Question: Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main idea of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)Some legal scholars defend a morally questionable view that defense lawyers' sole obligation to their clients is to provide the best defense, while it is the court's job to determine guilt or innocence.
- (B)Defense lawyers should put aside personal judgments about their clients' guilt when determining how best to proceed when representing a client.
- (C)In a democracy, all persons accused of crimes have a right to an attorney who will state the facts, construct sound arguments, and identify flaws in the arguments of opposing counsel.
- (D)Lawyers should be mindful of their duty to society as well as to their clients and base the decision as to whether, and how, to defend a client on the facts of the case.
- (E)Defense attorneys are obligated to defend clients who request their professional services, especially when the attorney is absolutely convinced of the client's innocence.


Question: Which one of the following most accurately describes the author's attitude toward the twofold obligation introduced in lines 20–23?

Choices:
- (A)confident that it enables defense lawyers to balance their competing responsibilities to the court and to society
- (B)certain that it prevents defense lawyers from representing clients whom they know to be guilty
- (C)satisfied that it helps defense lawyers to uncover the relevant facts of a case
- (D)pleased that it does not interfere with common defense strategies used by defense lawyers
- (E)convinced that it does not represent a conflict of interest for defense lawyers


Question: Which one of the following sentences would most logically begin a paragraph immediately following the end of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)In keeping with this role, defense lawyers should base their cases upon the foundations of honesty, substantive accuracy and selectivity.
- (B)Therefore, the practice of law remains morally dubious, in that misrepresentation may achieve acquittal for an attorney's client.
- (C)Consequently, the defendant's right to legal representation varies from case to case, depending on the severity of the alleged crime and the defense lawyer's personal interpretation of the case.
- (D)Thus, the lawyers' obligations are threefold— to be faithful to the dictates of the court, society, and themselves by proving their professional worth in securing acquittal for the clients whom they represent.
- (E)Therefore, judges or other officials of the court should interrogate defense attorneys regarding any prior knowledge they may have of their clients' innocence or guilt.


Question: According to the passage, the legal scholars mentioned in lines 15–19 believe that it is a defense lawyer's role to be

Choices:
- (A)a source of legal information that can help a jury to reach decisions that are fair and equitable
- (B)a thorough investigator of all relevant evidence
- (C)a diligent representative of the client's position
- (D)a facilitator and expediter of the cause of justice
- (E)an energetic advocate of the client's right to legal representation


Question: The relationship of the information contained in the two sentences at lines 28–31 to that in the sentence at lines 7–11 can most accurately be described as

Choices:
- (A)no significant relationship because they represent two unrelated factual statements
- (B)the author's opinion opposing another opinion reported by the author in the earlier lines
- (C)a hypothetical situation supporting a statement reported by the author in the earlier lines
- (D)agreement in general with the earlier position but disagreement over the particulars
- (E)essentially equivalent assertions arising from different perspectives


Question: It can be inferred from the passage that the author holds that a defense attorney who argues in court that a client is innocent

Choices:
- (A)should sincerely believe that the client may be innocent
- (B)would be right to do so even if the attorney knows that the client is actually guilty
- (C)is assuming that role of mouthpiece for the client
- (D)has favored the obligation to the client over that to society
- (E)has typically not researched the facts of the case thoroughly


Question: The primary purpose of the passage is to

Choices:
- (A)show that ethical dilemmas in the legal profession can complicate the defense lawyer's role
- (B)argue that the defense lawyer's duty to the court and society complements effective legal representation for the client
- (C)explain why the actual guilt or innocence of a defendant is not an important issue to many defense attorneys
- (D)discuss some of the issues that a defense lawyer must resolve prior to accepting a case
- (E)reveal how the practice of law strengthens the values and principles of democratic societies


Question: Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)Proponents of two proposals for promoting multicultural understanding disagree about both the goal of multicultural education and the means for achieving this goal.
- (B)Proponents of two proposals for promoting multicultural understanding claim that education should be founded upon an epistemological system that recognizes the importance of the subjective, the intuitive, and the mystical.
- (C)Proponents of two proposals for promoting multicultural understanding claim that it is not enough to refrain from judging non-Western cultures if the methods used to study these cultures are themselves Western.
- (D)Critics of two proposals for promoting multicultural understanding disagree about the extent to which a culture's values are a product of its social and historical circumstances.
- (E)Critics of two proposals for promoting multicultural understanding claim these proposals are not value neutral and are therefore unable to yield a genuine understanding of cultures with a different value system.


Question: Critics who raise the objection discussed in the second paragraph would be most likely to agree with which one of the following?

Choices:
- (A)The social and historical circumstances that give rise to a culture's values cannot be understood by members of a culture with different values.
- (B)The historical and social circumstances of a culture can play an important role in the development of that culture's values.
- (C)It is impossible for one culture to successfully study another culture unless it does so from more than one cultural perspective.
- (D)Genuine understanding of another culture is impossible unless that culture shares the same cultural values.
- (E)The values of liberalism cannot be adequately understood if we approach them solely through the methods of Western science.


Question: Which one of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage as a whole?

Choices:
- (A)Difficulties in achieving a goal are contrasted with the benefits of obtaining that goal.
- (B)A goal is argued to be unrealizable by raising objections to the means proposed to achieve it.
- (C)Two means for achieving a goal are presented along with an objection to each.
- (D)Difficulties in achieving a goal are used to defend several radical revisions to that goal.
- (E)The desirability of a goal is used to defend against a number of objections to its feasibility.


Question: The version of multicultural education discussed in the first paragraph is described as "modest" (line 5) most likely because it

Choices:
- (A)relies on the least amount of speculation about non-Western cultures
- (B)calls for the least amount of change in the educational system
- (C)involves the least amount of Eurocentric cultural chauvinism
- (D)is the least distorting since it employs several cultural perspectives
- (E)deviates least from a neutral stance with respect to differences in values


Question: Given the information in the passage, which one of the following would most likely be considered objectionable by proponents of the version of multicultural education discussed in the third paragraph?

Choices:
- (A)a study of the differences between the moral codes of several Western and non-Western societies
- (B)a study of a given culture's literature to determine the kinds of personal characteristics the culture admires
- (C)a study that employs the methods of Western science to investigate a nonscientific culture
- (D)a study that uses the literary theories of one society to criticize the literature of a society that has different values
- (E)a study that uses the methods of anthropology and sociology to criticize the values of Western culture


Question: Which one of the following, if true, would provide the strongest objection to the criticism in the passage of the second version of multicultural education?

Choices:
- (A)It is impossible to adopt the perspectives and methods of a culture unless one is a member of that culture.
- (B)Many non-Western societies have value systems that are very similar to one another.
- (C)Some non-Western societies use their own value system when studying cultures that have different values.
- (D)Students in Western societies cannot understand their culture's achievements unless such achievements are treated as the subject of Western scientific investigations.
- (E)Genuine understanding of another culture is necessary for adequately appreciating that culture.


Question: Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)Scholars have tended to overlook the nuances of concepts about identity that existed in some of the early Native American cultures.
- (B)As demonstrated by early Native Americans, autobiography can exist in a variety of media other than written documents.
- (C)The Native American life histories collected and recorded by non-Native American writers differ from European-style autobiographies in their depictions of an individual's relation to society.
- (D)Early Native Americans created autobiographies with forms and underlying assumptions that frequently differ from those of European-style autobiographies.
- (E)The autobiographical forms traditionally used by Native Americans are more fragmented than European forms and thus less easily recognizable as personal history.


Question: Which one of the following phrases best conveys the author's attitude toward the earlier scholarship on Native American autobiographies that is mentioned in the passage?

Choices:
- (A)"failed to address" (line 9)
- (B)"highly diverse" (line 10)
- (C)"markedly inclusive" (line 16)
- (D)"seemingly more fragmented" (line 24)
- (E)"alien to the European style" (line 51)


Question: Which one of the following most accurately conveys the meaning of the phrase "bicultural composite authorship" as it is used in line 5 of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)written by a member of one culture but based on the artifacts and oral traditions of another culture
- (B)written by two people, each of whom belongs to a different culture but contributes in the same way to the finished product
- (C)compiled from the writings of people who come from different cultures and whose identities cannot be determined
- (D)written originally by a member of one culture but edited and revised by a member of another culture
- (E)written by a member of one culture but based on oral communication by a member of another culture


Question: Which one of the following most accurately describes the function of the third paragraph within the passage as a whole?

Choices:
- (A)to refute traditional interpretations of certain artifacts
- (B)to present evidence that undermines a theory
- (C)to provide examples that support an argument
- (D)to contrast several different modes of expression
- (E)to enumerate specific instances in which a phenomenon recurred


Question: The author of the passage refers to "self, life, and writing" (lines 12–13) most probably in order to

Choices:
- (A)identify concepts about which Europeans and Native Americans had contrasting ideas
- (B)define a word that had a different meaning for early Native Americans than it has for contemporary Native Americans
- (C)illustrate how words can undergo a change in meaning after their introduction into the language
- (D)posit a fundamental similarity in the origins of a concept in both European and Native American cultures
- (E)explain how the assumptions that underlie European-style autobiography arose


Question: Which one of the following would be most consistent with the ideas about identity that the author attributes to pre-contact Native American cultures?

Choices:
- (A)A person who is born into one tribe but is brought up by members of another tribe retains a name given at birth.
- (B)A pictograph that represents a specific person incorporates the symbol for a constellation.
- (C)A similar ritual for assuming a new name is used in diverse communities.
- (D)A name given to one member of a community cannot be given to another member of the same community.
- (E)A decorated shield that belonged to an individual cannot be traced to a particular tribe.


