the buttons and the size of the trees weren't specified.
Portuguese, Spanish and other Romance Languages have a variation on this: they can mark some numbers in both gender and number , but not all of them and not always. For Portuguese, the rule is you can one, two and numbers ending in them (such as one hundred and two) in gendernote Um and Uma (One), Dois and Duas (Two) and likewise Cento e dois and Cento e duas (One hundred and two), but not eleven or twelve, nor their derivatives, and only when denoting quantities of specific things, otherwise the male is standard. In number you can mark any number that doesn't end with "S" or "Z", but this is only for denoting quantities of numbersnote Quatro (Four) and Quatros (Fours) but only "Três" (Three[s]).
Have numbers force a specific inflection for the nouns they modify depending on what the number's final digit was, leading to a system like "21 system, 22 system's, 25 systems'".
For example, in Russian:
If a number's final digit is 1 (such as 1, 21, 101, etc.) the nominative singular is always used.
If a number's final digit is 2, 3, or 4, the noun is in the genitive singular form.
If a number's final digit is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 0, the noun is in the genitive plural form.
If the last two digits of the number are 11, 12, 13, or 14, the noun turns into the genitive plural anyway, overriding both the "ends in 1" and the "ends in 2, 3, or 4" rules.
In Polish, it's jeden śliczny kotek (one cute kitty, nominative singular) and dwadzieścia jeden ślicznych kotków (twenty one of the same). Numbers ending with two, three or four follow the pattern dwa/trzy/cztery kotki (two/three/four kitties, with the noun in nominative plural) and numbers with any other ending follow the other pattern (dwadzieścia pięć ślicznych kotków - the noun in genitive plural). Except, of course, for twelve, thirteen and fourteen, which follow the pattern with genitive, see here .
Mark verbs for categories that English either doesn't have or marks periphrastically, such as voice , aspect , mood , and so on. Or don't mark verbs for categories that English does; Mandarin Chinese has no tense, and conveys temporal information through aspect, instead.
Differentiate between the inclusive and exclusive 'we'. Compare the English, "We are at a disagreement" to "We do not like you." The inclusive includes the person being addressed, while the exclusive does not.
Have a different concept of "word" than what you expect. There is no agreement among linguists on what constitutes a "word", or even on whether there is a universal concept of "word" that can be applied to all languages. Again, Japanese provides an example — are the particles (wa, ga, o, etc) part of the word or separate words themselves? Most linguists say they're separate, but there's no shortage of transliterations that don't have a space there. (Japanese itself avoids the issue by not having spaces between words at all.)
Are ergative-absolutive instead of nominative-accusative. Take two similar sentences that differ in verb transitivity (such as 'He slept.' and 'She ate them.'). A nominative-accusative language (like English) case-marks the subjects 'he' and 'she' the same in both sentences (that is, as 'he'/'she', the nominative case, instead of as 'him'/'her', the accusative case) and case-marks the object 'them' (perhaps some apples?) in the accusative (as opposed to in the nominative 'they'). In an ergative-absolutive language, the subject of the intransitive sentence 'he' would be case-marked the same as the object of the transitive sentence 'them' — in the absolutive case. The ergative case only shows up marking the subject of the transitive sentence 'she'. Total ergativity is extremely uncommon, with Basque, a language isolate spoken in Spain and France, being one of the few languages to be almost completely ergative. Most languages considered ergative have split-ergativity instead, which means they only behave like an ergative-absolutive language in some contexts, and use another alignment (usually nominative-accusative, as in English) in others. Several Indo-Iranian languages such as Kurdish and Hindi are split-ergative. They appear to have borrowed this feature from neighbouring languages like the Dravidian languages, the Caucasian languages, etc.
There are a lot of different kinds of morphosyntactic alignment , besides nominative-accusative and ergative-absolutive. Some languages are transitive, marking both the subject and object of a transitive sentence the same, but the subject of an intransitive sentence differently. Some are tripartite (marking the subject of a transitive sentence, the subject of an intransitive sentence, and the object of a transitive sentence all differently). Some are various kinds of active-stative (marking subject case based on whether or not the subject actively does something, so case marking is dependent on the meaning of the verb rather than grammar), and then there's "Austronesian alignment", which is, well, very confusing.
Then there is the fun case of finished versus unfinished action. For example the distinction between passé composé and imparfait in French. Another such case is the object cases in Finnic languages. An example from Finnish: "Söin kalaa" (I ate some fish) vs. "söin kalan" (I ate a whole fish). The idea is similar as in French but it's specifically about transitive sentences and it's marked with the object rather than the verb.
Have wildly different syntax (word order). English generally places the subject of a sentence first, the verb second, and the object last, a very common word order. However, in just as many languages, the subject is placed first, the object second, and the verb last. A minority of languages even do things like place the verb or the object first, the subject last, or any other possible combination. Some languages, usually those that are highly inflected, don't even have a hard and fast word order at all. Latin, for instance, generally prefers SOV outside of poetry, but is so inflected that the word order can be changed without changing the meaning of the sentence. The old forms of Semitic languages (like Classical Arabic and Biblical Hebrew) historically preferred VSO, but left SVO as an option because of their inflection—the latter of which became dominant in the contemporary colloquial forms. German puts the verb in the second position of declarative statements, at the beginning of questions (just like English), and at the end of subordinate clauses. And Japanese... Japanese word order has its own PAGE on The Other Wiki .
Then there's the question of whether to put adjectives before or after the words that they modify, where to put determiners, what types of clauses or sentences change word order, how to construct relative clauses, etc.
Are not nearly-isolating languages like English, where word use is determined by position, and there are lots of particles — small words with purely grammatical functions (like English prepositions). Some languages, like Japanese and Turkish, are agglutinative, where word use and other such markers are affixes that combine in a string. Some languages, like Latin and its descendants, are fusional, where word use and other morphemes are marked by affixes that are all mutually exclusive (so there's one affix in Latin where Turkish might have a string of three or four, but you need a completely different affix in Latin for a small change in meaning, while Turkish can just switch out one of its affixes). Agglutinative languages are rather famous for their ability to cram very large amounts of information onto single words. For example, in Hungarian, the common toast "Egészségünkre!" is literally "To our health!"; a phrase which takes three words to say in English, but in Hungarian, one word does the job. Some languages really take the ball and run with it — in Inuit, "he said he wouldn't be able to arrive first" is "tikitqaagminaitnigaa," while in Yaghan, "the look shared by two people too shy to do anything about it " is "mamihlapinatapai." It gets even worse when you get to polysynthetic languages, where several distinct words get mashed together: archaic Ainu "usaopuspe aejajkotujmasiramsujpa" means "I keep swaying my heart afar and toward myself over various rumors."
Or perhaps they're more isolating than English is. Plurals and past tense forms may be expressed using distinct words that in some cases can be used alone: "did walk" instead of "walked", with "did" alone as a possible answer to a question. Chinese, for instance, has one morpheme per syllable and close to one morpheme per word.
Have adjectives that act like verbs instead of or along with acting like nouns (kind of). For example, some Japanese adjectives can be conjugated just like verbs — shirokunakatta ie = the house that was not white (white-NEG.PAST house). Sometimes this situation is described as "the language has no adjectives," which confuses the uninitiated — what is meant is not that the language doesn't have words like "red" or "large," but rather that words like that follow the same rules as verbs.
The Wolof language of Senegal conjugates pronouns. Maa ngi dem means "I am going" or "I go." Dinaa dem means "I will go [soon]." In this case, dem is the verb (go), and cannot be changed. Maa ngi and dinaa are both pronouns.
The Conlang Lojban , which is built on logic, only has three main parts of speech: particles, pronouns and verbs. No nouns, adjectives or adverbs. A noun is built with a construction equivalent to "someone/something that [verb]s" (like the English suffix "-er"), and adjectives/adverbs with a construction like "do [main verb] in a [secondary verb]-like manner". (Of course, many verbs do correspond exactly to English nouns or adjectives: "is a house", "is large"...) Also, although in many cases they're optional, Lojban has so-called "vocalized parentheses": particles that mark where a clause/phrase/something starts and ends, thus preventing most kinds of Ambiguous Syntax .
Hungarian in present tense does not use existential verbs when expressing that <subject> is <adjective> (but only in third person singular or plural; first and second person uses the proper conjugation of the existential verb and drops the subject instead). The adjective is not conjugated like in Japanese though, it only gets a plural marker if the subject is plural. E.g.: "The ball is red" becomes "A labda piros", but "The balls are red" will be "A labdák pirosak".
Require the use of classifiers when counting nouns. A common characteristic of East and South East Asian languages. There are classifiers for animate and inanimate nouns, for roundish, stick-like or sheet-like objects, for people, for things that go in pairs and for everything else under the sky.
Have prepositions that can be used independently as verbs, or rather, have verbal grammar such that subordinate verb phrases are used when English would use prepositional phrases. In such a language, one word may serve as the verb "go" and the preposition "toward".
