Question: Which one of the following is most analogous to Dunham's work in anthropology and choreography as that work is described in the passage?

Choices:
- (A)A French archaeologist with training in musicology researches instruments used in seventeenth century France, and her findings become the basis for a Korean engineer's designs for devices to simulate the sounds those instruments most likely made.
- (B)An Australian medical researcher with training in botany analyzes the chemical composition of plants that other researchers have collected in the Philippines, and then an Australian pharmaceutical company uses her findings to develop successful new medicines.
- (C)A Canadian surgeon uses her skill in drawing to collaborate with a Vietnamese surgeon to develop a manual containing detailed illustrations of the proper techniques for certain types of reconstructive surgery performed in both countries.
- (D)A Brazilian teacher with training in social psychology conducts a detailed study of teaching procedures while working with teachers in several Asian countries, then introduces the most effective of those procedures to teachers in his own country.
- (E)An Italian fashion designer researches the social significance of clothing design in several cultures and then presents his research in a highly acclaimed book directed toward his colleagues in fashion design.


Question: The passage suggests that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about the colleagues mentioned in line 33?

Choices:
- (A)They were partly correct in recommending that Dunham change her methods of data collection, since injury sustained during fieldwork might have compromised her research.
- (B)They were partly correct in advising Dunham to exercise initial caution in participating in the Caribbean dances, since her skill in performing them improved with experience.
- (C)They were incorrect in advising Dunham to increase the degree of her detachment, since extensive personal investment in fieldwork generally enhances scientific rigor.
- (D)They were incorrect in assuming that researchers in the social sciences are able to gather data in an entirely objective manner.
- (E)They were incorrect in assuming that dance could be studied with the same degree of scientific rigor possible in other areas of ethnology.


Question: Both passages are primarily concerned with explaining which one of the following?

Choices:
- (A)the human desire to create value
- (B)the relationship between income and happiness
- (C)the biological basis of people's attitudes toward wealth
- (D)the human propensity to become habituated to wealth
- (E)the concept of "required income"


Question: The author of passage B would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements?

Choices:
- (A)The desire to demonstrate that one is wealthier than others is a remnant of human beings' primeval past.
- (B)Very few people would be willing to accept a lower standard of living in return for greater relative wealth.
- (C)Being wealthier than other people would not make one happier if one believed that one's wealth was due merely to luck.
- (D)Gradual increases in employees' wages do not increase their job satisfaction.
- (E)The overall level of happiness in a society usually increases as the society becomes wealthier.


Question: The author of passage B would be most likely to regard the conclusion that the Solnick and Hemenway study points to the existence of a "phenomenon of rivalry" (line 24) as

Choices:
- (A)ungenerous in its view of human nature and mistaken in its interpretation of the evidence
- (B)flattering in its implications about human nature but only weakly supported by the available evidence
- (C)plausible in its account of human nature but based largely upon ambiguous evidence
- (D)unflattering in its implications about human nature but more or less valid in the conclusions drawn from the evidence
- (E)accurate concerning human nature and strongly supported by the evidence


Question: Which one of the following pairs most accurately describes why the authors of passage A and passage B, respectively, mention the study by Solnick and Hemenway?

Choices:
- (A)to present a view that will be argued against to present a view for which additional evidence will be provided
- (B)to present a view that will be argued against to provide evidence for one explanation of a phenomenon
- (C)to provide evidence for one explanation of a phenomenon to present a view for which additional evidence will be provided
- (D)to provide evidence for one explanation of a phenomenon to introduce the main topic to be discussed
- (E)to introduce the main topic to be discussed to present a view that will be argued against


Question: Which one of the following pairs of terms would most likely be used by the authors of passage A and passage B, respectively, to describe a person who wants to make more money than his or her neighbors?

Choices:
- (A)insular, cosmopolitan
- (B)altruistic, egocentric
- (C)happy, miserable
- (D)misguided, admirable
- (E)lucky, primitive


Question: In arguing for their respective positions, the author of passage A and the author of passage B both do which one of the following?

Choices:
- (A)explain a phenomenon by pointing to its biological origins
- (B)endorse a claim simply because it is widely believed
- (C)accept a claim for the sake of argument
- (D)attempt to resolve an apparent paradox
- (E)assert that their positions are supported by data


Question: Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)In general, whether people characterize a risk as voluntary or involuntary depends on whether they approve of the purpose for which the risk is taken.
- (B)Decisions about government intervention to protect people from risks should be based primarily on how many lives can be saved rather than on whether the risks are considered voluntary.
- (C)Though laypeople may object, experts should be the ones to determine whether the risk incurred in a particular action is voluntary or involuntary.
- (D)Public-policy decisions related to the protection of society against risk are difficult to make because of the difficulty of distinguishing risks incurred voluntarily from those incurred involuntarily.
- (E)People who make judgments about the voluntary or involuntary character of a risk are usually unaware of the complicated motivations that lead people to take risks.


Question: The passage indicates that which one of the following is usually a significant factor in laypeople's willingness to support public funding for specific risk-reduction measures?

Choices:
- (A)an expectation about the ratio of dollars spent to lives saved
- (B)deference to expert judgments concerning whether the government should intervene
- (C)a belief as to whether the risk is incurred voluntarily or involuntarily
- (D)a judgment as to whether the risk puts a great number of lives at stake
- (E)a consideration of the total resources available for risk reduction


Question: According to the passage, which one of the following do laypeople generally consider to involve risk that is not freely assumed?

Choices:
- (A)traveling in outer space
- (B)participating in skydiving
- (C)serving as a firefighter
- (D)traveling in airplanes
- (E)climbing mountains


Question: It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements?

Choices:
- (A)People should generally not be protected against the risks incurred through activities, such as skydiving, that are dangerous and serve no socially useful purpose.
- (B)The fact that plane crash victims chose to fly would usually be deemed by policy experts to be largely irrelevant to decisions about the government's role in regulating air safety.
- (C)Both the probability of occurrence and the probability of resulting death or injury are higher for plane crashes than for any other kind of risk incurred by airline passengers.
- (D)For public-policy purposes, a risk should be deemed voluntarily incurred if people are not subject to that risk unless they make a particular choice.
- (E)The main category of risk that is usually incurred completely involuntarily is the risk of natural disaster.


Question: The author's use of the phrase "no special magic" (line 43) is most likely meant primarily to convey that notions like "voluntary" and "involuntary"

Choices:
- (A)do not exhaustively characterize the risks that people commonly face
- (B)have been used to intentionally conceal the factors motivating government efforts to protect people from risks
- (C)have no meaning beyond their literal, dictionary definitions
- (D)are mistakenly believed to be characteristics that inform people's understanding of the consequences of risk
- (E)provide a flawed mechanism for making public policy decisions relating to risk reduction


Question: The passage most strongly supports the inference that the author believes which one of the following?

Choices:
- (A)Whenever an activity involves the risk of loss of human life, the government should intervene to reduce the degree of risk incurred.
- (B)Some environmental risks are voluntary to a greater degree than others are.
- (C)Policy experts are more likely than laypeople to form an accurate judgment about the voluntariness or involuntariness of an activity.
- (D)The government should increase the quantity of resources devoted to protecting people from risk.
- (E)Government policies intended to reduce risk are not justified unless they comport with most people's beliefs.


Question: Which one of the following most accurately describes the author's attitude in the passage?

Choices:
- (A)chagrin at the rampant misunderstanding of the relative risks associated with various activities
- (B)concern that policy guided mainly by laypeople's emphasis on the voluntariness of risk would lead to excessive government regulation
- (C)skepticism about the reliability of laypeople's intuitions as a general guide to deciding government risk-management policy
- (D)conviction that the sole criterion that can justify government intervention to reduce risk is the saving of human lives
- (E)eagerness to persuade the reader that policy experts' analysis of risk is distorted by subtle biases


Question: Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)Despite their pursuit of profit, corporations that produce and market perfumes value artistic skill.
- (B)A masterpiece perfume evokes reactions that are no less powerful than those evoked by a masterpiece in music or painting.
- (C)The corporate nature of the perfume business is the reason that so few truly great perfumes are now produced.
- (D)Great perfumes are works of art and deserve respect and attention as such.
- (E)Perfume-making and oil painting should be regarded as sister arts, both of which involve the skilled application of complex configurations of ingredients.


