Question: Which choice best describes what happens in the passage?

Choices:
- (A)One character argues with another character who intrudes on her home.
- (B)One character receives a surprising request from another character.
- (C)One character reminisces about choices she has made over the years.
- (D)One character criticizes another character for pursuing an unexpected course of action.


Question: Which choice best describes the developmental pattern of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)A careful analysis of a traditional practice
- (B)A detailed depiction of a meaningful encounter
- (C)A definitive response to a series of questions
- (D)A cheerful recounting of an amusing anecdote


Question: Which reaction does Akira most fear from Chie?

Choices:
- (A)She will consider his proposal inappropriate.
- (B)She will mistake his earnestness for immaturity.
- (C)She will consider his unscheduled visit an imposition.
- (D)She will underestimate the sincerity of his emotions


Question: In the passage, Akira addresses Chie with

Choices:
- (A)affection but not genuine love.
- (B)objectivity but not complete impartiality.
- (C)amusement but not mocking disparagement.
- (D)respect but not utter deference.


Question: The main purpose of the first paragraph is to

Choices:
- (A)describe a culture.
- (B)criticize a tradition.
- (C)question a suggestion.
- (D)analyze a reaction.


Question: The authors' main purpose of including the information about $\mathrm{X}$-ray evidence and density is to

Choices:
- (A)establish that DNA is the molecule that carries the genetic information.
- (B)present an alternate hypothesis about the composition of a nucleotide.
- (C)provide support for the authors' claim about the number of chains in a molecule of DNA.
- (D)confirm the relationship between the density of DNA and the known chemical formula of DNA.


Question: Based on the table and passage, which choice gives the correct percentages of the purines in yeast DNA?

Choices:
- (A)$17.1 \%$ and $18.7 \%$
- (B)$17.1 \%$ and $32.9 \%$
- (C)$18.7 \%$ and $31.3 \%$
- (D)$31.3 \%$ and $32.9 \%$


Question: Do the data in the table support the authors' proposed pairing of bases in DNA?

Choices:
- (A)Yes, because for each given organism, the percentage of adenine is closest to the percentage of thymine, and the percentage of guanine is closest to the percentage of cytosine.
- (B)Yes, because for each given organism, the percentage of adenine is closest to the percentage of guanine, and the percentage of cytosine is closest to the percentage of thymine.
- (C)No, because for each given organism, the percentage of adenine is closest to the percentage of thymine, and the percentage of guanine is closest to the percentage of cytosine.
- (D)No, because for each given organism, the percentage of adenine is closest to the percentage of guanine, and the percentage of cytosine is closest to the percentage of thymine. 30


Question: According to the table, which of the following pairs of base percentages in sea urchin DNA provides evidence in support of the answer to the previous question?

Choices:
- (A)$17.3 \%$ and $17.7 \%$
- (B)$17.3 \%$ and $32.1 \%$
- (C)$17.3 \%$ and $32.8 \%$
- (D)$17.7 \%$ and $32.8 \%$


Question: The main purpose of the passage is to

Choices:
- (A)emphasize the value of a tradition.
- (B)stress the urgency of an issue.
- (C)highlight the severity of social divisions.
- (D)question the feasibility of an undertaking


Question: The central claim of the passage is that

Choices:
- (A)educated women face a decision about how to engage with existing institutions.
- (B)women can have positions of influence in English society only if they give up some of their traditional roles.
- (C)the male monopoly on power in English society has had grave and continuing effects.
- (D)the entry of educated women into positions of power traditionally held by men will transform those positions.


Question: According to the passage, Woolf chooses the setting of the bridge because it

Choices:
- (A)is conducive to a mood of fanciful reflection.
- (B)provides a good view of the procession of the sons of educated men.
- (C)is within sight of historic episodes to which she alludes.
- (D)is symbolic of the legacy of past and present sons of educated men.


Question: Woolf indicates that the procession she describes in the passage

Choices:
- (A)has come to have more practical influence in recent years.
- (B)has become a celebrated feature of English public life.
- (C)includes all of the richest and most powerful men in England.
- (D)has become less exclusionary in its membership in recent years.


Question: The author of Passage 1 indicates that space mining could have which positive effect?

Choices:
- (A)It could yield materials important to Earth's economy.
- (B)It could raise the value of some precious metals on Earth.
- (C)It could create unanticipated technological innovations.
- (D)It could change scientists' understanding of space resources.


Question: The central claim of Passage 2 is that space mining has positive potential but

Choices:
- (A)it will end up encouraging humanity's reckless treatment of the environment.
- (B)its effects should be thoughtfully considered before it becomes a reality.
- (C)such potential may not include replenishing key resources that are disappearing on Earth.
- (D)experts disagree about the commercial viability of the discoveries it could yield.


Question: Which statement best describes the relationship between the passages?

Choices:
- (A)Passage 2 refutes the central claim advanced in Passage 1.
- (B)Passage 2 illustrates the phenomenon described in more general terms in Passage 1.
- (C)Passage 2 argues against the practicality of the proposals put forth in Passage 1.
- (D)Passage 2 expresses reservations about developments discussed in Passage 1.


Question: Which point about the resources that will be highly valued in space is implicit in Passage 1 and explicit in Passage 2 ?

Choices:
- (A)They may be different resources from those that are valuable on Earth.
- (B)They will be valuable only if they can be harvested cheaply.
- (C)They are likely to be primarily precious metals and rare earth elements.


Question: The narrator of the passage can best be described as

Choices:
- (A)one of Miss Spivey's former students.
- (B)Miss Spivey's predecessor.
- (C)an anonymous member of the community.
- (D)Miss Spivey herself. 2


Question: In the passage, Threestep is mainly presented as a

Choices:
- (A)summer retreat for vacationers.
- (B)small rural town.
- (C)town that is home to a prominent university.
- (D)comfortable suburb.


Question: It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that some of the people at the train station regard Miss Spivey's comment about the Georgia heat with

Choices:
- (A)sympathy, because they assume that she is experiencing intense heat for the first time.
- (B)disappointment, because they doubt that she will stay in Threestep for very long.
- (C)embarrassment, because they imagine that she is superior to them.
- (D)resentment, because they feel that she is minimizing their discomfort.


Question: The interaction between Miss Spivey and Ralphord serves mainly to

Choices:
- (A)suggest that Miss Spivey has an exaggerated view of what information should be considered common knowledge.
- (B)establish a friendly dynamic between the charming schoolchildren and their indulgent and doting new instructor.
- (C)introduce Ralphord as a precocious young student and Miss Spivey as a dismissive and disinterested teacher.
- (D)demonstrate that the children want to amuse Miss Spivey with their questions.


Question: According to the passage, Miss Spivey ended up in Threestep as a direct result of

Choices:
- (A)her friendship with Janet Miller.
- (B)attending college in New York City.
- (C)talking with a woman at the WPA.
- (D)Miss Chandler's retirement from teaching.


Question: In the passage, when Miss Spivey announces that she had seen camels, the students' reaction suggests that they are

Choices:
- (A)delighted.
- (B)fascinated.
- (C)baffled.
- (D)worried.


Question: Based on the passage, textbook authors in the early 1990s would most likely have expected which condition to result from the blocking of fast fibers?

Choices:
- (A)The rate at which other nerve fibers fired would increase.
- (B)The test subject would perceive gentle stimuli as painful.
- (C)The body would compensate by using slow fibers to sense pressure.
- (D)The ability to perceive vibrations would be impaired.


Question: Which conclusion is best supported by the findings of Olausson's 1993 experiment?

Choices:
- (A)Stimulation at bodily extremities can be sensed as rapidly as stimulation closer to the brain.
- (B)The presence of hairs in human skin lessens the speed with which nerves conduct signals.
- (C)Gentle pressure is sensed not only by fast fibers but also by slow fibers.
- (D)The speed at which a nerve fires is dependent on the strength of pressure applied to the nerve.


Question: It can reasonably be inferred that one of the intended goals of the 1999 experiment was to determine the

Choices:
- (A)precise nature of sensations that CT fibers can convey.
- (B)relationship between body hair and CT fiber function.
- (C)role played by CT fibers in the perception of pain.
- (D)effect of microneurography on CT fiber signaling.


Question: According to the passage, G.L. differed from Olausson's other test subjects in terms of the

Choices:
- (A)number of cortices activated in the brain during gentle brushing.
- (B)physical dimensions of the somatosensory cortex.
- (C)intensity of nerve signals required to activate the insular cortex.
- (D)effect of MRI scanning on the basic function of brain cortices.


Question: According to the passage, humans experience an emotional aspect of touch when

Choices:
- (A)brain cortices are shielded from nerve signals.
- (B)CT fibers are exposed to a stimulus.
- (C)nerve fibers that sense pain are suppressed.
- (D)conscious aspects of sensation are ignored.