Use noun cases to convey the same meaning as English prepositions. In Finnish, for instance, there are fifteen distinct noun cases (kind of makes the three in English look simple, doesn't it?) to express various different meanings, but the use of prepositions is severely limited. For example, "talo" means "house," but "talossa" means "in the house," "talolla" means "at the house," "taloksi" means "(transform) into a house," etc. Some languages have even more. (Hungarian has at least eighteen cases, and that's without counting the rarely used ones. A fellow Uralic language, Komi, has over twenty as well.)
Languages with noun cases also avoid Ambiguous Syntax of the "flying purple people eater" sort. The main noun in a group like this will be in nominative case, along with its adjectives, while all the other nouns (and their adjectives) will be in other cases, clearing the syntax up. For example, in Polish, a creature that eats flying purple people would be pożeracz fruwających fioletowych ludzi, while a purple flying creature that eats people would be fioletowy fruwający pożeracz ludzi. And a purple creature that eats flying people will be fioletowy pożeracz fruwających ludzi.
Differentiate between alienable and inalienable possession : "my wrist" is "wrist of me", but "my watch" is "watch on me".
Have something other than two degrees of demonstratives — English has just this and that (but it used to have yon[der] as a third, and the other is commonly used as a third but decidedly less standard), Japanese has three (kore, sore, are), some languages have one, some have as many as five. Alaskan Yup'ik has thirty. They are sorted by five layers of location, three layers of visibility and two layers of accessibility. So for example one demonstrative means "partially visible 'that,' near and accessible to the listener but not necessarily to the speaker." Another demonstrative means "completely visible 'that' which is above the speaker and inaccessible to him/her."
German , by contrast, has only one used in common speech, dies-. Technically there is a second, jen-, cognate with English yon—and used just about as frequently.
Mark the relationship between speaker and audience (register), and occasionally also between speaker and subject, whether through pronouns or verb forms or sentence markers. Most Indo-European languages have this, actually; for example, in French there's 'tu' (informal) and 'vous' (formal). English is one of the few IE languages that doesn't do this, although it used to and a few dialects still do. Some languages get very elaborate; Javanese marks for formal/informal, plain/polite, and humble/honorific, in any combination of the three (though formal/informal are pretty similar). Korean has about seven degrees of politeness and formality, each of which also has a humble and an honorific form—though a few of them aren't used much anymore.
Or just have a different world view on pronouns altogether. Vietnamese is often described as "having no universal pronoun". (Which is untrue, as it actually does have some.) In practice, this means that in most conversations, the language requires its speaker to choose a kinship word (let’s call it Kinship Term A) to refer to themselves where English would say “I”, and pick another one (Kinship Term B) for the listener, where English says “you”. Here’s where it gets interesting: When comes the other person’s turn to speak, the kinship words stick to the respective parties they represent, so now Term A becomes "you" and Term B becomes "I". What the address terms actually do is to convey the expected social relation between you and the other person. You don't stop being your mom's child just because it's your turn to speak. Confused yet? That is how an Anguished Declaration of Love by a man to a woman in Vietnamese could translate to “older brother love younger sister a lot”, and then the woman would reply “younger sister love older brother a lot too." Working out the I’s and you’s in Vietnamese can ask for (and reveal) a ridiculous amount of contextual info – the other person’s sex, age, your own sex and age, relationship between you and them if any, their attitude towards you, your attitude towards them... And that’s just for one-on-one convos. People’s first names can take on the role of pronouns; in fact, any noun can, under the right circumstances. Needless to say, this makes for a sociological minefield even for native speakers.
Have words that don't directly and perfectly translate into English. Sure, there can be some of the whole " showing culture through vocabulary " thing, but also more mundane instances — for example, English divides temperature into cold, cool, warm and hot, but other languages may have only two or three of those, or maybe more. On the other hand, German and Hebrew, among others, have a word for "the day after Tomorrow", which English lacks.
Similarly, many non-English languages divide up colors differently from the Western standard "ROY G. BIV" , with some having as few as just two basic colors (black and white)note Or rather black/dark/cold and white/bright/warm. Quite a few make no distinction at all between blue and green . On the other hand, some Asian languages have dozens if not hundreds of distinct color names. An author writing a race with a different visual range from humans (such as demihumans from Dungeons & Dragons , who frequently possess vision in the infrared range) may forget to create terms for colors humans can't see at all , not even " squant " or " octarine ".
Other languages may also have fundamentally different conceptual metaphors . For example, while in most languages the past is "behind" us and the future lies "in front" of us, in Chinese, Quechua, and Aymara it is the other way round .note Rather like the Discworld Trolls idea. Rather than likening the passage of time to the ego's journey from the past toward the future these languages liken it to a movement of events in a queue — the events of the future are lined up behind the events that have already occurred (this metaphor is also present in English and other languages with words like "before" and "after", but it is only used to relate events to other events, when the ego is not involved).
A language might not have a general term for a group of objects or actions that English takes for granted. For example, an Australian aboriginal cannot say "twenty birds" referring to a group of ten sparrows and ten ostriches. For him it would be like adding rocks and dogs together. In Russian, there are no words meaning "bring" and "put" - you can only say that you carried or rolled something in, or that you laid or stood something in front of a person.
The latter is actually a very important object of study in linguistics: verb-framing versus satellite-framing. Spanish (like all Romance languages) is a heavily verb-framing language: this means that the path of motion, but not the manner is usually expressed by the verb. You don't "run in" or "run out" in Spanish, but "enter" or "exit": if needed, you can specify the manner: "enter running" (entrar corriendo). English, by comparison, is typically satellite-framing (like all Germanic languages). Russian and other Slavic languages are even more satellite-framing than English, hence the lack of the direct counterpart to "bring". Notice how this differs wildly between related languages (Romance, Germanic and Slavic are all Indo-European, and the ancestor to Romance, Latin, was actually satellite-framing).
Lack relative constructions ("the one that does X" etc.), and have to substitute adjective phrases ("the X-doing one"), or have correlatives: "This is the man who my wife has been sleeping with him!" Or on the other hand, lack adjectival phrases and have to use relative constructions instead. English has way more adjectival phrases than the Romance languages, as many of them can only be translated with relative constructions.
Treat relative clauses like adjectives. For example, in Mandarin Chinese, using the attributive particle de, one can just as easily say "red de car" （红色的车/紅色的車） as "drives down the street de car," (路上开着的车/路上開著的車). The former would simply be "red car," but the latter would have to be translated as "the car driving down the street."
Are topic-prominent instead of subject-promotional (Japanese). In English, the subject is understood to be the topic of the sentence (which the passive voice helps to facilitate). In Japanese, topic and subject do not have to be the same.
Have no element in a sentence that corresponds straightforwardly to what Europeans would call the "subject." The topic-prominent Japanese -wa is a good example, as are dozens of academic papers in Linguistics debating whether sentences in Tagalog (the most common language of the Philippines) can be properly said to have subjects or not. (Short version: the properties that a subject has in English can often be split up between two noun phrases, the "topic" and the "agent", in other languages.)
Is written using logograms (Chinese)note Each symbol stands for a word or a morpheme, as in mean-ing-ful, abjads (Arabic, Hebrew)note Vowels are not written, syllabaries (Inuktitut)note Each symbol represents a syllable, abugida (the languages of India and Ethiopia)note Vowels are written as attachments to consonants, or a hodgepodge of everything (ancient Egyptian and modern Japanese), instead of an alphabetic writing system. And not all writing systems include the concepts of upper and lower casenote Most languages., cursive writingnote For instance, all Arabic writing is cursive, while in Hebrew the "cursive" script is non-connecting and/or punctuation, and if they have them, they may not use them the same way.note For example, German captializes all Nouns , proper or not, and a few other languages only captialize the first letter in a work's title (e.g. A wrinkle in time instead of A Wrinkle in Time
Some languages (such as Serbian, which uses Latin and Cyrillic) have two or more writing systems that are all considered official, but not used alongside each other (like how Japanese uses hiragana, katakana, and kanji), making native speakers choose their preferred writing systems.
Korean Hangul is a very fascinating one: it's a syllabary where each syllable character is a combination of the characters for the sounds it contains and each sound character is actually a "code" describing that character phonetically, making it both a syllabary and an alphabet. Sounds complicated but it's very logical in use.
But wait, there's more! Even good old Latin script, in the process of adjusting it to all the sounds Latin doesn't have (see below) has aquired diacritical signs that modify the letters. And yes, they are important. If, for example, you receive an SMS from a Polish friend containing the word "maz", it may take you a while to work out whether she meant "maź" (goo), "maż" (imperative, doodle! or smear!), or perhaps "mąż" (husband).
Use different methods for dividing words other than spaces. Many, such as Japanese and Chinese, have no divisions at all. Other options include interpuncts (Classical Latin), special characters at the endings of words (Hebrew), or even elevating the first character in each new word (Persian). German is also famous for not having spaces in its noun compounds — though in reality, these compounds are grammatically more or less the same as English phrases like magical girl anime fan; the main difference is orthography (where you put spaces in writing), not grammar proper.
