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Q: Which choice best describes what happens in the passage? Answer Choices: (A)One character argues with another character who intrudes on her home. (B)One character receives a surprising request from another character. (C)One character reminisces about choices she has made over the years. (D)One character criticizes another character for pursuing an unexpected course of action. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which choice best describes the developmental pattern of the passage? Answer Choices: (A)A careful analysis of a traditional practice (B)A detailed depiction of a meaningful encounter (C)A definitive response to a series of questions (D)A cheerful recounting of an amusing anecdote A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which reaction does Akira most fear from Chie? Answer Choices: (A)She will consider his proposal inappropriate. (B)She will mistake his earnestness for immaturity. (C)She will consider his unscheduled visit an imposition. (D)She will underestimate the sincerity of his emotions A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: In the passage, Akira addresses Chie with Answer Choices: (A)affection but not genuine love. (B)objectivity but not complete impartiality. (C)amusement but not mocking disparagement. (D)respect but not utter deference. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The main purpose of the first paragraph is to Answer Choices: (A)describe a culture. (B)criticize a tradition. (C)question a suggestion. (D)analyze a reaction. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The authors' main purpose of including the information about $\mathrm{X}$-ray evidence and density is to Answer Choices: (A)establish that DNA is the molecule that carries the genetic information. (B)present an alternate hypothesis about the composition of a nucleotide. (C)provide support for the authors' claim about the number of chains in a molecule of DNA. (D)confirm the relationship between the density of DNA and the known chemical formula of DNA. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Based on the table and passage, which choice gives the correct percentages of the purines in yeast DNA? Answer Choices: (A)$17.1 \%$ and $18.7 \%$ (B)$17.1 \%$ and $32.9 \%$ (C)$18.7 \%$ and $31.3 \%$ (D)$31.3 \%$ and $32.9 \%$ A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Do the data in the table support the authors' proposed pairing of bases in DNA? Answer Choices: (A)Yes, because for each given organism, the percentage of adenine is closest to the percentage of thymine, and the percentage of guanine is closest to the percentage of cytosine. (B)Yes, because for each given organism, the percentage of adenine is closest to the percentage of guanine, and the percentage of cytosine is closest to the percentage of thymine. (C)No, because for each given organism, the percentage of adenine is closest to the percentage of thymine, and the percentage of guanine is closest to the percentage of cytosine. (D)No, because for each given organism, the percentage of adenine is closest to the percentage of guanine, and the percentage of cytosine is closest to the percentage of thymine. 30 A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: According to the table, which of the following pairs of base percentages in sea urchin DNA provides evidence in support of the answer to the previous question? Answer Choices: (A)$17.3 \%$ and $17.7 \%$ (B)$17.3 \%$ and $32.1 \%$ (C)$17.3 \%$ and $32.8 \%$ (D)$17.7 \%$ and $32.8 \%$ A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The main purpose of the passage is to Answer Choices: (A)emphasize the value of a tradition. (B)stress the urgency of an issue. (C)highlight the severity of social divisions. (D)question the feasibility of an undertaking A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The central claim of the passage is that Answer Choices: (A)educated women face a decision about how to engage with existing institutions. (B)women can have positions of influence in English society only if they give up some of their traditional roles. (C)the male monopoly on power in English society has had grave and continuing effects. (D)the entry of educated women into positions of power traditionally held by men will transform those positions. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: According to the passage, Woolf chooses the setting of the bridge because it Answer Choices: (A)is conducive to a mood of fanciful reflection. (B)provides a good view of the procession of the sons of educated men. (C)is within sight of historic episodes to which she alludes. (D)is symbolic of the legacy of past and present sons of educated men. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Woolf indicates that the procession she describes in the passage Answer Choices: (A)has come to have more practical influence in recent years. (B)has become a celebrated feature of English public life. (C)includes all of the richest and most powerful men in England. (D)has become less exclusionary in its membership in recent years. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The author of Passage 1 indicates that space mining could have which positive effect? Answer Choices: (A)It could yield materials important to Earth's economy. (B)It could raise the value of some precious metals on Earth. (C)It could create unanticipated technological innovations. (D)It could change scientists' understanding of space resources. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The central claim of Passage 2 is that space mining has positive potential but Answer Choices: (A)it will end up encouraging humanity's reckless treatment of the environment. (B)its effects should be thoughtfully considered before it becomes a reality. (C)such potential may not include replenishing key resources that are disappearing on Earth. (D)experts disagree about the commercial viability of the discoveries it could yield. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which statement best describes the relationship between the passages? Answer Choices: (A)Passage 2 refutes the central claim advanced in Passage 1. (B)Passage 2 illustrates the phenomenon described in more general terms in Passage 1. (C)Passage 2 argues against the practicality of the proposals put forth in Passage 1. (D)Passage 2 expresses reservations about developments discussed in Passage 1. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which point about the resources that will be highly valued in space is implicit in Passage 1 and explicit in Passage 2 ? Answer Choices: (A)They may be different resources from those that are valuable on Earth. (B)They will be valuable only if they can be harvested cheaply. (C)They are likely to be primarily precious metals and rare earth elements. A: Among A through C, the answer is

Q: The narrator of the passage can best be described as Answer Choices: (A)one of Miss Spivey's former students. (B)Miss Spivey's predecessor. (C)an anonymous member of the community. (D)Miss Spivey herself. 2 A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: In the passage, Threestep is mainly presented as a Answer Choices: (A)summer retreat for vacationers. (B)small rural town. (C)town that is home to a prominent university. (D)comfortable suburb. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that some of the people at the train station regard Miss Spivey's comment about the Georgia heat with Answer Choices: (A)sympathy, because they assume that she is experiencing intense heat for the first time. (B)disappointment, because they doubt that she will stay in Threestep for very long. (C)embarrassment, because they imagine that she is superior to them. (D)resentment, because they feel that she is minimizing their discomfort. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The interaction between Miss Spivey and Ralphord serves mainly to Answer Choices: (A)suggest that Miss Spivey has an exaggerated view of what information should be considered common knowledge. (B)establish a friendly dynamic between the charming schoolchildren and their indulgent and doting new instructor. (C)introduce Ralphord as a precocious young student and Miss Spivey as a dismissive and disinterested teacher. (D)demonstrate that the children want to amuse Miss Spivey with their questions. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: According to the passage, Miss Spivey ended up in Threestep as a direct result of Answer Choices: (A)her friendship with Janet Miller. (B)attending college in New York City. (C)talking with a woman at the WPA. (D)Miss Chandler's retirement from teaching. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: In the passage, when Miss Spivey announces that she had seen camels, the students' reaction suggests that they are Answer Choices: (A)delighted. (B)fascinated. (C)baffled. (D)worried. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Based on the passage, textbook authors in the early 1990s would most likely have expected which condition to result from the blocking of fast fibers? Answer Choices: (A)The rate at which other nerve fibers fired would increase. (B)The test subject would perceive gentle stimuli as painful. (C)The body would compensate by using slow fibers to sense pressure. (D)The ability to perceive vibrations would be impaired. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which conclusion is best supported by the findings of Olausson's 1993 experiment? Answer Choices: (A)Stimulation at bodily extremities can be sensed as rapidly as stimulation closer to the brain. (B)The presence of hairs in human skin lessens the speed with which nerves conduct signals. (C)Gentle pressure is sensed not only by fast fibers but also by slow fibers. (D)The speed at which a nerve fires is dependent on the strength of pressure applied to the nerve. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: It can reasonably be inferred that one of the intended goals of the 1999 experiment was to determine the Answer Choices: (A)precise nature of sensations that CT fibers can convey. (B)relationship between body hair and CT fiber function. (C)role played by CT fibers in the perception of pain. (D)effect of microneurography on CT fiber signaling. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: According to the passage, G.L. differed from Olausson's other test subjects in terms of the Answer Choices: (A)number of cortices activated in the brain during gentle brushing. (B)physical dimensions of the somatosensory cortex. (C)intensity of nerve signals required to activate the insular cortex. (D)effect of MRI scanning on the basic function of brain cortices. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: According to the passage, humans experience an emotional aspect of touch when Answer Choices: (A)brain cortices are shielded from nerve signals. (B)CT fibers are exposed to a stimulus. (C)nerve fibers that sense pain are suppressed. (D)conscious aspects of sensation are ignored. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: In Passage 1, Beveridge asserts that the resources and immensity of the United States constitute a Answer Choices: (A)safeguard against foreign invasion. (B)replication of conditions in Europe. (C)divine gift to the American people. (D)source of envy for people in other countries. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: It can reasonably be inferred from Passage 2 that Bryan considers the preference for national sovereignty over foreign rule to be a Answer Choices: (A)reaction to the excesses of imperial governments in the modern era. (B)sign that the belief in human equality is widespread. (C)testament to the effects of the foreign policy of the United States. (D)manifestation of an innate drive in humans toward self-rule. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: In developing their respective arguments, Beveridge (Passage 1) and Bryan (Passage 2) both express admiration for the Answer Choices: (A)founding and history of the United States. (B)vibrancy and diversity of American culture. (C)worldwide history of struggles for independence. (D)idealism that permeates many aspects of American society A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which choice best describes a central difference between how Beveridge (Passage 1) and Bryan (Passage 2) view the concept of liberty as it is realized in the United States? Answer Choices: (A)Beveridge presents it as the direct inheritance of European colonization, whereas Bryan presents it as a sharp break from earlier governments in Europe. (B)Beveridge considers it so exemplary as to justify conquest of other regions, whereas Bryan warns that its exemplary quality would be undermined by imperial expansion. (C)Beveridge argues that it arose organically as the United States matured, whereas Bryan argues that it was present from the country's beginnings. (D)Beveridge regards it as a model that should be shared with other countries, whereas Bryan believes that it is unique to the United States and could not work elsewhere. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: It can most reasonably be inferred from Passage 2 that Bryan would criticize the vision of American governance of island territories that Beveridge presents in Passage 1 for being Answer Choices: (A)unrealistic, since most Americans would be unwilling to relocate to distant islands. (B)deceptive, since economic domination would be the true goal of the American government. (C)impractical, since the islanders would insist upon an equal distribution of resources. (D)naive, since the islanders would object to being governed by Americans A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: According to the passage, exposure to light allows seeds to Answer Choices: (A)begin to develop. (B)absorb necessary nutrients. (C)withstand extreme temperatures. (D)achieve maximum growth. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The passage suggests that if Seydel had planted wheat or corn on the two agricultural strips in Hartmann's experiment, the percentage of the surface of each strip covered with weeds would likely have been Answer Choices: (A)lower than the percentage that Hartmann found. (B)higher than the percentage that Hartmann had predicted. (C)nearly impossible for Hartmann to determine. (D)comparable to Hartmann's original projection. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: According to the table, in which soil sample disturbed in darkness did the fewest number of seedlings emerge? Answer Choices: (A)Sample $A$ (B)Sample B (C)Sample C (D)Sample D A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: As presented in the table, which sample produced the most seedlings when the soil was disturbed in light? Answer Choices: (A)Sample G (B)Sample H (C)Sample I (D)Sample J A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which choice best summarizes the passage? Answer Choices: (A)A woman weighs the positive and negative aspects of accepting a new job. (B)A woman does not correct a stranger who mistakes her for someone else. (C)A woman impersonates someone else to seek revenge on an acquaintance. (D)A woman takes an immediate dislike to her new employer. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The passage most clearly implies that other people regarded Lady Carlotta as Answer Choices: (A)outspoken. (B)tactful. (C)ambitious. (D)unfriendly. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The narrator indicates that Claude, Wilfrid, Irene, and Viola are Answer Choices: (A)similar to many of their peers. (B)unusually creative and intelligent. (C)hostile to the idea of a governess. (D)more educated than others of their age. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The narrator implies that Mrs. Quabarl favors a form of education that emphasizes Answer Choices: (A)traditional values. (B)active engagement. (C)artistic experimentation. (D)factual retention. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: As presented in the passage, Mrs. Quabarl is best described as Answer Choices: (A)superficially kind but actually selfish. (B)outwardly imposing but easily defied. (C)socially successful but irrationally bitter. (D)naturally generous but frequently imprudent. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which choice best reflects the overall sequence of events in the passage? Answer Choices: (A)An experiment is proposed but proves unworkable; a less ambitious experiment is attempted, and it yields data that give rise to a new set of questions. (B)A new discovery leads to reconsideration of a theory; a classic study is adapted, and the results are summarized. (C)An anomaly is observed and simulated experimentally; the results are compared with previous findings, and a novel hypothesis is proposed. (D)An unexpected finding arises during the early phase of a study; the study is modified in response to this finding, and the results are interpreted and evaluated. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which statement best captures Ken Dial's central assumption in setting up his research? Answer Choices: (A)The acquisition of flight in young birds sheds light on the acquisition of flight in their evolutionary ancestors. (B)The tendency of certain young birds to jump erratically is a somewhat recent evolved behavior. (C)Young birds in a controlled research setting are less likely than birds in the wild to require perches when at rest. (D)Ground-dwelling and tree-climbing predecessors to birds evolved in parallel. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The passage identifies which of the following as a factor that facilitated the baby Chukars' traction on steep ramps? Answer Choices: (A)The speed with which they climbed (B)The position of their flapping wings (C)The alternation of wing and foot movement (D)Their continual hopping motions 28 A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: What can reasonably be inferred about gliding animals from the passage? Answer Choices: (A)Their young tend to hop along beside their parents instead of flying beside them. (B)Their method of locomotion is similar to that of ground birds. (C)They use the ground for feeding more often than for perching. (D)They do not use a flapping stroke to aid in climbing slopes. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: It can be inferred that the authors of Passage 1 believe that running a household and raising children Answer Choices: (A)are rewarding for men as well as for women. (B)yield less value for society than do the roles performed by men. (C)entail very few activities that are difficult or unpleasant. (D)require skills similar to those needed to run a country or a business. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: According to the author of Passage 2, in order for society to progress, women must Answer Choices: (A)enjoy personal happiness and financial security. (B)follow all currently prescribed social rules. (C)replace men as figures of power and authority. (D)receive an education comparable to that of men. 35 A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: In Passage 2, the author claims that freedoms granted by society's leaders have Answer Choices: (A)privileged one gender over the other. (B)resulted in a general reduction in individual virtue. (C)caused arguments about the nature of happiness. (D)ensured equality for all people. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which best describes the overall relationship between Passage 1 and Passage 2? Answer Choices: (A)Passage 2 strongly challenges the point of view in Passage 1. (B)Passage 2 draws alternative conclusions from the evidence presented in Passage 1. (C)Passage 2 elaborates on the proposal presented in Passage 1. (D)Passage 2 restates in different terms the argument presented in Passage 1. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The authors of both passages would most likely agree with which of the following statements about women in the eighteenth century? Answer Choices: (A)Their natural preferences were the same as those of men. (B)They needed a good education to be successful in society. (C)They were just as happy in life as men were. (D)They generally enjoyed fewer rights than men did. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: How would the authors of Passage 1 most likely respond to the points made in the final paragraph of Passage 2? Answer Choices: (A)Women are not naturally suited for the exercise of civil and political rights. (B)Men and women possess similar degrees of reasoning ability. (C)Women do not need to remain confined to their traditional family duties. (D)The principles of natural law should not be invoked when considering gender roles. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The passage most strongly suggests that beekeepers' attempts to fight mite infestations with commercially produced insecticides have what unintentional effect? Answer Choices: (A)They increase certain mite populations. (B)They kill some beneficial forms of bacteria. (C)They destroy bees' primary food source. (D)They further harm the health of some bees. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: An unstated assumption made by the authors about clover is that the plants Answer Choices: (A)do not produce pyrethrums. (B)are members of the Chrysanthemum genus. (C)are usually located near wild-type honeybee colonies. (D)will not be a good food source for honeybees in the control colonies. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Based on data in the table, in what percent of colonies with colony collapse disorder were the honeybees infected by all four pathogens? Answer Choices: (A)0 percent (B)77 percent (C)83 percent (D)100 percent A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Based on data in the table, which of the four pathogens infected the highest percentage of honeybee colonies without colony collapse disorder? Answer Choices: (A)$\mathrm{IAPV}$ (B)$\mathrm{KBV}$ (C)Nosema apis (D)Nosema ceranae A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Do the data in the table provide support for the authors' claim that infection with varroa mites increases a honeybee's susceptibility to secondary infections? Answer Choices: (A)Yes, because the data provide evidence that infection with a pathogen caused the colonies to undergo colony collapse disorder. (B)Yes, because for each pathogen, the percent of colonies infected is greater for colonies with colony collapse disorder than for colonies without colony collapse disorder. (C)No, because the data do not provide evidence about bacteria as a cause of colony collapse disorder. A: Among A through C, the answer is

Q: Over the course of the passage, the primary focus shifts from Answer Choices: (A)Lymie's inner thoughts to observations made by the other characters. (B)an exchange between strangers to a satisfying personal relationship. (C)the physical setting of the scene to the different characters' personality traits. (D)Lymie's experience reading a book to descriptions of people in the restaurant. 2 A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The main purpose of the first paragraph is to Answer Choices: (A)introduce the passage's main character by showing his nightly habits. (B)indicate the date the passage takes place by presenting period details. (C)convey the passage's setting by describing a place and an object. (D)foreshadow an event that is described in detail later in the passage. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: book") The narrator indicates that Lymie finally closes the history book because Answer Choices: (A)his father has joined him at the table. (B)the people at the other table are too disruptive. (C)he has finished the chapter about the Congress. (D)he is preparing to leave the restaurant. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The main idea of the last paragraph is that Mr. Peters Answer Choices: (A)neglects to spend any time with his family members. (B)behaves as if he is a younger version of himself. (C)is very conscious of symbols of wealth and power. (D)is preoccupied with the knowledge that he is growing old. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: In Passage 1, Beecher makes which point about the status of women relative to that of men? Answer Choices: (A)Women depend on men for their safety and security, but men are largely independent of women. (B)Women are inferior to men, but women play a role as significant as that played by men. (C)Women have fewer rights than men do, but women also have fewer responsibilities. (D)Women are superior to men, but tradition requires women to obey men. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: In Passage 1, Beecher implies that women's effect on public life is largely Answer Choices: (A)overlooked, because few men are interested in women's thoughts about politics. (B)indirect, because women exert their influence within the home and family life. (C)unnecessary, because men are able to govern society themselves. (D)symbolic, because women tend to be more idealistic about politics than men are. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: What is Grimké's central claim in Passage 2? Answer Choices: (A)The rights of individuals are not determined by race or gender. (B)Men and women must learn to work together to improve society. (C)Moral rights are the most important distinction between human beings and animals. (D)Men and women should have equal opportunities to flourish. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: In Passage 2, Grimké makes which point about human rights? Answer Choices: (A)They are viewed differently in various cultures around the world. (B)They retain their moral authority regardless of whether they are recognized by law. (C)They are sometimes at odds with moral responsibilities. (D)They have become more advanced and refined throughout history. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: nothingness") Which choice best states the relationship between the two passages? Answer Choices: (A)Passage 2 illustrates the practical difficulties of a proposal made in Passage 1. (B)Passage 2 takes issue with the primary argument of Passage 1. (C)Passage 2 provides a historical context for the perspective offered in Passage 1. (D)Passage 2 elaborates upon several ideas implied in Passage 1. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Based on the passages, both authors would agree with which of the following claims? Answer Choices: (A)Women have moral duties and responsibilities. (B)Men often work selflessly for political change. (C)The ethical obligations of women are often undervalued. (D)Political activism is as important for women as it is for men. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: According to the passage, Maguire's findings regarding taxi drivers are significant because they Answer Choices: (A)demonstrate the validity of a new method. (B)provide evidence for a popular viewpoint. (C)call into question an earlier consensus. (D)challenge the authenticity of previous data. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which question was Maguire's study of mental athletes primarily intended to answer? Answer Choices: (A)Does the act of memorization make use of different brain structures than does the act of navigation? (B)Do mental athletes inherit their unusual brain structures, or do the structures develop as a result of specific activities? (C)Does heightened memorization ability reflect abnormal brain structure or an unusual use of normal brain structure? (D)What is the relationship between general cognitive ability and the unusual brain structures of mental athletes? A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: According to the passage, when compared to mental athletes, the individuals in the control group in Maguire's second study Answer Choices: (A)showed less brain activity overall. (B)demonstrated a wider range of cognitive ability. (C)exhibited different patterns of brain activity. (D)displayed noticeably smaller hippocampal regions. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The passage most strongly suggests that mental athletes are successful at memorization because they Answer Choices: (A)exploit parts of the brain not normally used in routine memorization. (B)convert information they are trying to memorize into abstract symbols. (C)organize information into numerical lists prior to memorization. (D)exercise their brains regularly through puzzles and other mental challenges A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which choice best describes a major theme of the passage? Answer Choices: (A)The corrupting influence of a materialistic society (B)The moral purity of young children (C)The bittersweet brevity of childhood naïveté (D)The restorative power of parental love A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: As compared with Silas's gold, Eppie is portrayed as having more Answer Choices: (A)vitality. (B)durability. (C)protection. (D)self-sufficiency. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which statement best describes a technique the narrator uses to represent Silas's character before he adopted Eppie? Answer Choices: (A)The narrator emphasizes Silas's former obsession with wealth by depicting his gold as requiring certain behaviors on his part. (B)The narrator underscores Silas's former greed by describing his gold as seeming to reproduce on its own. (C)The narrator hints at Silas's former antisocial attitude by contrasting his present behavior toward his neighbors with his past behavior toward them. (D)The narrator demonstrates Silas's former lack of self-awareness by implying that he is unable to recall life before Eppie. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: According to the narrator, one consequence of Silas adopting Eppie is that he Answer Choices: (A)has renounced all desire for money. (B)better understands his place in nature. (C)seems more accepting of help from others. (D)looks forward to a different kind of future A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: In describing the relationship between Eppie and Silas, the narrator draws a connection between Eppie's Answer Choices: (A)physical vulnerability and Silas's emotional fragility. (B)expanding awareness and Silas's increasing engagement with life. (C)boundless energy and Silas's insatiable desire for wealth. (D)physical growth and Silas's painful perception of his own mortality. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The main purpose of the passage is to Answer Choices: (A)describe how squadrons of planes can save fuel by flying in a $\mathrm{V}$ formation. (B)discuss the effects of downdrafts on birds and airplanes. (C)explain research conducted to study why some birds fly in a $\mathrm{V}$ formation. (D)illustrate how birds sense air currents through their feathers. The author includes the quotation "Air gets pretty unpredictable behind a flapping wing" A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: What can reasonably be inferred about the reason Usherwood used northern bald ibises as the subjects of his study? Answer Choices: (A)The ibises were well acquainted with their migration route. (B)Usherwood knew the ibises were familiar with carrying data loggers during migration. (C)The ibises have a body design that is similar to that of a modern airplane. (D)The ibises were easily accessible for Usherwood and his team to track and observe. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: What does the author imply about pelicans, storks, and geese flying in a $\mathrm{V}$ formation? Answer Choices: (A)They communicate with each other in the same way as do ibises. (B)They have the same migration routes as those of ibises. (C)They create a similar wake to that of ibises. (D)They expend more energy than do ibises. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: In Passage 1, Tocqueville implies that treatment of men and women as identical in nature would have which consequence? Answer Choices: (A)Neither sex would feel oppressed. (B)Both sexes would be greatly harmed. (C)Men would try to reclaim their lost authority. (D)Men and women would have privileges they do not need. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: In Passage 2, Mill most strongly suggests that gender roles are resistant to change because they Answer Choices: (A)have long served as the basis for the formal organization of society. (B)are matters of deeply entrenched tradition. (C)can be influenced by legislative reforms only indirectly. (D)benefit the groups and institutions currently in power. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Both authors would most likely agree that the changes in gender roles that they describe would be Answer Choices: (A)part of a broad social shift toward greater equality. (B)unlikely to provide benefits that outweigh their costs. (C)inevitable given the economic advantages of gender equality. (D)at odds with the principles of American democracy. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which choice best describes the ways that the two authors conceive of the individual's proper position in society? Answer Choices: (A)Tocqueville believes that an individual's position should be defined in important ways by that individual's sex, while Mill believes that an individual's abilities should be the determining factor. (B)Tocqueville believes that an individual's economic class should determine that individual's position, while Mill believes that class is not a legitimate consideration. (C)Tocqueville believes that an individual's temperament should determine that individual's position, while Mill believes that temperament should not be a factor in an individual's position. (D)Tocqueville believes that an individual's position should be determined by what is most beneficial to society, while Mill believes it should be determined by what an individual finds most rewarding. 41 A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts from a Answer Choices: (A)general discussion of the narrator's love of reading to a portrayal of an influential incident. (B)depiction of the narrator's father to an examination of an author with whom the narrator becomes enchanted. (C)symbolic representation of a skill the narrator possesses to an example of its application. (D)tale about the hardships of the narrator's childhood to an analysis of the effects of those hardships. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that the main reason that the narrator considers Great Expectations to be the best gift he ever received is because Answer Choices: (A)reading the book convinced him that he wanted to be a writer. (B)he'd only ever been given sweets and snacks as gifts in the past. (C)the gift meant that Sempere held him in high regard. (D)Sempere was a friend of the book's author. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: done") The narrator indicates that he pays Sempere Answer Choices: (A)less than Sempere expects him to pay for the books. (B)nothing, because Sempere won't take his money. (C)the money he makes selling sweets to the other children. (D)much less for the books than they are worth. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which statement best characterizes the relationship between Sempere and Charles Dickens? Answer Choices: (A)Sempere models his own writing after Dickens's style. (B)Sempere is an avid admirer of Dickens's work. (C)Sempere feels a personal connection to details of Dickens's biography. (D)Sempere considers himself to be Dickens's most appreciative reader. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: 80 with the annexation of Texas; so with the territory acquired by the Mexican War; and it is so now. Whenever there has been an effort to spread it there has been agitation and resistance.... Do you think that the nature of man will be changed, that the same 85 causes that produced agitation at one time will not have the same effect at another? In the first paragraph of Passage 1, the main purpose of Douglas's discussion of the growth of the territory and population of the United States is to Answer Choices: (A)provide context for Douglas's defense of continued expansion. (B)suggest that the division into free and slave states does not endanger the Union. (C)imply that Lincoln is unaware of basic facts concerning the country. (D)account for the image of the United States as powerful and admirable. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: What does Passage 1 suggest about the US government's provisions for the institution of slavery, as framed in the Constitution? Answer Choices: (A)They included no means for reconciling differences between free states and slave states. (B)They anticipated the Union's expansion into western territories. (C)They provided a good basic structure that does not need to be changed. (D)They were founded on an assumption that slavery was necessary for economic growth. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Based on Passage 2, Lincoln would be most likely to agree with which claim about the controversy over slavery? Answer Choices: (A)It can be ended only if Northern states act unilaterally to abolish slavery throughout the United States. (B)It would abate if attempts to introduce slavery to regions where it is not practiced were abandoned. (C)It has been exacerbated by the ambiguity of laws regulating the holding of slaves. (D)It is fueled in part by differences in religion and social values from state to state. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which choice identifies a central tension between the two passages? Answer Choices: (A)Douglas proposes changes to federal policies on slavery, but Lincoln argues that such changes would enjoy no popular support. (B)Douglas expresses concerns about the economic impact of abolition, but Lincoln dismisses those concerns as irrelevant. (C)Douglas criticizes Lincoln for finding fault with the Constitution, and Lincoln argues that this criticism misrepresents his position. (D)Douglas offers an interpretation of federal law that conflicts with Lincoln's, and Lincoln implies that Douglas's interpretation is poorly reasoned. 40 A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Both passages discuss the issue of slavery in relationship to Answer Choices: (A)the expansion of the Union. (B)questions of morality. (C)religious toleration. (D)laws regulating commerce. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The primary purpose of the passage is to Answer Choices: (A)discuss findings that offer a scientific explanation for the Venus flytrap's closing action. (B)present research that suggests that the Venus flytrap's predatory behavior is both complex and unique among plants. (C)identify the process by which the Venus flytrap's closing action has evolved. (D)provide a brief overview of the Venus flytrap and its predatory behavior. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Based on the passage, a significant advantage of the Venus flytrap's requirement for multiple triggers is that it Answer Choices: (A)enables the plant to identify the species of its prey. (B)conserves the plant's calcium reserves. (C)safeguards the plant's energy supply. (D)prevents the plant from closing before capturing its prey. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: According to the passage, which statement best explains why the Venus flytrap requires a second trigger hair to be touched within a short amount of time in order for its trap to close? Answer Choices: (A)The second trigger produces an electrical charge that reverses the charge produced by the first trigger. (B)The second trigger stabilizes the surge of calcium ions created by the first trigger. (C)The second trigger prompts the calcium channels to open. (D)The second trigger provides a necessary supplement to the calcium concentration released by the first trigger. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which choice describes a scenario in which Hodick and Sievers's model predicts that a Venus flytrap will NOT close around an insect? Answer Choices: (A)A large insect's second contact with the plant's trigger hairs results in a total calcium ion concentration above the trap's threshold. (B)A large insect makes contact with a second trigger hair after a period of inactivity during which calcium ion concentrations have diminished appreciably. (C)A large insect's contact with the plant's trigger hairs causes calcium channels to open in the trap. (D)A large insect's contact with a second trigger hair occurs within ten seconds of its contact with the first trigger hair. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Based on the passage, what potential criticism might be made of Volkov's testing of Hodick and Sievers's model? Answer Choices: (A)Volkov's understanding of Hodick and Sievers's model was incorrect. (B)Volkov's measurements did not corroborate a central element of Hodick and Sievers's model. (C)Volkov's direct application of an electrical current would have been objectionable to Hodick and Sievers. (D)Volkov's technology was not available to Hodick and Sievers. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Based on the passage, in studying the Venus flytrap, Volkov and his colleagues made the most extensive use of which type of evidence? Answer Choices: (A)Mathematical models to predict the electrical charge required to close the Venus flytrap (B)Analysis of data collected from previous researchers' work involving the Venus flytrap's response to electricity (C)Information obtained from monitoring the Venus flytrap's response to varying amounts of electrical current A: Among A through C, the answer is

Q: Which choice best summarizes the passage? Answer Choices: (A)A character's arrival at her family's ink shop sparks fond memories of her favorite aunt. (B)A character's surprise visit leads to a happy reunion at her family's ink shop. (C)A character comes to understand her father's ambitions while visiting her family's ink shop. (D)A character's visit to her family's ink shop deepens her appreciation of her family's work. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: A main theme of the passage is that Answer Choices: (A)family relationships should be nurtured. (B)quality is achieved through deliberate effort. (C)hard work results in material compensation. (D)creativity needs to be expressed concretely. A: Among A through D, the answer is