Question: In which one of the following circumstances would the author of the passage be most likely to believe that a perfume manufacturer is justified in altering the formula of a classic perfume?

Choices:
- (A)The alteration makes the perfume more closely resemble Joy Parfum.
- (B)The alteration is done to replace an ingredient that is currently very costly.
- (C)The alteration replaces a synthetic chemical compound with a natural chemical compound.
- (D)The alteration is done to make the perfume popular with a wider variety of customers.
- (E)The alteration takes a previously altered perfume closer to its creator's original formula.


Question: The word "noses" (line 29) refers to

Choices:
- (A)perfumers
- (B)perfume collectors
- (C)particular perfumes
- (D)people with expertise in marketing perfumes
- (E)people with expertise in pricing perfumes


Question: The passage provides the most support for which one of the following statements about art?

Choices:
- (A)A work of art can bring about an aesthetic experience through the memories that it evokes.
- (B)In any work of art, one can detect the harmonious combination of many small sensations.
- (C)A work of art will inevitably fail if it is created for the sake of commercial success.
- (D)The best works of art improve with age.
- (E)Some forms of art are superior to others.


Question: The author would be most likely to hold which one of the following opinions about Jo;y Parfum by Henri Almeras?

Choices:
- (A)As time goes on, its artistry is appreciated more and more.
- (B)As a work of art, it is no less important than a great piece of sculpture.
- (C)It was the foremost accomplishment of its time in perfume making.
- (D)It is a fragrance that is appreciated only by people with refined taste.
- (E)Its original formula is similar to many other perfumes of the 1930s.


Question: Which one of the following is most analogous to what the author calls the "cynical bean counters" (line 47)?

Choices:
- (A)an art museum curator who caters to popular tastes in choosing works for an exhibition
- (B)a movie studio executive who imposes cost-saving production restrictions on a film's director
- (C)a director of an art institute who cuts the annual budget because of projections of declining revenues
- (D)a business executive who convinces her company to invest in art merely for the sake of tax benefits
- (E)an art school dean who slashes the budget of one project in order to increase the budget of his pet project


Question: The last paragraph most strongly supports which one of the following statements?

Choices:
- (A)The names of the world's best perfumes are not known to most customers.
- (B)The profitability of a particular perfume is not a good indicator of its quality.
- (C)Companies that sell perfume pay little attention to what their customers want.
- (D)Perfume makers of the past would never tamper with established formulas.
- (E)Companies that sell perfume make most of their profits on perfumes in the least expensive price ranges.


Question: Which one of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)The first paragraph makes an observation, the middle paragraphs elaborate on that observation while considering one possible explanation for it, and the final paragraph delivers an alternative explanation.
- (B)The first paragraph advances a thesis, the middle paragraphs present a case for that thesis, and the final paragraph considers and rejects one particular challenge to that thesis.
- (C)The first paragraph sets out a challenge to received wisdom, the middle paragraphs present a response to that challenge, and the final paragraph presents a concrete example that supports the response.
- (D)The first paragraph poses a question, the middle paragraphs present a case that helps to justify the posing of that question, and the final paragraph presents a possible answer to the question.
- (E)The first paragraph outlines a problem, the middle paragraphs present two consequences of that problem, and the final paragraph attempts to identify the parties that are responsible for the problem.


Question: Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)Although there are limits to the usefulness of stealing thunder, its effectiveness in actual trials has been demonstrated through research conducted by psychologists and legal scholars.
- (B)The commonly practiced courtroom strategy of stealing thunder can have unintended consequences if the lawyers using it do not accurately predict jurors' attitudes.
- (C)Lawyers' commonly held belief in the value of stealing thunder is supported by several psychological explanations of how that strategy may influence jurors.
- (D)The risks involved in stealing thunder can outweigh the probable benefits when the information to be revealed is too readily available or too negative in its impact.
- (E)Research designed to confirm the usefulness of stealing thunder has vindicated lawyers' belief in the value of the technique and has identified the general limitations of the strategy's effectiveness.


Question: It can be most reasonably inferred from the passage that which one of the following is an example of stealing thunder?

Choices:
- (A)warning jurors that a client on the opposing side has a serious conflict of interest and cannot be trusted
- (B)disclosing in opening statements of a defense against copyright infringement that one's client has in the past been guilty of plagiarism
- (C)responding to the opposition's revelation that one's client has a minor criminal background by conceding that this is the case
- (D)pointing out to jurors during opening statements the mistaken reasoning in the opposition's case
- (E)stressing that one's client, while technically guilty, is believable and that mitigating circumstances should be considered


Question: Which one of the following does the author mention as a factor that in some instances probably contributes to the success of stealing thunder?

Choices:
- (A)careful timing of the thunder-stealing message to precede the opposition's similar message by only a short time
- (B)some lawyers' superior skill in assessing jurors' probable reactions to a message
- (C)the willingness of some lawyers' clients to testify in person about their own past mistakes
- (D)jurors' desire to arrive at a firm view regarding the case they are hearing
- (E)lawyers' careful screening of prospective jurors prior to the beginning of courtroom proceedings


Question: The author discusses the "cognitive framework" that jurors create (line 58) primarily to

Choices:
- (A)indicate that at least some information mentioned early in a trial can influence the way jurors evaluate information presented later in the trial
- (B)indicate that jurors bring into court with them certain attitudes and biases that at least in part inform their opinions during trials
- (C)suggest that damaging evidence that is framed positively early in a trial will have a greater impact than damaging evidence presented later in a trial
- (D)theorize that stealing thunder is best done as early as possible in a case, before the opposition has an opportunity to solidify jurors' opinions
- (E)speculate that creating credibility in some cases is probably more effective than positively framing very harmful information


Question: The author's attitude regarding stealing thunder can most accurately be described as

Choices:
- (A)concerned that the technique may become so common that lawyers will fail to recognize its drawbacks
- (B)favorable toward its use by lawyers during the opening statements of a case but skeptical of its value otherwise
- (C)concerned that research results supporting it may omit crucial anecdotal evidence indicating pitfalls in its use
- (D)approving of its use on the grounds that its success is experimentally supported and can be psychologically explained
- (E)skeptical of its suitability for use by lawyers without lengthy experience in courtroom strategies


Question: The author's characterization of stealing thunder in the passage is based at least partly on both

Choices:
- (A)informal surveys of lawyers' clients' reactions to stealing thunder and controlled research based on simulated trial situations
- (B)statistical surveys of lawyers who steal thunder and observations of lawyers' tactics in trials
- (C)records of judges' decisions in court cases and the results of studies involving simulated courtroom situations
- (D)informal observations of nontrial uses of techniques analogous to stealing thunder and controlled studies of lawyers' courtroom behavior
- (E)research that was not directly concerned with legal proceedings and research in which subjects participated in simulated trial situations


Question: By saying that certain studies have suggested that in some applications, "the technique is, in fact, effective" (line 14), the author most likely means that those studies have given evidence that the technique in question

Choices:
- (A)inclines juries to regard the clients of those using the technique more favorably than would be the case if the negative information about them were first divulged by the opposition
- (B)is a reliable means, in courtroom settings, of introducing a set of counterarguments that jurors will be able to use in resisting the opposition's subsequent attempts at persuasion
- (C)invariably results in cases being decided in favor of the clients of those using the technique rather than in favor of parties opposing those clients, if it is used broadly
- (D)appears generally to succeed as a means of forcefully capturing jurors' attention and thus leading them to focus more attentively than they would otherwise on the lawyer's message
- (E)more often than not achieves its goal of timing a negative revelation so as to dramatically precede the opposition's revelation of the same information


Question: The passage most strongly implies that many lawyers believe which one of the following concerning decisions about whether to steal thunder?