Possess writing directionalities different from the most common left-to-right and top-to-bottom, such as right-to-left and top-to-bottom (Arabic, Hebrew), left-to-right in vertical lines that run from top to bottom first (Mongolian, Uyghur), or even right-to-left in vertical lines (Chinese, Japanese). Beyond that would be changing direction with each line (Ancient Greek, Archaic Latin), which while common in antiquity is used by no (natural) modern language. Then there are languages that can be written in multiple ways, or are leaning more towards left-to-right and top-to-bottom as a result of western influence.
Follow a different syllabic stress pattern than English. A case in point: when faced with an unfamiliar word of more than two syllables, English speakers tend to stress the next-to-last syllable, with a secondary stress on the second syllable prior to that, if the word is long enough. Other languages may prefer other stress patterns. Word stress patterns are particularly in-ground habits, and it is sometimes quite difficult to adapt to a different language's "defaults"; writers creating a language will rarely choose stress patterns they find difficult or "unnatural".
Use pitch and changes thereof as elements of meaning in words. While Mandarin Chinese is the most famous example, numerous African languages also possess this property, where changing the pitch at which you pronounce a set of phonemes can completely change the meaning of those phonemes.
Form compound nouns differently.
Most languages put the base noun at the back, but there are languages which put it at the front. As an example, control CENTER would be translated as PUSAT kawalan in Malay language.
Many languages can't even have compound nouns at all the way English does (that is, just by stringing nouns together). They either have to inflect the modifier nouns to distinguish them from the base noun, turn the modifier nouns into adjectives, or to form elaborate phrases to convey the meaning. The same example, "control center", would be rendered into Russian as "центр управления" (literally "center of control") – not "управление центр" or "центр управление".
And in Polish, this depends on whether the phrase is ad hoc or fixed in language as a proper name: forest elephant (as in, a species) would be "słoń leśny", but that green elephant over there (as in the specific animal we're seeing right now) would be "ten zielony słoń, o tam".
Have idioms and allusions that make no sense to a non-native speaker. Even languages that are closely related to English have turns of phrase that are completely incomprehensible without a native to explain their use, such as the French avoir les dents longues ("to have long teeth", meaning "to be ambitious") or the German Ich werde dir die Daumen drücken ("I'll squeeze my thumbs for you", meaning "I wish you luck"). Languages of vastly different derivation, evolving in a wildly foreign cultural matrix, can (and do!) have idioms that make even less sense to the outsider — and nonhuman/alien idioms may be utterly impenetrable even with native help.
Similarly, has a different concept of what constitutes "blasphemous", "obscene" or "offensive" language. Different body parts, functions or gestures — or none at all — may be offensive to native speakers; other obscenities will be culturally-based, derived from the religious, social and/or political matrix in which the language evolved. This can be seen even between English-speaking cultures — it was noted once that Catholics tended toward religious-based oaths, while Protestants swore by bodily functions. And Americans generally have no idea why some Brits consider "bloody" such an offensive adjective that in the Victorian era it was frequently replaced with "ruddy", and its use still gets reprimands in some quarters today. Further, a dialect may encode a language's obscenities into unrecognizability — see the "Cockney Rhyming Slang" section of the British English page. And some obscenities may well be fossils — words or usages which carry offense only because "everybody knows they're dirty", despite the reason for this common knowledge being long forgotten. In more extreme cases, entire tenses, moods or categories may be offensive, perhaps under complex rules governing time, place and speaker.
While most languages have words that are considered obscene in any and every situation (for example, it is impossible to use the f-word "politely" in English), swearing in other languages is a much more context dependent matter. In Japanese, for example, registers of politeness is encoded directly into the grammar and failure to employ the polite verb conjugation when speaking to a social superior is occasion for great offence; however, using the exactly same sentence when speaking to a social inferior could be construed as tactless, but not technically rude.
Some languages have rare sounds and unusual phonotactics, which can make them sound like the The Unpronouncable . Many world languages do not like big clusters of either consonants or vowels. A maximum of about three consonants per vowel, and no more than three vowels in a row is usual. Russian can be really dickish with odd sound consonants, especially with prepositions. Can you say kvrachu or vsmolensk or vtorom or vpragu or sdrugimi or vchera?note It's actually simpler than you might think – because of consonant assimilation, it actually sounds like "fsmolensk", "fpragu", "zdrugimi" – only "k vrachu" actually sounds like "kvrachu". And even Russians shake their heads at Armenians.note A famous Soviet era actor had "Mkrtchian" as his surname. That's a six consonants strung together. And it's actually a pretty common Armenian surname and isn't remotely a longest consonant cluster in the language.
And above all, do not have only and all of the sounds that are found in English. The pronunciation of even closely related languages, like Dutch and German, can only be approximated by English sounds, let alone more distant languages, and vice versa: this is of course where foreign accents come from. Even a lot of conlangs still use English's horribly complicated tense/lax vowel system (yet many claim to have five vowels, while English generally has 12 or more), and some of the worse-done relexes and such employ English orthographic conventions as well — writing reed or rede when the speaker says /r\i:d/ . And few if any conlangs employ more consonants than English possesses (which do exist — Xhosa and related African languages, for instance, have three entire groups of click-based consonants which have no counterparts in Indo-European tongues, and the glottal stop — which while present in English is generally not even noticed as a separate "sound" — is a common element in many others).
Many languages have sounds which English can closely approximate, but does not replicate, and some of these words can form minimal pairs, the only difference between them being one sound difference. The most infamous of these is are the German nackt (naked) and Nacht (night). Also somewhat infamous are the Russian syn and syr (son and cheese), mat and mat' (checkmate/curse and mother), bit' and byt' (beat and be), semya and sem'ya (seed and family), brat and brat' (brother and take), pil, pyl' and pyl (drank, dust and fervor), mil and myl (dear and washed), ten' and den' (shade and day).
Conversely, many languages have fewer sounds than English. English has a relatively average number of consonants, but like most Germanic languages, it also has an unusually large number of vowels; most languages have significantly fewer . Many foreigners often cannot differentiate between vowel pairs like cold and called, worm and warm, bold and bald, say and see, ball and bowl, mint and meant. (Even native speakers don't always differentiate some of these.) Similarly, even though English has an average number of consonants, that doesn't mean that its particular consonants are commonly found in other languages. For example, languages with the English "th" sounds /θ ð/ are very uncommon, and the English "R" sound /ɹ/ is also rather unique to the language. (Most other languages have a tap or a trill.)
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17 | all languages follow the rules of a grammar. true false | https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/26197/if-the-english-language-is-always-evolving-why-do-we-need-to-learn-and-follow-g | Stack Exchange Network
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Since language evolves over time — the best example I can think of is slang where it mostly doesn't follow grammar rules — why is there a need to preserve grammar or stress that proper grammar be used?
My second question is if someone can get their exact point across to another person without using proper grammar, then why does grammar matter? Could the reason be that if grammar is used then it implies that there is a standard way of communicating, thus people would be able to spend the least amount of effort getting their point across? Wait! Doesn't slang already do this?
asked May 20, 2011 at 7:59
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Slang has rather strict grammar rules and follows them just fine. Actual lack of grammar can be observed in pidgin languages, which usually don't stay that way for more than one generation of speakers, but evolve into creoles . I.e., as soon as a language becomes nativized, it gets grammar. That's how the human brain works.
Commented May 20, 2011 at 8:10
Okay, I didn't know slang had strict grammar rules. So is grammar stressed once the slang language has solidified? What about the transition time, when the slang terms introduced into a group of people has not been fully accepted?
Commented May 20, 2011 at 8:16
Slang terms ≠ grammar rules (much like apples ≠ visiting a store). Which is not to say that this is "a dumb question" at heart; I can understand what you're getting at, it's just that I would suggest that you clarify by providing an example or five. I am certain that it can be shown that all of them follow grammar rules; they might be somewhat different rules, but rules nonetheless.
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The language evolves new rules and forms. It isn't evolving to have no rules at all.
Commented Mar 20, 2015 at 22:08
Slang is often intended to be hard to understand not easy. And it tends to involve distinct vocabulary more than non standard grammar. Maybe the OP meant dialect, although even then most English dialects have similar grammar to standard English.
Your question mostly turns on the definition of grammar.
From a linguistic point of view, grammar is simply the set of patterns and rules that speakers use to structure their utterances. Grammar is absolutely necessary for communication. A sentence with literally no grammar cannot be understood, and a sentence that abuses grammar will be understood the wrong way. Here's a no-grammar sentence:
Collar dog brown the wear cat bite the.
You have no idea what this sentence means, though you could probably make a guess at what it might mean if you rearranged the words. It's just an unstructured collection of words. Without grammar to establish the relationships between those words, the utterance is incomprehensible. But if we add some grammar:
The dog bit the cat wearing the brown collar.
Now you know exactly what it means. The grammar of English tells you to put the word the right before a noun, tells you to turn wear into wearing, and to put the word brown before collar to indicate that it's the collar that's brown, and not the dog or the cat. These sorts of rules and regularities are what we mean by the word grammar.
Slang absolutely has grammar. Let's rewrite this sentence in a different dialect:
Some dog gone bit that there kitty, and he don't take that from nobody.