Question: Which one of the following most accurately states the author's main point in the passage?

Choices:
- (A)Because of their assumption that alcohol is the only active ingredient in wine, beer, and distilled spirits, scientists have previously studied these beverages in ways that obscure their healthful effects.
- (B)A new study of moderate wine consumption calls into question the belief that premature heart disease is caused solely by the presence of high lipid levels in the bloodstream.
- (C)Researchers have found that alcohol from moderate wine consumption is absorbed into the bloodstream more slowly than is alcohol from other alcoholic beverages.
- (D)Although it has long been held that moderate wine consumption has healthful effects, scientific studies have yet to prove such effects definitively.
- (E)Wine, unlike other alcoholic beverages, appears to have a number of significant healthful effects that may be tied to certain natural compounds found in grapes.


Question: In the first paragraph, the author most likely refers to the centuries-old belief that wine has healthful effects in order to

Choices:
- (A)demonstrate that discoveries in the realm of science often bear out popular beliefs
- (B)provide evidence for the theory that moderate wine consumption ameliorates factors that contribute to premature heart disease
- (C)argue that traditional beliefs are no less important than scientific evidence when investigating health matters
- (D)suggest that a prevailing scientific assumption might be mistaken
- (E)refute the argument that science should take cues from popular beliefs


Question: According to the passage, each of the following might help to prevent premature heart disease EXCEPT:

Choices:
- (A)an increase in the degree to which platelets cause blood to clot
- (B)an increase in the body's ability to remove lipids from the bloodstream
- (C)an increase in the amount of time it takes alcohol to be absorbed into the bloodstream
- (D)increased activity of a natural compound that reduces blood clotting
- (E)increased levels of compounds that prevent damage from high lipid levels


Question: Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the passage's position concerning the apparently healthful effects of moderate wine consumption?

Choices:
- (A)Subjects who consumed large amount of grape juice exhibited decreased thickness of the innermost walls of their blood vessels.
- (B)Subjects who were habitual drinkers of wine and subjects who were habitual drinkers of beer exhibited similar lipid levels in their bloodstreams.
- (C)Subjects who drank grape juice exhibited greater platelet adhesiveness than did subjects who drank no grape juice.
- (D)Subjects who drank excessive amounts of wine suffered from premature heart disease at roughly the same rate as moderate wine drinkers.
- (E)Subjects who possess a natural clot-breaking compound were discovered to have a certain gene that is absent from subjects who do not possess the compound.


Question: It can be inferred from the passage that the author would most likely agree with which one of the following statements?

Choices:
- (A)Scientists should not attempt to study the possible healthful effects of moderate consumption of beer and distilled spirits.
- (B)The conclusion that alcohol affects lipid processing should be questioned in light of studies of moderate wine consumption.
- (C)Moderate consumption of wine made from plums or apples rather than grapes would be unlikely to reduce the risk of premature heart disease.
- (D)Red wine consumption has a greater effect on reducing death rates from premature heart disease than does white wine consumption.
- (E)Beer and distilled spirits contain active ingredients other than alcohol whose effects tend to be beneficial.


Question: Based on the passage, the author's attitude toward the scientists discussed in the first paragraph can most accurately be described as

Choices:
- (A)highly enthusiastic
- (B)tacitly approving
- (C)grudgingly accepting
- (D)overtly critical
- (E)clearly outraged


Question: In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with doing which one of the following?

Choices:
- (A)advocating a particular method of treatment
- (B)criticizing popular opinion
- (C)correcting a scientific misconception
- (D)questioning the relevance of newly discovered evidence
- (E)countering a revolutionary hypothesis


Question: The author suggests each of the following in the passage EXCEPT:

Choices:
- (A)Greater platelet adhesiveness increases the risk of premature heart disease.
- (B)The body's ability to process lipids is compromised by the presence of alcohol in the bloodstream.
- (C)Doctors have access to a natural compound that breaks down blood clots.
- (D)High lipid levels are dangerous because they lead to increased endothelial cell reactivity and platelet adhesiveness.
- (E)Moderate wine consumption appears to decrease the thickness of the interior walls of blood vessels.


Question: Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)In his role as a lawyer for the NAACP, Marshall developed a number of strategies for litigation which, while often controversial, proved to be highly successful in arguing against certain discriminatory laws.
- (B)The litigation strategies that Marshall devised in pursuit of the NAACP's civil rights goals during the 1940s and 1950s constituted significant innovations that have since been adopted as standard tactics for public interest lawyers.
- (C)Although commentary on Marshall has often focused only on a single ideological aspect of his accomplishments, a reinvestigation of his record as a judge reveals its influence on current divergent political objectives.
- (D)In his work with the NAACP during the 1940s and 1950s, Marshall adopted a set of tactics that were previously considered a radical departure from accepted practice, but which he adapted in such a way that they eventually became accepted conventions in the field of law.
- (E)Contrary to the impression commonly given by commentary on Marshall, his contributions to the work of the NAACP have had more of a lasting impact than his achievements as a U.S. Supreme Court justice.


Question: Which one of the following most accurately describes two main functions of the first sentence of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)It disputes a claim that has often been accepted and summarizes Marshall's achievements.
- (B)It establishes the passage's main topic and indicates the controversial nature of Marshall's ideologies.
- (C)It introduces two aspects of Marshall's career and outlines the historical significance of both.
- (D)It identifies Marshall's better-known achievements and suggests that commentary has neglected certain other achievements.
- (E)It provides a new perspective on Marshall's achievements and corrects a historical inaccuracy.


Question: Which one of the following pairs of tactics used by an environmental-advocacy public interest law firm is most closely analogous to the strategies that Marshall utilized during his work with the NAACP?

Choices:
- (A)a decision to pursue a pollution case based on its potential legal implications for a large class of related cases; and testimony by a noted medical authority whose data support the claim that the pollution in question causes widespread medical problems
- (B)acceptance of a pollution case based on the practical urgency of its expected impact on the environment if a ruling in favor of the plaintiff is rendered; and assignment of the case to the most widely known members of the firm
- (C)preference for pursuing a series of cases that are to be tried in courts having a record of decisions that are favorable to environmental interests; and taking these cases to judges who strictly uphold constitutional principles
- (D)acceptance of a pollution damage case based primarily on the potential plaintiff's needs; and careful orchestration of pretrial publicity designed to acquaint the public with the relevant issues
- (E)thorough and painstaking research of precedents relating to a current pollution case; and consultations with lawyers for the defense regarding a pretrial settlement


Question: It can be most reasonably inferred from the passage that the author views the test case strategy developed by Marshall as

Choices:
- (A)arbitrary
- (B)inflexible
- (C)unprecedented
- (D)necessary
- (E)subjective


Question: The passage provides the most support for which one of the following statements?

Choices:
- (A)The ideological motivations for Marshall's work with the NAACP changed during his tenure on the U.S. Supreme Court.
- (B)Marshall declined to pursue some cases that were in keeping with the NAACP's goals but whose plaintiffs' likely impression on the public he deemed to be unfavorable.
- (C)Marshall's tactics were initially opposed by some other members of the NAACP who favored a more traditional approach.
- (D)Marshall relied more on expert testimony in lower courts, whose judges were more likely than higher court judges to give weight to statistical evidence.
- (E)Marshall's colleagues at the NAACP subsequently revised his methods and extended their applications to areas of law and politics beyond those for which they were designed.


Question: Based on the passage, it can be most reasonably inferred that the author would agree with which one of the following statements?

Choices:
- (A)In light of a reconsideration of Marshall's career, it seems that commentary has undervalued both his innovations in litigation strategy and his accomplishments on the U.S. Supreme Court.
- (B)The most controversial of Marshall's methods was, somewhat paradoxically, the most unequivocally successful part of his overall campaign with the NAACP.
- (C)Lawyers representing private interests had previously used sociological evidence in court cases.
- (D)In response to Marshall's successes in NAACP litigations, the first public interest law firms were established, and they represented a radical change from previous types of U.S. law firms.
- (E)Marshall's techniques lend themselves to being used even for purposes that Marshall might not have intended.


Question: According to the passage, some legal scholars have criticized which one of the following?

Choices:
- (A)the ideology Marshall used to support his goals
- (B)recent public interest campaigns
- (C)the use of Marshall's techniques by politically conservative lawyers
- (D)the use of psychological statistics in court cases
- (E)the set of criteria for selecting public interest litigants


Question: Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)Lichtenstein's use of comic book elements in his paintings, considered simply a parodic reaction to the high-mindedness of later abstract expressionism, is also an attempt to re-create the emotionally powerful work of earlier abstract expressionists.
- (B)Lichtenstein's use of comic book elements is not solely a parodic reaction to the high-mindedness of later abstract expressionism but also demonstrates an attempt to achieve realistic and nostalgic effects simultaneously in his paintings.
- (C)Lichtenstein's use of comic book elements obscures the emotional complexity contained in his paintings, a situation that has prevented his work from being recognized as fine art in the expressionist tradition.
- (D)Lichtenstein's use of comic book elements appears to mark his paintings as parodic reactions to the whole of abstract expressionism when they are instead a rebellion against the high-mindedness of the later abstract expressionists.
- (E)Lichtenstein's use of comic book elements in his paintings, though a response to the excessive sophistication of the art world, is itself highly sophisticated in that it manages to reconcile pop art and fine art.