Question: In Passage 1, Beveridge asserts that the resources and immensity of the United States constitute a

Choices:
- (A)safeguard against foreign invasion.
- (B)replication of conditions in Europe.
- (C)divine gift to the American people.
- (D)source of envy for people in other countries.


Question: It can reasonably be inferred from Passage 2 that Bryan considers the preference for national sovereignty over foreign rule to be a

Choices:
- (A)reaction to the excesses of imperial governments in the modern era.
- (B)sign that the belief in human equality is widespread.
- (C)testament to the effects of the foreign policy of the United States.
- (D)manifestation of an innate drive in humans toward self-rule.


Question: In developing their respective arguments, Beveridge (Passage 1) and Bryan (Passage 2) both express admiration for the

Choices:
- (A)founding and history of the United States.
- (B)vibrancy and diversity of American culture.
- (C)worldwide history of struggles for independence.
- (D)idealism that permeates many aspects of American society


Question: Which choice best describes a central difference between how Beveridge (Passage 1) and Bryan (Passage 2) view the concept of liberty as it is realized in the United States?

Choices:
- (A)Beveridge presents it as the direct inheritance of European colonization, whereas Bryan presents it as a sharp break from earlier governments in Europe.
- (B)Beveridge considers it so exemplary as to justify conquest of other regions, whereas Bryan warns that its exemplary quality would be undermined by imperial expansion.
- (C)Beveridge argues that it arose organically as the United States matured, whereas Bryan argues that it was present from the country's beginnings.
- (D)Beveridge regards it as a model that should be shared with other countries, whereas Bryan believes that it is unique to the United States and could not work elsewhere.


Question: It can most reasonably be inferred from Passage 2 that Bryan would criticize the vision of American governance of island territories that Beveridge presents in Passage 1 for being

Choices:
- (A)unrealistic, since most Americans would be unwilling to relocate to distant islands.
- (B)deceptive, since economic domination would be the true goal of the American government.
- (C)impractical, since the islanders would insist upon an equal distribution of resources.
- (D)naive, since the islanders would object to being governed by Americans


Question: According to the passage, exposure to light allows seeds to

Choices:
- (A)begin to develop.
- (B)absorb necessary nutrients.
- (C)withstand extreme temperatures.
- (D)achieve maximum growth.


Question: The passage suggests that if Seydel had planted wheat or corn on the two agricultural strips in Hartmann's experiment, the percentage of the surface of each strip covered with weeds would likely have been

Choices:
- (A)lower than the percentage that Hartmann found.
- (B)higher than the percentage that Hartmann had predicted.
- (C)nearly impossible for Hartmann to determine.
- (D)comparable to Hartmann's original projection.


Question: According to the table, in which soil sample disturbed in darkness did the fewest number of seedlings emerge?

Choices:
- (A)Sample $A$
- (B)Sample B
- (C)Sample C
- (D)Sample D


Question: As presented in the table, which sample produced the most seedlings when the soil was disturbed in light?

Choices:
- (A)Sample G
- (B)Sample H
- (C)Sample I
- (D)Sample J


Question: Which choice best summarizes the passage?

Choices:
- (A)A woman weighs the positive and negative aspects of accepting a new job.
- (B)A woman does not correct a stranger who mistakes her for someone else.
- (C)A woman impersonates someone else to seek revenge on an acquaintance.
- (D)A woman takes an immediate dislike to her new employer.


Question: The passage most clearly implies that other people regarded Lady Carlotta as

Choices:
- (A)outspoken.
- (B)tactful.
- (C)ambitious.
- (D)unfriendly.


Question: The narrator indicates that Claude, Wilfrid, Irene, and Viola are

Choices:
- (A)similar to many of their peers.
- (B)unusually creative and intelligent.
- (C)hostile to the idea of a governess.
- (D)more educated than others of their age.


Question: The narrator implies that Mrs. Quabarl favors a form of education that emphasizes

Choices:
- (A)traditional values.
- (B)active engagement.
- (C)artistic experimentation.
- (D)factual retention.


Question: As presented in the passage, Mrs. Quabarl is best described as

Choices:
- (A)superficially kind but actually selfish.
- (B)outwardly imposing but easily defied.
- (C)socially successful but irrationally bitter.
- (D)naturally generous but frequently imprudent.


Question: Which choice best reflects the overall sequence of events in the passage?

Choices:
- (A)An experiment is proposed but proves unworkable; a less ambitious experiment is attempted, and it yields data that give rise to a new set of questions.
- (B)A new discovery leads to reconsideration of a theory; a classic study is adapted, and the results are summarized.
- (C)An anomaly is observed and simulated experimentally; the results are compared with previous findings, and a novel hypothesis is proposed.
- (D)An unexpected finding arises during the early phase of a study; the study is modified in response to this finding, and the results are interpreted and evaluated.


Question: Which statement best captures Ken Dial's central assumption in setting up his research?

Choices:
- (A)The acquisition of flight in young birds sheds light on the acquisition of flight in their evolutionary ancestors.
- (B)The tendency of certain young birds to jump erratically is a somewhat recent evolved behavior.
- (C)Young birds in a controlled research setting are less likely than birds in the wild to require perches when at rest.
- (D)Ground-dwelling and tree-climbing predecessors to birds evolved in parallel.


Question: The passage identifies which of the following as a factor that facilitated the baby Chukars' traction on steep ramps?

Choices:
- (A)The speed with which they climbed
- (B)The position of their flapping wings
- (C)The alternation of wing and foot movement
- (D)Their continual hopping motions 28


Question: What can reasonably be inferred about gliding animals from the passage?

Choices:
- (A)Their young tend to hop along beside their parents instead of flying beside them.
- (B)Their method of locomotion is similar to that of ground birds.
- (C)They use the ground for feeding more often than for perching.
- (D)They do not use a flapping stroke to aid in climbing slopes.


Question: It can be inferred that the authors of Passage 1 believe that running a household and raising children

Choices:
- (A)are rewarding for men as well as for women.
- (B)yield less value for society than do the roles performed by men.
- (C)entail very few activities that are difficult or unpleasant.
- (D)require skills similar to those needed to run a country or a business.


Question: According to the author of Passage 2, in order for society to progress, women must

Choices:
- (A)enjoy personal happiness and financial security.
- (B)follow all currently prescribed social rules.
- (C)replace men as figures of power and authority.
- (D)receive an education comparable to that of men. 35


Question: In Passage 2, the author claims that freedoms granted by society's leaders have

Choices:
- (A)privileged one gender over the other.
- (B)resulted in a general reduction in individual virtue.
- (C)caused arguments about the nature of happiness.
- (D)ensured equality for all people.


Question: Which best describes the overall relationship between Passage 1 and Passage 2?

Choices:
- (A)Passage 2 strongly challenges the point of view in Passage 1.
- (B)Passage 2 draws alternative conclusions from the evidence presented in Passage 1.
- (C)Passage 2 elaborates on the proposal presented in Passage 1.
- (D)Passage 2 restates in different terms the argument presented in Passage 1.


Question: The authors of both passages would most likely agree with which of the following statements about women in the eighteenth century?

Choices:
- (A)Their natural preferences were the same as those of men.
- (B)They needed a good education to be successful in society.
- (C)They were just as happy in life as men were.
- (D)They generally enjoyed fewer rights than men did.


Question: How would the authors of Passage 1 most likely respond to the points made in the final paragraph of Passage 2?

Choices:
- (A)Women are not naturally suited for the exercise of civil and political rights.
- (B)Men and women possess similar degrees of reasoning ability.
- (C)Women do not need to remain confined to their traditional family duties.
- (D)The principles of natural law should not be invoked when considering gender roles.


Question: The passage most strongly suggests that beekeepers' attempts to fight mite infestations with commercially produced insecticides have what unintentional effect?

Choices:
- (A)They increase certain mite populations.
- (B)They kill some beneficial forms of bacteria.
- (C)They destroy bees' primary food source.
- (D)They further harm the health of some bees.


Question: An unstated assumption made by the authors about clover is that the plants

Choices:
- (A)do not produce pyrethrums.
- (B)are members of the Chrysanthemum genus.
- (C)are usually located near wild-type honeybee colonies.
- (D)will not be a good food source for honeybees in the control colonies.


Question: Based on data in the table, in what percent of colonies with colony collapse disorder were the honeybees infected by all four pathogens?

Choices:
- (A)0 percent
- (B)77 percent
- (C)83 percent
- (D)100 percent


Question: Based on data in the table, which of the four pathogens infected the highest percentage of honeybee colonies without colony collapse disorder?

Choices:
- (A)$\mathrm{IAPV}$
- (B)$\mathrm{KBV}$
- (C)Nosema apis
- (D)Nosema ceranae


Question: Do the data in the table provide support for the authors' claim that infection with varroa mites increases a honeybee's susceptibility to secondary infections?