This is an example of nonstandard grammar. Different dialects and different registers of English have different grammatical rules. Some of those rules are accepted and encouraged as proper, and this constitutes what we call "standard English". Some of those rules are not widely accepted, and those constitute "nonstandard English". It's important to understand, however, that a nonstandard dialect doesn't have "no grammar", or even "bad grammar". The sentence that I wrote follows all of the grammatical rules for that dialect and register. It's just nonstandard grammar. And even then, there are a relatively small number of grammatical differences between the nonstandard sentence that I gave above and a standard translation, which is why it's not really very difficult to understand both of them.
So we have to have grammar to communicate, but do we need standard grammar? If our goal is simple comprehension, then no. The main reason to use standard grammar is social: people think more highly of someone who knows how to use standard grammar, and nonstandard grammar is often taken as a sign of poor education or low intelligence. This is often a false assumption, but nonetheless the assumption exists, and it's to your benefit to know how to use and acquire standard grammar so as to present the best possible image of yourself.
(Aside from grammar in the sense discussed here, written language encompasses other conventions such as spelling and punctuation. These are sometimes lumped together as "grammar" as well, though really they should be considered separate issues. The same remarks about the importance of standard grammar apply to the usage of standard spelling and punctuation.)
Finally, we come to the issue of language change. All languages are constantly changing, but whenever a new word or grammatical construction comes into use, it begins life as nonstandard. This doesn't mean that it's "not a real word" or that you shouldn't use it—it just means that the standard grammar hasn't yet accepted it. In situations where standard grammar isn't required, there's nothing wrong with using slang, double-negation, or other features of nonstandard grammar. Typically, if these nonstandard usages persist, they will eventually become part of the standard.
answered May 20, 2011 at 16:41
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+1 Very nicely explained, JSBangs. If I could, I'd give you a bonus upvote for "Some dog gone bit that there kitty, and he don't take that from nobody." Well, sh*t, don't that beat all.
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Fun fact: "The dog bit the cat wearing the brown collar." might be read as "The dog bit the cat [that was] wearing the brown collar." or "The dog bit the cat [while] wearing the brown collar."
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It would probably add something to this answer to mention " Colorless green ideas sleep furiously ". That perfect standard grammar applied arbitrarily can result in meaningless sentences.
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So, as an experience user (you have 38.5k point now), will you correct one's language because he/she is not a native, or you will let it be because English is evolving ?
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I think it's important to be clear about how you define or envisage "grammar".
In one sense, the grammar of a language is the patterns/structures for combining words that native speakers intuitively acquire and use. These patterns are extremely complex: there are books attempting to describe the grammar of various languages running to hundreds of pages that in reality only scratch the surface. For example, the question of when speakers say "He didn't finish" vs "He hasn't finished" is extremely complex, but whatever the pattern is for deciding which to use when, native speakers intuitively acquire and apply it.
Then in another sense, there is what we might call prescriptive grammar: rules that particular authors suggest "should" be used, irrespectively of whether they actually are or not in practice. These are essentially invented preferences or "language etiquette". Various authors of such grammars, along with their followers, may well feel that such rules are "necessary for good communication". But if they do believe this, they rarely point to any actual evidence to back this up. A common phenomenon is that a rule is introduced to solve a supposed ambiguity, with little evidence that the ambiguity is ever a problem in practice.
So if by "proper grammar" you mean the prescriptive rules of a particular author, then of course it's perfectly possible to communicate effectively and get your point across without applying those particular rules: those rules really only tweak around at the surface of the language, most of whose complexity is mastered intuitively. Advocates of prescriptive grammar probably believe that having some rote-learned "rules of thumb" helps people who don't have a natural flair for thinking intelligently about language to write more "clearly". But as I say, it's not clear that there's any actual evidence for this, and it may even be a circular argument (that prescriptivists have learnt that certain prescribed usage is more "clear" and so deliberately look out for it).
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Just to add, for clarity: there are many varieties of English, each with their own grammar which is just as complicated and expressive as the grammar of any "standard English". People who say "I ain't got none" are speaking a different variety of English, but not one that "has no grammar" or "is grammatically wrong".
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A few small points I'd like to add: contrary to what some descriptivists might expect, and I'm not thinking of anyone in particular, educated prescriptivists do not contend that all non-standard speech has no grammar whatsoever; it is just that, outside linguistics, they use the word grammar to mean "standard grammar", and hence call non-standard "ungrammatical", as the common man would (linguists often seem to be fulminating against this perceived affront).
They have two reasons for using grammar to mean "standard grammar": 1. most talk about grammar is by those using or aspiring to use standard grammar; 2. it is efficient to have a short term that is clear to everyone. That is why grammar by default refers to standard grammar. Those arguing to the contrary are often either uneducated prescriptivists or descriptivists portraying a straw man. In a linguistic, scientific context, perhaps the word should be avoided all together: what is intended is often syntax, a more exact term.
Etiquette makes for a good comparison to grammar. It serves a social function: the mere fact that you know your bread plate will always be on your left (is it?—I keep forgetting this one) should prevent confusion and grease social interaction, just like greetings and thank-yous. So standard grammar may facilitate communication.
Going to extremes is always bad, as the Ancients already taught us. The abuse of etiquette as a social marker is a fact of life; advising people to disregard etiquette amounts to sacrificing them for the perceived greater good, a dubious practice.
But language also serves another purpose: through literature, it is connected with art. Language can be beautiful or ugly, which is of course entirely subjective and dependent on place and time, and not unconnected with social conventions. Whatever the case, one phrase may give a listener joy, while another would make him cringe. Like ink, language is not only a blind tool used for communication, but also a conscious instrument of art. Other parallel phenomena would be food, clothing, architecture, and anything else capable of being decorated.
People continually make choices in their use of language and are emotionally affected by those of others at the same time. Adherence to standard grammar and certain stylistic rules usually makes language more pleasing to the ear. The etymology of words, parallels to similar constructions, considerations of consistency, knowing who uses a certain word and who doesn't—all these are elements speakers consciously consider when they are using language. They might decide one day that a word they have been using for a while is ugly, for some more or less obscure reason, and stop using it. That is why background knowledge usually improves the aesthetic qualities of language.
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Syntax, yes. Instrument of art, yes! Bread plate , not so much. Rules of the road might have been easier.
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@Kit: Hey I got it right, so I deserve some credit! I didn't even look it up. Last white-tie dinner I attended, someone actually ate my bread...
Commented May 20, 2011 at 18:34
@Cerebus Well, I suppose technically. ;) But the plate on the left is the salad plate, top left over the forks is the bread plate. Still, I think I might let it slide this time, especially since you've actually attended a white-tie dinner and I have not.
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@Kit: Oh, pfew! I never remember these things. By the way, I now remember why I was robbed of my bread: there was no-one sitting at my left at that dinner (end of table), and there wasn't any plate at my left, top or bottom! So my neighbour rightly ate from his top left plate, leaving me with no plate. I generally prefer jeans dinners, where one at least has bread.
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table settings mnemonic: make an OK sign with both hands. Your left looks like a b (for bread) and the right a d (for drinks)
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Because grammar changes very slowly. What was left of inflection in sixteenth century English has now mostly gone. But otherwise very little has changed. So much so that the English of five centuries ago is still comprehensible to us today.
What has changed since the sixteenth century is vocabulary. Some archaic words have gone, others have changed their meaning, and new words will have been added. But even there, the English vocabulary of 2001 wasn’t enormously different from that of 2021.
So, although languages do evolve, it happens very slowly.
Commented Nov 4, 2021 at 11:29
This doesn't explain why the slow speed of change means you do or don't need to follow grammatical rules.
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17 | all languages follow the rules of a grammar. true false | https://pressbooks.pub/essentialsoflinguistics/chapter/1-5-fundamental-properties-of-language/ | Search
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Book Contents Navigation
This unit addresses some of the common myths that people believe about languages, and responds to these misconceptions with fundamental truths about human language:
All languages have a grammar.
All languages & grammars are equally valid, in linguistic terms.
All languages have some universal properties in common.
Every language changes over time.
Most of our knowledge of the mental grammar of our language is unconscious.
Check Yourself
1. It’s important to study Latin because Latin is more logical than other languages.
True.
False.
2. Spending too much time texting will ruin your ability to write proper English.
True.
False.
3. The dictionary gives the only correct meaning and pronunciation for words.
Video Script
Because everybody speaks a language, just about everybody has opinions about language. But there are lots of things that are commonly believed about language that just aren’t true.
You might have heard someone say that a given language has no grammar. I’ve heard people try to argue that Chinese has no grammar, that English has no grammar, that the languages spoken by Indigenous people who live in what is currently Canada have no grammar, even that Swiss German has no grammar.
When people say this, they might mean a few different things. Sometimes they just mean that there’s not much variation in the forms of words, which is true of Chinese, but the grammar of Chinese has lots of complexity in its sound system.
But sometimes people who argue that a language has no grammar are actually trying to claim that that language is inferior in some way.
The truth is that all languages have grammar. All languages have a sound system, a system for forming words, a way of organizing words into sentences, a systematic way of assigning meanings. Even languages that don’t have writing systems or dictionaries or published books of rules still have speakers who understand each other; that means they have a shared system, a shared mental grammar.