Question: Which one of the following best captures the author's attitude toward Lichtenstein's work?

Choices:
- (A)enthusiasm for its more rebellious aspects
- (B)respect for its successful parody of youth and innocence
- (C)pleasure in its blatant rejection of abstract expressionism
- (D)admiration for its subtle critique of contemporary culture
- (E)appreciation for its ability to incorporate both realism and naivete


Question: The author most likely lists some of the themes and objects influencing and appearing in Lichtenstein's paintings (lines 38–43) primarily to

Choices:
- (A)show that the paintings depict aspects of contemporary life
- (B)support the claim that Lichtenstein's work was parodic in intent
- (C)contrast Lichtenstein's approach to art with that of abstract expressionism
- (D)suggest the emotions that lie at the heart of Lichtenstein's work
- (E)endorse Lichtenstein's attitude toward consumer culture


Question: Based on the passage, which one of the following would be an example of pop art that is most in keeping with the spirit of Lichtenstein's work?

Choices:
- (A)a painting that uses realistic techniques to represent several simple objects arranged on a table
- (B)a painting that parodies human figures by depicting them as stick figures
- (C)a painting that conveys its creator's inner turmoil through the use of bold lines and primary colors
- (D)a painting that employs vague shapes and images to make a statement about consumer culture
- (E)a painting that depicts products as they appear in magazine advertisements to comment on society's values


Question: Which one of the following, if true, would most challenge the author's characterization of Lichtenstein?

Choices:
- (A)Lichtenstein frequently attended exhibitions by abstract expressionist painters in the 1960s.
- (B)Lichtenstein praised a contemporary abstract expressionist in the 1960s for producing an atypically emotional painting.
- (C)Lichtenstein praised an early abstract expressionist for producing emotional paintings.
- (D)Lichtenstein criticized a pop artist in the 1960s for producing emotional paintings.
- (E)Lichtenstein criticized a pop artist in the 1960s for producing paintings void of emotion.


Question: The primary purpose of the passage is most likely to

Choices:
- (A)express curiosity about an artist's work
- (B)clarify the motivation behind an artist's work
- (C)contrast two opposing theories about an artist's work
- (D)describe the evolution of an artist's work
- (E)refute a previous overestimation of an artist's work


Question: Based on the passage, which one of the following does the author appear to believe about the rebellious aspect of Lichtenstein's work?

Choices:
- (A)It was directed less against abstract expressionism exclusively than against overly sophisticated art.
- (B)It was directed less against later abstract expressionism than against commercial art.
- (C)It was directed less against later abstract expressionism exclusively than against abstract expressionism in general.
- (D)It was an objection to the consumerism of the culture.
- (E)It was an objection to the simplicity of line and color used by pop artists.


Question: Based on the passage, which one of the following can most reasonably be inferred about abstract expressionism?

Choices:
- (A)Over time, it moved from abstraction to realism.
- (B)Over time, it moved from intensity to lyricism.
- (C)Over time, it moved from intellectualism to emotionalism.
- (D)Over time, it moved from obscurity to clarity.
- (E)Over time, it moved from density to sparseness.


Question: Which one of the following does the passage identify as being a result of a technological development?

Choices:
- (A)burgeoning scientific research
- (B)educational uses of broadcasting
- (C)widespread exchange of political ideas
- (D)faster means of travel
- (E)increased access to databases


Question: As used in the passage, the word "democratizing" (line 9) most nearly means equalizing which one of the following?

Choices:
- (A)distribution of tangible and intangible goods
- (B)opportunity to create new technology
- (C)accumulation of financial assets in investments
- (D)participation in the regulation of society through either public or private institutions
- (E)generally acknowledged social status in a community


Question: Which one of the following most accurately represents the primary function of the reference to maximization of financial success (lines 52–54)?

Choices:
- (A)It forms part of the author's summary of the benefits that have resulted from the technological developments described in the preceding paragraph.
- (B)It serves as the author's logical conclusion from data presented in the preceding paragraph regarding the social consequences of technological development.
- (C)It forms part of a speculative hypothesis that the author presents for its interest in relation to the main topic rather than as part of an argument.
- (D)It serves as part of a causal explanation that reinforces the thesis in the first paragraph regarding the benefits of technological development.
- (E)It forms part of the author's concession that certain factors complicate the argument presented in the first two paragraphs.


Question: It can be most reasonably inferred from the passage that the author would agree with which one of the following statements?

Choices:
- (A)The profits derived from computer technology have accrued to fewer people than have the profits derived from any other technological development.
- (B)Often the desire of some people for profits motivates changes that are beneficial for large numbers of other people.
- (C)National boundaries are rarely barriers to the democratizing spread of technology.
- (D)Typically, investment in technology is riskier than many other sorts of investment.
- (E)Greater geographical mobility of populations has contributed to the profits of entrepreneurs and investors in technology.


Question: From the passage it can be most reasonably inferred that the author would agree with which one of the following statements?

Choices:
- (A)The democratizing influence of technology generally contributes to technological obsolescence.
- (B)Wholly unregulated economies are probably the fastest in producing an equalization of social status.
- (C)Expanded access to printed texts across a population has historically led to an increase in literacy in that population.
- (D)The invention of the telephone has had a greater democratizing influence on society than has the invention of the printing press.
- (E)Near equality of financial assets among people is a realistic goal for market economies.


Question: Which one of the following most completely and accurately states the main point of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)Evidence shows that the workings of the brain are guided, not by electrical signals, but by chemicals, and that subtle differences among the receptors for these chemicals may permit the selective treatment of certain brain disorders.
- (B)Evidence shows that the workings of the brain are guided, not by electrical signals, but by chemicals, and that enough similarities exist among these chemicals to allow scientists to classify them as a family.
- (C)Evidence shows that electrical impulses are transmitted between neurons chemically rather than electrically, and that enough similarities exist among these chemicals to allow scientists to classify them as a family.
- (D)Evidence shows that electrical impulses are transmitted between neurons chemically rather than electrically, and that subtle differences among the receptors for these chemicals may permit the selective treatment of certain brain disorders.
- (E)Evidence shows that receptor molecules in the brain differ subtly from one another, and that these differences can be exploited to treat certain brain disorders through the use of drugs that selectively affect particular parts of the brain.


Question: Based on the passage, the author's attitude toward the discovery presented in the last paragraph is most accurately described as

Choices:
- (A)certainty that its possible benefits will be realized
- (B)optimism about its potential applications
- (C)apprehension about the possibility of its misuse
- (D)concern that its benefits are easily exaggerated
- (E)skepticism toward its assumptions about the brain


Question: Each of the following statements is affirmed by the passage EXCEPT:

Choices:
- (A)The secretion of certain chemicals plays a role in neuron communication.
- (B)The flow of ions through neurons plays a role in neuron communication.
- (C)The binding of neurotransmitters to receptors plays a role in neuron communication.
- (D)The structure of receptors on neuron surfaces plays a role in neuron communication.
- (E)The size of neurotransmitter binding sites on receptors plays a role in neuron communication.


Question: The author most likely uses the phrase "defined categories of neurons" in lines 55–56 in order to refer to neurons that

Choices:
- (A)possess channels for ions
- (B)respond to drug treatment
- (C)contain receptor molecules
- (D)influence particular brain functions
- (E)react to binding by neurotransmitters


Question: Which one of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)explanation of a theory; presentation of evidence in support of the theory; presentation of evidence in opposition to the theory; argument in favor of rejecting the theory; discussion of the implications of rejecting the theory
- (B)explanation of a theory; presentation of evidence in support of the theory; explanation of an alternative theory; presentation of information to support the alternative theory; discussion of an experiment that can help determine which theory is correct
- (C)explanation of a theory; description of an obstacle to the theory's general acceptance; presentation of an explanation that helps the theory overcome the obstacle; discussion of a further implication of the theory
- (D)explanation of a theory; description of an obstacle to the theory's general acceptance; argument that the obstacle is insurmountable and that the theory should be rejected; discussion of the implications of rejecting the theory
- (E)explanation of a theory; description of how the theory came to win scientific acceptance; presentation of new information that challenges the theory; modification of the theory to accommodate the new information; discussion of an implication of the modification


Question: The primary purpose of the passage is most likely to

Choices:
- (A)propose a new theory about the workings of the brain
- (B)introduce evidence that challenges a widely accepted theory about the workings of the brain
- (C)describe the approach scientists use when studying the workings of the brain
- (D)discuss new support for a widely accepted theory about the workings of the brain
- (E)illustrate the practical utility of scientific research into the workings of the brain


Question: Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)The principle of utility maximization provides an economic framework that allows legal scholars to analyze an individual's decision to commit a crime as a rational economic choice that maximizes that individual's expected utility.
- (B)Legal scholars have found that deliberate criminal acts are motivated by neither external influences nor individual choices alone but that instead both of these factors are important in the decision to commit a crime.
- (C)The utility maximization principle can be used to quantify the effects both of methods of deterrence that revolve around individual factors and of those that emphasize the impact of societal norms on the decision to commit a deliberate crime.
- (D)Introduction of the utility maximization principle into the current crime deterrence debate indicates that both sides in the debate offer useful recommendations that can work together in deterring deliberate crime.
- (E)The utility maximization principle demonstrates that deliberate criminal acts are the result of the rational economic choices of individuals and are not influenced by societal norms or the policies and practices of societal institutions.