Choices:
- (A)A lawyer should be concerned with how readily the negative information can be positively framed, especially if the information is very negative.
- (B)A lawyer should take into account, among other things, whether or not the jurors are already familiar with some of the relevant facts of the case prior to the trial.
- (C)The decision should be based on careful deliberations that anticipate both positive and negative reactions of jurors and opposing lawyers.
- (D)The decision should depend on how probable it is that the opposition will try to derive an advantage from mentioning the negative information in question.
- (E)The decision should be based at least partly on a lawyer's knowledge of relevant psychological research findings and legal statistics.


Question: Both passages are concerned with answering which one of the following questions?

Choices:
- (A)Should people be punished for actions that are outside of their control?
- (B)Does scientific research into the brain have implications regarding freedom of the will?
- (C)Can actions that are not free be effectively deterred by the threat of punishment?
- (D)Is the view that retribution is a legitimate justification for punishment compatible with the findings of neuroscience?
- (E)Can an action be free if someone else physically forced the actor to perform it?


Question: Which one of the following concepts plays a role in the argument of passage B but not in that of passage A?

Choices:
- (A)mental disorder
- (B)free choice
- (C)causality
- (D)self-delusion
- (E)moral responsibility


Question: One purpose of the reference by the author of passage B to David Hume (line 34) is to

Choices:
- (A)characterize Ayer as someone who is not an original thinker
- (B)add credence to the theory of soft determinism
- (C)suggest that the theory of soft determinism is primarily of historical importance
- (D)suggest that the theory of soft determinism has been in existence as long as mechanistic descriptions of the brain have
- (E)add intellectual respectability to the view that the brain should not be described mechanistically


Question: Passage B differs from passage A in that analogous displays an attitude toward the ideas it discusses that is more

Choices:
- (A)engaged
- (B)dismissive
- (C)detached
- (D)ironic
- (E)skeptical


Question: Which one of the following arguments is most to the argument advanced in passage A?

Choices:
- (A)Many word processors are packed with nonessential features that only confuse most users and get in the way of important functions. Word processors with fewer features thus enhance productivity.
- (B)Economic models generally presume thatctors in an economy are entirely rational. But psychological studies have documented many ways in which people make irrational choices. Thus, economic models, in theory, should not be able to predict human behavior.
- (C)The existing program for teaching mathematics in elementary schools is based on mistaken notions about what sorts of mathematical concepts children can grasp, and it should therefore be replaced.
- (D)Civil disobedience is justified only in those cases in which civil law conflicts with one's sincere moral or religious convictions. Any attempt to justify civil disobedience on something other than moral or religious grounds is therefore illegitimate.
- (E)Being autonomous does not imply having full control over one's behavior. After all, addicted smokers are unable to exercise control over some behaviors but are nevertheless autonomous in the general sense.


Question: According to the passage, the League of United Latin American Citizens differed from the Congress of Spanish-Speaking People in that the League of United Latin American Citizens

Choices:
- (A)sought the political goals most popular with other United States citizens
- (B)fought for equal rights for resident aliens in the United States
- (C)favored a more liberal United States immigration policy
- (D)encouraged Mexican Americans to speak Spanish rather than English
- (E)encouraged Mexican Americans to adopt the culture of the United States


Question: It can be inferred from the passage that Garcia would most probably agree with which one of the following statements about the Mexican American political activists of the 1930s and 1940s?

Choices:
- (A)Some of their concerns were similar to those of the Mexican American activists of the 1960s and 1970s.
- (B)They were more politically diverse than the Mexican American activists of the 1960s and 1970s.
- (C)They were as militant as the Mexican American activists of the 1960s and 1970s.
- (D)Most of them advocated bilingual education and equal rights for resident aliens in the United States.
- (E)Most of them were more interested in revolution than in liberal reform.


Question: The passage suggests that Garcia assumes which one of the following to have been true of Mexican Americans between 1930 and I960?

Choices:
- (A)Increased ethnic consciousness among Mexican Americans accounted for an increase in political activity among them.
- (B)Increased familiarity among Mexican Americans with United States culture accounted for an increase in political activity among them.
- (C)The assimilation of many Mexican Americans into United States culture accounted for Mexican Americans' lack of interest in political activity.
- (D)Many Mexican Americans were moved to political militancy as a means of achieving full civil rights for all United States residents of Mexican descent.
- (E)Many Mexican Americans were moved to political protest by their experience of discrimination and the patronizing rhetoric of World War II slogans.


Question: It can be inferred that the author of the passage believes which one of the following about the Mexican American political activists of the 1930s and 1940s?

Choices:
- (A)Their common goal of liberal reform made them less militant than the Mexican American activists of the 1960s and 1970s.
- (B)Their common goal of liberal reform did not outweigh their political differences.
- (C)Their common goal of liberal reform helped them reach a consensus in spite of their political differences.
- (D)They were more or less evenly divided between those favoring assimilation and those favoring cultural maintenance.
- (E)They did not succeed in fully achieving their political goals because of their disparate political views.


Question: The author of the passage expresses uncertainty with regard to which one of the following?

Choices:
- (A)whether or not one can assume that the increase in the number of Mexican Americans born in the United States led to an increase in Mexican American political activism
- (B)whether or not historians preceding Garcia were correct in their assumptions about Mexican Americans who were politically active between 1930 and 1960
- (C)whether or not there was general consensus among Mexican American political activists between 1930 and 1960
- (D)the extent to which the views of Mexican American activists were shared by the ethnic Mexican population in the United States
- (E)the nature of the relationship between the League of United Latin American Citizens and the Congress of Spanish-Speaking People


Question: The passage supports which one of the following statements about ethnic consciousness among Mexican Americans?

Choices:
- (A)Ethnic consciousness increases when rates of Mexican immigration and naturalization increase.
- (B)Ethnic consciousness increases when the number of Mexican Americans born in the United States increases.
- (C)Ethnic consciousness decreases when the number of Mexican Americans assimilating into the culture of the United States increases.
- (D)Variations in the influence of Mexican American leaders over the Mexican American population at large account in part for variations in ethnic consciousness.
- (E)Variations in rates of Mexican immigration and naturalization account in part for variations in ethnic consciousness.


Question: Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)Though Schoenberg's music is more widely appreciated today than when he was alive, it is still regarded by many as shrill and incoherent.
- (B)Because of his accomplishments as a composer,Schoenberg deserves to be as highly regarded as Beethoven.
- (C)Though Schoenberg's music has not always been well received by listeners, it is worthy of admiration for both its expressive range and its technical innovations.
- (D)Schoenberg is most important for his invention of the 12-tone technique of musical composition.
- (E)Despite the fact that he wrote at a time when recordings of his compositions were possible, Schoenberg has not been accepted as quickly as Beethoven.


Question: Which one of the following could be said to be disturbing in a way that is most analogous to the way that Schoenberg's music is said to be disturbing in line 54?

Choices:
- (A)a comedian whose material relies heavily upon vulgar humor
- (B)a comedian whose humor shines a light on aspects of human nature many people would prefer to ignore
- (C)a comedian whose material is composed primarily of material already made famous by other comedians
- (D)a comedian whose material expresses an extreme political philosophy
- (E)a comedian whose style of humor is unfamiliar to the audience


Question: The author begins with the quote from Kotzebue primarily in order to

Choices:
- (A)give an accurate account of the music of Beethoven
- (B)give an accurate account of the music of Schoenberg
- (C)suggest that even Beethoven composed works of uneven quality
- (D)suggest that music that is at first seen as alienating need not seem alienating later
- (E)suggest that one critic can sometimes be out of step with the general critical consensus


Question: All of the following are similarities between Beethoven and Schoenberg that the author alludes to EXCEPT:

Choices:
- (A)They worked for a time in the late-Romanticstyle.
- (B)Their music has been regarded by some listeners as incoherent, shrill, and chaotic.
- (C)Their compositions stirred controversy.
- (D)They worked in changing and evolving musical styles.
- (E)They altered the language and expressive range of music.