Choices:
- (A)Yes, because the data provide evidence that infection with a pathogen caused the colonies to undergo colony collapse disorder.
- (B)Yes, because for each pathogen, the percent of colonies infected is greater for colonies with colony collapse disorder than for colonies without colony collapse disorder.
- (C)No, because the data do not provide evidence about bacteria as a cause of colony collapse disorder.


Question: Over the course of the passage, the primary focus shifts from

Choices:
- (A)Lymie's inner thoughts to observations made by the other characters.
- (B)an exchange between strangers to a satisfying personal relationship.
- (C)the physical setting of the scene to the different characters' personality traits.
- (D)Lymie's experience reading a book to descriptions of people in the restaurant. 2


Question: The main purpose of the first paragraph is to

Choices:
- (A)introduce the passage's main character by showing his nightly habits.
- (B)indicate the date the passage takes place by presenting period details.
- (C)convey the passage's setting by describing a place and an object.
- (D)foreshadow an event that is described in detail later in the passage.


Question: book") The narrator indicates that Lymie finally closes the history book because

Choices:
- (A)his father has joined him at the table.
- (B)the people at the other table are too disruptive.
- (C)he has finished the chapter about the Congress.
- (D)he is preparing to leave the restaurant.


Question: The main idea of the last paragraph is that Mr. Peters

Choices:
- (A)neglects to spend any time with his family members.
- (B)behaves as if he is a younger version of himself.
- (C)is very conscious of symbols of wealth and power.
- (D)is preoccupied with the knowledge that he is growing old.


Question: In Passage 1, Beecher makes which point about the status of women relative to that of men?

Choices:
- (A)Women depend on men for their safety and security, but men are largely independent of women.
- (B)Women are inferior to men, but women play a role as significant as that played by men.
- (C)Women have fewer rights than men do, but women also have fewer responsibilities.
- (D)Women are superior to men, but tradition requires women to obey men.


Question: In Passage 1, Beecher implies that women's effect on public life is largely

Choices:
- (A)overlooked, because few men are interested in women's thoughts about politics.
- (B)indirect, because women exert their influence within the home and family life.
- (C)unnecessary, because men are able to govern society themselves.
- (D)symbolic, because women tend to be more idealistic about politics than men are.


Question: What is Grimké's central claim in Passage 2?

Choices:
- (A)The rights of individuals are not determined by race or gender.
- (B)Men and women must learn to work together to improve society.
- (C)Moral rights are the most important distinction between human beings and animals.
- (D)Men and women should have equal opportunities to flourish.


Question: In Passage 2, Grimké makes which point about human rights?

Choices:
- (A)They are viewed differently in various cultures around the world.
- (B)They retain their moral authority regardless of whether they are recognized by law.
- (C)They are sometimes at odds with moral responsibilities.
- (D)They have become more advanced and refined throughout history.


Question: nothingness") Which choice best states the relationship between the two passages?

Choices:
- (A)Passage 2 illustrates the practical difficulties of a proposal made in Passage 1.
- (B)Passage 2 takes issue with the primary argument of Passage 1.
- (C)Passage 2 provides a historical context for the perspective offered in Passage 1.
- (D)Passage 2 elaborates upon several ideas implied in Passage 1.


Question: Based on the passages, both authors would agree with which of the following claims?

Choices:
- (A)Women have moral duties and responsibilities.
- (B)Men often work selflessly for political change.
- (C)The ethical obligations of women are often undervalued.
- (D)Political activism is as important for women as it is for men.


Question: According to the passage, Maguire's findings regarding taxi drivers are significant because they

Choices:
- (A)demonstrate the validity of a new method.
- (B)provide evidence for a popular viewpoint.
- (C)call into question an earlier consensus.
- (D)challenge the authenticity of previous data.


Question: Which question was Maguire's study of mental athletes primarily intended to answer?

Choices:
- (A)Does the act of memorization make use of different brain structures than does the act of navigation?
- (B)Do mental athletes inherit their unusual brain structures, or do the structures develop as a result of specific activities?
- (C)Does heightened memorization ability reflect abnormal brain structure or an unusual use of normal brain structure?
- (D)What is the relationship between general cognitive ability and the unusual brain structures of mental athletes?


Question: According to the passage, when compared to mental athletes, the individuals in the control group in Maguire's second study

Choices:
- (A)showed less brain activity overall.
- (B)demonstrated a wider range of cognitive ability.
- (C)exhibited different patterns of brain activity.
- (D)displayed noticeably smaller hippocampal regions.


Question: The passage most strongly suggests that mental athletes are successful at memorization because they

Choices:
- (A)exploit parts of the brain not normally used in routine memorization.
- (B)convert information they are trying to memorize into abstract symbols.
- (C)organize information into numerical lists prior to memorization.
- (D)exercise their brains regularly through puzzles and other mental challenges


Question: Which choice best describes a major theme of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)The corrupting influence of a materialistic society
- (B)The moral purity of young children
- (C)The bittersweet brevity of childhood naïveté
- (D)The restorative power of parental love


Question: As compared with Silas's gold, Eppie is portrayed as having more

Choices:
- (A)vitality.
- (B)durability.
- (C)protection.
- (D)self-sufficiency.


Question: Which statement best describes a technique the narrator uses to represent Silas's character before he adopted Eppie?

Choices:
- (A)The narrator emphasizes Silas's former obsession with wealth by depicting his gold as requiring certain behaviors on his part.
- (B)The narrator underscores Silas's former greed by describing his gold as seeming to reproduce on its own.
- (C)The narrator hints at Silas's former antisocial attitude by contrasting his present behavior toward his neighbors with his past behavior toward them.
- (D)The narrator demonstrates Silas's former lack of self-awareness by implying that he is unable to recall life before Eppie.


Question: According to the narrator, one consequence of Silas adopting Eppie is that he

Choices:
- (A)has renounced all desire for money.
- (B)better understands his place in nature.
- (C)seems more accepting of help from others.
- (D)looks forward to a different kind of future


Question: In describing the relationship between Eppie and Silas, the narrator draws a connection between Eppie's

Choices:
- (A)physical vulnerability and Silas's emotional fragility.
- (B)expanding awareness and Silas's increasing engagement with life.
- (C)boundless energy and Silas's insatiable desire for wealth.
- (D)physical growth and Silas's painful perception of his own mortality.


Question: The main purpose of the passage is to

Choices:
- (A)describe how squadrons of planes can save fuel by flying in a $\mathrm{V}$ formation.
- (B)discuss the effects of downdrafts on birds and airplanes.
- (C)explain research conducted to study why some birds fly in a $\mathrm{V}$ formation.
- (D)illustrate how birds sense air currents through their feathers. The author includes the quotation "Air gets pretty unpredictable behind a flapping wing"


Question: What can reasonably be inferred about the reason Usherwood used northern bald ibises as the subjects of his study?

Choices:
- (A)The ibises were well acquainted with their migration route.
- (B)Usherwood knew the ibises were familiar with carrying data loggers during migration.
- (C)The ibises have a body design that is similar to that of a modern airplane.
- (D)The ibises were easily accessible for Usherwood and his team to track and observe.


Question: What does the author imply about pelicans, storks, and geese flying in a $\mathrm{V}$ formation?

Choices:
- (A)They communicate with each other in the same way as do ibises.
- (B)They have the same migration routes as those of ibises.
- (C)They create a similar wake to that of ibises.
- (D)They expend more energy than do ibises.


Question: In Passage 1, Tocqueville implies that treatment of men and women as identical in nature would have which consequence?

Choices:
- (A)Neither sex would feel oppressed.
- (B)Both sexes would be greatly harmed.
- (C)Men would try to reclaim their lost authority.
- (D)Men and women would have privileges they do not need.


Question: In Passage 2, Mill most strongly suggests that gender roles are resistant to change because they

Choices:
- (A)have long served as the basis for the formal organization of society.
- (B)are matters of deeply entrenched tradition.
- (C)can be influenced by legislative reforms only indirectly.
- (D)benefit the groups and institutions currently in power.


Question: Both authors would most likely agree that the changes in gender roles that they describe would be

Choices:
- (A)part of a broad social shift toward greater equality.
- (B)unlikely to provide benefits that outweigh their costs.
- (C)inevitable given the economic advantages of gender equality.
- (D)at odds with the principles of American democracy.


Question: Which choice best describes the ways that the two authors conceive of the individual's proper position in society?