Question: The author mentions "crimes of passion" in line 3 primarily in order to

Choices:
- (A)give an example of a kind of deliberate crime
- (B)provide a contrast that helps to define a deliberate crime
- (C)demonstrate that not all crimes can be deterred
- (D)help illustrate one side of the current debate in the legal community
- (E)mention a crime that is a product of the influence of societal norms


Question: The explanation of the utility maximization principle in the passage suggests that which one of the following would be least appropriately described as a rational response to economic incentives and disincentives?

Choices:
- (A)In order to reduce his taxes, a waiter conceals a large part of his tip income from the government because he believes that it is very unlikely that this will be detected and he will be penalized.
- (B)A motorist avoids speeding on a certain stretch of road because she knows that it is heavily patrolled and that a speeding ticket will lead to loss of her driver's license.
- (C)An industrialist continues to illegally discharge an untreated pollutant into a river because the cost of treatment far exceeds the fine for illegally discharging the pollutant.
- (D)A government official in an impoverished country risks prosecution for soliciting bribes because rampant inflation has rendered her government salary inadequate to support her and her family.
- (E)A worker physically assaults his former supervisor in a crowded workplace because he has been dismissed from his job and he believes that the dismissal was unwarranted and unfair.


Question: Based on the passage, which one of the following scenarios is most similar to some legal scholars' use of the utility maximization principle regarding the crime deterrence debate?

Choices:
- (A)an astronomer's use of a paradox employed by certain ancient cosmologists as a metaphor to help describe a phenomenon recently observed with the aid of new technologies
- (B)a drawing instructor's use of a law of optics from physics to demonstrate that two lines that appear to diverge actually run parallel to each other
- (C)a botanist's use of a quotation from a legendary Olympic athlete to make a point about the competitive nature of plants in a forest
- (D)a judge's use of evidence from anthropology to support a decision in a controversial legal case
- (E)a mediator's use of a short quotation from a well-known novel in an attempt to set a tone of collegiality and good conduct at the start of a bargaining session


Question: Which one of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)Two sides of a debate are described and a general principle is used to resolve the conflict between them.
- (B)Two sides of a debate are described and an economic principle is applied to decide between them.
- (C)Two beliefs are described and a principle is introduced to discredit them.
- (D)A general principle is described and instantiated by two different ways of solving a problem.
- (E)A general principle is described and used to highlight the differences between two sides in a debate.


Question: The passage suggests that the author would be likely to agree with each of the following statements EXCEPT:

Choices:
- (A)The rate at which criminals return to criminal activity is likely to fall if laws requiring stronger punishments for repeat offenders are adopted.
- (B)The rate at which criminals return to criminal activity is likely to increase if efforts to rehabilitate them are ended.
- (C)The rate of deliberate crimes is likely to decrease if the expected utility of lawful activities decreases.
- (D)The rate of deliberate crimes is likely to increase if the access of individuals to economic institutions decreases.
- (E)The rate of deliberate crimes will tend to vary inversely with the level of law enforcement.


Question: Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)The Mexican American tradition of Spanish-language proverb use differs in important ways from the common proverb tradition of Europe.
- (B)Spanish-language proverbs figure prominently in Mexican American communities, where they are used both to instruct the young and to promote the young's familiarity with their heritage.
- (C)Most proverbs that are commonly used in Mexican American communities have their origins in either peninsular Spain or the common proverb tradition of Europe.
- (D)Many people in Mexican American communities use proverbs to teach young people about a wide range of social behaviors and norms.
- (E)As is illustrated in the Spanish-language tradition, the use of proverbs can serve a wide range of purposes within a community.


Question: The author provides a translation of a proverb in lines 32–33 primarily in order to

Choices:
- (A)illustrate the relation between proverb use and education about peer-group relationships in Mexican American communities
- (B)provide an example of the tone of a proverb that is frequently used in Mexican American communities
- (C)illustrate how a proverb can function as an appeal to traditional wisdom
- (D)provide an example of how some Spanish-language proverbs can be clearly translated into English
- (E)illustrate the effectiveness of proverbs as educational tools in Mexican American communities


Question: The passage provides information that most helps to answer which one of the following questions?

Choices:
- (A)In what other areas besides Europe did Spanish-language proverbs currently used in Mexican American communities originate?
- (B)Are any proverbs that are used frequently in the English-language tradition derived from Mexican American proverbs?
- (C)What kinds of messages and pieces of wisdom are most often communicated by proverbs in the English-language tradition?
- (D)In what other ethnic groups besides Mexican Americans do proverbs function to maintain ties to the traditions of those groups?
- (E)Is the use of proverbs in teaching young people more common in Mexican American communities than in the English-language tradition?


Question: The passage most strongly suggests which one of the following about the use of proverbs?

Choices:
- (A)Proverb use is seldom intended to reinforce community-approved norms.
- (B)The way in which a proverb is used depends, at least in part, on the community in which it is used.
- (C)The most frequent use of proverbs in Mexican American communities is for the purpose of regulating peer-group relationships.
- (D)Proverbs are often used to help teach young people languages.
- (E)When a proverb is used as an educational tool, it is usually intended to serve more than one purpose.


Question: The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements?

Choices:
- (A)Most Mexican American proverbs have their origin in the common proverb tradition of Europe.
- (B)Mexican American parents are more likely to emphasize the value of traditional wisdom than are most other parents in the United States.
- (C)There are more Spanish-language proverbs than there are proverbs in the common proverb tradition of Europe.
- (D)Proverb use in some communities may reflect parental concern that the young will not embrace traditional norms.
- (E)Most proverbs cannot be accurately translated from one language to another.


Question: Which one of the following is most strongly implied by the passage?

Choices:
- (A)If a proverb is used to inculcate table manners, then its primary purpose is to maintain ties to an ethnic tradition.
- (B)The frequent use of proverbs within any community functions, at least in part, to convey a sense of their ethnicity to children within that community.
- (C)The ways in which Mexican Americans use Spanish-language proverbs are typical of the ways in which Spanish speakers throughout the world use those proverbs.
- (D)There are some sayings that do not require a verbal context to be understood but whose meaning for each particular use depends on the social context in which that use occurs.
- (E)The emphasis within Mexican American communities on teaching children about peer-group relationships distinguishes those communities from other communities within the United States.


Question: Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of passage A?

Choices:
- (A)Altruistic behavior is problematic for evolutionary psychology because it tends to diminish the reproductive success of individuals that exhibit it.
- (B)New evidence may explain the evolution of altruistic behavior in early humans by showing that genes promote their own self-propagation.
- (C)Altruistic behavior originally served evolutionary purposes that it does not serve today because humans no longer live in small, kin-based groups.
- (D)Contrary to what critics of evolutionary psychology say, most significant types of human behavior are prompted by genetically selfish motivations.
- (E)An evolutionary explanation of altruistic behavior may lie in the psychological states brought about in early humans by cues of kinship or familiarity.


Question: The approaches toward evolutionary psychology exhibited by the two authors differ in which one of the following ways?

Choices:
- (A)The author of passage A is more interested in examining the logical implications of evolutionary psychology than the author of passage B is.
- (B)The author of passage A is more committed to the principles of evolutionary psychology than the author of passage B is.
- (C)The author of passage A is more willing to consider nonevolutionary explanations for human behavior than the author of passage B is.
- (D)The author of passage B is more skeptical of evolutionary theory in general than the author of passage A is.
- (E)The author of passage B is more critical of the motives of evolutionary psychologists than the author of passage A is.


Question: According to passage B, which one of the following is an example of a human characteristic for which evolutionary psychologists propose a questionable explanation?

Choices:
- (A)the early human tendency to live in small communities
- (B)the slow maturation of human offspring
- (C)forming monogamous families
- (D)misinterpreting the interests that motivate human actions
- (E)caring for some things for their own sakes


Question: According to passage A, certain types of human behavior developed through evolutionary processes because they

Choices:
- (A)helped spread the genes responsible for those same behaviors
- (B)prompted individuals to behave unselfishly
- (C)improved the physical health of individuals who exhibited the behaviors
- (D)made individuals who exhibited the behaviors more adept at finding food
- (E)prompted early humans to live in mutually dependent groups


Question: How does the purpose of passage B relate to the content of passage A?

Choices:
- (A)The author of passage B seeks to support the main claims made in passage A by presenting additional arguments in support of those claims.
- (B)The author of passage B criticizes the type of argument made in passage A by attempting to create an analogous argument with a conclusion that is clearly false.
- (C)The author of passage B argues that the type of evidence used in passage A is often derived from inaccurate observation.
- (D)The author of passage B maintains that the claims made in passage A are vacuous because no possible evidence could confirm or disconfirm them.
- (E)The author of passage B seeks to undermine the type of argument made in passage A by suggesting that it relies on questionable reasoning.


Question: Which one of the following assertions from passage A most clearly exemplifies what the author of passage B means in calling evolutionary psychology a "conspiracy theory" (lines 35–36)?

Choices:
- (A)Evolutionary psychologists seek to examine human behavior from the point of view of the theory of evolution.
- (B)Altruism presents a difficult problem for evolutionary psychology.
- (C)An altruistic individual uses valuable resources to promote the well-being of another individual.
- (D)Genes may promote their self-propagation through actions that appear unselfish.
- (E)Early humans lived in small, kin-based groups.


Question: It can be inferred that the author of passage B would regard which one of the following as a mistaken assumption underlying arguments like that made in passage A?