Question: Which one of the following aspects of Schoenberg's music does the author appear to value most highly?

Choices:
- (A)the technical mastery of his compositions
- (B)the use of shifting chromatic harmonies
- (C)the use of the 12-tone system of musical composition
- (D)the depiction of emotional states that had never been captured in music before
- (E)the progression through three different styles of composition seen over the course of his career


Question: It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about the relationships between the three styles in which Schoenberg wrote?

Choices:
- (A)Each successive style represents a natural progression from the previous one.
- (B)Each successive style represents an inexplicabledeparture from the previous one.
- (C)The second style represents a natural progression from the first, but the third style represents an inexplicable departure from the second.
- (D)The second style represents an inexplicabledeparture from the first, but the third style represents a natural progression from the second.
- (E)The second style represents an inexplicabledeparture from the first, but the third style represents a natural progression from the first.


Question: Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)By commercializing the research enterprise,biotechnology patents threaten the progress of basic research in the biological sciences.
- (B)The recent shift away from a communal tradition and toward a market-driven approach to basic scientific research has caused controversy among scientists.
- (C)The current system of patent protection for intellectual property unfairly penalizes both academic researchers and commercial interests.
- (D)Concerns expressed by academic researchers that biotechnology patents will negatively affect their ability to conduct basic research are largely misguided.
- (E)Patent litigation is so expensive that biotechnology patent holders are unlikely to bring patent-infringement lawsuits against scientists engaged in basic research.


Question: The academic researchers mentioned in lines 30-31 would be most likely to subscribe to which one of the following principles?

Choices:
- (A)The competitive dynamics of the market should be allowed to determine the course of basic scientific research.
- (B)The inventor of a biological material should not be allowed to charge fees that would prevent its use in basic research.
- (C)Academic researchers should take measures to prevent their competitors from gaining access to materials they have created.
- (D)Universities should take aggressive legal action to protect their intellectual property.
- (E)Funding for scientific research projects should depend at least in part on the commercial potential of those projects.


Question: According to the passage, why do university researchers increasingly believe that patents should be granted for commercially promising biotechnology discoveries?

Choices:
- (A)Researchers' prospects for academic advancement depend on both the quality and the quantity of their research.
- (B)Researchers' funding is often contingent on whether they can produce a patentable product.
- (C)Researchers see no incompatibility between unfettered basic research and the granting of biotechnology patents.
- (D)Researchers increasingly believe their intellectual labor is being unfairly exploited by universities that partner with for-profit corporations.
- (E)Most researchers prefer a competitive model of scientific research to a communal model.


Question: With which one of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?

Choices:
- (A)In the early days of biotechnology research,scientists freely shared research materials because they were not entitled to intellectual property protection for their inventions
- (B)Corporate patent holders typically charge excessive fees for the right to conduct research involving their patented materials.
- (C)The cost of patent litigation is an effective check on patent holders who might otherwise try to prevent researchers engaged in basic research from using patented materials.
- (D)Biotechnology researchers in academic institutions rely too heavily on funding that is partially contingent on the patentability of their results.
- (E)Scientists who oppose the idea of patenting biotechnology do so because their work is not sufficiently innovative to qualify for patent protection.


Question: The author refers. to the early days of biotechnology (line 38) primarily in order to

Choices:
- (A)furnish a brief account of the evolution of academic biotechnology research
- (B)establish that present competitive practices in biotechnology research are not entirely unprecedented
- (C)express nostalgia for a time when biotechnology research was untainted by commercial motives
- (D)argue that biotechnology research is considerably more sophisticated today than it was in the past
- (E)provide a historical justification for opposition to biotechnology patents


Question: The passage provides the strongest support for inferring which one of the following?

Choices:
- (A)Policy makers are no less likely than academic researchers to favor new restrictions on biotechnology patents.
- (B)Most biotechnology patent holders believe that the pursuit of basic research in academic institutions threatens their market position.
- (C)Biotechnology researchers who work in academic institutions and oppose biotechnology patents are generally unable to obtain funding for their work.
- (D)Suing for patent infringement is not the only way in which patent holders can assert legal control over the use of their patented materials.
- (E)Rapid commercialization in the field of biotechnology has led to a dearth of highly educated biologists willing to teach in academic institutions.


Question: Suppose a university researcher wants to conduct basic, noncommercial research involving cell lines patented by a for-profit biotechnology corporation. The author would be most likely to make which one of the following predictions about the researcher's prospects?

Choices:
- (A)The researcher will probably be unable to use the cell lines because the corporation holding the patent will demand a prohibitively high payment for their use.
- (B)The corporation holding the patent will probably successfully sue the researcher for patent infringement if she conducts the research without permission.
- (C)The university that employs the researcher will likely prohibit the research in an effort to avoid being sued by the corporation holding the patent.
- (D)The researcher has a good chance of not being held liable for patent infringement if she conducts the research and is subsequently sued.
- (E)The corporation will probably offer to fund the research if granted exclusive rights to any resulting marketable product.


Question: Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)The Haudenosaune's use of wampum originated with combinations of strings of beads with religious significance, but the need for communication between nations led to more complex uses of wampum including the transmission of political messages.
- (B)For the Haudenosaune, wampum did not originally serve as a form of money but as an evolving form of communication that, through the use of colors and symbols, conveyed information and that eventually encoded the provisions of the Haudenosaune Confederacy's constitution.
- (C)Wampum's significance for the Haudenosaune—as a form of communication linking their traditions with the need for the sharing of information within the confederacy—was changed through European contact so that it became exclusively a medium of commercial exchange.
- (D)There is substantial evidence that the Haudenosaune's use of wampum as a medium of communication based on color combinations had its origin in the political events surrounding the establishment of the Haudenosaune Confederacy.
- (E)Because of the role played by wampum in relations between the Haudenosaune and Europeans, many historians have overlooked the communicative role that bead combinations played in Haudenosaune culture prior to contact with Europeans.


Question: The fishing practice mentioned in the second paragraph is offered primarily as an instance of

Choices:
- (A)a type of knowledge that was encoded and passed on through the use of wampum
- (B)a traditional practice that was altered by contact with Europeans
- (C)an activity that was regulated by the laws of the Haudenosaune Confederacy
- (D)a practice that many historians learned of by studying wampum
- (E)a traditional practice that reflects a stage in the evolution of wampum's uses


Question: The last paragraph of the passage serves primarily to

Choices:
- (A)detail how wampum belts evolved from other forms of wampum
- (B)distinguish between wampum belts and less complex forms of string wampum
- (C)illustrate how wampum functioned as a system of symbolic representation
- (D)outline the Haudenosaune Confederacy's constitution as it was encoded using wampum
- (E)give evidence of wampum's effectiveness as a means of ensuring compliance with the law of the Haudenosaune Confederacy


Question: It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following?

Choices:
- (A)Even if the evolution of wampum had not been altered by the arrival of Europeans, wampum would likely have become a form of currency because of its compactness.
- (B)The use of colors in wampum to express meaning arose in response to the formation of the Haudenosaune Confederacy.
- (C)The ancient associations of colors with spirits were important precursors to, and foundations of, later wampum representations that did not depend directly on these associations for their meaning.
- (D)Because the associations with certain colors shifted over time, the same color beads acquired different meanings on belt wampum as opposed to string wampum.
- (E)If the Europeans who first began trading with the Haudenosaune had been aware that wampum was used as a means of communication, they would not have used wampum as a medium of exchange.


Question: The passage provides the most support for inferring which one of the following?

Choices:
- (A)Wampum was probably used on occasion as a medium of economic exchange long before the Haudenosaune had contact with Europeans.
- (B)The formation of the Haudenosaune Confederacycalled for a more complex method of communication than wampum as used until then had provided.
- (C)Once wampum came to be used as currency intrade with Europeans, the constitution of the Haudenosaune Confederacy had to be recodified using other methods of representation.
- (D)Prior to Haudenosaune contact with Europeans,wampum served primarily as a means of promulgating official edicts and policies of the Haudenosaune Confederacy.
- (E)As belt wampum superseded string wampum as a method of communication, wampum beads acquired subtler shadings in the colors used to represent abstract ideas.