When we’re investigating mental grammar, it doesn’t matter whether a language has a prestigious literature or is spoken by powerful people. Using linguists’ techniques for making scientific observations about language, we can study the phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics of any language.
Another opinion that you might have heard about language is that some languages are better than others. Maybe you’ve heard someone say, “Oh, I don’t speak real Italian, just a dialect,” implying that the dialect is not as good as so-called real Italian. Or maybe you’ve heard someone say that Québec French is just sloppy; it’s not as good as the French they speak in France. Or maybe you’ve heard someone say that nobody in Newfoundland can speak proper English, or nobody in Texas speaks proper English, or maybe even nobody in North America speaks proper English and the only good English is the Queen’s English that they speak in England.
The truth is that all languages are equally valid. Just as we said that all languages have grammar, it’s also the case that there’s no way to say that one grammar is better or worse than another grammar. Remember that linguistics takes a scientific approach to language, and scientists don’t rate or rank the things they study. Ichthyologists don’t rank fish to say which species is more correct at being a fish, and astronomers don’t argue over which galaxy is more posh. In the same way, linguists don’t assign a value to any language or variety or dialect.
It is the case, though, that plenty of people do attribute value to particular dialects or varieties, and sociolinguistic research tells us that there can be negative or positive social consequences for people who speak certain varieties. When people say that British English is better than American English, for example, they’re making a social judgment, based on politics, history, economics, or snobbery. But there is no linguistic basis for making that value judgment.
One of the common misconceptions about language arose when scholars first started doing linguistics. At first, they focused on the languages that they knew, which were mostly the languages that were spoken in Europe. The grammars of those languages had a lot in common because they all evolved from a common ancestor, which we now call Proto-Indo-European. When linguists started learning about the languages spoken in other parts of the world, they thought at first that these languages were so unfamiliar, so unusual, so weird, that they speculated that these languages had nothing at all in common with the languages of Europe.
Linguists have now studied enough languages to know that in spite of the many differences between languages, there are some universal properties that are common to all human languages. The field of linguistic typology studies the properties that languages have in common even across languages that they aren’t related to. Some of these universal properties are at the level of phonology, for example, all languages have consonants and vowels. Some of these universals are at the level of morphology and syntax. All languages make a distinction between nouns and verbs. In nearly all languages, the subject of a sentence comes before the verb and before the object of the sentence. We’ll discover more of these universals as we proceed through the chapters.
A very common belief that people have about language is something you might have heard from your grandparents or your teachers. Have you heard them say, “Kids these days are ruining English! They should learn to speak properly!” Or if you grew up speaking Mandarin, maybe you heard the same thing, “Those teenagers are ruining Mandarin! They should learn to speak properly!” For as long as there has been language, there have been people complaining that young people are ruining it, and trying to force them to speak in a more old-fashioned way. Some countries like France and Germany even have official institutes that make prescriptive rules about what words and sentence structures are allowed in the language and which ones aren’t allowed.
The truth is that every language changes over time. Languages are spoken by humans, and as humans grow and change, and as our society changes, our language changes along with it. Some language change is as simple as in the vocabulary of a language: we need to introduce new words to talk about new concepts and new inventions. For example, the verb google didn’t exist when I was an undergraduate student, but now googling is something I do every day. Language also changes in they we pronounce things and in the way we use words and form sentences. In a later chapter, we’ll talk about some of the things that are changing in Canadian English.
Another common belief about language is the idea that you can’t learn a language unless someone teaches you the rules, either in a language class or with a textbook or a software package. This might be partially true for learning a language as an adult: it might be hard to do it on your own without a teacher. But think about yourself as a kid. Whatever language you grew up speaking, whether it’s English or French or Mandarin or Arabic or Tamil or Serbian, you didn’t have to wait until kindergarten to start speaking. You learned the language from infancy by interacting with the people around you who spoke that language. Some of those people around you might have taught you particular words for things, but they probably weren’t teaching you, “make the [f] sound by putting your top teeth on your bottom lip” or “make sure you put the subject of the sentence before the verb”. And by the time you started school you were perfectly fluent in your language. In some parts of the world, people never go to school and never have any formal instruction, but they still speak their languages fluently.
That’s because almost everything we know about our language — our mental grammar — is unconscious knowledge that’s acquired implicitly as children. Much of your knowledge of your mental grammar is not accessible to your conscious awareness. This is kind of a strange idea: how can you know something if you’re not conscious of knowing it? Many things that we know are indeed conscious knowledge. For example, if I asked you, you could explain to me how to get to your house, or what the capital of Canada is, or what the difference is between a cow and a horse. But our mind also has lots of knowledge that is not fully conscious. You probably can’t explain very clearly how to control your muscles to climb stairs, or how to recognize the face of someone you know, or how to form complex sentences in your native language, and yet you can do all of these things easily and fluently, and unconsciously. A lot of our job when we study Linguistics is to make explicit the things that you already know implicitly. This is exactly what makes linguistics challenging at first, but it’s also what makes it fun!
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18 | which state is located in the centre of india | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_India | Group of centrally located Indian states
This article is about a region in North India. For the Indian Agency (a type of subdivision) that existed between 1854 to 1947, see Central India Agency .
Central India is a loosely defined geographical region of India . There is no clear official definition and various ones may be used. One common definition consists of the states of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh , [1] which are included in almost all definitions. Like some other definitions this takes the part of northern India that is "central" on an east–west axis. Thus the Central Zonal Council set up by the Indian government includes both these states, plus Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand to the north, the last taking the region to the border with Tibet/China in the Himalayas .
Central zone of India
Another approach, historically more usual, is to base "Central India" on a north-south axis, making it the part of India that is south of North India and north of South India ; the definition of North India also varies hugely, but that of South India is generally agreed. This definition includes either some or all of the Deccan , in particular Maharashtra , and may or may not include some of the Indo-Gangetic Plain to the north. If Maharashtra is included "Central India" includes a good part of the western coast, including Mumbai , but the eastern coast is never included, as Odisha stretches down to meet Andhra Pradesh , and these are counted in Eastern and Southern India respectively (and none of the eastern coast is part of the Hindi Belt ).
Another definition is "the hill-country south of the Ganges plain", but north of the Deccan. [2] Some official divisions of the country do not recognise any "Central" division at all. [3]
Another definition, which treats the Deccan as a different unit, defines "Central India" as Madhya Pradesh and "eastern and central Uttar Pradesh ". [4] "Madhya Pradesh" means "central province", while "Uttar Pradesh" means "northern province", though when adopted in 1950 it had the advantage of preserving the common "UP" abbreviation for what was formerly the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh . This definition is rather similar to the territories, all princely states , grouped by the British Raj in 1854 as the Central India Agency (not to be confused with the Central Provinces , bordering this to the south).
The Memoir of Central India by Sir John Malcolm , Governor of Bombay begins with a definition:
The country termed Central India is, roughly speaking, the region lying between the twenty-first and twenty-fifth degrees of north latitude, and the seventy-third and eightieth degrees of east longitude... [5]
Depending on definition, Indore , the commercial capital of Madhya Pradesh, is the largest city in the region. Other major cities include Raipur , Bhopal , Gwalior , Jabalpur , and Bilaspur . The states share many linguistic and cultural characteristics with North India including the predominance of Hindi .
The Bhimbetka caves show evidence of paleolithic settlements in present-day Madhya Pradesh. Stone age tools have also been discovered at various places along the Narmada river valley. Chalcolithic sites have been discovered at a number of places including Eran , Kayatha, Maheshwar, Nagda, and Navdatoli. Rock shelters with cave paintings, the earliest of which can be dated to 30,000 BCE, have also been discovered at a number of places. The settlements of humans in present-day Madhya Pradesh developed primarily in the valleys of rivers such as Narmada, Chambal, and Betwa. During the early Vedic period, the Vindhya mountains formed the southern boundary of the Indo-Aryan territory.
The Holkars of Indore , Scindias of Gwalior , Puars of Dewas Junior , Dewas Senior and Dhar State were powerful families of the Maratha Empire which were based in Central India. The territories that now comprises Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh were ruled by numerous princes who entered into subsidiary alliance with the British .
After independence , the states of Madhya Bharat , Vindhya Pradesh , and Bhopal were merged into Madhya Pradesh in 1956. In 2000, the new state of Chhattisgarh was carved out of Madhya Pradesh .
A Hindi speaker, recorded in Taiwan .
The region is part of the Hindi Belt , and Modern Standard Hindi is the predominant language. Other Hindi belt languages such as Chhattisgarhi are also common regionally. Besides these Indo-Aryan languages , the Munda-family language Korku is also spoken in Central India.
See also
"Executive summary of month of November 2015" (PDF). Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Power, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
^ Michell, George (1990), The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu, p. 138, 1990, Penguin Books, ISBN 0140081445 .