Choices:
- (A)Most of the physical features characteristic of modern humans developed as the result of evolutionary pressures.
- (B)Any action performed by an early human was necessarily orchestrated by that individual's genes to promote the genes' self-propagation.
- (C)To explain a type of human behavior in evolutionary terms, it is sufficient to show that the behavior would have improved the reproductive success of early humans.
- (D)Evolutionary psychology can be used to explain human behavior but not animal behavior, since animal behavior is driven largely by instinct.
- (E)Most early human behaviors that significantly hindered reproductive success were eliminated by evolutionary competition.


Question: Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)By drawing on elements from the two opposing strains of Russian literary criticism, Dostoyevsky developed the theoretical apparatus for a new direction in Russian literature.
- (B)In opposition to the views of the two most prominent groups of Russian literary critics, Dostoyevsky believed that literature should keep itself removed from reality.
- (C)Dostoyevsky's indictment of the radical Russian critics rested solely on his objection to the radical critics' stipulation that literature be useful to society.
- (D)In his critical writings, Dostoyevsky championed the freedom of the artist against the narrow constraints imposed by the radical Russian critics' concern with the depiction of reality.
- (E)Dostoyevsky's position on literature differed sharply from that of the radical Russian critics with respect to the nature of reality, the importance of formal aspects in a literary work, and the utility of art.


Question: Which one of the following works most clearly exemplifies writing Dostoyevsky would have deemed "artistic" ?

Choices:
- (A)a fictionalized account based on interviews with patients that illustrates the brutal facts of illness
- (B)a novel in which the author's ideas are given substance through suitable characters and events
- (C)a novel in which the author attempted to use allegory to communicate a criticism of feudal society
- (D)an autobiographical essay in which the author chronicles the outstanding events in his life
- (E)a short story in which the characters debate how to solve various social problems


Question: According to the passage, Dostoyevsky disagreed with the radical critics' view of realism in literature because he believed

Choices:
- (A)reality is not independent of the experiences of individuals
- (B)realism is unequal to the task of representing political views
- (C)art should be elevated above the portrayal of reality
- (D)realism does not in fact facilitate the exposure of social inequities or contribute to the creation of a new society
- (E)reality is not the crucial source of successful literature


Question: In the context of the passage, the description of a work of literature as "useful" mainly refers to its

Choices:
- (A)proficiency at depicting the realm of the fantastic
- (B)effectiveness at communicating the author's ideas
- (C)ability to help bring about social change
- (D)facility for exploding the boundaries of the tangible world
- (E)capacity to advance a particular theory of literature


Question: Which one of the following most accurately describes the organization of the material presented in the passage?

Choices:
- (A)Three positions are presented and each is elaborated in detail.
- (B)Three positions are presented and the third is differentiated from the first two in detail.
- (C)Three positions are presented and the third is differentiated from the second in detail.
- (D)Three positions are presented and the third is shown to be superior to the first two.
- (E)Three positions are presented and the third is shown to be inferior to the second.


Question: It can be inferred from the passage that Dostoyevsky would most likely have agreed with which one of the following statements about the view held by some Russian critics that art should stand high above the present and everyday?

Choices:
- (A)It is correct because of its requirement that art have a strong element of the fantastic.
- (B)It is correct because it recognizes that reality is more than just an enumeration of the mundane details of life.
- (C)It is incorrect because reality must be the foundation of all literature.
- (D)It is incorrect because it makes no distinction between reality and fantasy.
- (E)It is incorrect because of its insistence that art further some societal end.


Question: Given the information in the passage, Dostoyevsky would have been most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about works of literature?

Choices:
- (A)Only works of literature that are well written can serve a particular political view.
- (B)Only works of literature that serve a particular political view can be said to be well written.
- (C)Works of literature that are not well written always attempt to serve a particular political view.
- (D)A work of literature that is well written cannot serve any particular political view.
- (E)A work of literature that serves a particular political view cannot be well written.


Question: The passage suggests that Dostoyevsky's attitude toward the radical critics' view would be most softened if the radical critics were to

Choices:
- (A)draw a sharper distinction between reality and fantasy when evaluating the content of a literary work
- (B)put clarity of purpose ahead of formal aspects when evaluating a literary work
- (C)acknowledge the importance of eliminating elements of concrete reality from literary works
- (D)recognize the full significance of artistic merit when evaluating literary works
- (E)explain more fully their demand that reality be depicted as it is


Question: Which one of the following statements most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)The shift from traditional to digital publishing is typical of the shift from one economic model to a more efficient economic model.
- (B)Digital publishing is likely to one day rival traditional publishing, but social and economic fiIctors are currently hindering its acceptaoce.
- (C)Digital publishing will be convenient for readers and profitable for publishers but will also result in a great deal of movement by authors among different publishing houses.
- (D)Although digital books can now be displayed on computers and handheld electronic devices, consumers will demonstrate that they prefer books printed at the point of sale.
- (E)Digital publishing will transfonn the economics of the publishing business and in doing so will likely create competitive pressures to pay authors a greater percentage of publishers' net revenue.


Question: The author uses the phrase "whole categories of expense" (lines 30-31) primarily to refer to

Choices:
- (A)the fees collected by literal agents from their clients
- (B)the price paid to have books printed and bound
- (C)the royalties paid to authors by their publisbers
- (D)the costs specific to the retail trade in traditional printed books
- (E)the total sales ofa book minus the value of those books returned unsold to the bookseller


Question: It can most reasonably be inferred that the aulbor would agree wilb which one oflbe following statements?

Choices:
- (A)Those publishers that fail to embrace the new digital model ofpub1ishing will be uuiikely to remain economically competitive.
- (B)The primary threat to the spread of digital publishing will be the widespread use of computers aud haudheld devices for reading text.
- (C)The growth of digital publishing is likely to revitalize the book retail business.
- (D)Any book will sell more copies ifit is published digitally thau if it is published traditionally.
- (E)Digital publishing will allow publishers to substantially decrease the amount of money they allocate for advertising their books.


Question: Each of the following is identified in the passage as something digital publishing will dispense with the need for EXCEPT:

Choices:
- (A)warehousing printed books
- (B)having book covers designed
- (C)having books shipped to retail stores
- (D)having unsold books returned to publishers
- (E)displaying books in retail stores


Question: If the scenario descrthed in the first two paragraphs were to become true, then which one of the following would most likely be the case?

Choices:
- (A)The need for warehousing will shift mainly from that of individual books to that of paper and binding material to make books.
- (B)The patronage of stores that sell used books will increase significantly.
- (C)Most publishers will sell their own books individually and will not use distributors or retailers.
- (D)There will be significantly less demand by publishers for the services of copy editors and book designers.
- (E)The demand for book-grade paper will decrease significantly.


Question: It can most reasonably be inferred that the author would agree wilb which one oflbe following statements?

Choices:
- (A)The changing literary tastes of consumers will be the main cause of the eventual transition to the new digital model.
- (B)The ease of keeping books "in print" will be the primary factor in the eventual acceptance of the new digital model.
- (C)The demauds of literary agents will be the impetus for completing the transition to the new digital model.
- (D)The development of innovative marketing strategies will ensure acceptance of the new digital model.
- (E)Widespread familiarily with new ways of storing information will be the primary reason for the acceptance of the new digital model.


Question: The primary purpose of the final sentence of the passage is to

Choices:
- (A)suggest that traditional publishing houses have been too slow to embrace digital publishing
- (B)provide a broader context that helps to clarDY the situation facing traditional publishers
- (C)summarize the argument for the claim that digital publishing will likely replace traditional publishing
- (D)illustrate the primary obstacle facing traditional publishing houses that wish to incorporate digital publishing capabilities
- (E)recommend a wait-and-see approach on the part of traditional publishing houses


Question: Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of passage B?

Choices:
- (A)Criminal defendants do not always have a full and fair opportunity to challenge faulty fingerprint evidence when it is used against them at trial.
- (B)Fingerprint evidence has been shown to be too unreliable for use in eriminal trials.
- (C)The error rate for fingerprint identification is significantly higher than is generally acknowledged.
- (D)There are anumberoffundarnentalproblerns in the field of fingerprint identification as it is currently practiced.
- (E)There is a growing consensus within the legal community that fingerprint evidence is often unreliable.


Question: The authors would be most likely to disagree about

Choices:
- (A)whether uniformity in the training of fingerprint examiners is desirable
- (B)the likelihood that a fingerprint examiner will incorrectly declare a match in a given eriminal case
- (C)whether fingerprint identification should be accorded the status of scientific law
- (D)the relative merits of the point-counting and holistic methods of fingerprint identification
- (E)whether different agencies vary in the degree of correlation they require for examiners to declare a match


Question: It can be inferred that the author of passage A is

Choices:
- (A)a judge presiding over an appeal of a criminal conviction
- (B)a defense attorney arguing an appeal of a client's criminal conviction
- (C)a prosecutor arguing for the affirmation of a guilty verdict
- (D)a professor of law lectuting to a ctiminallaw class
- (E)an academic presenting a paper to a group of legal scholars


Question: Each passage discusses the relationship between the reliability of the practice of fingerprint identification and which one of the following?

Choices:
- (A)the ability of a criminal defendant to expose weaknesses in the prosecution's case
- (B)the personal integrity of individual fingerprint examiners
- (C)differences in the identification practices used by various fingerprint examiners
- (D)the partial or smudged prints that are typically used as evidence in criminal cases
- (E)use of the holistic approach to fingerprint identification


Question: Which one of the following principles underlies the arguments in both passages?