Question: It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following?

Choices:
- (A)There is evidence that objects similar to wampum were used for symbolic representation by other peoples in addition to the Haudenosaune.
- (B)The Europeans who first came in contact with the Haudenosaune insisted on using wampum as a form of currency in spite of their awareness of its true significance.
- (C)There is evidence that Europeans who came incontact with the Haudenosaune adopted some long-standing Haudenosaune uses of wampum.
- (D)A long-term peaceful association among the groups that formed the Haudenosaune Confederacy was an important precondition for the use of wampum as a means of communication.
- (E)Present day interpretations of the significance of some of the symbols used in wampum belts are not conclusive.


Question: Which one of the following is a central topic of both passages ?

Choices:
- (A)the logical asymmetry of positive and negative evidence
- (B)the role of auxiliary assumptions in predicting planetary orbits
- (C)the role of negative evidence in scientific research
- (D)the proper technique for confirming a scientific theory
- (E)the irrelevance of experimentation for disproving a scientific theory


Question: Which one of the following is mentioned in passage A and illustrated in passage B?

Choices:
- (A)repudiating an experimental result
- (B)revising a theory
- (C)disproving a theory
- (D)predicting a planet's orbit
- (E)theories that are not testable by experiment


Question: In passage B, which one of the following most clearly illustrates a disturbing force, as described in passage A (line 26)?

Choices:
- (A)Uranus
- (B)the sun
- (C)Neptune
- (D)Mercury
- (E)the moon


Question: In saying that Popper gives a certain idea "hyperbolic application" (line 7), the author of passage A means to suggest that Popper

Choices:
- (A)extends the idea to cases in which it does not apply
- (B)underestimates the significance of the idea
- (C)commits a logical fallacy in reasoning about the idea
- (D)draws too radical a conclusion from the idea
- (E)exaggerates the idea's relevance to a particular theory


Question: The author of passage A would be most likely to take which one of the following results mentioned in passage B as support for the claim made in the last sentence of passage A?

Choices:
- (A)the discovery of Uranus
- (B)the initial failure of Newton's laws to correctly predict Uranus's orbit
- (C)the ultimate failure of Newton's laws to correctly predict Mercury's orbit
- (D)the failure to find Vulcan
- (E)the success of Einstein's general theory of relativity at predicting Mercury's orbit


Question: In passage B's description of the developments leading to the rejection of Newton's theory of gravity, which one of the following astronomical bodies plays a role most analogous to the black swan discussed in passage A?

Choices:
- (A)Mercury
- (B)Uranus
- (C)Neptune
- (D)Venus
- (E)the sun


Question: It can be inferred that the author of passage B would be likely to be most skeptical of which one of the following ideas mentioned in passage A?

Choices:
- (A)Popper's main contribution to the philosophy of science concerned the power of negative evidence.
- (B)Positive evidence plays no role in supporting a theory.
- (C)Auxiliary premises are usually needed in order to derive predictions from a scientific theory.
- (D)There is a logical asymmetry between positive and negative evidence.
- (E)Scientific research involves generating bold theories and attempting to refute them.


Question: Which one of the following scientific episodes is most analogous to the discovery of Neptune, as that episode is described in passage B?

Choices:
- (A)Galileo proposed that ocean tides are the result of Earth's motion in its orbit around the sun. But Galileo's theory of tides falsely predicted that there is only one high tide per day, when in fact there are two.
- (B)By observing "variable stars" —stars that vary in brightness—in Andromeda, Edwin Hubble discovered that Andromeda is actually a galaxy in its own right. This enabled him to settle the debate about whether the Milky Way constitutes the entirety of the universe.
- (C)Walter Alvarez postulated that an asteroid impact caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. He based this on observing high levels of the mineral iridium in certain rock core samples. Later evidence of a large impact crater was discovered in the Yucatan Peninsula that dates to the time of the dinosaur extinction.
- (D)Bernard Brunhes discovered rocks that were magnetized in a direction opposite to that of the present-day magnetic field. He concluded that Earth's magnetic field must have been reversed at some point in the past.
- (E)When a neutron decays into a proton and an electron, the combined energies of the two particles is less than the energy of the original neutron, in apparent contradiction of the law of conservation of energy. Wolfgang Pauli postulated that a third undetected particle is also created during the decay. The particle's existence was later confirmed.


Question: The author of passage B suggests that some laws justify the use of jury nullification because they are too

Choices:
- (A)complicated
- (B)antiquated
- (C)permissive
- (D)intrusive
- (E)general


Question: The authors of the passages differ in their attitudes towards juries in that the author of passage B is

Choices:
- (A)less trusting with regard to the motivations behind juries nullification decisions
- (B)less skeptical of the capacity of juries to understand the laws they are expected to apply
- (C)more concerned about the fact that juries rarely provide the reasoning behind their verdicts
- (D)more confident in the ability of juries to exercise the power to nullify in a just manner
- (E)more disappointed in the failure of juries to use the power to nullify to effect social change


Question: Based on what can be inferred from their titles, the relationship between the documents in which one of the following pairs Js most ,analogpus to the relationship between passage A and passage B?

Choices:
- (A)Cameras in the Courtroom: A Perversion of Justice? "The Pros and Cons of Televising Courtroom regard as trivial.Proceedings"
- (B)Cameras in the Courtroom: Three Central Issues in the Debate "The Unexpected Benefits of Permitting Cameras in Court"
- (C)The Inherent Dangers of Permitting Cameras in Court "How Televising Courtroom Proceedings Can Assist the Law"
- (D)The Troublesome History of Cameras in the Courtroom "The Laudable Motives Behind Televised courtroom, Proceedings"
- (E)Why Cameras Should Be Banned from the Courtroom "The Inevitability of Televised Courtroom Proceedings"


Question: The authors of the passages would be most likely to disagree over whether

Choices:
- (A)juries should be more forthcoming about the reasoning behind their verdicts
- (B)laws are subject to scrutiny and debate by reasonable people
- (C)it is likely that elected officials are more biased in their decision making than jurors are
- (D)it is within the purview of juries not only to apply the law but to interpret it
- (E)police and prosecutors should have less discretion to decide which violations of the law to pursue


Question: Which one of the following is a criticism that the author of passage A would be likely to offer regarding the suggestion in passage B that juries are justified in nullifying when they view a case as too trivial to result in a conviction?

Choices:
- (A)Prosecutors rarely bring cases to trial that they regard as trivial.
- (B)Prosecutors are unlikely to present a case in a manner that makes it appear trivial to a jury.
- (C)The members of a jury are unlikely to be in accord in their evaluation of a case's seriousness
- (D)Jurors may not have sufficient expertise to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of a case.
- (E)Jurors may not be aware of all the reasons why a case was brought against a defendant.


Question: Which one of the following most accurately characterizes the relationship between the two passages?

Choices:
- (A)Passage A offers a critique of a power possessed by juries, while passage B argues in support of that power.
- (B)Passage A denounces a judicial custom,while passage B proposes improvements to that custom.
- (C)Passage A surveys a range of evidence about jury behavior, while passage B suggests a hypothesis to explain that behavior.
- (D)Passage A argues that a problem facting legal systems is intractable, while passage B presents a solution to that problem.
- (E)Passage A raises a question concerning a legal procedure, while passage B attempts to answer that question.


Question: which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)Historically, art was primarily commissioned by the governing classes and the well-to-do middle classes,despite the fact that this arrangement was not apt to produce art that endures.
- (B)Sociohistorical interpretations of art that claim that art merely reflects the ideals and values of the elite classes are overly simplistic.
- (C)Historically, patrons of the arts have generally been more interested in what being a patron would do for their reputation than in influencing the development of the arts.
- (D)Sociohistorical critics must engage in a form of Freudian analysis to justify, in light of apparently conflicting evidence, the claim that works of art embody the ideals of the elite.
- (E)There have historically been two distinct ways in which members of the elite classes have had art produced for them.