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18 | which state is located in the centre of india | https://knowindia.india.gov.in/states-uts/ | States and Union Territories
India, a union of states, is a Sovereign, Secular, Democratic Republic with a Parliamentary system of Government. The President is the constitutional head of Executive of the Union. In the states, the Governor, as the representative of the President, is the head of Executive. The system of government in states closely resembles that of the Union. There are 28 states and 8 Union territories in the country. Union Territories are administered by the President through an Administrator appointed by him/her. From the largest to the smallest, each State/ UT of India has a unique demography, history and culture, dress, festivals, language etc. This section introduces you to the various States/UTs in the Country and urges you to explore their magnificent uniqueness...
States and Capitals
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18 | which state is located in the centre of india | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India | States and union territories of India
98 languages
States and union territories of India
Areas
States: Goa – 3,702 km2 (1,429 sq mi) (smallest) Rajasthan – 342,269 km2 (132,151 sq mi) (largest) Union territories: Lakshadweep – 32 km2 (12 sq mi) (smallest) Ladakh – 59,146 km2 (22,836 sq mi) (largest)
Government
The administrative divisions of the Indian Empire in 1909
The Indian Empire was a very complex political entity consisting of various imperial divisions and states and territories of varying autonomy. At the time of its establishment in 1876, it was made up of 584 constituent states and the directly ruled territories of the Crown . The entire empire was divided into provinces and agencies.
A province consisted of territory under the direct rule of the Emperor of India (who was also the King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions ) and a few minor states, ruled by Indian princes under the suzerainty of the Emperor. A Governor or Lieutenant-Governor acted as the representative of the Emperor to that province and head of government of the directly ruled territories in the province.
The governor or lieutenant-governor also served as the Emperor's representative to the constituent states of the province. The first three of the lieutenant-governorships were territories annexed to India from other powers and temporarily governed by the erstwhile Bengal Presidency, before being made into their own separate provinces. Agra and Bengal were still considered de jure parts of the defunct Bengal Presidency for judicial and legal purposes. Agra was separated in 1878 and merged with Oudh .
The Bengal Presidency was re-established in 1912 as a governorship. All these provinces had their own legislatures established by the Indian Councils Acts, and high courts established by Indian High Courts Acts. Laws passed by these legislatures needed the dual assent of the governor or lieutenant-governor of the province and the governor-general of India , who functioned as the representative of the Emperor .
There were three governor's provinces in 1912, styled "Presidencies" as a historical memento that they had been once governed by presidents. These were:
In addition to these, there were certain territories ruled directly by the Government of India through nominated chief commissioners. These were former independent states annexed to India and since ruled directly by the Supreme Government.
There were the three chief commissioner's provinces. These did not have a legislature or a high court. These were:
Delhi (from 1911, capital of India)
A vast majority of the Indian states in the late nineteenth century were, in terms of imperial divisions, organised within the provinces. However a good number of states were organised into imperial structures called agencies, or residencies. An Agent to the Governor-General (AGG) functioned as the Emperor's representative to all the states in the agency.
At the time of establishment of the empire, there were only two agencies:
There were ten governor's provinces now. These were:
There were now 8 imperial agencies and residencies. These were:
Punjab States (formerly part of Punjab Province)
Madras States (formerly part of Madras Presidency)
Some states were with direct relations with the Emperor. These were:
The latter years of the Indian Empire saw the enactment of the last Government of India Act by the Crown. This act granted full autonomy to Indian provinces. Provincial laws no longer needed the assent of the governor-general. This act created the office of a Premier in each province, who functioned as the new head of government and was responsible to the provincial legislature.
Bengal, Madras and Bombay which had been till now styled Presidencies, were now officially styled as provinces. The provinces of Orissa and Sind were created from Bihar and Bombay respectively. The Province of Burma which had previously functioned as an autonomous province of India was now separated from the Indian Empire, and established as the Crown Colony of Burma .
The new set of 12 governor's provinces were:
Three kingdoms were in direct relations with the Emperor.
1947–1950
The new Constitution of India , which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States". The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states: [3]
Part A states, which were the former governors' provinces of India, were ruled by an elected governor and state legislature. The nine Part A states were:
States reorganisation (1951–1956)
The French enclave of Chandernagore was transferred to West Bengal in 1954. In the same year Pondicherry , comprising the former French enclaves of Pondichéry , Karikal , Yanaon and Mahé , was transferred to India. This became a union territory in 1962. [5]
The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states. [3]
As a result of this act:
The Laccadive Islands , Aminidivi Islands and Minicoy Island , which had been divided between the South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State, were united and organised into the union territory of Lakshadweep .
Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act. [10] The former Union Territory of Nagaland achieved statehood on 1 December 1963. [11] The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh . [12] The act designated Chandigarh as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana. [13]
Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969. The north-eastern states of Manipur , Meghalaya and Tripura were formed on 21 January 1972. [14] Mysore State was renamed Karnataka in 1973. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union and the state's monarchy was abolished. [15] In 1987, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram became states on 20 February, followed by Goa on 30 May, while erstwhile union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu 's northern exclaves Damão and Diu became a separate union territory as Daman and Diu . [16]
In November 2000, three new states were created, namely:
Pondicherry was renamed Puducherry in 2007 and Orissa was renamed Odisha in 2011. Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 from ten former districts of north-western Andhra Pradesh . [21] [22]
Current proposals
States and Union territories
^ A few union territories have their own representative territorial governments.
^ Nava Raipur is planned to replace Raipur as the capital city of Chhattisgarh .
^ Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states, Telangana and a residual Andhra Pradesh on 2 June 2014. [42] [21] Hyderabad , located entirely within the borders of Telangana, is to serve as the capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years. [43] The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature completed the process of relocating to temporary facilities in the envisaged new capital city Amaravati in early 2017. [44]
^ Bengali and Nepali are the official languages in the Darjeeling and Kurseong sub-divisions of the Darjeeling district.
Union territories
Former union territories of India [54] [61]
Name
Zone
Capital
Area
Begin
End
Successor(s)
Map
21 January 1972
20 February 1987
11 August 1961
26 January 2020
30 May 1987
26 January 2020
19 December 1961
30 May 1987
1 November 1956
25 January 1971
1 November 1956
21 January 1972
21 January 1972
20 February 1987
29 November 1957
1 December 1963
1 November 1956
21 January 1972
See also
Reorganisation of states (PDF) (Report). Economic Weekly. 15 October 1955. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 February 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
"Constitutional Amendment" . Government of India . Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
J.C. Aggarwal; S.P. Agrawal (1995). Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future. New Delhi: Concept Publishing. pp. 89–90.
Snapshot of North Eastern States (PDF) (Report). IBC India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
"Goa Chronology" . Goa online. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
Sanchari Bhattacharya (1 June 2014). "Andhra Pradesh Minus Telangana: 10 Facts" . NDTV . Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
"AP Assembly building inaugurated" . BusinessLine. 2 March 2017. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
"Telangana State Profile" . Telangana government portal. p. 34. Archived from the original on 5 December 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
Singh, Pallavi (19 April 2010). "Sanskrit: reviving the language in today's India" . mint. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
"Jammu and Kashmir capital" . Jammu and Kashmir Legal Services Authority. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
Article 73 broadly stated, provides that the executive power of the Union shall extend to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws. Article 162 similarly provides that the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of a State has power to make laws. The Supreme Court has reiterated this position when it ruled in the Ramanaiah case that the executive power of the Union or of the State broadly speaking, is coextensive and coterminous with its respective legislative power
External links
2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.
States and union territories of India
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18 | which state is located in the centre of india | https://www.india.gov.in/ | portal is to raise awareness and establish a comprehensive platform for reporting and seeking assistance for drug-related issues
Health ID - Key to your Digital Healthcare Journey
Be involved
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18 | which state is located in the centre of india | https://katni.nic.in/en/tourist-place/geographic-center-of-the-country/ | Category Adventure, Historic
Geographic centre of the country in Karaundi – Geographically, Karaundi village of Dhimarkheda tehsil of Katni district has its own importance. The village with a population of about 200 is considered to be the geographical centre point of India. The Tropic of Cancer, which passes through eight states of India, passes through this village. This village, located in the hills of the Vindhyachal mountain range, is also called the heart of the country due to this specialty. This place has also been included in the tourist mega circuit for its development. This place was discovered by students in 1956 under the leadership of SP Chakraborty, the founder principal of Engineering College Jabalpur, and after that it got a place as the geographical centre point of the country. In the year 1987, the then Prime Minister Late Shri Chandrashekhar reached Karaundi and the same year a memorial started being built here, whose construction was completed in the same year. Seeing the importance of this place, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi established Maharishi University at some distance from here in 1995. Students from all over the country come here to study Vedas.
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19 | when did the song the joker come out | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Joker_(Steve_Miller_Band_song) | The Joker (Steve Miller Band song)
8 languages
1973 song by Steve Miller Band
"The Joker"
Official video
Cover of the 1983 live single
Steve Miller Band singles chronology
"Living in the U.S.A." (live)"(1983)
"Take the Money and Run" (live)/"The Joker" (live)"(1983)
"Shangri-La"(1984)
"The Joker"(1990)
"Wide River"(1993)
"The Joker" is a song by American rock band Steve Miller Band from their eighth studio album, The Joker (1973). Released as a single in October 1973, the song topped the US Billboard Hot 100 in early 1974 and reached the top 20 in Australia, Canada, and the Netherlands.