Choices:
- (A)Courts should be extremely reluctant to reject those forms of evidence that have withstood the test of time.
- (B)Defendants should have the right to challenge forms of evidence whose reliability has not been scientifically proven.
- (C)To evaluate the value of fingerprint evidence, one must know how likely it is that partial prints from two different people would match.
- (D)Fingerprint identification should not be considered to have a low error rate Wlless rigorously conducted tests have shown this to be so.
- (E)Fingerprint examiners must follow objective standards iffingerprint identification is to be reliable.


Question: Both passages allude to a method of fingerprint identification in which examiners

Choices:
- (A)rely on a holistic impression of how similar two fingerprints are
- (B)use computerized databases to search for matching fingerprints
- (C)count the number of characteristics two fingerprints have in common
- (D)calculate the odds of two different individuals' sharing certain very rare fingerprint characteristics
- (E)use computer technology to clariJY the images of smudged or partial fingerprints


Question: Passage B differs from passage A in that passage B is more

Choices:
- (A)optimistic in its conclusions
- (B)general in focus
- (C)tentative in its claims
- (D)respectful of opposing claims
- (E)dependent on unsubstantiated assumptions


Question: Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)In Jazz, Morrison has realized a significant artistic achievement in creating the first African American work of fiction whose plot, themes, and setting are all drawn from the world of jazz.
- (B)Morrison's striking description of a musical ensemble perfurmance containing solo improvisations constitutes an important artistic innovation and makes Jazz an important model for other writers.
- (C)Although many African American writers have used music as a central metaphor in their works, Morrison's 1992 novel is unique and innovative for using jazz as its central metaphor.
- (D)Building on the works of many African American writers and musical composers, Morrison has over the years developed an innovative jazzlike style of narration, which she used especially effectively in the novel Jazz.
- (E)In Jazz, Morrison has succeeded in creating an original and effective narrative strategy that is a literary analogne of Duke Ellington's style of musical composition.


Question: The author's discussion in the first paragraph proceeds in which one of the following ways?

Choices:
- (A)from a common claim about the arts, to a denial of this claim as applied to a particular artistic tradition, to a hypothesis about a particular individual
- (B)from a general remark about two art forms, to a similar observation about a particular artistic tradition, to a specific comment about a particular work that exemplifies the prior remarks
- (C)from a description ofa common claim about two art fonns, to some specific evidence that supports that claim, to an inference regarding a particular individual to whom that claim applies
- (D)from an observation about a specific art fonn, to a more general claim about the applicability of that observation to other art forms, to a particular counterexample to the first obsetvation
- (E)from general comments about the arts, to a purported counterexample to the general comments as applied to a particular artistic tradition, to a description of a particular work that bears out the original comments


Question: The author's assertion in lines 11-16 would be most called in 10 question if which one of the following were true?

Choices:
- (A)Even a casual reading of Jazz makes it evident that the author has intentionally tried to simulate a style of jazz performance in the narration of the story.
- (B)A small number of African American novelists writing earlier in the twentieth century sought to base the form of their work on the typical structme of blues music.
- (C)All novels about nonliterary arts and artists appear as if their authors have tried to make their narrative styles reminiscent of the arts in question.
- (D)Depending partly on whether or not it is read aloud, any novel can be found to be somewhat musical in nature.
- (E)A smaller number of African American writers than of non-African American writers in North America have written novels whose plots and characters have to do with music.


Question: The information in the passage most supports which one of the following statements regarding Ellington?

Choices:
- (A)Morrison has explicitly credited him with inspiring the style of narration that she developed in Jazz.
- (B)He prevented his musicians from perfonuing lengthy solos in order to preserve the unity of his compositions.
- (C)He is a minor character in Morrison's Jazz.
- (D)He composed music that was originally intended to be performed by the specific musicians he condueted.
- (E)Though he composed and condueted primarily jazz, he also composed some music of other genres.


Question: The author's primary purpose in the passage is to

Choices:
- (A)analyze and commend the variety of contributions to the art of the novel made by a particular writer
- (B)contrast a particular AfricanAmerican writer's work with the work of African American practitioners of another art
- (C)descrthe a particular aspect of one wOIk by a particular writer
- (D)demonstrate the ways in which two apparently dissimilar arts are, on a deeper analysis, actually quite similar
- (E)detail the thematic concems in the work ofa particular writer and identifY the sources of those concerns


Question: Each of the following excerpts from the passage exhibits the author's attitude toward the novel Jazz EXCEPT:

Choices:
- (A)"...whose music is often considered its greatest artistic achievement and one of the greatest con1nbutions to North American art" (lines 8-10)
- (B)"In Jazz, the connection to music is found not only in the novel's plot but, more strikingly, in the way in which the story is told" (lines 17-19)
- (C)"The narration slips easily from the third-person omniscience of the narrator's disembodied voice ....." (lines 19-21)
- (D)"... Morrison has found a way, paradoxically, to create the sense of an ensemble of characters improvising within the fixed scope ....." (lines 49-51)
- (E)"By simulating the style of a genius of music while exhibiting Morrison's own linguistic virtuosity ..." (lines 52-54)


Question: It can be infirred from the passage that the author woul

Choices:
- (A)In Jazz, Mortison has perfected a style of narration that had been attempted with little success by other North American writers in the twentieth century.
- (B)Because ofits use of narrative techniques inspired by jazz, Mortison's novel represents the most successful representation to date of the milieu in which jazz musicians live and work.
- (C)In Jazz, Mortison develops her narrative in such a way that the voices of individual characters are sometimes difficult to distinguish, in much the same way that individual musicians' voices merge in ensemble jazz playing.
- (D)The structural analogy between Jazz and Duke Ellington's compositional stYle involves more than simply the technique of shifting between first-person and third-person narrators.
- (E)Morrison disguises the important struetural connections between her narrative and Duke Ellington's jazz compositions by making the transitions between first- and third-person narrators appear easy.


Question: The passage contains information that most helps to answer which one of the following questions?

Choices:
- (A)Do any African American visual artists also attempt to emulate African American music in their work?
- (B)In what way is Jazz stylistically similar to uther literary works by Morrison?
- (C)After the publication of Jazz, did critics quickly acknowledge the innovative nature of the narrative style that Morrison uses in that novel?
- (D)How many works by African American writers have been inspired by the music of Duke Ellington?
- (E)What characteristic of Jazz is also present in the work of some other African American writers?


Question: The author's primary aim in the passage is to

Choices:
- (A)criticize a traditional view of scientific progress and advocate a replacement
- (B)illustrate the often erratic way in which a scientific community achieves progress
- (C)judge the relative importance of theory and experimentation in science
- (D)take issue with the idea that scientists make slow,steady progress
- (E)display the way in which intellectual arrogance sometimes hinders scientific progress


Question: The most likely reason that the theoretical pbysicists in line 16 would have been pleased about Meitner's insight regarding the neutron bombardment experiments is that her insight

Choices:
- (A)was dependent upon the calculations that they had produced
- (B)paved the way for work in theoretical physics to become more acceptable abroad
- (C)proved that the nuclei of atoms were generally unstable
- (D)confinued their earlier work indicating that atoms could be split
- (E)came after years of analyzing the data from experiments conducted between 1934 and 1938


Question: Which one of the following is most nearly equivalent to what the author means by "the relevant evidence" (line 62)?

Choices:
- (A)the results of experiments in neutron bombardment of uranium conducted by the physics community between 1934 and 1939
- (B)the results of related experiments in neutron bombardment of uranium conducted by Meitner in 1938
- (C)the clear chemical evidence that Hahn had found of barium's being produced by neutron bombardment of uranium
- (D)the fact that the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nuclei of barium and technetium was the same as the number of these particles in a uranium nucleus
- (E)the fact that radioactive products of neutron bombardment of uranium went unidentified for so long


Question: Given the information in the passage, which one of the following, if true, would have been most likely to reduce the amount oftime it took for physicists to realize that atoms were being split?

Choices:
- (A)The physicists conducting the experiments in neutron bombardment of uranium were all using the same research techniques.
- (B)The physicists conducting the experiments in neutron bombardment ofuraniwn did not have partieular expectations regarding the likely nuclear composition of the by-products.
- (C)The physicists conducting the experiments in neutron bombardment ofuraniwn had not been aware of the calculations indicating that in principle it was possible to split atoms.
- (D)More physicists concentrated on oblBining experimental results from the neutron bombardment ofuraniwn.
- (E)Physicists conducted experiments in the neutron bombardment of some substance other than uranium.


Question: According to the passage, which one of the following was true of the physics community during the 1930s?

Choices:
- (A)It neglected earlier theoretical developments.
- (B)It reevaluated caleulations indicating that atoms could be split
- (C)It never identified the by-products ofneutron bombardment ofuraniwn.
- (D)It showed that uraniwn atoms were the easiest to split.
- (E)It recogoized the daogers of working with radioactive substances.


Question: Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)Corrido imagery is one of the clearest indicators of the unique cohesiveness of Border communities.
- (B)The roots of the corrido in the eighteenth-century Spanish ballad tradition are revealed in corridos' conventional themes and language.
- (C)The corrido form, which depends on conventions such as ready-made lines, finds its ideal representation in "Gregorio Cortez."
- (D)Corridos are noted for their vivid use of imagery and their attention to local events.
- (E)The corrido is a type of folk song that promotes cohesiveness in Border communities through the use of familiar conventions.