Choices:
- (A)Tocqueville believes that an individual's position should be defined in important ways by that individual's sex, while Mill believes that an individual's abilities should be the determining factor.
- (B)Tocqueville believes that an individual's economic class should determine that individual's position, while Mill believes that class is not a legitimate consideration.
- (C)Tocqueville believes that an individual's temperament should determine that individual's position, while Mill believes that temperament should not be a factor in an individual's position.
- (D)Tocqueville believes that an individual's position should be determined by what is most beneficial to society, while Mill believes it should be determined by what an individual finds most rewarding. 41


Question: Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts from a

Choices:
- (A)general discussion of the narrator's love of reading to a portrayal of an influential incident.
- (B)depiction of the narrator's father to an examination of an author with whom the narrator becomes enchanted.
- (C)symbolic representation of a skill the narrator possesses to an example of its application.
- (D)tale about the hardships of the narrator's childhood to an analysis of the effects of those hardships.


Question: It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that the main reason that the narrator considers Great Expectations to be the best gift he ever received is because

Choices:
- (A)reading the book convinced him that he wanted to be a writer.
- (B)he'd only ever been given sweets and snacks as gifts in the past.
- (C)the gift meant that Sempere held him in high regard.
- (D)Sempere was a friend of the book's author.


Question: done") The narrator indicates that he pays Sempere

Choices:
- (A)less than Sempere expects him to pay for the books.
- (B)nothing, because Sempere won't take his money.
- (C)the money he makes selling sweets to the other children.
- (D)much less for the books than they are worth.


Question: Which statement best characterizes the relationship between Sempere and Charles Dickens?

Choices:
- (A)Sempere models his own writing after Dickens's style.
- (B)Sempere is an avid admirer of Dickens's work.
- (C)Sempere feels a personal connection to details of Dickens's biography.
- (D)Sempere considers himself to be Dickens's most appreciative reader.


Question: 80 with the annexation of Texas; so with the territory acquired by the Mexican War; and it is so now. Whenever there has been an effort to spread it there has been agitation and resistance.... Do you think that the nature of man will be changed, that the same 85 causes that produced agitation at one time will not have the same effect at another? In the first paragraph of Passage 1, the main purpose of Douglas's discussion of the growth of the territory and population of the United States is to

Choices:
- (A)provide context for Douglas's defense of continued expansion.
- (B)suggest that the division into free and slave states does not endanger the Union.
- (C)imply that Lincoln is unaware of basic facts concerning the country.
- (D)account for the image of the United States as powerful and admirable.


Question: What does Passage 1 suggest about the US government's provisions for the institution of slavery, as framed in the Constitution?

Choices:
- (A)They included no means for reconciling differences between free states and slave states.
- (B)They anticipated the Union's expansion into western territories.
- (C)They provided a good basic structure that does not need to be changed.
- (D)They were founded on an assumption that slavery was necessary for economic growth.


Question: Based on Passage 2, Lincoln would be most likely to agree with which claim about the controversy over slavery?

Choices:
- (A)It can be ended only if Northern states act unilaterally to abolish slavery throughout the United States.
- (B)It would abate if attempts to introduce slavery to regions where it is not practiced were abandoned.
- (C)It has been exacerbated by the ambiguity of laws regulating the holding of slaves.
- (D)It is fueled in part by differences in religion and social values from state to state.


Question: Which choice identifies a central tension between the two passages?

Choices:
- (A)Douglas proposes changes to federal policies on slavery, but Lincoln argues that such changes would enjoy no popular support.
- (B)Douglas expresses concerns about the economic impact of abolition, but Lincoln dismisses those concerns as irrelevant.
- (C)Douglas criticizes Lincoln for finding fault with the Constitution, and Lincoln argues that this criticism misrepresents his position.
- (D)Douglas offers an interpretation of federal law that conflicts with Lincoln's, and Lincoln implies that Douglas's interpretation is poorly reasoned. 40


Question: Both passages discuss the issue of slavery in relationship to

Choices:
- (A)the expansion of the Union.
- (B)questions of morality.
- (C)religious toleration.
- (D)laws regulating commerce.


Question: The primary purpose of the passage is to

Choices:
- (A)discuss findings that offer a scientific explanation for the Venus flytrap's closing action.
- (B)present research that suggests that the Venus flytrap's predatory behavior is both complex and unique among plants.
- (C)identify the process by which the Venus flytrap's closing action has evolved.
- (D)provide a brief overview of the Venus flytrap and its predatory behavior.


Question: Based on the passage, a significant advantage of the Venus flytrap's requirement for multiple triggers is that it

Choices:
- (A)enables the plant to identify the species of its prey.
- (B)conserves the plant's calcium reserves.
- (C)safeguards the plant's energy supply.
- (D)prevents the plant from closing before capturing its prey.


Question: According to the passage, which statement best explains why the Venus flytrap requires a second trigger hair to be touched within a short amount of time in order for its trap to close?

Choices:
- (A)The second trigger produces an electrical charge that reverses the charge produced by the first trigger.
- (B)The second trigger stabilizes the surge of calcium ions created by the first trigger.
- (C)The second trigger prompts the calcium channels to open.
- (D)The second trigger provides a necessary supplement to the calcium concentration released by the first trigger.


Question: Which choice describes a scenario in which Hodick and Sievers's model predicts that a Venus flytrap will NOT close around an insect?

Choices:
- (A)A large insect's second contact with the plant's trigger hairs results in a total calcium ion concentration above the trap's threshold.
- (B)A large insect makes contact with a second trigger hair after a period of inactivity during which calcium ion concentrations have diminished appreciably.
- (C)A large insect's contact with the plant's trigger hairs causes calcium channels to open in the trap.
- (D)A large insect's contact with a second trigger hair occurs within ten seconds of its contact with the first trigger hair.


Question: Based on the passage, what potential criticism might be made of Volkov's testing of Hodick and Sievers's model?

Choices:
- (A)Volkov's understanding of Hodick and Sievers's model was incorrect.
- (B)Volkov's measurements did not corroborate a central element of Hodick and Sievers's model.
- (C)Volkov's direct application of an electrical current would have been objectionable to Hodick and Sievers.
- (D)Volkov's technology was not available to Hodick and Sievers.


Question: Based on the passage, in studying the Venus flytrap, Volkov and his colleagues made the most extensive use of which type of evidence?

Choices:
- (A)Mathematical models to predict the electrical charge required to close the Venus flytrap
- (B)Analysis of data collected from previous researchers' work involving the Venus flytrap's response to electricity
- (C)Information obtained from monitoring the Venus flytrap's response to varying amounts of electrical current


Question: Which choice best summarizes the passage?

Choices:
- (A)A character's arrival at her family's ink shop sparks fond memories of her favorite aunt.
- (B)A character's surprise visit leads to a happy reunion at her family's ink shop.
- (C)A character comes to understand her father's ambitions while visiting her family's ink shop.
- (D)A character's visit to her family's ink shop deepens her appreciation of her family's work.


Question: A main theme of the passage is that

Choices:
- (A)family relationships should be nurtured.
- (B)quality is achieved through deliberate effort.
- (C)hard work results in material compensation.
- (D)creativity needs to be expressed concretely.


Question: Throughout the passage, the narrator is portrayed as someone who is

Choices:
- (A)reserved around unfamiliar people.
- (B)attuned to her immediate surroundings.
- (C)sympathetic to the needs of others.
- (D)anxious about her responsibilities.


Question: Throughout the passage, the narrator is portrayed as someone who is

Choices:
- (A)reserved around unfamiliar people.
- (B)attuned to her immediate surroundings.
- (C)sympathetic to the needs of others.
- (D)anxious about her responsibilities.


Question: The narrator indicates that the contrast between the ink-making studio at Immortal Heart village and her family's ink shop is that the ink shop

Choices:
- (A)displays the family's ink more impressively.
- (B)is more conveniently located for the public.
- (C)provides greater individual attention to customers.
- (D)offers a larger space for presenting products.


Question: 1 A quotation from the Declaration of Independence Smith's main purpose in the passage is to

Choices:
- (A)accuse fellow abolitionists of overlooking the contributions that women have made to the movement.
- (B)argue that the causes of abolition and women's rights are continuations of the spirit of the American Revolution.
- (C)make the case that women's rights are meaningless while slavery exists.
- (D)encourage women to see their participation in the abolitionist cause as just and important.


Question: Which statement provides the best description of a technique that Smith uses throughout the passage to advance her main point?

Choices:
- (A)She presents claims in the form of rhetorical questions that mostly have implicit negative answers.
- (B)She criticizes her opponents by quoting self-contradictory remarks they have made.
- (C)She illustrates each of her central ideas with an emotionally powerful anecdote.
- (D)She emphasizes the reasonableness of her views by presenting them as though they are universally held.


Question: Which choice best summarizes the first paragraph?

Choices:
- (A)Smith explains a conventional viewpoint and presents evidence supporting it.
- (B)Smith rejects a claim and elaborates on her reasons for doing so.
- (C)Smith introduces her subject and provides historical background for understanding it.
- (D)Smith identifies a problem and proposes steps to remedy it.


Question: In the passage, Smith argues that it is possible for women to engage in which activity?