More than 16 years later, in September 1990, "The Joker" reached number one on the UK Singles Chart for two weeks after being used in "Great Deal", a television advertisement for clothing company Levi's , and caused controversy for keeping Deee-Lite 's " Groove Is in the Heart " off the number-one spot. This reissue of "The Joker" also topped the Irish Singles Chart , the New Zealand Singles Chart , the Dutch Nationale Top 100 , and the Dutch Top 40 .
Miller borrowed from the hit song " Lovey Dovey ", which shares the lyric, "You're the cutest thing that I ever did see / I really love your peaches, wanna shake your tree / Lovey dovey, lovey dovey, lovey dovey all the time". Ahmet Ertegun and Eddie Curtis wrote the song, and the Clovers had the highest charting version in 1954. [3]
It is one of two Steve Miller Band songs that feature the nonce word " pompatus ". The first line of the lyrics is a reference to the song "Space Cowboy" from Miller's Brave New World album. The following lines refer to two other songs: " Gangster of Love " from Sailor and "Enter Maurice" from Recall the Beginning...A Journey from Eden . The line "some people call me Maurice / 'Cause I speak of the pompatus of love" was written after Miller heard the song "The Letter" by the Medallions . In "The Letter", writer Vernon Green made up the word puppetutes, meaning a paper-doll erotic fantasy figure; [4] however, Miller misheard the word and wrote pompatus instead.
Critical reception
Chart performance
Track listings
"The Joker" (live) – 2:55
"Don't Let Nobody Turn You Around" – 2:27
12-inch maxi (1990)
"Don't Let Nobody Turn You Around" – 2:27
"Shu Ba Da Du Ma Ma Ma" – 5:39
CD maxi (1990)
"Don't Let Nobody Turn You Around" – 2:27
"Shu Ba Da Du Ma Ma Ma Ma" – 3:33
"Living in the U.S.A." – 3:59
Dick Thompson – organ
John King – drums
2
58
50
40
58
15
19
62
54
20
Certifications
[ edit ]
Region
Certification
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
Notable cover versions
American reggae singer Shaggy and Barbadian singer Rayvon 's 2001 song " Angel " samples the bassline of the song. [41] It reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending March 31, 2001. [42]
English musician Fatboy Slim covered "The Joker" and released it as a single on February 28, 2005. [43] This version reached number 32 on the UK Singles Chart and number 29 in Ireland. [44] [45]
Dio, Ray (October 20, 1990). "Raydio" (PDF). Music & Media . Vol. 7, no. 42. p. 25. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
Nichols, Paul (December 26, 2014). "The Joker" . prsformusic.com. PRS for Music. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
Bronson, Fred (March 31, 2001). "US Pop Stars Go 'Over' The Top" . Chart Beat. Google Books: Billboard magazine. p. 94. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
"CashBox Record Reviews" (PDF). Cash Box. September 22, 1973. p. 18. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
"Hits of the Week" (PDF). Record World. September 22, 1973. p. 1. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
.
"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media . Vol. 7, no. 38. September 22, 1990. p. IV. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
Nyman, Jake (2005). Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN
"1990 Top 100 Singles". Music Week . London, England: Spotlight Publications. March 2, 1991. p. 41.
"Eurochart Hot 100 1991" (PDF). Music & Media . Vol. 8, no. 51–52. December 21, 1991. p. 21. Retrieved January 17, 2020 – via World Radio History.
Udovitch, Mim (February 15, 2001). "Q&A: Shaggy" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
"New Releases: Singles". Music Week . February 26, 2005. p. 25.
External links
The Joker (Steve Miller Band song)
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19 | when did the song the joker come out | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Joker_(album) | The Joker (album)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the 1973 Steve Miller Band album. For other albums with similar titles, see Joker (disambiguation) .
1973 studio album / live album by Steve Miller Band
The Joker
"Your Cash Ain't Nothin' but Trash"Released: 11 February 1974 (US) [1]
The Joker is a combination live and studio album by Steve Miller Band . The album was recorded at Capitol Studios [2] and released by Capitol Records in October 1973. The album marked a period of significant change for the group as the band abandoned their psychedelic-oriented music for a more melodic, smooth rock/blues sound. It was also their first solid commercial success due to the strong radio-play of the title track. The album reached No. 2 on the Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart and has been certified Platinum in the United States. It reached No. 1 on the Cash Box Albums Charts on January 8, 1974. [3]
Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic rated The Joker three out of five stars, calling it "all bright and fun, occasionally truly silly". He also stated that it "isn't mind-expanding", but concluded by saying that it "nevertheless maintains its good-time vibe so well that it's hard not to smile along... provided you're on the same wavelength as Miller, of course." [4]
Record World said of the single "Your Cash Ain't Nothin' But Trash" "A dynamic rocker, it ain't nothin' but the best!" [7]
Track listing
Steve Miller
Steve Miller
Gerald Johnson – bass guitar (all but 8), vocals
Chart (1973–1974)
1
Chart (1974)
29
.
"Hits of the Week" (PDF). Record World. February 16, 1974. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-03-17.
Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992: 23 years of hit singles & albums from the top 100 charts. St Ives, N.S.W, Australia: Australian Chart Book. p. 201. ISBN
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The Joker (album)
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19 | when did the song the joker come out | https://open.spotify.com/track/1bp2IO61zbQrbWNmKKxg3f | Sign in to see lyrics and listen to the full track
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19 | when did the song the joker come out | https://www.udiscovermusic.com/feature-articles/steve-miller-band-the-joker-song/ | uDiscover Music
The Steve Miller Band Tell The One About ‘The Joker’ And The Pompatus Of Love
February 28, 2025
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February 26, 2025
February 26, 2025
The Steve Miller Band Tell The One About ‘The Joker’ And The Pompatus Of Love
It was the song that upgraded the band from album radio staples to simultaneous Top 40 stars.
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Photo: ABC Photo Archives/Disney General Entertainment Content via Getty Images
Have you heard the one about the absolute rock classic that became the 353rd No.1 single in U.S. chart history in January 1974 – then took 16 years to become the 650th in the U.K.? Even more bizarrely, another 11 years, the song was sampled on another British No.1. It’s the funny story of the Steve Miller Band ’s “The Joker.”
The classic single, written and produced by guitar hero and self-appointed “space cowboy” Miller himself, transformed the career of the Milwaukee-born guitar-slinger and his group, more than five years after they had made their LP debut with the psych-blues statement Children of the Future. Known and admired by an album audience for that set and subsequent released such as Sailor and Your Saving Grace, “The Joker” single would now upgrade them from album radio staples to simultaneous Top 40 stars.
Steve Miller Band – J50: The Evolution of The Joker (Official Trailer)
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The song was recorded in the summer of 1973 as sessions continued for the album of the same name at Capitol Studios. The creative development of the full-length is extensively and fascinatingly charted on the 50th anniversary 3LP + 7″ box and 2CD boxed sets J50: The Evolution of The Joker . The set presents the original album tracks chronologically positioned and contextualized among 27 previously unissued recordings from Miller’s personal archive.
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His creation of the self-assured and enigmatic titular character and his mesmeric guitar features, along with the catchy “lovey-dovey” lyrical hooks and the inscrutable references to the “pompatus of love,” proved an irresistible combination to the band’s new and existing fans. Miller’s quotations from the Clovers’ “Lovey Dovey,” which spent five weeks at No.2 on the U.S. R&B chart in 1954, when he was 11 years old, were specific enough to require a co-writing credit on his own song with the writers of the earlier one, Eddie Curtis and Atlantic Records co-founder Ahmet Ertegun.
As for that mysterious word “pompatus”? It was a bastardization of the word “puppetutes.” which itself had been coined by Vernon Green, leader of the R&B group the Medallions, in their charming harmony ballad “The Letter,” in that same year of 1954. The quartet recorded for the notable Los Angeles doo-wop label Dootone.
Steve Miller Band - The Joker (Official Music Video)
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“The Joker” entered the Billboard Hot 100 for the week of October 20, 1973 at No.86, in the week that the Rolling Stones flew to the chart summit with “Angie.” The SMB single built steadily in sales and airplay, hitting the Top 10 for the first time in mid-December and, on January 12, spending a week at No.1. The self-produced album spent a week at No.2 in a 38-week chart run, soon going gold and advancing to platinum in 1987.
“I never thought ‘The Joker’ was going to be a hit,” Miller said later. “I always wanted to make singles, I like singles. So I just started taking that two-and-a-half minute thing and started looking for sounds that record well.” For the first time, the guitarist-writer-frontman and his compadres had what he would call “a real, no kidding, non-stop hit.”
He achieved that with such dexterity that from then on, the band would be on the singles radar as well as an album act, although it was on their next LP, 1976’s Fly Like An Eagle , that they really came into their own as a crossover group. Strangely, for all of its airplay in the UK on BBC Radio 1 and elsewhere, “The Joker” failed to hit there, and the band’s only singles chart appearance of the 1970s came on their No.11 hit “Rock’n Me.”