Question: In using the phrase "something for display" (lines 12-13),the author most probably means art that

Choices:
- (A)allowed the patron to make a political statement to the world
- (B)could be used to attract customers to the patron's business
- (C)was meant to create an impression that reflected positively on the patron
- (D)was representative of the artist's broader body of work at the time
- (E)provided .the patron with personal satisfaction


Question: It can be inferred from the passage that the attitude of Matthew Arnold toward the aristocratic and middle classes can best be described as one of

Choices:
- (A)respect
- (B)empathy
- (C)indifference
- (D)disappointment
- (E)scorn


Question: The passage raises all of the following as complications for the sociohistorical interpretation of art EXCEPT:

Choices:
- (A)artists who subverted the ideals of patrons for reasons of their own
- (B)patrons who had eccentric tastes not reflective of the ideals of the elite classes
- (C)patrons whose taste was unlikely to produce art that endured
- (D)patrons who bought artwork solely for the purpose of reselling that artwork for a profit
- (E)patrons who unwillingly bought artwork that conflicted with their values


Question: The passage suggests that Taruskin's position commits him to which one of the following views?

Choices:
- (A)The most talented artists throughout history have been those whose work embodied the ideology of the elite in hidden ways.
- (B)The most successful artists working today are those whose work reflects the ideology of the elite.
- (C)If it endures, high art that appears to undermine the ideology of the elite actually supports that ideology in some way.
- (D)Typically, art that reflects the ideology of the elite is produced by artists who are themselves members of the aristocratic or middle classes.
- (E)The most talented artists throughout history have been those whose work subverted the ideology of the elite in subtle ways.


Question: The primary function of the third paragraph is to

Choices:
- (A)reject a possible response to the argument made in the first paragraph
- (B)identify assumptions relied upon by a type of analysis referred to in the first paragraph
- (C)present an argument that weakens the argument made in the second paragraph
- (D)offer additional evidence for the conclusion reach,ed in the second paragraph
- (E)draw a definitive conclusion from the claims made in the second paragraph


Question: The author mentions "Raphael's frescoes in the Vatican apartments" (lines 18-19) for which one of the following reasons?

Choices:
- (A)to provide an example that illustrates the understanding of elitism in art favored by sociohistorical critics
- (B)to illustrate the influence of religion on the historical development of art
- (C)to present an example of the most common type of relationship between a patron and an artist
- (D)to show how an artist can subvert the ideals of the patron
- (E)to show that there are cases of artist/patron relationships that do not fit the pattern preferred by sociohistorical critics


Question: The passage suggests that Matthew Arnold would be most likely to identify which one of the following as the primary reason why, historically, people in the middle class became patrons of the arts?

Choices:
- (A)a belief in the importance of the arts to society as a whole
- (B)a dislike for the kind of art typically sponsored by the aristocracy
- (C)a belief that patronage would ultimately prove profitable
- (D)a realization that patronage ensures the production of high-quality art
- (E)a desire to establish a reputation as a patron of the arts


Question: Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)Based on her analysis of inscription-bearing clay envelopes containing tokens dating to roughly 4000 B.C., Schmandt-Besserat concludes ,that this system of tokens eventually evolved into an abstract written language??
- (B)The discovery of clay tablets bearing inscriptions representing the tokens they contain confirms the belief of Schmandt-Besserat that these tokens served to designate the products given by villagers to their temples.
- (C)Inscription-bearing clay envelopes containing tokens discovered in modem Iraq have provided Schmandt-Besserat with the evidence required to resolve the puzzlement of archaeologists over the sudden appearance of sophisticated crafts.
- (D)The inscriptions found on clay envelopes containing small clay tokens have enabled Schmandt-Besserat to formulate a more detailed picture of the way in which a simple system of three-dimensional nouns evolved into modem languages.
- (E)The discovery Of inscription-bearing clay envelopes containing small tokens confirms Schmandt-Besserat's hypothesis that a language becomes increasingly abstract as the arts and crafts of the people who use the language become more abstract.


Question: With which one of the following statements about the society in which the clay tokens were used would Schmandt-Besserat be most-likely to agree?

Choices:
- (A)Society members trade and other economic activities were managed by a strong centralized governmental authority.
- (B)Religious rituals were probably less important to the society's members than agriculture and trade were.
- (C)Society members regarded whatever was produced by any individual as the common property of all.
- (D)The society eventually came to regard the clay tokens as redundant.
- (E)Without a readily available supply of raw clay, the society could not have developed a system of representation that used tokens


Question: The passage stat es that the writing on clay tablets found in Uruk

Choices:
- (A)was not deciphered by archaeologists until 1992
- (B)used relatively few pictographic symbols
- (C)eventually evolved into a more abstract and flexible linguistic system
- (D)transcribed a language that was commonly spoken along the Jordan and nearby rivers
- (E)transcribed a language that was much older than archaeologists would have expected


Question: According to the passage, the token system

Choices:
- (A)was eventually abandoned because it was not capable of representing quantity and other abstractions
- (B)came to designate a broad range of objects as the crafts of the people who used it became more diverse and sophisticated
- (C)could be understood only because some tokens were inscribed with symbols known to represent agricultural products
- (D)was originally thought by most archaeologists to have had a primarily religious function
- (E)became physically unwieldy and cumbersome as it s users agricultural products became more diverse


Question: By characterizing certain cuneiform inscriptions on the clay tablets found in Uruk as "abstract" (line 10) the author most likely means that

Choices:
- (A)the meaning of the inscriptions is obscure and hard for linguists to decipher
- (B)the inscriptions are meant to represent intangible concepts
- (C)the inscriptions do not resemble what they designate
- (D)the inscriptions refer to general categories rather than specific things
- (E)the terms represented by the inscriptions were more ceremonial in nature than most daily speech was


Question: It can be inferred from the discussion of clay tokens in the second paragraph that

Choices:
- (A)there were many tokens that designated more than one type of item
- (B)nonagricultural goods and products came to be preferred as contributions to temple-based pools
- (C)some later tokens were less abstract than some earlier ones
- (D)the storage and transportation of liquids were among the most important tasks performed by the token system's users
- (E)the token system was as abstract and flexible as later written languages


Question: With which one of the following statements regarding the sign for "sheep" (line 6) would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?

Choices:
- (A)It could have been replaced without loss of significance by any other sign that was not already being used for something else.
- (B)The sign gets its meaning in a radically different way from the way in which the cuneiform sign for "metal" gets its meaning.
- (C)The way in which it represent s it s meaning resulted from the fact that sheep are an agricultural commodity rather than a product of human industry.
- (D)The way in which it represent s it s meaning was not the subj ect of scientific scrutiny prior to that given it by Schmandt-Besserat.
- (E)The abstract nature of the sign reveals a great deal ab out the political life of the people who used the language expressed by uniform writing.


Question: Which one of the following, if true, would most call into question Schmandt-Besserat's theory mentioned in lines 28-33developed?

Choices:
- (A)The more than 100 clay envelopes discovered at archaeological sites along the Jordan come in many different dimensions, thicknesses, and styles of composition.
- (B)It was customary for villagers who performed services for another person to receive in return a record of a promise of agricultural products or crafted objects as compensation.
- (C)The tablets marked in cuneiform dating after 3000 B.C. do not seem to function as records of villagers contributions to a temple-based pool of goods.
- (D)There is no archaeological evidence suggesting that the tokens in use from ab out 4000 B.C. to 3100 B.C. were necessarily meant to be placed in clay envelopes.
- (E)Villagers were required not only to contribute goods to central pools but also to contribute labor, which was regularly accounted for.


Question: The information in the passage most helps to answer a which one of the following questions?