Choices:
- (A)Acting according to humanitarian principles while preserving their femininity
- (B)Adhering to personal morality while being politically neutral
- (C)Contributing to their family's financial security while meeting social expectations
- (D)Resisting calls for war while still opposing slavery


Question: laws") According to Smith, the US Constitution requires which action on the part of the Northern free states if slaves were to revolt?

Choices:
- (A)The Northern states would have to sever ties with the slave states.
- (B)The Northern states would have to give shelter to refugees from the slave states.
- (C)The Northern states would have to help the slave states fight the slaves' rebellion.
- (D)The Northern states would have to provide financial assistance to the rebelling slaves.


Question: In the passage, Smith most strongly suggests that slavery affects the United States by

Choices:
- (A)lowering the country's reputation in the international community.
- (B)leading many women to disavow their allegiance to the country.
- (C)causing violent conflicts in many areas of the country.
- (D)weakening the authority of the country's government.


Question: The first paragraph of Passage 1 primarily serves to

Choices:
- (A)present a claim that is supported and developed over the course of the passage.
- (B)introduce a controversy that the study described in the passage is intended to resolve.
- (C)identify a problem that the research discussed in the passage may help to address.
- (D)offer a theory that is challenged by the findings presented in the passage.


Question: The author of Passage 1 suggests that an advantage of the method Lewis's team used to grow microorganisms is that it

Choices:
- (A)identifies the requirements for soil bacteria to thrive and replicates those features in artificial soil.
- (B)enables soil bacteria to take in more nutrients than they typically consume in natural settings.
- (C)directly affects the cell walls of bacteria rather than the proteins those bacteria produce.
- (D)allows researchers to make use of soil bacteria that they had previously been unable to exploit.


Question: The author of Passage 2 would most likely agree with which statement about the development of teixobactin?

Choices:
- (A)It reveals that some antibiotics are effective against gram-negative bacteria.
- (B)It shows that conventional methods can still yield new types of antibiotics.
- (C)It casts doubt on the practicality of searching for new antibiotics in exotic environments.
- (D)It confirms a long-held belief about a potential source of new antibiotics.


Question: In the last sentence of Passage 2, the author uses the phrase "five years and $\pounds 500$ million" primarily to

Choices:
- (A)emphasize the scale of the effort needed to make teixobactin available for consumer use.
- (B)criticize the level of funding that the government has committed to teixobactin development.
- (C)underscore the amount of time and money that has already been spent researching teixobactin.
- (D)compare the amount of money spent developing teixobactin with the amount spent developing other antibiotics


Question: Which choice best describes the relationship between Passage 1 and Passage 2?

Choices:
- (A)Passage 2 offers an evaluation of the significance of the research discussed in Passage 1.
- (B)Passage 2 suggests a modification to the methodology described in Passage 1.
- (C)Passage 2 uses concrete examples to illustrate concepts considered in Passage 1.
- (D)Passage 2 takes a dismissive stance regarding the findings mentioned in Passage 1.


Question: Both passages make the point that teixobactin could be useful in

Choices:
- (A)standardizing the future development of antibiotics produced in laboratory environments.
- (B)combating infections that are no longer responding to treatment with other antibiotics.
- (C)controlling the spread of pathogenic soil fungi.
- (D)shaping a new method of studying the effectiveness of antibiotics.


Question: Information in Passage 2 best supports which conclusion about the mice in the experiment described in Passage 1?

Choices:
- (A)Exposure to teixobactin made them less susceptible to subsequent upper respiratory tract infections.
- (B)Gram-positive bacteria enhanced the effectiveness of teixobactin against their upper respiratory tract infections.
- (C)Their upper respiratory tract infections were likely not caused by gram-negative bacteria.
- (D)Teixobactin attacked the proteins of the bacteria that caused their upper respiratory tract infections.


Question: Which choice best describes what happens in the passage?

Choices:
- (A)The narrator reflects on how the behavior of another character has changed.
- (B)The narrator struggles to understand the motivations of another character.
- (C)The narrator discusses shared professional interests with another character.
- (D)The narrator recounts the events that led another character to support her project.


Question: According to the passage, Tiffany looks forward tothe upcoming World’s Columbian Exposition inChicago as an opportunity to

Choices:
- (A)gain greater popular recognition.
- (B)sell many decorative objects.
- (C)collaborate with other famous artists.
- (D)showcase pieces that have earned critical acclaim.


Question: The narrator indicates that Tiffany informs her ofhis new projects by

Choices:
- (A)showing a series of plans for stained glass windows he intends to construct.
- (B)presenting several finished stained glass windows and describing them in detail.
- (C)asking her opinion of the watercolor paintings he plans to exhibit in Chicago.
- (D)displaying a chart that shows the placement of the artworks he plans to exhibit in Chicago.


Question: It can most reasonably be inferred from the passagethat the narrator’s talents include an ability to

Choices:
- (A)devise imaginative names for the colors of the glass she works with.
- (B)enhance an existing idea by improvising technical innovations for artworks.
- (C)provide authoritative critiques of classical artworks.
- (D)create detailed sketches on which larger artworks are based.


Question: The main purpose of the passage is to

Choices:
- (A)describe the causes and consequences of a phenomenon.
- (B)propose a new solution to an ongoing problem.
- (C)question whether recent research has practical applications.
- (D)critique the methodology used to arrive at new findings.


Question: Based on the passage, which choice best describesthe relationship between Frick and Rodríguez-Pose’sfirst and second studies?

Choices:
- (A)The second study corrects a minor error in the research of the first study.
- (B)The second study confirms a hypothesis that they were unable to confirm in the first study.
- (C)The second study builds on the first study’s findings.
- (D)The second study offers a more negative interpretation of a recent event than the first study does.


Question: It can most reasonably be inferred from the passagethat a megacity’s economic impact on a country is

Choices:
- (A)greater in countries with larger physical land areas.
- (B)dependent on the types of companies located in the megacity.
- (C)relatively equal for developing countries and high-income countries.
- (D)neutralized by the economic cost of maintaining a megacity.


Question: According to the graph, during what range of yearsdid the median city population size in developingcountries initially surpass that of high-incomecountries?

Choices:
- (A)1965–1970
- (B)1980–1985
- (C)1990–1995
- (D)2005–2010


Question: Which claim from the passage is best supported bythe graph?

Choices:
- (A)The median population of cities in developing countries grew more sharply from 1960 to 2010 than did that of cities in high-income countries.
- (B)In 1960, more than half of the countries with the largest average city size were high-income countries.
- (C)The addition of 100,000 people in a large city causes an increase in economic growth in high-income countries but causes a decrease in economic growth in developing countries.
- (D)Developing countries benefit from having more of the urban population living in smaller and medium-sized cities.


Question: What does Passage 1 indicate is true of the human genome?

Choices:
- (A)It has gone through a large number of changes over time.
- (B)It has nearly tripled in size in the last few million years.
- (C)It contains many more genes than do the genomes of nonhuman primates.
- (D)It retains only a few of the genes that were present in the genomes of Denisovans.


Question: Based on Passage 1, what concept most likely contributed to Haussler’s team’s initial interest in NOTCH2NL?

Choices:
- (A)Similar genes often play different roles in the development of different species.
- (B)A single gene typically has varying functions depending on where it is located in a genome.
- (C)Genes that are near one another in a genome usually are duplicated at about the same rate.
- (D)Genes that are related to one another tend to have comparable biological roles in development.


Question: Which choice best describes a key difference between the passages?

Choices:
- (A)Passage 1 refers only to data derived from computer simulations, while Passage 2 refers to data derived from simulations as well as from fossils.
- (B)Passage 1 addresses genetic analyses of the brains of human ancestors only, while Passage 2 addresses genetic analyses of the brains of multiple primate species.
- (C)Passage 1 limits its discussion to evolutionary changes in recent human history, while Passage 2 considers changes occurring over millennia.
- (D)Passage 1 focuses on small-scale genetic changes that influenced brain evolution, while Passage 2 focuses on the influence of large-scale population-level changes.


Question: Both passages state that the modern human brain is about three times larger than the brains of

Choices:
- (A)bonobos.
- (B)chimpanzees.
- (C)early hominins.
- (D)Neanderthals.


Question: One central theme of the passage is that

Choices:
- (A)expanding legal rights of citizens will not necessarily improve national health outcomes.
- (B)human rights initiatives should generally receive more funding than health initiatives do.
- (C)human rights should be used as a framework for government policy on indigenous issues.
- (D)focusing on indigenous peoples’ rights detracts from the more practical concerns of indigenous communities.


Question: According to Calma, the government’s failure tolink its expenditures on indigenous health initiativesto specific health outcomes is harmful because it

Choices:
- (A)reinforces negative attitudes about the government’s financial fitness.
- (B)undermines efforts to standardize practices across all departments of the government.
- (C)perpetuates the pattern of government officials abusing their authority.
- (D)allows the government to evade the obligation to be answerable for its policies.