Question: According to the passage, which one of the following is characteristic of corridos?

Choices:
- (A)use of exaggeration to embellish Border events
- (B)use of numerous figures of speech
- (C)use of a formal closing verse
- (D)use of complex rhyme schemes
- (E)use of verses that combine Spanish and English


Question: Given its tone and content, from which one of the following was the passage most likely drawn?

Choices:
- (A)a brochure for contemporary tourists to the Lower Rio Grande Border
- (B)a study focusing on the ballad's influence on the music of eighteenth-century Spain
- (C)an editorial in a contemporary newspaper from the Lower Rio Grande Border
- (D)Lower Rio Grande Border
- (E)a book describing various North American folk song forms


Question: Which one of the following is mentioned in the passage as an example of the use of metaphor in corridos?

Choices:
- (A)mist
- (B)a cypress tree
- (C)a fight
- (D)stampedes
- (E)stampedes


Question: The author discusses metaphor in the second paragraph primarily in order to

Choices:
- (A)elaborate on a claim about the directness of the
- (B)language used in corridos counter the commonplace assertion that narrative is the main object of corridos
- (C)emphasize the centrality of poetic language to corridos
- (D)point out the longevity of the corrido tradition
- (E)identify an element common to all variants of a particular corrido


Question: The passage provides the most support for inferring which one of the following?

Choices:
- (A)"El Corrido de Gregorio Cortez" was rarely sung at Border social gatherings.
- (B)Most surviving corridos do not exist in complete form.
- (C)All complete corridos have some lines in common.
- (D)Most corrido variants have the same despedida.
- (E)"El Corrido de Kiansis" was composed someone not from the Border region.


Question: The passage most strongly suggests that the author would agree with which one of the following statements?

Choices:
- (A)In at least some cases, the dependence of corridos on ready-made lines hindered the efforts of corrido makers to use metaphor effectively.
- (B)The corrido is unique among ballad forms because it uses language that is familiar mainly to local audiences.
- (C)Much of the imagery used in corridos can also be identified in ballads from Spain.
- (D)The reportorial capability of corridos was probably enhanced by their freedom from the constraints of rhymed ballad forms.
- (E)A corrido without a surviving despedida would


Question: Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)Although the secondary substances in plants do not take part in the plants' basic biological processes, these substances operate as natural defenses against damage and destruction by insects.
- (B)Long-term competition between plants and insects has led to a narrowing of the range of secondary substances present in plants and, thus, also to a narrowing of the range of insect species that eat each species of plant.
- (C)The particular secondary substances possessed by different plants, and thus the distinctive tastes and smells that present-day plants have, result in large part from an evolutionary process of teraction between plants and insects.
- (D)Due to long-term evolutionary pressures exerted by insects, the secondary substances in plants have become numerous and diverse but tend to be similar among closely related species.
- (E)Because plant mutations have led to the development of secondary substances, plants have come to participate in a continuing process of competition with plant-eating insects.


Question: Which one of the following is mentioned in the passage as a way in which insects can adapt when a plant develops defenses against them?

Choices:
- (A)to start eating something else instead
- (B)to avoid plants with certain distinctive leaf or flower structures
- (C)to increase their rate of reproduction
- (D)to pollinate other species of plants
- (E)to avoid contact with the dangerous parts of the plant


Question: In the passage, the author discusses primary substances mainly in order to

Choices:
- (A)provide information about how plants grow and metabolize nutrients
- (B)help explain what secondary substances are
- (C)help distinguish between two ways that insects have affected plant evolution
- (D)indicate the great diversity of chemicals that occur in various species of plants
- (E)provide evidence of plants' adaptation to insects


Question: The passage provides the most support for inferring which one of the following?

Choices:
- (A)Some chemicals that are not known to be directly involved in the growth or metabolism of any species of plant play vital roles in the lives of various kinds of plants.
- (B)Most plants that have evolved chemical defense systems against certain insect species are nevertheless used as food by a wide variety of insects that have evolved ways of circumventing those defenses.
- (C)Most insects that feed exclusively on certain botanically restricted groups of plants are able to identify these plants by means other than their characteristic taste or smell.
- (D)Many secondary substances that are toxic to insects are thought by scientists to have evolved independently in various unrelated species of plants but to have survived in only a few species.
- (E)Some toxic substances that are produced by plants evolved in correlation with secondary substances but are not themselves secondary substances.


Question: Which one of the following describes a set of relationships that is most closely analogous to the relationships between plants and their primary and secondary substances?

Choices:
- (A)Electrical power for the operation of devices such as lights and medical instruments is essential to the proper functioning of hospitals; generators are often used in hospitals to provide electricity in case their usual source of power is temporarily unavailable.
- (B)Mechanical components such as engines and transmissions are necessary for automobiles to run; features such as paint and taillights give a car its distinctive look and serve functions such as preventing rust and improving safety, but automobiles can run without them.
- (C)Mechanical components such as gears and rotors are required for the operation of clothing factories; electrical components such as wires and transformers supply the power needed to run the mechanical components, but they do not participate directly in the manufacturing process.
- (D)Some type of braking system is necessary for trains to be able to decelerate and stop; such systems comprise both friction components that directly contact the trains' wheels and pneumatic components that exert pressure on the friction components.
- (E)Specially designed word processing programs are necessary for computers to be able to function as word processors; such programs can be stored either in the computers' internal memory system or on external disks that are inserted temporarily into the computers.


Question: The passage most strongly suggests that which one of the following is true of secondary substances in plants?

Choices:
- (A)Some of them are the results of recent natural mutations in plants.
- (B)They typically contribute to a plant's taste or smell, but not both.
- (C)Some of them undergo chemical reactions with substances produced by insects, thus altering the plants' chemical composition.
- (D)Some species of plants produce only one such substance.
- (E)A few of them act as regulators of plants'


Question: Based on the passage, the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about the relationship between plants and insects?

Choices:
- (A)The diversity of secondary substances that develop in a plant population is proportional to the number of insects with which that plant population has interacted throughout its evolutionary history.
- (B)Although few species of plants have benefited from evolutionary interaction with insects, many species of insects use plants without either harming the plants or increasing the plants' chances of survival.
- (C)Throughout the process of evolutionary change, the number of plant species within each family has generally increased while the number of families of plants has decreased.
- (D)No particular secondary substance has appeared in plants in direct response to insects, though in many instances insects have influenced which particular secondary substances are present in a plant species.
- (E)While many species of insects have evolved ways of circumventing plants' chemical defenses, none has done this through outright immunity to plants' secondary substances.


Question: Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)Mainstream economists have always assumed that returns to scale are generally increasing rather than decreasing.
- (B)The functioning of the Invisible Hand is accepted primarily because diminishing returns can be described with mathematical rigor.
- (C)Recent developments in mathematics have enabled the Pin Factory to be modeled even more rigorously than the Invisible Hand.
- (D)Adam Smith was the first economist to understand how a market economy can enable individual self-interest to serve the common good.
- (E)Economists have, until somewhat recently, failed to account for the increasing returns to scale common in many industries.


Question: The author's attitude towards the idea that the Pin Factory model should be part of the mainstream of economic thought could most accurately be described as one of

Choices:
- (A)hostility
- (B)uncertainty
- (C)curiosity
- (D)indifference
- (E)receptivity


Question: The main purpose of the fourth paragraph is to

Choices:
- (A)critique a theory purporting to resolve the tensions between two economic assumptions
- (B)explain a difficulty associated with modeling a particular economic assumption
- (C)outline the intuitions supporting a particular economic assumption
- (D)describe the tensions resulting from attempts to model two competing economic assumptions
- (E)refute an argument against a particular economic assumption


Question: It can be inferred from the passage that the Pin Factory model would continue to be an "underground river" (line 54) were it not for

Choices:
- (A)the fact that economics has always been a discipline with scientific aspirations
- (B)David Warsh's analysis of the work of Adam Smith
- (C)economists' success in representing the Pin Factory model with mathematical rigor
- (D)a sudden increase in the tendency of some industries toward monopoly
- (E)a lowering of the standards used by economists to assess economic models


Question: The reference to railroads (line 51) serves to

Choices:
- (A)resolve an ambiguity inherent in the metaphor of the Invisible Hand
- (B)illustrate the difficulty of stating the concept of the Pin Factory with mathematical rigor
- (C)call attention to the increasing prevalence of industries that have characteristics of the Pin Factory
- (D)point to an industry that illustrates the shortcomings of economists' emphasis on the Invisible Hand
- (E)present an example of the high levels of competition achieved in transportation industries


Question: Which one of the following best illustrates the concept of increasing returns to scale described in the second paragraph of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)A publishing house is able to greatly improve the productivity of its editors by relaxing the standards to which those editors must adhere. This allows the publishing house to employ many fewer editors.
- (B)A large bee colony is able to use some bees solely to guard its nectar sources. This enables the colony to collect more nectar, which can feed a larger colony that can better divide up the work of processing the nectar.
- (C)A school district increases the total number of students that can be accommodated in a single building by switching to year-round operation, with a different quarter of its student body on vacation at any given time.
- (D)The lobster industry as a whole is able to catch substantially more lobsters a day with the same number of traps because advances in technology make the doors to the traps easier for lobsters to get through.
- (E)A large ant colony divides and produces two competing colonies that each eventually grow large and prosperous enough to divide into more colonies. These colonies together contain more ants than could have existed in one colony.