Choices:
- (A)What laboratory experiments were conducted by Molina or Rowland in their research on CFCs?
- (B)What was the estimated concentration of CFCs in the atmosphere in 1 987?
- (C)In what year did Molina testify before the U.S. Congress?
- (D)Does .any chemical that does not contain chlorine contribute to the destruction of ozone molecules?
- (E)Which constituent element of CFCs is most damaging to ozone?


Question: Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusions of Molina and Rowland concerning the long-term effects of CFCs in the stratosphere?

Choices:
- (A)The hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica continued to grow for years after CFC emissions had almost ceased.
- (B)Other manufactured chemicals have been found to diffuse upward into the stratosphere when released into the troposphere.
- (C)Ozone has been shown to react more violently with chlorine than with many other chemicals.
- (D)Many scientists who in the 1 970s were highly critical of the research methods of Molina and Rowland have come to accept the soundness of their methods.
- (E)Current CFC levels in the troposphere suggest that not all nations currently abide by the Montreal Protocol.


Question: Which one of the following statements is most strongly supported by the information in the passage?

Choices:
- (A)Little or no ozone destruction occurs naturally in the stratosphere unless chlorine is present.
- (B)Skin cancers occur primarily because of excessive absorption of ultraviolet light.
- (C)Few chemicals besides CFCs can result in the release of chlorine in the upper atmosphere.
- (D)Regulating the use of CFCs contributes indirectly to lowering the incidence of skin cancer.
- (E)The upward flow of CFCs into the stratosphere occurs mainly in Antarctica.


Question: Based on the passage, the information yielded by which one of the following experiments would be most useful in determining whether a particular chemical could replace CFCs without damaging the ozone layer?

Choices:
- (A)testing to see whether the chemical is capable of reacting with forms of oxygen other than ozone
- (B)testing to see whether the chemical,when released into the lower atmosphere, would react with other chemicals commonly found there
- (C)testing the chemical to determine whether it would chemically react with chlorine
- (D)testing to see what chemical properties the chemical or its constituent elements share with chlorine
- (E)testing the chemical to see if it would break down into its components when subjected to ultraviolet radiation


Question: Which one of the following statements is most strongly supported by the information in the passage?

Choices:
- (A)No refrigerant chemicals other than CFCs had been discovered when Molina and Rowland suggested that CFC production cease.
- (B)Refrigerant chemicals developed as substitutes for CFCs after 1987 release fewer chlorine atoms into the stratosphere than CFCs do.
- (C)CFCs were originally used in refrigeration components because they provided the most energy-efficient means of refrigeration
- (D)The Montreal Protocol led to the cessation of CFC production in North America.
- (E)Some of the refrigerant chemicals being manufactured today contain chemicals known to be environmentally damaging.


Question: According to the passage, Rawls uses which one of the following devices to explain his theory?

Choices:
- (A)a thought experiment
- (B)a process of elimination
- (C)an empirical study of social institutions
- (D)a deduction from a few basic principles
- (E)a consideration of the meaning of words


Question: The purpose of the question in lines 6-8 is to

Choices:
- (A)point out an implausible feature of utilitarianism
- (B)characterize utilitarianism as internally contradictory
- (C)establish that utilitarianism must be true
- (D)suggest the intuitive appeal of utilitarianism
- (E)inquire into ways of supplementing utilitarianism


Question: The author's primary purpose in the passage is to

Choices:
- (A)show why a once-dominant theory was abandoned
- (B)describe the novel way in which a theory addresses a problem
- (C)sketch the historical development of acelebrated theory
- (D)debate the pros and cons of a complex theory
- (E)argue for the truth of a controversial theory


Question: With which one of the following statements would both Rawls and the author of the passage be most likely to agree?

Choices:
- (A)There are situations in which it is permissible to treat the fulfillment of one person's preferences as more important than the fulfillment of the majority's preferences.
- (B)Unless individuals set aside their ownself-interest, they cannot make fair judgments about the distribution of goods.
- (C)If an individual lacks a good, society must sometimes provide that good, even if this means taking it from others.
- (D)Most people agree about which of the primary goods is the most valuable.
- (E)It is fair to sacrifice the individual's interests if doing so will maximize the satisfaction of the majority.


Question: The author's stance toward Rawls's theory is most accurately described as one of

Choices:
- (A)scholarly neutrality with respect both to its objectives and its development
- (B)disdain for its pretensions camouflaged by declarations of respect for its author
- (C)sympathy with its recommendations tempered with skepticism about its cogency
- (D)enthusiasm for its aims mingled with doubts about its practicality
- (E)admiration for its ingenuity coupled with misgivings about some of its implications


Question: Which one of the following would, if true, most call into question the claim in lines 49-51 of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)Most people value the fulfillment of their own preferences over the fulfillment of the preferences of strangers.
- (B)It is impossible in practice for people to be ignorant of their stations in life, abilities, and tastes.
- (C)Some people would be willing to risk acomplete loss of one primary good for the chance of obtaining an enormous amount of another primary good.
- (D)Few people believe that they would be satisfied with only a minimum amount of primary goods.
- (E)People tend to overestimate the resources available for distribution and to underestimate their own needs.


Question: Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)Approximately 40 percent of the African American population left the Southern U.S. between 1915 and 1960-an event historians refer to as the Great Migration.
- (B)The Great Migration was triggered by an increased labor demand in the North due to the onset of World War I and a reduced labor demand in the South due to a boll weevil infestation.
- (C)Because earlier migrants helped defray the financial costs of migration for later migrants, African American migration to the Nortii accelerated at a time when income differences were narrowing.
- (D)In migration movements, earlier migrants reduce the physical costs of moving and provide a cultural and linguistic cushion for later migrants.
- (E)Although the Great Migration was initially triggered by the income differential between the North and South, other factors must be cited in order to explain its duration over several decades


Question: According to the passage, the Great Migration did not start earlier than 1915 because

Choices:
- (A)the income gap between the North and South was not large enough to induce people to migrate
- (B)the cost of living in the North was prohibitively high before World War I
- (C)industrial jobs in the North required specialized training unavailable in the South
- (D)previous migration had yet to develop sufficient momentum to induce further migration
- (E)agricultural jobs in the South paid very well before the boll weevil infestation


Question: The third and fourth paragraphs of the passage function primarily to

Choices:
- (A)cast doubt upon a historical explanation presented in the first paragraph
- (B)survey the repercussions of a historical event described in the first two paragraphs
- (C)derive a historical model from evidence presented in the first two paragraphs
- (D)answer a question raised in the second paragraph about a historical event
- (E)provide additional evidence for historical claims made in the first paragraph


Question: The authors of the passage would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements?

Choices:
- (A)Expected financial gains alone may not be are liable indicator of the likelihood that an individual will migrate.
- (B)A complete explanation of the Great Migration must begin with an account of what triggered nineteenth-century migrations to the North.
- (C)The Great Migration is not parallel in its broadest patterns to most other known migration movements.
- (D)Most large-scale migrations can be adequately explained in terms of the movement of people from lower- to higher-income regions.
- (E)Large-scale migrations generally did not occur until the early twentieth century, when significant interregional income differences arose as a result of rapid industrialization.


Question: The primary purpose of the last sentence of the second paragraph is to

Choices:
- (A)indicate why previous research on the Great Migration has been misguided
- (B)extend the authors' explanation of the causes of the Great Migration to include later events
- (C)challenge the traditional view that Northern wages were higher than Southern wages prior to 1915
- (D)present a fact about the Great Migration that the authors seek to explain
- (E)suggest that the Great Migration cannot be explained


Question: The passage provides the most support for which one of the following statements?

Choices:
- (A)The highest-paying agricultural jobs in the South prior to 1915 did not pay more than the lowest-paying manufacturing jobs in the North.
- (B)The overall cost of migrating from the South to the North in the twentieth century was lower for the earliest migrants because there were more of the highest-paying jobs available for them to choose from.
- (C)The North-South income gap increased around 1915 because of the increase in demand for labor in the North and the decrease in demand for labor in the South.
- (D)The average wages in the South, though dramatically lower than the average wages in the North, held roughly steady for all workers during the 1910s and 1920s.
- (E)Most migrants in the Great Migration made at least one trip back to the South to provide help and information to other people who were considering migrating as well.