Question: Calma indicates that in the past, the Australiangovernment stressed which aspect of its relationshipto indigenous peoples?

Choices:
- (A)The willingness it has shown to meet with indigenous leaders
- (B)The regret it has expressed for the injustices it committed against indigenous peoples
- (C)The improvements it has made in indigenous peoples’ living standards
- (D)The financial resources it has devoted to indigenous issues


Question: Based on the passage, Calma would most likely agreethat programs related to indigenous issues wouldhave a better chance of succeeding if the Australiangovernment

Choices:
- (A)empowered indigenous communities to assist in devising and implementing such programs.
- (B)funded such programs as generously as it funds programs benefiting nonindigenous people.
- (C)modeled such programs on health-care initiatives that have a proven record of success.
- (D)devoted as many resources to such programs as the previous government did.


Question: Based on the passage, Calma regards the audience ofhis speech as being

Choices:
- (A)skeptical that the specific individuals responsible for the government’s failed policies on indigenous issues will be held accountable.
- (B)poorly informed about the economic and social conditions found in most indigenous communities.
- (C)doubtful of the value of discussing indigenous issues within the larger context of human rights.
- (D)overly tolerant of the fact that government initiatives to address the inequality faced by indigenous peoples have not succeeded


Question: The main purpose of the passage is to

Choices:
- (A)discuss a study intended to explain the high number of meteorites on Earth that have come from primitive asteroids.
- (B)describe competing hypotheses about the conditions under which primitive asteroids initially formed.
- (C)present a scientific debate about the prevalence of differentiated asteroids in the asteroid belt in the early solar system.
- (D)account for the scarcity of a component of differentiated asteroids in the asteroid belt and among meteorites on Earth.


Question: The passage most strongly suggests that if collisionalerosion within the asteroid belt was sufficient toexplain the situation discussed in the passage, then,as a result, scientists would expect to find that

Choices:
- (A)Vesta is not the only large differentiated asteroid in the asteroid belt.
- (B)the asteroid belt has far fewer primitive asteroids than it currently does.
- (C)iron fragments in the asteroid belt tend to be smaller than rocky fragments in the asteroid belt.
- (D)there were originally about as many primitive asteroids as differentiated asteroids in the asteroid belt.


Question: According to the passage, Bottke and his colleaguesexplain the presence of iron fragments in theasteroid belt by asserting that the fragments were

Choices:
- (A)remnants of differentiated asteroids that were destroyed in collisions in the asteroid belt.
- (B)created relatively close to the Sun and ended up in the asteroid belt due to the gravity of large objects.
- (C)formed on terrestrial planets and ejected into the asteroid belt by collisions with primitive asteroids.
- (D)formed in the region of the terrestrial planets but knocked into the asteroid belt by collisions with the parent bodies of primitive asteroids.


Question: Data in the table best support the conclusion thatthe majority of the mass in the asteroid belt as awhole is in asteroids that are

Choices:
- (A)primitive.
- (B)basaltic.
- (C)high in reflectivity.
- (D)low in reflectivity.


Question: Assuming that the four largest asteroid belt objectsare among the 11 listed asteroid types, whichstatement about those asteroids is best supported bydata in the table?

Choices:
- (A)None of them is type V.
- (B)None of them is likely to contain carbon.
- (C)One of them is type K.
- (D)Two of them are the same type.


Question: Taken together, the passage and the table moststrongly suggest that the model proposed by someastronomers would imply which conclusion abouttype C asteroids?

Choices:
- (A)They come from type S asteroids that melted.
- (B)They once comprised a smaller portion of the asteroid belt than type V asteroids did.
- (C)They have experienced fewer collisions than have type L asteroids.
- (D)They are younger than are type M asteroids.


Question: Which choice best summarizes the passage?

Choices:
- (A)A character reunites with an old friend and discovers that they cannot resume their friendship.
- (B)An invitation from an old friend prompts a character to reflect on both the past and the present.
- (C)A chance meeting with an old friend inspires a character to start a new life in another country.
- (D)A character’s recent professional success prompts him to provide assistance to an old friend.


Question: Which choice best describes the state of mind that Gallaher’s return inspires in Little Chandler?

Choices:
- (A)He is impressed by Gallaher’s success even though thinking about it calls to mind his own unhappiness.
- (B)He is anxious to downplay Gallaher’s achievements in an attempt to make his own look better.
- (C)He envies Gallaher’s remarkable success and is angry about how Gallaher achieved it.
- (D)He admires Gallaher’s rise to fame but is thankful that he himself lives a relatively inconspicuous life.


Question: It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that one of Little Chandler’s prominent characteristics is that he is

Choices:
- (A)excessively boastful of his personal achievements.
- (B)often unpredictable in his dealings with other people.
- (C)highly critical of other people’s aspirations.
- (D)somewhat vain about his personal appearance.


Question: Based on the passage, which choice best identifies a contradictory impulse in Little Chandler’s character?

Choices:
- (A)He fixates on a social world that he ultimately believes to be a hollow spectacle.
- (B)He immerses himself in sights and sounds that strike him as ultimately frivolous.
- (C)He scorns a historical era that he concedes is preferable in some ways to the present.
- (D)He derives excitement from placing himself in settings he finds menacing.


Question: The main effect of the last paragraph is to

Choices:
- (A)convey Little Chandler’s sense that hindsight has lent a degree of inevitability to Gallaher’s success.
- (B)suggest the extent to which the news of Gallaher’s success has altered Little Chandler’s memory of him.
- (C)demonstrate that Little Chandler’s confidence in Gallaher has been vindicated by Gallaher’s success.
- (D)characterize Little Chandler as regretful that he had failed to foresee Gallaher’s success.


Question: Which choice best describes the overall structure of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)A popular belief about a particular industry is explained, experiments supporting that belief are described, and the implications of the experiments are identified.
- (B)An unexpected claim about consumer behavior is introduced, examples supporting the claim are detailed, and experiments confirming the claim are discussed.
- (C)A debate about an economic theory is outlined, two opposing views on the debate are explained in more detail, and research supporting one of those views is recounted.
- (D)A negative impact of a common business practice is presented, two stories are used as an illustration, and research suggesting improvements is summarized.


Question: The studies in the passage suggest that if customers of a large chain bookstore were given information focusing on the store's small competitors, a likely result is that the large store would

Choices:
- (A)receive more positive reviews from its customers.
- (B)gain customers who perceive it as offering more choices than smaller shops.
- (C)benefit from people's perception that its competition is now even greater.
- (D)lose customers who would now see it as a competitor of the smaller shops.


Question: According to Passage 1, counting wild tigers is difficult because tigers

Choices:
- (A)move extremely quickly from one location to another.
- (B)reside in environments that are relatively inaccessible to humans.
- (C)bear a superficial resemblance to other related species.
- (D)exhibit behavior that is potentially threatening to humans.


Question: Based on Passage 1, what is one factor that may have contributed to the rise in the reported global tiger population?

Choices:
- (A)Photographic technology has improved in its ability to detect animals in remote environments.
- (B)Recent measurement techniques used to count animals are more accurate than those used in the past.
- (C)Scientists’ understanding of the typical growth rate for populations of endangered species has improved.
- (D)Wildlife conservation strategies are more uniform from country to country than they once were.


Question: According to Passage 2, the wild tiger population estimate offered by the WWF and the Global Tiger Forum may be flawed as a result of which factor?

Choices:
- (A)Generalization from a selection of evidence that is likely incomplete
- (B)Limitation to data that are more relevant in certain countries than in others
- (C)Reliance on a new experimental tool that has not been thoroughly tested in the field
- (D)Assumption of stability in population growth over time that is not supported by data


Question: Which choice best states the relationship between the two passages?

Choices:
- (A)Passage 2 compares and critiques the conservation solutions recommended in Passage 1.
- (B)Passage 2 questions the professional credibility of the scientists profiled in Passage 1.
- (C)Passage 2 suggests several applications of the conclusions reached in Passage 1.
- (D)Passage 2 challenges the reliability of research results discussed in Passage 1.


Question: It can reasonably be inferred from the passages that their authors would both agree that wild tiger population sizes are

Choices:
- (A)recovering more fully in certain countries than in others.
- (B)beginning to return to the levels recorded in 2010.
- (C)responding predictably to aggressive conservation attempts.
- (D)declining steadily despite continual human intervention.


Question: The author of Passage 2 would most likely respond to the conclusions in the first paragraph of Passage 1 by asserting that such claims

Choices:
- (A)only apply to certain subspecies of tigers and are therefore inconclusive.
- (B)will offer incentive for countries and regions to invest further in wildlife preservation programs.
- (C)prove that rigorous efforts to protect endangered species result in quick recovery of populations.
- (D)may lead people to believe that tigers are recovering when in fact they continue to require vigilant protection.