Question: The passage states which one of the following?

Choices:
- (A)The only way that increasing returns to scale could occur is through increases in the specialization of workers.
- (B)Economics fails in its quest to be scientific because its models lack mathematical rigor.
- (C)The Pin Factory model's long-standing failure to gain prominence among economists was not a problem of ideology.
- (D)Under the Pin Factory model no one is in a position to exert monopoly power.
- (E)Adam Smith did not recognize any tension between the Pin Factory model and the Invisible Hand model.


Question: Which one of the following, if true, would most undermine the connection that the author draws between increased size and monopoly power?

Choices:
- (A)In some industries, there are businesses that are able to exert monopoly power in one geographical region even though there are larger businesses in the same industry in other regions.
- (B)As the tasks workers focus on become narrower, the workers are not able to command as high a salary as when they were performing a greater variety of tasks.
- (C)When an industry is dominated by only a few players, these businesses often collude in order to set prices as high as a true monopoly would.
- (D)The size that a business must reach in order to begin to achieve increasing returns to scale varies widely from industry to industry.
- (E)If a business has very specialized workers, any gains in productivity achieved by making workers even more specialized are offset by other factors such as higher training costs and increased turnover.


Question: Both passages explicitly mention which one of the following?

Choices:
- (A)legal technicalities
- (B)incentives
- (C)loopholes
- (D)language
- (E)overinclusive laws


Question: Which one of the following statements can be inferred from the material in passage B?

Choices:
- (A)Most water customers in the city are late paying their water bills.
- (B)Most of the residences with outstanding water bills are in the city's high-income neighborhoods.
- (C)It is appropriate to turn off the water of high-income residents in the city who pay their water bills a few days late.
- (D)In recent years,the city has rarely, if ever, turned off the water of customers who were late paying their water bills.
- (E)The only reasonable solution to the problem of overdue water bills in the city is to enact a law that classifies water bills as taxes.


Question: The role of the word "selectively" in passage B (line 42) is most closely related to the role of which one of the following words in passage A?

Choices:
- (A)"particularly" (line 12)
- (B)"probability" (line 17)
- (C)"alternative" (line 22)
- (D)"discretionary" (line 23)
- (E)"capricious" (line 32)


Question: The author of passage A would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements concerning the plan described in lines 41-47 in passage B?

Choices:
- (A)Officials should not implement the plan until just after the legislature's annual appropriations hearing.
- (B)At least the plan would have a lower social cost than would turning off the water of all 231,000 households that have not paid on time.
- (C)The plan is a reasonable response to the water department's history of enforcing overinclusive rules to the letter.
- (D)A better plan would have been to place liens on the properties owned by those who are late paying their bills.
- (E)Instead of implementing the plan, specific laws regarding the payment of water bills should be introduced to provide a more effective set of incentives.


Question: Passage A suggests that an instance of "capricious enforcement" (line 32) most likely involves

Choices:
- (A)enforcing the law only to the degree that municipal resources make possible
- (B)enforcing the law according to the legislature's intent in passing the laws
- (C)prioritizing enforcement of the law according to the amount of damage caused by the crimes
- (D)not understanding the difference between the letter of the law and the intent of the law
- (E)not following the intent of the legislature in enforcing the law


Question: Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)Although most organisms are known to produce several kinds of proteins, the mechanism by which isolated protein molecules such as prions reproduce themselves is not yet known in detail.
- (B)Research into the cause of CJD has uncovered a deadly class of protein pathogens uniquely capable of reproducing themselves without genetic material.
- (C)Recent research suggests that prions may be responsible not only for CJD, but for most other degenerative neurological conditions as well.
- (D)The assertion that prions cause CJD has been received with great skepticism in the scientific community because it undermines a firmly entrenched view about the nature of pathogens.
- (E)Even though prions contain no genetic material, it has become clear that they are somehow capable of reproducing themselves.


Question: Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the passage?

Choices:
- (A)Understanding the cause of CJD has required scientists to reconsider their traditional beliefs about the causes of infection.
- (B)CJD is contagious, though not highly so.
- (C)The prevention of CJD would be most efficiently achieved by the prevention of certain genetic abnormalities.
- (D)Although patients with CJD exhibit different incubation times, the disease progresses at about the same rate in all patients once symptoms are manifested.
- (E)The prion theory of infection has weak support within the scientific community.


Question: If the hypothesis that CJD is caused by prions is correct, finding the answer to which one of the following questions would tend most to help a physician in deciding whether a patient has CJD?

Choices:
- (A)Has the patient suffered a severe blow to the skull recently?
- (B)Does the patient experience occasional bouts of insomnia?
- (C)Has the patient been exposed to any forms of radiation that have a known tendency to cause certain kinds of genetic damage?
- (D)Has any member of the patient's immediate family ever had a brain disease?
- (E)Does the patient's brain tissue exhibit the presence of any abnormal thread-like structures?


Question: Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the passage?

Choices:
- (A)The only way in which CJD can be transmitted is through the injection of abnormally shaped prions from an infected individual into an uninfected individual.
- (B)Most infectious diseases previously thought to be caused by other pathogens are now thought to be caused by prions.
- (C)If they were unable to reproduce themselves, abnormally shaped prions would not cause CJD.
- (D)Alzheimers disease and Parkinson's disease are caused by different conformations of the same prion pathogen that causes CJD.
- (E)Prion diseases generally progress more aggressively than diseases caused by other known pathogens.


Question: It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be LEAST likely to agree with which one of the following?

Choices:
- (A)The presence of certain abnormally shaped prions in brain tissue is a sign of neurological disease.
- (B)Some patients currently infected with CJD will recover from the disease.
- (C)Prions do not require nucleic acid for their reproduction.
- (D)The body has no natural defense against CJD.
- (E)Scientists have only a partial understanding of the mechanism by which prions reproduce.


Question: Given the manner in which the term "pathogen" is used in the passage, and assuming that the prion theory of infection is correct, which one of the following statements must be false?

Choices:
- (A)Nothing that lacks nucleic acid is a pathogen.
- (B)Prions are a relatively newly discovered type of pathogen.
- (C)All pathogens can cause infection.
- (D)Pathogens contribute in some manner to the occurrence of CJD.
- (E)There are other pathogens besides viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites.


Question: Which one of the following, if true, would most undermine the claim that prions cause CJD?

Choices:
- (A)Several symptoms closely resembling those of CJD have been experienced by patients known to have a specific viral infection.
- (B)None of the therapies currently available for treating neurological diseases is designed to block the chain reaction by which abnormal prions are believed to reproduce.
- (C)Research undertaken subsequent to the studies on CJD has linked prions to degenerative conditions not affecting the brain or the central nervous system.
- (D)Epidemiological studies carried out on a large population have failed to show any hereditary predisposition to CJD.
- (E)A newly developed antibacterial drug currently undergoing clinical trials is proving to be effective in reversing the onset of CJD.


Question: Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)Katherine Dunham transformed the field of anthropology by developing innovative research methodologies for studying Caribbean and other traditional dance styles and connecting them with African American dance.
- (B)Katherine Dunham's ballets were distinct from others produced in North America in that they incorporated authentic dance techniques from traditional cultures.
- (C)Katherine Dunham's expertise as an anthropologist allowed her to use Caribbean and African dance traditions to express the aesthetic and political concerns of African American dancers and choreographers.
- (D)The innovative research methods of Katherine Dunham made possible her discovery that the dance traditions of the Caribbean were derived from earlier African dance traditions.
- (E)Katherine Dunham's anthropological and choreographic expertise enabled her to make contributions that altered the landscape of modern dance in North America.


Question: According to the passage, Dunham's work in anthropology differed from that of most other anthropologists in the 1930s in that Dunham

Choices:
- (A)performed fieldwork for a very extended time period
- (B)related the traditions she studied to those of her own culture
- (C)employed a participative approach in performing research
- (D)attached a high degree of political significance to her research
- (E)had prior familiarity with the cultural practices of the peoples she set out to study


Question: The passage suggests that the "peers" mentioned in line 22 would have been most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about the study of dance?

Choices:
- (A)Most social scientists who have attempted to study dance as a cultural phenomenon have misinterpreted it.
- (B)Social scientists need not be well versed in dance traditions in order to obtain reliable data about them.
- (C)Research into dance as a cultural form cannot be conducted with a high degree of scientific precision.
- (D)Most experts in the field of dance are too preoccupied to conduct studies in the field of dance ethnology.
- (E)Dance forms are too variable across cultures to permit rigorous means of data collection.


Question: In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the author mentions "experts in dance" primarily in order to

Choices:
- (A)suggest why a group of social scientists did not embrace the study of a particular cultural form
- (B)suggest that a certain group was more qualified to study a particular cultural form than was another group
- (C)identify an additional factor that motivated a particular social scientist to pursue a specific new line of research
- (D)contribute to an explanation of why a particular field of research was not previously pursued
- (E)indicate an additional possible reason for the tension between the members of two distinct fields of research


Question: According to the passage, which one of the following was true of the dance forms that Dunham began studying in 1935?

Choices:
- (A)They were more similar to dance forms used in Pacific-island cultures than to any other known dance forms.
- (B)They represented the first use of the technique of dance-isolation within a culture outside of Africa.
- (C)They shared certain rhythmic characteristics with the dance forms employed in North American ballets.
- (D)They had already influenced certain popular dances in North America.
- (E)They were influenced by the traditions of non-Caribbean cultures.