Question: Which one of the following, if true, would provide the most support for the authors! analysis of the Great Migration?

Choices:
- (A)The average amount of time it took new migrants to find employment in the North grew at a steady rate between 1915 and 1960.
- (B)In general, communities of African Americans in the North consisted largely of individuals who shared a common geographic place of origin in the South.
- (C)Housing prices in the North fluctuated between high and low extremes from 1915 to 1960, while housing prices in the South remained relatively constant.
- (D)To maintain a steady rate of recruitment after World War I, Northern employers had to send more and more labor agents to recruit employees in the South.
- (E)There was a large-scale reverse migration of African Americans back to Southern locations later in the twentieth century.


Question: Both passages are primarily concerned with answering which one of the following questions?

Choices:
- (A)How is insider trading defined?
- (B)Should there be severer penalties for insider trading?
- (C)Why do investors engage in insider trading?
- (D)Is insider trading harmful to the stock market?
- (E)What is the best means of regulatinginsider trading?


Question: In their attitudes toward stock trades based on inside information, the author of passage A and the author of passage B,respectively, may be most accurately described as

Choices:
- (A)positive and neutral
- (B)positive and negative
- (C)neutral and negative
- (D)neutral and neutral
- (E)negative and negative


Question: The authors would be most likely to agree that

Choices:
- (A)insider trading tends to undermine investor confidence in the stock market
- (B)all information should be available to all market participants at the same time
- (C)it is appropriate for investors to seek to gain an advantage by superior stock analysis
- (D)insider nontrading should be regulated to the same extent as insider trading
- (E)insider trading is the best means for disseminating information possessed by insiders


Question: Which one of the following laws would conform most closely to the position articulated by the author of passage A but not that articulated by the author of passage B?

Choices:
- (A)a law that prohibits trading based on information that is not shared by everyone
- (B)a law that permits trading based on information gained from analysis of a stock but prohibits trading based on information obtained from one's position within a company
- (C)a law that prohibits trading that could reasonably be expected to undermine investors' confidence in the stock market
- (D)a law that legalizes selling based on inside information that a stock's price ought to be dropping but prohibits buying based on inside information that it should be rising
- (E)a law that legalizes trading based on inside information, as long as that information is not acquired by theft or other unlawful means


Question: Passage A, unlike passage B, seeks to advance its argument by

Choices:
- (A)applying general principles to particular examples
- (B)pointing out similarities between a controversial activity and uncontroversial ones
- (C)describing the consequences that would result from allowing an activity
- (D)showing how a specific activity relates to a larger context
- (E)examining the motivations of an activity's participants


Question: The passages' references to the analysis of information about stocks (lines 11-14, lines 40-42) are related in which one of the following ways?

Choices:
- (A)Passage A presents it as unnecessary, since all relevant information is already reflected in stock prices, whereas passage B presents it as necessary for making sound investment decisions.
- (B)Passage A uses it as an example of an activity that compensates for the market's lack of transparency, whereas passage B uses it as an example of an activity whose viability is conditional upon the transparency of the market.
- (C)Passage A presents it as an activity that gives some investors an unfair advantage over others, whereas passage B presents it as an activity that increases the transparency of the market.
- (D)Passage A presents it as comparable to the acquisition of inside information, whereas passage B contrasts it with the acquisition of inside information.
- (E)Passage A treats it as an option available only to brokers and other stock-market professionals, whereas passage B treats it as an option available to ordinary investors as well.


Question: Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage?

Choices:
- (A)In spite of troubling conceptual problems surrounding brain scan technology, its use in psychological research on mental activity has grown rapidly.
- (B)The use of brain scans to depict mental activity relies on both a questionable premise and a misleading methodological approach.
- (C)Contrary to what is usually asserted in the popular press, reason and emotion are probably not located in the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala, respectively.
- (D)Although the FMRI is usually interpreted as a measure of metabolic activity in the brain, this interpretation is misguided and therefore leads to false results.
- (E)The modular theory of mind has gained wide currency precisely because it is illustrated effectively by the images produced by the subtractive method.


Question: According to the modular theory of mind, as described in the passage, mental activity

Choices:
- (A)consists of distinct components in localized areas of the brain
- (B)requires at least some metabolic activity in all parts of the brain
- (C)involves physical processes over which people have only limited control
- (D)is localized in the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex
- (E)generally involves some sort of reason-giving


Question: The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements regarding the subtractive method?

Choices:
- (A)Because the subtractive method masks distributed brain functions, empirical results derived using the method are invalid for medical applications.
- (B)The subtractive method results in images that strongly support Uttal's view that mental processes are simply properties of a more general mental activity.
- (C)Brain scans of individuals experiencing anger that were produced using the subtractive method show that emotions are not actually seated in the amygdala.
- (D)The subtractive method seems to strongly support the modular theory of mind because it creates an illusion that brain functions are localized.
- (E)The view that the subtractive method depicts differential rates of oxygen use in the brain is based on a fundamental misconception of the method.


Question: A central fiction of the final paragraph of the passage is to

Choices:
- (A)criticize the research results described in the third paragraph on the grounds that they are incompatible with the basic premise described in the first paragraph
- (B)suggest that the position articulated in the first paragraph needs to be modified to accommodate the results outlined in the third paragraph
- (C)contend that the research method detailed in the third paragraph relies upon an outdated theoretical model described in the second paragraph
- (D)argue that the empirical research outlined in the third paragraph points to the inadequacy of the competing views described in the first two paragraphs
- (E)show why the type of empirical evidence discussed in the third paragraph does not defeat the argument presented in the second paragraph


Question: The author draws an analogy between brain scans and X-rays primarily in order to

Choices:
- (A)contrast a valid use of brain scans with one of more doubtful value
- (B)suggest that new technology can influence the popularity of a scientific theory
- (C)point to evidence that brain scans are less precise than other available technologies
- (D)argue that X-ray images undermine a theory that brain scans are often used to support
- (E)show how brain scan technology evolved from older technologies such as X-rays


Question: According to the passage, psychologist William Uttal contends that the various mental processes are likely to be

Choices:
- (A)independent modules that are based in different areas of the brain
- (B)essentially an amalgamation of emotion and reason
- (C)generally uniform in their rates of oxygen use
- (D)detectable using brain scans enhanced by means of the subtractive method
- (E)features of a general mental activity that is spread throughout the brain


Question: Which one of the following statements is most strongly supported by the passage?

Choices:
- (A)Although there are important exceptions, most cognition does in fact depend on independent modules located in specific regions of the brain.
- (B)The modular theory of mind holds that regions of the brain that are not engaged in a specific cognitive task have a rate of oxygen use that is close to zero.
- (C)During the performance of certain cognitive tasks, the areas of the brain that are most metabolically active show a rate of oxygen use that is higher than that of the rest of the brain.
- (D)The baseline measurements of oxygen use taken for use in the subtractive method show that some regions of the brain have high metabolic activity at all times,
- (E)When a brain scan subject experiences anger,the subtractive method shows several regions of the brain as "lit up" with metabolic activity.


Question: Which one of the following is most analogous to the manner in which FMRI scans of brain activity are typically interpreted, as described in the last two paragraphs?

Choices:
- (A)One particular district in the city voted for the new mayor by an unusually large margin, so the mayor could not have won without that district.
- (B)A store launched a yearlong advertising campaign and had an increase in shoppers only during the summer,so the advertisements affected only the summer shoppers.
- (C)Much more of the water supply is used by agricultural customers than by residential customers, so it is the agricultural sector that is impacted most severely when droughts occur.
- (D)Internet traffic is highest during the evening hours, so most Internet traffic during these peak hours originates in homes rather than in office buildings.
- (E)The cheetah is the worlds fastest land animal only for short distances, so most cheetahs cannot outrun another land animal over long distances.