Question: In the passage, Parsons mainly presents herself as someone who is

Choices:
- (A)rational in her analysis of political history.
- (B)resentful over a recent turn of political events.
- (C)conflicted about the future role of political parties.
- (D)sympathetic to more than one political perspective.


Question: A primary purpose of Parsons’s speech is to

Choices:
- (A)discuss a political philosophy that is starting to lose favor.
- (B)outline a new approach to meeting the needs of oppressed groups.
- (C)provide a rationale for adopting a different ideology.
- (D)bring to light inconsistencies within the current political system.


Question: In the passage, Parsons indicates that she once believed that

Choices:
- (A)majority rule eliminates the need for individual activism.
- (B)mobilization of the few benefits the majority.
- (C)progress occurs when everyone works together toward a common goal.
- (D)government can be used to make changes that citizens hope for.


Question: It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that Parsons thinks positive social change will take place only when

Choices:
- (A)masses of people are well versed in political history.
- (B)political parties become committed to reform.
- (C)fewer political parties are competing for people’s votes.
- (D)vocal individuals compel governments to address their concerns.


Question: Which argument does Parsons use to support her claim about the extent to which political parties can be trusted by voters?

Choices:
- (A)Political parties are inherently corrupt because human nature is too easily corrupted by power.
- (B)Parties often consolidate their power by making deals with opposing parties.
- (C)Political parties always sacrifice their own ideals for pragmatic actions.
- (D)Parties typically advance positions that are at odds with the beliefs of many of their members.


Question: Based on the passage, Parsons would most likely predict that a political system that includes competing parties will consistently

Choices:
- (A)lead to the suppression of views deemed unfavorable.
- (B)fracture into an increasing number of warring parties.
- (C)impede economic growth and therefore hinder progress.
- (D)foster the development of an overly scientific approach to politics.


Question: According to the passage, Parsons’s support for anarchism is based on the idea that anarchism

Choices:
- (A)distributes wealth and property more equally among the population.
- (B)is indifferent to the social status of its adherents.
- (C)creates a situation that allows individuals to flourish.
- (D)allows people to create an organizational structure whose leaders will champion the rights of the oppressed.


Question: The main purpose of the passage is to

Choices:
- (A)contrast the tool-using behavior of wild and captive-raised woodpecker finches.
- (B)describe experiments intended to clarify the benefits of tool use for woodpecker finches.
- (C)discuss a study of the differences between primates and woodpecker finches with respect to tool use.
- (D)present research that explains the development of tool-using behavior in woodpecker finches.


Question: It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that the design of the researchers’ experiment helped to minimize the possibility that

Choices:
- (A)there were important differences between the two groups of chicks other than the model with which the groups were reared.
- (B)responses of any individual chick to the model were influenced by the responses of other chicks in the same group.
- (C)acquisition of tool-using behavior by chicks in both groups was influenced by the particular potential tools available.
- (D)identifying when chicks reached different developmental stages of tool-using behavior depended on human evaluations of chicks’ actions.


Question: The passage most strongly suggests that the social system of primates allows for young animals to

Choices:
- (A)regularly observe other members of their species using tools.
- (B)reach maturity without having learned to use tools to acquire food.
- (C)restrict the transmission of tool-related knowledge to close relatives only.
- (D)experiment with tool designs at little risk of lost food if the designs are unsuccessful


Question: Based on the passage, the researchers’ conclusion that the woodpecker finches who used the novel levering technique were displaying individual learning is supported in part by the fact that

Choices:
- (A)no genetic variations were common to all those finches that were not also common to all the finches that did not use that technique.
- (B)those finches tended to stop using the technique after the researchers altered the artificial crevices to reduce the effectiveness of the technique.
- (C)the portion of that technique that deviates from typical tool-using behavior takes place inside a crevice and is therefore difficult for other finches to observe and acquire socially.
- (D)there is probably not a naturally occurring circumstance that would have favored the development of that technique and its prior transmission to those finches.


Question: According to table 1, the mean number of instances that woodpecker finches raised without tool-using models used twigs as tools was

Choices:
- (A)10.7.
- (B)7.4.
- (C)5.6.
- (D)3.6.


Question: The data in table 2 best support which statement about the woodpecker finches that used the unique levering technique to acquire prey?

Choices:
- (A)At least one of them attempted the technique five times before successfully acquiring prey.
- (B)After the first success at acquiring prey, a few of them ceased using the technique altogether.
- (C)After the first success at acquiring the prey, none of them attempted the technique more than five times.
- (D)None of them were successful in their first attempt with the technique.


Question: According to the passage, which fact about Celia’s neighbors does the narrator know before she visits Celia’s apartment?

Choices:
- (A)Micho Alvarez and Benny Quinto are close friends.
- (B)Benny Quinto once studied to be a priest.
- (C)Micho Alvarez has a sensitive side.
- (D)Quisqueya dyes her hair.


Question: Which choice best describes the narrator’s relationship with Celia’s sons?

Choices:
- (A)The narrator knows Celia’s sons because they are friends with the narrator’s daughter.
- (B)The narrator’s daughter attends school with Mayor.
- (C)The narrator has seen Mayor in person, but she has seen Enrique only in Celia’s photo.
- (D)The narrator has seen Enrique play soccer, but she has never seen Mayor.


Question: Based on the passage, it is most reasonable to infer thatCelia knows the answer to which question about the narrator’s family before the narrator visits her apartment?

Choices:
- (A)How many children does the narrator have?
- (B)Where does the narrator’s daughter go to school?
- (C)What is the narrator’s profession?
- (D)How long have the narrator and her family lived in the United States?


Question: A central idea discussed in the passage is that

Choices:
- (A)articulating the reasons for holding an opinion can cause people to decide that they are wrong.
- (B)the process of describing an issue in detail can make people more moderate in their views about the issue.
- (C)most people are not truly interested in understanding complex ideas.
- (D)people are likely to understate their most passionately held positions to avoid offending others.


Question: Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts from

Choices:
- (A)a discussion of a long-standing problem, to a report that discredits previous attempts to address that problem, and then to a proposal for future action.
- (B)an introduction of a phenomenon, to a description of experiments concerning that phenomenon, and then to a recommendation based on the results of the experiments.
- (C)an explanation of two competing theories for a certain behavior, to a recap of a study designed to determine which theory is correct, and then to a general account of a field’s future.
- (D)an observation of a trend, to an analysis of its causes, and then to a proposal for a research study to validate the analysis.


Question: The passage implies that when conducting his laboratorywork, Fernbach would have been most surprised by which finding?

Choices:
- (A)No link was found between the complexity of an issue and the strength of the volunteers’ positions.
- (B)After volunteers were asked to analyze a complicated political issue, their understanding of it did not increase.
- (C)When volunteers were asked to list their reasons for endorsing a particular policy, their views were generally unaffected by the exercise.
- (D)When volunteers were asked questions about complex issues, those with the most extreme views were found to have the best overall understanding of them.


Question: Based on the passage, which action would most likely reducepolitical extremism among the citizenry?

Choices:
- (A)Forming organized groups of people who share their most deeply held convictions
- (B)Requiring that politicians explain their proposed policies in detail before an election is held
- (C)Promoting awareness of charities that provide opportunities to donate money to worthy but underfunded causes
- (D)Hosting events that encourage people who hold opposing points of view to interact with one another


Question: The main purpose of the passage is to

Choices:
- (A)contrast the activities of plant species that rely on photosynthesis with the activities of those that do not.
- (B)explore the attempts of scientists to understand the means by which plants attract pollinators.
- (C)describe a study illuminating a defensive strategy of a particular species of plant.
- (D)explain the results of experiments comparing the function of color in plants and in animals.


Question: The passage indicates that compared with other functions of coloration in plants, camouflage in plants has

Choices:
- (A)provided scientists with a deeper understanding of potential food sources.
- (B)made use of a wider variety of distinctive shades of colors.
- (C)proved to be a less effective defense against predators.
- (D)been the subject of a smaller number of scientific investigations.


Question: It can most reasonably be inferred from the passage thatthe nutrient requirements of many plants have the consequence of

Choices:
- (A)exaggerating the plants’ coloration patterns.
- (B)limiting the plants’ defensive options.
- (C)increasing the plants’ energy consumption.
- (D)narrowing the plants’ potential habitats.


Question: It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that Burke is particularly upset with the National Assembly’s decision to

Choices:
- (A)limit the king’s power.
- (B)expand the size of the government.
- (C)seek the approval of the public.
- (D)ignore the advice of former leaders.


Question: Based on the passage, Burke believes that French leaders who would advocate moderate positions are

Choices:
- (A)brave, but are likely to be distrusted.
- (B)cowardly, but are likely to be praised.
- (C)virtuous, but are likely to be ignored.
- (D)sensible, but are likely to be undermined.