Fast forward 16 years…
The story of the song then goes fast-forward 16 years, to the period when TV and cinema commercials for Levis 501 jeans had the power to create new hits with catalog material. It had worked especially well for old soul staples such as Ben E. King’s “Stand By Me,” Marvin Gaye ’s “I Heard It Through The Grapevine,” and Percy Sledge’s “When A Man Loves A Woman,” among others.
Now it was Steve Miller’s turn. A new Levi’s ad directed by Hugh Johnson turned a whole new audience on to “The Joker,” which began a reemergence that took it to No.1 in the U.K. on September 15, 1990, and on to the Top 10 all over Europe. It was the longest-ever gap between transatlantic chart-toppers.
Another 11 years on, the song made an appearance on another U.K. bestseller, when Jamaican rapper-singer Shaggy sampled it, along with Merilee Rush’s “Angel Of The Morning,” on his fourth No.1, “Angel,” which topped the charts in June 2001. In 2004, a club-friendly update by British “superstar DJ” Fatboy Slim became a Top 40 UK single from his Palookaville album. By the time of the 50th anniversary album anthology, Miller’s career record sales had advanced to some 75 million, and more than five billion streams of his, and the band’s, perennial songbook.
Miller was certainly pumped about the band’s new momentum when he spoke to Circus Raves early in 1974. “I love working on records, especially when they’re going right,” he said. “That and being onstage are my favorite parts of the business, and they both turn me on.”
He knew that the groundwork for the new success with The Joker album had been carefully laid. “We played about 90 cities before we released it, 45 last year, and 45 during the spring and summer,” he said. “They were super-successful dates, and people were just sitting there waiting for us to put a record out.”
Paul McCartney & Wings
Live In The U.S.A 1978, Atlanta 5th Jan, South East Music Hall, Limited Edition Red LP
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"The Joker"
Alternative cover
Alternative cover
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"The Joker" is a song by the Steve Miller Band from their 1973 album The Joker. It is one of two Steve Miller Band songs that feature the nonce word "pompatus". The song topped the US Billboard Hot 100 in early 1974. [1]
More than 16 years later, in September 1990, it reached number one in the UK Singles Chart for two weeks [2] after being used in "Great Deal", a Hugh Johnson-directed television advertisement for Levi's, thus holding the record for the longest gap between transatlantic chart-toppers. This reissue of "The Joker" also topped the Irish Singles Chart , [3] the New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart, [4] the Dutch Nationale Top 100 [5] and the Dutch Top 40 . [6]
The first line of the lyrics is a reference to the song "Space Cowboy" from Miller's Brave New World album. Following lines refer to two other songs: "Gangster of Love" from Sailor and "Enter Maurice" from Recall the Beginning...A Journey from Eden.
Contents
During the song, Steve Miller references The Clovers' 1954 song "Lovey Dovey" when he sings "You're the cutest thing that I ever did see/ Really love your peaches, wanna shake your tree / Lovey dovey, lovey dovey, lovey dovey all the time".
The song is noted for its wolf whistle played on a slide guitar after the "lovey dovey" parts and the "some people call me Maurice" part.
The line "some people call me Maurice / 'Cause I speak of the pompatus of love" was written after Miller heard the song "The Letter" by The Medallions. In "The Letter", writer Vernon Green made up the word puppetutes, meaning a paper-doll erotic fantasy figure; [7] however, Miller misheard the word and wrote pompatus instead. [8]
Personnel[
Dick Thompson–organ
John King–drums
"The Joker" (live) – 2:55
7" single (1990)
"Don't Let Nobody Turn You Around" – 2:27
12" maxi (1990)
"Don't Let Nobody Turn You Around" – 2:27
"Shu Ba Da Du Ma Ma Ma" – 5:39
CD maxi (1990)
"Don't Let Nobody Turn You Around" – 2:27
"Shu Ba Da Du Ma Ma Ma Ma" – 3:33
"Living in the U.S.A." – 3:59
Certifications[
Country
Certification
Date
2
1
33
1
Billboard Hot 100 number one singleJanuary 12, 1974 (one week)
Succeeded by"Show and Tell" by Al Wilson
Preceded by"Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini" by Bombalurina
Irish IRMA number-one singleSeptember 6, 1990 (two weeks)
Succeeded by"I Useta Lover" by The Saw Doctors
Preceded by"Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini" by Bombalurina
Succeeded by"Show Me Heaven" by Maria McKee
Preceded by"Verdammt, ich lieb' dich" by Matthias Reim
Succeeded by"Show Me Heaven" by Maria McKee
Preceded by"Verdammt, ich lieb' dich" by Matthias Reim
Dutch Nationale Top 100 number-one singleNovember 10, 1990 (two weeks)
Succeeded by"Show Me Heaven" by Maria McKee
Preceded by"Trippin'" by Push Push
New Zealand RIANZ number-one singleMay 10, 1991 (one week)
Succeeded by"Trippin'" by Push Push
Cover versions[
"The Joker"
Alternative cover
Covers[
k.d. lang covered it on her album Drag (1997) on which all the songs have the theme of smoking or cigarettes. The song was released as a single.
Black Train Jack covered it on their album You're not alone (1994).
Fettes Brot did a German rendition of the song in 2001, retitled as "The Großer" (English translation "The big guy").
Fatboy Slim reworked the song on his 2004 album Palookaville, featuring Bootsy Collins on lead vocals. This cover version reached No. 32 on the UK Singles Chart in 2005. [20]
Mike Myers did a cover to the song, playing a sitar, in The Love Guru.
Post-grunge band Puddle of Mudd covered it on their covers album Re:(disc)overed.
Album tracks[
In 1998, Todd Snider covered the song on his Viva Satellite album.
Spearhead recorded a cover for the compilation CD Hempilation 2 (1998).
Darkbuster covered the song as "Space Cowboy" on their album 22 Songs You'll Never Want to Hear Again! (1999).
Twiztid recorded a cover of the song, which appeared on their 2004 compilation Cryptic Collection Vol. 3.
In 2006, Jason Mraz covered the song for the soundtrack to the film Happy Feet . This recording was produced by Josh Deutsch and John Powell. On the soundtrack album Happy Feet: Music from the Motion Picture, the song is mashed up with " Everything I Own ", recorded by Chrissie Hynde.
In 2013, The Voice Australia finalist, Danny Ross covered the song on his debut album, As The Crows Flies.
In 2014, Ace Frehley covered the song on his album Space Invader
Live cover performances[
The song was covered live by The Smashing Pumpkins in 1992, [21] and the recording can be found on the Mashed Potatoes box set.
Kurt Elling performed live during a concert in the Czech Republic in 2006.
Tim McGraw performed it during the "Soul2Soul" 2007 tour with his wife Faith Hill.
They Might Be Giants have played it live on occasion, and included a cover of it on their podcast.
The String Cheese Incident covered it at a show in Melkweg, Amsterdam on March 27, 2004, and added "Don't wanna see Billy run" (Bill Nershi of SCI)
Keith Urban performed the song during his "Love, Pain, and the Whole Crazy Thing" 2007 tour with The Wreckers on August 18, 2007 and with Amanda Wilkinson and Tyler Wilkinson on December 15, 2007.
311 performed it live in New Orleans on 311 Day (March 11, 2008).
Puddle of Mudd performed the song at DC101 Chili Cook-Off on May 16, 2009
Jack Johnson often performs the song live during his 2010 To the Sea world tour and did so in Vancouver on October 1, 2010.
Luke Bryan often performs the song near the end of his concerts.
Sampling[
"The Joker" was sampled in the song "Summer and Lightning" by Electric Light Orchestra from their 1977 album, Out of the Blue .
"The Joker" serves as the outline of the song "So Cal Loco (Party Like a Rockstar)" by Sprung Monkey which appeared in the film Dude, Where's My Car?.
It was also sampled on the original Def American Records release of the Geto Boys ' song "Gangster of Love" from their 1989 album, Grip It! On That Other Level. The sample, presumably unauthorized, was replaced with Lynyrd Skynyrd 's " Sweet Home Alabama " on later pressings of the album.
The song "Hudson Dragonfly" by Jackie-O Motherfucker, from the album, America Mystica (2006), contains a sample of "The Joker".
The song "Angel" by Shaggy, from the album Hot Shot (2000), samples the bass line of "The Joker".
Steve Miller recorded an unreleased demo of this song's music with the lyrics of his other song, Take the Money and Run. [22]
The 2012 song Diese Tage with German and English lyrics by KRIS feat Dante Thomas uses the chorus of "The Joker".
Country rapper Colt Ford sampled this song for his song "Gangsta of Love".
References and footnotes[
↑ Swedish certifications Ifpi.se (Retrieved March 24, 2016)
↑ U.K. certifications bpi.co.uk (Retrieved March 24, 2016)
↑ U.S. certifications riaa.com (Retrieved March 24, 2016)
"The Howard Stern Radio Show". New York. 17 Apr 2013. Sirius XM Satellite Radio. Howard 100.
Missing or empty |series= (help)
External links[
Template:MetroLyrics song
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