Question: Burke’s central claim in the last paragraph is that the British have

Choices:
- (A)failed to take effective measures to safeguard their rights.
- (B)acted wisely to revise rather than replace their political system.
- (C)tried to export their form of government to their neighbors.
- (D)left their government essentially unchanged for hundreds of years.


Question: In the passage, Burke displays the greatest respect for which of the following?

Choices:
- (A)The British voting public
- (B)British leaders of past generations
- (C)British citizens who are inspired by the French
- (D)The leaders of France’s former government


Question: Based on Passage 1, which hypothetical discovery would provide the most support for the impact hypothesis?

Choices:
- (A)An asteroid impact crater beneath the northern ice cap contains high levels of iridium and has been dated to well after the start of the Younger Dryas.
- (B)Glass and carbon spherules appear at multiple points in the geologic record but never in conjunction with iridium deposits.
- (C)Analysis of ice cores suggests that global temperatures started declining approximately 13,000 years before the onset of the Younger Dryas.
- (D)High levels of osmium, which is rare on Earth but relatively common in asteroids, are observed in the geologic record from approximately 13,000 years ago.


Question: According to Passage 1, the team of scientists believes that the black carbonized material found in certain sedimentary layers was caused by which phenomenon following a cosmic collision?

Choices:
- (A)Climate cooling
- (B)Mass extinctions
- (C)Rapidly spreading fires
- (D)Iridium deposits


Question: Based on Passage 2, Meltzer and his team relied on what evidence to challenge the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis?

Choices:
- (A)A reevaluation of the dates assigned to sites thought to display signs of the proposed impact
- (B)The discovery of additional Clovis artifacts in a host of sites besides the 29 initially identified
- (C)Analyses showing that nanodiamonds can occur in geologic formations lacking indications of extraterrestrial impacts
- (D)High concentrations of iridium that have been found in sedimentary layers beneath the proposed impact layer


Question: Which statement best describes the relationship between the two passages?

Choices:
- (A)Passage 2 presents a critique of the central hypothesis described in Passage 1.
- (B)Passage 2 explains the scientific question addressed by the central hypothesis developed in Passage 1.
- (C)Passage 2 discusses possible implications of the central hypothesis summarized in Passage 1.
- (D)Passage 2 identifies evidence in favor of the central hypothesis advanced in Passage 1.


Question: The authors of both passages characterize the impact hypothesis as

Choices:
- (A)unsupported by reliable evidence.
- (B)interesting but difficult to conclusively evaluate.
- (C)more appealing to the public than to specialists.
- (D)controversial in the scientific community.


Question: If Meltzer’s findings (Passage 2) are accurate, what can most reasonably be inferred about the glass and carbon spherules mentioned in the last paragraph of Passage 1?

Choices:
- (A)They could have been formed at a time other than the beginning of the Younger Dryas.
- (B)They are a product of the global cooling that occurred during the Younger Dryas period.
- (C)They were found in highest concentrations at Clovis archaeological sites.
- (D)They may have played some role in the tool technology of the Clovis people.


Question: The main purpose of the first paragraph is to

Choices:
- (A)characterize Nawab as a loving father.
- (B)outline the schedule of a typical day in Nawab’s life.
- (C)describe Nawab’s various moneymaking ventures.
- (D)contrast Nawab’s and Harouni’s lifestyles.


Question: It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that Harouni provides Nawab with a motorcycle mainly because

Choices:
- (A)Harouni appreciates that Nawab has to work hard to support his family.
- (B)Harouni sees benet to himself from giving Nawab a motorcycle.
- (C)Nawab’s speech is the most eloquent that Harouni has ever heard.
- (D)Nawab threatens to quit if Harouni doesn’t agree to give him a motorcycle.


Question: The passage states that the farm managers react to Nawab receiving a motorcycle with

Choices:
- (A)disgust.
- (B)happiness.
- (C)envy.
- (D)indifference.


Question: According to the passage, what does Nawab consider to be the best result of getting the motorcycle?

Choices:
- (A)People start calling him “Uncle.”
- (B)He’s able to expand his business.
- (C)He’s able to educate his daughters.
- (D)He can spend more time with his wife.


Question: The main purpose of the passage is to

Choices:
- (A)analyze the technological developments that have affected the production, circulation, and reception of news stories.
- (B)discuss changes in the perception of the news media as a source of public knowledge.
- (C)show how journalists’ frames of value influence the production of news stories.
- (D)challenge the conventional view that news is a form of public knowledge.


Question: According to the passage, which expectation do traditionalauthorities now face?

Choices:
- (A)They should be uninfluenced by commercial considerations.
- (B)They should be committed to bringing about positive social change.
- (C)They should be respectful of the difference between public and private knowledge.
- (D)They should be transparent about their beliefs and assumptions.


Question: The authors indicate that the public is coming to believethat journalists’ reports should avoid

Choices:
- (A)personal judgments about the events reported.
- (B)more information than is absolutely necessary.
- (C)quotations from authorities on the subject matter.
- (D)details that the subjects of news reports wish to keep private.


Question: Based on the table, in which year were people the most trusting of the news media?

Choices:
- (A)1985
- (B)1992
- (C)2003
- (D)2011


Question: Which statement is best supported by information presented in the table?

Choices:
- (A)Between 1985 and 2011, the proportion of inaccurate news stories rose dramatically.
- (B)Between 1992 and 2003, the proportion of people who believed that news organizations were biased almost doubled.
- (C)Between 2003 and 2007, people’s views of the accuracy, independence, and fairness of news organizations changed very little.
- (D)Between 2007 and 2011, people’s perception that news organizations are accurate increased, but people’s perception that news organizations are fair diminished.


Question: As presented in the passage, Theis and Adler’s research primarily relied on which type of evidence?

Choices:
- (A)Direct observation
- (B)Historical data
- (C)Expert testimony
- (D)Random sampling


Question: Which statement about striped cucumber beetles can most reasonably be inferred from the passage?

Choices:
- (A)They feed primarily on Texas gourd plants.
- (B)They are less attracted to dimethoxybenzene than honey bees are.
- (C)They experience only minor negative effects as a result of carrying bacterial wilt disease.
- (D)They are attracted to the same compound in Texas gourd scent that squash bees are.


Question: The author indicates that it seems initially plausible thatTexas gourd plants could attract more pollinators if they

Choices:
- (A)did not have aromatic flowers.
- (B)targeted insects other than bees.
- (C)increased their floral scent.
- (D)emitted more varied fragrant compounds.


Question: According to the passage, Theis and Adler’s research offersan answer to which of the following questions?

Choices:
- (A)How can Texas gourd plants increase the number of visits they receive from pollinators?
- (B)Why is there an upper limit on the intensity of the aroma emitted by Texas gourd plants?
- (C)Why does hand pollination rescue the fruit weight of beetle-infested Texas gourd plants?
- (D)Why do Texas gourd plants stop producing fragrance attractive to pollinators when beetles are present?


Question: In Passage 1, Lincoln contends that breaking the law haswhich consequence?

Choices:
- (A)It slows the repeal of bad laws.
- (B)It undermines and repudiates the nation’s values.
- (C)It leads slowly but inexorably to rule by the mob.
- (D)It creates divisions between social groups.


Question: In Passage 2, Thoreau indicates that some unjust aspectsof government are

Choices:
- (A)superficial and can be fixed easily.
- (B)subtle and must be studied carefully.
- (C)self-correcting and may be beneficial.
- (D)inevitable and should be endured.


Question: The primary purpose of each passage is to

Choices:
- (A)make an argument about the difference between legal duties and moral imperatives.
- (B)discuss how laws ought to be enacted and changed in a democracy.
- (C)advance a view regarding whether individuals should follow all of the country’s laws.
- (D)articulate standards by which laws can be evaluated as just or unjust.


Question: Based on the passages, one commonality in the stancesLincoln and Thoreau take toward abolitionism is that

Choices:
- (A)both authors see the cause as warranting drastic action.
- (B)both authors view the cause as central to their argument.
- (C)neither author expects the cause to win widespread acceptance.
- (D)neither author embraces the cause as his own.


Question: The passage is written from the point of view of a

Choices:
- (A)consumer evaluating a variety of options.
- (B)scientist comparing competing research methods.
- (C)journalist enumerating changes in a field.
- (D)hobbyist explaining the capabilities of new technology.


Question: According to the passage, two-sided solar panels will likelyraise efficiency by

Choices:
- (A)requiring little energy to operate.
- (B)absorbing reflected light.
- (C)being reasonably inexpensive to manufacture.
- (D)preventing light from reaching the ground.


Question: The last sentence of the passage mainly serves to

Choices:
- (A)express concern about the limitations of a material.
- (B)identify a hurdle that must be overcome.
- (C)make a prediction about the effective use of certain devices.
- (D)introduce a potential new area of study.